Datasets:

arminmrm93
/

wiki_with_embedding1

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 64.6k rows

id stringlengths 6 8	url stringlengths 31 167	title stringlengths 1 98	text stringlengths 26 185k	embedding sequence
216314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Marie%20Saint	Eva Marie Saint	Eva Marie Saint (born July 4, 1924) is an American actress of film, theater and television. In a career spanning over 75 years, she has won an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award, alongside nominations for a Golden Globe Award and two British Academy Film Awards. Upon the death of Olivia de Havilland in 2020, Saint became both the oldest living and earliest surviving Academy Award winner and one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema. Born in New Jersey and raised in New York, Saint attended Bowling Green State University and began her career as a television and radio actress in the late 1940s. Among her notable early credits, she originated the role of Thelma in Horton Foote's The Trip to Bountiful (1953), originally an NBC telecast before being adapted into the Tony Award-winning play of the same name. For her performance in the stage version, she won an Outer Critics Circle Award. She made her film debut in Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954), opposite Marlon Brando. The film, which received eight Oscars, including Best Picture, earned her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer. Establishing her as an immediate star, it is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. From then on, Saint appeared in a variety of roles, including That Certain Feeling (1956), opposite Bob Hope; Raintree County (1957), opposite Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor; and Fred Zinnemann's A Hatful of Rain (1957), opposite Don Murray and Anthony Franciosa, for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama. One of her most notable roles came playing Eve Kendall opposite Cary Grant in Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959). Widely considered one of the director's best works, it was ranked No. 40 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, and No. 55 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). Throughout the 1960s, Saint sustained a film presence with appearances in Exodus (1960), alongside Paul Newman; The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1965), alongside Carl Reiner and Alan Arkin; The Sandpiper (1965), which reunited her with Elizabeth Taylor and featured Richard Burton; and John Frankenheimer's Grand Prix (1966). Saint gained consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Single Performance for her appearances in the anthology series The Philco Television Playhouse (1954) and Producers' Showcase (1955). Beginning in the 1970s, her film career began to decline, though she garnered praise for her role opposite George Segal in Loving (1970). She gained additional consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for How the West Was Won (1977) and Taxi!!! (1978), and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Special for the miniseries People Like Us (1990). Saint returned to film with Nothing in Common (1986), opposite Tom Hanks, and continues to act occasionally, notably in Superman Returns (2006), and voicing Katara in Avatar: The Legend of Korra (2012–2014). Early life Saint was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Quaker parents: Eva Marie (née Rice) and John Merle Saint. She attended Bethlehem Central High School in Delmar, New York, near Albany, graduating in 1942. She was inducted into the high school's hall of fame in 2006. She studied acting at Bowling Green State University and joined Delta Gamma Sorority. During this time she played the lead role in a production of Personal Appearance. A theater on Bowling Green's campus is named after her. She was an active member in the theater honorary fraternity, Theta Alpha Phi, and served as record keeper of the student council in 1944. Career Early television career Saint's introduction to television began as an NBC page. She appeared in the live NBC-TV show Campus Hoopla in 1946–47. Her performances on this program are recorded on rare kinescope, and audio recordings of these telecasts are preserved in the Library of Congress. She also appeared in the Bonnie Maid's Versa-Tile Varieties on NBC in 1949 as one of the original singing "Bonnie Maids" used in the live commercials. She appeared in a 1947 Life Magazine special about television, and also in a 1949 feature Life article about her as a struggling actress earning minimum amounts from early TV while trying to make ends meet in New York City. In the late 1940s, Saint continued to make her living by extensive work in radio and television. In 1953, she won the Drama Critics Award for her Broadway stage role in the Horton Foote play, The Trip to Bountiful (1953), in which she co-starred with such formidable actors as Lillian Gish and Jo Van Fleet. In 1955, Saint was nominated for her first Emmy for "Best Actress In A Single Performance" on The Philco Television Playhouse, for playing the young mistress of middle-aged E. G. Marshall in Middle of the Night by Paddy Chayefsky. She won another Emmy nomination for the 1955 television musical version of Our Town, adapted from the Thornton Wilder play of the same name. Co-stars were Paul Newman and Frank Sinatra. Her success and acclaim in TV productions were of such a high level that "One slightly hyperbolic primordial TV critic dubbed her 'the Helen Hayes of television.'" On the Waterfront Saint made her feature film debut in On the Waterfront (1954), starring Marlon Brando and directed by Elia Kazan—a performance for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her performance in the role of Edie Doyle (whose brother's death sets the film's drama in motion), which she won over such leading contenders as Claire Trevor, Nina Foch, Katy Jurado and Jan Sterling, also earned her a British Academy of Film and Television Award nomination for "Most Promising Newcomer". In his review for The New York Times, film critic A. H. Weiler wrote, "In casting Eva Marie Saint—a newcomer to movies from TV and Broadway—Mr. Kazan has come up with a pretty and blond artisan who does not have to depend on these attributes. Her parochial school training is no bar to love with the proper stranger. Amid scenes of carnage, she gives tenderness and sensitivity to genuine romance." The film was a major success and launched Saint's movie career. She received $7,500 for the role. In a 2000 interview in Premiere magazine, Saint recalled making the film, which has been highly influential, saying, "[Elia] Kazan put me in a room with Marlon Brando. He said 'Brando is the boyfriend of your sister. You're not used to being with a young man. Don't let him in the door under any circumstances.' I don't know what he told Marlon; you'll have to ask him—good luck! [Brando] came in and started teasing me. He put me off balance. And I remained off balance for the whole shoot." She repeated the anecdote in a 2010 interview. She appeared alongside Bob Hope in That Certain Feeling (1956) for which she received $50,000. She was then offered $100,000 to star in the lavish Civil War epic Raintree County (1957) with Elizabeth Taylor and Montgomery Clift. After that, she starred with Don Murray in A Hatful of Rain, the pioneering drug-addiction drama, which although made later than Raintree Country was released earlier in 1957. She received a nomination for the "Best Foreign Actress" award from the British Academy of Film and Television for her performance. North by Northwest Director Alfred Hitchcock surprised many by choosing Saint over dozens of other candidates for the femme fatale role in what was to become a suspense classic North by Northwest (1959) with Cary Grant and James Mason. Written by Ernest Lehman, the film updated and expanded upon the director's early "wrong man" spy adventures of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, including The 39 Steps, Young and Innocent, and Saboteur. North by Northwest became a box-office hit and an influence on spy films for decades. The film ranks number forty on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest American Movies of All Time. At the time of the film's production, much publicity was gained by Hitchcock's decision to cut Saint's waist-length blonde hair for the first time in her career. Hitchcock explained at the time, "Short hair gives Eva a more exotic look, in keeping with her role of the glamorous woman of my story. I wanted her dressed like a kept woman—smart, simple, subtle and quiet. In other words, anything but the bangles and beads type." The director also worked with Saint to make her voice lower and huskier, and personally chose costumes for her during a shopping trip to Bergdorf Goodman in New York City. The change in Saint's screen persona, coupled with her adroit performance as a seductive woman of mystery who keeps Cary Grant (and the audience) off balance, was widely heralded. In his review of August 7, 1959, The New York Times critic Abe H. Weiler wrote, "In casting Eva Marie Saint as [Cary Grant's] romantic vis-a-vis, Mr. Hitchcock has plumbed some talents not shown by the actress heretofore. Although she is seemingly a hard, designing type, she also emerges both the sweet heroine and a glamorous charmer." In 2000, recalling her experience making the picture with Cary Grant and Hitchcock, Saint said, "[Grant] would say, 'See, Eva Marie, you don't have to cry in a movie to have a good time. Just kick up your heels and have fun.' Hitchcock said, 'I don't want you to do a sink-to-sink movie again, ever. You've done these black-and-white movies like On the Waterfront. It's drab in that tenement house. Women go to the movies, and they've just left the sink at home. They don't want to see you at the sink.' In a 2010 interview she stated: "I said, 'I can't promise you that, Hitch, because I love those dramas.'" Mid-career Although North by Northwest might have propelled her to the top ranks of stardom, Saint chose to limit her film work in order to spend time with her husband since 1951, director Jeffrey Hayden, and their two children. In the 1960s, Saint continued to distinguish herself in both high-profile and offbeat pictures. She co-starred with Paul Newman in Exodus (1960), a historical drama about the founding of the state of Israel adapted from the novel of the same name by Leon Uris. It was directed by Otto Preminger. She also co-starred with Warren Beatty, Karl Malden and Angela Lansbury as a tragic beauty in the drama All Fall Down (1962). Based upon a novel by James Leo Herlihy and a screenplay by William Inge, the film was directed by John Frankenheimer. She appeared with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in the melodrama The Sandpiper for Vincente Minnelli, and with James Garner in the World War II thriller 36 Hours (1965), directed by George Seaton. Saint joined an all-star cast in the comedic satire, The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming, directed by Norman Jewison, and the international racing drama, Grand Prix (1966) directed by Frankenheimer and presented in Cinerama. Saint received some of her best reviews for her performance in Loving (1970), co-starring as the wife of George Segal. The movie was about a commercial artist's relationship with his wife and other women; it was critically acclaimed but did not have wide viewership. Because of the mostly second-rate film roles that came her way in the 1970s, Saint returned to television and the stage in the 1980s. She received an Emmy nomination for the 1977 miniseries How The West Was Won and a 1978 Emmy nomination for Taxi!!!. She was reunited with On the Waterfront co-star Karl Malden in the television film Fatal Vision, this time as the wife of his character, as he investigated the murder of his daughter and granddaughters. She played the mother of Cybill Shepherd on the television series Moonlighting, a role which spanned episodes over three years. Later career Saint returned to the big screen for the first time in over a decade in Nothing in Common (1986), in which she played the mother of Tom Hanks's character; it was directed by Garry Marshall. Critics applauded her return to features. Saint was soon back on the small screen in numerous projects. After receiving five nominations, she won her first Emmy Award for the 1990 miniseries People Like Us. She appeared in a number of television productions in the 1990s and was cast as the mother of radio producer, Roz Doyle, in a 1999 episode of the comedy series Frasier. In 2000, Saint returned to feature films in I Dreamed of Africa with Kim Basinger. In 2005, she co-starred with Jessica Lange and Sam Shepard in Don't Come Knocking. Also in 2005, she appeared in the family film Because of Winn-Dixie, co-starring AnnaSophia Robb, Jeff Daniels, and Cicely Tyson. In 2006, Saint appeared in Superman Returns as Martha Kent, the adoptive mother of Superman, alongside Brandon Routh and a computer-generated performance from her On the Waterfront co-star Marlon Brando. She was presented one of the Golden Boot Awards in 2007 for her contributions to western cinema. Saint has appeared in a number of television specials and documentaries, particularly since 2000. These include The Making of North by Northwest, which she narrated and hosted. In 2009, she made a rare public appearance at the 81st Academy Awards ceremony as a Best Supporting Actress presenter. In 2011, Saint participated in two screenings of North by Northwest with Robert Osborne. The films were shown in Seattle and Cleveland. Saint and Osborne participated in meet-and-greet sessions as well as a pre-movie question and answer session. Saint has lent her voice to the 2012 Nickelodeon animated series The Legend of Korra, a sequel to the hit TV show Avatar: The Last Airbender, playing the now-elderly Katara, a main character from the original series. In September 2012, she was cast as the adult version of Willa in the film adaptation of the novel Winter's Tale by Mark Helprin. The film was released on Valentine's Day 2014. Most recently at the age of 93, Saint appeared at the 2018 Academy Award ceremonies to present the award for Costume Design. She received a standing ovation upon entering the stage. She has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6624 Hollywood Boulevard, and one for television at 6730 Hollywood Boulevard. Personal life Saint married producer and director Jeffrey Hayden on October 28, 1951. They had two children together: son Darrell Hayden (born 1955) and daughter Laurette Hayden (born 1958). Their first child, Darrell, was born two days after she won an Academy Award for On the Waterfront. They were married for 65 years until Hayden's death on December 24, 2016, at the age of 90. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations See also Lists of American actors List of Bowling Green State University alumni References External links Idol Chatter: Eva Marie Saint On Life Between Brando's Babe and Superman's Mom (Moving Pictures Magazine interview) 1924 births Living people Actresses from New York (state) American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Bowling Green State University alumni Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bethlehem, New York Actresses from Newark, New Jersey 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses	[ -0.5077651739120483, 0.03254254534840584, -0.8825370073318481, -0.3627147972583771, -0.10913842916488647, 1.1358875036239624, 1.2738577127456665, -0.06901230663061142, -0.5065710544586182, -0.12335503101348877, 0.03568277508020401, 0.6128833293914795, 0.23269134759902954, 0.27826952934265137, -0.41672250628471375, 0.27600476145744324, 0.4752075672149658, 0.23009000718593597, -0.07170124351978302, -0.7109565734863281, -0.6387988924980164, -0.2589442729949951, 0.48133042454719543, 0.08877787739038467, -1.018171787261963, 0.6627162098884583, -0.496471107006073, 0.23271708190441132, 0.35951530933380127, 0.28655385971069336, -0.3158706724643707, -0.16604739427566528, 0.7205672860145569, 0.18748217821121216, -0.5494624376296997, 0.21286578476428986, 0.10764879733324051, -0.23327717185020447, -0.21747301518917084, 0.3127167522907257, -0.36680200695991516, -0.13316626846790314, 0.4185729920864105, 0.20868061482906342, -0.4138593077659607, -0.0694386288523674, -1.7226698398590088, 0.03178932145237923, -0.7445597648620605, -0.1828135848045349, -0.43566712737083435, 0.2623042166233063, 0.980329692363739, 0.13050663471221924, 0.023977674543857574, -0.1174754798412323, -0.7192699313163757, 0.2830013036727905, -0.10330039262771606, -0.3627493977546692, 0.024087723344564438, -0.4483380615711212, 0.44940775632858276, -0.6620904207229614, -0.005063888616859913, -0.06323092430830002, 0.5649117231369019, -0.2644807696342468, 0.058503150939941406, -0.33306583762168884, 0.12264209985733032, 0.5509697198867798, 0.7398089170455933, -0.07701446861028671, 0.2017521858215332, -0.8272677063941956, 0.4671516418457031, -0.24541176855564117, -0.03384987264871597, -0.328995019197464, 0.10413819551467896, -0.12129145860671997, 0.23989608883857727, 0.8034766912460327, 0.20244255661964417, -0.3559380769729614, -0.4859381318092346, 0.21426744759082794, -0.6490760445594788, 0.33125847578048706, -1.309613585472107, -0.19417573511600494, -0.2307197004556656, -0.17297257483005524, -0.2881430685520172, 0.15153473615646362, 0.16169209778308868, -0.0937538743019104, 0.8911445736885071, 0.013650309294462204, -0.28342416882514954, -0.5948328375816345, 0.33019062876701355, -0.5428017377853394, -0.5227972269058228, 0.08453015983104706, 0.4393014907836914, -0.0026111158076673746, -0.529242992401123, -0.03727138787508011, -0.16367404162883759, 0.13097982108592987, -0.0800127312541008, -0.07174409180879593, -0.05857817083597183, 0.10352092236280441, 0.24455878138542175, -0.5624419450759888, -0.9304521679878235, 0.2281751036643982, 0.3697907030582428, -0.4710240662097931, 0.21484209597110748, 0.19020263850688934, -0.54660564661026, 0.6109623312950134, 0.15705205500125885, 0.4237537980079651, -0.15520671010017395, 0.23235677182674408, 0.24882204830646515, 1.0029898881912231, -0.5805341005325317, -0.46754711866378784, -0.22786176204681396, -0.09644360095262527, 0.23853664100170135, 0.007349185645580292, -0.13198941946029663, -0.0434277281165123, -0.1764342039823532, 0.5054543614387512, -0.6517689824104309, 0.1949876993894577, 1.169634461402893, -0.08760067820549011, 0.30106469988822937, 0.14720167219638824, -0.266491562128067, -0.06666117161512375, -0.6529077887535095, 0.17499229311943054, 0.0003462372696958482, -0.2126157134771347, -0.522763729095459, 0.4644542932510376, 0.6005219221115112, -0.0003944203781429678, -0.09573513269424438, 0.05128159373998642, 0.8253656029701233, 0.4014187753200531, -0.043289829045534134, 0.04719775170087814, 0.45394667983055115, 0.1094333603978157, -0.3810291290283203, -0.6445658206939697, 0.2984389066696167, 0.5770629048347473, -0.13571757078170776, 0.47695812582969666, 0.02556632272899151, 0.01116203609853983, -1.0155813694000244, 0.03849680721759796, 0.05997515842318535, 0.4521443247795105, -0.5506191849708557, -0.5179378390312195, -0.40889424085617065, 0.07506532967090607, -0.018811482936143875, 0.3613224923610687, 0.43898481130599976, 0.48037955164909363, 0.09087013453245163, -0.02083112858235836, 0.5028883814811707, -0.1872335970401764, -0.6709872484207153, -0.297587513923645, 0.3591720759868622, 0.2178776115179062, 0.33777058124542236, -0.110047847032547, -0.5486647486686707, 0.30775538086891174, -0.04480990394949913, -0.2997322082519531, -0.1480434536933899, -0.27995747327804565, 0.11993259191513062, 0.06621340662240982, -0.42164501547813416, 0.21351201832294464, 0.4157553017139435, 0.02191353403031826, 0.4705808758735657, 0.6630162000656128, 0.016308344900608063, -0.8198716640472412, 0.7092472314834595, 0.6327313780784607, -0.4772990047931671, -0.3205479383468628, -0.9575681686401367, -0.36281758546829224, 0.8480284810066223, -0.40349456667900085, -0.02924061007797718, 0.6665930151939392, -0.10578668862581253, -0.06475227326154709, -0.5335464477539062, 0.18557722866535187, -0.3571373522281647, 0.3157825767993927, 0.6945919990539551, -0.18092426657676697, 0.4433845579624176, 0.1436309665441513, 0.17977853119373322, -0.6078922152519226, 0.008897939696907997, 0.09920642524957657, 0.5756399631500244, -0.04558683559298515, -0.28866198658943176, -0.494323194026947, 0.4301830530166626, 0.3532875180244446, -0.6381831765174866, 0.625544548034668, -0.17675486207008362, 0.08280288428068161, 0.4036889970302582, -0.2723041772842407, -0.08973386883735657, -0.3089052438735962, 0.22430548071861267, 0.3725835680961609, 0.04948016256093979, -0.05869513377547264, 0.04301737621426582, 0.18497203290462494, 0.09295988082885742, -0.00503145856782794, 0.9785376191139221, 0.06566580384969711, 0.26704373955726624, -0.3053955137729645, -0.005028706043958664, 0.12675416469573975, -0.27781978249549866, -0.12342342734336853, -0.35201218724250793, -0.4313959777355194, -0.08255854994058609, 0.06967564672231674, 0.12569560110569, -0.1270231306552887, -0.25928619503974915, 0.22624845802783966, 0.31923237442970276, 0.6416593194007874, -0.43540459871292114, 0.7394534349441528, -0.8233712315559387, -0.3785896301269531, 0.574723482131958, 0.803381085395813, -0.3662891685962677, -0.18316301703453064, -0.14572224020957947, -0.2554135024547577, 0.011213772930204868, -0.059523820877075195, -0.5702927708625793, -0.009439438581466675, 0.06005651503801346, 0.7628343105316162, -0.8080959916114807, 0.3794291019439697, -0.07987365126609802, 0.015929656103253365, -0.004143028054386377, 0.30306434631347656, -0.2922268211841583, 0.18130053579807281, 0.16329610347747803, 0.397759348154068, -0.016242405399680138, -0.18858759105205536, 0.6830816864967346, 0.7838104367256165, -0.14992722868919373, 0.123234823346138, -5.417169570922852, -0.17279155552387238, 0.2582966387271881, -0.43528619408607483, 0.558053731918335, -0.4753056466579437, 0.06624768674373627, 0.12012553215026855, 0.2411864846944809, 0.18144230544567108, 0.1039397269487381, -0.09939851611852646, -0.7040755748748779, 0.7001333832740784, 0.20806296169757843, 0.438829630613327, 0.19976386427879333, -0.9164970517158508, 0.09770680963993073, 0.7524768114089966, -0.09386451542377472, -0.35615018010139465, -0.32356971502304077, 0.24873635172843933, -0.1345335692167282, -0.1472770720720291, -0.5042644143104553, 0.08255511522293091, -0.5804835557937622, -0.3750942051410675, -0.16930024325847626, -0.23299333453178406, -0.10698551684617996, -0.43891456723213196, 0.27949681878089905, 0.2688419818878174, 0.32888057827949524, -0.003200701205059886, 0.27869921922683716, -0.6603279113769531, -0.2795518934726715, -0.11661918461322784, -0.7929591536521912, 0.0046097650192677975, 0.21078366041183472, -0.40730923414230347, -0.5596725344657898, -0.5344933867454529, 0.32531532645225525, 0.7272995114326477, 0.3238416016101837, 0.1291251927614212, 0.3516134023666382, -0.45160478353500366, 0.5445165634155273, -0.5150442719459534, 0.0981103703379631, 0.20007264614105225, -0.6841425895690918, 0.13341324031352997, -0.08900429308414459, -0.23473994433879852, -0.00740458769723773, -0.320451945066452, -0.2869556248188019, -0.35266047716140747, -0.14171595871448517, 0.555033266544342, 0.016896089538931847, -0.601163387298584, -0.08742466568946838, 0.5313299894332886, -0.18134558200836182, -1.1971228122711182, -0.22600135207176208, -0.7065123915672302, 0.24166683852672577, -0.4210413694381714, -0.6696797609329224, -0.07743554562330246, 0.47045835852622986, -0.4323931336402893, 0.6141320466995239, 0.3936842679977417, 0.4968107044696808, 0.10320944339036942, 0.08118883520364761, 0.1570703238248825, -0.6310499310493469, -0.2508792579174042, -0.1410379558801651, 0.06820514798164368, 0.10803131759166718, 0.48139384388923645, 0.25825273990631104, 0.20587767660617828, 0.26708877086639404, 0.4412575364112854, 0.23996277153491974, 0.15757758915424347, -0.574285626411438, -0.5335487723350525, 0.8559885621070862, -0.7328104376792908, 0.06834857165813446, 0.007148135919123888, 0.20300228893756866, 0.23951968550682068, 0.4414643943309784, -0.5614333748817444, 0.03479166328907013, 0.28870609402656555, -0.09314759075641632, -0.17723767459392548, 0.4458248019218445, -0.1402197629213333, 0.08391677588224411, 0.529466986656189, 0.3540869951248169, 0.4116373360157013, 0.28177154064178467, 0.4732770323753357, -0.05226694047451019, 0.14254462718963623, 0.0689089372754097, -0.2644718289375305, 0.0596158392727375, -0.037262704223394394, -0.04044703394174576, 0.3682015538215637, -0.437602162361145, 0.5320645570755005, 0.3692477345466614, 0.1954556405544281, 0.5224930644035339, -0.5028644800186157, -0.37366539239883423, -0.02541925758123398, -0.10946551710367203, -0.2062428891658783, 0.40459418296813965, -0.24875938892364502, -0.3187514841556549, 0.5513578057289124, 0.03333747386932373, -0.15346038341522217, 0.4045613408088684, -0.08128490298986435, 0.20581494271755219, 0.8708739876747131, -0.03226342424750328, 0.1598913073539734, 0.4557282328605652, -0.6371291279792786, -0.4904753565788269, -0.07989051192998886, 0.045532189309597015, -0.33609893918037415, -0.02003261260688305, 0.30294615030288696, -0.019052978605031967, -0.4155093729496002, -0.7430813908576965, 0.33734118938446045, -0.6286526918411255, 0.1729613095521927, -0.02632337063550949, -0.6892684102058411, -0.663792073726654, 0.6678011417388916, -0.5222492218017578, -0.34664788842201233, 0.1874001920223236, 0.0947742909193039, 0.3700014054775238, 0.38957592844963074, -0.4336302876472473, -0.21610409021377563, -0.03006029687821865, -0.26099926233291626, 0.09716671705245972, -0.1826322227716446, -1.3757085800170898, -0.3503946363925934, 0.05315719544887543, -0.6301898956298828, -0.6291196346282959, -0.1996147483587265, -0.47660955786705017, 0.380534827709198, -0.20279234647750854, -0.2032538801431656, -0.3949560523033142, 0.7130536437034607, -0.6123021841049194, 0.20785154402256012, -0.03834536671638489, -0.3529648780822754, 0.19153955578804016, 0.20309844613075256, -0.40719905495643616, 0.43039652705192566, -0.7860997319221497, -0.18573220074176788, 0.7059874534606934, -0.964240312576294, 0.054234009236097336, 0.339478462934494, -0.09428991377353668, 0.5509373545646667, -0.3411566913127899, 0.14232639968395233, 0.499612420797348, 0.07064345479011536, -0.023981856182217598, 0.3437654972076416, 0.30235782265663147, 0.1094047874212265, -0.22486305236816406, -0.7035338878631592, 0.015819793567061424, -0.7166640162467957, -0.2506697475910187, 0.006020895671099424, -0.7875627279281616, 0.12948979437351227, 0.41386985778808594, -0.2035529762506485, 0.3647449016571045, 0.2625412046909332, -0.06484152376651764, 0.4132099747657776, 0.2597350478172302, -0.4043958783149719, -0.30718597769737244, -0.593808650970459, 0.0926080197095871, 0.42197728157043457, -0.44947943091392517, 0.2177443951368332, 0.4493202567100525, 1.1528044939041138, -0.009111437015235424, 0.0718807578086853, 0.28373679518699646, 0.33951735496520996, -0.3638041019439697, -1.0028865337371826, -0.10948634892702103, 0.38727664947509766, -0.08121782541275024, 0.08091628551483154, -0.5870545506477356, 0.15549622476100922, 0.1430124044418335, -0.6100626587867737, -0.2940157949924469, 0.28280553221702576, -0.48457565903663635, -0.042082514613866806, 0.3640103042125702, -0.008372255600988865, -0.2236706167459488, -0.3585525155067444, -0.24751757085323334, 0.2746002972126007, -0.01616387814283371, -0.09104251861572266, 0.19398826360702515, -0.2386506050825119, 0.1125265434384346, 0.309562087059021, -0.318901002407074, 0.23592405021190643, -0.5585402250289917, 0.7273509502410889, -0.11621926724910736, -0.3428841531276703, -0.10458941012620926, -0.7083468437194824, -0.267374187707901, 0.4914415776729584, -0.1710330843925476, -0.33772605657577515, -0.4047050178050995, -0.5356271266937256, 0.36117079854011536, -0.4201904237270355, -0.2586840093135834, -0.05894056707620621, -0.09466832876205444, 0.44238439202308655, -0.005490027368068695, 0.12871171534061432, -0.10934806615114212, -0.06745646893978119, -0.11277125775814056, 1.370832085609436, -0.1864354908466339, 0.006852241698652506, -0.09511558711528778, 0.23865270614624023, 0.19189231097698212, -0.07647842168807983, -0.10764899849891663, -0.43114322423934937, -0.23685406148433685, -1.215074062347412, -0.4430566430091858, 0.6913845539093018, 0.6131657958030701, 0.05849665403366089, 0.23997163772583008, 0.8065484166145325, -0.10944394022226334, 0.34817054867744446, 0.4707775413990021, -0.009770250879228115, -0.6382816433906555, 0.055032044649124146, -0.7149959206581116, 0.11137198656797409, 0.4143754243850708, -0.6486108303070068, 0.5372601747512817, 0.8399245142936707, 0.1648430973291397, 0.18925741314888, -0.19625763595104218, 0.520671010017395, 0.3189842104911804, -0.6269981861114502, 0.5058697462081909, 0.7473258376121521, 0.1687401980161667, -0.3983553647994995, 0.6166789531707764, 0.14783547818660736, 0.7140898704528809, 0.17217066884040833, -0.18642017245292664, 0.21063576638698578, -0.35852253437042236, -0.18462249636650085, 0.042895641177892685, 0.15465319156646729, -0.1789296716451645, 0.5682454109191895, -0.5213120579719543, -0.27219852805137634, 0.4258916676044464, 0.27291977405548096, -0.05242057517170906, 0.027283919975161552, 1.1265158653259277, 0.10915042459964752, 0.1505131870508194, -0.5921249985694885, -0.1710841953754425, 0.23654064536094666, -0.3730922341346741, -1.2380485534667969, 0.8954787850379944, 0.3834243714809418, -0.46170270442962646, -0.32915183901786804, 0.23349881172180176, -0.7428340315818787, 0.1837698370218277, 0.13612832129001617, 0.14421889185905457, 0.6314448118209839, -0.5374136567115784, 0.7836021780967712, 0.641572892665863, 0.2621564269065857, 0.2725883722305298, -0.7295894026756287, -0.16721248626708984, -0.38551533222198486, -0.6569666862487793, 0.6136559844017029, -0.16535305976867676, -0.4957326352596283, -0.3374737501144409, -0.38192853331565857, 0.14056900143623352, -0.18300993740558624, 0.8719459176063538, -0.2665192484855652, 0.5889816880226135, -0.7422181367874146, -0.15923549234867096, 0.23172447085380554, -0.11746988445520401, 0.32784369587898254, -0.38994020223617554, 0.7238534092903137, 0.6367279291152954, 0.3712838590145111, -0.0001531525340396911, 0.8637280464172363, 0.2756158411502838, 0.2684701979160309, 0.11757142841815948, 0.2441655844449997, -0.2560604214668274, -0.17971445620059967, -0.3518810272216797, -0.10990899056196213, 0.1585494428873062, 0.046333856880664825, -0.37892401218414307, 0.2692163288593292, -0.33502379059791565, 0.6854175329208374, 0.7370150089263916, 0.3312799632549286, 0.06054360046982765, 0.013925556093454361, -0.15087583661079407, -0.11633450537919998, 0.3689146339893341, -0.14381851255893707, -0.47332289814949036, 0.5208808183670044, -0.6046625971794128, -0.5393510460853577, -0.11668121814727783, -0.1306372731924057, 0.15064409375190735, 0.66403728723526, -0.244581401348114, 0.3853178918361664, -0.5802077651023865, -0.30076831579208374, 0.35670530796051025, 0.42432647943496704, 0.9061785340309143, -0.8228587508201599, 0.3736436665058136, 0.3140449523925781, 0.04160255193710327, 0.39525672793388367, 0.13574661314487457, -0.32238438725471497, 0.1788388043642044, -0.3614807426929474, 0.434560090303421, 0.5558009743690491, -0.5647535920143127, -0.3589392900466919, 0.04664759337902069, -0.44250789284706116, -0.6652732491493225, 0.15345975756645203, 0.2947569489479065, -0.35260891914367676, 0.3433884084224701, -0.04662609472870827 ]
216315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Country%20Wife	The Country Wife	The Country Wife is a Restoration comedy written by William Wycherley and first performed in 1675. A product of the tolerant early Restoration period, the play reflects an aristocratic and anti-Puritan ideology, and was controversial for its sexual explicitness even in its own time. The title contains a lewd pun with regard to the first syllable of "country". It is based on several plays by Molière, with added features that 1670s London audiences demanded: colloquial prose dialogue in place of Molière's verse, a complicated, fast-paced plot tangle, and many sex jokes. It turns on two indelicate plot devices: a rake's trick of pretending impotence to safely have clandestine affairs with married women, and the arrival in London of an inexperienced young "country wife", with her discovery of the joys of town life, especially the fascinating London men. The implied condition the Rake, Horner, claimed to suffer from was, he said, contracted in France whilst "dealing with common women". The only cure was to have a surgeon drastically reduce the extent of his manly stature; therefore, he could be no threat to any man's wife. The scandalous trick and the frank language have for much of the play's history kept it off the stage and out of print. Between 1753 and 1924, The Country Wife was considered too outrageous to be performed at all and was replaced on the stage by David Garrick's cleaned-up and bland version The Country Girl, now a forgotten curiosity. The original play is again a stage favourite today, and is also acclaimed by academic critics, who praise its linguistic energy, sharp social satire, and openness to different interpretations. Background After the 18-year Puritan stage ban was lifted at the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the theatrical life of London recreated itself quickly and abundantly. During the reign of Charles II (1660–1685), playwrights such as John Dryden, George Etherege, Aphra Behn, and William Wycherley wrote comedies that triumphantly reassert aristocratic dominance and prestige after the years of middle class power during Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. Reflecting the atmosphere of the Court, these plays celebrate a lifestyle of sensual intrigue and conquest, especially conquest that served to humiliate the husbands of the London middle classes and to avenge, in the sensual arena, the marginalisation and exile suffered by royalists under Cromwell. Charles' personal interest in the stage nourished Restoration drama, and his most favoured courtiers were poets, playwrights, and men of wit, such as John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset, and William Wycherley. Wycherley had no title or wealth, but had by 1675 already recommended himself by two well-received comedies and had been admitted to the inner circle, sharing the conversation and sometimes the mistresses of Charles, who "was extremely fond of him upon account of his wit". In 1675, at age 35, he created a sensation with The Country Wife, greeted as the bawdiest and wittiest play yet seen on the English stage. Like Charles II, Wycherley had spent some Commonwealth years in France and become interested in French drama, and throughout his short playwriting career (1671–1676) he would borrow plotlines and techniques from French plays, particularly Molière. However, in contrast to the French, English audiences of the 1670s had no enthusiasm for structurally simple comedies or for the neoclassical unities of time, place, and action, but demanded fast pace, many complications, and above all "variety". To achieve the much denser texture and more complex plotting that pleased in London, Wycherley would combine several source plays to produce bustling action and clashing moods, ranging from farce through paradox to satire. A Restoration novelty of which Wycherley took advantage was the readiness of public opinion to accept women on stage, for the first time in British history. Audiences were fascinated to see real women reverse the cross-dressing of the Elizabethan boy actors and appear in tight-fitting male outfits in the popular breeches roles, and to hear them match or even outdo the rake heroes in repartee and double entendre. Charles' choice of actresses as mistresses, notably Nell Gwyn, helped keep the interest fresh, and Wycherley plays on this interest in The Country Wife by having Mr. Pinchwife disguise his wife (the eponymous 'country wife') in a boy's outfit. It has also been suggested that he uses the allure of women on display to emphasise in an almost voyeuristic way Margery's provocative innocence, as well as the immodest knowingness of "town" wives like Lady Fidget. Plots The Country Wife is more neatly constructed than most Restoration comedies, but is typical of its time and place in having three sources and three plots. The separate plots are interlinked but distinct, each projecting a sharply different mood. They may be schematised as Horner's impotence trick, the married life of Pinchwife and Margery, and the courtship of Harcourt and Alithea. 1. Horner's impotence trick provides the play's organising principle and the turning-points of the action. The trick, to pretend impotence to be allowed where no complete man may go, is (distantly) based on the classic Roman comedy Eunuchus by Terence. The upper-class town rake Harry Horner begins a campaign to seduce as many respectable ladies as possible, thus cuckolding or "putting horns on" their husbands: Horner's name serves to alert the audience to what is going on. He spreads a false rumour of his own impotence, to convince married men that he can safely be allowed to socialise with their wives. The rumour is also meant to assist his mass seduction campaign by helping him identify women who are secretly eager for extramarital sex, because those women will react to a supposedly impotent man with tell-tale horror and disgust. This diagnostic trick, which invariably works perfectly, is one of The Country Wife'''s many running jokes at the expense of hypocritical upper-class women who are rakes at heart. Horner's ruse of impotence is a great success, and he has sex with many ladies of virtuous reputation, mostly the wives and daughters of citizens or "cits", i.e. upwardly mobile businessmen and entrepreneurs of the City of London, as opposed to the Town, the aristocratic quarters where Horner and his friends live. Three such ladies appear on stage, usually together: Lady Fidget, her sister-in-law Mrs Dainty Fidget, and her tag-along friend Mrs Squeamish names that convey both a delicate sensitivity about the jewel of reputation, and a certain fidgety physical unease or tickle and the dialogue gives an indefinite impression of many more. The play is structured as a farce, driven by Horner's secret and by a succession of near-discoveries of the truth, from which he extricates himself by aplomb and good luck. A final hair-raising threat of exposure comes in the last scene, through the well-meaning frankness of the young country wife Margery Pinchwife. Margery is indignant at the accusations of impotence directed at "poor dear Mr. Horner", which she knows from personal experience to be untrue, and is intent on saying so at the traditional end-of-the-play public gathering of the entire cast. In a final trickster masterpiece, Horner averts the danger, joining forces with his more sophisticated lovers to persuade the jealous Pinchwife to at least pretend to believe Horner impotent and his own wife still innocent. Horner never becomes a reformed character but is assumed to go on reaping the fruits of his planted misinformation, past the last act and beyond. 2. The married life of Pinchwife and Margery is based on Molière's The School for Husbands (1661) and The School for Wives (1662). Pinchwife is a middle-aged man who has married a naive country girl in the hope that she will not know to cuckold him. However, Horner teaches her, and Margery cuts a swath through the complexities of London upper-class marriage and seduction without even noticing them. Restoration comedies often contrast town and country for humorous effect, and this is one example of it. Both Molière in the School For Wives and Wycherley in The Country Wife get much comic business out of the meeting between, on the one hand, innocent but inquisitive young girls and, on the other hand, the sophisticated 17th-century culture of sexual relations which they encounter. The difference, which would later make Molière acceptable and Wycherley atrocious to 19th-century critics and theatre producers, is that Molière's Agnes is naturally pure and virtuous, while Margery is just the opposite: enthusiastic about the virile handsomeness of town gallants, rakes, and especially theatre actors, she keeps Pinchwife in a state of continual horror with her plain-spokenness and her interest in sex. A running joke is the way Pinchwife's pathological jealousy always leads him into supplying Margery with the very type of information he wishes her not to have. 3. The courtship of Harcourt and Alithea is a conventional love story without any direct source. By means of persistence and true love, the witty Harcourt, Horner's friend, wins the hand of Pinchwife's sister Alithea, who is, when the play opens, engaged to the shallow fop Sparkish. The delay mechanism of this story is that the upright Alithea holds fast virtuously to her engagement to Sparkish, even while his stupid and cynical character unfolds to her. It is only after Alithea has been caught in a misleadingly compromising situation with Horner, and Sparkish has doubted her virtue while Harcourt has not, that she finally admits her love for Harcourt. Key scenes Notorious scenes in the play include "the china scene", a sustained double entendre dialogue mostly heard from off stage, where Horner is purportedly discussing his china collection with two of his lady friends. The husband of Lady Fidget and the grandmother of Mrs. Squeamish are listening front stage and nodding in approval, failing to pick up the double meaning which is obvious to the audience. Lady Fidget has already explained to her husband that Horner "knows china very well, and has himself very good, but will not let me see it lest I should beg some. But I will find it out, and have what I came for yet" (IV.iii.110). Dialogue such as this made "china" a dirty word in common conversation, Wycherley later claimed. In another famous scene Lady Fidget's self-styled "virtuous gang" meet up at Horner's lodging to carouse, throw off their public virtue, and behave exactly like male rakes, singing riotous songs and drinking defiant toasts. Finally each of the ladies triumphantly declares that Horner himself is the very lover they have been toasting, and a mayhem of jealousy breaks out as they realise that their friends have also been receiving Horner's favours. But they quickly realise they have no choice but to keep the scandalous secret: "Well then, there's no remedy, sister sharers, let us not fall out, but have a care of our honour" (V.iv.169). A scene of the Pinchwife plot that combines farce and nightmare is Pinchwife's attempt to force Mrs Pinchwife to write a haughty farewell letter to Horner, using the Freudian threat to "write whore with this penknife in your face" (IV.ii.95). Like all Pinchwife's efforts it misfires, giving Mrs Pinchwife instead an opportunity to send Horner a fan letter. Themes and analysis The dynamics of marriage People marry for the sake of outward appearances, for example Alithea feels that she has no choice but to marry Sparkish because her status in society expects her to. Wives are treated as property as made evident by Pinchwife who locks Margery in her room and forbids her from speaking to men. Sir Jasper's marriage to Lady Fidget is beneficial to his business; therefore he treats her as his asset. He constantly asks Horner to “watch” her so that she will have no opportunity to make a cuckold out of him. Furthermore, there is a struggle for dominance between men and women. As Pinchwife says, ‘”If we do not cheat women, they’ll cheat us” is the very basis for the chief plot of the play, “which centers upon the exchange of positions of dominance within his own family.” Pinchwife decides to marry a country woman in the hopes that she will not be clever enough to know how to cheat, but his extremes in preventing her exposure to men leads to his downfall. Only the women are expected to remain faithful to their husbands. As a result, Lady Fidget “uses sex as a means of revenge against their husbands and achieve a kind of moral victory over them by making them what they most fear to be cuckolds.” Horner’s position of power Initially, Horner is confident that he can seek out the married women who are willing to have affairs because they are the ones who do not care about their honour. Horner seems to believe he is in a position of power over the women because their extramarital affair is with him, but his power wanes during the duration of the play. In Act 5, Scene 4, Lady Fidget, Dainty Fidget, and Mistress Squeamish barge into Horner's lodgings despite his protest, conveying “his lower position that alludes to his disguise: a lowly eunuch.” They talk about him as if he was not present, referring to him as a ‘beast,’ ‘toad,’ and eunuch. Cohen says, “As the ladies grow in aggressive self-confidence, Lady Fidget also ‘claps him on the back’ thereby revealing the altered socio-sexual roles that are now presented.” While Horner thinks he is manipulating the women, he has “exhausted his sexual resources and has, in reality, become that impotent and useless object with the world publicly recognises him to be.” Horner's true power is not in relationship to the women, but to the men. He shows his dominance over the men he cuckolds. Horner's true intentions towards women Andrew Kaufman claims that although Horner may seem to pretend to despise women because of his pretended state as a eunuch, his hatred towards women is real. When asked whether he enjoys the company of women, "Horner's language in a constant barrage of hostile wit, discharging hostility which cannot, at the moment, be directly expressed. His characteristic action, verbally, is to 'unmask' women." First performanceThe Country Wife was first performed in January 1675, by the King's Company, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. This luxurious playhouse, designed by Christopher Wren, had opened less than a year before and provided a more modern stage to accommodate innovations in scenic design, while still allowing a close connection between actors and the audience. The original cast was listed in the first edition of The Country Wife, as was standard practice, and modern scholars have suggested that this information throws light on Wycherley's intentions. Wycherley wrote with the original actors in mind, tailoring the roles to their strengths. Also, since the audience consisted mostly of habitual playgoers, authors and directors could use the associations of an actor's previous repertoire to enrich or undercut a character, effects familiar on television and in the cinema today. Several of the actors were specialised comedians, notably Joseph Haines who played the false-wit character Sparkish, Alithea's original fiancé. At the outset of his high-profile career as comedian and song-and-dance man, young Haines already had a reputation for eccentricity and dominant stage presence, suggesting that Sparkish is not merely a comic butt for the truewits Horner, Harcourt, and Dorilant to mock, but also a real threat to the romance of Harcourt and Alithea. Pinchwife was played by the elderly Michael Mohun, who was best known for playing menacing villains, such as Volpone and Iago. Mrs. Pinchwife was Elizabeth Boutell or Bowtel, a young actress who had "a childish look. Her voice was weak, tho' very mellow; she generally acted the young innocent lady whom all the heroes are mad in love with". Boutell's previous recorded roles had in fact all been unmarried as well as innocent girls, and Margery was her first married role. Matching Boutell and Mohun as a couple would emphasise "her youth and innocence against Mohun's age and violence". The other husband to be cuckolded by Horner, Sir Jaspar Fidget, was played by another elderly actor, William Cartwright, best known for comic parts such as Falstaff. This casting suggests that Sir Jaspar was played as a straightforwardly comic part, while Pinchwife would be "alarming as well as funny". The male leads Horner and Harcourt were played by the contrasted actors Charles Hart and Edward Kynaston (or Kenaston). The forcefully masculine 45-year-old Hart "was celebrated for superman roles, notably the arrogant, bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden's Conquest of Granada", and also for playing rakish comedy heroes with nonchalance and charisma. Many critics credit the personalities and skills of Hart and Nell Gwyn with creating, as much as any playwright did, the famous flirting/bantering Restoration comedy couple. The beautiful androgynous Kynaston, probably in his early thirties, was a different kind of hero. He had started his career in 1660 as the outstanding Restoration female impersonator "the prettiest woman in the whole house" before real women entered the profession in the fall of 1660. (The 2004 movie Stage Beauty is loosely based on Kynaston's career.) John Harold Wilson argues that the famously virile stage presence of Hart as Horner must be taken into account when interpreting the play. As personified by Hart, Horner will have won women not so much through clever trickery as "the old-fashioned way", by being "dangerously attractive", and it is only fools like Sir Jaspar Fidget who really believe him harmless. Harcourt/Kynaston, although by 1675 a well-regarded and skilful actor of male roles, would clearly have been overshadowed by Horner/Hart. The actresses associated with each hero must also have tended to make the Horner plot more striking on the stage than the true-love plot. Horner's primary mistress Lady Fidget, spokeswoman for "the virtuous gang" of secretly sex-hungry town wives, was played by the dynamic Elizabeth Knepp, who Samuel Pepys declared "the most excellent, mad-humoured thing, and sings the noblest I've ever heard", talents that the famous drinking scene in Horner's lodging seems designed to do justice to. By contrast, the choice of the bit-part actress Elizabeth James as Alithea would have de-emphasised the Harcourt-Alithea plot. Such historical considerations have made modern critics sceptical of Norman Holland's classic 1959 "right way/wrong way" interpretation of the play, which positions the true-love plot as the most important one. Stage history The play had a good initial run, although Horner's trick and the notorious china scene immediately raised offence. Wycherley laughed off such criticisms in his next play, The Plain Dealer (1676), where he has the hypocritical Olivia exclaim that the china scene in The Country Wife "has quite taken away the reputation of poor china itself, and sullied the most innocent and pretty furniture of a lady's chamber". Olivia's sensible cousin Eliza insists that she'll go see The Country Wife anyway: "All this will not put me out of conceit with china, nor the play, which is acted today, or another of the same beastly author's, as you call him, which I'll go see." Writing himself into The Plain Dealer as the "beastly author" of the china scene, Wycherley seems more amused than repentant. The Country Wife did in fact survive the complaints to become a dependable repertory play from 1675 till the mid-1740s, but by then public taste had changed too much to put up with the sex jokes any longer. Its last eighteenth century performance was on 7 November 1753, followed by a hiatus of 171 years, until the successful Phoenix Society production in 1924 at the Regent Theatre in London. The first-ever American performance of Wycherley's original Country Wife took place in 1931. Wycherley's play is now again a stage classic, with countless professional and amateur performances, an actors' favourite because of the high number of good parts it offers. Adaptations Expurgated versions The bawdy elements of The Country Wife inspired multiple adaptations to bowdlerise it. The first was by John Lee, whose 1765 revision eliminated the Horner character and cut the play from five acts to two in an attempt to make it "inoffensively humorous". A more successful adaptation was made the following year by David Garrick. He retained the five-act structure, but renamed the characters and called it The Country Girl. Peggy (the renamed Margery) is a virginal country girl who wants to marry against the wishes of her guardian, Jack Moody (the reimagining of Pinchwife). In this cleaned-up form, The Country Wife continued a shadowy existence into the twentieth century, as Garrick's version was very popular, going through at least twenty editions and reaching the New York stage in 1794. The few modern critics who have read Garrick's version typically dismiss it as "sentimental and boring, where The Country Wife is astringent and provocative". Other adaptationsShe Shall Have Music, a 1959 musical comedy, mixed The Country Wife with other Restoration comedies such as The School for Scandal and Love for Love. It debuted Off-Broadway on 22 January 1959. In 1977, the BBC's Play of the Month broadcast a production of The Country Wife with Anthony Andrews as Horner, Helen Mirren as Margery and Bernard Cribbins as Pinchwife; it was later released on DVD. The 1975 movie Shampoo, with Warren Beatty as the Horner character, is a somewhat distant version of The Country Wife after exactly 300 years, reportedly inspired by the Chichester Festival production of 1969. In 1992, The Country Wife was adapted into a musical called Lust. Written by the Heather Brothers, it was first performed at the Queens Theatre in Hornchurch in the London Borough of Havering in 1992. It later transferred to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London's West End, starring Denis Lawson as Horner. Lawson travelled with the production to New York for an Off-Broadway run at the John Houseman Theatre in 1995. On 13 April 2008, an adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 3, directed by David Blount and featuring Ben Miller as Horner, Geoffrey Whitehead as Pinchwife, Clare Corbett as Mrs. Margery Pinchwife, Nigel Anthony as Sir Jasper Fidget, Celia Imrie as Lady Fidget and Jonathan Keeble as Harcourt. Critical reception From its creation until the mid-20th century, The Country Wife was subject to both aesthetic praise and moral outrage. Many critics through the centuries have acknowledged its linguistic energy and wit, including even Victorians such as Leigh Hunt, who praised its literary quality in a selection of Restoration plays that he published in 1840 (itself a daring undertaking, for reputedly "obscene" plays that had been long out of print). However, in an influential review of Hunt's edition, Thomas Babington Macaulay swept aside questions of literary merit, claiming with indignation that "Wycherley's indecency is protected against the critics as a skunk is protected against the hunters. It is safe, because it is too filthy to handle and too noisome even to approach." Margery Pinchwife, regarded in Wycherley's own time as a purely comic character, was denounced by Macaulay as a scarlet woman who threw herself into "a licentious intrigue of the lowest and least sentimental kind". It was Macaulay, not Hunt, who set the keynote for the 19th century. The play was impossible equally to stage and to discuss, forgotten and obscure. Academic critics of the first half of the 20th century continued to approach The Country Wife gingerly, with frequent warnings about its "heartlessness", even as they praised its keen social observation. At this time nobody found it funny, and positive criticism tried to rescue it as satire and social criticism rather than as comedy. Macaulay's "licentious" Mrs. Pinchwife becomes in the 20th century a focus for moral concern: to critics such as Bonamy Dobrée, she is a tragic character, destined to have her naiveté cruelly taken advantage of by the "grim, nightmare figure" of Horner. Modern criticism The past fifty years have seen a major change, and academic critics have acknowledged the play as a powerful and original work. Norman Holland's widely influential proposal in 1959 of a "right way/wrong way" reading took Wycherley's morality with innovative seriousness and interpreted the play as presenting two bad kinds of masculinity Horner's libertinism and Pinchwife's possessiveness and recommending the golden mean of Harcourt, the true lover, the representative of mutual trust in marriage. A competing milestone approach of the same generation is that of Rose Zimbardo (1965), who discusses the play in generic and historical terms as a fierce social satire. Both these types of reading have now fallen out of favour; there is little consensus about the meaning of The Country Wife, but its "notorious resistance to interpretation" is having an invigorating rather than damping effect on academic interest. The play's ideological dimension has been emphasised recently. It was written by a courtier for a courtly and aristocratic audience, and Douglas Canfield has pointed to an unusual complication for a courtly play. Horner's acts of cuckolding aggression are directed not only at disrupting middle-class families of "the City", in the usual way of the aristocratic Restoration rake, but also at his own, upper, class, the inhabitants of "the Town" the new and fashionable quarters (the future West End) that had sprung up west of the medieval City walls after the Great Fire of London in 1666. The courtier code proposed by Wycherley is of a sexual game. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick argued in Between Men that the game is played not between men and women, but between men by means of women, who are merely the "conduits" of homosocial desire between men. The hierarchy of wits meant that the wittiest and most virile man would win at the game. Thus Horner, as Canfield puts it, "represents not just class superiority, but that subset of class represented by the Town wits, a privileged minority that ... is the jet set identified with the Town and the Court as the loci of real power in the kingdom." The aggressive attack mounted in the china scene against the class and the generation by which Wycherley was patronised with the expectation that he would defend it (against Sir Jaspar Fidget and Lady Fidget), suggests Canfield, would only let an audience of that class laugh comfortably if Horner were punished by actual impotence in the end, which he is not. "When the play concludes with no poetical justice that makes Horner really impotent", writes Canfield, "leaving him instead potent and still on the make, the audience laughs at its own expense: the women of quality nervously because they have been misogynistically slandered; the men of quality nervously because at some level they recognize that class solidarity is just a pleasing fiction." Notes References Bibliography Burke, Helen M. (1988). "Wycherley's 'Tendentious Joke': The Discourse of Alterity in The Country Wife," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 29, 3 (Fall 1988): 227–41. Canfield, Douglas (1997). Tricksters and Estates: On the Ideology of Restoration Comedy. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. Dixon, Peter (1996). William Wycherley: The Country Wife and Other Plays. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dobrée, Bonamy (1924). Restoration Comedy 1660–1720. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Holland, Norman N. (1959). The First Modern Comedies: The Significance of Etherege, Wycherley and Congreve. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Howe, Elizabeth (1992). The First English Actresses: Women and Drama 1660–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1841). Review of Leigh Hunt, ed. The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, in Critical and Historical Essays, Vol. 2. Retrieved 6 February 2005. Ogden, James (ed., 2003.) William Wycherley: The Country Wife. London: A&C Black. Pepys, Samuel (ed. Henry Benjamin Wheatley, 1880). The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Retrieved 14 March 2005. Wilson, John Harold (1969). Six Restoration Plays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Further reading External links Photos from Garrick's The Country Girl Adultery in plays Restoration comedy 1675 plays Plays by William Wycherley Plays set in the 17th century	[ -0.5519652366638184, -0.04813093692064285, 0.4718579351902008, -0.703040361404419, 0.7411758303642273, 0.810128390789032, 0.49040815234184265, -0.23764663934707642, -0.16344526410102844, 0.25844311714172363, 0.018070342019200325, 0.6282393932342529, -0.03915740177035332, 0.11514455825090408, -0.8717755675315857, 0.7324328422546387, 0.26143842935562134, 0.2794278860092163, 0.243825301527977, -0.8773213624954224, -0.24207241833209991, -0.5619635581970215, 0.26121512055397034, -0.21570764482021332, 0.07917003333568573, -0.09898874163627625, 0.7686396241188049, -0.33051735162734985, 0.2606925368309021, 0.2081209123134613, 0.26003503799438477, 0.1695181429386139, 0.21300075948238373, -0.24732892215251923, -0.3526868224143982, -0.199226513504982, 0.005269198212772608, -0.42462554574012756, -0.6496217846870422, -0.2606777846813202, 0.10582184046506882, -0.21213486790657043, 0.662858784198761, 0.36060670018196106, -0.3319380283355713, -0.15308330953121185, -1.6633111238479614, 0.19620105624198914, -0.2667044997215271, -0.14615745842456818, 0.23296983540058136, 0.8713805675506592, 1.0712931156158447, 0.9946144819259644, 0.04969576746225357, 0.7111159563064575, -0.5527132749557495, -0.6346682906150818, 0.5327581167221069, 0.13457812368869781, -0.21704591810703278, 0.4279744327068329, 0.7071117162704468, -0.03265003859996796, -0.24796411395072937, 0.5294361114501953, -0.6946929097175598, 0.09585199505090714, 0.025758251547813416, 0.43899333477020264, 0.02249581180512905, -0.052479665726423264, -0.036697518080472946, 0.08388590067625046, -0.3852812647819519, -0.008261509239673615, 0.3486885130405426, -0.08220374584197998, 0.884709894657135, 0.1952427625656128, -0.35514402389526367, -0.1934826672077179, -0.07488829642534256, 0.466932088136673, 0.14134332537651062, 0.1638777256011963, 0.6266487836837769, 0.3174406886100769, -0.26087507605552673, -0.05159467086195946, 0.2617289423942566, -0.13185392320156097, -0.9966015815734863, -0.06521498411893845, -0.27183637022972107, -0.08519798517227173, 0.3864707350730896, -0.3038475513458252, -0.19521132111549377, 0.04173810034990311, -0.21535395085811615, 0.7992157936096191, 0.2920219898223877, -0.01801515556871891, -0.5130002498626709, -0.13890700042247772, 0.08776193112134933, -0.6208471655845642, 0.6701251864433289, 0.6124939322471619, -0.23434211313724518, -0.00022008013911545277, -0.23895899951457977, 0.1837138682603836, -0.1209648996591568, 0.6448190212249756, 0.2046821415424347, -0.5427904725074768, -0.5029802322387695, -0.023082591593265533, 0.23944516479969025, 0.3913784921169281, 0.624225378036499, 0.46793362498283386, -0.3713218867778778, 0.070611871778965, 0.09710126370191574, 0.6098611354827881, -0.3067129850387573, 0.06164463981986046, 0.4673718214035034, 0.4458300471305847, -0.3382471203804016, 0.0087312962859869, 0.28926563262939453, -0.037863947451114655, 0.40458908677101135, 0.3064514100551605, 0.625288724899292, 0.8393226265907288, -0.5265670418739319, 0.2700285017490387, -0.25651517510414124, -0.050839897245168686, 0.2166893482208252, -0.12404761463403702, -0.1849421262741089, -0.7180110216140747, -0.27242207527160645, 0.14885930716991425, -0.1536238044500351, 0.49665650725364685, 0.7668684720993042, -0.5850070118904114, -0.3748791813850403, 0.2541206479072571, 0.5993427634239197, 0.15646816790103912, 0.1387707144021988, 0.35839951038360596, 0.09489130973815918, 0.7643183469772339, 0.15549975633621216, -0.7554954290390015, -0.11998513340950012, -0.1902281641960144, 0.49712467193603516, 0.5542508959770203, -0.09924602508544922, -0.013761752285063267, -0.9509789943695068, 0.1633707731962204, 0.5378742814064026, -0.40634840726852417, -0.10013070702552795, 0.26165711879730225, 0.7417006492614746, -0.08188656717538834, 0.39606931805610657, 0.18647310137748718, -0.7759155631065369, 0.6151798963546753, 0.3572862446308136, -0.7679489254951477, -0.05151445418596268, 0.5267319679260254, 0.3423154056072235, 0.19397962093353271, 0.13545185327529907, 0.08957715332508087, -0.40423262119293213, -0.45447856187820435, 0.20404964685440063, 0.20185579359531403, 0.9425957798957825, 0.35348325967788696, -0.5556617975234985, 0.6498336791992188, -0.6410772204399109, 0.6074261665344238, -0.2786838710308075, 0.24497118592262268, 0.35951468348503113, 0.1997474581003189, -0.12677550315856934, -0.542482316493988, -0.2944585084915161, 0.2898714542388916, 0.8899490833282471, 0.15998785197734833, 0.04400184005498886, -0.2152022272348404, 0.38323789834976196, 0.34653523564338684, -0.47884801030158997, -0.3025932312011719, 0.09628836810588837, 0.5629209280014038, 0.09062983095645905, -0.4291919767856598, 0.3057987689971924, -0.08845701813697815, -0.1482015997171402, 0.6916791200637817, 0.06891921162605286, 0.44655776023864746, -0.3864012658596039, 0.2792655825614929, -0.397391676902771, -0.05635339394211769, -0.7189114093780518, 0.6666033267974854, 0.20223234593868256, -0.2996237576007843, 0.20959258079528809, -0.310344934463501, 0.04291728138923645, 0.051011573523283005, -0.20807376503944397, -0.3199388086795807, 0.1904677152633667, 0.4956006109714508, -0.3167804479598999, 0.5434190034866333, -0.37968868017196655, -0.20042282342910767, -0.31654074788093567, -0.36248359084129333, 0.5959042906761169, -0.2380610853433609, 0.07492856681346893, 0.5383720993995667, 0.5773418545722961, 0.519352376461029, -0.18240144848823547, -0.3309774398803711, -0.3204757869243622, 0.025862926617264748, -0.05880717560648918, 0.42422401905059814, -0.08642811328172684, 0.7215057015419006, -0.05231683328747749, 0.10224582254886627, 0.8444910645484924, -0.3801630437374115, -0.2569821774959564, -0.7457069158554077, 0.27898508310317993, -0.15735715627670288, -0.03519674390554428, 0.414750874042511, -0.20518271625041962, 0.32743412256240845, 0.6158117055892944, 0.2339659184217453, 0.2599753737449646, 0.13744772970676422, -0.5182957053184509, -0.9111182689666748, 0.1244746744632721, 0.5781726837158203, 0.19968362152576447, -0.5695298314094543, -0.2225552648305893, 0.036758292466402054, 0.025139382109045982, -0.7149904370307922, -0.5802485346794128, 0.45375341176986694, -0.0477738156914711, 0.349091112613678, -0.38457298278808594, -0.8047399520874023, 0.05126068368554115, 0.2982162535190582, -0.11936700344085693, 0.08252368867397308, 0.07005511224269867, 0.49814754724502563, -0.08962126076221466, -0.05509543791413307, -0.3596448302268982, 0.14297835528850555, 0.08981393277645111, -0.4939960539340973, -0.21363843977451324, -0.06422387808561325, -5.4453511238098145, -0.14231501519680023, -0.33429011702537537, -0.44625532627105713, 1.0406429767608643, -0.0800573006272316, 0.5475843548774719, -0.7405890822410583, 0.24264425039291382, 0.8029939532279968, 0.3532785177230835, -0.28197917342185974, -0.4758772850036621, 0.16811279952526093, 0.5744431614875793, -0.2493642419576645, -0.4987636208534241, -0.4674880802631378, -0.13251136243343353, 0.05118027329444885, 0.2211989015340805, 0.13993637263774872, -0.19816267490386963, -0.12500879168510437, 0.2223011702299118, 0.34632647037506104, -0.3743591606616974, -0.7142398953437805, -0.6149652004241943, 0.21427392959594727, -0.0904432088136673, 0.32655197381973267, 0.3448331654071808, -0.01396483276039362, -0.5406911969184875, 0.0316026471555233, 0.22018879652023315, 0.3118348717689514, 0.6692111492156982, -0.12020676583051682, -0.18691536784172058, -0.17053262889385223, 0.04181327670812607, 0.25811007618904114, -0.059176985174417496, -0.6969776749610901, -0.2993217706680298, -0.20342186093330383, -0.04901375621557236, 0.7893838882446289, -0.022093437612056732, 0.4996459484100342, 0.4348558783531189, 0.22194193303585052, -0.20055878162384033, -0.5311468839645386, 0.17212355136871338, 0.26980599761009216, -0.1110522523522377, -0.12163590639829636, 0.3242723047733307, -0.4165513813495636, -0.2252044677734375, -0.0928366556763649, -0.44683292508125305, -0.5039854645729065, -0.23188172280788422, -0.04345215484499931, 0.49580854177474976, 0.4761910140514374, 0.1016644686460495, -0.03400934860110283, 0.6624879240989685, -1.212891697883606, 0.37253421545028687, -0.4624585509300232, 0.08976034075021744, -0.49251919984817505, 0.02005530148744583, -0.4240688979625702, 0.9939550161361694, -0.3635256886482239, 0.35662972927093506, -0.019010277464985847, -0.22165001928806305, -0.4585464894771576, -0.42293021082878113, -0.5558788776397705, -0.5542683005332947, -0.116915762424469, 0.13430997729301453, -0.6637366414070129, -0.12651163339614868, 0.21412250399589539, 0.47111594676971436, 0.5018070936203003, 0.053604017943143845, -0.21942611038684845, 0.16701939702033997, -0.21096760034561157, 0.04343584552407265, -0.17705439031124115, -0.0047994982451200485, 0.27317631244659424, 0.037682805210351944, -0.7421332597732544, -0.40863892436027527, -0.06446126848459244, 0.5055880546569824, -0.08312412351369858, 0.20755013823509216, -0.45030733942985535, -0.05320308730006218, -0.43151339888572693, -0.959302544593811, -0.1400482952594757, 0.23680604994297028, -0.25442928075790405, 0.25577467679977417, 0.4779990315437317, -0.00030228603282012045, 0.04133455455303192, -0.22784638404846191, -0.4449167251586914, -0.8731423616409302, -0.1314704716205597, 0.726313591003418, -0.29889625310897827, -0.7360913157463074, 0.3233005404472351, 0.18125036358833313, -0.899320662021637, -0.3863345980644226, -0.6760666370391846, -0.18330341577529907, 0.4057294726371765, -0.2946815490722656, 0.0228277575224638, -0.16155317425727844, 0.21080389618873596, -0.4079546332359314, -0.9451656341552734, -0.7566830515861511, 0.5046412348747253, 0.052171479910612106, -0.33953142166137695, 0.0017090473556891084, 0.0797610804438591, -0.3390595316886902, -0.040401920676231384, -0.4723188579082489, 0.19951392710208893, 0.6539385914802551, -0.43203994631767273, -0.07219723612070084, -0.9738196134567261, -0.38095346093177795, 0.12171467393636703, -0.5520331263542175, -0.06853500753641129, -0.4717234671115875, 0.1226855218410492, -1.0313490629196167, 0.038470011204481125, -0.23436778783798218, 0.5224096775054932, -0.3856826722621918, -0.5375246405601501, -0.11885523796081543, 0.9121714234352112, 0.13057485222816467, 0.11665836721658707, 0.4136471748352051, -0.13802200555801392, 0.7768076658248901, -0.08327726274728775, 0.22151227295398712, 0.2637102007865906, 0.30007845163345337, 0.18461346626281738, 0.07358528673648834, -0.404683917760849, -0.6809918880462646, 0.03754214197397232, 1.0457704067230225, -0.4176957905292511, -0.1622786670923233, -0.6483467817306519, -0.09736711531877518, -0.04335744306445122, 0.004271670710295439, 0.3556554913520813, 0.26249679923057556, 0.6595041751861572, -0.6194941401481628, -0.051918432116508484, 0.02900620922446251, 0.21218685805797577, -0.10730583220720291, -0.5651821494102478, 0.2042943686246872, 0.404324471950531, -0.18910002708435059, 0.06401000916957855, 0.5678396821022034, -1.148630976676941, 0.23630206286907196, -0.7813460230827332, -0.6522067785263062, 0.8110951781272888, -0.04364617541432381, -0.5822427868843079, 0.10382865369319916, 0.443488746881485, -0.14542405307292938, -0.4988684058189392, -0.08368220180273056, 0.024423321709036827, -0.06143942475318909, -0.21043336391448975, -0.41216763854026794, -0.8735694289207458, -0.8058969974517822, 0.17079229652881622, -0.6886446475982666, -0.17903053760528564, -0.4760238230228424, -1.0717626810073853, 0.6188097596168518, -0.6027804017066956, -0.015582490712404251, 0.23317883908748627, 0.19720618426799774, 0.07454966753721237, -0.29901668429374695, -0.3783820867538452, -0.3429475724697113, -0.3111690878868103, 0.4281963109970093, 0.7582293152809143, 0.6694726347923279, 1.143916368484497, 0.44905754923820496, -0.4288921654224396, 0.004399095196276903, 0.19186528027057648, -0.26602837443351746, -0.6104538440704346, -0.18477924168109894, 0.19246768951416016, 0.04664864018559456, 0.03757334500551224, 0.3549966812133789, -0.14963649213314056, 0.38499200344085693, -0.6430448889732361, 0.08691081404685974, 0.5151680707931519, -0.22477467358112335, 0.3338322937488556, -0.2378012239933014, 0.6779022216796875, -0.4476010501384735, -0.03428071737289429, 0.6666128635406494, -0.05259958282113075, 0.6025393605232239, -0.3716250956058502, 0.15540699660778046, 0.18083781003952026, -0.941189706325531, -0.3199496567249298, -0.29378262162208557, 0.270050972700119, 0.3086640536785126, -0.4991104304790497, -0.08573917299509048, -0.721697986125946, 0.8644613027572632, -0.0755387544631958, -0.46205487847328186, 0.17792361974716187, -0.5137153267860413, 0.16991449892520905, -0.2694183588027954, -0.06308819353580475, 0.4144778549671173, -0.4516086280345917, -0.20527565479278564, -0.34878861904144287, 0.04926295205950737, 0.08209256082773209, 0.29681751132011414, 0.5209460258483887, 0.1964755654335022, 0.5411739945411682, 0.14940360188484192, -0.29682308435440063, -0.14292548596858978, -0.4651661813259125, -0.42131462693214417, 0.4052450358867645, 0.47446897625923157, 0.08628665655851364, 0.5739425420761108, -0.3606574535369873, -0.38409537076950073, -0.08766110986471176, -0.7407479286193848, 0.3830445408821106, 0.06339708715677261, 0.015003293752670288, 0.004297312349081039, 0.3956078588962555, 0.11593057960271835, -0.6243619322776794, -0.054470550268888474, -0.3728810250759125, -0.10248728841543198, 0.299569308757782, 0.3777514398097992, -0.5457085967063904, 0.31244733929634094, -0.18636547029018402, 0.07233979552984238, 0.6330665349960327, -0.6972218751907349, 0.47375693917274475, -0.5602052807807922, -0.20620512962341309, 0.532903790473938, -0.2322089672088623, -0.22718097269535065, 0.15509091317653656, 0.08442970365285873, -0.607008695602417, -0.1798081248998642, -0.3781270980834961, 0.10165742039680481, 0.6181570887565613, 0.16846375167369843, 0.054148465394973755, 0.6359197497367859, 0.26422441005706787, -0.21226119995117188, 0.2549629807472229, 0.5904015302658081, -0.5664333701133728, 0.07489123195409775, -0.7290796637535095, 0.8841068744659424, 0.6771656274795532, 0.6812623739242554, -0.8522181510925293, 0.610745906829834, 0.4379500150680542, 0.24573269486427307, -0.42723220586776733, -0.22140274941921234, 0.07537360489368439, -0.11052116751670837, -0.31439319252967834, 0.059112876653671265, -0.22426895797252655, -0.1345403641462326, 0.5185918807983398, 0.2446926087141037, -0.41516831517219543, -0.06583999842405319, 0.07584913820028305, 0.5794300436973572, 0.19245198369026184, -0.29257750511169434, -0.2410358488559723, 0.035911526530981064, 0.5961922407150269, -0.004960436373949051, 0.6756384372711182, 0.25384417176246643, 0.43202272057533264, -0.7052391767501831, -0.125585675239563, 0.09014046937227249, -0.3921007215976715, 0.02534942328929901, -0.5687252283096313, -0.26212188601493835, -0.1041179820895195, -0.3819235563278198, -0.9455005526542664, 0.2793912887573242, -0.9698914289474487, -0.10283904522657394, 0.08122096955776215, -0.7822401523590088, 0.19358709454536438, 0.7246577143669128, 0.9968878030776978, 0.6555851697921753, 0.24657240509986877, 0.14142414927482605, 0.44466614723205566, -0.22944892942905426, 0.521237850189209, -0.5636677742004395, 0.4261116683483124, -0.3191000819206238, 0.6656941771507263, -0.40271127223968506, 0.36900532245635986, -0.11969943344593048, -0.07150872051715851, -0.18394723534584045, -0.35707828402519226, -0.43753600120544434, -0.1455504447221756, 0.4455774128437042, 0.09010747075080872, 0.07715530693531036, 0.025106607005000114, 0.13171131908893585, -0.35823434591293335, 0.018160980194807053, -0.09445805102586746, -0.4075622856616974, -0.4533669650554657, 0.35687702894210815, -0.5571152567863464, -0.03326558694243431, 0.9163568019866943, -0.13524484634399414, 0.3494004011154175, -0.6141766905784607, 0.05162052437663078, 0.8314876556396484, 0.48012328147888184, 0.36477747559547424, 0.48879069089889526, 0.12104713916778564, 0.2536248564720154, -0.09414598345756531, -0.5381349325180054, -0.21320517361164093, -0.023187687620520592, -0.2149924635887146, -0.3330642879009247, -0.11596693098545074, -0.18000386655330658, -0.1444135159254074, 0.5509163737297058, 0.12754300236701965, -0.64096599817276, -0.0453239306807518, -0.6965521574020386, 0.3273361027240753, -0.5595452189445496, 0.015366552397608757, -0.46507400274276733, 0.7100879549980164, 0.3971061110496521 ]
216318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz%20TMA-2	Soyuz TMA-2	Soyuz TMA-2 was a Soyuz (Russian Союз ТМА-2, Union TMA-2) mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle. The spacecraft docked with the ISS 2003-04-28 and undocked 2003-10-27. Soyuz TMA-2 was the second flight for the TMA modification of the Soyuz spacecraft, and the 6th Soyuz to fly to the ISS. The commander is Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (Russia), and flight engineer Edward Tsang Lu (USA), and after docking with the ISS they exchanged with the resident crew on ISS and became the seventh station crew, called "ISS Expedition Seven". Alexander Kaleri and Michael Foale were assigned as the backup crew. Crew Original Crew Mission parameters Mass: 7136 kg Perigee: 200 km Apogee: 250 km Inclination: 51.7° Period: 88.7 min Docking with ISS Docked to ISS: April 28, 2003, 05:56 UTC (to nadir port of Zarya) Undocked from ISS: October 27, 2003, 23:17 UTC (from nadir port of Zarya) Mission highlights Originally the Soyuz missions to the ISS were all planned to be only taxi mission to deliver a new Soyuz spacecraft as the station's lifeboat every six month with a visiting crew, but not for crew exchange. Until the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster the same was planned for Soyuz TMA-2, a visiting crew consisting of commander Gennady Padalka and ESA-astronaut Pedro Duque were to spend about one week at the station and then return with the previous Soyuz TMA-1 spacecraft. The third seat might have gone to the Chilean Klaus von Storch as a Chilean space agency (Agencia Chilena del Espacio) cosmonaut, but even before the Columbia disaster it looked like his flight would not happen, and the seat would go to the Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kotov or to deliver freight to the station. During his stay on the station, Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space. His bride was in Texas where long distance marriages are legal. The spacecraft returned to Earth on October 28, with both the "Expedition 7" crew as well as Pedro Duque on board. Duque was launched with Soyuz TMA-3 and spent only one week on board of the ISS. References External links RussianSpaceWeb.com: Soyuz TMA-2 SpaceRef.com: Soyuz TMA-2/6S Lands On Target Crewed Soyuz missions Spacecraft launched in 2003 Spacecraft which reentered in 2003 Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-FG rockets	[ -0.277422696352005, -0.1135781779885292, -0.23763829469680786, 0.18198011815547943, 0.01245561707764864, 0.5849592089653015, 0.46289023756980896, -0.14739850163459778, -0.3430864214897156, 0.08858896791934967, -0.603500247001648, 0.19237129390239716, -0.9439812302589417, -0.07500863075256348, -0.22728295624256134, 0.008099165745079517, 0.8736674785614014, -0.21041743457317352, -0.36676692962646484, -0.46242740750312805, 0.29820096492767334, 0.23953594267368317, 0.8164355754852295, -0.4777090549468994, -0.5034053325653076, -0.0996730849146843, 0.38463351130485535, 0.8059022426605225, 0.2364119291305542, 0.49764907360076904, -0.4172070622444153, 0.1999582052230835, 0.0556766502559185, 0.07814548164606094, 0.04725053533911705, 0.5366064310073853, -0.33942243456840515, 0.21861632168293, -0.22240301966667175, -0.49526816606521606, -0.08233389258384705, -0.00913166906684637, -0.569317102432251, 0.11747954040765762, 0.10089144110679626, -0.051215723156929016, -0.5840879082679749, 0.17702530324459076, -0.18959282338619232, 0.1866985708475113, 0.024989712983369827, 0.2946721911430359, 0.2174660861492157, 0.0246014092117548, 0.2181781530380249, 0.9939336180686951, -0.7147490978240967, -0.1653406023979187, -0.5814523100852966, 0.22433723509311676, 0.09203219413757324, 0.4377102851867676, 0.4556770324707031, 0.133057102560997, 0.0833498165011406, -0.3362867534160614, -0.1601247787475586, 0.24543648958206177, 0.20215360820293427, -0.3463228642940521, 0.20444314181804657, 0.25623172521591187, -0.2927871644496918, 0.2067987322807312, 0.1289803385734558, -0.8268495798110962, -0.2596644163131714, 0.06810283660888672, 0.1916584074497223, 0.5894656777381897, -0.006201000884175301, 0.03163290396332741, 0.09181681275367737, 0.38167208433151245, 0.07500113546848297, -0.012988033704459667, -0.18163765966892242, 0.144194096326828, -0.3122856914997101, 0.4517131447792053, -0.39069032669067383, -0.08091919869184494, 0.1524234116077423, 0.6321110129356384, 0.04546695202589035, 0.28014424443244934, -0.9433853626251221, 0.3779791295528412, 0.3720201253890991, -0.1917462944984436, 0.285170316696167, 0.16585877537727356, -0.019657710567116737, -0.24725285172462463, 0.10079832375049591, -1.3351523876190186, -0.09003838896751404, -0.6015248894691467, -0.7080197930335999, 0.08302774280309677, -0.8304340839385986, -0.08996448665857315, -0.10177439451217651, 0.04916366562247276, -0.4762912392616272, 0.4027242958545685, -0.3186066448688507, -1.4620333909988403, 0.049807656556367874, 0.1219639927148819, 0.43723419308662415, 0.746626079082489, -0.5579348802566528, 0.015290282666683197, -0.0381304956972599, 0.034067489206790924, 0.813578724861145, 0.6102347373962402, -0.5464163422584534, 0.8836534023284912, 0.23868660628795624, 0.8981623649597168, -0.46067386865615845, 0.6401964426040649, 0.08641114085912704, 0.05911465734243393, 0.8725115060806274, -0.20214542746543884, -0.506164014339447, 0.5864824056625366, -1.004845380783081, -0.05008654668927193, -0.15714199841022491, 0.09834812581539154, 0.32354843616485596, 0.6289240121841431, 0.07028234004974365, -0.23794437944889069, -0.5167930126190186, -0.3161930739879608, -0.5436595678329468, -0.6548792123794556, 0.12087179720401764, 0.13144917786121368, -0.3186374306678772, 0.09816142916679382, 0.5299496054649353, 0.09285293519496918, -0.4090876281261444, 0.40379929542541504, 0.7913639545440674, -0.22981908917427063, -0.4058786630630493, -0.0432489775121212, 0.19409523904323578, 0.1230384036898613, 0.3934398591518402, 0.2991551458835602, 0.5423272252082825, -0.41033390164375305, 0.4756110906600952, -0.5751530528068542, 0.24723811447620392, -0.050492092967033386, -0.3120046555995941, -0.39281004667282104, 0.5220789909362793, 0.286794513463974, 0.2253650575876236, 0.18205437064170837, -0.610095202922821, 0.416512131690979, -0.24089741706848145, 0.06550829857587814, 0.9793540239334106, 0.16812224686145782, 0.2846308648586273, 0.5894248485565186, -0.23310425877571106, 0.40329471230506897, -0.39502349495887756, -0.4258456528186798, 0.10596007853746414, -0.0698438212275505, 0.6766678094863892, -0.07393337041139603, -0.14331883192062378, -0.11386185139417648, -0.07286318391561508, 0.950545608997345, -0.05404895171523094, 0.2652883529663086, 0.2505026161670685, 0.05173083022236824, 0.024594226852059364, -0.018019814044237137, 0.04537736624479294, -0.09280899912118912, 0.2181069254875183, 1.1187291145324707, -0.4022824168205261, -0.7978196144104004, 0.1482650488615036, 0.1029585674405098, 0.15549926459789276, 0.028030408546328545, -0.549658477306366, -0.2472309172153473, -0.16529296338558197, 0.7059086561203003, 1.0615952014923096, 0.15811605751514435, 0.15738330781459808, -0.3505123555660248, -0.6379774212837219, 0.7209365367889404, -0.2434873729944229, 0.467020720243454, -0.22828157246112823, 0.6694605350494385, -0.40822911262512207, 0.5011796355247498, 0.5197097659111023, 0.14145922660827637, 0.24388691782951355, 0.24466091394424438, 0.044337980449199677, -0.5543795228004456, 0.3978697657585144, 0.06217196211218834, 0.0009456867701373994, 1.158770203590393, -0.11257942765951157, 0.560522198677063, -0.4348083436489105, 0.04406943544745445, 0.22643494606018066, 0.2982046604156494, -0.41855981945991516, -0.7659285664558411, 0.154276043176651, -0.13992373645305634, -0.025171667337417603, 0.04614776745438576, -0.4669942855834961, 0.002813607919961214, -0.27577048540115356, -0.01348977629095316, -0.6442281603813171, 0.11257986724376678, -0.07716665416955948, 0.21894097328186035, 0.13891588151454926, -0.40405288338661194, 0.04578719660639763, -0.7422577738761902, -0.5671614408493042, 0.10652872920036316, 0.38658151030540466, 0.1506424844264984, 0.5589444637298584, -0.18284745514392853, -0.8056050539016724, 0.020792970433831215, -0.15465569496154785, 0.18367399275302887, 0.22350908815860748, 0.7633518576622009, -0.6995941400527954, -0.48932668566703796, 0.29119443893432617, 0.41781583428382874, 0.5878319144248962, -0.38501375913619995, -0.40398627519607544, -0.0018447436159476638, -0.45073914527893066, -0.4152897596359253, -0.351688027381897, -0.5665233731269836, 0.09963253140449524, 0.058044396340847015, -0.2823185920715332, -0.14795272052288055, -0.12630508840084076, 0.5419835448265076, 0.23251047730445862, 0.6011466383934021, 0.863766610622406, 0.3637899160385132, -0.3397103548049927, -0.32771116495132446, -0.361821711063385, -0.07219738513231277, 0.22958330810070038, -0.5086042881011963, -0.14923962950706482, 0.08040034770965576, -5.505992412567139, -0.3294874429702759, -0.6425542235374451, 0.23528076708316803, 0.041811566799879074, 0.2240198850631714, 0.9172995686531067, -0.06622516363859177, 0.12296289950609207, -0.3262346088886261, -0.1567084938287735, -0.09659352898597717, -0.14417485892772675, -0.19835399091243744, 0.10845596343278885, -0.06726757436990738, -0.2131609320640564, -0.11561410874128342, 0.9504753351211548, -0.4728534519672394, 0.3750460743904114, -0.6272526979446411, -0.43933525681495667, -0.24659021198749542, 0.6709901690483093, 0.3276480734348297, -0.3503759205341339, 0.05235273391008377, -0.27825796604156494, -0.23380057513713837, -0.28370779752731323, 0.07302621752023697, -0.35594403743743896, -0.2843516767024994, 0.5825313925743103, -0.39708441495895386, 0.5759661197662354, -0.10227833688259125, 0.40292277932167053, -0.4432240128517151, -0.04625346139073372, 0.05255585163831711, 0.14584437012672424, 0.16772544384002686, 0.4210628867149353, -0.2921959459781647, 0.14429353177547455, -0.0020481327082961798, -0.1497463881969452, 0.6067981719970703, 0.28373757004737854, 0.23736144602298737, 0.3726585805416107, -0.23980192840099335, 0.22637298703193665, 0.19698308408260345, -0.14699144661426544, 0.20269237458705902, -0.3679886758327484, 0.36279919743537903, -0.42979004979133606, 0.2179454118013382, -0.2972497045993805, -1.2922614812850952, -0.394753634929657, 0.4412502646446228, 0.6331411600112915, 0.04305163770914078, 0.1318494826555252, 0.19459576904773712, -1.172001838684082, 1.362771987915039, -0.46750694513320923, -0.9612232446670532, 0.5044606924057007, -0.18678142130374908, -0.1908111423254013, 0.018128762021660805, -0.5794323682785034, -0.1513408124446869, -0.07404322177171707, -0.6877123713493347, -0.2653799057006836, 0.5063962340354919, 0.5497537851333618, -0.5634164214134216, -0.2793455719947815, 0.23850078880786896, -0.14856384694576263, -0.10403312742710114, 0.6606009006500244, -0.5976557731628418, 0.3053303062915802, 0.4536110460758209, 0.12762631475925446, -0.13184626400470734, -0.33554044365882874, 0.05793830007314682, 0.26810356974601746, -0.21195684373378754, -0.10539577156305313, 0.10674756020307541, 0.009292193688452244, -0.6936213970184326, -0.13837972283363342, -0.33503374457359314, -0.5628482103347778, 0.46066343784332275, 0.6820666790008545, 0.048183321952819824, 0.4008004665374756, -0.2316863089799881, -0.18238165974617004, -0.10102806240320206, -0.174899160861969, 0.1455496996641159, -0.16506409645080566, -0.05953260883688927, -0.436331182718277, 0.7105759382247925, -0.21955956518650055, 0.46284952759742737, -0.6233519911766052, -0.3066549599170685, -0.06784716248512268, -0.37944862246513367, -0.23702043294906616, 0.0038998941890895367, 0.3896884322166443, 0.41276389360427856, -0.09790783375501633, 1.0762258768081665, -0.29026418924331665, -0.6302566528320312, 0.2503965198993683, -0.19339114427566528, -0.18232443928718567, -0.4929914176464081, 0.2844882309436798, -0.41496768593788147, -0.22805549204349518, -0.26642078161239624, 0.09629670530557632, -0.20138385891914368, -0.19458189606666565, 0.3952743709087372, 0.2286374717950821, 0.005135723389685154, 0.23832207918167114, 0.4604179263114929, -0.25238552689552307, -0.6069974303245544, -0.03885593265295029, -0.30074381828308105, 0.21558190882205963, -0.24565015733242035, 0.2124577909708023, -0.34073060750961304, 0.39153435826301575, -0.049551770091056824, 0.4751296043395996, -0.38491830229759216, -0.3132515847682953, -0.14497417211532593, 0.22441965341567993, 0.11323533952236176, -0.24264220893383026, -0.7229609489440918, -0.4057050943374634, 0.5220378637313843, 0.1266941875219345, -0.7489551305770874, -0.14806626737117767, 0.04332888498902321, 0.3194176256656647, 0.043892353773117065, -0.3882133960723877, -0.5018097758293152, -0.12839125096797943, -0.05817044526338577, -0.08486536890268326, 0.3863808214664459, -0.4341118633747101, 0.7950587272644043, 0.5591722130775452, -0.5481941103935242, -0.26488763093948364, -0.12238520383834839, 0.12673811614513397, -0.35529565811157227, 0.24591675400733948, 0.367398738861084, 0.27495667338371277, 0.12231458723545074, 0.11744339764118195, -0.44653311371803284, 0.03932921960949898, 0.8801000118255615, 0.33298060297966003, 0.1718091070652008, 0.3200928270816803, 0.2931004762649536, 0.055381204932928085, -0.0779748484492302, 0.4444297254085541, -0.2519693970680237, 0.278766930103302, 0.019244888797402382, 0.6792119741439819, -0.4297924339771271, -0.049997054040431976, -1.0547468662261963, -0.12997221946716309, 0.6185218691825867, -0.8655551671981812, 0.5073952078819275, 0.23672430217266083, 0.23548464477062225, -0.1943082958459854, -0.38813862204551697, -0.7332170605659485, -0.0017019063234329224, -0.5740021467208862, -0.8401908874511719, -0.9341261386871338, 0.13955269753932953, 0.1863359957933426, -0.3747789263725281, -0.5638458728790283, -0.31146079301834106, -0.08611875027418137, -0.6266440749168396, -0.3632246255874634, -0.46611645817756653, -0.09885313361883163, -0.5443292260169983, 0.030331574380397797, -0.30805838108062744, 0.2829543650150299, 0.03471442684531212, 0.650924563407898, 0.486468642950058, 0.11338838934898376, -0.5355414748191833, -0.7158080339431763, 0.11799098551273346, 0.8071881532669067, -0.21512985229492188, 0.13041150569915771, -0.10252702236175537, 0.5392343401908875, -0.16422268748283386, -0.9758718013763428, -0.3422187268733978, 0.4742226004600525, -0.41309165954589844, -0.5030832886695862, -0.10467486083507538, -0.33600035309791565, 0.3519720733165741, -0.2790413796901703, 0.5612875819206238, -0.5425955057144165, -0.550101637840271, -0.16152244806289673, 0.7898808717727661, 0.2627599239349365, -0.5283898115158081, -0.1907799392938614, -0.2554888129234314, -0.6153797507286072, -0.26841607689857483, 0.31854724884033203, 0.2610417306423187, -0.35624226927757263, 0.5665655136108398, 0.058813586831092834, -0.10100778937339783, -0.2971288859844208, 1.022590160369873, -0.19647377729415894, 0.3253701329231262, -0.20554153621196747, 0.06589264422655106, 0.35522887110710144, -0.5666387677192688, 0.3484048545360565, -0.1251721829175949, -0.1855315864086151, 0.20943817496299744, -0.08565210551023483, -0.2860720455646515, -0.9746274352073669, -0.19571907818317413, -0.22900766134262085, -0.017685076221823692, -0.11920959502458572, -0.15393716096878052, -0.21700693666934967, 0.29083576798439026, -0.6630734205245972, 0.6359708905220032, -0.11133914440870285, 0.2773110568523407, -0.041117966175079346, 0.17114926874637604, 0.3173888325691223, -0.19623242318630219, 0.05147013068199158, 0.6463114619255066, 0.08172620832920074, -0.4537709653377533, 0.03750407323241234, 0.3230544924736023, -0.7739743590354919, 0.22480565309524536, 0.3725983798503876, 0.011531243100762367, -0.6015767455101013, -0.22053959965705872, 0.5801380276679993, 0.05375545844435692, 0.41223254799842834, 0.13007338345050812, -0.08702850341796875, 0.4884825050830841, -0.6533249616622925, -0.600100576877594, 0.14249780774116516, 0.4855007827281952, 0.5998901128768921, 0.5310393571853638, 0.13117267191410065, 0.5609664916992188, -0.11651742458343506, -0.0891660526394844, -0.043559618294239044, -0.38820692896842957, 0.2002679854631424, 0.8409203290939331, -0.27167201042175293, 0.8413314819335938, -0.21371278166770935, -0.142660990357399, 0.45132964849472046, 0.5198487639427185, -0.022465473040938377, -0.1404152363538742, 0.7116245627403259, 0.10751785337924957, 0.1116226315498352, 0.002950513269752264, -0.6412232518196106, 0.05565392225980759, -0.8398430943489075, -0.33534976840019226, 0.3412986993789673, -0.6063031554222107, -0.03199957683682442, 0.40240785479545593, 0.6067361831665039, 0.9262378811836243, 0.05343722552061081, 0.2471524327993393, 0.09516619890928268, -0.478412002325058, -0.41239821910858154, -0.46310871839523315, 0.6792347431182861, -0.4685885012149811, -0.05699220672249794, 0.4676099419593811, 0.1999070793390274, 0.32737278938293457, 0.11996783316135406, 0.6641832590103149, 0.4220227301120758, 0.05920565128326416, -0.5767114162445068, 0.05103357136249542, -0.19678087532520294, 0.18591319024562836, 0.008664821274578571, -0.7057739496231079, -0.8219860196113586, 0.12196321785449982, 0.02084580436348915, 0.0316292941570282, 0.5016932487487793, 0.18903598189353943, 0.08610602468252182, -0.6915019154548645, -0.3142893314361572, -0.06159523129463196, -0.5699017643928528, -0.12398920208215714, -0.34342488646507263, 0.1531846523284912, 0.17904190719127655, 0.5025445818901062, 0.3292638063430786, -0.5706167221069336, 0.14573697745800018, 0.6988137364387512, -0.4682850241661072, 0.4867137372493744, -0.9513543248176575, 0.4093691408634186, -0.48325738310813904, 0.5672849416732788, 0.7361186742782593, 0.2161051630973816, -0.06435689330101013, 0.8313040733337402, 0.3196243941783905, 0.28803443908691406, 0.2633688449859619, -0.7178362607955933, 0.2825632691383362, -0.19672036170959473, 0.22447173297405243, -0.6499525308609009, 0.2079811543226242, 0.10813269764184952, -0.7532176971435547, -0.7361153364181519, -0.043885279446840286, -0.36749064922332764, 0.33598074316978455, -0.12232721596956253, 0.7109313607215881, 0.21891871094703674, 0.2596362829208374, -0.2070515751838684, -0.3675960898399353, -0.670253574848175, -0.1434526890516281, 0.5602750182151794, 0.5667252540588379, -0.5097381472587585, 0.6032665371894836, 0.2626758813858032, -0.17554044723510742, 0.3806053400039673, 0.004306101705878973, -0.5347045063972473, 0.07619855552911758, -0.4054061472415924, -0.6966652274131775, 0.02945695072412491, 0.6003676056861877, 0.28848275542259216, 0.33495625853538513, -0.6495161652565002, 0.49204158782958984, -0.5549921989440918, 0.4339863657951355, -0.06083032116293907, 0.8493403792381287, 0.2351285219192505 ]
216323	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADT	ADT	ADT or Adt may refer to: People Ana de Teresa (born 2001), Spanish footballer known as ADT Harro Adt (born 1942), German diplomat Katrin Adt (born 1972), German business executive Places Ada Municipal Airport, airport in Oklahoma (IATA: ADT) American Discovery Trail, a system of recreational trails in the United States Organizations and enterprises Abu Dhabi Terminals, abbreviated ADT, port operator for all commercial ports in Abu Dhabi ADT College, in London ADT Inc., formerly American District Telegraph, which provides residential and small business electronic security and similar services in many countries Science and technology Biology and medicine Androgen deprivation therapy, a common component of treatment for prostate cancer Arogenate dehydratase, an enzyme Azadithiolate cofactor, an organosulfur compound found in some enzymes Computing Abstract data type Algebraic data type, a composite type in computer programming Alternating decision tree, a machine learning method Android Development Tools, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE Asynchronous data transfer Technology Active Denial Technology, a non-lethal, directed-energy weapon developed by the U.S. military Admission, discharge, and transfer system, a system for the structure of other types of business systems Automatic double tracking, an audio recording technology Air Data Terminal or Airborne Data Terminal Sports Asian Development Tour, a golf tour Asociación Deportiva Tarma, a Peruvian association football club Azkals Development Team, a Filipino football club Other uses adt, one of two ISO 639-3 codes for the Adnyamathanha language, an Australian Aboriginal language Air Departure Tax, in Scotland American death triangle, a deprecated rock climbing anchor system Atlantic Daylight Time Average Daily Theoretical (also known as "theoretical loss" or "theo"), a calculation used to determine gamblers' casino comps Average Daily Traffic, used in transportation planning Admission, discharge, and transfer system, backbone system of a healthcare facility	[ 0.2635026276111603, 0.11263784021139145, 0.4727136790752411, -0.009801958687603474, -0.01242699846625328, 0.1309080421924591, 0.14320114254951477, -0.06468738615512848, 0.06259473413228989, -0.3993881642818451, -0.3258117437362671, 0.407980352640152, -0.3594343662261963, 0.07624956965446472, -0.02388881705701351, 0.3661050498485565, 0.0955122634768486, 0.43068593740463257, -0.4990822374820709, -0.4269377589225769, -0.45141223073005676, -0.3873494565486908, 0.25479012727737427, -0.3944716453552246, 0.2578154504299164, -0.3016304671764374, -0.043982405215501785, 0.045044127851724625, -0.4514070451259613, 0.268508642911911, 0.2206708937883377, 0.03873834013938904, 0.07926664501428604, -0.08635064214468002, -0.48326870799064636, 0.2756597697734833, 0.20873667299747467, -0.3636103570461273, -0.2156059294939041, -0.6149591207504272, -0.7649398446083069, -0.41981229186058044, 0.3161723017692566, -0.10990753769874573, -0.5986970067024231, -0.15813584625720978, -1.7740356922149658, 0.0006533109699375927, -0.700788676738739, 0.13723738491535187, -0.3764197826385498, -0.06478311866521835, 0.2965371906757355, 0.4157046675682068, 0.3698974847793579, 0.22676093876361847, -0.5485411286354065, -0.409429132938385, 0.24653631448745728, -0.7115441560745239, 0.6638795733451843, 0.4039192795753479, 0.23020857572555542, 0.22114397585391998, 0.627341628074646, -0.06914865225553513, 0.16652226448059082, -0.2472563236951828, -0.2776809334754944, -0.18639422953128815, 0.15855926275253296, -0.4956645965576172, -0.30351686477661133, -0.06401022523641586, -0.11052165925502777, -0.44421613216400146, -0.3129545748233795, 0.054969288408756256, -0.12081680446863174, 0.2741605341434479, 0.16667349636554718, -0.2138320505619049, 0.5802174210548401, -0.615356981754303, 0.38019120693206787, 0.11388706415891647, -0.5294561386108398, 0.15287165343761444, -0.9048632979393005, 0.13014793395996094, 0.03080623783171177, -0.2557445168495178, 0.18936103582382202, -0.13201583921909332, -0.06145218014717102, 0.025970585644245148, 0.44839513301849365, 0.10327444970607758, 0.44903674721717834, 0.22664663195610046, -0.1704757660627365, 0.30373668670654297, 0.38675498962402344, 0.028092406690120697, -0.2247553914785385, -0.0789886936545372, -0.43615084886550903, 0.06653199344873428, -0.2104334682226181, 0.08511041849851608, -0.17826272547245026, 0.09264299273490906, 0.5096921920776367, -0.1632796972990036, 0.07476019114255905, 0.043209634721279144, 0.33487460017204285, 0.12349797785282135, 0.11491905897855759, -0.08911589533090591, 0.22326958179473877, 0.5032140016555786, -0.036163222044706345, -0.460282564163208, -0.11932134628295898, 0.11992155015468597, 0.15886348485946655, 0.3268645107746124, -0.5465148687362671, 0.2792133092880249, 0.13772863149642944, -0.18558989465236664, 0.04642204940319061, 0.4909530580043793, -0.05217861384153366, -0.22870761156082153, -0.28745847940444946, -0.20992015302181244, 0.5982424020767212, -0.12320921570062637, -0.7729437351226807, 0.06159568578004837, -0.6988146305084229, -0.20483353734016418, 0.22028470039367676, 0.07442531734704971, 0.1331605464220047, 0.18900810182094574, -0.08989710360765457, 0.387560099363327, -0.4408649802207947, -0.1484084278345108, -0.24762190878391266, 0.1523943543434143, 0.00043434189865365624, 0.2572546601295471, 0.37067851424217224, -0.23903289437294006, 0.0815173089504242, 0.39710021018981934, 0.1571560800075531, 0.26047930121421814, 0.12667784094810486, 0.556745171546936, 0.09049181640148163, -0.20512549579143524, -0.10337728261947632, 0.0382746085524559, 0.1299269199371338, -0.1580377072095871, -0.044106703251600266, -0.2373141646385193, 0.45359373092651367, -0.19536781311035156, -0.04941130429506302, 0.31475505232810974, 0.5215830206871033, -0.3026995360851288, 0.014010388404130936, 0.6588039994239807, -0.742776095867157, 0.2238326221704483, -0.04236951470375061, -0.11332347989082336, 0.11194605380296707, -0.31762468814849854, 0.08511403948068619, 0.1716317981481552, 0.26204410195350647, -0.11765041947364807, -0.16836611926555634, -0.4613632559776306, -0.059805117547512054, -0.7142374515533447, 0.41712918877601624, -0.029552605003118515, -0.697327733039856, 1.0132555961608887, 0.15233497321605682, 0.607672929763794, 0.06712216138839722, 0.03810446709394455, 0.5076581835746765, -0.48926064372062683, 0.16318155825138092, 0.5764926075935364, 0.41750746965408325, 0.25297170877456665, 0.203101247549057, 0.4218176305294037, 0.018706541508436203, -0.5308780670166016, 0.30788081884384155, -0.05070507898926735, 0.15548193454742432, -0.6540576219558716, -0.44618353247642517, 0.1439797282218933, 0.061753373593091965, 0.04806933179497719, 0.902512788772583, 0.08545360714197159, -0.4392702281475067, 0.42375829815864563, -0.2026088386774063, 0.38137373328208923, 0.09293662756681442, 0.35955286026000977, 0.5459104776382446, -0.31838753819465637, 0.6243943572044373, 0.3201443552970886, 0.3274141252040863, -0.5569272637367249, 0.4582497477531433, 0.5274223685264587, 0.30181118845939636, 0.039998531341552734, 0.4806678593158722, 0.1868598908185959, -0.21999448537826538, 0.39651206135749817, -0.2640698254108429, 0.0386982299387455, 0.6114805340766907, 0.01466222945600748, 0.2299933284521103, -0.14468125998973846, -0.2027033567428589, -0.26194483041763306, -0.0030384070705622435, -0.07070636004209518, -0.16177944839000702, -0.20568253099918365, 0.3815927803516388, -0.10202232748270035, -0.036099448800086975, 0.35217997431755066, -0.21543818712234497, -0.24209971725940704, -0.513946533203125, 0.21302488446235657, -0.19221624732017517, 0.7142125964164734, 0.2714640498161316, -0.47467467188835144, -0.20689867436885834, -0.16955004632472992, 0.4066970646381378, 0.3545808792114258, 0.2266247421503067, 0.15721318125724792, 0.010123088024556637, -0.058393560349941254, -0.6892591714859009, -0.1006402000784874, -0.09604236483573914, 0.31633618474006653, 0.016563022509217262, -0.26086151599884033, 0.2826886773109436, 0.09912899136543274, 0.0548374205827713, -0.6592381596565247, 0.17978328466415405, -0.17447642982006073, -0.1454542577266693, -0.5341475009918213, -0.48777106404304504, -0.041718460619449615, -0.043221842497587204, -0.06868614256381989, -0.04124603047966957, 0.2476353794336319, 0.27760282158851624, 0.03982076048851013, 0.21226035058498383, 0.3221965730190277, -0.15575218200683594, -0.3784969747066498, -0.5631952285766602, 0.3403591513633728, -0.6382243633270264, 0.23035335540771484, 0.4640686810016632, 0.2160170078277588, -0.24451150000095367, -0.1880662441253662, -6.259863376617432, 0.2571425139904022, -0.15597647428512573, -0.016797153279185295, 0.20371034741401672, -0.6220043301582336, 0.5336786508560181, 0.0170483086258173, 0.10530483722686768, -0.2095697671175003, 0.4861588180065155, 0.0007681032875552773, 0.4150986969470978, 0.23742510378360748, 0.12094013392925262, 0.5588048100471497, 0.41298675537109375, 0.003711211495101452, 0.203805074095726, 0.0011751109268516302, -0.023422950878739357, -0.06472040712833405, 0.031203044578433037, 0.5653236508369446, 0.2951611876487732, -0.033886685967445374, -0.35156774520874023, 0.19444547593593597, -0.558428168296814, -0.31158730387687683, 0.35942542552948, 0.1593671292066574, -0.1873023957014084, 0.3823873996734619, -0.041788533329963684, 0.08463636040687561, 0.712595522403717, -0.0737731084227562, 0.16149109601974487, -0.5744912624359131, 0.17320778965950012, 0.41185393929481506, -0.16612516343593597, -0.5859889388084412, -0.32499954104423523, -0.5553072690963745, -0.3327186107635498, 0.35421252250671387, 0.10573576390743256, 0.24151498079299927, 0.13178510963916779, 0.1372087597846985, 0.36482375860214233, 0.15432849526405334, 0.10363201797008514, -0.42076852917671204, 0.346811443567276, -0.01914895698428154, 0.27190980315208435, 0.25569799542427063, 0.40295740962028503, -0.09191431850194931, -0.15831701457500458, -0.746791422367096, -0.32578471302986145, -0.024070080369710922, 0.26619282364845276, -0.0015079303411766887, 0.34405219554901123, 0.11836705356836319, -0.4672327935695648, 0.09566628187894821, -0.07324523478746414, -0.8056502938270569, 0.18622182309627533, -0.6380259394645691, 0.39276042580604553, 0.07929448038339615, -0.29481613636016846, -0.36500638723373413, 0.1707218885421753, 0.3758936822414398, 0.28766706585884094, -0.3334232270717621, 0.22291502356529236, -0.5468161106109619, -0.15486174821853638, 0.37544727325439453, 0.18211448192596436, 0.013692227192223072, 0.5485852956771851, -0.06985768675804138, 0.4666990041732788, 0.17753389477729797, 0.044911935925483704, 0.3669837415218353, -0.22624659538269043, 0.2702394425868988, 0.3211750090122223, -0.5421637296676636, 0.5083333253860474, 0.16926942765712738, 0.04124436900019646, -0.0028211853932589293, -0.040363386273384094, -0.01644306257367134, -0.11155262589454651, 0.21246741712093353, 0.7733248472213745, -0.2675507068634033, -0.05429692193865776, 0.485533744096756, -0.35550373792648315, -0.7280412316322327, 0.29184767603874207, 0.08980929851531982, -0.3495618999004364, 0.4821663796901703, 0.32908114790916443, 0.04570090398192406, 0.012223411351442337, 0.08277714997529984, 0.021162275224924088, 0.29834479093551636, -0.021078284829854965, 0.20856666564941406, -0.19082839787006378, 0.6029812693595886, 0.21610626578330994, 0.08675531297922134, 0.29241251945495605, 0.14673307538032532, 0.5154303312301636, 0.13995258510112762, -0.003876960137858987, -0.4061216711997986, -0.3167635202407837, -0.20893196761608124, 0.24320656061172485, -0.22097046673297882, 0.048860058188438416, -0.1622949242591858, -0.31778571009635925, 0.09011022746562958, 0.5351139307022095, 0.09356024116277695, -0.2639855444431305, -0.22887450456619263, -0.13756069540977478, 0.006637338548898697, 0.3087553381919861, -0.2332875281572342, 0.41794317960739136, -0.04676380008459091, -0.18539215624332428, -0.48551830649375916, 0.07830598950386047, 0.04988111928105354, -0.407882958650589, -0.44512632489204407, 0.31369537115097046, 0.1691085249185562, -0.9462399482727051, -0.043679166585206985, 0.16241979598999023, 0.0014932929771021008, -0.05018158629536629, -0.26830849051475525, -0.07238642871379852, 0.11066825687885284, 0.378797709941864, -0.7092396020889282, -0.15496715903282166, -0.5379582047462463, 0.018080037087202072, -0.03179660812020302, -0.3491295278072357, 0.12524281442165375, 0.3973974883556366, 0.032795947045087814, 0.10602015256881714, -0.27238819003105164, -0.17527097463607788, 0.4776650071144104, 0.00035893573658540845, -0.1836928129196167, 0.1532840132713318, -0.03545495867729187, 0.025714701041579247, -0.16171644628047943, -0.08997992426156998, 0.05586046725511551, 0.3032895028591156, 0.3722662329673767, 0.11492843180894852, -0.774878978729248, 0.1803029179573059, 0.4232931435108185, -0.5475618243217468, 0.09724518656730652, 0.004092383198440075, 0.05627795681357384, -0.7758263945579529, 0.2686897814273834, -0.3262094259262085, 0.17930638790130615, 0.5508968234062195, -0.0002449146122671664, 0.14883683621883392, 0.015939442440867424, -0.2747720777988434, -0.4802926480770111, 0.10699844360351562, 0.5792133808135986, -0.1678106039762497, 0.09007389843463898, -0.25225406885147095, -0.15743687748908997, -0.44571754336357117, -0.312749981880188, 0.392494261264801, -0.43184417486190796, -0.2737360894680023, -0.06341446191072464, -0.6462081670761108, 0.37928396463394165, 0.321938157081604, -0.9993059039115906, 0.33215394616127014, -0.3403480648994446, -0.10156294703483582, 0.34858471155166626, -0.3027191758155823, 0.7244086265563965, -0.44210222363471985, -0.16127698123455048, -0.3784297704696655, -0.17255115509033203, -0.03066677413880825, -0.2150241583585739, -0.08224513381719589, 0.2103845179080963, -0.08993697166442871, -0.7379655838012695, -0.07449664175510406, 0.4697280526161194, -0.19885849952697754, -0.47898003458976746, -0.4375316798686981, 0.7076525092124939, 0.09146330505609512, -0.15601015090942383, -0.4238695204257965, 0.2959830164909363, 0.6492224335670471, -0.3438859283924103, -0.17715464532375336, -0.03011726774275303, -0.39039915800094604, 0.07162191718816757, -0.16763783991336823, 0.009845083579421043, -0.28875893354415894, 0.20703445374965668, -0.5000841617584229, -0.18387958407402039, -0.9054455757141113, -0.35375669598579407, 0.03771093860268593, -0.5921326875686646, -0.42259183526039124, -0.03612115606665611, 1.0103013515472412, 0.0648726150393486, 0.2309616655111313, -0.5871526002883911, 0.5164498090744019, -0.31488466262817383, 0.14075040817260742, 0.33060815930366516, -0.7683645486831665, -0.0453035794198513, 0.09697698801755905, -0.3349960446357727, 0.04525406286120415, -0.43502241373062134, -0.12569096684455872, 0.11654508858919144, -0.5147282481193542, 0.12890999019145966, 0.133697971701622, 0.04409659653902054, -0.41373753547668457, 0.5085994005203247, -0.932167649269104, -0.061162739992141724, 0.4436284005641937, 0.39708438515663147, 0.13928434252738953, -0.41381409764289856, -0.6232415437698364, 0.46926790475845337, -0.1255974918603897, -0.5094547867774963, 0.26142680644989014, -0.05151461437344551, 0.3023435175418854, -0.4369056522846222, 0.3057626187801361, -0.3244404196739197, 0.24605803191661835, -0.4906247556209564, 0.25587207078933716, 0.926997184753418, 0.3877776265144348, 0.4362317621707916, 0.12120486050844193, -0.12367125600576401, 0.16620594263076782, 0.14499600231647491, -0.176528662443161, 0.11393990367650986, -0.02071741595864296, -0.06350244581699371, 0.20892487466335297, 0.2909765839576721, 0.5536779165267944, -0.003981288056820631, 0.12870892882347107, 0.46395421028137207, 0.8320801854133606, -0.3904598653316498, 0.004640443250536919, 0.2873992621898651, -0.08649333566427231, -0.2228928655385971, 0.0077240923419594765, -0.3779734969139099, -0.19965948164463043, -0.055913154035806656, 0.009627451188862324, 0.45558691024780273, -0.1343410164117813, 0.27346014976501465, 0.09000755846500397, 0.2102624475955963, 0.25331994891166687, 0.3273535668849945, 0.13928024470806122, -0.2333986908197403, -0.07997545599937439, 0.2565678060054779, -0.12891395390033722, -0.32486629486083984, -0.4444388747215271, -0.06529249995946884, 0.12866123020648956, -0.24996374547481537, -0.004273863043636084, 0.16703541576862335, 0.16300933063030243, -0.2624809443950653, 0.3693086802959442, 0.19662679731845856, -0.13755236566066742, -0.7333633303642273, 0.19091057777404785, -0.7449113130569458, 0.5726447105407715, 0.45063871145248413, -0.06322823464870453, 0.32173243165016174, -0.601424515247345, 0.27327460050582886, 0.0942777469754219, 0.258937805891037, 0.5997448563575745, 0.11229680478572845, 0.05044085159897804, 0.2760944068431854, -0.5353310704231262, -0.026576600968837738, -0.21286311745643616, 0.11729378998279572, -0.07820756733417511, -0.5357252955436707, -0.21255461871623993, 0.48979756236076355, -0.3996949791908264, 0.19224531948566437, -0.24059537053108215, -0.4456650912761688, -0.04956246167421341, -0.2695907652378082, 0.06493420153856277, 0.050561193376779556, -0.40421661734580994, 0.4145965278148651, 0.15611179172992706, 0.04591771215200424, -0.35558202862739563, 0.31073206663131714, 0.3236789107322693, -0.5149024128913879, -0.12939438223838806, -0.1381225436925888, -0.07274266332387924, 0.30055925250053406, -0.155064195394516, 0.26778265833854675, 0.46123573184013367, 0.24705970287322998, -0.16083386540412903, 0.18022485077381134, 0.020017778500914574, 0.14144299924373627, 0.6823855042457581, 0.17084762454032898, 0.43448951840400696, 0.13289231061935425, 0.12948057055473328, -0.3809433579444885, -0.22658398747444153, 0.06860551238059998, -0.010828440077602863, -0.22184467315673828, 0.26757651567459106, 0.4786199927330017, -0.7963557243347168, 0.5402659773826599, 0.6612345576286316, -0.39100971817970276, -0.4036421477794647, 0.30928054451942444, -0.6749559044837952, -0.4084201753139496, -0.5107690095901489, 0.620292067527771, 0.6483734846115112, -0.31964004039764404, 0.4068186581134796, 0.14938506484031677, -0.06748764961957932, -0.04476616904139519, -0.02703632228076458, -0.24405743181705475, -0.10519953817129135, -0.5256978869438171, -0.26907113194465637, 0.5070770382881165, 0.21668805181980133, -0.48918089270591736, -0.28589513897895813, 0.15256041288375854, -0.028160465881228447, -0.33423131704330444, 0.3388199210166931, -0.3169938623905182, 0.2813675105571747, -0.11208710074424744 ]
216328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Scott%20MacDonald%20Coxeter	Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter	Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, (February 9, 1907 – March 31, 2003) was a British and later also Canadian geometer. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century. Biography Coxeter was born in Kensington to Harold Samuel Coxeter and Lucy (). His father had taken over the family business of Coxeter & Son, manufacturers of surgical instruments and compressed gases (including a mechanism for anaesthetising surgical patients with nitrous oxide), but was able to retire early and focus on sculpting and baritone singing; Lucy Coxeter was a portrait and landscape painter who had attended the Royal Academy of Arts. A maternal cousin was the architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. In his youth, Coxeter composed music and was an accomplished pianist at the age of 10. He felt that mathematics and music were intimately related, outlining his ideas in a 1962 article on "Mathematics and Music" in the Canadian Music Journal. He was educated at King Alfred School, London and St George's School, Harpenden, where his best friend was John Flinders Petrie, later a mathematician for whom Petrie polygons were named. He was accepted at King's College, Cambridge in 1925, but decided to spend a year studying in hopes of gaining admittance to Trinity College, where the standard of mathematics was higher. Coxeter won an entrance scholarship and went to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926 to read mathematics. There he earned his BA (as Senior Wrangler) in 1928, and his doctorate in 1931. In 1932 he went to Princeton University for a year as a Rockefeller Fellow, where he worked with Hermann Weyl, Oswald Veblen, and Solomon Lefschetz. Returning to Trinity for a year, he attended Ludwig Wittgenstein's seminars on the philosophy of mathematics. In 1934 he spent a further year at Princeton as a Procter Fellow. In 1936 Coxeter moved to the University of Toronto. In 1938 he and P. Du Val, H.T. Flather, and John Flinders Petrie published The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra with University of Toronto Press. In 1940 Coxeter edited the eleventh edition of Mathematical Recreations and Essays,<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Frame, J. S.\|title=Review: Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 11th edition, by W. W. Rouse Ball; revised by H. S. M. Coxeter\|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.\|year=1940\|volume=45\|issue=3\|pages=211–213\|url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1940-46-03/S0002-9904-1940-07170-8/S0002-9904-1940-07170-8.pdf\|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1940-07170-8}}</ref> originally published by W. W. Rouse Ball in 1892. He was elevated to professor in 1948. Coxeter was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1948 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950. He met M. C. Escher in 1954 and the two became lifelong friends; his work on geometric figures helped inspire some of Escher's works, particularly the Circle Limit series based on hyperbolic tessellations. He also inspired some of the innovations of Buckminster Fuller. Coxeter, M. S. Longuet-Higgins and J. C. P. Miller were the first to publish the full list of uniform polyhedra (1954). He worked for 60 years at the University of Toronto and published twelve books. Awards Since 1978, the Canadian Mathematical Society have awarded the Coxeter–James Prize in his honor. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950 and in 1997 he was awarded their Sylvester Medal. In 1990, he became a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1997 was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1973 he received the Jeffery–Williams Prize. A festschrift in his honour, The Geometric Vein, was published in 1982. It contained 41 essays on geometry, based on a symposium for Coxeter held at Toronto in 1979. Works 1940: Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes I, Mathematische Zeitschrift 46: 380-407, MR 2,10 1942: Non-Euclidean Geometry (1st edition), (2nd ed, 1947), (3rd ed, 1957), (4th ed, 1961), (5th ed, 1965), University of Toronto Press (6th ed, 1998), MAA. 1954: (with Michael S. Longuet-Higgins and J. C. P. Miller) "Uniform Polyhedra", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 246: 401–50 1949: The Real Projective Plane 1957: (with W.O.J. Moser) Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups 1980: Second edition, Springer-Verlag 1961: Introduction to Geometry 1963: Regular Polytopes (2nd edition), Macmillan Company 1967: (with S. L. Greitzer) Geometry Revisited 1970: Twisted honeycombs (American Mathematical Society, 1970, Regional conference series in mathematics Number 4, ) 1973: Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition), Dover edition, 1974: Projective Geometry (2nd edition) 1974: Regular Complex Polytopes, Cambridge University Press 1981: (with R. Frucht and D. L. Powers), Zero-Symmetric Graphs, Academic Press. 1985: Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, Mathematische Zeitschrift 188: 559–591 1987 Projective Geometry (1987) 1988: Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, Mathematische Zeitschrift 200: 3–45 1995: F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson and Asia Ivić Weiss, editors: Kaleidoscopes — Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter. John Wiley and Sons 1999: The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays'', Dover Publications, , See also Boerdijk–Coxeter helix Coxeter functor Coxeter group Coxeter number Coxeter–Dynkin diagram Coxeter–James Prize Coxeter matroid Coxeter–Todd lattice Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles Goldberg–Coxeter construction LCF notation Todd–Coxeter algorithm Tutte–Coxeter graph References Further reading External links Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services H. S. M. Coxeter (1907–2003), Erich W. Ellers, Branko Grünbaum, Peter McMullen, Asia Ivic Weiss Notices of the AMS: Volume 50, Number 10. www.donaldcoxeter.com www.math.yorku.ca/dcoxeter webpages dedicated to him (in development) Jaron's World: Shapes in Other Dimensions, Discover mag., Apr 2007 The Mathematics in the Art of M.C. Escher video of a lecture by H.S.M. Coxeter, April 28, 2000. 1907 births 2003 deaths Companions of the Order of Canada Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada Geometers Chirality Polytopes 20th-century English mathematicians Recreational mathematicians Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge University of Toronto faculty Canadian mathematicians People from Harpenden Academics of the University of East Anglia Senior Wranglers Presidents of the Canadian Mathematical Society	[ 0.019080499187111855, 0.6829661726951599, -0.36057355999946594, -0.1379939317703247, -0.3177705407142639, 0.7489085793495178, 0.6159878373146057, -0.0016408305382356048, -0.6412941217422485, -0.2880376875400543, -0.4603484272956848, -0.1027437150478363, -0.15445683896541595, 0.5827165246009827, 0.22755563259124756, 0.5869737863540649, -0.36532285809516907, -0.206022709608078, -0.45898863673210144, 0.005976198241114616, 0.14494077861309052, -0.4338860809803009, 0.003735898993909359, 0.20906713604927063, -0.5376721024513245, 0.5382824540138245, 0.07990556210279465, -0.3670465350151062, 0.016868289560079575, 0.16500088572502136, 0.3807908594608307, 0.7201868295669556, 0.48809492588043213, 0.3598276376724243, -0.11896778643131256, 0.10212364792823792, -0.09852275997400284, -0.3241835832595825, -0.024476200342178345, 0.10573527961969376, 0.09151040017604828, -0.14789052307605743, 0.4549165964126587, -0.04974936693906784, 0.050725825130939484, -0.5132268667221069, -1.570830225944519, 0.09833239763975143, -0.3116595149040222, -0.22390320897102356, -0.5328129529953003, 0.16877685487270355, 0.3758694529533386, 0.1745171844959259, -0.2768021821975708, 1.0133335590362549, -0.37201768159866333, 0.17409829795360565, 0.2655196189880371, -0.4846338927745819, 0.6408904194831848, 0.14692287147045135, 0.1964009553194046, 0.02710293047130108, 0.446970671415329, 0.6563578844070435, -0.35574355721473694, 0.6655038595199585, -0.11568962037563324, -0.17351460456848145, -0.16814668476581573, 0.5566686987876892, 0.40002578496932983, 0.47652876377105713, -0.2822393476963043, -0.09645815938711166, 0.42245540022850037, -0.20834960043430328, -0.07170825451612473, -0.17680734395980835, -0.11996016651391983, -0.005102811846882105, 0.2968040704727173, 0.21292650699615479, -0.014360249042510986, 0.32478776574134827, -1.0570285320281982, 0.2243701070547104, -0.3731246888637543, 0.4513917565345764, 0.0034435123670846224, -0.5369545221328735, 0.050348468124866486, 0.2979957163333893, -0.28626054525375366, -0.3301461935043335, -0.19705718755722046, -0.08845403790473938, -0.016815179958939552, -0.7042645215988159, -0.16992361843585968, -0.3960924744606018, 0.3411156237125397, -0.009971197694540024, -0.39371103048324585, -0.21949931979179382, -0.9842264652252197, -0.32336997985839844, 0.6001219749450684, -0.28196799755096436, -1.0974260568618774, -0.0018755309283733368, -0.4917817711830139, -0.1721711903810501, 0.4165656566619873, 0.6127249002456665, 0.49767908453941345, -0.3384217619895935, -0.3656136691570282, 0.0855850800871849, -0.06683902442455292, 0.18216408789157867, -0.2622610032558441, 0.25058406591415405, -0.8052700757980347, 0.14733217656612396, 0.23363283276557922, -0.02923678234219551, -0.6900193095207214, 0.5415177941322327, 0.016363967210054398, 1.540575385093689, 0.09783301502466202, -0.3186437785625458, -0.522337794303894, 0.009854981675744057, 0.24967607855796814, -0.1796424686908722, -0.6428566575050354, 0.458455890417099, -0.6265643239021301, -0.26933568716049194, -0.34498533606529236, -0.18686945736408234, 0.5410115718841553, 0.25746920704841614, -0.02473154105246067, -0.3036767244338989, -0.11875197291374207, 0.05710224807262421, 0.29784318804740906, -0.2842507064342499, -0.11749717593193054, -0.3144938349723816, -0.5687732100486755, 0.7860098481178284, 0.6098536252975464, 0.49578097462654114, 0.4327666461467743, 0.25048479437828064, 0.3236566483974457, -0.3513365685939789, -0.08180910348892212, 0.0837622657418251, 0.38198330998420715, -0.3852638602256775, 0.495373010635376, -0.13185544312000275, -0.501209020614624, 0.4332803785800934, -0.3748241364955902, -0.47539180517196655, 0.39251306653022766, 0.26130566000938416, -0.29916346073150635, 0.2106994241476059, 0.14728324115276337, 0.36744606494903564, 0.6467790007591248, -0.6359220743179321, -0.7295834422111511, -0.36954084038734436, 0.6811921000480652, -0.2223174124956131, 0.6605253219604492, 0.3981681764125824, 0.7116996645927429, -0.11011965572834015, 0.3299499452114105, -0.04965025931596756, -0.43330538272857666, -0.8724411725997925, 0.1308380663394928, -0.7645382285118103, 1.326640009880066, 0.4647914469242096, 0.035414934158325195, 0.16885623335838318, -0.05632494017481804, 1.2804604768753052, -0.7383835315704346, 0.15899407863616943, 0.117099329829216, -0.3102978467941284, 0.4559467136859894, 0.914421558380127, 0.2968631684780121, -0.2801697850227356, 0.33005544543266296, 0.355878084897995, 0.09856266528367996, -0.9564449787139893, 0.06059924513101578, 0.6599554419517517, -0.32483968138694763, -0.4897936284542084, -0.4097796678543091, -0.48690223693847656, -0.16534779965877533, -0.18698769807815552, 0.29840055108070374, 0.282446026802063, -0.6148063540458679, 0.7457480430603027, 0.2687215507030487, 0.2574162483215332, 0.1620105803012848, 0.44830822944641113, -0.26496168971061707, -0.2051335573196411, -0.314893901348114, 0.24035705626010895, 0.7914289832115173, -0.4633653163909912, -0.3680587708950043, -0.35908204317092896, 0.18611428141593933, -0.43464452028274536, 0.5670055747032166, 0.06376991420984268, 0.32444173097610474, 0.6002764105796814, -0.9441849589347839, 0.274740606546402, -0.29813113808631897, 0.5462990999221802, -0.28516897559165955, -0.40726497769355774, 0.3389005661010742, 0.03437032923102379, 0.5037409663200378, 0.45498713850975037, 0.4677499234676361, -0.07292294502258301, 0.10019601136445999, 0.009454349055886269, 0.7947843074798584, -0.4686923027038574, 0.05250144749879837, 0.27695560455322266, 0.234775111079216, -0.22664403915405273, 0.1687895506620407, -0.6014965176582336, -0.3388254642486572, -0.9314964413642883, -0.461414635181427, -0.264849454164505, 0.237206369638443, -0.11929205805063248, 0.1796029508113861, -0.14161774516105652, -0.13419517874717712, 0.761809229850769, 0.0801897644996643, -0.34102317690849304, -0.3877803683280945, -0.274720162153244, -1.0419598817825317, -0.6477403044700623, 0.6578816175460815, 0.8967515230178833, -0.1516069918870926, 0.3120291233062744, -0.035228315740823746, 0.3143198788166046, -0.46991586685180664, 0.10040927678346634, 0.4529150724411011, -0.5819794535636902, -0.09930842369794846, 0.6426138281822205, -0.14290885627269745, -0.16611695289611816, -0.6367337107658386, 0.45561468601226807, -0.0871778130531311, -1.4099774360656738, 0.6258003115653992, -0.04573493450880051, -0.6905788779258728, 0.0030268211849033833, 0.401444673538208, 0.31095004081726074, 0.2592464089393616, 0.01337892934679985, -0.3587602972984314, 0.20650994777679443, -4.774165630340576, 0.24465006589889526, 0.13842131197452545, -0.5019809007644653, 0.24282385408878326, 0.3315325081348419, 0.38535428047180176, 0.3808957040309906, -0.028879398480057716, -0.4110080599784851, 0.28794530034065247, -0.9490978717803955, -0.41930678486824036, 0.5749930739402771, 1.0975302457809448, 0.7783033847808838, 1.478314757347107, 0.20366314053535461, 0.43852874636650085, 0.7305673956871033, 0.2456137090921402, -0.16701848804950714, 0.2357073724269867, 0.09421294182538986, 0.17638938128948212, 0.7816619873046875, -0.5250993967056274, 0.21009521186351776, -0.937168300151825, -0.014707280322909355, 0.23677915334701538, 0.02217096835374832, -0.45821666717529297, -0.5364006161689758, -0.45583492517471313, 0.003847891464829445, 0.270831823348999, 0.4724840223789215, -0.24788618087768555, 0.1680164784193039, -0.1670866757631302, -0.3076426684856415, -0.6444478631019592, 0.10771049559116364, -0.041479356586933136, -0.3146984279155731, -0.39642658829689026, 0.8006698489189148, -0.12256993353366852, 0.582082211971283, -0.04752258211374283, 0.4425436556339264, 0.2871018052101135, -0.185584157705307, -0.6455125212669373, -0.09933822602033615, 0.36408430337905884, 0.2918352782726288, -1.032158374786377, 0.43570926785469055, 0.5463079810142517, -0.8745254874229431, 0.3364330232143402, -0.5864291787147522, -0.38012197613716125, -0.5715848803520203, -0.2677505910396576, -0.21764343976974487, 0.3558669984340668, -0.06558698415756226, 0.15391848981380463, 1.360871434211731, 0.01885233446955681, -0.9625830054283142, -0.48534053564071655, -0.38015472888946533, 0.23143556714057922, 0.04271860420703888, -0.3031729459762573, 0.05980294570326805, -0.4224540889263153, -0.45493313670158386, -0.822788417339325, 1.1471675634384155, 0.17731982469558716, -0.07870146632194519, -0.8893120288848877, 0.1880147010087967, -0.4491090774536133, -0.45900997519493103, 0.38744282722473145, -0.5075201392173767, 0.49441099166870117, 0.7642154097557068, 0.28182366490364075, -0.45066961646080017, 0.3476012945175171, 0.14023731648921967, 0.3456040620803833, -0.6130903363227844, -1.0256587266921997, -0.4094693064689636, 0.6564196944236755, -0.47844570875167847, -0.13633783161640167, -0.6985517144203186, -0.4514397978782654, 0.14330054819583893, 0.40882375836372375, 0.6991018056869507, -0.33334818482398987, 0.4148694574832916, -0.4046570956707001, 0.07515502721071243, 0.18722930550575256, 0.41902050375938416, 0.030505899339914322, -0.16825753450393677, 0.5423884391784668, 0.3766420781612396, -0.04636537283658981, 0.16464917361736298, -0.24257245659828186, -0.02114708162844181, -0.1017925888299942, -0.1430370956659317, 0.24248658120632172, -0.5333998799324036, -0.8297722935676575, -0.2819579541683197, -0.04045597091317177, 1.2902008295059204, -0.008504336699843407, 0.37886324524879456, -0.30496591329574585, -0.4519958794116974, -0.5828384160995483, 0.2770431339740753, 0.27780184149742126, -0.33779042959213257, 0.2763141989707947, 0.16063448786735535, -0.13780279457569122, 0.7091043591499329, -0.2513616681098938, 0.647048830986023, 0.6303303241729736, -0.04765600338578224, 0.25233104825019836, 0.8801358342170715, 0.22360911965370178, -0.61109459400177, 0.3451903760433197, -0.9366165399551392, 0.2941790223121643, 0.2568231523036957, -0.5418435335159302, -0.0007537519559264183, 0.029404472559690475, -0.5495083332061768, 0.023467369377613068, 0.3695138692855835, -0.7056012153625488, -0.41577619314193726, 0.2339901626110077, -0.1972046196460724, -0.5684942603111267, -0.019412575289607048, -0.3356708586215973, 0.86058109998703, -0.018259018659591675, -0.5371894836425781, -0.7832512855529785, -0.15153758227825165, -0.043500866740942, 0.5529268383979797, 0.012996673583984375, -0.20144271850585938, -0.20338810980319977, -0.2707754671573639, -0.24798515439033508, 0.15627670288085938, -0.6597179770469666, 0.8738016486167908, 0.5304952263832092, -0.5327916741371155, -0.5466482639312744, -0.3215205669403076, 0.3000279366970062, 0.09046859294176102, 0.4934045672416687, 0.0888180360198021, 0.3785359263420105, 0.5815223455429077, -0.16332417726516724, -0.3910864591598511, 0.1129113957285881, 0.2333705723285675, -0.3460226058959961, -0.6351889371871948, -0.20750032365322113, 0.5360773801803589, 0.06610119342803955, 0.1291557103395462, 0.47582316398620605, -1.4298838376998901, -0.5442516207695007, 0.08714400976896286, -0.6441110968589783, 0.5114229321479797, -0.35751399397850037, -0.6572353839874268, -0.10164932161569595, 0.27513062953948975, -0.6273970007896423, 0.3888680338859558, 0.5261582732200623, 0.3578147888183594, 0.08204808086156845, -0.42818590998649597, -1.3043314218521118, 0.39866432547569275, -0.3039742410182953, -0.35783499479293823, -0.11007954925298691, -0.07983206957578659, 0.22220341861248016, 0.5268913507461548, 0.6885791420936584, -0.4417244493961334, -0.6205667853355408, -0.08912356197834015, -0.17210806906223297, 0.2378404438495636, 0.16815632581710815, 0.3622913658618927, 0.6330834627151489, 0.49119505286216736, 0.259382426738739, 0.0464065745472908, 0.629440188407898, 1.0403512716293335, 1.0198756456375122, -0.4381589889526367, 0.2572236657142639, -0.01679862290620804, 0.7284112572669983, -0.5626986026763916, -0.28626400232315063, 0.02950662560760975, 0.40582308173179626, -0.6840118169784546, -1.1368902921676636, -0.8604409694671631, 1.0234284400939941, 0.17964081466197968, 0.13693340122699738, 0.09392651170492172, 0.4593365788459778, -0.19949786365032196, -0.2571087181568146, 0.17916421592235565, -0.04530927166342735, 0.5549234747886658, -0.5009435415267944, 1.1269358396530151, -0.11536002159118652, 0.09455133229494095, 0.8409504294395447, -0.08074970543384552, 0.0882958173751831, -0.7708967924118042, -0.26296404004096985, 0.6163837313652039, -0.20573580265045166, -0.114706851541996, 0.5782211422920227, -0.48940014839172363, 0.15041972696781158, -1.1049894094467163, -0.904923677444458, 0.11587943136692047, 1.189335823059082, -0.20023944973945618, 0.14348596334457397, -0.25274261832237244, -0.3617766201496124, 0.05556796118617058, -0.41155120730400085, -0.11491526663303375, -0.8246884942054749, -0.19339610636234283, -0.3586338460445404, -0.5031394362449646, -0.15933847427368164, -0.05056397244334221, -0.2906903326511383, 0.6262149214744568, -0.4364480972290039, -0.16771559417247772, -1.0544911623001099, 0.8680390119552612, 0.11451129615306854, -0.5570951104164124, 0.5210673213005066, 0.08939924836158752, 0.0834185779094696, -0.07392711192369461, 0.1369066685438156, -0.25472554564476013, 0.4552198350429535, -0.3817884922027588, -0.18934883177280426, 0.833231508731842, -1.2299522161483765, -0.6628265976905823, 0.11700703948736191, -0.6275752782821655, 0.05598282068967819, 0.5305681228637695, -0.13500678539276123, 0.0033447728492319584, 0.8663339614868164, -0.47450587153434753, -0.5544623732566833, 0.9765358567237854, -0.2468249499797821, 0.19777704775333405, 0.13793891668319702, 0.06576140969991684, 0.06906861811876297, -0.29007813334465027, -1.0306334495544434, 0.4429114758968353, -0.6588353514671326, 0.16348427534103394, 0.14889657497406006, -0.495251327753067, -0.17881327867507935, 0.20798838138580322, -0.5184879302978516, 1.2121467590332031, -0.24409274756908417, -0.1001320481300354, -0.5930569767951965, 0.004498842637985945, -0.4106709361076355, 0.42624202370643616, -0.20900629460811615, -0.5117473006248474, 0.027441877871751785, 0.14260388910770416, 0.2371910810470581, -0.3150027394294739, -0.28765448927879333, 0.15053175389766693, 0.38455232977867126, -0.7566081285476685, 0.2540397644042969, 0.19421251118183136, -0.014423705637454987, -0.14286679029464722, 0.9252247214317322, 0.11271730810403824, -0.2518802583217621, -0.4809924066066742, 0.5662023425102234, -0.9064009189605713, 0.4768340289592743, 0.4308136999607086, 0.40951773524284363, 0.13608011603355408, 0.20603659749031067, 0.7082567811012268, 0.4985258877277374, 0.08730832487344742, 0.06477077305316925, 0.1263640820980072, -0.5007237792015076, -0.7008626461029053, -0.1473686695098877, 0.35368436574935913, -0.23295585811138153, -0.6369494199752808, 0.1429372876882553, -0.35264673829078674, -0.12559059262275696, 0.3915341794490814, 0.15475009381771088, 0.09437350183725357, 0.9721078872680664, -0.7960584163665771, -0.6636093258857727, -0.11852829903364182, -0.47825324535369873, -0.016978813335299492, -0.33848023414611816, 0.8809150457382202, 0.6637902855873108, -0.11048267036676407, 0.03602324053645134, 0.19224552810192108, 0.52532958984375, -0.1616489291191101, 0.03726612403988838, 0.3152713477611542, 0.032856110483407974, 1.2571163177490234, -0.8866710662841797, 0.35071030259132385, -0.6874600052833557, -0.35879603028297424, -0.42203289270401, 0.2971522808074951, -0.09743998944759369, -0.41568222641944885, 0.16515673696994781, -0.6608354449272156, -0.2254481315612793, 0.09127888828516006, -0.4231702983379364, -0.1429138332605362, -0.1218349039554596, 0.5235151052474976, -0.291818767786026, -0.41199424862861633, 0.5056362152099609, 0.004268897231668234, -0.08516442775726318, 0.30605778098106384, -0.07347897440195084, 0.23765254020690918, -0.8324558138847351, -0.10765670984983444, -0.22001449763774872, -1.2210873365402222, 0.11667180806398392, 0.7376279830932617, 0.16454894840717316, -0.33078518509864807, 0.6554501056671143, -0.06105152890086174, -0.6906845569610596, 0.600414514541626, -0.17963793873786926, 0.1253972202539444, 0.026233427226543427, -0.7021779417991638, 0.365487277507782, 0.34599876403808594, 0.4446970522403717, -0.07275346666574478, -0.052714716643095016, -0.7313510179519653, 0.3935900628566742, -0.5136990547180176, 0.4533340334892273, -0.444694846868515, 1.0490541458129883, 0.7523785829544067 ]
216330	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excuse	Excuse	In jurisprudence, an excuse is a defense to criminal charges that is distinct from an exculpation. Justification and excuse are different defenses in a criminal case (See Justification and excuse). Exculpation is a related concept which reduces or extinguishes a person's culpability. Therefore a person's liability to pay compensation to the victim of a tort in the civil law. The "excuse" provides a mitigating factor for a group of persons sharing a common characteristic. Justification, as in justifiable homicide, vindicates or shows the justice. Thus, society approves of the purpose or motives underpinning some actions or the consequences flowing from them (see Robinson), and distinguishes those where the behavior cannot be approved but some excuse may be found in the characteristics of the defendant, e.g. that the accused was a serving police officer or suffering from a mental illness. Thus, a justification describes the quality of the act, whereas an excuse relates to the status or capacity (or lack of it) in the accused. These factors can affect the resulting judgment which may be an acquittal, or in the case of a conviction may mitigate sentencing. An excuse may also be something that a person or persons use to explain any criticism or comments based on the outcome of any specific event. Explanation The executive and legislative branches of modern states enact policy into laws which are then administered through the judicial system. Judges also have a residual discretion to excuse individuals from liability if it represents a just result. When considering the consequences which are to be imposed on those involved in the activities forming the subject matter of the common law or legislation, governments and judges have a choice: the criminal or civil defendant may be excused from liability as belonging to a class of person that ought to be excused, their behaviour may be considered justified, or an exculpation may be allowed on the merits of the particular case. To be excused from liability means that although the defendant may have been a participant in the sequence of events leading to the prohibited outcome, no liability will attach to the particular defendant because they belong to a class of person exempted from liability. In some cases, this will be a policy of expediency. Hence, members of the armed forces, the police or other civil organizations may be granted a degree of immunity for causing prohibited outcomes while acting in the course of their official duties, e.g. for an assault or trespass to the person caused during a lawful arrest or for an ambulance driver exceeding the speed limit in an emergency. Others are excused by virtue of their status and capacity. Others may escape liability because the quality of their actions satisfied a general public good. For example, the willingness to defend oneself and others, or property from injury may benefit society at large. Albeit that the actions of a vigilante fall outside the formal controls that would seek to ensure reasonable use of force in state-appointed police officers, such people may accidentally find themselves interrupting the commission of a crime and their actions in defence of their own or another's interests is justified out of expediency as opposed to having to wait until a police officer arrives before help can be rendered. Whilst the jurisprudential importance of the distinction between justification and excuse defenses is clear, legally they have the same effect, acquittal, and there is an ongoing debate about whether the distinction makes any practical difference. An exculpation is a defense in which a defendant argues that despite the fact they committed and are guilty of the crime, tort, or other wrong and have a liability to compensate the victim, they should be exculpated because of special circumstances that operated in favor of the defendant at the time they broke the law. Defenses Defense of infancy This is an aspect of the public policy of parens patriae. In the criminal law, each state will consider the nature of its own society and the available evidence of the age at which antisocial behavior begins to manifest itself. Some societies will have qualities of indulgence toward the young and inexperienced and will not wish them to be exposed to the criminal law system before all other avenues of response have been exhausted. Hence, some states have a policy of doli incapax and exclude liability for all acts and omissions that would otherwise have been criminal up to a specified age. Thereafter, there may be a rebuttable presumption against the use of criminal sanctions except in more serious cases. Other states leave discretion to prosecutors to argue or the judges to rule on whether the child understood that what was being done was wrong. The status of minor may also excuse liability in the civil law for contract, tort and other legal situations during which liabilities would otherwise attach to the infant. Where there is only minimal understanding, transactions entered into will be void, i.e. the infant is excused. When understanding grows in line with age, the law switches from excuse to exculpation, and transactions may be voidable, i.e. the courts will judge, whether in the particular circumstances, it would be right to favor the interests of the child or the interests of the other party or parties involved in the transaction. Hence, it would not be appropriate to allow a child knowingly to deceive innocent retailers or service providers into supplying value, and then allow him or her to avoid liability to pay a reasonable sum of money for those goods or services. This is a balancing of political and commercial interests. Insanity defense, mental disorder defences and the M'Naghten Rules If individuals are a danger to society and/or to themselves but not responsible through a lack of understanding, there is no point in punishment (whether in the criminal or non-criminal sense). Punishment is only justified morally if the person understands that what was done was wrong and accepts the judgment of society as part of the process of expiation and rehabilitation. Hence, as with parens patriae, the state accepts the person as being in need of care, and offers or requires medical treatment instead of subjecting such people to the stress of having to undergo a trial as to liability. Settled insanity is defined as a permanent or "settled" condition caused by long-term substance abuse and differs from the temporary state of intoxication. In some United States jurisdictions "settled insanity" can be used as a basis for an insanity defense, even though voluntary intoxication can not, if the "settled insanity" negates one of the required elements of the crime such as mens rea. Automatism This criminal defense straddles the divide between excuse and exculpation. It works by showing that the defendant's mind was not in control of the body's movements at the relevant time and that this loss of control was not foreseeable. For example, a diabetic suffering a hypoglycaemic attack will not be liable for any loss or damage caused. To that extent, it borrows from the policy excuse favoring those who are suffering from a mental illness, but allows the full trial as to liability to proceed. For a detailed comparative law discussion, see automatism (case law). Self-defense is, in general, some reasonable action taken in protection of self. An act taken in self-defense often is not a crime at all; no punishment will be imposed. To qualify, any defensive force must be proportionate to the threat. Use of a firearm in response to a non-lethal threat is a typical example of disproportionate force; however, such decisions are dependent on the situation and the applicable law, and thus the example situation can in some circumstances be defensible, generally because of a codified presumption intended to prevent the unjust negation of this defense by the trier of fact. Exculpations Duress in criminal law and in contract law In this situation, the defendant has actually done everything to break the law and intended to do it to avoid some threatened or actual harm. Thus, some degree of liability already attaches to the defendant for what was done. In law, the usual rule is that the defendant's motive for breaking the law is irrelevant although, in the criminal law, this may reduce the sentence. The basis of the defense argues that the threats made by the other person make the defendant's entire behavior involuntary and therefore the liability should be reduced or removed. The extent to which this defense should be allowed, if at all, is a simple matter of public policy. A state may say that no threat should force a person deliberately to break the law, particularly if this breach will cause loss or damage to a third person. Alternatively, a state may take the view that even though people may have ordinary levels of courage, they may nevertheless be coerced into agreeing to break the law and this human weakness should have some recognition in the law. For example, suppose that a group of terrorists kidnap A's family and instruct A to carry a large bomb into a crowded area as the price for the release of his family. If A carries out these instructions, making no effort to contact the police or to warn those in the danger area, the issue of liability for death and injury resulting depends on the state's values. This is a legal as well as a political decision. In the civil law, duress is similarly only an exculpation, rendering contracts and other transactions voidable, and offering only minor mitigation in the calculation of the amount of any damages payable. Mistake of fact in criminal law and in mistake in contract law The fundamental policy operating here is ignorantia juris non excusat, i.e. the state cannot allow ignorance of the law to be a defense. This would unduly encourage the lazy and the deceitful to trade on their ignorance (real or otherwise). Thus, only mistakes relating to the factual basis of what is being attempted can form this defense and, in the majority of situations, it will only offer limited benefit to a defendant of ordinary capacity since the state owes no general duty to save citizens from the effects of their own ignorance or stupidity. Nevertheless, there may be limited circumstances in which people may honestly believe things that either prevent them from forming the requisite mens rea or from reaching an ad idem agreement. Provocation This is an example of a purely mitigatory defense in that, in the few situations when it is allowed to operate, it only reduces the level of criminal liability. In most legal systems, it cannot extinguish liability. It is a natural part of human nature that people get angry when they are provoked. But the state has a positive interest in maintaining good order and therefore, no matter what is done or said, people are not supposed to react violently or to cause loss or damage. Even though certain forms of physical contact or particular words might cause even reasonable people to become seriously annoyed, the state cannot sanction or justify retaliation. Thus, in most aspects of the law, any loss of control is taken to be an aggravating factor that, in the criminal law or the law of intentional torts, might well lead to an increase in sentencing, or the award of punitive or exemplary damages. References Berman, Mitchell N., Justification and Excuse, Law and Morality, (2003) Vol. 53, No. 1 Duke Law Journal Chin, Gabriel J., Unjustified: The Practical Irrelevance of the Justification/Excuse Distinction, (2009) University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Fontaine, Reid G., Adequate (Non)Provocation and Heat of Passion as Excuse Not Justification, (2009) University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Gorr, Michael & Harwood, Sterling, (eds.), Controversies in Criminal Law. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. Gorr, Michael & Harwood, Sterling, (eds.), Crime and Punishment: Philosophic Explorations. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1995. Hart, H.L.A Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968. Kadish, Excusing Crime, (1987) Vol. 75 California Law Review, 257. Robinson, P. H. Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis, (1982) 82 Columbia Law Review 199. Smith, J.C. Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law, (1989) Crim. LR 93. Westen & Mangiafico, The Criminal Defense of Duress: A Justification, Not an Excuse - And Why It Matters, (2003) Vol. 6 Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 833. Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Contract law Criminal defenses Criminal law legal terminology	[ -0.2835715115070343, 0.0789114236831665, -0.4268513321876526, 0.04210057482123375, -0.12084744870662689, 0.06098829209804535, 0.4186634123325348, -0.30045944452285767, 0.06496327370405197, -0.3806336224079132, -0.23042169213294983, 0.3096952438354492, -0.1832982301712036, -0.06331513077020645, -0.21958580613136292, 0.5010417103767395, 0.4009954035282135, 0.25059327483177185, -0.07795994728803635, -0.20681507885456085, 0.04812309518456459, 0.3551139235496521, -0.303714394569397, -0.5328752398490906, 0.4204457998275757, -0.17010781168937683, -0.0052623869851231575, -0.1829356551170349, -0.3791455328464508, 0.31635332107543945, 0.0452902615070343, 0.5498872995376587, -0.12142354995012283, -0.21019883453845978, -0.30287832021713257, 0.10778598487377167, 0.08953853696584702, -0.3894142806529999, -0.2636029124259949, -0.43232262134552, 0.10061472654342651, -0.42317694425582886, -0.34610065817832947, -0.11883333325386047, -0.28552675247192383, -0.29777657985687256, -1.5531959533691406, -0.22878508269786835, -0.6230437159538269, -0.21560759842395782, -0.06480696052312851, -0.09639646857976913, -0.27681973576545715, 0.46467262506484985, -0.33007314801216125, 0.2908805012702942, -0.7390843033790588, -0.23669734597206116, 0.34528055787086487, -0.29448845982551575, 0.4914361238479614, 0.4637576639652252, 0.42764270305633545, -0.2827809154987335, 0.07600902020931244, 0.20941433310508728, -0.20268650352954865, 0.6236541271209717, -0.3829026520252228, -0.5044980049133301, -0.0948859304189682, -0.6684629917144775, -0.3016298711299896, 0.6296898126602173, -0.19023893773555756, -0.05402810871601105, 0.285808801651001, -0.5349010825157166, -0.174650177359581, 0.09737029671669006, -0.2050647884607315, 0.49797043204307556, 0.18355777859687805, -0.27086207270622253, 0.34670567512512207, -0.3411701023578644, -0.29319971799850464, 0.7223830223083496, 0.012870448641479015, 0.4132154881954193, 0.7250209450721741, 0.49917158484458923, 0.16624018549919128, -0.011747308075428009, -0.24159327149391174, 0.4581957459449768, 0.2914330065250397, -0.10122483968734741, 0.3131983280181885, 0.17265431582927704, 0.15516087412834167, -0.7354345321655273, 0.3677792549133301, -0.34669673442840576, 0.007986696437001228, -0.09774698317050934, -0.13809701800346375, -0.29167041182518005, -0.02161836437880993, -0.33074745535850525, -0.020453156903386116, 0.41984307765960693, -0.19983971118927002, 0.09584158658981323, -1.0881584882736206, -0.2368013709783554, 0.3949219584465027, 0.1469840109348297, -0.15030427277088165, -0.17551878094673157, 0.41974788904190063, -0.10632660984992981, 0.29093143343925476, -0.04469689726829529, 0.330760657787323, -0.460850328207016, 0.4558640420436859, 0.9494629502296448, -0.9188296794891357, 0.07666559517383575, 0.227962926030159, 0.3984530568122864, 0.14076268672943115, 0.05358891189098358, 0.13433988392353058, 0.0693475753068924, 0.18847286701202393, 0.028802379965782166, 0.39114823937416077, -0.4886931777000427, -0.5050849318504333, -0.06913505494594574, -0.7922545075416565, -0.16311955451965332, 0.14904704689979553, -0.5543050169944763, 0.01634478010237217, 0.16401633620262146, 0.02350510098040104, -0.06931044906377792, 0.0833161249756813, 0.2395811825990677, -0.3224220275878906, 0.05908535048365593, 0.26049891114234924, 0.0558587908744812, 0.4896809160709381, 0.013967681676149368, -0.6986293792724609, 0.5947264432907104, 0.0451948344707489, -0.14002284407615662, -0.3141530156135559, -0.16977542638778687, 0.2990369498729706, -0.017939869314432144, -0.09263138473033905, 0.17787012457847595, 0.19320791959762573, -0.06257470697164536, -0.39411041140556335, 0.150696262717247, 0.3177902102470398, -0.5333210229873657, -0.007530644536018372, 0.2194291651248932, -0.12454944849014282, -0.07710430771112442, 0.8464641571044922, 0.1211724504828453, -0.25174498558044434, 0.24169394373893738, 0.3384292721748352, -0.38014131784439087, 0.29494431614875793, 0.031150540336966515, 0.4166092276573181, -0.051580578088760376, 0.36511722207069397, -0.46215584874153137, -0.3862989544868469, -0.07875222712755203, -0.0962308794260025, -0.32424649596214294, 0.5514094829559326, 0.04391512647271156, -0.5396155118942261, 1.320475697517395, 0.2864091694355011, 0.28200826048851013, 0.17873252928256989, 0.24521607160568237, 0.3319089710712433, 0.28235572576522827, -0.32288306951522827, 0.8100413084030151, 0.5490366220474243, 0.13354691863059998, -0.3587530255317688, 0.39155375957489014, 0.3112236559391022, -0.12549640238285065, 0.17689652740955353, -0.6171806454658508, -0.19688579440116882, 0.004163018893450499, -0.10720343887805939, -0.09294836223125458, 0.11054331809282303, -0.3722373843193054, 0.32948771119117737, -0.4310118854045868, -0.1753377467393875, 0.19121430814266205, -0.248849555850029, 0.4427471160888672, -0.038992688059806824, 0.3804669976234436, 0.5157131552696228, -0.5956302285194397, 0.2432609349489212, 0.3811105787754059, 0.2645743191242218, 0.10934967547655106, -0.41594481468200684, 0.08498342335224152, 0.11513172090053558, 0.1793595403432846, 0.009621016681194305, -0.060680270195007324, 0.3239067792892456, 0.16399866342544556, -0.035388052463531494, 0.2669926583766937, -0.2980979084968567, -0.2174631506204605, -0.0919705405831337, 0.3571234941482544, 0.15836168825626373, 0.4459371864795685, 0.3501102030277252, 0.20709234476089478, 0.2543065845966339, -0.44502633810043335, 0.35367804765701294, -0.13526542484760284, -0.08346287906169891, 0.48648300766944885, 0.01705039292573929, -0.13466224074363708, -0.4159185588359833, 0.5145996809005737, 0.4200993776321411, -0.16862250864505768, -0.19438228011131287, 0.021153969690203667, -0.23358459770679474, 0.21450196206569672, -0.12535598874092102, 0.537350058555603, 0.3830225467681885, -0.13578474521636963, -1.0299183130264282, 0.09669769555330276, -0.7107014656066895, -0.046939916908741, 0.6430441737174988, 0.6357161402702332, -0.5953470468521118, -0.6278228759765625, 0.058615442365407944, 0.28144174814224243, 0.41597646474838257, -0.7132983207702637, 0.08085907250642776, -0.5646560788154602, 0.34989434480667114, -0.4191588759422302, -0.6112551093101501, 0.21170568466186523, -0.17840975522994995, 0.10382826626300812, 0.11479969322681427, -0.23929168283939362, 0.599522590637207, 0.28574249148368835, 0.13220687210559845, 0.27910831570625305, 0.2746746838092804, -0.3891477584838867, -0.5002867579460144, -0.062082551419734955, -0.47809064388275146, -0.22754298150539398, -0.0314667671918869, 0.15889307856559753, -0.2243855893611908, 0.49813976883888245, -6.039004325866699, -0.02513495460152626, -0.3532312512397766, 0.04181487485766411, -0.12174900621175766, 0.32749873399734497, 0.7421602010726929, -0.3558279573917389, -0.2784382998943329, -0.07213400304317474, -0.26575925946235657, -0.025912035256624222, 0.3893519341945648, 0.6428802609443665, 0.26635685563087463, -0.4961537718772888, 0.17834442853927612, -0.3074719309806824, -0.06336411088705063, 0.5325239300727844, 0.25195303559303284, 0.26508569717407227, 0.09177492558956146, 0.14401382207870483, -0.24297240376472473, -0.2906801700592041, -0.29864880442619324, 0.9260588884353638, -0.44230279326438904, -0.028478747233748436, 0.6295368075370789, 0.08428352326154709, 0.1349753886461258, -0.21310341358184814, -0.26583945751190186, 0.6070161461830139, 0.4173377752304077, -0.42573192715644836, -0.4389955997467041, 0.08714285492897034, -0.3728308081626892, -0.15128104388713837, 0.2838023602962494, 0.26000261306762695, -0.11822662502527237, -0.11905422806739807, -0.3928298056125641, -0.37033793330192566, -0.11771972477436066, 0.40495848655700684, -0.37103256583213806, 0.42742568254470825, 0.10904210805892944, 0.23619158565998077, -0.07236314564943314, 0.090947724878788, 0.5099649429321289, -0.2074226438999176, -0.14300870895385742, -0.20675376057624817, 0.5382397770881653, -0.3855065703392029, 0.1861719787120819, -0.22115789353847504, -0.18818295001983643, -0.28963083028793335, -0.3872937262058258, -0.3719192445278168, 0.8685247302055359, 0.49159762263298035, -0.29481610655784607, 0.5645633935928345, 0.26679468154907227, -0.9976093173027039, 0.14439179003238678, -0.35039204359054565, -0.2547847628593445, -0.2909347116947174, 0.04731045663356781, 0.2000771164894104, -0.11736281961202621, 0.04186791926622391, -0.4603274464607239, 0.0811992958188057, 0.33553263545036316, -0.022946810349822044, 0.13383258879184723, 0.22335144877433777, -0.06880795210599899, 0.31089112162590027, 0.29195719957351685, 0.16331073641777039, -0.032576508820056915, 0.3361961841583252, -0.4880678057670593, 1.0932151079177856, -0.21003729104995728, -0.10818663984537125, 0.6855221390724182, -0.010286125354468822, 0.10934334248304367, -0.5798429250717163, 0.4807271659374237, -0.3793331980705261, 0.03760639578104019, -0.3335391581058502, -0.553390383720398, 0.4248373806476593, 0.4688015580177307, -0.20867320895195007, 0.21820314228534698, 0.24760408699512482, -0.07682632654905319, 0.07736361771821976, 0.26137861609458923, 0.20887936651706696, -0.3310120701789856, -0.13088224828243256, 0.05808575823903084, -0.09183945506811142, 0.48176994919776917, -0.14858318865299225, -0.45553067326545715, -0.2116747796535492, -1.0390546321868896, -0.18177761137485504, -0.20597964525222778, 0.02068372815847397, 0.18445426225662231, 0.5592987537384033, 0.10512983053922653, 0.3620487153530121, -0.17420043051242828, 0.2444583624601364, 0.31443360447883606, -0.533801257610321, 0.25861963629722595, 0.6122269034385681, -0.5078165531158447, -0.5808258056640625, 0.2185565084218979, -0.5695671439170837, -0.20094777643680573, -0.1983938217163086, 1.0021555423736572, 0.09476536512374878, -0.21686889231204987, -0.16695544123649597, -0.38795092701911926, 0.660126268863678, 0.1540958285331726, -0.37080925703048706, 0.3379713296890259, -0.33003586530685425, -0.2605094909667969, 0.05993794649839401, 0.32167401909828186, 0.20762468874454498, -0.21453101933002472, -0.22996886074543, -0.30693021416664124, -0.43606090545654297, -1.2249149084091187, -0.655853807926178, -0.16250041127204895, -0.10973998159170151, -0.8439925312995911, -0.06152516230940819, -0.13077537715435028, 0.45346519351005554, -0.2893999218940735, -0.34089240431785583, -0.28433099389076233, -0.09534034132957458, 0.7361357808113098, -0.025626717135310173, 0.12358986586332321, 0.49376770853996277, -0.34230807423591614, 0.04977080971002579, 0.09996533393859863, -0.548473060131073, -0.46929457783699036, 0.2781582474708557, 0.5691689848899841, -0.3714144229888916, 0.22332166135311127, 0.18400733172893524, -0.4002213478088379, -0.859038770198822, -0.04140588641166687, -0.385716050863266, 0.4810436964035034, -0.018352480605244637, 0.30021148920059204, -0.14171232283115387, -0.11026669293642044, 0.15853285789489746, -0.1999833583831787, -0.026315778493881226, 0.2629225254058838, 0.23551060259342194, -0.24470306932926178, 0.10961320996284485, -0.10535778850317001, -0.6724610328674316, 0.2754521667957306, -0.2733895182609558, -0.2548133432865143, 0.5845240950584412, -0.008944856934249401, -0.555728554725647, 0.2007056027650833, 0.31235048174858093, 0.11615341156721115, -0.37838074564933777, 0.32301053404808044, -0.17526951432228088, -0.17385514080524445, -0.17603719234466553, 0.5181646347045898, -0.34078991413116455, 0.03898531198501587, 0.21329550445079803, -0.3936223089694977, 0.42261093854904175, -0.04314246028661728, -0.6565226912498474, 0.5609953999519348, 0.10765039175748825, 0.03089739754796028, -0.2532469630241394, 0.3414209187030792, 0.39101642370224, -0.2056315690279007, -0.6538527607917786, -0.25391334295272827, 0.254980206489563, -0.4085642695426941, -0.09916727244853973, 0.1727176159620285, 0.7889288067817688, 0.21075475215911865, -0.5969772934913635, 0.14396491646766663, 0.4231334924697876, 0.645459771156311, -0.608711302280426, -0.28649628162384033, 1.0146684646606445, 0.05395134165883064, 0.3792169392108917, -0.5702044367790222, 0.051681049168109894, 0.3211815655231476, -0.36351659893989563, 0.02721143327653408, -0.24814780056476593, 0.06064042076468468, 0.8491294980049133, 0.533911943435669, -0.427996963262558, -0.36213386058807373, -0.38131919503211975, -0.1636665016412735, -0.3208393156528473, 0.04958178848028183, 0.33409565687179565, 0.22662794589996338, -0.35739749670028687, -0.17346788942813873, -0.3010525107383728, -0.3134990632534027, 0.7541670203208923, 0.132337287068367, 0.16638675332069397, -0.28283044695854187, -0.15630517899990082, 0.27525168657302856, 0.3439665138721466, -0.30416014790534973, -0.5060961246490479, -0.29696252942085266, -0.7335888147354126, -0.4127025604248047, -0.1827072650194168, 0.6034163236618042, 0.5878220796585083, -0.6901134252548218, -0.37543806433677673, -0.8468816876411438, 0.17287015914916992, -0.15338142216205597, 0.341788649559021, -0.27130281925201416, -0.012389062903821468, -0.19371771812438965, 0.6660104393959045, -0.006047028582543135, -0.46065568923950195, -0.6318813562393188, -0.06444111466407776, -0.1779508888721466, -0.6113525032997131, 0.10980303585529327, -0.010588094592094421, 0.09832310676574707, -0.31133490800857544, 0.13893406093120575, -0.17943015694618225, 0.3735060691833496, 0.045910514891147614, 0.7430898547172546, 0.45071592926979065, 0.18529652059078217, 0.1811521202325821, -0.2477116584777832, -0.38977017998695374, -0.015285433270037174, 0.5211475491523743, 0.23255769908428192, -0.26406532526016235, 0.653412938117981, -0.46172958612442017, -0.03548838943243027, 0.37311750650405884, 0.016461187973618507, -0.08269021660089493, -0.030725030228495598, 0.21602527797222137, 0.6494590640068054, -0.14618591964244843, 0.24298737943172455, 0.11457321792840958, -0.021695248782634735, -0.7245380878448486, 0.2238846719264984, -0.5961864590644836, -0.02441035769879818, -0.1468522697687149, 0.8783553242683411, 0.021482910960912704, -0.09261198341846466, 0.097134530544281, -0.08217871934175491, 0.34768441319465637, 0.43607425689697266, 0.2007436603307724, 0.22059684991836548, 0.10843405872583389, 0.4349314272403717, 0.06395711749792099, 1.0013517141342163, -0.46250689029693604, 0.5663126111030579, -0.267009973526001, 0.4093873202800751, -0.26180654764175415, -0.27941155433654785, 0.131853848695755, 0.24732272326946259, 0.3352366089820862, 0.21823275089263916, 0.14573009312152863, 0.3272916078567505, -0.172589510679245, 0.42350876331329346, 0.1185060515999794, -0.5754475593566895, -0.014768123626708984, -0.13017769157886505, -0.1123734787106514, -0.35535311698913574, 0.371598482131958, 0.4738083481788635, -0.41524767875671387, 0.43302276730537415, 0.09550514072179794, 0.2311587631702423, -0.35597729682922363, 0.2121657282114029, -0.20437902212142944, -0.3356292247772217, -0.7148391008377075, -0.32875531911849976, 0.026746362447738647, 0.05053787678480148, 0.1993577629327774, -0.04764688014984131, 0.042846597731113434, -0.4793046712875366, -0.0994877815246582, -0.09742115437984467, 0.3899439871311188, -0.08624514192342758, 0.0679125040769577, -0.025883132591843605, 0.6443982124328613, 0.00034479747409932315, -0.2526666522026062, -0.14366163313388824, 0.5198018550872803, -0.25988447666168213, -0.1990574151277542, -0.5490659475326538, 0.02089034952223301, 0.12339185178279877, 0.2520691454410553, -0.5341071486473083, 0.05672284960746765, 0.33058008551597595, -0.08068939298391342, -0.486050009727478, 0.23773106932640076, 0.14223961532115936, -0.3865317702293396, 0.39738187193870544, -0.49770328402519226, 0.6612601280212402, -0.17566347122192383, 0.1947387158870697, 0.5317549109458923, 0.30378296971321106, -0.1977028101682663, -0.6730180382728577, -0.17485950887203217, 0.42351123690605164, 0.27707141637802124, -0.2984473407268524, 0.6718422770500183, -0.4338383972644806, 0.05670367553830147, -0.34865710139274597, 0.6366187930107117, 0.18597738444805145, 0.008216846734285355, -0.0402686670422554, 0.023287907242774963, -0.28477558493614197, -0.33524948358535767, 0.3305959105491638, -0.3022519052028656, -0.3401745855808258, 0.11479964107275009, -0.6587609052658081, 0.3110867440700531, -0.2817656397819519, -0.15464238822460175, 0.11814257502555847, 0.06997755914926529, 0.2569138705730438, -0.29513972997665405, 0.28464245796203613, -0.06533797830343246, -0.6485813856124878, -0.5055422186851501, 0.26988860964775085, 0.07547757029533386, 0.04083183780312538, 0.5114603638648987 ]
216331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress%20in%20American%20law	Duress in American law	In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat, or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner [they] otherwise would not [or would]". Duress is pressure exerted upon a person to coerce that person to perform an act they ordinarily would not perform. The notion of duress must be distinguished both from undue influence in the civil law. In criminal law, duress and necessity are different defenses. Duress has two aspects. One is that it negates the person's consent to an act, such as sexual activity or the entering into a contract; or, secondly, as a possible legal defense or justification to an otherwise unlawful act. Defendants utilizing the duress defense admit to breaking the law but claim that they are not liable because, even though the act broke the law, it was only performed because of extreme, unlawful pressure. In criminal law, a duress defense is similar to a plea of guilty, admitting partial culpability, so that if the defense is not accepted then the criminal act is admitted. Duress or coercion can also be raised in an allegation of rape or other sexual assault to negate a defense of consent on the part of the person making the allegation. Discussion A defendant who raises a defense of duress has actually done everything to constitute the actus reus of the crime, and has the mens rea because they intended to do it to avoid some threatened or actual harm. Thus, some degree of culpability already attaches to the defendant for what was done. In criminal law, the defendant's motive for breaking the law is generally irrelevant unless a defendant is raising an affirmative defense allowed for by law. (Duress may or may not be allowed as an affirmative defense for some particular charge -- in particular, it is generally forbidden for murder, and many jurisdictions also forbid it for sexual assault. Malum in se offenses, generally, are less likely to recognize duress as a defense than malum prohibitum offenses.) A successful affirmative defense means not that a criminal act was justified, but that the act was not criminal at all. But if no affirmative defense of duress is available, then the duress may be considered as justifying a lighter sentence, typically in proportion to the degree of duress. If the duress is extreme enough, for example, the defendant might be found guilty of murder but given a minimal, or even trivial, sentence. In some rare cases, a successful argument of duress -- even when not an affirmative defense -- might result in the jury nullifying the charge by refusing to convict. The basis of the defense is that the duress actually overwhelmed the defendant's will and would also have overwhelmed the will of a person of ordinary courage (a hybrid test requiring both subjective evidence of the accused's state of mind, and an objective confirmation that the failure to resist the threats was reasonable), thus rendering the entire behavior involuntary. Thus, the liability should be reduced or discharged, making the defense one of exculpation. The extent to which this defense should be allowed, if at all, is a matter of public policy. A state may say that no threat should force a person to deliberately break the law, particularly if this breach will cause significant loss or damage to a third person. Alternatively, a state may take the view that even though people may have ordinary levels of courage, they may nevertheless be coerced into agreeing to break the law and this human weakness should have some recognition in the law. A mutant of duress involves hostage taking, where a person is forced to commit a criminal act under the threat, say, that their family member or close associate will be immediately killed should they refuse (commonly known as a Tiger kidnapping). This has been raised in some cases of ransom, where a person commits theft or embezzlement under orders from a kidnapper in order to secure a family member's life and freedom. However, duress is not a complete defense to all crimes. For example, the general rule, both at common law and today, is that duress is never a defense to murder; that is, one is never justified in killing another innocent person even if one's own life has been threatened, although this part may be questioned when multiple people are threatened with death if the defendant does not kill a single or fewer people than threatened (such a situation is similar to the trolley problem). A counterpart may be found in an English law, where in R v Dudley and Stephens involved a case of one man being killed to save two lives - no duress defense was available and they were convicted. Requirements For duress to qualify as a defense, four requirements must be met: The threat must be of serious bodily harm or death The threatened harm must be greater than the harm caused by the crime The threat must be immediate and inescapable The defendant must have become involved in the situation through no fault of his own A person may also raise a duress defense when force or violence is used to compel him to enter into a contract, or to discharge. In contract law Duress in the context of contract law is a common law defense brought about when one of the parties to the contract enjoyed an ascendant position in relation to the other party and abused that position by subjecting the other to threats. A party who has entered into a contract under duress is entitled to rescind or set aside the contract, rendering it voidable (in equity). Duress is a threat of harm made to compel someone to do something against their will or judgment; especially a wrongful threat made by one person to compel a manifestation of seeming assent by another person to a transaction without real volition. - Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) Duress in contract law falls into two broad categories: Physical duress Economic duress Physical duress Duress to the person Professor Ronald Griffin, Florida Agricultural & Mechanical College of Law, Orlando, FL, puts physical duress simply: "Your money or your life." In Barton v Armstrong, a decision of the Privy Council, Armstrong (defendant) sought to coerce Barton (plaintiff) into executing a deed relating to the sale of certain companies by threatening to have him murdered. While the plaintiff took the threats seriously, other business reasons existed for signing the contract. An innocent party wishing to set aside a contract for duress to the person need only prove that the threat was made and that it was a reason for entry into the contract. Furthermore, once it is established that the threat was made, the onus lies on the person who made the threat to prove that the threat made no contribution to the plaintiff's decision to enter the agreement. Common law took a narrow view of the concept of duress in that it was concerned with actual or threatened violence to the person or unlawful imprisonment. Equity, however, adopted a broader "fusion" view of what sort of pressure could constitute coercion for purposes of relief and has since prevailed. Duress to goods In such cases, one party refuses to release the goods belonging to the other party until the other party enters into a contract with them. For example, in Hawker Pacific Pty Ltd v Helicopter Charter Pty Ltd (1991) 22 NSWLR 298, the contract was set aside after Hawker Pacific's threats to withhold the helicopter from the plaintiff unless further payments were made for repairing a botched paint job. The elements of economic duress Economic duress is the use of unlawful economic pressure to compel a party to a contract to agree to demands which they would not have otherwise. Wrongful or improper threat: No precise definition of what is wrongful or improper. Examples include: morally wrong, criminal, or tortious conduct; one that is a threat to breach a contract "in bad faith" or threaten to withhold an admitted debt "in bad faith". No reasonable alternative (but to accept the other party's terms). If there is an available legal remedy, an available market substitute (in the form of funds, goods, or services), or any other sources of funds this element is not met. The threat actually induces the making of the contract. This is a subjective standard, and takes into account the victim's age, their background (especially their education), relationship of the parties, and the ability to receive advice. The other party caused the financial distress. The majority opinion is that the other party must have caused the distress, while the minority opinion allows them to merely take advantage of the distress. Insane duress In criminal law, when a person is found legally insane because they believed God ordered them to do the crime ("deific-decree"), one interpretation of the insanity is that they acted under a delusion of duress by God. See also Tiger kidnapping English contract law English criminal law United States contract law Criminal law of the United States Self-sacrifice in Halacha (Jewish law) Notes References Contract law Equitable defenses Criminal defenses Abuse	[ 0.05547364056110382, -0.09825750440359116, -0.6205012798309326, -0.16017989814281464, 0.16029173135757446, -0.05659600347280502, 0.6173530220985413, -0.22907212376594543, 0.024393804371356964, -0.2742321193218231, -0.29210612177848816, 0.510466456413269, -0.3987427055835724, 0.43750205636024475, -0.5229515433311462, 0.8737239837646484, 0.48243749141693115, 0.4162411689758301, 0.10837341099977493, -0.19811591506004333, -0.4885019063949585, -0.053153034299612045, -0.24174141883850098, -0.5050317049026489, 0.35053491592407227, -0.3141893446445465, 0.18496572971343994, -0.014017868787050247, -0.850281834602356, 0.34172067046165466, 0.5948747396469116, 0.3720988631248474, -0.4659719467163086, 0.2889721393585205, 0.017200104892253876, 0.3701997995376587, 0.05411788076162338, -0.21794641017913818, 0.17830032110214233, -0.7736337780952454, 0.22470806539058685, -0.16695597767829895, -0.14546601474285126, -0.23730333149433136, -0.2198091596364975, -0.5255109667778015, -1.2137531042099, 0.12910188734531403, -0.39618581533432007, -0.11176476627588272, -0.529933512210846, 0.05431199446320534, -0.3398910462856293, 0.4572809636592865, 0.07293227314949036, 0.4020436704158783, -0.7325937747955322, -0.37945762276649475, 0.3486502766609192, -0.5248244404792786, 0.6711034774780273, 0.5505027174949646, 0.47297003865242004, -0.1260947734117508, 0.10875128954648972, 0.07271584123373032, 0.06907211989164352, 0.3345296084880829, -0.7093476057052612, -0.6915794014930725, -0.5956926941871643, -0.0897093191742897, -0.10650583356618881, 0.03758231922984123, -0.6625458002090454, 0.25973770022392273, 0.18144825100898743, -0.31520161032676697, -0.2842048406600952, -0.0008157480624504387, 0.3081839680671692, 0.7902143597602844, 0.24816665053367615, -0.24700075387954712, 0.4964289367198944, -0.2927528917789459, -0.45856374502182007, 0.5490447282791138, 0.20609375834465027, 0.31857019662857056, 0.5424795746803284, 0.9517234563827515, -0.31313979625701904, 0.17895950376987457, -0.3227277398109436, 0.19006705284118652, 0.3531765639781952, -0.16534088551998138, 0.18244469165802002, 0.3427894413471222, 0.4413580894470215, -0.6248536705970764, 0.7950887680053711, -0.2661026120185852, 0.14750485122203827, -0.1436345875263214, -0.2152448147535324, -0.2565489709377289, 0.0844084694981575, -0.4380657374858856, 0.10320504754781723, 0.4202275574207306, 0.13019436597824097, 0.07052195072174072, -0.9186424612998962, 0.11277246475219727, 0.33730560541152954, 0.17880253493785858, -0.06793347746133804, 0.010676386766135693, 0.19927991926670074, -0.2772313952445984, -0.1403106451034546, 0.25690940022468567, 0.3611331582069397, -0.14677858352661133, 0.48617902398109436, 0.6942859292030334, -0.9336435198783875, -0.25100579857826233, 0.49315476417541504, 0.6664850115776062, 0.4521794021129608, -0.1686917096376419, -0.3587713837623596, 0.5988162159919739, 0.277475506067276, 0.028054067865014076, 0.7480738759040833, -0.3204802870750427, -0.5491318702697754, -0.7726300954818726, -0.28059840202331543, -0.6522650122642517, 0.11520948261022568, -0.6889607310295105, 0.7632660269737244, -0.07166866213083267, -0.376808226108551, 0.4119313955307007, 0.18793539702892303, 0.021252069622278214, -0.38558584451675415, 0.14296288788318634, 0.20042023062705994, -0.27560874819755554, 0.7298972010612488, -0.22378899157047272, -0.7485208511352539, 0.43125221133232117, -0.28210553526878357, -0.4359944462776184, -0.47432902455329895, 0.0827973410487175, 0.0564885251224041, -0.09693042933940887, 0.15321673452854156, 0.398247092962265, -0.07058316469192505, 0.24414417147636414, -0.558396577835083, 0.334928423166275, 0.10492850840091705, -0.3601675033569336, 0.21996839344501495, 0.48399853706359863, -0.30929648876190186, -0.132246196269989, 0.7010957598686218, 0.06184958666563034, -0.38377776741981506, 0.6322259306907654, 0.3184187412261963, 0.07705782353878021, -0.005968525540083647, -0.05885246768593788, 0.6791436672210693, -0.4499925673007965, -0.32387569546699524, -0.6659678220748901, -0.6811753511428833, 0.034697096794843674, 0.004387006163597107, -0.2518380284309387, 1.1034774780273438, -0.15016154944896698, -0.6455005407333374, 1.1861568689346313, -0.23168878257274628, 0.5195541977882385, -0.02227255329489708, 0.13882948458194733, 0.33263444900512695, -0.24266119301319122, -0.6415852904319763, 0.4418773949146271, 0.31658345460891724, 0.026943389326334, -0.41515809297561646, 0.1631438136100769, 0.5398860573768616, -0.6535951495170593, -0.4755995571613312, -0.29841500520706177, 0.1599767506122589, 0.05688062682747841, -0.2957003712654114, 0.07182453572750092, 0.2681862711906433, -0.32556071877479553, 0.44926267862319946, -0.39455047249794006, -0.4435175955295563, 0.5431929230690002, -0.33471745252609253, 0.0842088907957077, -0.47516104578971863, 0.47976353764533997, 0.30489400029182434, -0.993594765663147, 0.34843993186950684, 0.24588371813297272, 0.3217834234237671, -0.43020936846733093, -0.6016650199890137, -0.1525743156671524, -0.07086263597011566, 0.14442534744739532, 0.2034451812505722, -0.2427699714899063, 0.3737587034702301, 0.3492577373981476, -0.04571148753166199, 0.5097090601921082, -0.29365795850753784, -0.3072824776172638, -0.11212047934532166, 0.32933592796325684, 0.2697716951370239, 0.4816935956478119, 0.22546155750751495, 0.6500424146652222, 0.05351096764206886, -0.41488760709762573, 0.2687445878982544, -0.1344877928495407, -0.4138530194759369, 0.23950673639774323, -0.03618193045258522, -0.5283570885658264, -0.7693917155265808, 0.4230582118034363, -0.029084131121635437, -0.1284893900156021, -0.44239532947540283, -0.3253977298736572, -0.32031121850013733, 0.43867477774620056, -0.22647279500961304, 0.38343796133995056, 0.6453957557678223, -0.17501142621040344, -0.8765907287597656, -0.13459253311157227, -0.36598724126815796, -0.19891010224819183, 0.5350212454795837, 0.5320878028869629, -0.5530346035957336, -0.26002535223960876, 0.2637321650981903, 0.26361459493637085, 0.5414940714836121, -0.7892064452171326, 0.18736043572425842, -0.6729882955551147, 0.6276140213012695, -0.7534140944480896, -0.5981853008270264, 0.5632164478302002, -0.028465813025832176, 0.1161317452788353, -0.24874715507030487, 0.022581441327929497, 0.09420769661664963, 0.6674759387969971, 0.45614564418792725, 0.5683234333992004, 0.32888486981391907, -0.24783749878406525, -0.09593053162097931, -0.46969035267829895, -0.5423459410667419, 0.15922829508781433, -0.16321447491645813, -0.2225423902273178, -0.44655555486679077, 0.3699411451816559, -5.607118606567383, -0.20054660737514496, -0.46316102147102356, -0.2650342285633087, -0.029768820852041245, 0.24937160313129425, 0.841513991355896, -0.08619619160890579, -0.31172484159469604, -0.31672534346580505, 0.3301157057285309, 0.07628383487462997, 0.5328361392021179, 0.20285801589488983, 0.381740927696228, -0.130974680185318, 0.7322028875350952, -0.5251315236091614, -0.3996807932853699, 0.6261037588119507, 0.09493614733219147, 0.039799898862838745, 0.2914833724498749, -0.15625645220279694, 0.19388145208358765, 0.001984346890822053, -0.36361896991729736, 0.26624763011932373, -0.2508162260055542, 0.01594211533665657, 0.04821295291185379, -0.2594981789588928, 0.039426401257514954, -0.4186050593852997, -0.253467321395874, 0.31816157698631287, 0.6366373300552368, -0.5079897046089172, -0.7294527292251587, -0.24963296949863434, -0.46753525733947754, -0.1517459750175476, 0.024458207190036774, 0.357308566570282, 0.048788562417030334, 0.004569686949253082, -0.1261044442653656, -0.7236958146095276, -0.012032726779580116, 0.4563397765159607, -0.5539761781692505, 0.6872820258140564, 0.3781244456768036, -0.05567912757396698, -0.05149586498737335, -0.36430811882019043, 0.28736168146133423, -0.11713077872991562, -0.2938649356365204, 0.19597475230693817, 0.256135493516922, -0.7812488675117493, -0.2714843451976776, -0.21529985964298248, 0.17254787683486938, -0.3270411789417267, -0.38432982563972473, -0.8390223383903503, 1.1979882717132568, 0.38826653361320496, -0.2863055169582367, 0.7249369025230408, 0.3047798275947571, -0.8539734482765198, 0.14713048934936523, -0.5994287133216858, -0.02869378589093685, -0.4975534677505493, 0.6109423637390137, -0.27155348658561707, -0.5964609384536743, 0.657357931137085, -0.48268404603004456, 0.046698637306690216, 0.3249230682849884, -0.30242425203323364, 0.04560970142483711, 0.5531346201896667, -0.3987373113632202, 0.03183911368250847, 0.15866056084632874, 0.1630958914756775, -0.03601478785276413, 0.20374761521816254, -0.3603944480419159, 0.8554309606552124, 0.04574813321232796, -0.04955979809165001, 0.3329405188560486, -0.33534952998161316, 0.566188395023346, -0.30734479427337646, 0.2933526039123535, -0.6860155463218689, 0.162491574883461, -0.37989139556884766, -0.25740858912467957, 0.7569795846939087, 0.4207262098789215, -0.08356527984142303, 0.05030876770615578, 0.4905645549297333, 0.16880936920642853, -0.18669088184833527, 0.4174240231513977, 0.03076324425637722, -0.39583343267440796, 0.32974138855934143, -0.15368103981018066, -0.161788210272789, 0.05677395313978195, 0.24058666825294495, -0.5806358456611633, -0.11959975212812424, -0.6725335121154785, -0.4011940658092499, 0.05297604575753212, 0.30952543020248413, -0.2982358932495117, 0.08709271252155304, -0.025098254904150963, 0.4607951045036316, 0.08343002200126648, 0.26672905683517456, 0.06314453482627869, -0.4124283492565155, 0.2982591986656189, 0.3106697201728821, -0.27492597699165344, -0.7216613292694092, 0.21350279450416565, -0.301613450050354, -0.16826768219470978, -0.3669334948062897, 0.6658156514167786, -0.33362555503845215, -0.08829179406166077, 0.1465969979763031, -0.12174893170595169, 0.5578493475914001, 0.09911781549453735, -0.2496933490037918, 0.013043527491390705, -0.49412432312965393, -0.11056279391050339, -0.16273872554302216, 0.34644395112991333, 0.23158864676952362, 0.10244686901569366, -0.48418503999710083, -0.15087884664535522, 0.16925248503684998, -1.1012786626815796, -0.7722575664520264, 0.10398425161838531, -0.06200937554240227, -1.0176488161087036, -0.3210916221141815, -0.21330563724040985, 0.42131492495536804, -0.23627254366874695, -0.5907984972000122, -0.5862146019935608, -0.06670864671468735, 0.30917954444885254, 0.377279669046402, -0.23466262221336365, 0.4279334843158722, -0.25849083065986633, 0.3370324969291687, 0.18096180260181427, -0.2819485366344452, -0.6911675333976746, 0.43798860907554626, 0.12312296777963638, -0.499845415353775, 0.37152907252311707, 0.20489928126335144, -0.5453380346298218, -0.5101888179779053, 0.09337963908910751, -0.33770325779914856, 0.38931360840797424, -0.2457573264837265, -0.3031976819038391, 0.07676403224468231, 0.07578034698963165, 0.5051087737083435, -0.16845494508743286, -0.04781271517276764, 0.13865958154201508, 1.0736180543899536, -0.5768808126449585, 0.09302854537963867, -0.06327219307422638, -0.38927462697029114, 0.1036045178771019, 0.282650351524353, -0.3377128541469574, 0.741450309753418, -0.27198657393455505, -0.14593949913978577, -0.004170354455709457, 0.6071957349777222, 0.031424134969711304, -0.7545949220657349, 0.2887360155582428, -0.4331150949001312, -0.15681107342243195, -0.437577486038208, 0.6987298130989075, -0.49066081643104553, -0.17360927164554596, 0.21432094275951385, -0.3205204904079437, 0.2814045250415802, -0.2840879559516907, -0.6344829797744751, 0.6546272039413452, 0.1597137451171875, 0.062167197465896606, -0.0891677737236023, 0.3604503870010376, 0.2428234964609146, -0.4172001779079437, -0.32915133237838745, 0.00435408391058445, 0.28147217631340027, -0.07939412444829941, 0.11131874471902847, 0.4291524887084961, 0.9524696469306946, 0.267116516828537, -0.5293942093849182, 0.5267156362533569, 0.4963507652282715, 0.6534037590026855, -0.8624085783958435, -0.642175018787384, 0.6093865633010864, -0.08125504851341248, 0.007002898026257753, -0.3195538818836212, 0.15990056097507477, 0.36486557126045227, 0.12409418821334839, 0.11156167089939117, -0.08917845040559769, 0.09785240143537521, 0.8415870666503906, 0.23013700544834137, -0.3457513153553009, -0.49507999420166016, -0.4371139407157898, -0.030260279774665833, -0.23643290996551514, 0.05188952758908272, 0.05735703930258751, 0.28069597482681274, -0.3562564253807068, -0.2797636091709137, -0.7155640721321106, 0.3395068049430847, 0.622114896774292, 0.19981206953525543, 0.12590298056602478, -0.05491136014461517, -0.27154064178466797, 0.2846158742904663, 0.24633784592151642, -0.3288998007774353, -0.3620578944683075, -0.1399925798177719, -0.8637213706970215, 0.1368585079908371, -0.37211206555366516, 0.4915393590927124, 0.5761082768440247, -0.6661345958709717, -1.2635118961334229, -0.7185176014900208, -0.0699169784784317, -0.15870848298072815, 0.36882832646369934, -0.46901944279670715, 0.09238229691982269, -0.17471034824848175, 0.21717903017997742, 0.1710222363471985, -0.33386558294296265, -0.4423154890537262, 0.16376781463623047, -0.2906580865383148, -0.8684954047203064, 0.26446157693862915, -0.1712709367275238, 0.09979777038097382, -0.35197392106056213, 0.23502664268016815, -0.20556598901748657, 0.05652370676398277, -0.1963566392660141, 0.6139822006225586, 0.47080785036087036, 0.02073075622320175, 0.31719210743904114, 0.36921775341033936, -0.16352073848247528, 0.05309692397713661, 0.2590375244617462, -0.2291223406791687, -0.4436739981174469, 0.7046793103218079, -0.48398885130882263, 0.48665106296539307, 0.7656223177909851, -0.04960215464234352, 0.15019069612026215, 0.34560537338256836, 0.14313621819019318, 0.5856350064277649, -0.12120683491230011, -0.04546838253736496, 0.2659606337547302, 0.006823782343417406, -0.5219674706459045, 0.4930770993232727, -0.271398663520813, -0.24717651307582855, 0.17893873155117035, 0.6239472031593323, 0.13060890138149261, 0.18982280790805817, 0.16631144285202026, -0.0713992640376091, 0.2121601700782776, 0.7112784385681152, 0.20166659355163574, -0.12857761979103088, -0.06588689237833023, 0.7498492002487183, -0.11731081455945969, 0.9632958769798279, -0.13258442282676697, 0.6072481274604797, -0.398723840713501, 0.7918018698692322, -0.21458330750465393, -0.49884873628616333, -0.42172515392303467, 0.1291767805814743, 0.014116370119154453, 0.5837008357048035, 0.11751627177000046, 0.18588118255138397, -0.270500510931015, 0.6930887699127197, 0.050359249114990234, -0.6151584386825562, -0.27597153186798096, 0.24045152962207794, -0.1690911501646042, -0.20159950852394104, 0.2948077321052551, 0.8221068382263184, -0.5610604882240295, 1.2754954099655151, 0.1010594367980957, 0.35570967197418213, -0.47255703806877136, 0.22347599267959595, -0.37091001868247986, -0.08473660051822662, -0.7807507514953613, -0.017752761021256447, 0.06388013064861298, -0.15878911316394806, 0.48964932560920715, -0.16996489465236664, 0.017855212092399597, -0.2065611332654953, 0.058654215186834335, -0.34537172317504883, 0.7181090116500854, -0.06762821227312088, 0.06468399614095688, 0.11182761937379837, 1.29499351978302, -0.38182565569877625, -0.2141273319721222, -0.005381925031542778, 0.3083721101284027, -0.38810592889785767, -0.6063482165336609, -0.6661384701728821, 0.023640157654881477, -0.4790876507759094, 0.5127425193786621, -0.4381929039955139, 0.1773233711719513, 0.2565653920173645, -0.4616139531135559, -0.2853575348854065, 0.24251265823841095, 0.08878974616527557, 0.44138604402542114, 0.8479899168014526, -0.3374907076358795, 0.38786834478378296, -0.21460770070552826, 0.4160041809082031, 0.9293211102485657, 0.1101609319448471, 0.5111026763916016, -0.6571468710899353, -0.028475293889641762, 0.606947124004364, 0.3373066186904907, -0.30096980929374695, 0.40494993329048157, -0.3362120985984802, 0.027083950117230415, -0.24877969920635223, 0.6393475532531738, 0.20420211553573608, -0.23363347351551056, 0.10303191095590591, 0.5960277318954468, 0.2529151439666748, -0.666624903678894, 0.3887026011943817, -0.432584673166275, -0.2629396915435791, -0.24685551226139069, -0.31383994221687317, -0.017723508179187775, -0.6536144018173218, -0.04610360041260719, 0.4413559138774872, 0.2015610784292221, 0.1613565981388092, -0.47912201285362244, 0.21853744983673096, 0.14033009111881256, -0.4553438723087311, -0.10124212503433228, 0.29618656635284424, -0.4731121063232422, -0.21021172404289246, 0.30228984355926514 ]
216333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20polynomial	Newton polynomial	In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, a Newton polynomial, named after its inventor Isaac Newton, is an interpolation polynomial for a given set of data points. The Newton polynomial is sometimes called Newton's divided differences interpolation polynomial because the coefficients of the polynomial are calculated using Newton's divided differences method. Definition Given a set of k + 1 data points where no two xj are the same, the Newton interpolation polynomial is a linear combination of Newton basis polynomials with the Newton basis polynomials defined as for j > 0 and . The coefficients are defined as where is the notation for divided differences. Thus the Newton polynomial can be written as Newton forward divided difference formula The Newton polynomial can be expressed in a simplified form when are arranged consecutively with equal spacing. Introducing the notation for each and , the difference can be written as . So the Newton polynomial becomes This is called the Newton forward divided difference formula. Newton backward divided difference formula If the nodes are reordered as , the Newton polynomial becomes If are equally spaced with and for i = 0, 1, ..., k, then, is called the Newton backward divided difference formula . Significance Newton's formula is of interest because it is the straightforward and natural differences-version of Taylor's polynomial. Taylor's polynomial tells where a function will go, based on its y value, and its derivatives (its rate of change, and the rate of change of its rate of change, etc.) at one particular x value. Newton's formula is Taylor's polynomial based on finite differences instead of instantaneous rates of change. Addition of new points As with other difference formulas, the degree of a Newton interpolating polynomial can be increased by adding more terms and points without discarding existing ones. Newton's form has the simplicity that the new points are always added at one end: Newton's forward formula can add new points to the right, and Newton's backward formula can add new points to the left. The accuracy of polynomial interpolation depends on how close the interpolated point is to the middle of the x values of the set of points used. Obviously, as new points are added at one end, that middle becomes farther and farther from the first data point. Therefore, if it isn't known how many points will be needed for the desired accuracy, the middle of the x-values might be far from where the interpolation is done. Gauss, Stirling, and Bessel all developed formulae to remedy that problem. Gauss's formula alternately adds new points at the left and right ends, thereby keeping the set of points centered near the same place (near the evaluated point). When so doing, it uses terms from Newton's formula, with data points and x values renamed in keeping with one's choice of what data point is designated as the x0 data point. Stirling's formula remains centered about a particular data point, for use when the evaluated point is nearer to a data point than to a middle of two data points. Bessel's formula remains centered about a particular middle between two data points, for use when the evaluated point is nearer to a middle than to a data point. Bessel and Stirling achieve that by sometimes using the average of two differences, and sometimes using the average of two products of binomials in x, where Newton's or Gauss's would use just one difference or product. Stirling's uses an average difference in odd-degree terms (whose difference uses an even number of data points); Bessel's uses an average difference in even-degree terms (whose difference uses an odd number of data points). Strengths and weaknesses of various formulae For any given finite set of data points, there is only one polynomial of least possible degree that passes through all of them. Thus, it is appropriate to speak of the "Newton form", or Lagrange form, etc., of the interpolation polynomial. However, the way the polynomial is obtained matters. There are several similar methods, such as those of Gauss, Bessel and Stirling. They can be derived from Newton's by renaming the x-values of the data points, but in practice they are important. Bessel vs. Stirling The choice between Bessel and Stirling depends on whether the interpolated point is closer to a data point, or closer to a middle between two data points. A polynomial interpolation's error approaches zero, as the interpolation point approaches a data-point. Therefore, Stirling's formula brings its accuracy improvement where it is least needed and Bessel brings its accuracy improvement where it is most needed. So, Bessel's formula could be said to be the most consistently accurate difference formula, and, in general, the most consistently accurate of the familiar polynomial interpolation formulas. Divided-Difference Methods vs. Lagrange Lagrange is sometimes said to require less work, and is sometimes recommended for problems in which it is known, in advance, from previous experience, how many terms are needed for sufficient accuracy. The divided difference methods have the advantage that more data points can be added, for improved accuracy. The terms based on the previous data points can continue to be used. With the ordinary Lagrange formula, to do the problem with more data points would require re-doing the whole problem. There is a "barycentric" version of Lagrange that avoids the need to re-do the entire calculation when adding a new data point. But it requires that the values of each term be recorded. But the ability, of Gauss, Bessel and Stirling, to keep the data points centered close to the interpolated point gives them an advantage over Lagrange, when it isn't known, in advance, how many data points will be needed. Additionally, suppose that one wants to find out if, for some particular type of problem, linear interpolation is sufficiently accurate. That can be determined by evaluating the quadratic term of a divided difference formula. If the quadratic term is negligible—meaning that the linear term is sufficiently accurate without adding the quadratic term—then linear interpolation is sufficiently accurate. If the problem is sufficiently important, or if the quadratic term is nearly big enough to matter, then one might want to determine whether the sum of the quadratic and cubic terms is large enough to matter in the problem. Of course, only a divided-difference method can be used for such a determination. For that purpose, the divided-difference formula and/or its x0 point should be chosen so that the formula will use, for its linear term, the two data points between which the linear interpolation of interest would be done. The divided difference formulas are more versatile, useful in more kinds of problems. The Lagrange formula is at its best when all the interpolation will be done at one x value, with only the data points' y values varying from one problem to another, and when it is known, from past experience, how many terms are needed for sufficient accuracy. With the Newton form of the interpolating polynomial a compact and effective algorithm exists for combining the terms to find the coefficients of the polynomial. Accuracy When, with Stirling's or Bessel's, the last term used includes the average of two differences, then one more point is being used than Newton's or other polynomial interpolations would use for the same polynomial degree. So, in that instance, Stirling's or Bessel's is not putting an N−1 degree polynomial through N points, but is, instead, trading equivalence with Newton's for better centering and accuracy, giving those methods sometimes potentially greater accuracy, for a given polynomial degree, than other polynomial interpolations. General case For the special case of xi = i, there is a closely related set of polynomials, also called the Newton polynomials, that are simply the binomial coefficients for general argument. That is, one also has the Newton polynomials given by In this form, the Newton polynomials generate the Newton series. These are in turn a special case of the general difference polynomials which allow the representation of analytic functions through generalized difference equations. Main idea Solving an interpolation problem leads to a problem in linear algebra where we have to solve a system of linear equations. Using a standard monomial basis for our interpolation polynomial we get the very complicated Vandermonde matrix. By choosing another basis, the Newton basis, we get a system of linear equations with a much simpler lower triangular matrix which can be solved faster. For k + 1 data points we construct the Newton basis as Using these polynomials as a basis for we have to solve to solve the polynomial interpolation problem. This system of equations can be solved iteratively by solving Derivation While the interpolation formula can be found by solving a linear system of equations, there is a loss of intuition in what the formula is showing and why Newton's interpolation formula works is not readily apparent. To begin, we will need the following result: . This equality means that reversing the terms of the divided difference has no effect on the end result. We will prove this result with induction. Basis: Induction: Suppose the result holds for a divided difference involving at most terms. Using the induction hypothesis, we see that where the induction hypothesis was used at the 2nd equality. In order to derive the interpolation formula, we will now use the following result which will also be proven with induction: where is the unique polynomial of degree (at most) passing through the points . With this result, we can now exactly quantify the error between the interpolation polynomial at and the true value . Basis: where is the unique polynomial of degree 0 passing through . Induction: Suppose the result holds for when there are at most points. Let be the polynomial of degree (at most) passing through where is the unique polynomial of degree (at most) passing through the points . The second to last equality comes from the induction hypothesis as involves points and thus . Getting close to the desired result, we now claim that as both polynomials pass through and are of degree (at most) . Both of these criteria uniquely define a polynomial. The fact that the left hand side passes through is readily apparent by how is defined to be. To demonstrate the left hand side passes through , we will use the first result proved above along with the induction hypothesis: where the 2nd equality follows from the fact that is the polynomial of degree (at most) passing through satisfying the induction hypothesis. Continuing the induction step above, we now see that where is the polynomial of degree (at most) passing through Thus the proof is complete. All this work now leads to where Newton's interpolation formula comes from. Rearranging the result above, we note that is the polynomial of degree (at most) passing through , and thus we see that "extending" a polynomial to the next point requires adding the term giving us Newton's interpolation formula. Taylor polynomial The limit of the Newton polynomial if all nodes coincide is a Taylor polynomial, because the divided differences become derivatives. Application As can be seen from the definition of the divided differences new data points can be added to the data set to create a new interpolation polynomial without recalculating the old coefficients. And when a data point changes we usually do not have to recalculate all coefficients. Furthermore, if the xi are distributed equidistantly the calculation of the divided differences becomes significantly easier. Therefore, the divided-difference formulas are usually preferred over the Lagrange form for practical purposes. Examples The divided differences can be written in the form of a table. For example, for a function f is to be interpolated on points . Write Then the interpolating polynomial is formed as above using the topmost entries in each column as coefficients. For example, suppose we are to construct the interpolating polynomial to f(x) = tan(x) using divided differences, at the points Using six digits of accuracy, we construct the table Thus, the interpolating polynomial is Given more digits of accuracy in the table, the first and third coefficients will be found to be zero. Another example: The sequence such that and , i.e., they are from to . You obtain the slope of order in the following way: As we have the slopes of order , it is possible to obtain the next order: Finally, we define the slope of order : Once we have the slope, we can define the consequent polynomials: . . See also De numeris triangularibus et inde de progressionibus arithmeticis: Magisteria magna, a work by Thomas Harriot describing similar methods for interpolation, written 50 years earlier than Newton's work but not published until 2009 Newton series Neville's schema Polynomial interpolation Lagrange form of the interpolation polynomial Bernstein form of the interpolation polynomial Hermite interpolation Carlson's theorem Table of Newtonian series References External links Module for the Newton Polynomial by John H. Mathews Interpolation Finite differences Factorial and binomial topics Polynomials	[ -0.377152681350708, -0.004400556907057762, -0.31092581152915955, 0.03999002277851105, -0.138089120388031, 0.43537119030952454, -0.18294543027877808, -0.3939773440361023, -0.06765921413898468, -0.10772961378097534, -0.08842579275369644, 0.35872846841812134, -0.6244643330574036, 0.28315138816833496, -0.07293851673603058, 0.36669957637786865, 0.10029471665620804, -0.08294932544231415, -0.4548533260822296, -0.17180539667606354, 0.3410419821739197, 0.2646423578262329, 0.0789424479007721, -0.32917046546936035, 0.02087126113474369, -0.12296676635742188, -0.6922621130943298, 0.04263515770435333, -0.3933829665184021, 0.3675664961338043, -0.21621781587600708, 0.36452221870422363, 0.12200842052698135, -0.26961034536361694, -0.07399336248636246, -0.18929705023765564, 0.34681567549705505, 0.12175005674362183, -0.2200181633234024, -0.29679426550865173, 0.5468666553497314, -0.26211297512054443, 0.25354841351509094, -0.17461931705474854, -0.6242129802703857, -0.44785594940185547, -1.5941256284713745, 0.41282525658607483, -0.5027222633361816, -0.4237862527370453, -0.8725103735923767, 0.2991671562194824, 0.5528361201286316, 0.5368088483810425, -0.46289142966270447, 0.8963335752487183, -0.259095162153244, -0.7194801568984985, 0.5871579647064209, -0.5482358336448669, 0.05453161522746086, 0.016358911991119385, 0.276475727558136, -0.09896646440029144, -0.11960849165916443, 0.7278459072113037, -0.48256558179855347, -0.08064023405313492, -0.4598636329174042, -0.3461155891418457, 0.09152103960514069, -0.2959706485271454, -0.5709882378578186, 0.7307029962539673, -0.633791446685791, -0.08647421002388, -0.1051507517695427, 0.21714891493320465, 0.10321062058210373, 0.690758466720581, -0.4770737588405609, 0.4687839150428772, 0.5496910810470581, -0.3085658550262451, 0.13084982335567474, 0.3304074704647064, -0.006002122536301613, 0.059687089174985886, -0.6039650440216064, -0.08947446197271347, 0.012076588347554207, -0.3049450218677521, 0.1955762803554535, -0.215723916888237, 0.03278106078505516, -0.18422482907772064, 0.439889132976532, -0.5271397233009338, 0.0650913268327713, 0.21327245235443115, -0.5023580193519592, -0.10617204010486603, 0.15587913990020752, -0.2161235213279724, -0.19964507222175598, -0.2559143006801605, -0.23820504546165466, -0.30287784337997437, 0.048886895179748535, 0.1559198498725891, -0.9175190925598145, 0.391186386346817, 0.2650134265422821, -0.16966895759105682, -0.5446764826774597, -0.2875414490699768, 0.030929844826459885, 0.001567629398778081, 0.05313317850232124, 0.22587454319000244, -0.7597796320915222, 0.5758354663848877, -0.0251575019210577, 0.3610251247882843, -0.2782869338989258, 0.1978471279144287, 0.4725155532360077, 1.0358364582061768, -0.5760918259620667, 0.04367738217115402, 0.1909443438053131, 0.7738955020904541, 0.6604231595993042, 0.20489996671676636, -0.06302794069051743, -0.5798800587654114, -0.8386405110359192, -0.3563273251056671, -1.0150350332260132, -0.03917999565601349, -0.43146130442619324, -0.4694007635116577, 0.03384378179907799, -0.2683015763759613, -0.15647034347057343, -0.3084889352321625, -0.3567407727241516, -0.2940804064273834, 0.3426470160484314, -0.24913005530834198, -0.11411486566066742, 0.34419432282447815, -0.2671779692173004, -0.25357240438461304, -0.18466545641422272, -0.5081411600112915, 0.03287869691848755, 0.6274583339691162, -0.26312342286109924, 0.1667165905237198, -0.37683627009391785, -0.06932424008846283, -0.21399575471878052, -0.6751269102096558, 0.3370996117591858, -0.8517204523086548, 1.2363288402557373, 0.4458651840686798, -0.18918471038341522, 0.549658477306366, -0.35051265358924866, -0.4614022970199585, 0.30298054218292236, 0.357106477022171, -0.18134139478206635, 0.10456184297800064, 0.48249825835227966, -0.38648325204849243, 0.833368718624115, 0.1073932871222496, -0.7899899482727051, 0.5215270519256592, -0.1720087081193924, -0.18640679121017456, 0.2888200581073761, 0.17658522725105286, 0.09683985263109207, -0.09989038854837418, 0.17395658791065216, -0.3305501341819763, -0.4551517069339752, 0.09837319701910019, -0.1543838530778885, -0.8279538154602051, 0.8924629092216492, -0.0016317173140123487, -0.6779977679252625, 0.31234753131866455, -0.04666503518819809, 0.6443341970443726, 0.02703302726149559, -0.4441887140274048, 0.6798269748687744, 0.13600866496562958, -0.50943922996521, 0.28346705436706543, -0.06259705871343613, 0.25451526045799255, -0.25278159976005554, 0.4562947154045105, -0.03735979646444321, 0.35002121329307556, 0.31810933351516724, 0.08753584325313568, -0.3799486458301544, 0.01769823394715786, -0.9029913544654846, 0.4518153965473175, 0.15905702114105225, -0.032636839896440506, 0.6130623817443848, -0.08822844177484512, -0.09178994596004486, 0.4523439407348633, -0.4698096215724945, 0.7394522428512573, 0.8238847851753235, 0.47566354274749756, 0.7084499597549438, -0.3741844594478607, -0.009802533313632011, -0.423897385597229, 0.2736557722091675, -0.2202572077512741, -0.16828598082065582, 0.5237707495689392, 0.4459553360939026, -0.14493700861930847, 0.5380710363388062, -0.37157729268074036, 0.28481411933898926, 0.7149819135665894, -0.13150088489055634, -0.2706824541091919, -0.04800181835889816, -0.2730712294578552, -0.7974212169647217, -0.2175876945257187, 0.26413774490356445, -0.2931724488735199, -0.2838880717754364, 0.45724359154701233, 0.3030072748661041, -0.13744471967220306, 0.14214341342449188, 0.237019345164299, 0.11559702455997467, 0.30940279364585876, 0.8322014212608337, 0.7852827310562134, -0.11104824393987656, -0.26478272676467896, 0.03152089565992355, -0.43092796206474304, 0.0000807128963060677, -0.5575435757637024, -0.4361463487148285, -0.5589187145233154, 0.6520066857337952, 0.3234645128250122, -0.11692053824663162, -0.400956928730011, -0.44632649421691895, 0.17327247560024261, -0.564378559589386, -0.793485164642334, -0.3440541625022888, 0.18891692161560059, -1.055109977722168, -0.46647384762763977, -0.24757525324821472, 0.19015221297740936, 0.07550054043531418, -0.27353987097740173, -0.47561705112457275, -0.6516994833946228, -0.41557979583740234, 0.04854636266827583, 0.30951032042503357, 0.004375948570668697, -0.9275194406509399, -0.3985258638858795, -0.6581333875656128, -0.060452431440353394, 0.3984512388706207, 0.5576483607292175, 0.2657206654548645, -0.618069052696228, -0.1458585113286972, -0.5056858658790588, -0.6105179786682129, 0.01905151829123497, -0.34544479846954346, -0.134243905544281, -0.33331456780433655, -0.246532142162323, -0.05914156883955002, 0.5387445688247681, -5.578583240509033, 0.5157520174980164, -0.15443259477615356, -0.05751001834869385, -0.06380969285964966, 0.6959906816482544, 0.5339864492416382, 0.09298166632652283, -0.40354377031326294, 0.0033273035660386086, -0.047003891319036484, -0.4457607865333557, -0.25547075271606445, 0.42803528904914856, 0.3724375069141388, -0.16540510952472687, 0.18847793340682983, 0.006232379004359245, 0.06072789058089256, 0.727594792842865, 0.3732486069202423, -0.3485039174556732, -0.01114225760102272, 0.3226086497306824, -0.054744165390729904, 0.18204861879348755, -0.018501754850149155, 0.6332125067710876, -0.17597858607769012, 0.13491292297840118, -0.47915494441986084, -0.4020273685455322, -0.42113035917282104, -0.2876313626766205, -0.21741582453250885, 0.5072327256202698, 0.13370288908481598, -0.11569301784038544, 0.41445523500442505, -0.30445802211761475, -0.289375901222229, 0.9441924691200256, 0.4357103109359741, -0.47150930762290955, 0.6064581871032715, 0.09456820785999298, 0.19363895058631897, 0.3145262598991394, -0.5656213760375977, 0.4585460126399994, -0.3037709891796112, 0.2805723249912262, 0.31852883100509644, -0.18640868365764618, -0.22996583580970764, -0.0877561941742897, 0.4803081452846527, -0.5532197952270508, -0.5981811285018921, 0.44561636447906494, 0.5081338882446289, -0.4628547132015228, 0.5524479150772095, 0.016105717048048973, -0.6049306392669678, -0.010990957729518414, -0.7754054665565491, 0.11324756592512131, 0.19654323160648346, 0.17810216546058655, -0.2809509336948395, -0.04057996720075607, -0.10863591730594635, -0.40784165263175964, 0.06045928969979286, -0.319445937871933, 0.5756897330284119, 0.41823551058769226, 0.2504934072494507, 0.5445111989974976, -0.07169079780578613, -0.7479790449142456, -0.37101486325263977, 0.4273056983947754, 0.04401000589132309, -0.02046063542366028, -0.5933922529220581, -0.5315905809402466, -0.37369319796562195, -0.26278069615364075, 0.474526584148407, -0.21196700632572174, 0.8313611149787903, 0.09002166241407394, 0.09847453981637955, 0.47638261318206787, 0.5595154762268066, 0.2931187152862549, 0.4583161473274231, -0.13431595265865326, 0.3354346454143524, 0.01618214324116707, 0.2760651409626007, -0.4345066547393799, 0.3267320394515991, -0.32636573910713196, -0.7149821519851685, 0.7667245864868164, 0.46056580543518066, 0.11383308470249176, -0.5949146151542664, 0.18393324315547943, -0.442954421043396, -0.22566761076450348, 0.0380234532058239, 0.13991250097751617, -0.4812949001789093, 0.053157463669776917, 0.8612353205680847, -0.20176105201244354, 0.1014857068657875, 0.3010610342025757, -0.10148320347070694, -0.12923835217952728, -0.3640073537826538, -0.40033209323883057, -0.15124458074569702, 0.3232913017272949, 0.03818706423044205, -0.16715076565742493, -0.02251538261771202, 0.7179044485092163, -0.04071448743343353, 0.35538315773010254, 0.06057455763220787, -0.008632772602140903, 0.08239205926656723, -0.2030913382768631, -0.3465796113014221, -0.5024709105491638, 0.9111061692237854, 0.05666045844554901, -0.03831843286752701, -0.35844457149505615, 0.47868627309799194, 0.16346165537834167, 0.05115697160363197, -0.3154076933860779, -0.3241257965564728, 0.353771835565567, 0.09291626513004303, -0.4900669455528259, 0.661442756652832, 0.3918983042240143, 0.47773632407188416, 0.5325191020965576, -0.11864728480577469, 0.637640655040741, 0.09341707080602646, -0.12268286943435669, 0.19706840813159943, 0.07953813672065735, -0.9592564105987549, -0.8337029218673706, -0.32271817326545715, 0.015619650483131409, -0.5776354074478149, 0.041479721665382385, 0.0367240272462368, 0.019625091925263405, 0.260556697845459, 0.11063152551651001, -0.07256665080785751, -0.5926516056060791, 0.20870815217494965, -0.01828601211309433, 0.3535940945148468, 0.5093833208084106, -0.4183270335197449, -0.26849237084388733, 0.49318626523017883, -0.21497300267219543, -0.5773479342460632, 0.7165358066558838, 0.9844304323196411, -0.015921859070658684, -0.11495855450630188, 0.03418387472629547, -0.44373419880867004, -0.09702190011739731, 0.5744662880897522, -0.3131738007068634, -0.20627106726169586, -0.1608368158340454, -0.1380443423986435, -0.2637946903705597, 0.5002881288528442, 0.8562881350517273, -0.4110220968723297, -0.4641972780227661, -0.2896711528301239, 0.5690015554428101, 0.09769093990325928, 0.3398931324481964, 0.45070749521255493, -0.4415836036205292, -0.2164943665266037, -0.490364134311676, -0.4415145218372345, 0.485683411359787, -0.29278749227523804, -0.4543849527835846, -0.0874752625823021, -0.5083773732185364, -0.18368172645568848, 0.3454143702983856, 0.6451854705810547, -0.11380474269390106, 0.052225686609745026, -0.6538514494895935, 0.17307421565055847, -0.10248927772045135, 0.12540484964847565, 0.058805860579013824, 0.41439729928970337, 0.2681651711463928, -0.004192623309791088, -0.18372081220149994, 0.4647022783756256, 0.3625714182853699, -0.22184810042381287, -0.338314950466156, -0.2767147123813629, -0.06544096767902374, -0.34058910608291626, -0.6391024589538574, -0.5976349711418152, 0.6775213479995728, -0.8425559401512146, -0.5576924681663513, 0.5454601049423218, 0.38531190156936646, 0.3719906508922577, 0.026317493990063667, 0.20665235817432404, 0.08725196123123169, 0.04728499427437782, 0.07308463752269745, 0.09888339042663574, 0.4931267499923706, -0.23038503527641296, 0.6477068662643433, -0.6042801141738892, -0.065825454890728, 0.7327073812484741, 0.31432560086250305, 0.38129448890686035, -0.6329122185707092, 0.4938912093639374, 0.3163667321205139, -0.043646227568387985, -0.2318786382675171, -0.06584304571151733, 0.11081795394420624, -0.04345124587416649, 0.3761853277683258, 0.010408136993646622, -0.048730168491601944, 0.4530351161956787, -0.6203945279121399, 0.2451842576265335, -0.7075134515762329, 0.437664657831192, 0.9537796974182129, 0.1866464912891388, 0.37365415692329407, 0.4692872166633606, 0.4721846878528595, -0.41067367792129517, -0.23912854492664337, -0.4622005820274353, -0.14207828044891357, 0.01522213313728571, -0.36122530698776245, 0.1523849070072174, 0.1804853230714798, 0.1621701568365097, 0.182644322514534, -0.04948503151535988, 0.48469746112823486, -1.0003788471221924, 0.022950299084186554, -0.10779570788145065, 0.12611138820648193, -0.28726938366889954, 0.35122770071029663, 0.07798151671886444, 0.7901121377944946, -0.29247570037841797, -0.2351347655057907, -0.7870997786521912, 0.3459777534008026, 0.2850847542285919, -0.6070371866226196, 0.07595206797122955, 0.3068196177482605, 0.5670349597930908, 0.2640411853790283, -0.6384381651878357, -0.35911110043525696, 0.3875965476036072, 0.13490226864814758, -0.12468759715557098, 0.08171176165342331, -0.21199527382850647, -0.3389365077018738, 0.8619860410690308, -0.024215133860707283, 0.4831569194793701, 0.5040886998176575, -0.3927483558654785, 0.18465015292167664, 0.6149352788925171, -0.7500609159469604, -0.6879721879959106, 0.08544375002384186, -0.3597542345523834, 0.48308444023132324, -0.5556386113166809, 0.10374139249324799, 0.42131322622299194, 0.06053014099597931, -0.8246310949325562, 0.7676534056663513, -0.3488926291465759, -0.14468702673912048, 0.12189771980047226, -0.4627329707145691, 0.022997383028268814, 0.19981522858142853, 0.7861324548721313, 0.8802764415740967, 0.21960896253585815, 0.32806482911109924, -0.24847282469272614, 0.7596707940101624, -0.17937582731246948, 0.16263382136821747, 0.004276970401406288, -0.26638513803482056, 0.30714941024780273, 0.20299294590950012, 0.515522837638855, -0.31267204880714417, -0.08379577100276947, -0.07261691987514496, 0.1251526027917862, 0.1821586787700653, 0.38448816537857056, 0.3090532422065735, 0.13521452248096466, 0.49434953927993774, 0.1277073174715042, -0.6759557127952576, -0.2658214569091797, 0.232615128159523, 0.7728327512741089, -0.4704301059246063, 0.04904649779200554, 0.15053987503051758, -0.03411306068301201, 0.5851847529411316, -0.3345142602920532, 0.49946919083595276, -0.06264736503362656, -0.3082355558872223, 0.02366025559604168, 0.9390924572944641, -0.09017059952020645, -0.30718138813972473, 0.5212025046348572, 0.1428428590297699, -0.03345874324440956, -0.7088506817817688, -0.17080524563789368, -0.6160715818405151, 0.06541690230369568, 0.049524568021297455, -0.16523604094982147, 0.4146593511104584, 0.5097099542617798, -0.735831618309021, -0.12034062296152115, -0.09051596373319626, 0.19760368764400482, 0.41596290469169617, -0.4878486692905426, 0.9887062311172485, 0.7501417398452759, 0.010065121576189995, 0.04932262748479843, -0.6200914978981018, 0.49410387873649597, -0.0782017931342125, -0.7397782206535339, 0.33377185463905334, 0.06199682876467705, -0.006208780221641064, -0.31966057419776917, 0.08384323865175247, 0.20510534942150116, -0.11831514537334442, -0.14912225306034088, 0.042354367673397064, -0.32936906814575195, -0.4077164828777313, 0.23778276145458221, 0.07582028955221176, -0.03837166726589203, -0.4472310245037079, -0.4042992889881134, 0.20048993825912476, 0.25342607498168945, 0.19056853652000427, 0.1620893031358719, -0.23411253094673157, 0.7505558133125305, -0.47076573967933655, 0.1197907105088234, 0.087494395673275, 0.09467082470655441, 0.23693130910396576, -0.46536022424697876, 0.4930781126022339, 0.16454704105854034, -0.6800636649131775, 0.36687567830085754, 0.046036623418331146, -0.14291180670261383, -0.20547915995121002, -0.12297399342060089, 0.32096830010414124, -0.8084274530410767, 0.3509148061275482, 0.1405188888311386, 1.068787932395935, -0.06201540306210518, -0.5824151039123535, -0.7016311883926392, 0.492810994386673, 0.36534246802330017, -0.1741599589586258, -0.2562030553817749, -0.34816569089889526, -0.19723576307296753, 0.012273885309696198, 0.13021448254585266, -0.5654589533805847, -0.5409243106842041, 0.7280910015106201 ]
216334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbophyllum%20beccarii	Bulbophyllum beccarii	Bulbophyllum beccarii is by far the largest species in the genus Bulbophyllum and one of the largest in the orchid family. The thick rhizome, reportedly up to 20 cm in diameter (but the thickest reliably reported has been five cm.) snakes its way around tree trunks climbing up into the light. Along its length at intervals are the relatively small egg shaped pseudobulbs each with a huge thick, leathery leaf at their apex. They are up to 60 cm long and 20 cm wide, yellowish-green and point vertically. The huge bowl shaped leaves are designed to catch falling debris and turn it into fertilizers. The inflorescence is produced from the rhizome near one of the pseudobulbs and hangs downwards to about 20–22 cm and is composed of hundreds of small yellowish flowers netted with red that smell like rotting meat to attract various flies. It grows in the rainforests of Borneo. References External links Orchids of Borneo beccarii Plants described in 1879	[ -0.6138385534286499, 0.4868640601634979, -0.41335171461105347, -0.3722228705883026, -0.5711336135864258, 0.4965711534023285, 0.9956461787223816, 0.531970739364624, -0.4602726697921753, 0.39177370071411133, -0.18588076531887054, -0.2830483019351959, -0.5032849907875061, 0.40757253766059875, 0.22423240542411804, 0.7057839035987854, 0.561220645904541, 1.070908784866333, 0.24910926818847656, -0.05267609655857086, 0.24646811187267303, -0.4300314486026764, 0.44381067156791687, -0.8354213237762451, 0.3577723205089569, -0.22637951374053955, 0.4199223518371582, 0.5889580249786377, 0.42805325984954834, -0.10457214713096619, -0.49600836634635925, 0.686958372592926, 0.21719112992286682, -0.7069442272186279, 0.5247631669044495, 0.0707610622048378, 0.4243566393852234, -0.6029953360557556, 0.12483268231153488, -0.37410080432891846, 0.14167092740535736, 0.022740699350833893, 0.7667225003242493, 0.19173663854599, -0.5892060995101929, -0.6890462040901184, -1.2958786487579346, 0.1236390545964241, -0.672070324420929, 0.31887415051460266, 0.36866042017936707, 0.2600244879722595, 1.020474910736084, 0.1624535322189331, 0.6240043044090271, 1.288056492805481, -1.680073618888855, 0.3433915376663208, -0.20626620948314667, -0.6348779201507568, -0.6510339975357056, 0.22198748588562012, 0.4191329777240753, -0.32825931906700134, 1.17820405960083, 1.0094813108444214, -0.07154674828052521, 0.33968615531921387, -0.21735505759716034, -0.09019380807876587, -0.2764183580875397, -0.797852635383606, 0.4846594035625458, 0.3968106806278229, -0.16684526205062866, 0.2520105540752411, 0.005957279819995165, 0.13818208873271942, 0.3072173297405243, -0.12701532244682312, -0.33790403604507446, -0.010870596393942833, 1.1129497289657593, -0.19823457300662994, 0.0491013266146183, -0.09588107466697693, -0.9277325868606567, 0.2557445466518402, -0.3987159729003906, 0.3926207423210144, -0.6809777021408081, -0.11067155003547668, 0.6587768793106079, 0.8775722980499268, 0.3132115602493286, -0.3633417785167694, -0.8189086318016052, -0.12380672246217728, 0.03516361117362976, 0.4446357190608978, 0.10851161926984787, 0.6284708380699158, 0.7336033582687378, -0.07057349383831024, -0.5989816188812256, -0.14536862075328827, -0.638464093208313, 0.07354835420846939, -0.3967289924621582, -0.0779326781630516, -0.49591007828712463, 0.5678754448890686, -0.18748384714126587, -0.0792340412735939, -0.42501530051231384, 1.5295389890670776, 0.4395878314971924, -1.1597853899002075, -0.37534263730049133, -0.37953269481658936, 0.9441714286804199, 0.41664865612983704, -0.3583415448665619, -0.3739975392818451, -0.5510730147361755, 0.5575675964355469, 0.34577465057373047, 0.5563692450523376, 0.2964625358581543, 1.0616899728775024, 0.1534581184387207, 0.8176738023757935, -0.19131319224834442, -0.7583831548690796, 0.14527444541454315, -1.304067611694336, 0.43853485584259033, 0.541644275188446, 0.7356968522071838, 0.7213947772979736, -0.7167251706123352, 0.1870860755443573, -0.8287128806114197, -0.32392799854278564, 0.3460822105407715, 0.4131333529949188, -0.010355365462601185, -0.10976867377758026, 0.03903411328792572, -0.6168771386146545, 0.2112467885017395, 0.2983394265174866, -0.35335269570350647, -0.38808199763298035, -0.4938108026981354, 0.24490410089492798, 0.7683750987052917, -0.8758203983306885, 0.5229284167289734, 0.17065492272377014, 0.24745884537696838, -0.3819609582424164, 0.009584128856658936, 0.07367857545614243, -0.19890309870243073, 0.15876930952072144, 0.7503059506416321, 0.6409115195274353, 0.4251006841659546, 0.8351694941520691, -0.22121676802635193, -0.0595354363322258, 0.41543498635292053, -0.5860326886177063, 0.08799593150615692, -0.3920675814151764, 0.8565566539764404, 0.1754816770553589, 0.5393351912498474, -0.7007054686546326, -0.8114283680915833, 0.7794514894485474, 0.8721281886100769, -0.22690899670124054, 0.3230399489402771, 0.26761528849601746, 0.7408714294433594, 1.1405761241912842, 0.2218317985534668, -0.2152937650680542, -0.3231235444545746, -0.4769977629184723, -0.10537847876548767, -0.185902401804924, 0.3485307991504669, 0.47924596071243286, -0.688485324382782, 0.10649066418409348, 0.3185979425907135, 0.4243610203266144, -0.8189064264297485, -0.19868923723697662, -0.16674405336380005, 0.12074507772922516, -1.6001094579696655, 0.1674344837665558, 0.34187638759613037, 0.2958136200904846, 0.5349298715591431, 0.6895943880081177, 0.13597384095191956, -1.4129056930541992, 0.5400996804237366, -0.7374626994132996, -0.010205072350800037, -0.0208785068243742, -0.26979392766952515, 0.1544962078332901, -0.10017724335193634, -0.3891761004924774, 0.8141015768051147, 0.4138685464859009, -0.22391533851623535, 0.7908018231391907, -0.3465912640094757, 0.9922792911529541, 0.21567590534687042, -0.6326372623443604, 0.3324929475784302, -0.24320952594280243, 0.42383497953414917, 0.03882371634244919, 0.09239489585161209, -0.7707751393318176, -0.9065045714378357, 0.12514418363571167, -0.1449548304080963, -1.2042397260665894, 0.5706801414489746, 0.1263893097639084, 0.08252750337123871, 0.45579245686531067, -1.1528050899505615, 0.2428923398256302, 0.34152066707611084, -0.23270283639431, -0.4919544756412506, -0.23254376649856567, -0.23092952370643616, -0.4837910532951355, 0.763878583908081, 0.8609813451766968, -0.13907670974731445, -0.2617785930633545, 0.2684430778026581, 0.23811611533164978, -0.3599098026752472, 0.3652610182762146, 0.29295992851257324, 0.10543926060199738, -0.5196549296379089, 0.21884199976921082, 0.6202560663223267, 0.6223941445350647, -0.6625989675521851, 0.046834081411361694, -0.17115174233913422, 0.07338076829910278, 0.20898164808750153, -0.053149860352277756, 0.3900400400161743, -0.48568791151046753, -1.367133617401123, -0.12165564298629761, 0.15078119933605194, 0.04062146693468094, -1.8783799409866333, -0.1634105145931244, -1.288770079612732, -0.03800833225250244, 0.4707166254520416, 1.3349031209945679, 0.08994539827108383, -0.35832709074020386, -0.43696627020835876, -0.4484490156173706, 0.7999799847602844, -0.6228290796279907, 0.15022529661655426, -0.9061276316642761, -0.6018569469451904, -0.20249499380588531, -0.35030654072761536, 0.6493734121322632, -0.9398553371429443, 0.3758496046066284, 0.15979672968387604, 0.4336012899875641, 0.28061699867248535, -0.45705288648605347, -0.1481030434370041, -0.23816777765750885, -0.37711435556411743, -0.49366506934165955, -0.49606651067733765, 0.6549548506736755, 0.3812553882598877, -0.44382232427597046, -3.5717427730560303, 0.29651862382888794, 0.009976372122764587, 1.0755462646484375, -0.07658885419368744, 0.08240605890750885, 0.3741154670715332, -0.6020941734313965, -0.3808172643184662, -0.535886824131012, -0.06796157360076904, -0.35127267241477966, -0.3477165102958679, 1.001381754875183, 0.4101760983467102, 0.5059021711349487, 0.5532618165016174, -0.26899483799934387, 0.4052833914756775, -0.21860721707344055, -0.36468765139579773, -0.04004139453172684, 0.4872468411922455, 0.7537200450897217, 0.6047325730323792, 0.7819061279296875, 0.5072141289710999, -0.5647098422050476, -1.0346683263778687, 0.03222378343343735, -0.4670449197292328, -0.37284335494041443, -0.34836217761039734, -0.7019382119178772, -0.19810110330581665, 0.055456776171922684, 0.46269357204437256, -0.7685919404029846, 0.3915659487247467, -1.273712158203125, -0.6258039474487305, 0.3406800329685211, 0.007726535201072693, 0.6685001850128174, 0.44712015986442566, -0.6829595565795898, -0.9293189644813538, -0.4423370957374573, 0.13347294926643372, 0.9443303942680359, 0.5596067309379578, 0.02427222579717636, 0.5028016567230225, 0.006968138739466667, -0.27961620688438416, 0.13900160789489746, 0.5525568723678589, 0.05829188600182533, -0.39958611130714417, 0.4470217823982239, 0.6349436640739441, 0.2476155310869217, -0.02238476648926735, -0.023253269493579865, 0.08383796364068985, -0.21110624074935913, -0.19217009842395782, 0.26981666684150696, 0.38104569911956787, -0.007202783599495888, -0.14518308639526367, 0.6295292377471924, -0.11499548703432083, -0.9834008812904358, 0.10504905879497528, -0.5330646634101868, -0.740921676158905, -0.06372790783643723, -0.12177707254886627, 0.7534988522529602, -0.37648361921310425, -0.37085381150245667, -0.16742317378520966, 0.903303861618042, 0.05584059655666351, -0.8652324676513672, -0.39147841930389404, 0.7134450078010559, -0.5063973069190979, -0.28038668632507324, 0.12771329283714294, 0.022388506680727005, 0.4172412157058716, 0.29218167066574097, -0.003875034861266613, 0.646048903465271, 0.9996929168701172, 0.05980997160077095, 0.07438419759273529, -0.29196274280548096, 0.45465949177742004, -0.6882293820381165, -0.10770120471715927, 0.09600962698459625, 0.22974535822868347, -0.5868715047836304, -0.6178082823753357, 1.081163763999939, -0.13651947677135468, -0.05964316427707672, 0.8049849271774292, -0.43107742071151733, -0.5235034227371216, -0.6009370684623718, 1.288994550704956, 0.1988547295331955, -0.08459721505641937, 0.5245475172996521, 1.110459804534912, 0.40167826414108276, 0.06670854985713959, 0.35813507437705994, 0.004328707233071327, -0.5081878304481506, -0.39998528361320496, -0.126999169588089, -0.01697542704641819, 0.10442202538251877, -0.5346330404281616, -0.78615802526474, -0.6529019474983215, 0.3928733170032501, -0.993858814239502, -0.27072861790657043, -0.2296164631843567, -0.77781081199646, -1.0208253860473633, 0.08232950419187546, 0.2682754397392273, 0.03176243230700493, 0.39585280418395996, 0.23733878135681152, -0.32146212458610535, 0.30473312735557556, 0.2679450511932373, 0.6846041083335876, 0.22063827514648438, -0.6329598426818848, -0.49637529253959656, 1.137082815170288, 0.59004145860672, -1.295363426208496, 0.3510948419570923, -1.418718934059143, 0.48658332228660583, 0.2791278660297394, 0.072307288646698, 0.23919780552387238, -0.08431070297956467, -0.7115431427955627, 0.30118393898010254, 0.4185275435447693, -0.6114115118980408, -0.21978546679019928, -0.281739205121994, -0.6449814438819885, -0.26984646916389465, -0.9609277248382568, -0.4687250256538391, 0.9841192364692688, -0.1320987194776535, -0.031889159232378006, -0.7638601064682007, -0.5501951575279236, 0.1741189807653427, -0.24829909205436707, -0.4223463535308838, 0.15387801826000214, 0.3336968421936035, -0.8383395671844482, -0.36374959349632263, -0.08352518826723099, 0.14296992123126984, 0.2057753950357437, 0.40403613448143005, -0.7691338658332825, -0.16913609206676483, -1.2100886106491089, -0.6770074963569641, -0.201726496219635, -0.2555609345436096, 0.6377835869789124, 0.8981157541275024, -0.2768910229206085, -0.7757449746131897, -0.9427576661109924, -0.10008563846349716, 0.8737615942955017, -0.35939091444015503, -1.7658272981643677, 0.08329549431800842, 0.38044872879981995, -0.9260370135307312, 0.9593285918235779, 0.226514533162117, -0.9183529019355774, 1.0694772005081177, 0.5803876519203186, -0.7753258943557739, 0.7087042331695557, -0.019063863903284073, -0.872546374797821, -0.4582039415836334, 0.18240202963352203, -0.6630679368972778, -0.35589584708213806, -0.22297292947769165, -0.3294609785079956, -0.6965578198432922, 0.2092421054840088, 0.2664932310581207, -0.4906138479709625, 0.1698615998029709, -0.9744666218757629, -0.6016603708267212, 0.1598030924797058, 0.20554998517036438, 0.3168438673019409, 0.3660458028316498, -1.170868992805481, -0.06566422432661057, -0.5442432761192322, 0.4434952139854431, 0.23843298852443695, -0.5288292169570923, 0.7391005158424377, -0.19579938054084778, 0.30750572681427, 0.4949388802051544, 0.8257930874824524, 0.02845635451376438, 0.8429020047187805, 0.20166227221488953, -0.016529373824596405, 0.22241465747356415, 0.5882387161254883, 0.5002878308296204, -0.29159829020500183, -0.8422258496284485, -0.16957421600818634, 0.1984146535396576, -0.4610566794872284, -0.3717528283596039, -0.427480012178421, 1.0262949466705322, -0.9064839482307434, 0.13065220415592194, 0.040898170322179794, -0.4839422404766083, 0.260366290807724, 0.16470637917518616, 0.1945115178823471, -0.050393834710121155, 0.31343474984169006, 0.43359139561653137, -0.6181742548942566, -0.611558735370636, -0.0274665504693985, 1.2245903015136719, -0.673251748085022, -0.1592228263616562, 0.18036384880542755, 0.020956501364707947, -0.27333974838256836, -0.4806551933288574, 0.8052612543106079, 0.23194685578346252, -1.1270229816436768, -0.2985593378543854, -0.32382458448410034, -0.4699351489543915, 0.24920469522476196, 0.7860828042030334, -0.09848570823669434, -0.1054040864109993, -0.7180856466293335, -1.171449899673462, 0.046237144619226456, -0.31221485137939453, 0.07496996223926544, -0.8595771789550781, -0.12949098646640778, -0.10984030365943909, 0.012864474207162857, 0.6054725646972656, 0.9846212267875671, 0.3903444707393646, -0.2541620135307312, -0.3809940218925476, 0.3787095844745636, -0.7037811875343323, 1.430365800857544, 0.10466939210891724, -0.49180230498313904, 0.2634700536727905, 0.3922150731086731, 0.6160315871238708, -0.3737573027610779, -0.22224409878253937, -0.20093052089214325, -0.21249383687973022, 0.2926687002182007, -0.029389681294560432, 0.4742615818977356, -0.7675008773803711, 0.08294752985239029, -0.009134634397923946, -0.7060354351997375, 0.07411151379346848, 1.4468973875045776, 0.13419538736343384, -0.5131506323814392, 0.7220966219902039, 0.2876066267490387, -0.7351407408714294, 0.9326930642127991, -0.4279138147830963, -0.5446512699127197, 1.2883583307266235, -0.018407166004180908, 0.5759003758430481, 0.5240864157676697, -0.9536125063896179, 0.45175448060035706, 0.11514739692211151, -0.6357184052467346, 0.16555790603160858, -0.7232698798179626, -0.6081308126449585, 0.4932737946510315, 0.4977273941040039, 0.813292920589447, -0.09145202487707138, -0.9229893684387207, 0.4785231351852417, 0.024107517674565315, -0.2724253237247467, 0.05841406062245369, 0.3692919611930847, 0.2808014452457428, 0.7048990726470947, 0.33668485283851624, -0.06788145750761032, -0.3086313307285309, -0.09509480744600296, -0.24345996975898743, -0.07614186406135559, -0.40341392159461975, -0.4666409194469452, 0.2569195330142975, -0.17359913885593414, -0.8017705678939819, -0.6218703985214233, 0.45116931200027466, -0.9832556247711182, 0.43249818682670593, -0.08487788587808609, -0.2287665456533432, -0.2716592848300934, 0.6290466785430908, 0.8741095066070557, 0.04179811850190163, 0.4444200098514557, 0.8220071196556091, 0.71905916929245, 0.3049232065677643, -0.18061615526676178, -0.22735758125782013, 0.29349416494369507, 0.24012801051139832, -0.6062732338905334, 0.8864907026290894, -0.4783506989479065, -0.10465312749147415, -0.2763284146785736, 0.18140877783298492, -0.042445868253707886, -0.29173338413238525, 0.37742194533348083, 0.21964742243289948, 0.48645898699760437, 0.17743274569511414, -0.19825708866119385, 0.29018914699554443, -0.60598224401474, -0.32876619696617126, -1.22043776512146, 0.8199175596237183, 0.0037160792853683233, -1.0194917917251587, 0.3598064184188843, 0.3042832016944885, 0.2213415503501892, 0.5311281085014343, -0.08780133724212646, 0.5875231623649597, -0.5935449004173279, 0.24556337296962738, -1.2649658918380737, 0.45502790808677673, -0.3736286163330078, 0.5634535551071167, 0.08542631566524506, 0.440054714679718, -0.36669450998306274, 0.33067646622657776, 0.03306610509753227, 0.1556360274553299, -0.4169786870479584, -0.5760976076126099, 0.30104660987854004, -0.723615825176239, 0.1351001262664795, 0.8769518136978149, -0.327382355928421, -0.8267064690589905, 0.10142047703266144, 0.041856762021780014, -0.6464962959289551, -0.055734872817993164, -0.0008745406521484256, 0.9913657307624817, 0.03620646893978119, -0.28081434965133667, -0.9186905026435852, -0.3090727925300598, 0.48805904388427734, 0.9794914126396179, -0.39070963859558105, -0.7750986814498901, -0.09926507622003555, -0.06503201276063919, 0.5310587882995605, 0.09764642268419266, -0.3969188928604126, -0.31181010603904724, -0.4747091233730316, -0.8473510146141052, -0.15075357258319855, 0.49450230598449707, 0.4607890844345093, -0.2039065808057785, 0.21891815960407257, -0.33527347445487976, -0.3277163505554199, 0.07368097454309464, 0.46292343735694885, -0.010148290544748306, 0.5444375872612, 0.2819264531135559 ]
216340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20robbery	Bank robbery	Bank robbery is a type of robbery of stealing from a bank, specifically while bank employees and customers are subjected to force, violence, or a threat of violence. This refers to robbery of a bank branch or teller, as opposed to other bank-owned property, such as a train, armored car, or (historically) stagecoach. It is a federal crime in the United States. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program, robbery is "the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence or by putting the victim in fear." By contrast, burglary is "unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft." Overview Places Bank robbery occurs in cities and towns. This concentration is often attributed to there being more branches in urban areas, but the number of bank robberies is higher than the number of branches. This has advantages both for bank robbers and for law enforcement. In urban areas the transportation infrastructure is more highly developed, especially where banks tend to cluster near retail shopping areas and commercial districts. Such banks are highly profitable targets for robbers, who are then afforded a number of potential escape routes. Law enforcement benefit by being able to respond more quickly, and the odds of catching a bank robber on or near the scene is higher than other types of crime. This is because most bank robberies are reported very quickly while the crime is in progress; most bank robberies occur during daylight hours, have multiple witnesses and with modern technology often produce photographic images that can be distributed and used immediately to canvass the local area. Consequently, many bank robbers are caught the same day. The clearance rate for bank robbery is among the highest of all crimes, at nearly 60%. The urban location of the crime also contributes to its repeat victimization profile, a measure of how quickly a crime victim will suffer a repeat of the original crime. One study carried out by the Home Office found that in England, one third of banks at which a robbery has occurred will be robbed again within three months, while the same study found that in Tallahassee, Florida, one quarter of robbed banks will suffer repeat robbery within a week, and over half of robbed banks will be robbed again within a month. Characteristics The Australian Institute of Criminology analyzed trends in bank robbery over a four-year period. Of the 808 bank robbery incidents between January 1998 and May 2002 in which the number of offenders involved in the hold-up was recorded, 55% were committed by lone offenders, 25% by pairs, and 20% by three or more robbers. Unarmed offenders accounted for 28% of robberies, caused the fewest injuries to victims (one percent of all victims' injuries), were the type of robber who most often used a note to threaten bank staff (46% of all their robberies), and failed most often in their robbery attempts (33% failure). Unarmed gangs inflicted the most injuries to victims (51%) and failed the least in their robbery attempts (6% failure). Armed robbers used a disguise more often compared to unarmed robbers, with armed pairs employing disguises most often (59%). According to the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics injuries occur in about two percent and a death occurs in less than one percent of all U.S. bank robberies. Violent takeover bank robberies that are often portrayed in the media are rare. The majority of bank robberies taking place today are so-called "note jobs." These are usually accomplished by simply passing a written note to the teller demanding money. The idea is to attract as little attention as possible. In most cases, other customers present in the bank during a robbery are unaware of what is occurring. Standard bank policy is to avoid violence as much as possible, so they will normally hand over the money and try to obey the robber's demands. The robber usually makes away with cash, but in small amounts. According to British Bankers' Association data, in 2007 there were 106 attempted or successful robberies in Britain in which an average of 1.6 persons were involved. One third of attempts came up empty while the average haul for a successful attempt was equivalent to US$46,600. Yet 20% of the successes would later prove less than successful by virtue of the robbers being arrested. Federal Statute Under federal law, bank robbery in the United States is defined, and made illegal, primarily by the bank robbery statute in 18 U.S.C. § 2113 states. History Early examples According to The New York Times and the Saturday Evening Post, the first bank robbery in the United States occurred in March 1831 (the 19th according to the Times, the 20th according to the Post). Two men, James Honeyman and William J. Murray, entered the City Bank of New York using forged keys. This allowed them to empty the vault of more than $245,000 in bank money. According to the Times, it cannot be confirmed if this was a robbery or a burglary. The Post later corrected this claim upon learning of a previous 1798 robbery of $162,821 from the Bank of Pennsylvania at Carpenters' Hall. The Carpenters' Hall theft also may not have technically been a robbery as there were no signs of force and the thief may have had a key. On September 14, 1828, five men tunneled through a sewage drain in George Street, Sydney and stole approximately £14,000 in promissory notes and coins from the vault of the Bank of Australia. It has been described as the first bank robbery in Australia and also the largest in Australian history. On December 15, 1863, a man walked into a bank in Malden, Massachusetts, shot the 17-year-old bookkeeper, and stole $3,000 in large bills and $2,000 in small bills. The directors of the bank offered a $6,000 reward for the arrest of the murderer. This has been described as the first armed bank robbery in US history. The heist known as the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery in June 1907 in the Russian Empire resulted in 40 deaths, 50 injuries, and the "expropriation" of 341,000 rubles (approximately 3.96 million 2018 US dollars) by Bolsheviks organised by (among others) Vladimir Lenin and Josef Stalin. The first bank robbery in Denmark occurred August 18, 1913 in the bank Sparekassen for København og Omegn at Østerbro in Copenhagen. Two men, Danish salesman Lindorff Larsen and a German machinist Güttig, armed with revolvers, got away with 9000 Danish kroner. Güttig was arrested August 30 and Lindorff Larsen committed suicide after having fled the police. Bank robbery on the American frontier Bank robbery is commonly associated with the American Old West due to a few infamous examples and portrayal in fiction. The Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) in their research, found the scene of the Western bank-robbery to be generally a myth, identifying less than 10 definite bank robberies between 1859 and 1900 across 15 frontier states. Grunge.com pointed out that FEE's research was conducted before many states and the Library of Congress began publishing historical newspapers online, and while bank robberies in the old west were still uncommon, there were many more than previously assessed. On February 13, 1866, several men believed to be members of the James-Younger Gang robbed the Clay County Savings Association in Liberty, Missouri, shooting to death an innocent street bystander, 17-year-old student, George Clifford "Jolly" Wymore, and escaping with $60,000. This was the first successful daylight bank robbery during peacetime in the US. Previous robberies such as from the banks in St. Albans, Vermont more than a year earlier were perpetrated by Confederate soldiers, which some historians consider to be not robberies proper but acts of war. First known use of a getaway car The August 29, 1909 edition of The Rich Hill Tribune contained a front-page news story entitled "Bank Robbers in Motor Car" and according to which two robbers used a gun to rob the Valley bank of Santa Clara of $7,000. They then used a hired automobile to escape and were chased by police and a posse of citizens also in automobiles, eventually leading to their capture. On December 21, 1911, two armed men of the Bonnot Gang intercepted a bank messenger outside a branch of Société Générale in Paris. They stole a satchel of money he was about to deliver to the bank containing roughly five thousand pounds and escaped in a stolen vehicle. This is described as the first successful use of a getaway car in a bank robbery. Great Depression era and "Public Enemy" During the 1920s and 1930s, a significant increase in bank robberies in the United States occurred. This led to the formation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the designation "Public Enemy" for significant wanted criminals. This era saw the rise of famous gangs such as the Dillinger Gang, the Barrow Gang (1932–1934), and the Barker–Karpis gang. Other famous public enemies included Pretty Boy Floyd (Public Enemy No, 1 in 1934) and Machine Gun Kelly. First known use of camera footage to apprehend a bank robber In 1957, security cameras installed at St. Clair Savings and Loan in Cleveland recorded the first film footage used to apprehend and identify bank robbers. The robbery occurred on April 12, when a 24-year-old male pointed a gun at a teller while his accomplice, an 18-year-old female, stuffed over $2,000 into a bag. A third accomplice drove the getaway car. The three were captured shortly after video footage of the robbery aired on national news. Stockholm syndrome In 1973, four hostages were taken during the Norrmalmstorg robbery in Stockholm, Sweden. After their release, the hostages defended their captors and refused to testify against them. This led to an academic interest in a phenomenon soon after referred to as Stockholm syndrome, wherein hostages, during captivity, paradoxically form a sympathetic bond with their captors as a survival strategy. Stockholm syndrome is a "contested illness" due to doubt about the legitimacy of the condition. Historical bank robbers Jesse James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was one of the most notorious bank robbers in American history. Ned Kelly (December 1854 – 11 November 1880), Australian bushranger and folk hero, pulled off a series of bank robberies in Victoria and New South Wales. Herman Lamm (April 19, 1890 – December 16, 1930), The first "modern" bank robber, who developed techniques of surveillance and planning, such as casing and getaway maps, used by many latter stick-up men such as John Dillinger. Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, better known as "Bonny and Clyde" (active February 1932 – May 1934), were an American couple who went on a crime spree during the Great Depression with their associates, the Barrow Gang. They captured the public imagination with their image as a wild young couple. Along with their gang, they were credited with only ten bank robberies, often making away with as little as $80. They were eventually ambushed and killed on the roadside outside Bienville Parish, Louisiana by a posse of Texas and Louisiana lawmen. John Dillinger (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) robbed banks in the Midwestern United States. Some considered him a dangerous criminal, while others idolized him as a present-day Robin Hood. He gained this latter reputation (and the nickname "Jackrabbit") for his graceful movements during bank heists, such as leaping over the counter (a movement he supposedly copied from the movies) and many narrow getaways from police. On July 22, 1934, FBI agents cornered Dillinger in an alley outside a movie theater in Chicago, Illinois, where he was shot and killed by multiple agents. George "Baby Face" Nelson (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934) was a bank robber and former associate of John Dillinger. He is notable for having killed more FBI agents in the line of duty than any other person. He was killed in a shootout known as The Battle of Barrington, outside Chicago. Edwin Alonzo Boyd (April 2, 1914 – May 17, 2002) was a Canadian bank robber and leader of the Boyd Gang, which pulled off a string of heists, including the largest in Toronto history. Clarence Anglin, and brother John Anglin, the infamous Alcatraz escapees, robbed a bank in Alabama. In the early 20th century, Willie Sutton (June 30, 1901 – November 2, 1980) was asked why he robbed banks, and he was famously reported as answering: "Because that's where the money is." This is, in fact, a quote invented by the interviewer to make the story more interesting. However, when asked, Sutton did write this statement and autograph it for his physician, so in a sense it is accurate. Prevention In the 1920s, American banks added the security of alarm systems and concrete-reinforced, blast-proof vaults. Modern banks have implemented modern security measures, like motion-sensing and high resolution color security cameras, time-locked heavy vault doors, silent alarms, exploding dye packs, bait money, and GPS tracking devices. Some banks supplement this protection with armed or unarmed security guards. Today's biometric technology makes non-violent methods of gaining access, even by the most experienced safe hackers and code crackers, nearly impossible. Modern vaults and safes are also reinforced to the point that the amount of explosives needed to blow them open would likely create unwanted attention and run the risk of harming the building to the point of collapse. By their very nature, even the most impregnable vault or safe eventually needs to be able to be opened and closed by someone. To circumvent vault and safe security features, robbers often kidnap the bank manager, but that is not always a successful idea as banks have often removed the manager's ability to open the vault. The police have new measures at their disposal to catch bank robbers, such as well-armed SWAT teams. Forensic identification techniques have also improved greatly; should a bank robber fire a gun, the police can trace the bullet to the exact firearm using ballistic fingerprinting. Martin Kemp, in a BBC documentary, once inquired on the effectiveness of an Uzi in a bank robbery, to which the firearms training instructor joked "that would be sixty-four pieces of evidence to convict you." The sawed-off shotgun, a common robbery weapon in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand where handguns are difficult to obtain, is easily concealable but not particularly effective. While it is not certain that the first time someone robs a bank they will be caught, if they continue to rob banks, they will most likely be caught. Few criminals are able to make a successful living out of bank robbery over the long run. Bank robberies are still fairly common and are indeed successful, although eventually many bank robbers are found and arrested. A report by the Federal Bureau of Investigation states that, among Category I serious crimes, the arrest rate for bank robbery in 2001 was second only to that of murder. Today most organized crime groups tend to make their money by other means, such as extortion, drug trafficking, gambling, prostitution, loan sharking, identity theft, or online scamming and phishing. A further factor making bank robbery unattractive for criminals in the United States is the severity with which it is prosecuted. United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for bank robbery gives long prison terms, which are usually further enhanced by the use or carrying of loaded firearms, prior criminal convictions, and the absence of parole from the federal prison system. As with any type of robbery, the fact that bank robbery is also inherently a violent crime typically causes corrections administrators to place imprisoned bank robbers in harsher high-security institutions. In film Bank robberies are often a main plot in many heist films. Some of these films are based on the lives of historic bank robbers, such as Bonnie and Clyde (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), The Newton Boys (1998) and Public Enemies (2009) (based on the life of John Dillinger). Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Set It Off (1996), and The Bank Job (2008) are based on actual bank robberies. Other notable but fictional examples include Point Break (1991), Heat (1995), and The Town (2010). In The Town, bank robbery is described as an element of life for residents of Charlestown, a neighborhood in Boston. However, this is exaggerated and is disputed by residents of Charlestown, who describe it as outdated. See also Armored car (valuables) Convenience store crime References External links FBI Bank Crime Statistics 2010 FBI Releases New Bank Robbers Mobile App Bank robbery Organized crime activity Western (genre) staples and terminology	[ 0.3641933500766754, 0.0629783347249031, -0.8675225973129272, -0.13790884613990784, 0.566133439540863, 0.2790663242340088, 0.3966771066188812, 0.49426281452178955, -0.4939076006412506, -0.03884858638048172, -0.1582113653421402, 0.4376493990421295, -0.3803562819957733, 0.21094417572021484, -0.6749387383460999, 0.298354834318161, 0.30866536498069763, 0.48957428336143494, 0.52485191822052, 0.00426911236718297, -0.5590415000915527, -0.30720055103302, 0.3904047906398773, -0.17757271230220795, 0.05095720291137695, -0.17088045179843903, 0.06324933469295502, 0.05523379519581795, -0.5530290007591248, -0.17889705300331116, 0.36777493357658386, 0.4262767434120178, 0.8451410531997681, 0.1873331367969513, -0.09727204591035843, -0.048531875014305115, -0.35182830691337585, -0.4832475185394287, -0.041136469691991806, -0.4680473506450653, 0.142303928732872, 0.09399134665727615, -0.07753269374370575, 0.40734127163887024, -0.09457848966121674, -0.4295381009578705, -1.404797077178955, 0.2776198387145996, -0.7474938631057739, -0.22227327525615692, -0.23977626860141754, 0.4785439670085907, -0.17588727176189423, -0.09077009558677673, 0.48114606738090515, 0.7652971744537354, -1.0597954988479614, -0.37579357624053955, 0.4203900098800659, -0.5475469827651978, 0.6664988994598389, -0.2391853630542755, 0.2851015627384186, -0.1586262434720993, 0.23274308443069458, -0.17868347465991974, 0.2268068939447403, 0.6742679476737976, -0.31845229864120483, -0.826917827129364, -0.2011961191892624, -0.12759846448898315, -0.30975398421287537, -0.3013807535171509, -0.38243013620376587, -0.0999392420053482, 0.43635857105255127, -0.46563029289245605, -0.551089882850647, 0.03846239671111107, -0.028278829529881477, 0.30912137031555176, 0.046000886708498, 0.08305862545967102, 0.3550433814525604, -0.058077987283468246, -0.717800498008728, 0.4601421058177948, 0.20037394762039185, 0.49670979380607605, 0.1957094818353653, 0.6491396427154541, 0.07420814782381058, 0.09735845774412155, -0.2926591634750366, 0.20747219026088715, -0.07779538631439209, 0.3575933873653412, 0.6273769736289978, 0.05185876414179802, -0.03507672995328903, -0.6574108004570007, 0.3431546986103058, 0.3540082573890686, 0.4017617702484131, 0.296255886554718, 0.6128915548324585, -0.19106034934520721, 0.038873765617609024, -0.8021379113197327, 0.09346238523721695, 0.04839294031262398, -0.30281367897987366, 0.004171360749751329, -0.07702275365591049, -0.023780306801199913, 0.3695317506790161, -0.1255638599395752, -0.7106361985206604, -0.696686863899231, -0.19880567491054535, 0.0577230304479599, -0.13509462773799896, 0.10393860191106796, 0.012717511504888535, 0.0078054554760456085, 0.2059219926595688, 1.1830153465270996, -0.5120350122451782, -0.15116538107395172, 0.2193063646554947, 0.8627421855926514, -0.23443789780139923, 0.255808562040329, -0.3689771592617035, -0.17939242720603943, 0.2138366997241974, -0.1892264038324356, 0.5447210073471069, 0.04917024448513985, -0.6782670021057129, -0.4010031223297119, 0.060064103454351425, 0.2248956561088562, -0.10593859106302261, -0.48181384801864624, 0.6282349228858948, -0.0006397059769369662, -0.2808523178100586, 0.032157450914382935, 0.3245943486690521, -0.010089806281030178, -0.7186955213546753, 0.1930042803287506, 0.028365187346935272, 0.07415106892585754, 0.29929688572883606, -0.3687494099140167, -0.49646493792533875, 0.28352445363998413, -0.13991987705230713, 0.1500835120677948, -0.8240588307380676, -0.16101177036762238, -0.20363718271255493, -0.3008471429347992, 0.3138141334056854, 0.16914376616477966, 0.005639280658215284, 0.3333761990070343, -0.4734039604663849, 0.6194865107536316, 0.12098335474729538, -0.060517147183418274, 0.1805044412612915, 0.39617523550987244, -0.2768211364746094, -0.03794488310813904, 0.8761749267578125, 0.4675876796245575, -0.6294033527374268, 0.9083839058876038, 0.48270705342292786, -0.1339550018310547, -0.005097576417028904, 0.36452990770339966, 0.13881276547908783, -0.19199076294898987, -0.8411552906036377, -0.5048351287841797, -0.2145962417125702, -0.30953681468963623, 0.017853714525699615, -0.2978900372982025, 0.6912669539451599, -0.26530587673187256, -0.2178378850221634, 0.5975693464279175, -0.3015921413898468, -0.09953073412179947, -0.3373420834541321, 0.26298245787620544, 0.37261494994163513, -0.6252126097679138, -0.9508271217346191, 0.46907109022140503, 0.34272053837776184, -0.010272244922816753, 0.13741327822208405, 0.3081778585910797, 0.9071155190467834, -0.421863317489624, 0.16351956129074097, -0.6218613386154175, 0.3449951112270355, 0.8792276382446289, -0.5296215415000916, 0.40973320603370667, 0.07311564683914185, -0.2431923896074295, 0.37141236662864685, -0.45408201217651367, -0.00689993891865015, 0.7151632905006409, -0.03558579459786415, 0.4162620007991791, -0.22115206718444824, 0.1948719620704651, 0.531364917755127, -0.864719033241272, 0.3795158565044403, 0.03776117041707039, 0.36012670397758484, -0.5821848511695862, -0.42637646198272705, 0.4167473018169403, -0.07350096851587296, 0.08988451957702637, -0.274080365896225, -0.1873352825641632, 0.0888378769159317, 0.10612231492996216, -0.2663264870643616, 0.4979361891746521, 0.06210263445973396, -0.29842013120651245, -0.2670501172542572, 0.3325425386428833, -0.08992733061313629, -0.2163005918264389, -0.29266357421875, 0.3138520419597626, 0.3212507665157318, -0.6088129281997681, 0.4524848759174347, -0.27734988927841187, -0.1573527306318283, -0.2027873694896698, 0.38331782817840576, -0.1419803649187088, -0.28454703092575073, 0.277925044298172, -0.030542857944965363, 0.22063228487968445, -0.3986302316188812, -0.10833422839641571, -0.43355488777160645, 0.39771273732185364, -0.05488927662372589, 0.0708627849817276, 0.7514660954475403, 0.4021078944206238, -0.6139416694641113, 0.12716150283813477, 0.30963024497032166, -0.3874521553516388, 0.2411244958639145, 0.6848962306976318, -0.3949638307094574, -0.3376173973083496, -0.2959836721420288, 0.2896668612957001, 0.4839743971824646, -0.8830058574676514, -0.009281575679779053, -1.006901502609253, 0.13144856691360474, 0.08609673380851746, -0.22179609537124634, -0.2797973155975342, -0.4399765133857727, 0.3967566192150116, 0.10829881578683853, 0.33892494440078735, 0.009969944134354591, 0.5578776597976685, -0.38197118043899536, 0.5325689315795898, 0.8386127352714539, -0.40207138657569885, 0.08641691505908966, 0.22424833476543427, -0.6549081206321716, -0.3291339576244354, -0.09040003269910812, -0.26908189058303833, -0.3721649944782257, -0.1847182810306549, -5.719958305358887, 0.23420298099517822, -0.5348337888717651, -0.30988946557044983, -0.25068339705467224, -0.0320139043033123, 0.6645548343658447, -0.12430190294981003, -0.2483064979314804, -0.20096297562122345, -0.07202426344156265, -0.23667922616004944, 0.5434574484825134, -0.6137152314186096, 0.03845468908548355, -0.2278936803340912, 0.5474841594696045, -0.24262572824954987, -0.016938135027885437, 0.576866090297699, -0.05991435796022415, -0.3149663209915161, -0.05776773765683174, 0.6152995824813843, -0.21076557040214539, 0.45763006806373596, -0.020522452890872955, 0.2204931229352951, -0.1283680498600006, 0.172952339053154, 0.05160825327038765, -0.04380730539560318, -0.10059698671102524, -0.15426979959011078, -0.09242036193609238, 0.200511634349823, 0.4695298373699188, -0.17947791516780853, -0.13770966231822968, -0.025532955303788185, -0.030870070680975914, 0.12343791127204895, 0.20705610513687134, 0.32116854190826416, 0.7958143949508667, -0.4203328490257263, 0.3118751347064972, -0.8538864254951477, -0.6360617876052856, 0.3330933153629303, 0.012104365974664688, -0.2085742950439453, 0.29460087418556213, -0.061161357909440994, 0.24282291531562805, 0.06856669485569, -0.19808711111545563, 0.02189640700817108, 0.10282989591360092, 0.5837283134460449, 0.20492488145828247, -0.46457234025001526, 0.3845604658126831, -0.13220158219337463, 0.15748117864131927, 0.024539507925510406, -0.15544931590557098, -0.9996304512023926, 0.7617486119270325, 0.2907690107822418, -0.06404735893011093, 0.6252918839454651, 0.48984166979789734, -0.7913997769355774, 0.0018688105046749115, -0.3468458950519562, -0.1191781759262085, -0.004485378507524729, 0.18734809756278992, 0.04929203540086746, -0.00647265650331974, 0.16821889579296112, -0.033245012164115906, -0.044889263808727264, 0.262029230594635, -0.567800760269165, -0.19965071976184845, 0.5471885204315186, -0.6099089980125427, -0.19022715091705322, 0.8332590460777283, 0.34582558274269104, 0.13387498259544373, 0.06635423004627228, 0.06440402567386627, 0.586082398891449, 0.04336626082658768, -0.01675349287688732, -0.15513242781162262, -0.46430984139442444, 0.7110181450843811, -0.29073941707611084, 0.026638247072696686, -0.6178478002548218, 0.029378458857536316, -0.3580106794834137, 0.039500441402196884, 0.5845789313316345, 0.22293950617313385, 0.06595592945814133, 0.37510257959365845, -0.12118901312351227, -0.4203309416770935, -0.47449198365211487, 0.28132307529449463, -0.04132447764277458, -0.021876715123653412, 0.06322606652975082, 0.664836585521698, -0.0147346006706357, 0.13018569350242615, 0.5109849572181702, -0.19157728552818298, -0.0825953409075737, -0.005438036285340786, -1.0702787637710571, 0.1687089055776596, 0.13922303915023804, 0.16158050298690796, -0.18521517515182495, 0.547662615776062, 0.6332623958587646, 0.0888400450348854, -0.027880173176527023, 0.28689512610435486, 0.13947857916355133, -0.07877899706363678, -0.5696698427200317, -0.23587587475776672, -0.40646108984947205, 0.11691614985466003, -0.6672056317329407, -0.25891759991645813, 0.33071431517601013, 0.020883159711956978, 0.0068480451591312885, -0.22716915607452393, 0.2539263665676117, 0.4841766655445099, 0.6103094220161438, -0.6065303683280945, -0.17749612033367157, 0.3134028911590576, -0.497015118598938, 0.22458165884017944, 0.013190473429858685, 0.2340940684080124, -0.17121754586696625, -0.22751881182193756, -0.4009753465652466, 0.717358410358429, -0.10249796509742737, -0.7659342288970947, 0.06013980880379677, -0.7459221482276917, 0.3888273239135742, -0.870635449886322, -0.4729783833026886, -0.007052060216665268, 0.9798619151115417, -0.32656610012054443, -0.8489170670509338, -0.31211623549461365, -0.4058607220649719, 0.5618152022361755, 0.20582358539104462, 0.12197934091091156, 0.10718581825494766, -0.303886741399765, -0.38242974877357483, 0.1189873144030571, -0.2107701152563095, -0.029301021248102188, 0.5782716274261475, 0.5551725625991821, -0.11377934366464615, -0.10589557141065598, 0.5820558071136475, -0.5012342929840088, -0.06841131299734116, -0.34761208295822144, -0.22251969575881958, 0.6196078658103943, 0.28017354011535645, 0.2585618197917938, -0.12519581615924835, -0.6758728623390198, 0.5258667469024658, -0.21028456091880798, 0.3461655378341675, 0.3453465402126312, 0.5933617353439331, -0.20316772162914276, -0.16753628849983215, 0.13556057214736938, -0.042859502136707306, 0.38528740406036377, -0.38244110345840454, -0.3057180941104889, 0.5563234090805054, -0.20241311192512512, 0.33558639883995056, -0.6401825547218323, 0.6667883992195129, -0.48257458209991455, -0.1083427369594574, 0.5884402990341187, -0.2773474156856537, -0.18539240956306458, -0.25982457399368286, 0.3510555326938629, -0.20328471064567566, -0.6617398262023926, -0.008343719877302647, -0.41181516647338867, 0.6467674970626831, -0.17476624250411987, -0.47710365056991577, 0.7019867897033691, 0.5727585554122925, -0.5326089859008789, -0.3716607987880707, 0.16545306146144867, -0.22869311273097992, 0.2547215223312378, 0.014622808434069157, 0.667797863483429, 0.10056434571743011, -0.29001104831695557, -0.17691466212272644, -0.19817152619361877, 0.786197304725647, 0.07621005177497864, -0.3361676335334778, -0.19983609020709991, -0.008734212256968021, 0.6069868206977844, -0.3548758029937744, -0.5240160226821899, 0.4609287679195404, 0.17431694269180298, 0.1094507947564125, -0.14281290769577026, 0.30879199504852295, -0.22195252776145935, -0.03965529426932335, -0.10499022156000137, -0.1030120775103569, 0.4864378273487091, 0.5626214146614075, 0.36260026693344116, -0.47732046246528625, -0.4250597059726715, -0.3653067350387573, 0.2568453252315521, -0.12087520956993103, -0.48059865832328796, 0.16991427540779114, 0.14420896768569946, -0.29038894176483154, 0.18675729632377625, -0.10619430243968964, 0.679097056388855, 0.7570808529853821, 0.3384680449962616, 0.5499764084815979, -0.2984025478363037, -0.9795944094657898, -0.7780683636665344, 0.313130259513855, -0.3315221667289734, -0.3070124387741089, 0.027515098452568054, -0.879619836807251, 0.10319337248802185, -0.18377207219600677, 0.0795159637928009, 0.06473108381032944, -0.6606305837631226, -0.5483721494674683, -0.4219876825809479, 0.023883312940597534, -0.017332246527075768, 0.02614601142704487, -0.21666009724140167, 0.6644865870475769, 0.1586853712797165, 0.39757657051086426, -0.3121991455554962, 0.11851228773593903, -0.19466900825500488, 0.2281581312417984, -0.47116202116012573, -0.9437772631645203, 0.8941489458084106, -0.07522770762443542, -0.4246353209018707, -0.09616439789533615, 0.2823745608329773, -0.6765817999839783, -0.2861117124557495, -0.638117790222168, -0.08934897184371948, 0.4440469443798065, -0.3681674599647522, -0.14316920936107635, 0.4028587341308594, -0.5417922735214233, -0.31372180581092834, 0.07134004682302475, 0.26625561714172363, -0.033116474747657776, 0.4632510840892792, -0.1296396553516388, 0.39876121282577515, 0.25130146741867065, -0.3576355576515198, -0.19597862660884857, 0.5338911414146423, -0.174223393201828, 0.33544281125068665, 0.33533281087875366, -0.1553795337677002, 0.33728858828544617, 0.17942021787166595, -0.14286234974861145, 0.14330503344535828, -0.9617553949356079, -0.43774574995040894, 0.4255446791648865, 0.24668358266353607, -0.10773220658302307, -0.16518183052539825, 0.4865342378616333, -0.428913414478302, 0.4176780581474304, 0.8930349946022034, -0.11265360563993454, -0.6827909350395203, 0.5847561955451965, 0.4066060781478882, -0.6123733520507812, 0.050588320940732956, -0.2092180699110031, 0.44155353307724, -0.5645055174827576, 0.074745312333107, -0.034248821437358856, -0.4634755551815033, -0.5263471603393555, 0.24788543581962585, 0.5718382000923157, 0.5870051383972168, -0.1493813693523407, 0.3235916495323181, 0.1739363819360733, 0.17454852163791656, -0.10965308547019958, -0.4360623061656952, 0.3658553957939148, -0.04061787575483322, 0.04944196343421936, -0.46494972705841064, 0.29490023851394653, 0.4591173231601715, -0.12083099782466888, 0.3409651219844818, 0.6629972457885742, 0.037666935473680496, -0.4218437373638153, -0.25689497590065, 0.16538284718990326, -0.4422435164451599, -0.7517016530036926, -0.15565817058086395, 0.13601957261562347, -0.1721508651971817, 0.3852868378162384, -0.20912770926952362, -0.4073740541934967, 0.2969440817832947, -0.33033695816993713, -0.12816517055034637, 0.27780696749687195, 0.3655001223087311, -0.3386805057525635, -0.05187654122710228, 1.1135210990905762, 0.2134649157524109, 0.19790571928024292, -0.11689344793558121, 0.04932040721178055, -0.12137570232152939, 0.1888025999069214, -0.6804736852645874, 0.027116674929857254, -0.19451574981212616, 0.041176848113536835, -0.5443152189254761, 0.43649086356163025, 0.5127838850021362, -0.5262690186500549, 0.08817805349826813, -0.012960648164153099, 0.28766191005706787, 0.2362525463104248, 0.7071468830108643, -0.6578670740127563, -0.4009467363357544, -0.6710215210914612, 0.44289547204971313, -0.18525691330432892, 0.5613733530044556, 0.5132620930671692, -0.3226472735404968, -0.15133392810821533, 0.12947213649749756, -0.145969957113266, -0.07650354504585266, 0.7043182253837585, -0.3856036961078644, -0.21340283751487732, -0.5968254804611206, 0.4994426369667053, 0.24989630281925201, -0.470721572637558, 1.0079764127731323, 0.05544548109173775, 0.3720053732395172, -0.03404337167739868, 0.6751889586448669, -0.1788869947195053, 0.08159814774990082, -0.04178011044859886, -0.39878126978874207, 0.13773773610591888, -0.17002391815185547, -0.08054953813552856, -0.28559425473213196, 0.36966684460639954, -0.14580358564853668, -0.20773693919181824, 0.13955837488174438, 0.7804759740829468, -0.28320494294166565, 0.47048813104629517, 0.1337738335132599, -0.7383710741996765, -0.9789898991584778, -0.2777869701385498 ]
216342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcorn%20State%20University	Alcorn State University	Alcorn State University (Alcorn State, ASU or Alcorn) is a public historically black land-grant university in Lorman, Mississippi. It was founded in 1871 and was the first Black land grant college established in the United States. One of Alcorn's most notable alumni, Medgar Evers, a civil rights activist, graduated in 1952. Students at the college were part of the mid-twentieth century Civil Rights Movement, working to register residents for voting and to end racial inequality. The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. Alcorn State's athletic teams known as the Braves and compete in the NCAA's Division I. All teams compete as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) History Alcorn State University was the first black land grant college in the country. Mississippi's Reconstructionist legislature, dominated by Republicans sympathetic to the cause of educating the formerly enslaved, was established on the site of a college that white people had fled to join the Confederate army. Alcorn University started with what is recognized as three historic buildings. United States Senator Hiram R. Revels resigned his seat when he accepted the position as Alcorn's first president. The state legislature provided $50,000 in cash for ten successive years for the establishment and overall operations of the college. The state also granted Alcorn three-fifths of the proceeds earned from the sale of of land scrip for agricultural or land grant colleges under federal legislation. The land was sold for $188,928 with Alcorn receiving a share of $113,400. This money was to be used solely to support the agricultural and mechanical components of the college, which Congress wanted to develop nationally. From its beginning, Alcorn State University was a land-grant college. After a group of white Democrats known as Redeemers took over the legislature, Alcorn's appropriation was slashed by almost 90 percent, to $5,500 per year, and an all-white board of trustees was appointed. In 1878, the name Alcorn University was changed to Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College. The university's original of land have been expanded to develop a campus. The goals for the college set by the Mississippi legislature following the Reconstruction era emphasized training for blacks rather than academic education. The school, like other black schools during these years, was less a college than a vocational school intended to prepare students for the agricultural economy of the state and of most of their hometowns. At first the school was exclusively for black males, but women were admitted in 1895. Today, women outnumber men at the university 1800 to 1200. Alcorn began with eight faculty members in 1871. Today the faculty and staff number more than 500. The student body has grown from 179 mostly local male students to more than 4,000 students from all over the world. In 1974, Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College was renamed Alcorn State University, representing the development of its programs. Governor William L. Waller signed House Bill 298 granting university status to Alcorn and the other state-supported colleges. Alcorn had already become a more diversified university, with graduate programs. It provides an undergraduate education that enables students to continue their work in graduate and professional schools, engage in teaching, and enter other professions. It also provides graduate education to equip students for further training in specialized fields. In 2020, MacKenzie Scott donated $25 million to Alcorn State. Her donation is the largest single gift in Alcorn State's history. Alcorn State is accredited, with seven schools and degree programs in more than 50 areas, including a nursing and a Master of Business Administration program. The facilities number approximately 80 modern structures with an approximate value of $71 million. Presidents Academics Alcorn State is the second largest historically black college or university (HBCU) and the fifth largest university in Mississippi with an enrollment of approximately 3,700 undergraduate students and 600 graduate students. The university has seven schools, offering more than 50 different fields of study. School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences School of Arts and Sciences School of Business School of Education and Psychology School of Nursing Alcorn State University consistently ranks among the top 25 HBCUs in the nation according to the annual U.S. News & World Report HBCU rankings. Alcorn State University is the only HBCU in Mississippi with a comprehensive nursing program. Alcorn's honors program is an option for highly qualified undergraduate students seeking to enhance their academic experience and leadership skills. Master of Business Administration (MBA) program Alcorn State University offers a Master of Business Administration (MBA) program through its Natchez campus. Classes are conducted in the evening. Students may join the live lecture classes via a live internet feed. The program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP), a global accrediting body for business degree programs. The MBA program has been popular with international and out-of-state students. Global programs Besides coordinating study-abroad opportunities, Global Programs brings worldwide perspectives to campus through exchange programs and special events. Pre-professional programs Alcorn offers pre-professional programs to better prepare students for a transition to specialized studies in the fields of law, engineering, nursing, physical therapy, medicine, pharmacy and dentistry. Accreditation Alcorn State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award the Associate, Bachelor's, Master's, and Specialist in Education degrees. Alcorn's teacher education program is accredited by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education. The Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics is accredited by the American Dietetics Association. The Associate of Science in Nursing degree, the Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, and the Master of Science in Nursing degree programs are accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission. Alcorn State University is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music, the National Association of Industrial Technology, and the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences. Locations The main campus is located in Lorman, an unincorporated area in Claiborne County, Mississippi. The Nursing School and the Business School's Master of Business Administration (MBA) program are located in Natchez, Mississippi. The university also has a class center in Vicksburg. Main campus Male residence halls include Medgar Wiley Evers Heritage Village Complex and Hiram Revels Hall. Female residence halls include Medgar Wiley Evers Heritage Village Complex buildings A and B, John Burrus Hall, and the Female Honors Residence Hall. Recent Campus Additions include: 5 mi (8.0 km) Bike/Walking Trail Foster Baseball Field at McGowan Stadium Medgar Wiley Evers Heritage Village (student housing) Clinton Bristow Dining Hall Ecology and Natural Resources Building BioTechnology Building Fine Arts Building Renovations/ Band Hall Addition Lanier Hall renovated into the Student Housing Office Old President House renovated into the Alumni House Current and planned construction projects include: Technology Classroom Building School of Business (Dumas Hall) renovations Rowan Hall renovations into the Student Health Center Bowles Hall renovations into the Executive Administration Building Student Housing Phase II/ Faculty Housing Athletics Alcorn State's 15 NCAA Division I level varsity teams compete in the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Sounds of Dyn-O-mite Alcorn State University's marching band was founded in the 1960s; the band is known as the "Sounds of Dyn-O-mite" (SOD). Led by four or five drum majors, SOD has more than 190+ members. The "Golden Girls" (GGs) is the danceline that has been featured with SOD since its inception. Founded in 1968, the GGs is the oldest danceline (no twirling batons) featured with a HBCU marching band which is why they often refer to themselves as the "Mother of the HBCU dancelines." Notable alumni Sports References External links Public universities and colleges in Mississippi Historically black universities and colleges in the United States Land-grant universities and colleges Educational institutions established in 1871 Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Education in Claiborne County, Mississippi Education in Adams County, Mississippi Education in Warren County, Mississippi Buildings and structures in Claiborne County, Mississippi Census-designated places in Mississippi 1871 establishments in Mississippi Census-designated places in Claiborne County, Mississippi	[ -0.13660743832588196, -0.017820820212364197, -0.05717147886753082, -0.5682685375213623, 0.27723440527915955, 0.41827598214149475, 0.3137001395225525, 0.8040243983268738, -0.04780670255422592, -0.2815316319465637, -0.10742614418268204, 0.511821985244751, -0.15328067541122437, 0.46867987513542175, 0.12262056022882462, -0.10274174809455872, 0.3584180772304535, 0.5870363116264343, 0.14990690350532532, -0.11477018892765045, -0.34781768918037415, 0.07041271030902863, 0.13471168279647827, 0.29638904333114624, 0.33505645394325256, -0.08283570408821106, 0.2687818706035614, -0.4879549741744995, -0.3909371495246887, 0.4589313566684723, -0.00030191641417331994, 0.5550711750984192, 0.0882224440574646, -0.4939170479774475, -0.16458308696746826, 0.28510987758636475, -0.04903339594602585, -0.5836358666419983, 0.16294437646865845, -0.2421092689037323, -0.6953274607658386, -0.34822070598602295, 0.07675343751907349, 0.3108058571815491, -0.26329150795936584, -0.6465042233467102, -1.2559632062911987, 0.2299308180809021, -0.6844834685325623, -0.10002586245536804, -0.7094324827194214, 0.4106399714946747, 0.008399701677262783, -0.13950596749782562, -0.021051477640867233, 0.41706815361976624, -0.42024269700050354, -0.22655245661735535, 0.2529211938381195, -0.417697548866272, 0.29726988077163696, 0.7604453563690186, 0.2619273066520691, 0.6407192349433899, -0.2549514174461365, 0.030091729015111923, -0.26987242698669434, 0.499808132648468, -0.48011845350265503, 0.04932525381445885, -0.09567831456661224, 0.22770294547080994, -0.8390586972236633, -0.418536901473999, -0.5160062909126282, -0.5119322538375854, 0.11575833708047867, -0.07777753472328186, -0.15383532643318176, 0.1256536841392517, 0.2773354947566986, 0.526776134967804, 0.6783459186553955, -0.07636267691850662, 0.4869762063026428, 0.18485724925994873, -1.1189993619918823, -0.3022335469722748, 0.0048155770637094975, 0.3592906594276428, -0.9212999939918518, 0.2507394850254059, -0.3108016550540924, 0.24172495305538177, 0.15963706374168396, -0.7184553146362305, 0.1987220048904419, 0.4451586902141571, -0.5707761645317078, -0.06131990998983383, -0.20544786751270294, 0.7386748790740967, 0.3013530969619751, 0.07267244905233383, -0.3100219666957855, 0.3562350571155548, -0.3640448749065399, -0.33296024799346924, 0.13356448709964752, -0.2827126085758209, -1.1413966417312622, 0.7867779731750488, -0.16257263720035553, -0.2583162486553192, -0.2599774897098541, 0.057751502841711044, 0.638883113861084, 0.08377999067306519, 0.11347127705812454, -0.3746315836906433, 0.012890847399830818, 0.6229130029678345, 0.014948797412216663, 0.02403397485613823, 0.13076181709766388, 0.314322829246521, 0.10807306319475174, -0.23668403923511505, -0.39407995343208313, -0.04163198545575142, 0.5825057625770569, 0.2217959314584732, 0.005530414171516895, 0.23224200308322906, 0.3140861392021179, 0.042234793305397034, 0.1645081788301468, 0.08493126928806305, 0.7007788419723511, 0.1329832673072815, -0.9338663220405579, -0.36540350317955017, -1.0274074077606201, -0.36748412251472473, 0.16453401744365692, -0.3477446436882019, -0.24490584433078766, 0.34391167759895325, 0.05158467963337898, 0.2181246131658554, 0.45853522419929504, -0.2531035542488098, -0.31308454275131226, 0.2294325977563858, -0.4145900309085846, 0.3335314989089966, 0.21042832732200623, -0.06662711501121521, 0.3345380425453186, 0.46359220147132874, 0.06210949271917343, 0.5714517831802368, 0.24698355793952942, -0.29001668095588684, 0.09211724996566772, 0.12989889085292816, -0.41122832894325256, -0.299353688955307, 0.04211955890059471, -0.06919649243354797, -0.2024574875831604, -0.00908666756004095, 0.6382777690887451, -0.8967490196228027, -0.08222422748804092, -0.4010847508907318, 0.9716517329216003, 0.1970542073249817, 0.04673732817173004, -0.30123409628868103, -0.9035268425941467, 0.22525954246520996, 0.6439284086227417, 0.2347601056098938, -0.6592006087303162, -0.667102038860321, -0.0661948099732399, 0.12273617088794708, 0.3403572142124176, 0.3753814101219177, -0.4115472733974457, -0.5161214470863342, -0.07111191749572754, -0.12186776846647263, 0.718968391418457, 0.32316216826438904, -1.4219688177108765, 1.0027825832366943, -0.5120305418968201, 0.5310214161872864, -0.011647583916783333, -0.45812860131263733, -0.1725989580154419, -0.7276598811149597, -0.3723010718822479, -0.04876783862709999, 0.3788328468799591, 0.08172422647476196, 0.6708379983901978, 0.2761571407318115, 0.5976501107215881, -0.955651044845581, 0.2575969099998474, 0.26132315397262573, 0.3249327540397644, -0.06155511364340782, -0.047515541315078735, -0.16762252151966095, 0.1334163397550583, -0.29560062289237976, 0.8325348496437073, -0.2638552486896515, 0.06681538373231888, 0.272402286529541, 0.11533267050981522, 0.35705846548080444, -0.5556433200836182, -0.07097485661506653, 0.33805596828460693, 0.07961699366569519, 0.8674098253250122, -0.24324393272399902, -0.07197201997041702, -0.534407377243042, 0.08469481766223907, -0.3427194058895111, -0.601481020450592, -0.22120888531208038, 0.5418646335601807, -0.1505424976348877, -0.24205680191516876, 0.2639795243740082, -0.9903852343559265, 0.48637279868125916, 0.03543813154101372, -0.4980650842189789, 0.6228994727134705, 0.08231985569000244, -0.21648193895816803, -0.2140822857618332, -0.44265908002853394, 0.0846889540553093, 0.08732964843511581, 0.02897658571600914, 0.13086740672588348, 0.25387030839920044, 0.19766457378864288, 0.2775459289550781, 0.4733976125717163, -0.6708559989929199, -0.3444286584854126, 0.08592786639928818, -0.33621418476104736, 0.6064910292625427, 0.19765418767929077, -0.5178689360618591, -0.16165362298488617, -0.7423067092895508, -0.10177570581436157, -0.3292634189128876, 0.31028372049331665, 0.3499017655849457, 0.10613343119621277, -0.06376359611749649, -0.2973973751068115, 0.36298245191574097, 0.11200530081987381, -0.4330693185329437, -0.8590722680091858, -0.2521578073501587, 0.3138520121574402, 0.5977327823638916, -0.16493482887744904, -0.8026884198188782, -0.21854199469089508, -0.34436947107315063, 0.3374747335910797, 0.03849007189273834, -0.4881483018398285, 0.23273633420467377, -0.9643258452415466, 0.07982530444860458, 0.06341185420751572, 0.284865140914917, -0.2469761073589325, 0.24770796298980713, 0.5383303761482239, -0.07564210891723633, 0.5499098300933838, -0.9833465218544006, -0.8174329996109009, 0.36202412843704224, -0.9979914426803589, 0.007899042218923569, 0.23146116733551025, -0.30046576261520386, -0.24933010339736938, -0.008602975867688656, -5.369231224060059, 0.7181815505027771, -0.6486977338790894, -0.3254968225955963, 0.627288818359375, -0.8041607141494751, -0.13424478471279144, -0.4074452221393585, -0.46570253372192383, -0.3579452335834503, -0.5365518927574158, -0.14813150465488434, 0.046939827501773834, 1.0326111316680908, 0.2552539110183716, 0.6913280487060547, 0.4373159408569336, -0.4473924934864044, 0.1294611096382141, 0.9391383528709412, -0.21918602287769318, -0.36886119842529297, -0.41687721014022827, 0.40809184312820435, 0.22543418407440186, 1.11018967628479, -0.6117442846298218, -0.8147698640823364, 0.0207481998950243, -0.8378541469573975, 0.3758581280708313, -0.13408918678760529, -0.02049565687775612, 0.1648116260766983, 0.20581653714179993, 0.0122318584471941, 0.238153874874115, -0.09672489017248154, -0.12076632678508759, -0.6009198427200317, 0.26354143023490906, 0.11696230620145798, -0.5474631190299988, 0.24680528044700623, -0.15782202780246735, -0.4845872223377228, -0.27990567684173584, 0.10538652539253235, -0.18496623635292053, 0.4856265187263489, -0.45064982771873474, 0.09850739687681198, 0.27117282152175903, 0.6258288025856018, -0.1151861622929573, -0.3865841031074524, 0.19240812957286835, -0.04516129568219185, 0.32565608620643616, 0.29845020174980164, 0.27300167083740234, -0.5032396912574768, -0.05430569127202034, -0.7426785230636597, -0.4878685474395752, 0.022187305614352226, 0.17266830801963806, 0.42349714040756226, 0.642741858959198, 0.4841751158237457, 0.3989030420780182, 0.15094609558582306, -0.7357082962989807, -0.6649582386016846, -0.022945459932088852, -0.17346230149269104, -0.6985486745834351, -0.30393603444099426, -0.007711692247539759, -0.054761845618486404, -0.11667468398809433, 0.4413362443447113, 0.6274248361587524, 0.5375465750694275, 0.03874459117650986, -0.47965678572654724, 0.4619007110595703, 0.5537598729133606, -0.23218940198421478, -0.26355651021003723, 0.39714279770851135, -0.19538305699825287, 0.9025939702987671, -0.17398233711719513, -0.4563367962837219, 0.12183409929275513, 0.04425763711333275, 0.567551851272583, 0.054094068706035614, -0.44012925028800964, 0.6749158501625061, -0.33402007818222046, 0.050159938633441925, -0.26980501413345337, -0.15400297939777374, 0.010755877010524273, 0.02785404957830906, -0.10121819376945496, 0.8813188672065735, -0.21634316444396973, -0.009587234817445278, -0.16893868148326874, -0.050990425050258636, -0.10091455280780792, 0.34760963916778564, -0.03535560891032219, -0.2690657079219818, 0.6013740301132202, 0.03461300581693649, 0.17548267543315887, 0.592811644077301, 0.2913670837879181, 0.047924596816301346, -0.030805647373199463, 0.21949751675128937, -0.4660821855068207, 0.2941014766693115, 0.5989852547645569, 0.02671630308032036, -0.10287761688232422, 0.40648937225341797, -0.3889584243297577, -0.10583659261465073, 0.25802722573280334, -0.40998581051826477, -0.11058774590492249, -0.12055554986000061, -0.4607354998588562, 0.06855237483978271, -0.1752839833498001, 0.4337815046310425, -0.113034188747406, 0.06250714510679245, 0.6894059777259827, 0.6033290028572083, 0.25871914625167847, 0.2438606470823288, 0.09424934536218643, -0.9960000514984131, 0.1141708642244339, -0.014257460832595825, -0.5992773771286011, -0.11134947836399078, -0.3008972406387329, 0.008921035565435886, -0.11407408863306046, 0.058100536465644836, -0.09986326843500137, -0.390100359916687, 0.07505707442760468, 0.1855418086051941, -0.25804316997528076, -0.8484442830085754, 0.5624377727508545, -0.08664971590042114, 0.1692689210176468, -0.30291298031806946, -0.10932640731334686, -0.7218344211578369, 0.6448695063591003, -0.29781627655029297, -0.6024265885353088, -0.4133508801460266, -0.5145724415779114, 0.7569586634635925, -0.370780885219574, 0.05706145614385605, 0.23468387126922607, -0.11015543341636658, -0.2253265082836151, 0.21681345999240875, -0.6739793419837952, -0.49367082118988037, 0.037188418209552765, 0.022145166993141174, -0.7592676281929016, -1.2470790147781372, -0.1549767255783081, 0.35808899998664856, -0.1258963644504547, 0.0938228964805603, -0.12931574881076813, 0.17992955446243286, 0.3585204482078552, -0.4095931649208069, -0.4786762595176697, -0.3242676854133606, 0.3244944214820862, 0.1447487771511078, 0.17355899512767792, 0.5011325478553772, 0.17347310483455658, -0.6792930960655212, 0.6184629797935486, -0.26875391602516174, -0.24813595414161682, 0.547713041305542, 0.13950428366661072, -0.21772335469722748, 0.5423519611358643, -0.04354396462440491, -0.4651956856250763, 0.5585780739784241, 0.6662725806236267, -0.49316784739494324, -0.011581114493310452, -0.06663692742586136, 0.07867590337991714, -0.8185897469520569, -0.21179549396038055, -0.21821093559265137, -0.07735233753919601, 0.17010290920734406, 0.2235083431005478, -0.7292184829711914, 0.19310064613819122, 0.3721204698085785, -0.3173283636569977, 0.5169106125831604, 0.06941395252943039, 0.3354766070842743, -0.02358892373740673, -0.035987142473459244, 0.5579578280448914, 0.46475672721862793, -0.10663548856973648, -0.2942563593387604, -0.0999523475766182, -0.019752800464630127, -0.005933145061135292, 0.032897621393203735, 0.550947368144989, -0.31522396206855774, -0.5798930525779724, -0.2834913432598114, 0.3733975291252136, 0.41867831349372864, 0.3010525703430176, -0.8498887419700623, 0.4762527644634247, 0.9356191754341125, -0.4073091149330139, -0.7784915566444397, -0.04473019018769264, 0.7011724710464478, -0.017985835671424866, -0.38771265745162964, 0.4332452416419983, -0.0453084297478199, -0.32017073035240173, 0.24934378266334534, -0.11869452148675919, -0.828872561454773, 0.20621155202388763, -0.16915151476860046, -0.6851948499679565, -0.27675241231918335, -0.5861080288887024, 0.4537765383720398, -0.8943772912025452, 0.028757253661751747, -0.18855568766593933, 0.5993342399597168, 0.717138946056366, -0.5325478911399841, -0.04418361186981201, 0.20289310812950134, -0.3550150394439697, 0.003908212762326002, -0.16815799474716187, -0.4424639940261841, 0.34453532099723816, -0.23327651619911194, -0.2400660663843155, 0.642024040222168, -0.7055127620697021, -0.03224968537688255, -0.1828002780675888, -0.36674168705940247, -0.3009146749973297, 0.041248567402362823, -0.16069607436656952, 0.12162990123033524, -0.24053066968917847, -1.3596031665802002, 0.18590275943279266, 0.72693932056427, 0.19375625252723694, 0.24948517978191376, 0.1964513063430786, -0.6789746880531311, 0.7317449450492859, 0.40752944350242615, 0.05246898904442787, 0.4792158305644989, -0.3243563175201416, 0.2583743929862976, 0.2659141719341278, -0.27197974920272827, -0.509437620639801, 0.18911238014698029, -0.09200737625360489, 0.5176727771759033, 0.7343375086784363, -0.7976937294006348, 0.6096914410591125, -0.10876946896314621, -0.706433117389679, 0.7765104174613953, 0.14689408242702484, -0.41758254170417786, 0.3450993299484253, 0.2132054567337036, 0.34532108902931213, 0.6665098071098328, 1.3557994365692139, 0.24350661039352417, 0.12373854964971542, 0.7037041783332825, -0.017790868878364563, 0.009245166555047035, -0.7520262598991394, -0.08464402705430984, 0.7812110781669617, 0.0893063023686409, -0.15682612359523773, 0.29771193861961365, -0.7303322553634644, -0.8697080016136169, 0.7991893887519836, 0.4193684160709381, 0.7821743488311768, 0.18256349861621857, 0.43561118841171265, -0.20009814202785492, 0.26962149143218994, 0.2615078389644623, 1.185892105102539, -0.1432226151227951, -0.39194241166114807, 0.09602698683738708, 0.35289281606674194, 0.36199498176574707, -0.29502037167549133, -0.2735726833343506, 0.14246733486652374, 0.21119467914104462, -0.08317393809556961, -0.6108142733573914, -0.12040203809738159, 0.0790989026427269, 0.8534538745880127, 1.0563617944717407, -0.40823525190353394, -0.20382454991340637, -0.6031873822212219, 0.24460110068321228, 0.0440656952559948, -0.35522231459617615, 0.845810055732727, 0.43545207381248474, 0.2120962142944336, 0.20849624276161194, -0.13538196682929993, -0.082676000893116, 0.7078418135643005, 0.4629797041416168, 0.36096301674842834, -0.00945142563432455, 0.18143689632415771, -0.3223636746406555, 0.12900564074516296, -0.31447285413742065, 0.04245637729763985, 0.10422704368829727, -0.03181404992938042, -0.5642306804656982, 0.3803189694881439, -0.6043211221694946, -0.047794368118047714, 0.17620092630386353, -0.5067577362060547, -0.25142961740493774, 0.19195066392421722, 0.36928245425224304, 0.469685435295105, -0.11206481605768204, 0.6786943674087524, 0.1653747409582138, -0.042383819818496704, 0.495051771402359, 0.23553863167762756, -0.040909841656684875, 0.4802250266075134, -0.9961161017417908, 0.1303303986787796, 0.013368293642997742, 0.08159276843070984, -0.22438833117485046, 0.6055064797401428, 0.358094185590744, -0.046210356056690216, -0.04418610408902168, 0.5178611278533936, 0.2262652963399887, 0.5968711972236633, 0.8831010460853577, -0.02260623313486576, -0.694122850894928, -0.18474949896335602, 0.25045523047447205, -0.22167612612247467, -0.3024621903896332, 0.6739440560340881, -0.07138672471046448, -0.28241440653800964, -0.10139375180006027, 0.6119171977043152, -0.531734049320221, 0.451081246137619, 0.639995813369751, -0.5882008671760559, -0.3528442978858948, 0.1937081664800644, -0.6443625092506409, -0.3998512327671051, -0.059203892946243286, 1.1003966331481934, 0.6973675489425659, 0.0051441253162920475, -0.09296637773513794, -0.3589079678058624, 0.8153941631317139, -0.7694754004478455, 0.12388553470373154, -0.5064499974250793, -0.22801247239112854, -0.25320979952812195, -0.6895601153373718, 0.30006682872772217, -0.47414472699165344, -0.6142234802246094, -0.1497405767440796, 0.4601005017757416, -0.41519632935523987, 0.015201257541775703, -0.019404632970690727, 0.07151444256305695, 0.48640376329421997, 0.29987359046936035 ]
216344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio%20vulgaris	Senecio vulgaris	Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-spring, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to Europe and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed habitats worldwide. Description Senecio vulgaris is an erect herbaceous annual growing up to 16 inches (45 cm) tall. The inflorescences usually lack ray florets, the yellow disc florets mostly hidden by the bracts giving the flowers an inconspicuous appearance. Senecio vulgaris is very similar to Senecio viscosus but S. vulgaris does not have the glandular hairs and ray florets found in S. viscosus. Leaves and stems Upper leaves of Senecio vulgaris are sessile, lacking their own stem (petiole), alternating in direction along the length of the plant, two rounded lobes at the base of the stem (auriculate) and sub-clasping above. Leaves are pinnately lobed and + long and wide, smaller towards the top of the plant. Leaves are sparsely covered with soft, smooth, fine hairs. Lobes typically sharp to rounded saw-toothed. The hollow stems branch at the tops and from the base. Stems and leaves can both host the Cineraria leaf rust. Flowers Open clusters of 10 to 22 small cylinder shaped rayless yellow flower heads to inch (6 to 13 mm) with a highly conspicuous ring of black tipped bracts at the base of the inflorescence as is characteristic of many members of the genus Senecio. There is a radiate form of Senecio vulgaris, which is the result of cross pollination with the closely related Oxford ragwort, Senecio squalidus. Seeds The name for the genus Senecio is probably derived from senex (an old man), in reference to its downy head of seeds; "the flower of this herb hath white hair and when the wind bloweth it away, then it appeareth like a bald-headed man" and like its family, flowers of Senecio vulgaris are succeeded by downy globed heads of seed. The seeds are achene, include a pappus and become sticky when wet. Laboratory tests have suggested maximum seed scattering distances of 4.2 and 4.6 yd (1.9 and 2.9 m) at wind speeds of 6.8 and 10.2 mph (10.9 and 16.4 km/h) respectively (affected by plant height), suggesting that it was more than wind that spread these groundsel seeds throughout the world. The average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.21 gram (2,200,000 seeds per pound) and experienced a 100% germination success before drying and storage and an 87% germination success after drying and 3 years of cool dry storage. In simple models for seed emergence prediction, soil thermal time did not predict the timing and extent of seedling emergence as well as hydrothermal time (warm rain). Roots The root system consists of a shallow taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself. Groundsel acts as a host for the fungus that causes black root rot in peas, alfalfa, soybeans, carrots, tomatoes, red clover, peanuts, cucurbits, cotton, citrus, chickpeas, and several ornamental flowering plants; a list of flowering plants that can host their own fungus as well. Etymology and naming Binomial etymology In Latin Senecio means 'old man'. This name, used by Pliny, is in reference the plant becoming grey and hairy when fruiting. Vulgaris means 'usual', 'common', or 'vulgar'. Common names Vernacular names for S. vulgaris in English include old-man-in-the-spring, common groundsel, groundsel, ragwort, grimsel, grinsel, grundsel, simson, birdseed, chickenweed, old-man-of-the-spring, squaw weed, grundy swallow, ground glutton and common butterweed. Distribution Senecio vulgaris is considered to be native to Europe, northern Asia, and parts of North Africa. Its further distribution is less clear. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile Database considers it to be native to all 50 of the United States of America, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the same USDA through the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) considers it to be native only to parts of Afro-Eurasia. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS), a partnership among many United States federal government departments and agencies states that the species has been introduced to the 50 United States, and the online journal Flora of North America calls it "probably introduced" to areas north of Mexico. Individual research groups claim it is not native to areas they oversee: Florida, Washington, Wisconsin, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Missouri. The United States Geological Survey reports that common groundsel is exotic to all 50 states and all Canadian provinces with the exception of Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Labrador. Ecology Senecio vulgaris is a frost-resistant deciduous annual plant that grows in disturbed sites, waste places, roadsides, gardens, nurseries, orchards, vineyards, landscaped areas, agricultural lands, at altitudes up to and is, additionally, self-pollinating producing 1,700 seeds per plant with three generations per year. Seeds are dispersed by wind and also cling to clothing and animal fur, and as contaminates of commercially exchanged seeds; the distribution of this plant throughout the world has been difficult if not impossible to contain. Herbivores The seed of common groundsel is a good green food for canaries and finches and it is available all year round. Senecio vulgaris seed has been found in the droppings of sparrows, and seedlings have been raised from the excreta of various birds. Seed has also been found in cow manure. Some Lepidoptera species eat many of the Senecio; additional studies via electrophysiological recordings have shown that the taste sensilla of the cinnabar moth larvae respond (get excited) specifically to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which all Senecio contain. Moths and caterpillars Cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) Flame shoulder (Ochropleura plecta) Ragwort plume moth (Platyptilia isodactyla) The Senecio also are host to other insects: Beetles Ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae) Longitarsus gracilis (family Coleoptera species Chrysomelidae) Flies Seed flies (Diptera: Muscoidea) Ragwort seed fly (Anthomyiidae, Botanophila seneciella) Gall flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Ensina sonchi Sphenella marginata Trupanea stellata Trypeta zoe and other insects that are not listed here. The ragwort flea beetle and ragwort seed fly have been approved and released for Senecio control in California, Australia and elsewhere. Fungi Most Senecio, including S. squalidus are susceptible to rust and other fungus and mildews: Rust fungus Uredinales Coleosporium tussilaginis - stems and leaves (Coleosporiaceae) Puccinia lagenophorae - leaves only (Pucciniaceae) Bremia lactucae White rust Peronosporales Albugo tragopogonis - (Albuginaceae) some of the species Peronosporaceae - (Albuginaceae) Sac fungus Ascochyta, Pezizomycetes Ascochyta senecionicola - (Coelomycete) Groundsel mildew Erysiphales Golovinomyces cichoracearum var. fischeri Powdery mildew Erysiphales Podosphaera fusca - (Erysiphaceae) Black root rot Microascales some of the family Incertae sedis and other fungus that are not listed here. Toxicity In the United States, Senecio vulgaris has been listed as a noxious weed, being both non-indigenous to most if not all of the Americas and having a reputation for being hepatotoxic to livestock and to humans. Toxic versus medicinal Human As a plant that is reported to be both poisonous for human ingestion and also medicinal; much of the contradiction can be found by closely reviewing the words that are used and the dose (amount) of the poisonous substance that is ingested to prove either claim. All species of the genus Senecio contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., senecionine) a substance that when a human has chronic exposure can cause irreversible liver damage. Common groundsel as a medicinal herb does not seem to be recommended very often since 1931, when it was recommended as a diaphoretic, an antiscorbutic, a purgative, a diuretic and an anthelmintic, which was a demotion as it was previously suggested for the expelling of gravel of the kidneys and reins by Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century, for use as poultices by John Gerard in the late 16th century and as a cure for epilepsy by Nicholas Culpeper in the 17th century. More current information is contradictory about the dangers of the ingestion of groundsel. A heavily referenced paper from 1989 suggests that the response is immediate and gives pre-ambulatory care recommendations. A Canadian poisonous plants information database references a paper from 1990 in presenting this prenatal warning: "In a case of prenatal exposure, a mother ingested tea containing an estimated 0.343 milligram of senecionine, resulting in fatal veno-occlusive disease in a newborn infant." Information about the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the substance present in Senecio vulgaris is much less contradictory and all warn of accumulation of the alkaloid. Certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids are non-toxic precursors that are converted to toxic metabolites in the body in a process called toxification Livestock Carl Linnaeus is cited to have claimed that "goats and swine eat this common plant freely, cows being not partial to it and horses and sheep declining to touch it, but not only are caged birds fond of it (the seeds), but its leaves and seeds afford food for many of our wild species (rabbits were given as an example)." More recent studies claim that the lethal amount that cattle or horses need to consume is 7% of their body weight (example: would need to be consumed by a cow weighing ). Lesser amounts cause the liver to lose function but is not apparent until the animal is stressed (by new feed or location, pregnancy, a different toxin, etc.). Sheep and goats have rumen bacteria that detoxify the alkaloids and are able to consume twice their body weight of this and other species of genus Senecio. The alkaloids responsible are not destroyed by drying or by fermentation in silage. Introduced versus invasive Introduced species become invasive when they compete with natives or with crops. Senecio vulgaris is not known to be a strong competitor but it has been known to reduce mint production. There is evidence that it is not a strong invasive and sometimes protective of critically endangered native plants. The approximately long pappus seeds of Senecio vulgaris, each plant capable of producing 25,000 or more seeds (1,700 seeds per plant are more likely) with three generations of the plant per year; seeds that are widely dispersed by the wind, have been identified as a contaminant of cereal and vegetable seeds and a poison to some livestock; there is some inspiration to understand the growth stages and determine some control methods. Cultivation Cultivation with the hand or tiller is a recommended method of controlling Senecio vulgaris from growing in gardens and planting fields; cultivate to a depth of . The plant does prefer to take root in disturbed soils, so cultivation rids new plants but also buries and stirs up new seeds so the cultivation needs to be repeated at 14-day intervals. Seeds can still mature even when the plant has been killed; seed from plants cut in flower had germination levels of 35%. Groundsel seed numbers increased in soil during a two-year set-aside left fallow but not when there was a sown grass cover. The weed cannot live on grazed, trampled or mowed sites. Biological The pathogen rust fungus or Puccinia lagenophorae and the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) have both been used and studied in an attempt to control infestation of Senecio vulgaris. One study showed that rust fungus infected Senecio vulgaris survived and actually used more of the available soil nutrients. The cinnabar moth eats groundsel between June and August, but the seeds germinate and the plant grows as soon as the ground is warm enough (and after a warm rain), making this an insufficient control almost everywhere groundsel can be found. Chemical Herbicides designed to control broadleaf plants are effective for controlling Senecio vulgaris in cereals and forage grasses but also will "control" broadleaf crops, such as mint, forage legumes, strawberries, carrots and all other non-grass crops. There is also evidence that the plant develops an immunity to the chemical control. Other Groundsel seedlings with 2–6 leaves are tolerant of flame weeding but the seeds are susceptible to soil solarization. See also Jacobaea vulgaris Cichorieae, a tribe also in the sunflower family with similar looking genera (Agoseris, Leontodon, Sonchus, etc.) Cineraria, a genus also in the tribe Senecioneae with similar looking species References Further reading External links vulgaris Flora of Europe Flora of Asia Flora of North Africa Flora of North America Flora of South America Flora of Australasia Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	[ -0.5207303166389465, -0.3126145601272583, -0.3468542695045471, -0.13416291773319244, -0.49517154693603516, -0.09561178088188171, 0.28569185733795166, 0.903584361076355, -0.11460081487894058, 0.049595095217227936, -0.11076745390892029, 0.17094868421554565, -0.3866282105445862, 0.13817410171031952, -0.41428008675575256, 0.23461894690990448, 0.44818559288978577, 0.591485321521759, -0.044671256095170975, 0.30164286494255066, 0.009820557199418545, -0.5572831630706787, 0.6184978485107422, -0.8222269415855408, 1.0445168018341064, -0.5026981830596924, 0.0873509868979454, 0.05600648373365402, 0.23009757697582245, -0.37685760855674744, -0.5557509660720825, 0.29065802693367004, 0.28763890266418457, -0.08222954720258713, -0.2611549496650696, 0.42935633659362793, 0.16664128005504608, -0.43435031175613403, 0.08429516106843948, -0.7619121670722961, -0.14596439898014069, -0.28078606724739075, 0.6049852967262268, 0.16077446937561035, -0.19355060160160065, -0.55855393409729, -0.8767922520637512, 1.0048904418945312, -0.7963129878044128, 0.014925229363143444, -0.2541715204715729, 0.23219288885593414, 0.07874859869480133, -0.16819342970848083, 0.33354461193084717, 0.5931004285812378, -1.3625166416168213, -0.17957371473312378, 0.19906729459762573, -0.39045074582099915, -0.20304515957832336, 0.6037616729736328, 0.4386366903781891, 0.12198350578546524, 0.892252504825592, 0.7220516800880432, -0.3897208571434021, 0.5678768754005432, -0.5567120909690857, -0.0003577101742848754, -0.5049014091491699, -0.7003281116485596, -0.16015370190143585, 0.4611383080482483, 0.3598797023296356, -0.5394477248191833, -0.545336902141571, 0.013906793668866158, -0.13404768705368042, 0.4883687198162079, -0.26897022128105164, -0.16930559277534485, 0.824975848197937, 0.16559432446956635, 0.4407978653907776, 0.21661458909511566, -0.8248605728149414, 0.6577060222625732, -1.1042439937591553, 0.24839414656162262, -0.32242831587791443, 0.3011566400527954, 0.31699615716934204, -0.07169406861066818, -0.3612423241138458, -0.03791351616382599, -0.0689084455370903, -0.06447234004735947, -0.14345721900463104, 0.0843118354678154, -0.5350731015205383, 0.4140107333660126, 0.44311821460723877, -0.5965984463691711, -0.2582542300224304, 0.5377642512321472, -0.18210896849632263, -0.07973497360944748, 0.6665026545524597, -0.22258877754211426, 0.3516460061073303, 0.6580941081047058, 0.03468789905309677, 0.09270595759153366, -0.5603606700897217, 0.9831351637840271, 0.5734034180641174, -0.1770816445350647, -0.6124715209007263, -0.3433734178543091, 0.21403421461582184, -0.0031794598326087, 0.14458920061588287, -0.35467439889907837, -0.909766435623169, 0.03228472173213959, -0.03860008716583252, 0.5403742790222168, 0.12958073616027832, 0.3713846504688263, 0.4845447838306427, 0.7743822336196899, -0.286395788192749, -0.3140279948711395, -0.5730417966842651, 0.03674047812819481, 0.09655896574258804, 0.017698118463158607, 0.8850924372673035, 0.25948044657707214, -1.076492428779602, 0.0398980937898159, -0.40653395652770996, 0.13412441313266754, -0.6882220506668091, 0.4461844861507416, -0.2613847851753235, -0.3604672849178314, 0.26180964708328247, -0.5133650302886963, 0.44150662422180176, 0.0747840479016304, -0.29686322808265686, 0.15486375987529755, -0.24463039636611938, -0.20077106356620789, 0.2958458662033081, -0.23458890616893768, 0.2534007430076599, -0.0947255939245224, -0.6537800431251526, -0.6956930756568909, 0.08340591937303543, -0.17520689964294434, 0.12267868965864182, 0.23376868665218353, 0.4041995406150818, 0.607205331325531, -0.4736385941505432, 0.4432421326637268, -0.3204018473625183, -0.051001086831092834, 0.5323758721351624, -0.29645055532455444, 0.059135936200618744, 0.49094629287719727, -0.046632565557956696, -0.06610751152038574, 0.6122258305549622, 0.508967936038971, -0.5804161429405212, 0.5635926127433777, 0.7912213206291199, 0.22626230120658875, 0.07242274284362793, -0.5479043126106262, 0.49555209279060364, 0.11405068635940552, 0.26530513167381287, -0.23359157145023346, -0.831132173538208, -0.3285716772079468, -0.38098081946372986, 0.13865458965301514, 0.3253404200077057, 0.49028709530830383, -0.17586618661880493, 0.16599605977535248, -0.033113494515419006, 0.35126563906669617, -0.20725654065608978, -0.07321741431951523, 0.4614538252353668, -0.3830440640449524, -1.0052658319473267, 0.17287832498550415, 0.1121814176440239, 0.07896662503480911, 0.9245651364326477, 0.3007654547691345, -0.3202681243419647, -1.1733182668685913, 0.48911887407302856, -0.42377981543540955, -0.1406763195991516, -0.10636866092681885, -0.5405570268630981, 0.3366747200489044, 0.212113156914711, -0.30022603273391724, 0.336777925491333, 0.26235559582710266, -0.4775279760360718, 0.6792172789573669, -0.751880943775177, -0.033836424350738525, 0.3684029281139374, -0.35549822449684143, 0.5501284003257751, -0.4209115505218506, 0.08642695844173431, -0.3584233820438385, 0.5395004749298096, -0.7740395665168762, -0.33366602659225464, 0.8822644352912903, 0.2629866302013397, -0.7293598055839539, 0.41867920756340027, -0.22897464036941528, 0.24210330843925476, 1.0073050260543823, -0.5891497731208801, 0.24042505025863647, 0.08377519994974136, 0.07609660178422928, -0.14913663268089294, 0.3471046984195709, 0.06337519735097885, -0.3946196734905243, 0.7140681147575378, 1.2330808639526367, 0.269898384809494, -0.23568464815616608, 0.13549911975860596, -0.16662785410881042, 0.008698130026459694, 0.7824311256408691, 0.3857347369194031, 0.3823404014110565, -0.29771652817726135, 0.4429156184196472, 0.2647485136985779, 0.5598328709602356, 0.06743083149194717, 0.1833641082048416, -0.537027895450592, -0.31716758012771606, 0.1727590709924698, -0.29628902673721313, 0.7057119607925415, -0.23302200436592102, -0.8729919195175171, 0.2587984800338745, -0.508015513420105, -0.6014996767044067, -0.3221769332885742, -0.31258323788642883, -0.8609921336174011, -0.646977424621582, 0.3037967383861542, 0.8757852911949158, 0.18677805364131927, -0.6428534984588623, -0.17295227944850922, -0.4608590006828308, 0.28130364418029785, -0.5119317173957825, -0.1802837997674942, -0.6027395129203796, -0.2949202060699463, 0.6433143615722656, -0.09722451865673065, 1.2806684970855713, -0.19894970953464508, -0.5675991177558899, 0.14304783940315247, 0.5460785031318665, 0.46747052669525146, -0.8894099593162537, -0.2675199806690216, 0.1814703643321991, 0.3598252534866333, -0.1042032539844513, 0.002095512580126524, 0.1591506004333496, 0.378111869096756, -0.41622135043144226, -4.801581859588623, -0.07498710602521896, 0.11411188542842865, 0.6031175851821899, 0.5389968752861023, 0.01540082786232233, 0.29119953513145447, -0.28297048807144165, -0.42459842562675476, 0.3002913296222687, 0.4173407554626465, 0.19106821715831757, 0.09598028659820557, -0.30883410573005676, 0.45432326197624207, 0.23747052252292633, -0.32357439398765564, -0.3898228108882904, -0.16238665580749512, -0.028561415150761604, -0.2860378324985504, 0.35417237877845764, 0.41189876198768616, 1.1814121007919312, -0.39530614018440247, 0.5137786269187927, 0.36835435032844543, -0.39257436990737915, -0.6947318315505981, 0.35477060079574585, 0.3095579147338867, -0.1782623678445816, 0.261942595243454, -0.1386827677488327, -0.8249322772026062, -0.4592406153678894, 0.09558809548616409, -0.7273008823394775, -0.054784636944532394, -0.21128180623054504, -0.35136109590530396, -0.5137063264846802, 0.3406881093978882, 0.14459165930747986, 0.29950806498527527, -0.2004203200340271, -0.47429174184799194, -0.8301573991775513, -0.07228288799524307, 0.7901404500007629, 0.41858354210853577, 0.06626637279987335, -0.023236649110913277, -0.550718367099762, -0.3638904392719269, 0.5520508289337158, 0.7602606415748596, 0.5091987252235413, -0.22383448481559753, 0.0293668732047081, 0.3594971299171448, -0.21373769640922546, 0.004971264395862818, 0.11229097098112106, -0.22857700288295746, 0.13702242076396942, 0.20089766383171082, 0.6275054216384888, 0.8998815417289734, -0.14003346860408783, 0.4016377627849579, 0.08871052414178848, 0.17308774590492249, -1.1794172525405884, -0.39968162775039673, -0.5171570181846619, -0.6658719182014465, -0.036151692271232605, -0.7734649181365967, 0.4268798828125, 0.7568506002426147, -0.09504740685224533, 0.10960836708545685, 0.06815371662378311, -0.05337308719754219, -0.7878955602645874, 0.0033066526520997286, 0.20482023060321808, -0.3686295747756958, -0.3499854505062103, 0.311290442943573, -0.4975775182247162, 0.3009684681892395, -0.26860085129737854, 0.10807047039270401, 0.3180053234100342, 0.45698192715644836, 0.9863843321800232, -0.1884620487689972, 0.0754021555185318, 0.5273982286453247, -0.2077992707490921, -0.0838189572095871, -0.16779837012290955, -0.060649264603853226, -0.437810480594635, -0.285018652677536, 1.4857922792434692, 1.3200846910476685, -0.49289992451667786, 0.9502124786376953, 0.3748283386230469, -0.6320098042488098, -1.0452821254730225, 0.15653011202812195, 0.32496875524520874, -0.39168253540992737, 0.16601519286632538, 0.7464721202850342, -0.4047844707965851, 0.280704528093338, 0.4156419336795807, -0.36567842960357666, 0.02986980602145195, -0.13871829211711884, -0.25179436802864075, 0.2940506041049957, 0.06876961886882782, -0.0895572230219841, -0.6685303449630737, -0.7836979627609253, -0.10693148523569107, -0.7631032466888428, 0.023453157395124435, -0.22238236665725708, -0.025688206776976585, -0.2418678253889084, 0.08195533603429794, -0.37658098340034485, -0.05887499079108238, -0.4287830889225006, -0.359941691160202, -0.37584930658340454, 0.2947462499141693, 0.6736323833465576, 0.6365258693695068, -0.5110066533088684, -0.5301755666732788, -0.3657313287258148, 0.3550845682621002, 0.9335118532180786, -0.46807464957237244, 0.07313551753759384, -0.7283939719200134, -0.41260138154029846, -0.2917364239692688, -0.3650369644165039, 0.30882325768470764, 0.3673998713493347, -1.0846490859985352, 0.11468235403299332, -0.27613699436187744, -1.2295929193496704, -0.7977437973022461, 0.1109156385064125, -0.025185132399201393, 0.24871961772441864, -1.0654587745666504, -0.6628192067146301, 0.6241363883018494, -0.28757530450820923, 0.12468518316745758, 0.06630127131938934, -0.5685555338859558, 0.23427818715572357, 0.14600162208080292, -0.5343779921531677, -0.30831781029701233, 0.724368155002594, 0.12551307678222656, -0.272586464881897, 0.10869705677032471, -0.5254189372062683, 0.4550238847732544, 0.22325891256332397, -1.2706371545791626, 0.16547973453998566, -0.2533377408981323, -0.8053076267242432, 0.4512818455696106, -0.4049631357192993, 0.23782487213611603, 0.5833485126495361, 0.34180939197540283, -0.43077221512794495, -0.2870231866836548, -0.36895930767059326, 0.2701970338821411, -0.5641040205955505, -1.148356556892395, 0.6051923036575317, -0.025774095207452774, -0.45866045355796814, 0.013390901498496532, 0.059972092509269714, -0.42582133412361145, 0.4885084927082062, -0.03708121180534363, -0.9906406998634338, 0.5324936509132385, 0.14710655808448792, -0.9169939160346985, 0.20046918094158173, 0.5749509334564209, -0.1752929389476776, -0.013834604062139988, -0.4027631878852844, 0.18549872934818268, -0.5578809976577759, -0.4057329595088959, -0.3803209066390991, 0.01397517416626215, 0.28125903010368347, -0.1819555014371872, -0.29830697178840637, -0.10949908196926117, 0.11849778890609741, -0.1731642484664917, 0.631410539150238, -0.3031255304813385, 0.504348635673523, -0.09093108028173447, 0.5722687840461731, -0.08920861780643463, -0.22764471173286438, 0.2641749083995819, 0.09083548188209534, 0.4192841649055481, 0.11093820631504059, 0.7254577279090881, 0.4945504069328308, 0.6071614623069763, -0.3539697825908661, 0.03445475921034813, -0.38383951783180237, 0.3411575257778168, 0.37945127487182617, 0.028703922405838966, -0.7919536828994751, -0.26344504952430725, 0.5913810729980469, 0.25114554166793823, -0.3456876575946808, 0.6105831265449524, 0.667679488658905, -1.1916041374206543, 0.4356657862663269, 0.24271444976329803, -0.32476767897605896, -0.019352838397026062, 0.3342050313949585, 0.7290074229240417, 0.846318781375885, 1.0920217037200928, -0.18518716096878052, -0.5545908212661743, -0.006099420599639416, -0.19288505613803864, 1.1727323532104492, -0.7223293781280518, 0.01499970257282257, 0.19866850972175598, 0.4146472215652466, 0.5831456184387207, -0.13278557360172272, 0.3924868404865265, -0.3988569676876068, -0.9703627228736877, 0.059696342796087265, 0.21361353993415833, -0.7638900279998779, -0.3447653353214264, -0.16061006486415863, -0.39118722081184387, -0.4364549219608307, -0.5250521898269653, -0.3893740475177765, -0.17707125842571259, -0.2444261908531189, 0.17441721260547638, -0.6753116846084595, 0.2418162077665329, 0.18133758008480072, -0.012322116643190384, 0.19792474806308746, -0.06537511944770813, 0.04020654782652855, -0.10023792088031769, -0.6639236211776733, -0.0813186764717102, -1.5514459609985352, 0.3460065722465515, 0.3586854934692383, -0.48027852177619934, -0.11068253964185715, 0.20235784351825714, 0.36332133412361145, 0.16541871428489685, -0.5098904371261597, -1.0740253925323486, -0.06038028001785278, -0.35278069972991943, 0.15317387878894806, 0.262090265750885, -0.014639896340668201, 0.17970670759677887, -0.08509311825037003, -0.21709448099136353, 0.04965810850262642, 1.2236872911453247, 0.7069697380065918, -0.04901980981230736, 0.8615431189537048, 0.10936480760574341, -0.12032190710306168, 0.9020556807518005, -0.5711057186126709, -0.5247693061828613, 0.8963310718536377, 0.0034380475990474224, 0.6299741864204407, 0.6999960541725159, -0.787440299987793, 0.679641604423523, 0.5273239612579346, -0.3835446536540985, 0.7697603106498718, -1.0387227535247803, -0.079343780875206, 0.5143047571182251, 0.44497084617614746, 0.48804453015327454, 0.6830517649650574, -0.1277715116739273, 0.13438741862773895, 0.03992728888988495, -0.24017119407653809, 0.06346703320741653, 0.5284985303878784, -0.6138343811035156, 0.6050246357917786, -0.16681233048439026, 0.3583005666732788, -0.5272413492202759, 0.3147698640823364, 0.14760558307170868, -0.1317611187696457, -0.3729386031627655, -0.7875658273696899, -0.06687268614768982, 0.17042207717895508, 0.38557079434394836, -0.2230217456817627, 0.06036553159356117, -0.516029953956604, 0.32371169328689575, -0.42129239439964294, 0.25628960132598877, -0.6331321001052856, 0.5490843653678894, 0.17496666312217712, -0.2259264588356018, -0.11573328822851181, 0.09209553897380829, 1.3230443000793457, 0.343539297580719, 0.17795300483703613, 0.9197646975517273, -0.2423040270805359, 0.5315579771995544, -0.5412827730178833, 0.37208321690559387, -0.09468191117048264, -0.6878948211669922, 0.2691439986228943, 0.0977020263671875, -0.07745001465082169, -1.0175447463989258, -0.7439616918563843, 0.1879468709230423, -0.4963171184062958, -0.2836744785308838, -0.4515684247016907, 0.08418074250221252, -0.279441237449646, -0.4816005527973175, -0.30867844820022583, 0.9102490544319153, -0.3926415741443634, -0.35326555371284485, 0.4854018986225128, -0.4763134717941284, -0.20886650681495667, 0.08003432303667068, -0.18363453447818756, 0.6860395669937134, -0.08236438781023026, 0.5112799406051636, -0.5819242596626282, 0.8211607933044434, 0.40293553471565247, 0.3471498489379883, 0.5251634120941162, 0.34326159954071045, -0.9945638179779053, -0.2340351641178131, 0.1725938320159912, 0.2434048056602478, -0.40925732254981995, -0.6946547031402588, 0.6287550926208496, 0.029940182343125343, 0.6210706830024719, 0.484604150056839, -0.40906572341918945, -0.07673144340515137, 0.27456822991371155, 0.925210177898407, -0.1667643040418625, 0.2619914412498474, 0.023605434224009514, 0.7929942011833191, -0.34708172082901, 0.018547367304563522, -0.48866161704063416, 0.3852325975894928, 0.4211506247520447, 0.3406979441642761, -0.8571221828460693, 0.03482550010085106, 0.8301452398300171, -0.31974518299102783, 0.015930654481053352, -0.44490846991539, 0.37652918696403503, 0.3393447995185852, -0.3264370560646057, -0.3657938539981842, -0.33525753021240234, 0.06751561909914017, -0.05485701188445091, -0.383322149515152, 0.37391456961631775, -0.3091336190700531, -0.26561734080314636, 0.07541584968566895, -0.11869266629219055, -0.21674631536006927, 0.004145683720707893, 0.09270832687616348 ]
216345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%20of%20criminal%20responsibility	Age of criminal responsibility	The age of criminal responsibility is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence/defense of infancy, which is a form of defense known as an excuse so that defendants falling within the definition of an "infant" are excluded from criminal liability for their actions, if at the relevant time, they had not reached an age of criminal responsibility. After reaching the initial age, there may be levels of responsibility dictated by age and the type of offense committed. Under the English common law the defense of infancy was expressed as a set of presumptions in a doctrine known as doli incapax. A child under the age of seven was presumed incapable of committing a crime. The presumption was conclusive, prohibiting the prosecution from offering evidence that the child had the capacity to appreciate the nature and wrongfulness of what they had done. Children aged 7–13 were presumed incapable of committing a crime but the presumption was rebuttable. The prosecution could overcome the presumption by proving that the child understood what they were doing and that it was wrong. In fact, capacity was a necessary element of the state's case. If the state failed to offer sufficient evidence of capacity, the infant was entitled to have the charges dismissed at the close of the state's evidence. Doli incapax was abolished in England and Wales in 1998, but persists in other common law jurisdictions. Terminology The terminology regarding such a defense varies by jurisdiction and sphere. "Defense of infancy" is a mainly US term. The "age of criminal responsibility" is used by most European countries, the UK, Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth of Nations countries. Other instances of usage have included the terms age of accountability, age of responsibility, and age of liability, The term Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility (MACR) is a term commonly used in the literature. The rationale behind the age of accountability laws are the same as those behind the insanity defense, insinuating both the mentally disabled and the young lack apprehension. The age of criminal responsibility Governments enact laws to label certain types of activity as wrongful or illegal. Behavior of a more antisocial nature can be stigmatized in a more positive way to show society's disapproval through the use of the word criminal. In this context, laws tend to use the phrase, "age of criminal responsibility" in two different ways: As a definition of the process for dealing with an alleged offender, the range of ages specifies the exemption of a child from the adult system of prosecution and punishment. Most jurisdictions develop special juvenile justice systems in parallel to the adult criminal justice system. Here, the hearings are essentially welfare-based and deal with children as in need of compulsory measures of treatment and/or care. Children are diverted into this system when they have committed what would have been an offense as an adult. As the physical capacity of a child to commit a crime. Hence, children are deemed incapable of committing some sexual or other acts requiring abilities of a more mature quality. Discussion This is an aspect of the public policy of parens patriae. In the criminal law, each state will consider the nature of its own society and the available evidence of the age at which antisocial behaviors begins to manifest itself. Some societies will have qualities of indulgence toward the young and inexperienced, and will not wish them to be exposed to the criminal law system before all other avenues of response have been exhausted. Hence, some states have a policy of doli incapax (i.e. incapable of wrong) and exclude liability for all acts and omissions that would otherwise have been criminal after reaching a specified age. Hence, no matter what the child may have done, there cannot be a criminal prosecution. However, although no criminal liability is inferred, other aspects of law may be applied. For example, in Nordic countries, an offense by a person under 15 years of age is considered mostly a symptom of problems in child's development. This will cause the social authorities to take appropriate administrative measures to secure the development of the child. Such measures may range from counseling to placement at special care unit. Being non-judicial, the measures are not dependent on the severity of the offense committed but on the overall circumstances of the child. The policy of treating minors as incapable of committing crimes does not necessarily reflect modern sensibilities. Thus, if the rationale of the excuse is that children below a certain age lack the capacity to form the mens rea of an offense, this may no longer be a sustainable argument. Indeed, given the different speeds at which people may develop both physically and intellectually, any form of explicit age limit may be arbitrary and irrational. Yet, the sense that children do not deserve to be exposed to criminal punishment in the same way as adults remains strong. Children have not had experience of life, nor do they have the same mental and intellectual capacities as adults. Hence, it might be considered unfair to treat young children in the same way as adults. In Scotland the age of criminal responsibility was raised from 8 to 12 by the implementation of the Age of Criminal Responsibility (Scotland) Act 2019, which came into force on 31 March 2020. In England and Wales and Northern Ireland the age of responsibility is 10 years, and in the Netherlands and Canada the age of responsibility is 12 years. Sweden, Finland, and Norway all set the age at 15 years. In the United States the age varies between states, being as low as 6 years in South Carolina and 7 years in 35 states; 11 years is the minimum age for federal crimes. As the treaty parties of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court could not agree on a minimum age for criminal responsibility, they chose to solve the question procedurally and excluded the jurisdiction of the Court for persons under eighteen years. Some jurisdictions do not have a set fixed minimum age, but leave discretion to prosecutors to argue or the judges to rule on whether the child or adolescent ("juvenile") defendant understood that what was being done was wrong. If the defendant did not understand the difference between right and wrong, it may not be considered appropriate to treat such a person as culpable. Alternatively, the lack of real fault in the offender can be recognized by rulings that avoid criminal sentences and/or address more practical matters of parental responsibility by adjusting the rights of parents to unsupervised custody, or by separate criminal proceedings against the parents for breach of their duties as parents. By country The following are the minimum ages at which people may be charged with a criminal offence in each country: Child imprisonment Child imprisonment is a concept in criminal law where people are considered not old enough to be held responsible for their criminal acts. The main problem in most countries is whether children should be punished as an adult for crimes committed as a juvenile, or if special treatment is a better solution for the offender. Juvenile courts In some countries, a juvenile court is a court of special jurisdiction charged with adjudicating cases involving crimes committed by those who have not yet reached a specific age. If convicted in a juvenile court, the offender is found "responsible" for their actions as opposed to "guilty" of a criminal offense. Sometimes, in some jurisdictions (such as the United States of America), a minor may be tried as an adult. See also Age of candidacy Reasonable person Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage Notes Footnotes References Further reading Maher, Gerry. "Age and Criminal Responsibility. 2005 Vol 2. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law''. 493 Wayback Machine CRC Country Reports (1992–1996); Juvenile Justice and Juvenile Delinquency in Central and Eastern Europe, 1995; United Nations, Implementation of UN Mandates on Juvenile Justice in ESCAP, 1994; Geert Cappelaere, Children's Rights Centre, University of Gent, Belgium. Age of criminal responsibility Infancy, d Juvenile justice system Juvenile law	[ -0.06411357969045639, 0.5397937893867493, -0.3250651955604553, -0.379675954580307, -0.1447083204984665, 0.20137697458267212, 0.6235764026641846, 0.34684228897094727, -0.7357629537582397, 0.1854124516248703, -0.12506192922592163, 0.21981385350227356, 0.2900104522705078, 0.6209421753883362, -0.19701316952705383, 0.42545682191848755, 0.19866156578063965, 0.947136402130127, -0.29267701506614685, -0.6940829157829285, -0.19985461235046387, -0.3983509838581085, 0.08576710522174835, 0.053966227918863297, 0.5687471032142639, -0.4043425917625427, 0.1733814775943756, 0.0025416791904717684, -0.07004690915346146, -0.10106419771909714, 0.012862317264080048, -0.01381684374064207, 0.5262226462364197, 0.44454607367515564, 0.42099806666374207, -0.01281922310590744, 0.01915965974330902, -0.14754356443881989, 0.19125893712043762, -0.6914733648300171, 0.23668240010738373, 0.16671854257583618, -0.5415266156196594, 0.21008481085300446, 0.04145876690745354, -0.11465064436197281, -0.9498769640922546, -0.2545774579048157, 0.24969613552093506, -0.19187578558921814, -0.4477114677429199, 0.12761658430099487, 0.0528448112308979, -0.2936256229877472, 0.3718396723270416, -0.356290340423584, -0.8317306637763977, 0.07091008126735687, 0.20451880991458893, 0.03749482333660126, 0.7917924523353577, -0.1306189000606537, 0.06732248514890671, -0.3965145945549011, 0.3153551518917084, -0.21231654286384583, 0.22380180656909943, 1.0673668384552002, -0.5974269509315491, -0.6826959848403931, -0.4385785162448883, -0.5289462804794312, 0.19940733909606934, -0.3405765891075134, -0.7809020280838013, 0.1546257734298706, 0.15616898238658905, -0.43962472677230835, 0.04739844426512718, -0.1307041347026825, 0.049949415028095245, 0.5517507195472717, 0.33110952377319336, -0.13328000903129578, 0.9703134298324585, 0.23832917213439941, 0.09991522133350372, 0.20903001725673676, 0.029874037951231003, 0.8884434103965759, 0.665906548500061, 0.87507164478302, 0.6146101355552673, 0.546023964881897, 0.0404285304248333, 0.32635053992271423, -0.10495413094758987, 0.2608081102371216, 0.30357715487480164, 0.09019136428833008, 0.737860918045044, 0.04148326814174652, 0.3550742566585541, -0.6967197060585022, 0.18662410974502563, -0.20342549681663513, 0.4909740090370178, -0.3739635944366455, -0.1820976436138153, -1.2680729627609253, -0.05082103982567787, 0.4010131359100342, -0.9571356177330017, 0.04333686828613281, -0.3753983676433563, 0.32279643416404724, 0.01760094426572323, -0.02655647322535515, 0.28332310914993286, -0.18010616302490234, -0.6027652025222778, -0.5840029120445251, -0.7922409176826477, 0.1016080230474472, -0.025027304887771606, 0.5116139054298401, -0.09185349196195602, 0.8272377848625183, 0.3388654887676239, -0.33659863471984863, 0.15062740445137024, 0.5305001735687256, -0.1266254335641861, -0.5873333215713501, -0.35255154967308044, 0.2844955623149872, 0.09666632860898972, 0.5245115756988525, 0.3291451334953308, -0.16099552810192108, -0.4824816584587097, -0.8480648994445801, -0.3747248947620392, -0.17853619158267975, 0.2024182379245758, -0.25808754563331604, 0.2149745225906372, -0.3506711423397064, -0.2905675768852234, 0.49260255694389343, 0.6361864805221558, -0.3034866452217102, -0.5746983289718628, -0.3007289171218872, 0.0049515822902321815, -0.303602010011673, 0.6002429723739624, -0.5326542854309082, -0.7427571415901184, -0.04625754430890083, 0.23942017555236816, -0.49755826592445374, -0.6831705570220947, 0.12311763316392899, 0.37401169538497925, 0.31457456946372986, 0.129864901304245, -0.000106065119325649, 0.26556774973869324, 0.12867940962314606, -0.551724374294281, 0.4030721187591553, 0.25222283601760864, -0.9784438610076904, -0.324799507856369, 0.18855279684066772, -0.10816648602485657, 0.3943119943141937, 0.7147489190101624, -0.010092461481690407, -0.319054514169693, 0.3417283892631531, 0.37308812141418457, 0.6012879014015198, 0.09029922634363174, -0.30742570757865906, -0.05295921862125397, -0.24853718280792236, -0.319852739572525, -0.18896786868572235, -0.10998053103685379, -0.4096178114414215, 0.8906861543655396, -0.6534812450408936, 0.5538579821586609, -0.3734908401966095, -0.006936074700206518, 0.9162691235542297, 0.10724806040525436, 0.8990553617477417, -0.17838157713413239, 0.23213528096675873, 0.2966221272945404, -0.030028866603970528, -1.2894644737243652, 1.323122501373291, 0.09806091338396072, -0.06346149742603302, -0.28723740577697754, 0.26269376277923584, 0.017933707684278488, -0.3851231336593628, -0.1829431802034378, -0.2669624388217926, 0.07008469104766846, 0.5291299223899841, -0.2015162855386734, 0.40972626209259033, 0.11610782891511917, -0.5995286703109741, 0.03605113551020622, -0.29272276163101196, 0.27984845638275146, 0.17316226661205292, -0.433786004781723, 0.3269152343273163, -0.18245309591293335, 0.19706957042217255, 0.47647520899772644, -1.0899717807769775, 0.5815172791481018, 0.26600080728530884, 0.3412460684776306, 0.14716455340385437, -0.6941807270050049, 0.13439954817295074, -0.599202573299408, 0.006464681588113308, -0.1923181265592575, -0.19300508499145508, 0.25795894861221313, 0.7412697672843933, -0.06645370274782181, 0.00824196357280016, 0.2811376750469208, 0.3233296275138855, -0.11334580183029175, 0.7321206331253052, -0.43063652515411377, 0.6785275340080261, -0.013688310980796814, 0.16476455330848694, 0.22784815728664398, -0.31890755891799927, -0.26585379242897034, -0.3830685019493103, -0.8460797667503357, 0.16110967099666595, -0.2285357415676117, -0.6109679341316223, -0.1819026917219162, 0.03555623069405556, 0.4261840879917145, 0.16293567419052124, -0.77842116355896, 0.08215650916099548, -0.6703752875328064, -0.7318650484085083, 0.3792305588722229, 0.29447025060653687, 0.48602208495140076, -0.3534325957298279, -0.42049261927604675, -0.5716800689697266, 0.27306073904037476, 0.06281322985887527, 0.7703922986984253, 0.03893907368183136, -0.2572164535522461, 0.15935643017292023, 0.26216191053390503, 0.5074803233146667, 0.16046865284442902, -0.45585325360298157, 0.14387084543704987, -0.13665059208869934, 0.45279064774513245, -0.504401683807373, 0.19867439568042755, 0.04232483729720116, -0.3408699929714203, 0.15009517967700958, -0.3194732666015625, 0.12734606862068176, 0.9956101179122925, 0.3615162670612335, -0.48830217123031616, 0.590930700302124, 1.1012942790985107, -0.525092363357544, -0.23861609399318695, 0.36933255195617676, -0.6800010800361633, -0.1980295032262802, -0.21369720995426178, 0.012725917622447014, -0.18902677297592163, -0.41458553075790405, -5.208380222320557, 0.06338988989591599, -0.7455658912658691, -0.4732513725757599, -0.04521787539124489, 0.13957494497299194, 1.201555848121643, -0.245932936668396, -0.26050910353660583, 0.34221595525741577, 0.14676104485988617, 0.08828198164701462, 0.5038039088249207, 0.027265986427664757, 0.2979893088340759, 0.22578145563602448, 1.062042236328125, -0.3955339789390564, -0.13807079195976257, 0.12317647784948349, -0.2167297899723053, 0.04504519701004028, -0.5526745915412903, -0.3646963834762573, 0.4741829037666321, 0.3708699643611908, 0.01736283302307129, -0.1746036559343338, -0.7370213270187378, -0.11897622793912888, 0.056237827986478806, -0.2866487503051758, -0.32251593470573425, -0.3444052040576935, -0.24271970987319946, -0.12225519865751266, 0.14726494252681732, 0.33518537878990173, -0.22045832872390747, -0.3884924352169037, -0.4249365031719208, -0.26614296436309814, 0.017937470227479935, 0.539567768573761, 0.6705955862998962, -0.06417979300022125, -0.0644318088889122, -0.8693884611129761, -0.22344014048576355, 0.876144528388977, -0.37254613637924194, 0.41026395559310913, 0.30782124400138855, 0.22314800322055817, -0.34011319279670715, -0.08844956010580063, 0.20083361864089966, -0.36628854274749756, -0.5134511590003967, 0.02612105943262577, 0.2065761834383011, -0.4256543517112732, 0.24637991189956665, -0.10653331130743027, -0.07789783179759979, -0.40898966789245605, -0.7326264381408691, -0.7308580279350281, -0.029603423550724983, 0.39897048473358154, -0.2768321633338928, -0.13744188845157623, 0.13265395164489746, -0.6187481880187988, -0.3939327001571655, -0.6932429075241089, 0.06422238051891327, 1.1018465757369995, -0.039463501423597336, -0.7058151960372925, 0.31505417823791504, -0.21934722363948822, -0.7516958713531494, 0.6623649597167969, 0.1496885120868683, -0.12005714327096939, 0.03775348141789436, 0.4008010923862457, -0.4475119113922119, 0.14019893109798431, 0.3105230927467346, 0.07300227880477905, -0.4506494104862213, 0.16693319380283356, -0.351592481136322, 0.4104563295841217, -0.028947485610842705, 0.1467469334602356, 0.23457887768745422, -0.10081639140844345, 0.07296671718358994, -0.22148571908473969, -0.2083159238100052, -0.6726929545402527, -0.4568851888179779, -0.31487539410591125, 0.060924094170331955, 0.3711945116519928, 0.4595102369785309, -0.7686489224433899, 0.5216838121414185, -0.15969356894493103, -0.6470482349395752, 0.1598445177078247, 0.3347228467464447, -0.47600653767585754, -0.5061860680580139, 0.9707664251327515, 0.1873062551021576, 0.2553364932537079, 0.06773502379655838, -0.14796985685825348, -0.5371121764183044, 0.2814219892024994, -0.9053763747215271, -0.571536660194397, 0.2972966134548187, 0.39702001214027405, -0.29088929295539856, 0.05337740108370781, -0.3860393464565277, 0.9713306427001953, -0.00468709971755743, -0.2736600935459137, -0.39244544506073, -0.621297299861908, 0.34846124053001404, 0.025525633245706558, 0.384048730134964, -0.7756866812705994, 0.5213903784751892, 0.3986762464046478, -0.03992121294140816, -0.28654929995536804, 0.7571648359298706, 0.17541375756263733, 0.021525675430893898, 0.1161385253071785, -0.5163024067878723, -0.029755238443613052, -0.19856221973896027, -0.2673056423664093, 0.2659306824207306, -0.5212621092796326, -0.40329137444496155, -0.2220107764005661, -0.27213382720947266, -0.07773534208536148, -0.2905937731266022, -0.43721505999565125, 0.217934250831604, -0.5443761348724365, -0.9303199648857117, -0.17119036614894867, 0.927670955657959, 0.10928330570459366, -0.41417914628982544, 0.19568753242492676, -0.44755879044532776, 0.9452418088912964, 0.11507314443588257, -0.43660658597946167, -0.5926334857940674, -0.5526524782180786, 0.8955646753311157, -0.5124098062515259, -0.0262474175542593, -0.39187562465667725, -0.038934167474508286, -0.253020316362381, -0.12587633728981018, -0.13577580451965332, -0.5157451033592224, 0.7056358456611633, -0.4327256381511688, 0.31631025671958923, 0.17999529838562012, -0.17044228315353394, -0.7567813992500305, -0.48450717329978943, -0.21965080499649048, -0.35971131920814514, 0.4556252360343933, -0.09072653949260712, -0.2050936222076416, -0.3016977906227112, -0.3959067463874817, 0.16636566817760468, 0.10893511027097702, 0.041077159345149994, 0.35441362857818604, 0.6681662797927856, -0.1593955010175705, 0.21133959293365479, 0.8383917808532715, -0.7156240344047546, -0.1479353904724121, 0.07416099309921265, -1.3465628623962402, 0.288002610206604, -0.47928693890571594, -0.7321945428848267, -0.36858564615249634, 0.8182099461555481, -0.12589536607265472, -0.565639078617096, 0.4341473877429962, 0.20286007225513458, -0.06345545500516891, -0.26142826676368713, 0.5815518498420715, 0.4640445113182068, -0.2885834574699402, -0.35455822944641113, -0.06943661719560623, 0.6720759272575378, 0.42626893520355225, -0.6521624326705933, 0.9004519581794739, 0.04370294511318207, -0.2430693805217743, 0.22712181508541107, 0.6192992925643921, -0.05418061465024948, -0.29791486263275146, -0.6092255115509033, 0.0022470918484032154, 0.12148455530405045, 0.20934608578681946, 1.0166445970535278, 0.38457316160202026, 1.1022871732711792, 0.5734283924102783, -0.8223970532417297, 0.12061428278684616, -0.11906932294368744, 0.47359469532966614, -0.7695329189300537, -0.7364377379417419, 0.4588589072227478, -0.36283713579177856, -0.2685681879520416, -0.10445880889892578, 0.02586912363767624, 0.7221688032150269, 0.3615206778049469, 0.09355165809392929, -0.2889259159564972, 0.6190220713615417, 0.4023298919200897, 0.08702462911605835, 0.22092457115650177, -0.27330946922302246, 0.3055391013622284, 0.7708948850631714, 0.43499651551246643, -0.33102425932884216, 0.05646136775612831, 0.6116544008255005, -0.20875515043735504, -0.2102983295917511, -0.28883635997772217, 0.3717949688434601, 0.5954718589782715, 0.5467959046363831, 0.03918054327368736, 0.15543830394744873, -0.019747242331504822, 0.28971606492996216, -0.24178463220596313, 0.20856007933616638, 0.02758685126900673, 0.7063299417495728, -1.0773394107818604, 0.1732833832502365, -0.47614163160324097, 0.5602490305900574, 0.18170930445194244, -0.4658375680446625, -0.685780942440033, -0.04047733172774315, -0.11434236168861389, -0.5931458473205566, 0.8961729407310486, -0.02057279273867607, 0.8534768223762512, -0.3092995584011078, -0.23925524950027466, 0.4534606635570526, -0.37000882625579834, -0.5240364074707031, 0.6634098887443542, -0.28780972957611084, -0.637824296951294, 0.11699008196592331, 0.0810130387544632, -0.11147196590900421, 0.39499619603157043, 0.41681697964668274, -0.17335714399814606, 0.03438661992549896, 0.09534239768981934, 0.6324349045753479, 0.8422918915748596, -0.4319179952144623, -0.13468042016029358, 0.43825387954711914, -0.11177057027816772, -0.3599375784397125, 0.09398727118968964, -0.5676984190940857, 0.007183067966252565, 0.8978374600410461, -0.1252845674753189, -0.07046493887901306, 0.7543279528617859, -0.2777720093727112, -0.04682096838951111, 0.5523951053619385, 0.5402731895446777, 0.319023996591568, 0.18704406917095184, -0.11433637142181396, 1.1190540790557861, -0.06362787634134293, -0.3426245152950287, 0.42402929067611694, -0.9420534372329712, -0.286787211894989, 0.8707931041717529, 1.222776174545288, 0.28068941831588745, -0.12785214185714722, 0.052944768220186234, -0.36081477999687195, 0.7575985789299011, -0.10778806358575821, -0.013982834294438362, 0.4579267203807831, -0.16795092821121216, 0.7857675552368164, -0.5262283086776733, 0.5477766990661621, 0.16179102659225464, 0.511898398399353, -0.09308931976556778, 0.7076021432876587, -0.48681992292404175, -0.6250292062759399, -0.9036522507667542, -0.036242302507162094, 0.08393391221761703, 0.846419632434845, -0.2903362512588501, 0.1605423092842102, -0.9059597253799438, 0.5351866483688354, 0.3327406942844391, -0.31338053941726685, -0.21788862347602844, 0.18178436160087585, -0.32743382453918457, -0.08174283057451248, -0.11329850554466248, 0.6777145862579346, -0.10966459661722183, -0.15858998894691467, -0.01920381933450699, 0.2762587070465088, -0.8238997459411621, -0.17222876846790314, -0.6451418995857239, -0.23201017081737518, -0.4639858901500702, -0.2865653932094574, 0.02303706295788288, 0.08397192507982254, 0.29536449909210205, 0.0027963239699602127, 0.017748435959219933, -0.04911702871322632, 0.07931187003850937, -0.2528444826602936, 0.10952363908290863, -0.9178425073623657, -0.26307904720306396, -0.08897773921489716, 0.6149550676345825, -0.24056315422058105, -0.3232173025608063, -0.3054635524749756, 0.16832996904850006, -0.7006502747535706, -0.10299767553806305, -0.24107980728149414, 0.22047235071659088, -0.14253272116184235, 0.20925360918045044, -0.18490853905677795, 0.2421543300151825, 0.5371045470237732, -0.4808889329433441, -0.16630367934703827, 0.28419336676597595, 0.022634418681263924, 0.6042333841323853, 0.6350935101509094, -0.27933093905448914, 0.16959992051124573, -0.29222166538238525, 0.088631272315979, -0.1346636861562729, 0.6144867539405823, 0.4563423693180084, -0.5919659733772278, 0.2197636514902115, 0.10669554769992828, 0.39498957991600037, -0.03492702171206474, 0.5737394094467163, -0.8052913546562195, 0.5704383850097656, -0.4210546016693115, 0.24343642592430115, -0.08307765424251556, -0.05708872154355049, 1.0296772718429565, -0.09588909149169922, 0.3604382872581482, -0.014836933463811874, -0.3685605227947235, -0.5640310049057007, 1.4120153188705444, 0.17039917409420013, -1.295132040977478, -0.2364095151424408, -0.5050544142723083, 0.0658373236656189, 0.1286342591047287, -0.15634644031524658, -0.3786952793598175, -0.2539815604686737, 0.48448634147644043, -0.2543831765651703, -0.3806909918785095, -0.1846618354320526, -0.09186434000730515, -0.36850905418395996, -0.6152961850166321, 0.15435488522052765 ]
216346	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s%20Causeway	Giant's Causeway	The Giant's Causeway is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns, the result of an ancient volcanic fissure eruption. It is located in County Antrim on the north coast of Northern Ireland, about three miles (5 km) northeast of the town of Bushmills. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 and a national nature reserve in 1987 by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the Giant's Causeway was named the fourth greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom. The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven or eight sides. The tallest are about 12 metres (39 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres (92 ft) thick in places. Much of the Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Site is owned and managed by the National Trust. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Northern Ireland, receiving over 998,000 visitors in 2019. Access to the Giant's Causeway is free of charge: it is not necessary to go via the visitor centre, which charges a fee. The remainder of the site is owned by the Crown Estate and several private landowners. Geology Around 50 to 60 million years ago, during the Paleocene Epoch, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity, when highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form an extensive volcanic plateau. As the lava cooled, contraction occurred. Horizontal contraction fractured in a similar way to drying mud, with the cracks propagating down as the mass cooled, leaving pillarlike structures, which also fractured horizontally into "biscuits". In many cases, the horizontal fracture resulted in a bottom face that is convex, while the upper face of the lower segment is concave, producing what are called "ball and socket" joints. The size of the columns was primarily determined by the speed at which lava cooled. The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau, which formed during the Paleocene. Legend According to legend, the columns are the remains of a causeway built by a giant. The story goes that the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn MacCool), from the Fenian Cycle of Gaelic mythology, was challenged to a fight by the Scottish giant Benandonner. Fionn accepted the challenge and built the causeway across the North Channel so that the two giants could meet. In one version of the story, Fionn defeats Benandonner. In another, Fionn hides from Benandonner when he realises that his foe is much bigger than he is. Fionn's wife, Sadhbh, disguises Fionn as a baby and tucks him in a cradle. When Benandonner sees the size of the "baby", he reckons that its father, Fionn, must be a giant among giants. He flees back to Scotland in fright, destroying the causeway behind him so that Fionn would be unable to chase him down. Across the sea, there are identical basalt columns (a part of the same ancient lava flow) at Fingal's Cave on the Scottish isle of Staffa, and it is possible that the story was influenced by this. In overall Irish mythology, Fionn mac Cumhaill is not a giant but a hero with supernatural abilities, contrary to what this particular legend may suggest. In Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888), it is noted that, over time, "the pagan gods of Ireland [...] grew smaller and smaller in the popular imagination, until they turned into the fairies; the pagan heroes grew bigger and bigger, until they turned into the giants". There are no surviving pre-Christian stories about the Giant's Causeway, but it may have originally been associated with the Fomorians (Fomhóraigh); the Irish name Clochán na bhFomhóraigh or Clochán na bhFomhórach means "stepping stones of the Fomhóraigh". The Fomhóraigh are a race of supernatural beings in Irish mythology who were sometimes described as giants and who may have originally been part of a pre-Christian pantheon. Tourism The Bishop of Derry visited the site in 1692. The existence of the causeway was announced to the wider world the following year by the presentation of a paper to the Royal Society from Sir Richard Bulkeley, a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. The Giant's Causeway received international attention when Dublin artist Susanna Drury made watercolour paintings of it in 1739; they won Drury the first award presented by the Royal Dublin Society in 1740 and were engraved in 1743. In 1765, an entry on the causeway appeared in volume 12 of the French Encyclopédie, which was informed by the engravings of Drury's work; the engraving of the "East Prospect" appeared in a 1768 volume of plates published for the Encyclopédie. In the caption to the plates, French geologist Nicolas Desmarest suggested, for the first time in print, that such structures were volcanic in origin. The site first became popular with tourists during the 19th century, particularly after the opening of the Giant's Causeway Tramway, and only after the National Trust took over its care in the 1960s were some of the vestiges of commercialism removed. Visitors can walk over the basalt columns that are at the edge of the sea, a half-mile walk from the entrance of the site. Visitors' centre The causeway was without a permanent visitors' centre between 2000 and 2012, as the previous building, built in 1986, burned down in 2000. While preliminary approval was given for a publicly funded (but privately managed) development by then Environment Minister and DUP member Arlene Foster in 2007, the public funding was frozen due to a perceived conflict-of-interest between the proposed private developer and the DUP. Ultimately, the private developer dropped a legal challenge to the publicly funded plan, and the new visitor centre was officially opened by 2012. Its construction was funded by the National Trust, the Northern Ireland Tourist Board, the Heritage Lottery Fund and public donations. Since opening, the new visitor centre has garnered mixed reviews from those visiting the causeway, for its pricing, design, contents and placement across the causeway walk descent. In 2018, the visitor's centre was visited by 1,011,473 people. There was some controversy regarding the content of some exhibits in the visitor centre, which refer to the Young Earth Creationist view of the age of the Earth. While these inclusions were welcomed by the chairman of the Northern Irish evangelical group, the Caleb Foundation, the National Trust stated that the inclusions formed only a small part of the exhibition and that the Trust "fully supports the scientific explanation for the creation of the stones 60 million years ago." An online campaign to remove creationist material was launched in 2012, and following this, the Trust carried out a review and concluded that they should be amended to have the scientific explanation on the causeway's origin as their primary emphasis. Creationist explanations are still mentioned but presented as a traditional belief of some religious communities rather than a competing explanation for the causeway's origins. Notable features Some of the structures in the area, having been subject to several million years of weathering, resemble objects, such as the Organ and Giant's Boot structures. Other features include many reddish, weathered low columns known as Giant's Eyes, created by the displacement of basalt boulders; the Shepherd's Steps; the Honeycomb; the Giant's Harp; the Chimney Stacks; the Giant's Gate and the Camel's Hump. Flora and fauna The area is a haven for seabirds, such as fulmar, petrel, cormorant, shag, redshank, guillemot and razorbill, while the weathered rock formations host numerous plant types, including sea spleenwort, hare's-foot trefoil, vernal squill, sea fescue and frog orchid. A stromatolite colony was reportedly found at the Giant's Causeway in October 2011 – an unusual find, as stromatolites are more commonly found in warmer waters with higher saline content than that found at the causeway. Similar structures Basalt columns are a common volcanic feature, and they occur on many scales, because faster cooling produces smaller columns. Transport access The Belfast-Derry railway line run by Northern Ireland Railways connects to Coleraine and along the Coleraine-Portrush branch line to Portrush. Locally, Ulsterbus provides connections to the railway stations. There is a scenic walk of 7 miles from Portrush alongside Dunluce Castle and the Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway. Notes References Arnold, Bruce (2002). Irish Art: A Concise History. New York: Thames & Hudson. Further reading Letitia Elizabeth Landon, The Giant's Causeway (poem) Deane, C. Douglas. 1983. The Ulster Countryside. Century Books. External links Giant's Causeway information at the National Trust Website and video of the Causeway Coast and Glens Heritage Trust Causeway Coast And Glens Tourism – Official Tourist Board visitor information for the Causeway and surrounding area Landscapes Unlocked – Aerial footage from BBC Sky High series explaining the physical, social & economic geography of Northern Ireland Fenian Cycle Landforms of County Antrim Geology of Northern Ireland National Trust properties in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland coast Columnar basalts World Heritage Sites in Northern Ireland Tourist attractions in County Antrim Natural history museums in Northern Ireland Volcanism of Northern Ireland Paleogene volcanism Paleogene Ireland Extinct volcanism Protected areas established in 1986 Patterned grounds Nature reserves in Northern Ireland Protected areas of County Antrim 1986 establishments in the United Kingdom Rock formations of Northern Ireland Aviation accidents and incidents locations in Northern Ireland	[ -0.354695200920105, 0.6527014374732971, -0.09197648614645004, -0.412948876619339, 0.34790128469467163, 0.7297555804252625, 0.3508177697658539, 0.619521975517273, -0.6721651554107666, -0.5597206354141235, -0.017850082367658615, 0.16300316154956818, -0.43316230177879333, 0.3101329207420349, 0.17765125632286072, 0.2701616883277893, 0.23217295110225677, 0.02140643075108528, 0.0991324782371521, -0.24084074795246124, 0.1618732213973999, -0.09587658196687698, 0.4795253574848175, -0.25827762484550476, 0.2398258000612259, -0.15218867361545563, 0.05006982386112213, 0.1753315031528473, 0.5624199509620667, 0.03272153064608574, 0.31044766306877136, 0.31606096029281616, -0.19560779631137848, -1.1947720050811768, 0.16822926700115204, -0.9101012349128723, 0.10359194874763489, -0.2193010449409485, -0.36736467480659485, 0.06980781257152557, 0.412700891494751, 0.22898980975151062, 0.026582689955830574, 0.6498817205429077, -0.6822429895401001, -0.14439335465431213, -1.2024165391921997, 0.166463702917099, -0.5975401401519775, 0.07137215882539749, -0.5260095000267029, 0.31823599338531494, 0.0033046549651771784, 0.4110640287399292, 0.3932512104511261, 0.9017133712768555, -0.6870633363723755, 0.3346956670284271, 0.7240660190582275, -0.47762295603752136, 0.07050064951181412, 0.3587094843387604, -0.09140666574239731, -0.2551042437553406, -0.48209792375564575, 0.47983303666114807, 0.4505074918270111, 1.328614592552185, 0.008648400194942951, -0.6005305647850037, -0.19840583205223083, 0.15729069709777832, 0.559447169303894, 0.2735557556152344, -0.584597110748291, -0.09390970319509506, -0.20991551876068115, -0.23260074853897095, -0.15114398300647736, -0.5459924340248108, -0.25654271245002747, 0.07884716987609863, 0.5408733487129211, -0.4057987928390503, 0.28193286061286926, 0.386125773191452, -0.45640599727630615, -0.030524631962180138, -0.8252536058425903, 0.34689566493034363, -0.733759343624115, -0.3056257963180542, 0.32985973358154297, 0.11242115497589111, -0.00405076751485467, 0.1115664467215538, 0.004209880251437426, -0.2558368146419525, 0.8039005994796753, 0.32545095682144165, -0.26435625553131104, -0.17494109272956848, 0.6755146980285645, -0.5410947203636169, -0.2098703682422638, 0.04606524109840393, 0.2879694402217865, -0.040463708341121674, -0.46207118034362793, -1.1964129209518433, -0.278359055519104, -0.5272879600524902, -0.5449300408363342, -0.07451668381690979, 0.41449499130249023, 0.6382777690887451, 0.47779273986816406, -0.6218631267547607, -0.5009294748306274, -0.8400692343711853, 0.154557004570961, 0.853448748588562, -0.6778838038444519, 0.10332459211349487, -0.19410401582717896, -0.158987358212471, 0.30921670794487, 0.1508839875459671, -0.5149498581886292, 0.8275088667869568, -0.3685765564441681, 0.33306682109832764, 0.5200755596160889, 0.3347306549549103, 0.03701584041118622, -0.5038686394691467, 0.36160221695899963, 0.4314972460269928, 0.493251234292984, -0.05682136490941048, -0.8438089489936829, -0.32113251090049744, -0.5615532398223877, -0.008323924615979195, 0.6069956421852112, 0.08472045511007309, -0.05636897683143616, -0.636040449142456, 0.0768125131726265, -0.32691019773483276, -0.256747305393219, -0.552516520023346, -0.045219723135232925, 0.25004270672798157, 0.2797636091709137, 0.5521960258483887, 0.571841835975647, -0.1205332800745964, 0.1430421620607376, -0.1374078243970871, 0.3371955454349518, -0.020534532144665718, 0.051922157406806946, 0.25128665566444397, -0.02899630181491375, 0.2544878423213959, 1.1941229104995728, 0.10346736013889313, -0.1217220202088356, -0.13437910377979279, -0.6017608046531677, -0.3788844347000122, 0.3626192510128021, -0.2505166828632355, -0.9188128709793091, -0.3800193667411804, 1.0370572805404663, 0.7855700254440308, 0.19391511380672455, -0.2876431345939636, -0.6851612329483032, 0.06283362209796906, 0.18454597890377045, 0.07490997761487961, 0.7280445098876953, -0.3450678586959839, 0.4906667172908783, -0.05002749711275101, -0.9501147866249084, -0.28791937232017517, -0.4513012766838074, -0.06572847068309784, 0.5557256937026978, -0.24161380529403687, 1.4618825912475586, 0.326025128364563, 0.03325158357620239, 0.4877564013004303, 0.7437732219696045, 0.7374131679534912, 0.04620298370718956, -0.24161839485168457, 0.4377664029598236, -0.7671720385551453, -0.5586419105529785, 0.8847490549087524, 0.16185174882411957, -0.10834938287734985, 0.5178236961364746, -0.4533933997154236, 0.32566767930984497, -0.06242583692073822, 0.4143281877040863, -0.4778240919113159, -0.050553083419799805, 0.16267618536949158, 0.34530210494995117, 0.30149856209754944, -0.21501612663269043, -0.514356791973114, 1.0932286977767944, 0.13469280302524567, 0.19724252820014954, 0.11545632034540176, -0.6274317502975464, 0.8932727575302124, 0.19273336231708527, 0.3117918074131012, 0.13126428425312042, -0.7269248366355896, -0.5963441729545593, -0.4089685380458832, -0.10984920710325241, -0.07605113089084625, 0.07770533859729767, -0.059477902948856354, -0.0963311716914177, -0.24328038096427917, 0.04465434327721596, 0.35579925775527954, -0.3003478944301605, 0.05758572369813919, -0.6293275356292725, 0.03005361370742321, 0.032053519040346146, 0.20352992415428162, 0.5621672868728638, -0.12814857065677643, -0.5298762321472168, -0.02766943722963333, -0.11627916991710663, 0.33032792806625366, 0.465152382850647, 0.2388940304517746, 0.7089464664459229, -0.35014310479164124, 0.12301314622163773, -0.3328644037246704, 0.3370038866996765, -0.05222305282950401, -0.4769492447376251, -0.17281466722488403, -0.05713962763547897, 0.18474353849887848, 0.1530534327030182, -0.22220146656036377, 0.15304827690124512, -0.8598403334617615, 0.28973549604415894, -0.1814727634191513, 0.5526010990142822, -0.20116712152957916, -0.5001752972602844, -0.3641049265861511, 0.2866154909133911, 0.015695858746767044, 0.12868757545948029, -0.2904362082481384, -0.3183859884738922, -0.1294526904821396, 0.5148102641105652, 1.066129446029663, 0.5098975896835327, -0.2973238229751587, -0.11612269282341003, 0.1148114800453186, 0.1711520552635193, -0.741093099117279, -0.037055604159832, 0.018762892112135887, 0.17111581563949585, -0.38072723150253296, -0.17459216713905334, 0.3795911967754364, -0.015048817731440067, 0.47246336936950684, 0.023831073194742203, -0.2212919145822525, 0.7684423923492432, 0.2250489443540573, -0.593413770198822, 0.20674552023410797, -0.7044626474380493, 0.3735871911048889, 0.02479543723165989, -0.3882763683795929, -0.31910037994384766, 0.2844933569431305, -5.266699314117432, 0.47461992502212524, -0.050705041736364365, -0.27036184072494507, -0.1556098610162735, 0.4697152078151703, 0.19876046478748322, -0.0838155746459961, -0.13922004401683807, -0.5250081419944763, 0.5816944241523743, -0.1595860719680786, 0.1709645837545395, 0.24184346199035645, 0.020282072946429253, 0.26560693979263306, -0.03490739315748215, 0.04289140924811363, 0.18413826823234558, -0.45312368869781494, 0.1537659615278244, -0.23412372171878815, -0.5709238648414612, -0.3916584253311157, 0.1368996649980545, 0.2504883110523224, -0.36483561992645264, 0.19419996440410614, -0.8142768740653992, 0.21796876192092896, 0.2803894877433777, -0.8328905701637268, 0.27554869651794434, -0.3376791775226593, -0.33843889832496643, 0.3684408664703369, 0.595511794090271, 0.026299765333533287, 0.5651389360427856, -0.6820244193077087, -0.3605630695819855, 0.0030281906947493553, -0.12179290503263474, -0.31137993931770325, 0.5112863183021545, -0.7403051853179932, -0.4564591348171234, 0.007496044039726257, 0.21383117139339447, 0.3427075445652008, 0.1233954057097435, 0.2463608980178833, 0.9695076942443848, 0.4108252227306366, -0.22752046585083008, 0.567935585975647, 0.029442735016345978, -0.5780341029167175, -0.5851487517356873, 0.22271525859832764, 0.48401421308517456, -0.3571450114250183, -0.42104649543762207, -0.6216634511947632, 0.5057972073554993, -0.3198260962963104, 0.3150288760662079, 0.14305883646011353, -0.18658433854579926, 0.5948237776756287, -0.056736379861831665, 0.6674774289131165, -0.2674759328365326, -0.7829878926277161, -0.13655024766921997, -0.7244377732276917, 0.0007096694898791611, -0.13322597742080688, -0.2199796438217163, -0.46975329518318176, -0.2247225046157837, -0.09627200663089752, -0.6506822109222412, -0.029820604249835014, 0.2833103835582733, -0.2671946585178375, 0.09191245585680008, 0.16680945456027985, -0.4594939351081848, -0.4393423795700073, 0.454496830701828, -0.07662148773670197, -0.09592907130718231, 0.7053272724151611, 0.19469128549098969, 0.9370517730712891, 0.06758414208889008, 0.00403007073327899, 0.9192910194396973, 0.279511421918869, 0.9869661927223206, -0.6769275665283203, 0.3549495339393616, 0.018351318314671516, -0.6724513173103333, -0.3388979136943817, -0.25243905186653137, 0.5070809125900269, 0.004872864577919245, 0.33561450242996216, -0.4524304270744324, 0.21387025713920593, 0.2786938548088074, -0.1396244913339615, 0.3653932213783264, -0.05587301030755043, -0.46115773916244507, 0.13896358013153076, 1.383955478668213, -0.0944913923740387, 0.44386765360832214, 0.9449672698974609, 0.6549280881881714, -0.25995928049087524, 0.014561879448592663, 0.1799047738313675, 0.5585073232650757, 0.39711689949035645, -0.4830561578273773, -0.5764961838722229, 0.21512097120285034, -0.4696618616580963, 0.00009390489140059799, 0.21021410822868347, -0.2764508128166199, -0.4528636038303375, -0.5142059326171875, -0.3158043324947357, -0.5914261937141418, 0.4867226481437683, -0.10972438752651215, -0.2153814136981964, -0.6825252771377563, 0.492830365896225, -0.07308278232812881, 0.4144781827926636, -0.2590680718421936, -0.000028967200705665164, -0.17431782186031342, 0.7838296890258789, -0.7674875855445862, -0.4543757736682892, 0.11337799578905106, -0.6874990463256836, -0.03262794017791748, 0.23306086659431458, 0.1706709861755371, 0.6910643577575684, -0.014013998210430145, -0.059842973947525024, -0.02871222421526909, -0.04223603382706642, -0.3728114068508148, 0.19404006004333496, -0.2286820411682129, -0.2339143306016922, 0.11767581105232239, -0.9937097430229187, -0.2966998815536499, 0.7049347758293152, -0.0016964733367785811, -0.017218852415680885, -0.3198561668395996, -0.34542316198349, -0.0035967419389635324, -0.03959781676530838, -0.7757205963134766, 0.13063880801200867, 0.015461555682122707, -0.017567995935678482, -0.2677808403968811, 0.1693631261587143, 0.3025413155555725, 0.9335028529167175, 0.44188183546066284, -0.07653158903121948, -0.3890654146671295, 0.4104703962802887, -0.2283567190170288, 0.23777464032173157, 0.37345004081726074, -0.4639526903629303, -0.1915741264820099, 0.05721741169691086, 0.08074182271957397, -0.25948408246040344, 0.012759300880134106, 0.025698918849229813, -0.012347080744802952, -0.13638782501220703, -0.10315623134374619, 0.34665435552597046, -1.0312711000442505, 0.8434251546859741, 0.37613391876220703, -0.7634837627410889, 0.22049230337142944, -0.3826710879802704, 0.18426251411437988, 0.6734259128570557, -0.26208755373954773, -0.39523375034332275, -0.43939125537872314, 0.3956319987773895, -0.0014883704716339707, 0.2198340743780136, -0.1704864799976349, -0.7860854864120483, 0.021617040038108826, -0.3850759267807007, 0.40015554428100586, -0.7958090901374817, -0.2895817458629608, -0.48230040073394775, -0.609380841255188, 1.0717415809631348, -0.060001906007528305, -0.5095704197883606, 0.28363510966300964, -1.2019599676132202, 0.05863779038190842, 0.16511525213718414, 0.3214821219444275, 0.6401360034942627, -0.2019890397787094, 0.4719690978527069, 0.4643329679965973, -0.15795662999153137, -0.46701759099960327, 1.0054906606674194, 0.7579523324966431, 0.7040210962295532, 0.1193111315369606, -0.03005582094192505, -0.2349952608346939, 0.4653591215610504, 0.029916150495409966, -0.599331796169281, -0.04203678295016289, -0.4887956976890564, -0.3263482451438904, -0.5878978371620178, -0.7412282228469849, -0.8123319149017334, 1.022377848625183, -0.6960505843162537, 0.2910325825214386, -0.481218546628952, 0.05555574595928192, -0.9805208444595337, 0.10408978909254074, -0.5566348433494568, -0.31364452838897705, 0.028279894962906837, 0.13728544116020203, -0.3698878288269043, -0.10867327451705933, 0.2282390296459198, 0.14285878837108612, -0.21640679240226746, 0.014413117431104183, -0.4102606177330017, 0.24782562255859375, -0.26894599199295044, -0.7899684309959412, 0.17004768550395966, 0.8062256574630737, -0.22367331385612488, 0.4132407307624817, -0.10620430111885071, -0.49275022745132446, 0.4634303152561188, 0.2377288043498993, 0.030126888304948807, 0.43443694710731506, -0.1526915580034256, -0.37832385301589966, -0.3316561281681061, 0.1143362745642662, -0.14703133702278137, -0.7574809789657593, 0.03257250785827637, -0.5860656499862671, -0.33794012665748596, 0.3976106643676758, 0.1638241708278656, -0.10954604297876358, 0.31994590163230896, -0.4001016914844513, 0.04131816327571869, -0.8171359300613403, 1.1491873264312744, 0.015274906530976295, -0.9240368008613586, 0.4144369661808014, 0.10286508500576019, -0.06422752141952515, 0.04680423066020012, 0.31572064757347107, -0.17985129356384277, 0.2890176773071289, 0.3901127874851227, 0.4678187668323517, 0.8985018730163574, -0.3566208481788635, -0.5302273631095886, 0.451389878988266, -0.7520809173583984, -0.06035434082150459, 0.28298091888427734, -0.5568143129348755, 0.6615393757820129, 0.40731561183929443, -0.026134219020605087, 0.254581481218338, 0.47550174593925476, -0.49501651525497437, -1.0219706296920776, 0.2016601860523224, 0.9407095313072205, 0.39764246344566345, 0.10110723972320557, -0.43811142444610596, -0.0269099622964859, 0.02505936287343502, -0.8435993194580078, 0.6917078495025635, -0.0648459643125534, 0.30245283246040344, 0.820608377456665, -0.030804356560111046, -0.33489108085632324, -0.6203394532203674, -0.3136040270328522, -0.15119345486164093, 0.3364993929862976, -0.13736490905284882, -0.05046841502189636, 0.4769614040851593, 0.752679705619812, 0.3812392055988312, -0.3254564106464386, -0.0173033457249403, 0.06702940165996552, 0.30168670415878296, -0.23385463654994965, -0.7133851647377014, 0.22402173280715942, -0.11512695252895355, -0.0767764076590538, 0.4594700038433075, 0.31026574969291687, 0.1473313271999359, -0.1921844184398651, -0.2756790220737457, -0.054540108889341354, 0.05647726729512215, -0.11043274402618408, 0.33826926350593567, 0.5259047150611877, 0.8009236454963684, 0.2358391284942627, -0.03688634932041168, -0.06545154750347137, -0.011984079144895077, 0.4751739501953125, -0.8982825875282288, 0.4573030471801758, -0.04356428608298302, -0.21626926958560944, -0.05281379073858261, -0.022563837468624115, 0.09637635946273804, 0.024458853527903557, -0.4143564999103546, -0.17483513057231903, 0.4601902961730957, 0.5360864400863647, -0.5825061202049255, -0.37642166018486023, 0.17840446531772614, -0.36993905901908875, -0.2479185312986374, 0.030979769304394722, 0.008576367050409317, 0.012668603099882603, 0.07244342565536499, 0.5974488854408264, -0.42558783292770386, 0.7277033925056458, 0.48038071393966675, 0.4951297640800476, 0.582606852054596, 0.33225080370903015, 0.13654592633247375, 0.5486894249916077, -0.47215089201927185, -0.5930164456367493, 0.17195074260234833, -0.24527500569820404, 0.1506732553243637, -0.006167982704937458, -0.3800491690635681, 0.3397745192050934, -0.08327634632587433, 0.4721580445766449, -0.22270484268665314, 0.1532943993806839, -0.13956227898597717, -0.5699718594551086, -0.1434885412454605, -0.34474262595176697, 0.12057167291641235, 0.5545175075531006, -0.15845832228660583, -0.11924505978822708, 0.6253820657730103, -0.5563849806785583, -0.0643543228507042, 0.6931331753730774, 0.42698562145233154, -0.24089716374874115, -0.5962381362915039, -0.03910810872912407, -0.9094918966293335, -0.576635479927063, 0.42948195338249207, -0.1187373548746109, 0.3727400302886963, -0.4057607352733612, 0.23876047134399414, -0.46764206886291504, 0.2654813528060913, 0.39075037837028503, -1.3259117603302002, -0.6038867831230164, 0.24550481140613556, -0.6854164004325867, -0.302489697933197, 0.2332652509212494, 0.5948899388313293, -0.07808232307434082, 0.5165392756462097, -0.03358286991715431, -0.011950462125241756, 0.13898999989032745, 0.24726378917694092, -0.6017599105834961, -0.09832362085580826, -0.10428500175476074 ]
216349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20%28album%29	Quebec (album)	Quebec is the eighth studio album by the American rock band Ween, released on August 5, 2003 on Sanctuary Records. It was the first album released after the band's contract with Elektra expired, and marked its return to independent labels. On August 11, 2011, Dean Ween quietly released a two-disc, MP3-only collection of songs, The Caesar Demos, named after the band's original working title for Quebec—to friends on his Facebook page. In his comment, he stated the songs were all recorded between 2001 and 2003 while drummer Claude Coleman, Jr. was recovering from injuries sustained in a car accident, and that many of the tracks featured only himself and Gene. In addition to a handful of recordings that eventually made the album, the demos feature several alternate takes as well as a number of songs that have remained unreleased. The cover art on this album is a takeoff of the game Thorns from the 3M Paper Games series. Reception Music critic Mark Prindle named Quebec the best album of the 2000s in an interview on Fox News Channel's Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld. Mojo named it the No. 39 best album of 2003. "CMJ" named it the No. 8 best album of 2003. The song "It's Gonna Be a Long Night" is featured in the video games Tony Hawk's Underground 2 and ATV Offroad Fury 3, as downloadable content in the Rock Band franchise, and in the TV show The Shield. The music video for "Transdermal Celebration" was animated by Adam Phillips. The song "If You Could Save Yourself (You'd Save Us All)" was featured in episode 7 of The Morning Show. Track listing All tracks written by Ween. The Caesar Demos The Caesar Demos is a compilation album released digitally for free trading by Dean Ween in 2011. It contains a combination of demo tracks from Quebec and songs recorded for the album that were cut prior to pressing. About the compilation Dean Ween (Mickey Melchiondo) wrote: well what can i say about this here, lemme see. the first thing that comes to mind is that all the while we were doing this we still had claude coleman on drums, he eventually got into a major car wreck and wasn't around when it finally came time to make the "real" record. instead the drum duties fell on me, josh freese, and sim cain for a couple of tunes. almost all of this was recorded at our beach house in holgate, nj onto 16 track tape. a tiny bit of it was recorded in the garage behind aaron's house in pt. pleasant, pa. some of it was recorded in the spare bedroom of my house in new hope. most of the tunes are just me and aaron, with the two of us playing everything, with me on drums. the songs with claude, dave, and glenn are pretty obvious. on just a few tunes we took what you hear here and cleaned them up and had andrew weiss mix them for the record after some overdubs. dave sings on "it's gonna be a long night", this was days before he had surgery to remove polyps in his throat and his voice was really rough so we figured he was the guy for the job. This isn't even all of the tunes that we ended up choosing from, just the ones i happened to burn to cd before we drove home from the beach every week. hope you dig it for what it is. Personnel Ween Gene Ween – vocals (all tracks except track 1), bass (tracks 2, 9 and 10), keyboard (tracks 2, 5, 7 and 13), acoustic guitar (track 4), synthesizer (track 4), drum machine (track 5), electric guitar (tracks 7, 9, 10, 13 and 14), omnichord (track 9) Dean Ween – vocals (track 1), electric guitar (all tracks), bass (tracks 1, 3-8 and 13-15), keyboard (track 2), electric sitar (tracks 3 and 6), vocoder (track 5) Andrew Weiss – synthesizer (tracks 9 and 15), percussion (track 2), strings (tracks 9 and 15), drums (track 6), keyboard (tracks 2, 3, 6 and 11), fretless bass (track 2) Glen McClelland – organ (tracks 1 and 15), piano (tracks 14 and 15), accordion (track 15), keyboard (tracks 3, 10 and 14) Dave Dreiwitz – bass, vocals (track 10) Sim Cain – drums (track 1) Josh Freese – drums (tracks 3, 7, 9, 10, ,13 ,14 and 15) Production Ween – arranger Andrew Weiss — producer, arranger, mixing Christopher Shaw – mixing Ted Young – mixing assistant Howie Weinberg – mastering Charts References 2003 albums Ween albums Sanctuary Records albums Neo-psychedelia albums	[ 0.0011622724123299122, 0.29473647475242615, -0.11939805001020432, 0.35246139764785767, -0.4022142291069031, 0.38089779019355774, 0.5686848163604736, -0.0218424741178751, -0.12996159493923187, -0.45671647787094116, 0.43911901116371155, 0.6792765855789185, -0.08296038210391998, -0.09292569011449814, 0.18912377953529358, 0.5872198939323425, 0.23574060201644897, 0.18190832436084747, -0.36078256368637085, -0.6523447632789612, 0.09085862338542938, -0.800115704536438, 0.6214879751205444, 0.17423881590366364, 0.13370704650878906, 0.08760491013526917, 0.2611285150051117, 0.27229344844818115, -0.17166107892990112, 0.06948784738779068, -0.04405324533581734, 0.2073884755373001, 0.5363371968269348, -0.6367903351783752, 0.1699882447719574, 0.7185531854629517, 0.064228355884552, -0.29114100337028503, -0.5491051077842712, -0.5336927771568298, 0.561965823173523, -0.4364866316318512, 0.04910600185394287, 0.5042884945869446, -0.12432042509317398, 0.013942239806056023, -0.628430187702179, 0.34700167179107666, -0.8147087693214417, 0.23419620096683502, -0.05682556703686714, 0.2852706015110016, -0.021563969552516937, 0.2159734070301056, 0.19234821200370789, 0.25164851546287537, -0.3975997865200043, 0.17617827653884888, -0.44483429193496704, -0.054278288036584854, 0.10604073107242584, 0.4733210802078247, 0.6197574138641357, -0.40463146567344666, 0.18565136194229126, -0.23238809406757355, -0.23367905616760254, 0.5080145597457886, -0.4280278980731964, -0.7542219161987305, 0.0821942612528801, -0.2684306204319, -0.05136870965361595, -0.3101009428501129, 0.39880597591400146, -0.03288402035832405, -0.036651283502578735, -0.03317129239439964, 0.6278951168060303, 0.5313854813575745, -0.1056554988026619, -0.2798044979572296, 0.7581252455711365, -0.19755040109157562, 0.2562602162361145, -0.13345837593078613, 0.1480444222688675, 0.5315077900886536, -0.27900663018226624, -0.2541978657245636, -0.3494598865509033, -0.8985522985458374, 0.36928868293762207, 0.6313023567199707, 0.4741034507751465, -0.09707188606262207, -0.11225145310163498, 0.018266640603542328, 0.44928455352783203, 0.22197063267230988, 0.7937482595443726, 0.05295843258500099, 0.16514290869235992, -0.23665177822113037, -0.8938177824020386, -0.5318508744239807, -0.1346704363822937, -0.8612590432167053, 0.13470090925693512, -0.2546249032020569, 0.04679982736706734, 0.5392429828643799, -0.1662062108516693, -0.12660305202007294, 0.4882020354270935, 0.41361725330352783, -0.0023998396936804056, -0.2113693207502365, -0.04683214798569679, 0.3980255424976349, 0.7585293650627136, 0.08622392266988754, 0.16822722554206848, 0.12904223799705505, -0.008387776091694832, -0.052406877279281616, -0.22158776223659515, 0.05705916881561279, -0.06343685835599899, 0.18125776946544647, -0.10094188898801804, 0.09059443324804306, -0.1349429339170456, 0.27520695328712463, -0.1920628845691681, -0.42688289284706116, 0.4895781874656677, 0.007374212611466646, 0.04242733120918274, -0.17549413442611694, -1.212440848350525, 0.1547723263502121, -0.4868045449256897, -0.699030876159668, 0.04296001419425011, 0.1587143838405609, -0.4034005403518677, 0.028092538937926292, -0.5445560216903687, 0.07606081664562225, 0.12131498008966446, -0.3217093050479889, -0.007910107262432575, -0.5069834589958191, -0.43099159002304077, 0.23119844496250153, 0.6210259795188904, 0.6216217279434204, -0.032490525394678116, 0.13844743371009827, 0.37796685099601746, 0.686837375164032, 0.2867862284183502, 0.11130969226360321, 0.0954907014966011, -0.03902902081608772, -0.33180248737335205, 0.10456657409667969, 0.25865259766578674, -0.24223420023918152, -0.057377614080905914, 0.05944554880261421, -0.1481337547302246, 0.19732218980789185, -0.18315108120441437, -0.1836373656988144, 0.8196489214897156, 0.3350326418876648, 0.17743389308452606, 0.04232298210263252, -0.3252173662185669, 0.1547306925058365, 0.7434589862823486, -0.41568395495414734, 0.120850570499897, 0.31384211778640747, -0.1357499063014984, -0.03610546514391899, 0.5115537047386169, 0.3622101843357086, -0.19961921870708466, -0.21039070188999176, 0.5318247079849243, -0.8292903304100037, 0.42620283365249634, 0.4603599011898041, -0.5439484715461731, 0.8899180889129639, -0.47299903631210327, 0.486981064081192, 0.008580334484577179, -0.1702115535736084, 1.0307807922363281, 0.16196268796920776, -0.35368067026138306, 0.5749237537384033, -0.20778214931488037, 0.01207034382969141, -0.4093627631664276, 0.7355577945709229, -0.45116928219795227, -0.6981210708618164, 0.5282367467880249, 0.7874155640602112, -0.5822911858558655, -0.44641023874282837, -0.04009519889950752, 0.11086612939834595, -0.1236206442117691, -0.13449311256408691, 0.6262212991714478, 0.340282678604126, -0.5286588668823242, 0.23774121701717377, -0.5971258878707886, 0.5239563584327698, -0.013968449085950851, 0.04242382571101189, 0.4823050796985626, 0.2520730197429657, -0.42606478929519653, 0.6181272864341736, 0.46824732422828674, -0.03092697635293007, 0.5795100927352905, 0.8973091244697571, 0.34120288491249084, 0.1357923448085785, 0.5983235836029053, 0.02232559397816658, 0.2737495005130768, -0.4475049078464508, -0.4778887927532196, 0.21574553847312927, 0.18983690440654755, 0.10972076654434204, 0.05680406466126442, 0.32864272594451904, 0.2805660665035248, -0.5618042349815369, 0.6160151958465576, 0.15555042028427124, 0.062223292887210846, 0.8517076373100281, -0.10269685834646225, 0.004343117121607065, 0.3864232301712036, -0.4042297303676605, 0.4588674008846283, 0.3466425836086273, -0.432400643825531, -0.22675694525241852, 0.4078259766101837, -0.16056321561336517, 0.3111773133277893, -0.8332383036613464, 0.005585468374192715, 0.1587408035993576, -0.05996916815638542, -0.3179325759410858, -0.6366479396820068, 0.013531760312616825, -0.3396587669849396, 0.5024932026863098, 0.08025749772787094, 0.2728618085384369, -0.23004506528377533, 0.26855507493019104, -0.46949997544288635, -0.7458779811859131, 0.08380023390054703, 1.0011934041976929, 0.5253691673278809, -0.1911446899175644, -0.05092347413301468, 0.30000409483909607, 0.3721790015697479, -0.9757125973701477, -0.11896736174821854, -0.4263449013233185, 0.4266127943992615, -0.40723079442977905, -0.49937987327575684, -0.498052179813385, 0.17307105660438538, -0.2904943525791168, 0.4350212514400482, -0.025380374863743782, -0.15809394419193268, 0.5043667554855347, 0.22043144702911377, -0.3858339488506317, -0.15953271090984344, 0.18053080141544342, 0.4275456666946411, -0.17371292412281036, 0.22987402975559235, -0.5955833792686462, -5.85207986831665, 0.20638076961040497, 0.0420568585395813, -0.06116175279021263, -0.004726799670606852, -0.4191248416900635, 0.060773979872465134, -0.5129014253616333, -0.12781959772109985, -0.3107142746448517, -0.4799279272556305, 0.09300502389669418, -0.40586885809898376, 0.26081812381744385, 0.21199806034564972, -0.03925790637731552, -0.0004696513351518661, -0.5474579930305481, 0.07913916558027267, 0.13596157729625702, 0.25737398862838745, 0.1332412213087082, -0.06611011922359467, -0.18779651820659637, 0.1984529048204422, 0.7707242369651794, -0.1684066206216812, 0.06502993404865265, -0.4100518524646759, 0.3426050841808319, -0.32284215092658997, -0.45385807752609253, 0.15370337665081024, -0.7415302395820618, -0.1871105134487152, -0.03849903866648674, 0.4601542353630066, 0.015481600537896156, 0.7936806082725525, -0.07244935631752014, 0.05221725255250931, -0.17361055314540863, 0.25227171182632446, -0.6135470271110535, -0.07369513809680939, -0.125038281083107, -0.8038633465766907, -0.3476335108280182, 0.04120305925607681, 1.3887454271316528, 0.3803706169128418, 0.09381373971700668, -0.03046458773314953, -0.023032046854496002, -0.12583765387535095, -0.16267290711402893, 0.2831907868385315, -0.011331630870699883, -0.37996014952659607, 0.6373040676116943, 0.40875303745269775, -0.398196816444397, -0.14067785441875458, -0.5848163366317749, 0.5064763426780701, -0.05088922008872032, -0.16885457932949066, 0.3488571047782898, 0.7642431855201721, 0.43559446930885315, 0.4394899904727936, -0.16168269515037537, 0.03762318938970566, -1.2599364519119263, -0.35660070180892944, -0.374763548374176, -0.6601410508155823, -0.0897163599729538, -0.20470595359802246, -0.1436464786529541, 0.23302198946475983, 0.33227792382240295, 0.02346469648182392, 0.19376659393310547, -0.3299237787723541, -0.3360370099544525, -0.4937606751918793, 0.454822838306427, -0.4633672833442688, 0.06784135848283768, 0.23240582644939423, -0.48365432024002075, -0.05007169023156166, -0.03419533744454384, 0.3261483311653137, -0.03305639699101448, 0.9412572383880615, 0.1953013837337494, 0.4688340723514557, -0.08420809358358383, 0.14145922660827637, -0.04692387208342552, 0.5268495678901672, -0.41012927889823914, -0.7199169993400574, -0.38684964179992676, -0.4204504191875458, -0.06962410360574722, 0.5188937187194824, -0.458933025598526, -0.30966484546661377, -0.003010429674759507, -0.0034173419699072838, -0.6851794719696045, 0.5512306690216064, -0.09030525386333466, -0.2173060029745102, 0.11594782024621964, 0.45115187764167786, -0.05362371727824211, 0.4141263961791992, 0.1344332993030548, 0.2580164074897766, -0.006819386500865221, -0.3177417516708374, 0.1888222098350525, 0.18140871822834015, 0.2265276163816452, -0.06116393208503723, 0.10707796365022659, -0.16870547831058502, -0.6066312193870544, 0.06650707870721817, -0.39108967781066895, 0.5129966139793396, -0.4032467305660248, -0.16534195840358734, -0.23848243057727814, -0.3144725561141968, -0.3548400402069092, 0.11391941457986832, -0.35221439599990845, 0.0020927817095071077, 0.6109203696250916, 0.05522787198424339, 0.15566757321357727, 0.21040402352809906, -0.2837722897529602, -0.47635355591773987, 0.34531527757644653, 0.1449657529592514, 0.22546708583831787, 1.057385802268982, -0.23005127906799316, 0.12984813749790192, 0.747057318687439, 0.08340698480606079, -0.4193747937679291, 0.06952584534883499, -0.33377334475517273, 0.49636605381965637, -0.3146815896034241, -0.99078369140625, -0.22289612889289856, 0.19781099259853363, 0.24558433890342712, -0.045253101736307144, -0.38997694849967957, -0.6248666644096375, 0.12451217323541641, 0.25692808628082275, -0.21366587281227112, 0.006531532853841782, 0.07915899902582169, 0.5954003930091858, 0.03870389983057976, 0.21183578670024872, -0.39458543062210083, 0.9518688321113586, 0.22253958880901337, -0.19413423538208008, -0.35544291138648987, 0.1074133887887001, -0.0047642989084124565, 0.29909953474998474, -0.48800912499427795, -0.7024561762809753, -0.4024660587310791, -0.00333197764120996, 0.10981465876102448, 0.11064174026250839, 0.16716799139976501, 0.05389109626412392, -0.05592808872461319, 0.05917857214808464, -0.37857481837272644, 0.02908954955637455, -0.17276600003242493, -0.3063376843929291, 0.20314233005046844, -0.1474527269601822, 0.0591563805937767, 0.1798686683177948, 0.10607857257127762, 0.45922210812568665, -0.44953781366348267, 0.31650224328041077, -0.10679605603218079, -0.6501857042312622, 0.1423577517271042, -0.6561999320983887, -0.12976396083831787, 0.42848119139671326, 0.5421559810638428, 0.4692462980747223, -0.2525676190853119, -0.017705542966723442, -0.12546341121196747, -0.664811372756958, -0.005679726600646973, -0.7394734025001526, 0.0576019212603569, -0.681720495223999, -0.25062569975852966, -0.7861195206642151, 0.6432943940162659, 0.586121678352356, 0.025507017970085144, -0.3918726146221161, -0.006511223502457142, -0.10418630391359329, -0.08983900398015976, -0.06574360281229019, 0.1183125227689743, -0.26536765694618225, 0.2721353769302368, 0.037641532719135284, 0.052097123116254807, 0.1137060821056366, 0.3130809962749481, 0.8897454738616943, -0.06902389228343964, 0.1429397612810135, -0.477282851934433, -0.20841945707798004, 0.16159602999687195, -0.054704729467630386, -0.5588600635528564, -0.6772547960281372, -0.17738288640975952, -0.3421373963356018, -0.5654062628746033, -0.5087596774101257, -0.5917885303497314, 1.0416983366012573, -0.7123831510543823, -0.4211614727973938, -0.04630741849541664, -0.4542263150215149, 0.12150898575782776, -0.2594448924064636, 0.059563398361206055, -0.46406590938568115, 0.35147470235824585, 0.15278464555740356, -0.22161298990249634, -0.30526793003082275, -0.13321956992149353, -0.303104430437088, 0.0631946325302124, -0.4399537146091461, -0.011930379085242748, 0.16394206881523132, 0.430828332901001, 0.23780815303325653, -0.7649692893028259, -0.3495834171772003, -0.4600708782672882, 0.2323501706123352, -0.3743748068809509, -0.4959505498409271, 0.1726708710193634, -0.30186280608177185, -0.007484149653464556, -0.21342214941978455, -0.6680322289466858, -0.6002264618873596, 0.19928917288780212, 0.08621037751436234, 0.5369088053703308, -0.15547968447208405, -0.10242245346307755, 0.12596794962882996, -0.06998395174741745, 0.04415255784988403, 0.010138931684195995, 0.2591516971588135, 0.2278655767440796, 0.013284214772284031, 0.20439203083515167, -0.37974676489830017, 0.48703330755233765, 0.40340355038642883, -0.7488679885864258, -0.1802680641412735, -0.5003025531768799, 0.2805269658565521, -0.07426734268665314, -0.5511693358421326, 0.5940491557121277, 0.45765548944473267, 0.11948290467262268, -0.047715652734041214, 0.500983476638794, -0.20275194942951202, 0.12391868233680725, 0.38242143392562866, -0.6902048587799072, -0.07836450636386871, 0.23115988075733185, 0.41723302006721497, 0.4050668478012085, -0.11499081552028656, 0.7048424482345581, -0.040627725422382355, 0.12726646661758423, -0.07263458520174026, -0.203464075922966, 0.5209015011787415, 0.14109231531620026, 0.6030615568161011, 0.0664711594581604, -0.03169599175453186, 0.14491653442382812, -0.38467222452163696, -0.25865501165390015, 0.025327857583761215, 0.3752254545688629, -0.12446217983961105, 0.8260077238082886, 0.10542669147253036, -0.03121209889650345, -0.3591650128364563, -0.23486779630184174, -0.31970280408859253, 0.07385912537574768, -0.2796032726764679, 0.012065021321177483, 0.4404011070728302, -0.25370752811431885, 0.3502807915210724, -0.02670600637793541, 0.009037327952682972, -0.8080368041992188, -0.3925214409828186, 0.40342941880226135, 0.16599315404891968, -0.5195968747138977, 0.2197151482105255, 0.14199969172477722, -0.6536036729812622, 0.09136603027582169, 0.17511366307735443, 0.559452474117279, 0.05913112685084343, -0.07717156410217285, 0.3683212697505951, -0.1373891532421112, 0.03654630109667778, 0.2875555157661438, -0.1330903321504593, -0.03538627550005913, -0.16614608466625214, 0.06488087028265, -0.044695913791656494, 0.8311622142791748, 0.0787864699959755, 0.5148088932037354, -0.2640565037727356, 0.506803035736084, -0.3821435868740082, -0.33206358551979065, -0.5081301927566528, 0.47138679027557373, -0.20426078140735626, -0.5052734017372131, 0.2505713701248169, 0.3552704155445099, -0.05056530609726906, -0.06324734538793564, 0.0803263783454895, -0.7402015924453735, -0.1790120005607605, 0.5582963228225708, -0.20514346659183502, -0.40992438793182373, 0.14714959263801575, 0.6075410842895508, -0.3549102246761322, 0.4292011559009552, 0.03981129452586174, -0.41387268900871277, 0.1252480298280716, 0.2579978108406067, -0.2880011200904846, 0.2872213125228882, -0.012275627814233303, -0.0712917372584343, -0.9085191488265991, 0.007479294203221798, 0.010260521434247494, 0.5303308963775635, -0.4341127872467041, 0.42632460594177246, -0.1717398464679718, -0.5964170098304749, 0.4556472599506378, -0.08628441393375397, -0.05659676715731621, -0.10302262008190155, 0.039367664605379105, -0.18672236800193787, 0.2284546047449112, 1.2441368103027344, -0.10029389709234238, -0.15987884998321533, 0.3891046941280365, -0.24746662378311157, -0.07804449647665024, 0.41371777653694153, 0.2584049105644226, -0.4491836428642273, -0.12400218844413757, 0.06126593425869942, -0.27670052647590637, 0.033217426389455795, 0.2483454942703247, 0.23308111727237701, 0.007353770546615124, -0.5490195155143738, -0.0827694982290268, -0.5839622020721436, -0.47736114263534546, -0.012094464153051376, -0.7676520943641663, -0.13325947523117065, 0.5543889403343201, -0.13021419942378998, -1.115053653717041, 0.22078587114810944, 0.03185756504535675, -0.3150087296962738, 0.38984566926956177, -0.5528128743171692, -0.4500519335269928, -0.5035715699195862, 0.7776539325714111, 0.21349024772644043, 0.099603570997715, 0.06380860507488251 ]
216350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity	Elasticity	Elasticity often refers to: Elasticity (physics), continuum mechanics of bodies that deform reversibly under stress Elasticity may also refer to: Information technology Elasticity (data store), the flexibility of the data model and the clustering Elasticity (cloud computing), a defining feature of cloud computing Economics Elasticity (economics), a general term for a ratio of change. For more specific economic forms of elasticity, see: Beta (finance) Cross elasticity of demand Elasticity of substitution Frisch elasticity of labor supply Income elasticity of demand Output elasticity Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of supply Yield elasticity of bond value Mathematics Elasticity of a function, a mathematical definition of point elasticity Arc elasticity Other uses Elasticity, a 2021 EP by Serj Tankian Elasticity coefficient, a biochemical term used in metabolic control analysis See also Elastic (disambiguation)	[ 0.2504456639289856, -0.20802685618400574, 0.30655789375305176, 0.3601602017879486, -0.23429016768932343, 0.12451385706663132, 0.30882322788238525, -0.025802576914429665, -0.48844507336616516, -0.7900856137275696, -0.33731889724731445, 0.8422613739967346, -0.30714884400367737, -0.07552842050790787, -0.34904125332832336, 0.2894439399242401, 0.17118769884109497, 0.4096022844314575, -0.2975265681743622, 0.2344084531068802, -0.1692703366279602, 0.0677579939365387, 0.337840735912323, -0.21818585693836212, 0.45587918162345886, -0.6728290915489197, -0.20971959829330444, 0.35630175471305847, 0.43287017941474915, 0.41351696848869324, 0.16399860382080078, 0.880199134349823, -0.7983431220054626, 0.06097057834267616, 0.03266575187444687, 0.3640803396701813, -0.1042429581284523, -0.22761322557926178, -0.14547725021839142, -0.442335307598114, 0.16826845705509186, 0.09680484980344772, 0.01525851245969534, 0.31709855794906616, -0.402500718832016, -0.38545700907707214, -1.2566431760787964, 0.010867878794670105, -0.8302339315414429, -0.2199680656194687, -0.15095077455043793, 0.11631888151168823, 0.26527953147888184, 0.5233060717582703, -0.13559028506278992, -0.16591578722000122, -0.5415309071540833, -0.2681064009666443, 0.5663716793060303, -0.28126347064971924, 0.4663092792034149, 0.22859956324100494, -0.5349741578102112, 0.29197457432746887, -0.3038606643676758, 0.16319936513900757, 0.16108383238315582, -0.12425274401903152, -0.06447067856788635, -0.12850713729858398, -0.0677148774266243, -0.17290523648262024, -0.16653838753700256, 0.20743030309677124, -0.3274969160556793, -0.057522837072610855, -0.11326857656240463, -0.1919703185558319, -0.04445715993642807, 0.5804056525230408, 0.2117711305618286, 0.8927602767944336, 0.28940266370773315, -0.45326897501945496, 0.4699465334415436, 0.04857943207025528, -0.6443780064582825, 1.1795377731323242, -0.5962097644805908, 0.5576261281967163, 0.3997267186641693, 0.015070734545588493, 0.5732563138008118, 0.009673969820141792, 0.5662079453468323, 0.19664376974105835, 0.6077361702919006, -0.5016350150108337, 0.05021704360842705, 0.494406133890152, 0.29624754190444946, -0.4914892613887787, -0.5323458313941956, -0.2840760350227356, 0.222942054271698, -0.04999380186200142, -0.23959894478321075, -0.4527248740196228, 0.1407415121793747, 0.05453348159790039, -0.7351577877998352, -0.15701723098754883, -0.4726020097732544, -0.3460351824760437, -0.5525631904602051, 0.1655796617269516, 0.24377916753292084, 0.46774667501449585, -0.055434346199035645, 0.3519004285335541, -0.26976442337036133, 0.34716078639030457, -0.070269875228405, 0.2096950262784958, -0.12791334092617035, 0.03785752132534981, 0.2001188099384308, 0.7648072838783264, -0.47602030634880066, 0.1321626901626587, 0.4508667290210724, 0.9810948967933655, -0.24864718317985535, -0.1273256093263626, 0.22830422222614288, -0.4785274863243103, 0.10635291039943695, 0.23511531949043274, 0.2586416006088257, -0.13306356966495514, -0.35104256868362427, -0.5237924456596375, -0.4538995027542114, -0.059618886560201645, 0.25474050641059875, -0.43813371658325195, -0.09145377576351166, -0.08542917668819427, -0.20547020435333252, 0.05927366390824318, -0.06118645891547203, 0.26046860218048096, -0.6466624736785889, 0.538885772228241, -0.20958548784255981, 0.24920794367790222, 0.1702124923467636, 0.014374279417097569, -0.49875956773757935, 0.40451401472091675, -0.11382576823234558, 0.40921661257743835, -0.3486153781414032, -0.16385464370250702, 0.1571696698665619, -0.6088650822639465, 0.38918039202690125, 0.3111657500267029, 0.058067478239536285, 0.26917698979377747, -0.3916434645652771, 0.10899350047111511, -0.17817384004592896, -0.016740994527935982, 0.18983638286590576, 0.4141733646392822, 0.42620185017585754, 0.11973933130502701, 0.3179251551628113, 0.04023848474025726, -0.5229889750480652, 0.3088971972465515, 1.0166747570037842, 0.025456758216023445, 0.6355120539665222, -0.20683416724205017, 0.5874149203300476, -0.4470751881599426, 0.03758123889565468, -0.42350125312805176, -0.3601225018501282, 0.02327485755085945, 0.3101338744163513, -0.757031261920929, 0.954495370388031, -0.00123045954387635, -0.4974750876426697, 1.264957308769226, -0.5733337998390198, 0.35916101932525635, 0.16146594285964966, -0.03493054211139679, 0.19118216633796692, -0.7018799781799316, -0.524161159992218, 0.21765542030334473, 0.7120327353477478, -0.09822730720043182, -0.3309200406074524, -0.0213920995593071, 1.1703506708145142, -0.07431413233280182, 0.08564668148756027, -0.6870809197425842, -0.135093554854393, -0.3306470513343811, -0.5699264407157898, 0.32076677680015564, -0.06970220804214478, -0.013351892121136189, 1.1501606702804565, -0.11506426334381104, -0.11971539258956909, 0.3903851807117462, -0.28454065322875977, 0.13577905297279358, 0.6411432027816772, 0.3669447600841522, 0.8690721988677979, -0.11410615593194962, 0.07814876735210419, -0.15037661790847778, 0.025073839351534843, -0.44500645995140076, -0.01933404989540577, 0.44151821732521057, 0.13940955698490143, -0.16149836778640747, 0.24436050653457642, -0.7077717781066895, -0.16144049167633057, 0.5112814903259277, -0.4508744478225708, 0.6198684573173523, 0.05080316215753555, -0.3153451681137085, 0.3264214098453522, 0.23649759590625763, -0.7343567609786987, -0.06018058583140373, -0.30544596910476685, 0.480742871761322, 0.6103615760803223, -0.2913082242012024, -0.1061624214053154, -0.29294443130493164, -0.05246623605489731, 0.4420729875564575, -0.04903407767415047, 0.3004993498325348, 0.007016883697360754, -0.49574336409568787, 0.03997611999511719, -0.2645871341228485, -0.4010385572910309, -0.7557952404022217, -0.19903156161308289, -0.5659686923027039, -0.2699529826641083, 0.3779313564300537, 0.6828373670578003, 0.26299628615379333, -0.05592142418026924, 0.25667688250541687, -0.5443309545516968, -0.5428496599197388, 0.924466073513031, 0.5570883750915527, -0.8905392289161682, -0.2912091314792633, 0.13645929098129272, 0.8895382881164551, 0.9737989902496338, -0.9813500642776489, -0.19245879352092743, -0.1624164879322052, 0.10404420644044876, -0.059019785374403, -0.4478433430194855, -0.06076284125447273, -0.4242587983608246, -0.16075383126735687, -0.4156661033630371, -0.1002863273024559, 0.09556876868009567, 0.796039879322052, 0.24405640363693237, 0.12870043516159058, 0.5335630178451538, -0.1470583975315094, -0.1768644154071808, 0.17525862157344818, -0.003705240087583661, -0.16558068990707397, -0.25820064544677734, -0.12445174157619476, -0.20567622780799866, 0.1875518560409546, -5.680253505706787, -0.022665418684482574, 0.2884772717952728, -0.3304876983165741, -0.28308364748954773, -0.030460475012660027, 1.0212751626968384, 0.13922438025474548, -0.40887272357940674, -0.13447029888629913, 0.07386705279350281, 0.36805564165115356, 0.19881723821163177, 0.45497435331344604, 0.5043677091598511, 0.17284831404685974, 1.0775971412658691, 0.21232107281684875, -0.06979458779096603, 0.4976060092449188, -0.41417229175567627, -0.25192975997924805, 0.09295577555894852, 0.292768269777298, -0.09289295226335526, -0.8289956450462341, -0.2729122042655945, 0.31594887375831604, -0.43308478593826294, -0.026555534452199936, -0.0557512603700161, -0.22618259489536285, 0.16821303963661194, -0.5577639937400818, 0.45120033621788025, 0.21466173231601715, 0.1274612545967102, 0.6401821374893188, -0.009662313386797905, -0.36343666911125183, -0.3580630123615265, 0.37932994961738586, 0.20360521972179413, -0.034800294786691666, 0.21733823418617249, 0.04379323124885559, 0.06795085221529007, 0.3855021893978119, -0.5327321290969849, 1.157813549041748, -0.1763903647661209, 0.05207743123173714, 0.6338877081871033, -0.4995388984680176, 0.38180792331695557, -0.08080132305622101, 0.6732827425003052, 0.5260586142539978, -0.2656313478946686, 0.5234260559082031, -0.008629364892840385, -0.14267973601818085, 0.22028079628944397, -0.5157451033592224, -0.36071640253067017, 0.3695189952850342, -0.7146645188331604, -0.6085473895072937, 0.4500160813331604, 0.21470707654953003, -0.34055107831954956, 0.5264050364494324, 0.44585543870925903, -0.46809786558151245, 0.39525607228279114, -0.6243288516998291, 0.24573560059070587, -0.3468809127807617, 0.2670060992240906, 0.35405340790748596, -0.4260234236717224, -0.4723357558250427, -0.5078706741333008, -0.11874675750732422, 0.32601889967918396, 0.0005115352687425911, 0.06259568780660629, -0.46337324380874634, -0.578282356262207, -0.17822076380252838, 0.2538948655128479, -0.2639179825782776, 0.10197996348142624, 0.03301336243748665, 0.17048554122447968, 0.15358327329158783, -0.008603747002780437, 0.24954186379909515, 0.09790804982185364, -0.4095236361026764, 0.5022414326667786, -0.776091992855072, 0.33194825053215027, -0.08640824258327484, 0.2647814154624939, -0.13278590142726898, -0.24231939017772675, 0.2535616159439087, 0.8130191564559937, -0.5651792883872986, 0.09888668358325958, 0.4474848508834839, -0.500523030757904, -0.3750358521938324, -0.1362890750169754, 0.11399570107460022, -0.8240671157836914, 0.3098483681678772, 0.09780652076005936, -0.514286994934082, 0.1872425526380539, 0.27302685379981995, -0.015733910724520683, -0.6713765859603882, 0.031092213466763496, 0.15266959369182587, -0.07544455677270889, 0.31139877438545227, -0.08570247888565063, -0.048379819840192795, 0.1155315637588501, 0.6690755486488342, 0.0046771373599767685, 0.25461360812187195, -0.03984370082616806, -0.34155696630477905, 0.11986155062913895, 0.5189688801765442, 0.0727367177605629, -0.8363987803459167, 0.5101048946380615, -0.23223884403705597, -0.5035496354103088, -0.4798922836780548, 0.6967419385910034, 0.5415440797805786, -0.19203315675258636, -0.060060273855924606, -0.23161061108112335, 0.2555731534957886, -0.0074333432130515575, -0.13625428080558777, -0.49415117502212524, -0.3880017101764679, 0.02916075848042965, -0.03334888443350792, 0.4004921019077301, -0.12171172350645065, 0.4019526541233063, -0.8700418472290039, 0.1268829107284546, 0.11834540218114853, -1.1634273529052734, -0.34088197350502014, -0.23499929904937744, 0.3877428472042084, -0.9068941473960876, -0.28136762976646423, -0.16832803189754486, 0.06379380077123642, -0.2679898738861084, -0.0805569589138031, -0.9670853614807129, -0.6378865242004395, -0.023898622021079063, 0.39576539397239685, 0.31193962693214417, -0.29407957196235657, -0.11532160639762878, -0.0062453169375658035, 0.3903879225254059, -0.31093737483024597, 0.05428134277462959, -0.049727313220500946, 0.18967974185943604, -0.5308067202568054, 0.05910444259643555, 0.3387608528137207, -0.18574120104312897, -0.41951820254325867, 0.8794499635696411, 0.40640050172805786, 0.06262468546628952, -0.40876588225364685, 0.6636613607406616, -0.26840344071388245, 0.20587849617004395, 0.3320542275905609, -0.3097059428691864, -0.7794227004051208, 0.04777221009135246, 0.5393118262290955, -0.7228865623474121, 0.7402353286743164, -0.05057787522673607, -0.1498720347881317, -0.004866393283009529, -0.004696839954704046, -0.12249232083559036, -0.21716685593128204, -0.8225995302200317, -0.6143755316734314, -0.18062883615493774, 0.40129032731056213, -0.36908549070358276, 0.2857823967933655, 0.4571159780025482, -0.353895902633667, -0.40934276580810547, -0.09623605757951736, -0.017412390559911728, -0.3921129107475281, -0.016261333599686623, -0.19203351438045502, 0.1771833896636963, -0.11770087480545044, 0.09075285494327545, -0.4210255742073059, 0.7861250638961792, -0.3741045892238617, -0.42712998390197754, -0.2198859602212906, -0.07727397978305817, 0.2586534917354584, -0.1914251148700714, 0.16982582211494446, -0.8212283253669739, -0.0922793373465538, -0.45175617933273315, -0.44230175018310547, 0.16183775663375854, 0.8704438209533691, -0.40293189883232117, -0.20395047962665558, -0.35141488909721375, 0.22311845421791077, 0.48048925399780273, -0.3919515907764435, -0.5046676993370056, -0.40834635496139526, -0.09138187021017075, -0.20706486701965332, -0.5483106374740601, -0.1698608249425888, 0.054315946996212006, 0.005227898247539997, -0.13348692655563354, -0.876475989818573, 0.4430420994758606, 0.25178900361061096, -0.29390427470207214, -0.22147102653980255, -0.4615514576435089, -0.07043483108282089, 0.2395358830690384, 0.13824746012687683, -0.19447480142116547, -0.7218191623687744, 0.3068150579929352, -0.8411726951599121, 0.597446084022522, -0.05692565068602562, 0.4657967984676361, 0.3186892569065094, 0.4503304064273834, 0.19396063685417175, -0.28411340713500977, -0.5209485292434692, 0.04151342436671257, -0.12562760710716248, -0.059587351977825165, -0.06349997967481613, 0.2710159122943878, -0.4250946342945099, 0.43825849890708923, -0.06482559442520142, 0.46804624795913696, -0.13383695483207703, -0.7383098006248474, -0.2565896213054657, -0.26012077927589417, 0.1775873303413391, -0.042790304869413376, -0.2621241807937622, 0.010226025246083736, 0.3757256269454956, -0.26197823882102966, -0.009051728993654251, -0.5926176905632019, -0.07258579879999161, -0.9021782875061035, 0.42635971307754517, 0.2533101737499237, -0.5350043177604675, 0.6026020646095276, -0.08416455239057541, 0.050959035754203796, 0.15869447588920593, 0.3024829924106598, 0.0760953351855278, 0.14601820707321167, 0.21955987811088562, -0.1360175609588623, 0.8991366624832153, -0.018959932029247284, -0.2110476791858673, 0.46876034140586853, -0.5999324917793274, 0.6069958806037903, 0.6807892918586731, -0.1399349421262741, 0.2186054140329361, 0.384351521730423, -0.4319664239883423, -0.3788633942604065, 0.8221740126609802, -0.046939630061388016, 0.2346627563238144, -0.6074254512786865, 0.9085015058517456, 0.986586332321167, 0.287584125995636, -0.14813503623008728, 0.16216197609901428, -0.22004581987857819, -0.3471871316432953, 0.5325132012367249, -0.007687780540436506, -0.6393036842346191, 0.5481115579605103, 0.5785396099090576, 0.34577107429504395, 0.027090849354863167, 0.6815675497055054, -0.09416202455759048, 0.3812241554260254, -0.33051005005836487, 0.7396640777587891, -0.17763908207416534, -0.24803021550178528, 0.0827314481139183, -0.6035932898521423, 0.5104193091392517, -0.7020416259765625, -0.2960071265697479, -0.6554259061813354, 0.8385615944862366, -0.5940327644348145, -0.12795105576515198, -0.039992786943912506, -0.0356035940349102, 0.47910478711128235, 0.4554428458213806, -0.2288845032453537, 0.2425117939710617, -0.5018918514251709, 0.41260433197021484, -0.09399079531431198, -0.32222798466682434, 0.11638830602169037, -0.12638993561267853, 0.6230934262275696, -0.40361475944519043, 0.6575328707695007, 0.3165369927883148, -0.1723504662513733, -0.038076695054769516, 0.9180045127868652, 0.2708223760128021, 0.1551467925310135, 0.15819258987903595, 0.24150221049785614, -0.316939115524292, -0.5909997224807739, 0.2511207163333893, -0.09040044993162155, 0.045927245169878006, 0.4903671443462372, -0.05550846457481384, 0.03655955567955971, 0.5710992813110352, -0.3015062212944031, 0.2133951187133789, 0.1355711668729782, -0.012782393023371696, -0.17637783288955688, -0.048409488052129745, 0.6629076600074768, 0.049695271998643875, -0.37444984912872314, -0.23116742074489594, 0.4321754276752472, -0.20297987759113312, 0.1412580907344818, -0.5088343620300293, 0.27653875946998596, 0.007909093052148819, 0.679553210735321, -0.6456485986709595, 0.2855689823627472, 0.43759673833847046, -0.20124509930610657, 0.012559914961457253, 0.41269010305404663, 0.2547295093536377, 0.023690171539783478, 0.18906553089618683, -0.36634334921836853, -0.425260454416275, -0.5598286390304565, -0.030171316117048264, -0.506345272064209, 0.517584502696991, -0.4201652407646179, 0.39760807156562805, -0.11160353571176529, -0.23271560668945312, 0.22840268909931183, -0.3116825222969055, 0.44843927025794983, -0.5382175445556641, 0.1898496299982071, -0.5603581070899963, 0.7417739033699036, -0.5284842848777771, 0.43259134888648987, -0.16882653534412384, 0.3146275281906128, -0.15354973077774048, 0.024938400834798813, 0.049372367560863495, -0.3114706873893738, -0.20130178332328796, -0.009571780450642109, -0.24978674948215485, 0.5624982118606567, -0.3519849479198456, 0.055686768144369125, -0.6496681571006775, 0.20269548892974854, 0.5929397940635681, -0.794610321521759, 0.10604170709848404, -0.39853835105895996, -0.529068112373352, -0.1711236834526062, -0.34856337308883667, -0.20559900999069214, -0.4665069282054901, 0.29693832993507385 ]
216352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20Beach	Sylvia Beach	Sylvia Beach (14 March 1887 – 5 October 1962), born Nancy Woodbridge Beach, was an American-born bookseller and publisher who lived most of her life in Paris, where she was one of the leading expatriate figures between World War I and II. She is known for her Paris bookstore, Shakespeare and Company, where she published James Joyce's book, Ulysses (1922), and encouraged the publication of and sold copies of Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923). Early life Beach was born in her father's parsonage in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, on 14 March 1887, the second of three daughters of Sylvester Beach and Eleanor Thomazine Orbison. She had an older sister, Holly, and a younger sister, Cyprian. Although named Nancy after her grandmother Orbison, she later decided to change her name to Sylvia. Her maternal grandparents were missionaries to India, and her father, a Presbyterian minister, was descended from several generations of clergymen. When the girls were young the family lived in Baltimore and in Bridgeton, New Jersey. Then in 1901, the family moved to France upon Sylvester Beach's appointment as assistant minister of the American Church in Paris and director of the American student center. Beach spent the years 1902–1905 in Paris, returning to New Jersey in 1906 when her father became minister of the First Presbyterian Church of Princeton. Beach made several return trips to Europe, lived for two years in Spain, and worked for the Balkan Commission of the Red Cross. During the last years of the Great War, she was drawn back to Paris to study contemporary French literature. Shakespeare and Company While conducting research at the Bibliothèque Nationale, in a French literary journal Beach read of a lending library and bookshop, La Maison des Amis des Livres at 7 rue de l'Odéon, Paris VI. There she was welcomed by the owner who, to her surprise, was a plump fair-haired young woman, Adrienne Monnier. Monnier was wearing a garment that looked like a cross between a peasant's dress and a nun's habit, "with a long full skirt … and a sort of tight-fitting velvet waistcoat over a white silk blouse. She was in gray and white like her bookshop." Although Beach was dressed in a Spanish cloak and hat, Monnier said later she knew immediately that Beach was American. At that first meeting, Monnier declared, "I like America very much". Beach replied that she liked France very much. They later became lovers and lived together for 36 years until Monnier's suicide in 1955. Beach immediately became a member of Monnier's lending library, where she regularly attended readings by authors such as André Gide, Paul Valéry and Jules Romains. Inspired by the literary life of the Left Bank and by Monnier's efforts to promote innovative writing, Beach dreamed of starting a branch of Monnier's book shop in New York that would offer contemporary French works to American readers. Since her only capital was US$3,000 which her mother gave her from her savings, Beach could not afford such a venture in New York. However, Paris rents were much cheaper and the exchange rates favorable, so with Monnier's help, Beach opened an English language bookstore and lending library that she named Shakespeare and Company. Four years before, Monnier had been among the first women in France to found her own bookstore. Beach's bookstore was located at 8 rue Dupuytren, Paris VI. Shakespeare and Company quickly attracted both French and American readers, including aspiring writers to whom Beach offered hospitality and encouragement as well as books. As the franc dropped in value and the favorable exchange rate attracted a huge influx of Americans, Beach's shop flourished and soon needed more space. In May 1921, Shakespeare and Company moved to 12 rue de l'Odéon, just across the street from Monnier's Maison des Amis des Livres. In July 1920, Beach met Irish writer James Joyce at a dinner party hosted by French poet André Spire. Soon after, Joyce joined Beach's lending library. Joyce had been trying, unsuccessfully, to publish his manuscript for his masterpiece, Ulysses, and Beach, seeing his frustration, offered to publish it. Shakespeare and Company gained considerable fame after it published Ulysses in 1922, as a result of Joyce's inability to get an edition out in English-speaking countries. Beach would later be financially stranded when Joyce signed on with another publisher, leaving Beach in debt after she had bankrolled, and suffered severe losses from, the publication of Ulysses. Shakespeare and Company experienced financial difficulty throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s but remained supported by wealthy friends, including Bryher. In 1936 when Beach thought that she would be forced to close her shop, André Gide organized a group of writers into a club called Friends of Shakespeare and Company. Subscribers paid 200 francs a year to attend readings at Shakespeare and Company. Although subscriptions were limited to a select group of 200 people (the maximum number the store could accommodate), the renown of the French and American authors participating in readings during those two years attracted considerable attention to the store. Beach recalled that by then, "we were so glorious with all these famous writers and all the press we received that we began to do very well in business". Violette Leduc describes meeting her and the ambiance of the shop in her autobiography La Bâtarde. Shakespeare and Company remained open after the Fall of Paris, but by the end of 1941, Beach was forced to close. She was interned for six months during World War II at Vittel until Tudor Wilkinson managed to secure her release in February 1942. Following her release she occasionally assisted the American member of the French Resistance, Drue Leyton, in sheltering allied airmen shot down in France. Beach kept her books hidden in a vacant apartment upstairs at 12 rue de l'Odeon. Ernest Hemingway symbolically "liberated" the shop in person in 1944, but it never re-opened for business. Later life In 1956, Beach wrote Shakespeare and Company, a memoir of the inter-war years that details the cultural life of Paris at the time. The book contains first-hand observations of James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Valery Larbaud, Thornton Wilder, André Gide, Leon-Paul Fargue, George Antheil, Robert McAlmon, Gertrude Stein, Stephen Benet, Aleister Crowley, Harry Crosby, Caresse Crosby, John Quinn, Berenice Abbott, Man Ray, and many others. After Monnier's suicide in 1955, Beach had a relationship with Camilla Steinbrugge. Although Beach's income was modest during the last years of her life, she was widely honored for her publication of Ulysses and her support of aspiring writers during the 1920s. She remained in Paris until her death in 1962, and was buried in Princeton Cemetery. Her papers are archived at Princeton University. American George Whitman opened a new bookshop in 1951 at a different location in Paris (in the rue de la Bûcherie) originally called Le Mistral, but renamed Shakespeare and Company in 1964 in honor of the late Sylvia Beach. Since his death in 2011, it has been run by his daughter Sylvia Beach Whitman, named after Beach. Notes Sources Further reading External links Sylvia Beach Papers at the Princeton University Library Sylvia Beach Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin Sylvia Beach materials, correspondence, and The James Joyce Collection at the University at Buffalo Libraries 1919 passport photo, Sylvia Beach (courtesy Puzzlemaster, flickr.com) 1887 births 1962 deaths 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American autobiographers American booksellers American expatriates in France Burials at Princeton Cemetery Businesspeople from Baltimore Female wartime nurses LGBT people from Maryland LGBT writers from the United States Ulysses (novel) Women autobiographers American women non-fiction writers Lost Generation writers	[ 0.2621762454509735, -0.028551625087857246, -0.395131379365921, -0.06938540190458298, 0.3840680420398712, 0.59535813331604, 0.3587276339530945, 0.1584302932024002, -0.3494666814804077, -0.10162287950515747, -0.8755537867546082, -0.14393919706344604, 0.3413864076137543, 0.4829944968223572, -0.2207474261522293, -0.4230121374130249, -0.22181998193264008, 0.16247683763504028, -0.5158334374427795, -0.5182439088821411, -0.3477160334587097, -0.13797618448734283, 0.22446522116661072, -0.20603065192699432, 0.12563294172286987, -0.23247912526130676, -0.04986180365085602, -0.48558786511421204, 0.057509955018758774, -0.08634530007839203, 0.26323848962783813, 0.22782829403877258, 0.13939033448696136, -0.2947092056274414, 0.026307925581932068, 0.2671046555042267, -0.12945811450481415, 0.07576482743024826, -0.4852069616317749, -0.22983257472515106, -0.42446765303611755, 0.4180721342563629, 0.6241097450256348, 0.6034191846847534, -0.027852697297930717, -0.029060564935207367, -1.6185182332992554, 0.23956814408302307, -0.4611886441707611, -0.28370586037635803, 0.02427709847688675, 0.4867774546146393, 0.7829077243804932, 0.48113033175468445, 0.09617547690868378, 0.39074763655662537, -1.0440407991409302, -0.2261606752872467, 0.24870355427265167, -0.6132049560546875, 0.8095439076423645, -0.00455849664285779, 0.8569909334182739, 0.06611281633377075, 0.4809362590312958, 0.2217719405889511, 0.22411033511161804, 0.11819196492433548, 0.1879962682723999, -0.4244125783443451, 0.08812794089317322, 0.23130513727664948, 0.21191589534282684, 0.03508749231696129, 0.037718791514635086, 0.012568567879498005, 0.0663524642586708, -0.12239017337560654, 0.4263467788696289, 0.5352656245231628, -0.02465841732919216, -0.3840988874435425, 1.0716947317123413, -0.0018056895351037383, 0.35087934136390686, -0.21475665271282196, -0.36794576048851013, 0.2242683470249176, -0.38558435440063477, -0.4406680762767792, -0.02509837970137596, -0.20184223353862762, 0.10539073497056961, -0.08454909920692444, -0.20372602343559265, 0.031764157116413116, 0.275420218706131, 0.42285218834877014, 0.11569657176733017, -0.2240614891052246, -0.40911081433296204, 0.1655440777540207, -0.011797867715358734, -0.13235199451446533, -0.07539290189743042, -0.2709355652332306, 0.18249474465847015, 0.08414503931999207, 0.6681550741195679, -0.01184143964201212, -0.19266651570796967, -0.23925432562828064, -0.19267114996910095, -0.684272289276123, -0.42938849329948425, 0.07185886055231094, 0.2842366099357605, -0.28388386964797974, -0.8932711482048035, 0.010082021355628967, -0.15002840757369995, -0.2923375070095062, 0.4253328740596771, -0.21028153598308563, -0.3241777718067169, -0.2732715308666229, 0.6044264435768127, 0.3326725363731384, -0.27958089113235474, 0.39322152733802795, 0.09842588007450104, 0.4071914851665497, -0.5938166975975037, -0.10569272935390472, 0.03405848145484924, -0.1635158807039261, -0.0989934504032135, 0.42043372988700867, 0.6666195392608643, -0.1056392639875412, -0.290859580039978, 0.7086721062660217, -0.8145995140075684, 0.15055134892463684, 0.7843522429466248, -0.4798052906990051, 0.2278226763010025, -0.23848064243793488, -0.004950922913849354, -0.6904211640357971, 0.044937971979379654, 0.09942302107810974, 0.5481122136116028, -0.534035325050354, -0.3732600212097168, 0.2765067219734192, 0.33703774213790894, 0.16937902569770813, 0.4358745515346527, -0.16850857436656952, 0.382436066865921, 0.1077711433172226, 0.1515807956457138, 0.5370270609855652, -0.1354982852935791, 0.5850149989128113, 0.021079059690237045, 0.16183727979660034, -0.05636107549071312, 0.23322032392024994, -0.4405190646648407, 0.4093914330005646, 0.303341269493103, -0.09023842215538025, -0.978402316570282, 0.8961723446846008, 0.34616103768348694, 0.5354573726654053, 0.30087700486183167, -0.4518475830554962, -0.6930232048034668, 0.020373374223709106, -0.15583480894565582, 0.06204313039779663, 0.4180472195148468, -0.22444061934947968, 0.6879855990409851, 0.228723406791687, 0.1837678849697113, 0.15471668541431427, -0.7279077172279358, -0.683820366859436, 0.17535646259784698, -0.2009836584329605, 0.6609954833984375, 0.03882244601845741, -0.4152550995349884, 1.1606792211532593, -0.28992223739624023, 0.43722590804100037, -0.21771925687789917, -0.0006458055577240884, -0.18005786836147308, -0.059033941477537155, -0.31685465574264526, 0.12309452146291733, 0.7331939339637756, 0.5443600416183472, 0.6102252006530762, 0.44178444147109985, 0.11016277223825455, -0.5965483784675598, 0.20543800294399261, 0.7399467825889587, -0.33203649520874023, -0.6485992670059204, -0.4850362241268158, -0.17317426204681396, 0.7844258546829224, -0.2016599327325821, 0.4001382887363434, 0.3444966971874237, -0.0757972002029419, 0.1394382268190384, 0.10984046757221222, 0.3497021794319153, -0.8029916286468506, -0.3644122779369354, 0.37727802991867065, -0.2601343095302582, -0.25819602608680725, 0.5105449557304382, 0.6768133640289307, -0.5040168762207031, 0.5314192771911621, 0.39770394563674927, 0.5629573464393616, -0.5200808644294739, -0.07933279126882553, 0.1935470700263977, -0.15638935565948486, -0.17159642279148102, 0.282433420419693, -0.03660809248685837, -0.11565111577510834, 0.35406649112701416, -0.3325085937976837, -0.21010781824588776, 0.3964317739009857, 0.14286842942237854, 0.5084912776947021, 0.9802431464195251, -0.12799295783042908, 0.4071556031703949, -0.007952853105962276, -0.1587347686290741, -0.11432808637619019, 0.23556359112262726, 0.9875284433364868, 0.03271646425127983, 0.23658736050128937, 0.2605459988117218, 0.10705552995204926, 0.7077713012695312, 0.07032981514930725, -0.2486022263765335, -0.016864372417330742, -1.0105183124542236, 1.0073113441467285, 0.17006880044937134, 0.38837775588035583, -0.19554854929447174, -0.548129677772522, 0.3964308500289917, 0.10890724509954453, 0.4042370617389679, -0.5169472694396973, 0.016630545258522034, 0.012089814990758896, -0.851728081703186, 0.5325818061828613, 0.8045362830162048, 0.16841165721416473, -0.7495883107185364, 0.2021762579679489, -0.20822322368621826, -0.39867210388183594, -0.2910968065261841, -0.331490159034729, -0.20361925661563873, -0.04692351445555687, 0.6028091311454773, -0.29041385650634766, -0.2626802325248718, -0.049489572644233704, 0.6359435319900513, -0.7824439406394958, -0.09169290959835052, -0.1491008698940277, 0.3457261323928833, -0.4661151170730591, -0.22536277770996094, -0.2963406443595886, 0.4870069622993469, 0.8474739193916321, 0.3074166178703308, -0.0481925830245018, -0.5447614789009094, -5.808070659637451, 0.5280275344848633, -0.16059115529060364, -0.5968250036239624, -0.139890655875206, -0.0649968683719635, 0.7161067724227905, -0.16648736596107483, -0.26329904794692993, -0.4733157753944397, 0.23364192247390747, 0.06929786503314972, -0.3016050457954407, 0.5374530553817749, 0.02383273094892502, 1.097640872001648, 0.039822764694690704, 0.11067835241556168, -0.07318518310785294, 0.3676464259624481, -0.15456517040729523, -0.13429006934165955, 0.5070958137512207, 0.43478187918663025, 0.14240281283855438, 0.7236807346343994, -0.11041330546140671, -0.16613039374351501, -0.8190167546272278, -0.2679753005504608, 0.1250210553407669, -0.3664490282535553, 0.01717248186469078, -0.3304483890533447, 0.10211965441703796, -0.20322780311107635, 0.6326995491981506, -0.005097266752272844, -0.4113214313983917, -0.5028053522109985, -0.07844216376543045, 0.45055845379829407, -0.3689379394054413, -0.3632330596446991, 0.07875530421733856, -0.07261061668395996, -0.5990749597549438, 0.2896888554096222, 0.06921197474002838, 0.3908914029598236, 0.33484217524528503, -0.3952257037162781, -0.18276488780975342, 0.10808481276035309, -0.026757817715406418, -0.02332441322505474, -0.25391286611557007, -0.4211939871311188, -0.7043129801750183, -0.08071215450763702, 0.2753106951713562, -0.08523320406675339, 0.33852362632751465, -0.44029828906059265, -0.2865770757198334, 0.04256827011704445, -0.44231313467025757, 0.10154415667057037, -0.31349849700927734, 0.09912830591201782, 0.258254736661911, 0.11669863760471344, 0.4360349476337433, -1.3948609828948975, -0.4150574803352356, -0.35929760336875916, -0.10172785073518753, -0.3916192054748535, -0.3989713788032532, -0.49024441838264465, 0.6175723671913147, -0.33935362100601196, 0.18955187499523163, 0.11139445006847382, 0.11706975102424622, -0.83487468957901, -0.02037353254854679, 0.420967161655426, -1.1127320528030396, -0.17507605254650116, -0.18078196048736572, 0.40214022994041443, 0.09309235960245132, 0.3560623526573181, 0.2714514434337616, 0.5018202662467957, -0.17614810168743134, 0.1498422920703888, 0.2083967924118042, 0.3657720685005188, -0.862797737121582, -0.24834764003753662, 0.14628085494041443, -0.32962703704833984, 0.33985573053359985, -0.056746404618024826, -0.4238209128379822, 0.1125827506184578, 0.6521131992340088, -0.21052277088165283, -0.1571912318468094, 0.306052029132843, -0.46256059408187866, -0.22575905919075012, 0.24726362526416779, -0.5924583673477173, -0.04067936912178993, -0.21063388884067535, 0.30127495527267456, -0.48164239525794983, 0.16773678362369537, 0.29053816199302673, -0.20688875019550323, -0.07767243683338165, -0.10143762826919556, -0.09855576604604721, 0.05254930257797241, -0.4462067782878876, -0.24837830662727356, 0.43716949224472046, -0.4471758306026459, 0.12968963384628296, 0.10948522388935089, -0.15592904388904572, 0.08232460916042328, -0.3731161952018738, -0.9092751741409302, -0.46387866139411926, -0.10507148504257202, 0.39802390336990356, -0.21939799189567566, -0.10320856422185898, -0.06557799130678177, 0.505043625831604, 0.6851564645767212, 0.210927814245224, -0.42519915103912354, -0.44176867604255676, -0.041433125734329224, 0.5863009691238403, -0.14458595216274261, 0.1326848268508911, 0.7778403162956238, 0.2870684266090393, -0.2744947671890259, -0.3935690224170685, 0.15760861337184906, 0.22367627918720245, -0.41064614057540894, 0.17683401703834534, -0.16102662682533264, -0.027732839807868004, -1.1012959480285645, 0.3935531675815582, -0.3066863417625427, -0.33811047673225403, 0.08997808396816254, 0.3235403597354889, -0.31871259212493896, 0.3340332508087158, 0.2451028823852539, -0.45265763998031616, 0.19983810186386108, 0.17288266122341156, -0.05552658438682556, -0.00017598553677089512, -0.280521959066391, 0.24304181337356567, -0.045644067227840424, -0.3339998126029968, -0.15080253779888153, -0.046140529215335846, -0.4808542728424072, -0.45656150579452515, 0.5148177742958069, -0.22230248153209686, -0.2420291155576706, -0.46558135747909546, -0.3880937099456787, -0.3548566699028015, 0.056047189980745316, 0.13723650574684143, -0.183000847697258, 0.9786206483840942, -0.5481746196746826, -0.6014033555984497, 0.10855146497488022, 0.7006826996803284, -0.3872568905353546, 0.4310730993747711, -0.44546663761138916, -0.08796306699514389, -0.41352781653404236, -0.12601545453071594, 0.22335442900657654, -0.9488171935081482, -0.017179379239678383, -0.07849696278572083, 0.02650797739624977, 0.6521458625793457, -0.6730594038963318, 0.3477131426334381, 0.18184331059455872, 0.5497025847434998, 0.18574991822242737, -0.011088181287050247, -0.16186699271202087, -0.30348312854766846, -0.18308545649051666, -0.25442326068878174, -0.2086401730775833, -0.4154137074947357, -0.40479007363319397, -0.32575419545173645, -0.3517044186592102, 0.9696530699729919, 0.08641430735588074, -0.258120596408844, 0.4201411008834839, -0.19306229054927826, -0.2377443015575409, -0.2510043978691101, -0.332000732421875, 0.1584189534187317, -0.06808749586343765, 0.20534133911132812, 0.6711756587028503, -0.33728349208831787, 0.11135780066251755, 0.33782628178596497, 0.21234415471553802, 0.10781456530094147, 0.4656951129436493, -0.04476013779640198, 0.08278434723615646, 0.5707144737243652, -0.06133231148123741, -0.4808211624622345, -0.08486819267272949, 0.4182184338569641, -0.06248033419251442, -0.10136057436466217, -0.3363053500652313, -0.32644641399383545, 0.3930414915084839, 0.037848085165023804, -0.43072524666786194, 0.03203727677464485, -0.007385064847767353, 0.005253470037132502, 0.7309606671333313, 0.14358140528202057, -0.0836101695895195, 0.3577018976211548, 0.2982078194618225, 0.36205270886421204, 0.5607386827468872, 0.15889760851860046, -0.07865694910287857, -0.3835739493370056, -0.19319823384284973, 0.283522367477417, -0.17136669158935547, 0.11279334127902985, -0.06115569546818733, -0.17465893924236298, -0.05173744633793831, -0.38740622997283936, 0.2375904619693756, -0.6227842569351196, -1.009783148765564, -0.3682492971420288, -0.3467848002910614, -0.21046830713748932, -0.043166302144527435, -0.46144285798072815, -0.06995519250631332, -0.4498628079891205, -0.5342390537261963, 0.22614197432994843, -0.24208779633045197, 0.21117328107357025, 0.22767497599124908, 0.2881561815738678, -0.441849946975708, 0.2423706352710724, -0.3196399509906769, 0.0005729927797801793, -0.4714380204677582, -0.43555039167404175, -0.38250187039375305, 0.23554836213588715, 0.3680537939071655, -0.2543521225452423, 0.43823885917663574, -0.21016113460063934, 0.28750142455101013, -0.1132456436753273, -0.344672828912735, 0.7059436440467834, 0.4382183253765106, -0.5133863091468811, 0.15398751199245453, 0.21556593477725983, -0.19552777707576752, -0.021927306428551674, 0.24090789258480072, -0.2553365230560303, -0.008364779874682426, -0.4063901901245117, -0.21637378633022308, 0.6165478825569153, 0.45542287826538086, -0.1488744169473648, 0.07606478780508041, 0.6026092767715454, -0.1797611564397812, 0.3502213954925537, -0.008946940302848816, -0.132242351770401, 0.35688501596450806, 0.0985816940665245, 0.08925224840641022, 0.04265584796667099, 0.6856167912483215, -0.6485233902931213, -0.33826136589050293, -0.3775803744792938, 0.4653674066066742, 0.13873061537742615, 0.3078387677669525, 0.15700781345367432, -0.34260696172714233, 0.20382288098335266, 0.1447886973619461, -0.43430957198143005, -0.02939893677830696, 0.5141048431396484, -0.024014418944716454, -0.1378372311592102, 0.5542576313018799, 0.38596802949905396, 0.18567167222499847, -0.34304186701774597, 0.28251874446868896, 0.029176345095038414, 0.057939305901527405, -0.21986649930477142, -0.4594997763633728, -0.13334794342517853, -0.4847855567932129, -0.08321218192577362, 0.7768155932426453, -0.15346038341522217, 0.04924784600734711, -0.2698162794113159, -0.054678093641996384, -0.6057246327400208, 0.19451336562633514, 0.36850541830062866, 0.7248795628547668, 0.22502325475215912, -0.31571540236473083, 0.4198511242866516, 0.3427278995513916, 0.3444582223892212, 0.4189152419567108, 0.13529840111732483, 0.4112516939640045, -0.30906665325164795, -0.5320245623588562, -0.4552634060382843, 0.00690008420497179, 0.41530492901802063, 0.325775146484375, -0.7700105309486389, 0.2988516390323639, -0.365283727645874, -0.1426100730895996, -0.39294588565826416, 0.11950979381799698, -0.5816566944122314, -0.16943740844726562, 0.3022978901863098, -0.14309999346733093, 0.49094274640083313, -0.2057567983865738, 1.0173006057739258, -0.12361264228820801, 0.05871689319610596, -0.514813244342804, 0.4744534194469452, 0.29099395871162415, -0.010306318290531635, -0.2335258573293686, 0.7278581857681274, 0.27125176787376404, -0.17693071067333221, -0.6416951417922974, 0.3115331828594208, -0.01146023441106081, 0.4124909043312073, -0.22777621448040009, 0.3747173249721527, 0.03200981020927429, 0.23457691073417664, 0.08135837316513062, 0.5453423857688904, -0.1516493558883667, -0.08836951106786728, 0.026919832453131676, -0.06420055776834488, -0.18142127990722656, -0.21533897519111633, -0.5841809511184692, -0.06948784738779068, 0.1165374144911766, -0.3728216886520386, -0.40811872482299805, 0.02506219781935215, 0.13116855919361115, 0.17951904237270355, 0.051277730613946915, 0.02703222818672657, -0.32737982273101807, 0.36167654395103455, -0.11905571073293686, 0.4327821135520935, 0.17796394228935242, -0.6516144871711731, 0.6301527619361877, 0.10915984213352203, -0.03402270749211311, 0.07308449596166611, 0.18214651942253113, 0.068284772336483, -0.2650805711746216, -0.4983270466327667, -0.0816706195473671, 0.6134657263755798, -0.1625465601682663, -0.47658678889274597, -0.1645745187997818, -0.4299427270889282, 0.32323136925697327, -0.27046898007392883, -0.1589026153087616, 0.013826051726937294, 0.4262673258781433, -0.31397339701652527 ]
216353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%20elasticity%20of%20demand	Price elasticity of demand	A good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded. Other elasticities measure how the quantity demanded changes with other variables (e.g. the income elasticity of demand for consumer income changes). Price elasticities are negative except in special cases. If a good is said to have an elasticity of 2, it almost always means that the good has an elasticity of −2 according to the formal definition. The phrase "more elastic" means that a good's elasticity has greater magnitude, ignoring the sign. Veblen and Giffen goods are two classes of goods which have positive elasticity, rare exceptions to the law of demand. Demand for a good is said to be inelastic when the elasticity is less than one in absolute value: that is, changes in price have a relatively small effect on the quantity demanded. Demand for a good is said to be elastic when the elasticity is greater than one. A good with an elasticity of −2 has elastic demand because quantity falls twice as much as the price increase; an elasticity of -0.5 has inelastic demand because the quantity response is half the price increase. Revenue is maximised when price is set so that the elasticity is exactly one. The good's elasticity can be used to predict the incidence (or "burden") of a tax on that good. Various research methods are used to determine price elasticity, including test markets, analysis of historical sales data and conjoint analysis. Definition The variation in demand in response to a variation in price is called price elasticity of demand. It may also be defined as the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price of particular commodity. The formula for the coefficient of price elasticity of demand for a good is: where is the price of the good demanded, is how much it changed, is the quantity of the good demanded, and is how much it changed. In other words, we can say that the price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in demand for a commodity due to a given percentage change in the price. If the quantity demanded falls 20 tons from an initial 200 tons after the price rises $5 from an initial price of $100, then the quantity demanded has fallen 10% and the price has risen 5%, so the elasticity is (−10%)/(+5%) = −2. The price elasticity of demand is ordinarily negative because quantity demanded falls when price rises, as described by the "law of demand". Two rare classes of goods which have elasticity greater than 0 (consumers buy more if the price is higher) are Veblen and Giffen goods. Since the price elasticity of demand is negative for the vast majority of goods and services (unlike most other elasticities, which take both positive and negative values depending on the good), economists often leave off the word "negative" or the minus sign and refer to the price elasticity of demand as a positive value (i.e., in absolute value terms). They will say "Yachts have an elasticity of two" meaning the elasticity is −2. This is a common source of confusion for students. Depending on its elasticity, a good is said to have elastic demand (> 1), inelastic demand (< 1), or unitary elastic demand (= 1). If demand is elastic, the quantity demanded is very sensitive to price, e.g. when a 1% rise in price generates a 10% decrease in quantity. If demand is inelastic, the good's demand is relatively insensitive to price, with quantity changing less than price. If demand is unitary elastic, the quantity falls by exactly the percentage that the price rises. Two important special cases are perfectly elastic demand (= ∞), where even a small rise in price reduces the quantity demanded to zero; and perfectly inelastic demand (= 0), where a rise in price leaves the quantity unchanged. The above measure of elasticity is sometimes referred to as the own-price elasticity of demand for a good, i.e., the elasticity of demand with respect to the good's own price, in order to distinguish it from the elasticity of demand for that good with respect to the change in the price of some other good, i.e., an independent, complementary, or substitute good. That two-good type of elasticity is called a cross-price elasticity of demand. If a 1% rise in the price of gasoline causes a 0.5% fall in the quantity of cars demanded, the cross-price elasticity is As the size of the price change gets bigger, the elasticity definition becomes less reliable for a combination of two reasons. First, a good's elasticity is not necessarily constant; it varies at different points along the demand curve because a 1% change in price has a quantity effect that may depend on whether the initial price is high or low. Contrary to common misconception, the price elasticity is not constant even along a linear demand curve, but rather varies along the curve. A linear demand curve's slope is constant, to be sure, but the elasticity can change even if is constant. There does exist a nonlinear shape of demand curve along which the elasticity is constant: , where is a shift constant and is the elasticity. Second, percentage changes are not symmetric; instead, the percentage change between any two values depends on which one is chosen as the starting value and which as the ending value. For example, suppose that when the price rises from $10 to $16, the quantity falls from 100 units to 80. This is a price increase of 60% and a quantity decline of 20%, an elasticity of for that part of the demand curve. If the price falls from $16 to $10 and the quantity rises from 80 units to 100, however, the price decline is 37.5% and the quantity gain is 25%, an elasticity of for the same part of the curve. This is an example of the index number problem. Two refinements of the definition of elasticity are used to deal with these shortcomings of the basic elasticity formula: arc elasticity and point elasticity. Arc elasticity Arc elasticity was introduced very early on by Hugh Dalton. It is very similar to an ordinary elasticity problem, but it adds in the index number problem. Arc Elasticity is a second solution to the asymmetry problem of having an elasticity dependent on which of the two given points on a demand curve is chosen as the "original" point will and which as the "new" one is to compute the percentage change in P and Q relative to the average of the two prices and the average of the two quantities, rather than just the change relative to one point or the other. Loosely speaking, this gives an "average" elasticity for the section of the actual demand curve—i.e., the arc of the curve—between the two points. As a result, this measure is known as the arc elasticity, in this case with respect to the price of the good. The arc elasticity is defined mathematically as: This method for computing the price elasticity is also known as the "midpoints formula", because the average price and average quantity are the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line between the two given points. This formula is an application of the midpoint method. However, because this formula implicitly assumes the section of the demand curve between those points is linear, the greater the curvature of the actual demand curve is over that range, the worse this approximation of its elasticity will be. Point elasticity The point elasticity of demand method is used to determine change in demand within the same demand curve, basically a very small amount of change in demand is measured through point elasticity. One way to avoid the accuracy problem described above is to minimize the difference between the starting and ending prices and quantities. This is the approach taken in the definition of point elasticity, which uses differential calculus to calculate the elasticity for an infinitesimal change in price and quantity at any given point on the demand curve: In other words, it is equal to the absolute value of the first derivative of quantity with respect to price multiplied by the point's price (P) divided by its quantity (Qd). However, the point elasticity can be computed only if the formula for the demand function, , is known so its derivative with respect to price, , can be determined. In terms of partial-differential calculus, point elasticity of demand can be defined as follows: let be the demand of goods as a function of parameters price and wealth, and let be the demand for good . The elasticity of demand for good with respect to price is History Together with the concept of an economic "elasticity" coefficient, Alfred Marshall is credited with defining "elasticity of demand" in Principles of Economics, published in 1890. Alfred Marshall invented price elasticity of demand only four years after he had invented the concept of elasticity. He used Cournot's basic creating of the demand curve to get the equation for price elasticity of demand. He described price elasticity of demand as thus: "And we may say generally:— the elasticity (or responsiveness) of demand in a market is great or small according as the amount demanded increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price". He reasons this since "the only universal law as to a person's desire for a commodity is that it diminishes ... but this diminution may be slow or rapid. If it is slow... a small fall in price will cause a comparatively large increase in his purchases. But if it is rapid, a small fall in price will cause only a very small increase in his purchases. In the former case... the elasticity of his wants, we may say, is great. In the latter case... the elasticity of his demand is small." Mathematically, the Marshallian PED was based on a point-price definition, using differential calculus to calculate elasticities. Determinants The overriding factor in determining the elasticity is the willingness and ability of consumers after a price change to postpone immediate consumption decisions concerning the good and to search for substitutes ("wait and look"). A number of factors can thus affect the elasticity of demand for a good: Availability of substitute goods The more and closer the substitutes available, the higher the elasticity is likely to be, as people can easily switch from one good to another if an even minor price change is made; There is a strong substitution effect. If no close substitutes are available, the substitution effect will be small and the demand inelastic. Breadth of definition of a good The broader the definition of a good (or service), the lower the elasticity. For example, Company X's fish and chips would tend to have a relatively high elasticity of demand if a significant number of substitutes are available, whereas food in general would have an extremely low elasticity of demand because no substitutes exist. Percentage of income The higher the percentage of the consumer's income that the product's price represents, the higher the elasticity tends to be, as people will pay more attention when purchasing the good because of its cost; The income effect is substantial. When the goods represent only a negligible portion of the budget the income effect will be insignificant and demand inelastic, Necessity The more necessary a good is, the lower the elasticity, as people will attempt to buy it no matter the price, such as the case of insulin for those who need it. Duration For most goods, the longer a price change holds, the higher the elasticity is likely to be, as more and more consumers find they have the time and inclination to search for substitutes. When fuel prices increase suddenly, for instance, consumers may still fill up their empty tanks in the short run, but when prices remain high over several years, more consumers will reduce their demand for fuel by switching to carpooling or public transportation, investing in vehicles with greater fuel economy or taking other measures. This does not hold for consumer durables such as the cars themselves, however; eventually, it may become necessary for consumers to replace their present cars, so one would expect demand to be less elastic. Brand loyalty An attachment to a certain brand—either out of tradition or because of proprietary barriers—can override sensitivity to price changes, resulting in more inelastic demand. Who pays Where the purchaser does not directly pay for the good they consume, such as with corporate expense accounts, demand is likely to be more inelastic. Whether it is addictive or not Goods that are more addictive in nature tend to have an inelastic PED (absolute value of PED < 1). Examples of such include cigarettes, heroin and alcohol. This is because consumers view such goods as necessities and hence are forced to purchase them, despite even significant price changes. Relation to marginal revenue The following equation holds: where R′ is the marginal revenue P is the price Proof: TR = R = total revenue On a graph with both a demand curve and a marginal revenue curve, demand will be elastic at all quantities where marginal revenue is positive. Demand is unit elastic at the quantity where marginal revenue is zero. Demand is inelastic at every quantity where marginal revenue is negative. Effect on entire revenue A firm considering a price change must know what effect the change in price will have on total revenue. Revenue is simply the product of unit price times quantity: Generally, any change in price will have two effects: The price effect For inelastic goods, an increase in unit price will tend to increase revenue, while a decrease in price will tend to decrease revenue. (The effect is reversed for elastic goods.) The quantity effect An increase in unit price will tend to lead to fewer units sold, while a decrease in unit price will tend to lead to more units sold. For inelastic goods, because of the inverse nature of the relationship between price and quantity demanded (i.e., the law of demand), the two effects affect total revenue in opposite directions. But in determining whether to increase or decrease prices, a firm needs to know what the net effect will be. Elasticity provides the answer: The percentage change in total revenue is approximately equal to the percentage change in quantity demanded plus the percentage change in price. (One change will be positive, the other negative.) The percentage change in quantity is related to the percentage change in price by elasticity: hence the percentage change in revenue can be calculated by knowing the elasticity and the percentage change in price alone. As a result, the relationship between elasticity and revenue can be described for any good: When the price elasticity of demand for a good is perfectly inelastic (Ed = 0), changes in the price do not affect the quantity demanded for the good; raising prices will always cause total revenue to increase. Goods necessary to survival can be classified here; a rational person will be willing to pay anything for a good if the alternative is death. For example, a person in the desert weak and dying of thirst would easily give all the money in his wallet, no matter how much, for a bottle of water if he would otherwise die. His demand is not contingent on the price. When the price elasticity of demand is relatively inelastic (−1 < Ed < 0), the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than that in price. Hence, when the price is raised, the total revenue increases, and vice versa. When the price elasticity of demand is unit (or unitary) elastic (Ed = −1), the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to that in price, so a change in price will not affect total revenue. When the price elasticity of demand is relatively elastic (−∞ < Ed < −1), the percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than that in price. Hence, when the price is raised, the total revenue falls, and vice versa. When the price elasticity of demand is perfectly elastic (Ed is − ∞), any increase in the price, no matter how small, will cause the quantity demanded for the good to drop to zero. Hence, when the price is raised, the total revenue falls to zero. This situation is typical for goods that have their value defined by law (such as fiat currency); if a five-dollar bill were sold for anything more than five dollars, nobody would buy it, so demand is zero (assuming that the bill does not have a misprint or something else which would cause it to have its own inherent value). Hence, as the accompanying diagram shows, total revenue is maximized at the combination of price and quantity demanded where the elasticity of demand is unitary. It is important to realize that price-elasticity of demand is not necessarily constant over all price ranges. The linear demand curve in the accompanying diagram illustrates that changes in price also change the elasticity: the price elasticity is different at every point on the curve. Effect on tax incidence Demand elasticity, in combination with the price elasticity of supply can be used to assess where the incidence (or "burden") of a per-unit tax is falling or to predict where it will fall if the tax is imposed. For example, when demand is perfectly inelastic, by definition consumers have no alternative to purchasing the good or service if the price increases, so the quantity demanded would remain constant. Hence, suppliers can increase the price by the full amount of the tax, and the consumer would end up paying the entirety. In the opposite case, when demand is perfectly elastic, by definition consumers have an infinite ability to switch to alternatives if the price increases, so they would stop buying the good or service in question completely—quantity demanded would fall to zero. As a result, firms cannot pass on any part of the tax by raising prices, so they would be forced to pay all of it themselves. In practice, demand is likely to be only relatively elastic or relatively inelastic, that is, somewhere between the extreme cases of perfect elasticity or inelasticity. More generally, then, the higher the elasticity of demand compared to PES, the heavier the burden on producers; conversely, the more inelastic the demand compared to supply, the heavier the burden on consumers. The general principle is that the party (i.e., consumers or producers) that has fewer opportunities to avoid the tax by switching to alternatives will bear the greater proportion of the tax burden. In the end the whole tax burden is carried by individual households since they are the ultimate owners of the means of production that the firm utilises (see Circular flow of income). PED and PES can also have an effect on the deadweight loss associated with a tax regime. When PED, PES or both are inelastic, the deadweight loss is lower than a comparable scenario with higher elasticity. Optimal pricing Among the most common applications of price elasticity is to determine prices that maximize revenue or profit. Constant elasticity and optimal pricing If one point elasticity is used to model demand changes over a finite range of prices, elasticity is implicitly assumed constant with respect to price over the finite price range. The equation defining price elasticity for one product can be rewritten (omitting secondary variables) as a linear equation. where is the elasticity, and is a constant. Similarly, the equations for cross elasticity for products can be written as a set of simultaneous linear equations. where and , and are constants; and appearance of a letter index as both an upper index and a lower index in the same term implies summation over that index. This form of the equations shows that point elasticities assumed constant over a price range cannot determine what prices generate maximum values of ; similarly they cannot predict prices that generate maximum or maximum revenue. Constant elasticities can predict optimal pricing only by computing point elasticities at several points, to determine the price at which point elasticity equals −1 (or, for multiple products, the set of prices at which the point elasticity matrix is the negative identity matrix). Non-constant elasticity and optimal pricing If the definition of price elasticity is extended to yield a quadratic relationship between demand units () and price, then it is possible to compute prices that maximize , , and revenue. The fundamental equation for one product becomes and the corresponding equation for several products becomes Excel models are available that compute constant elasticity, and use non-constant elasticity to estimate prices that optimize revenue or profit for one product or several products. Limitations of revenue-maximizing strategies In most situations, such as those with nonzero variable costs, revenue-maximizing prices are not profit-maximizing prices. For these situations, using a technique for Profit maximization is more appropriate. Selected price elasticities Various research methods are used to calculate the price elasticities in real life, including analysis of historic sales data, both public and private, and use of present-day surveys of customers' preferences to build up test markets capable of modelling such changes. Alternatively, conjoint analysis (a ranking of users' preferences which can then be statistically analysed) may be used. Approximate estimates of price elasticity can be calculated from the income elasticity of demand, under conditions of preference independence. This approach has been empirically validated using bundles of goods (e.g. food, healthcare, education, recreation, etc.). Though elasticities for most demand schedules vary depending on price, they can be modeled assuming constant elasticity. Using this method, the elasticities for various goods—intended to act as examples of the theory described above—are as follows. For suggestions on why these goods and services may have the elasticity shown, see the above section on determinants of price elasticity. Cigarettes (US) −0.3 to −0.6 (General) −0.6 to −0.7 (Youth) Alcoholic beverages (US) −0.3 or −0.7 to −0.9 as of 1972 (Beer) −1.0 (Wine) −1.5 (Spirits) Airline travel (US) −0.3 (First Class) −0.9 (Discount) −1.5 (for Pleasure Travelers) Livestock −0.5 to −0.6 (Broiler Chickens) Oil (World) −0.4 Car fuel −0.09 (Short run) −0.31 (Long run) −0.085 to −0.13 (non-linear with price change in the short-run for Saudi Arabia in 2013) Medicine (US) −0.31 (Medical insurance) −0.03 to −0.06 (Pediatric Visits) Patents −0.30 to −0.50 Rice −0.47 (Austria) −0.8 (Bangladesh) −0.8 (China) −0.25 (Japan) −0.55 (US) Cinema visits (US) −0.87 (General) Live Performing Arts (Theater, etc.) −0.4 to −0.9 Transport −0.20 (Bus travel US) −2.8 (Ford compact automobile) −0.52 (Commuter parking) Cannabis (US) −0.655 Soft drinks −0.8 to −1.0 (general) −3.8 (Coca-Cola) −4.4 (Mountain Dew) Steel −0.2 to −0.3 Telecommunications −0.405 (Mobile) −0.434 (Broadband) Eggs −0.1 (US: Household only) −0.35 (Canada) −0.55 (South Africa) Golf −0.3 to −0.7 University education near 0 See also Arc elasticity Cross elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Price elasticity of supply Supply and demand Notes References Working paper on RePEc Working paper on RePEc External links A Lesson on Elasticity in Four Parts, Youtube, Jodi Beggs Price Elasticity Models and Optimization Approx. PED of Various Products (U.S.) Approx. PED of Various Home-Consumed Foods (U.K.) Elasticity (economics) Demand Pricing	[ -0.015358870849013329, -0.4583221673965454, -0.07037577033042908, 0.11829131096601486, -0.3267061412334442, 0.39774471521377563, -0.007580514531582594, 0.09490005671977997, -0.12200551480054855, -0.5788614749908447, -0.48935580253601074, 1.3112046718597412, -0.3463827967643738, 0.404640257358551, -0.2550138533115387, 0.3424051105976105, 0.6755159497261047, 0.4142669141292572, 0.1679537147283554, -0.12494564801454544, -0.20469549298286438, -0.18515022099018097, 0.33156487345695496, -0.10055800527334213, 0.5856777429580688, -0.5417574644088745, -0.021984510123729706, 0.2744263708591461, 0.04797578230500221, 0.18886324763298035, 0.036942336708307266, 0.8581495881080627, -0.5141775608062744, 0.11371888965368271, -0.07928992062807083, 0.20006020367145538, 0.11192495375871658, -0.36786824464797974, -0.5235203504562378, -0.2854291498661041, -0.4733545780181885, 0.2418525516986847, 0.01396247185766697, 0.5564292073249817, -0.4684832692146301, -0.144420325756073, -1.8102786540985107, -0.5724905133247375, -0.6709964275360107, -0.2612357437610626, -0.2913389205932617, 0.622688353061676, 0.30991077423095703, 0.4703223407268524, -0.329669713973999, 0.362649530172348, -0.7074739336967468, -0.09812646359205246, 0.39363884925842285, -0.6502867341041565, 0.4532128572463989, -0.013398676179349422, 0.21683458983898163, 0.296219140291214, -0.28211694955825806, -0.0224026907235384, -0.02335464395582676, 0.2189313769340515, -0.4887653589248657, -0.2393224537372589, -0.951852023601532, -0.7348006963729858, -0.1289864182472229, 0.3359978199005127, -0.9868567585945129, -0.03541696444153786, -0.3446981906890869, -0.09239748120307922, -0.3058781921863556, 0.30962756276130676, -0.08391081541776657, 0.909401535987854, 0.5379270315170288, -0.7942749261856079, 0.6305593848228455, -0.040310412645339966, -0.11575838178396225, 0.6843231320381165, -0.31131935119628906, 1.2973545789718628, 0.407174676656723, -0.08003350347280502, 0.460361510515213, -0.7354060411453247, -0.04653393477201462, -0.18154965341091156, 0.41639986634254456, -0.4501112997531891, -0.1214492991566658, 0.948165774345398, 0.1588910073041916, -0.18463297188282013, 0.2337312549352646, -0.1902412325143814, 0.3412126898765564, -0.38210439682006836, 0.004687377717345953, -0.6252667903900146, 0.2131611704826355, -0.1105518788099289, -0.7307511568069458, 0.3330388069152832, -0.4007755517959595, 0.002854430116713047, -0.634642481803894, 0.2956157326698303, -0.17192213237285614, 0.5034173130989075, -0.33488187193870544, 0.15512816607952118, 0.16689470410346985, 0.0013451221166178584, -0.07362062484025955, -0.2813144624233246, 0.11966650187969208, -0.23599781095981598, 0.4051389992237091, 0.361946702003479, 0.03557455912232399, 0.5424844026565552, 0.507794201374054, 0.6986672878265381, -0.045681651681661606, -0.08395728468894958, -0.4388631582260132, -0.22167015075683594, 0.46596604585647583, 0.16872315108776093, 0.059691060334444046, -0.4264390170574188, -0.63461834192276, -0.08581351488828659, -0.5847927927970886, -0.5129699110984802, 0.7202101349830627, -0.27168333530426025, -0.2440490424633026, -0.29571452736854553, -0.018078189343214035, -0.18729616701602936, 0.2672945261001587, 0.3223271667957306, -0.4354611933231354, 0.27308014035224915, -0.021626660600304604, 0.011012098751962185, 0.4396129548549652, -0.2016771137714386, -0.5668059587478638, 0.692014217376709, -0.03739333152770996, 0.2939574420452118, -0.05776583030819893, -0.10700814425945282, -0.16575045883655548, -0.5331341028213501, 0.4659123718738556, 0.5790156722068787, 0.08121220767498016, 0.2780342400074005, -0.38180744647979736, 0.31272223591804504, 0.36661088466644287, -0.05788739398121834, 0.022734297439455986, 0.5557380318641663, 0.40218278765678406, 0.29796233773231506, 1.1238527297973633, 0.06282870471477509, -0.5147485136985779, 0.6401358842849731, 0.9629262089729309, -0.04409133270382881, 0.7445950508117676, -0.47053855657577515, 0.7020848989486694, -0.16938456892967224, -0.04864174500107765, -0.5125090479850769, -0.40442678332328796, -0.09824022650718689, -0.062338028103113174, -0.8919422626495361, 0.8780890107154846, 0.07788791507482529, -0.4107448160648346, 0.7508413791656494, -0.08524144440889359, 0.16069850325584412, 0.06964774429798126, -0.4267117381095886, -0.025393355637788773, -0.3512212336063385, -0.607266366481781, 0.2827386260032654, 0.43034857511520386, -0.0538722425699234, -0.05907832086086273, 0.413255900144577, 0.33190682530403137, -0.1777215301990509, 0.07158740609884262, -0.8801155686378479, -0.04840648174285889, 0.0031411258969455957, -0.09823208302259445, 0.5062906742095947, 0.22194446623325348, -0.15521173179149628, 0.9042830467224121, 0.1741761863231659, 0.03167207911610603, 0.2347339689731598, -0.5539318323135376, 0.13845230638980865, 0.37876349687576294, 0.30110877752304077, 0.7861747145652771, -0.1914188712835312, 0.1702278107404709, 0.24126876890659332, 0.15559591352939606, -0.25962454080581665, -0.13759221136569977, 0.005310865119099617, -0.26745879650115967, -0.2851825952529907, -0.2536371946334839, -0.4587184190750122, 0.05245685204863548, 0.5670185089111328, -0.288396418094635, 0.6137011051177979, -0.2848511338233948, -0.18346011638641357, 0.3566646873950958, 0.7650661468505859, -0.7212141752243042, -0.16117127239704132, -0.03687131404876709, 0.46961405873298645, 0.4841400980949402, -0.1224059909582138, -0.4673252999782562, -0.3226574957370758, -0.17184561491012573, 0.4577769637107849, 0.3651793897151947, 0.10042868554592133, 0.23672346770763397, -0.010002674534916878, -0.2704845666885376, 0.17510917782783508, 0.11529480665922165, -0.5802305340766907, -0.49507835507392883, -0.08714645355939865, -0.21125668287277222, 0.6350806951522827, 0.8327182531356812, -0.04436240717768669, -0.6855207085609436, 0.12308482080698013, -0.2511773407459259, -0.545760452747345, 0.9168031215667725, 0.5041676759719849, -0.3798110783100128, -0.28679853677749634, 0.522081196308136, 0.6820047497749329, 0.766732931137085, -0.8451305627822876, -0.23792603611946106, -0.6653422117233276, 0.10471838712692261, -0.22908668220043182, 0.30494242906570435, -0.28094595670700073, -0.8212683200836182, 0.25233039259910583, -0.39301732182502747, -0.1535438746213913, 0.20839843153953552, 0.5026465058326721, 0.03256931155920029, 0.3760175406932831, 0.5979625582695007, -0.23644354939460754, -0.09319228678941727, -0.27322259545326233, -0.1498522311449051, -0.10173368453979492, 0.0005248685483820736, -0.3714870512485504, -0.06506500393152237, 0.0846405029296875, -5.627283573150635, 0.08202040195465088, 0.1762867122888565, -0.071247398853302, 0.18456973135471344, 0.004232592880725861, 1.113643765449524, -0.028710862621665, -0.4870295226573944, 0.16897109150886536, -0.26949822902679443, -0.21842919290065765, -0.023181958124041557, 0.39444437623023987, 0.39442113041877747, 0.44870007038116455, 0.6808856725692749, 0.025294411927461624, 0.26848092675209045, 0.39278489351272583, -0.25120288133621216, -0.4103398323059082, -0.026219194754958153, 0.17004944384098053, 0.006304701790213585, -0.18409882485866547, -0.47902265191078186, 0.05078328028321266, -0.8078576326370239, -0.08682780712842941, 0.0639508068561554, -1.0118008852005005, -0.14880724251270294, -0.55523282289505, 0.5884019732475281, -0.14492972195148468, 0.09645512700080872, 0.32848867774009705, 0.08481357991695404, -0.4280562102794647, -0.17176927626132965, 0.5870463848114014, 0.18266111612319946, 0.26482221484184265, 0.42691710591316223, 0.31003496050834656, -0.3225788176059723, -0.3265184164047241, -0.5092901587486267, 0.43482670187950134, -0.06506828218698502, -0.04187919199466705, 0.2778155505657196, -0.7794119119644165, 0.19595037400722504, 0.11780181527137756, 0.6874458193778992, -0.047079410403966904, 0.04978395253419876, 0.5772057175636292, 0.21414496004581451, -0.6969103217124939, 0.1668546199798584, -0.20918896794319153, -0.21586741507053375, 0.09075797349214554, -0.5863075256347656, -0.6360723376274109, 0.39076173305511475, 0.6379080414772034, -0.14449307322502136, 0.25653281807899475, 0.23193548619747162, -0.5604479908943176, 0.14775951206684113, -0.6603685021400452, 0.31601327657699585, 0.15260277688503265, 0.5516005754470825, -0.1362282782793045, -0.07677441090345383, -0.45324382185935974, -0.3098086714744568, 0.00116439419798553, 0.3189820349216461, -0.2431437224149704, 0.07426472008228302, -0.0481121726334095, -0.502805233001709, -0.10337772965431213, 0.07059772312641144, -0.25852563977241516, 0.20554989576339722, -0.2696053087711334, 0.029740650206804276, -0.043153200298547745, 0.2814536392688751, 0.4917392432689667, -0.19709287583827972, -0.45091986656188965, -0.10220824927091599, -0.6803001761436462, -0.2082541435956955, -0.3597639203071594, 0.4010732173919678, 0.24639707803726196, -0.3760718107223511, 0.4477120041847229, 0.8197329044342041, -0.4782556891441345, 0.09094437211751938, 0.5431938767433167, -0.6987676024436951, 0.07029709964990616, -0.002247731201350689, 0.5403385162353516, -0.9881444573402405, 0.4577939808368683, 0.3164461553096771, -0.19644352793693542, 0.05354238674044609, 0.003260929137468338, -0.12714780867099762, -0.3503926396369934, -0.19129787385463715, -0.4958689510822296, -0.017474744468927383, 0.47924554347991943, -0.013038937002420425, -0.15825064480304718, 0.35942280292510986, 0.44266918301582336, -0.43863388895988464, -0.0012034946121275425, 0.02016395330429077, -0.4817075729370117, 0.3615031838417053, 0.7085086107254028, -0.09141521155834198, -0.29064399003982544, 0.5564388632774353, -0.059724949300289154, 0.06662832945585251, -0.3668956756591797, 0.9472655057907104, 0.32143571972846985, -0.1084156483411789, -0.3960880637168884, -0.04549223929643631, -0.2438560575246811, -0.000860484316945076, -0.10235047340393066, -0.2975876033306122, -0.4410598874092102, 0.2711797058582306, -0.3209846317768097, 0.45981940627098083, 0.29411911964416504, -0.2752455472946167, -0.750382661819458, 0.11714806407690048, -0.2579147219657898, -0.9424896836280823, -0.12523122131824493, 0.10745822638273239, -0.15759222209453583, -0.8670939803123474, -0.5692724585533142, 0.02291502244770527, 0.5873439908027649, -0.040576234459877014, -0.7348296046257019, -0.3509545922279358, -0.6013199687004089, 0.0009462369489483535, -0.27514421939849854, 0.32235559821128845, -0.10195109248161316, -0.20326100289821625, -0.005513390060514212, 0.04393264651298523, -0.4522770643234253, -0.45532363653182983, 0.08293022960424423, 0.33924421668052673, -0.18333980441093445, -0.2036127895116806, 0.797542154788971, -0.18743878602981567, -0.5182574987411499, 0.2319772094488144, 0.12612155079841614, 0.059730544686317444, -0.09746098518371582, 0.4326764643192291, -0.6516101956367493, 0.28639137744903564, 0.07021801173686981, -0.3830409348011017, -0.4166563153266907, 0.14868654310703278, 0.8305183053016663, -0.536338210105896, 0.3780837655067444, -0.11395569890737534, 0.00723451329395175, -0.004214422777295113, 0.3322180211544037, -0.5735044479370117, 0.28038352727890015, -0.6633462309837341, -0.5688408613204956, -0.3760421872138977, 0.4813113510608673, -0.146534264087677, -0.23271937668323517, -0.013509347103536129, -0.2503443956375122, 0.1859433501958847, -0.4289701581001282, 0.6763171553611755, -0.45299044251441956, -0.2213899940252304, 0.06224022060632706, -0.29910150170326233, 0.10062939673662186, 0.37056541442871094, -0.5018287301063538, 0.6547293066978455, -0.31495901942253113, -0.2615169584751129, -0.2951314151287079, -0.14941643178462982, 0.9607454538345337, -0.3892329931259155, 0.17756853997707367, -0.8988915681838989, 0.2190631926059723, -0.602681040763855, -0.5291497707366943, -0.18260182440280914, 0.8089406490325928, 0.0974869504570961, -0.23604807257652283, -0.10701524466276169, 0.7065538763999939, 0.4186480641365051, -0.4611737132072449, -0.35629019141197205, 0.10309935361146927, -0.21196629106998444, -0.1626064032316208, -0.6656189560890198, 0.18072839081287384, 0.3738422989845276, 0.1255786120891571, -0.04726487398147583, -0.9374632239341736, -0.11293373256921768, 0.4948958456516266, -0.18145188689231873, -0.10558570176362991, 0.0023270989768207073, 0.28490713238716125, 0.6769506335258484, 0.24460959434509277, -0.31606122851371765, -0.27038103342056274, 0.16733789443969727, -0.6230775117874146, 0.2389056384563446, -0.06591597944498062, 0.11532667279243469, 0.8683958649635315, 0.7386430501937866, -0.09686888754367828, 0.1226467564702034, -0.5903249979019165, 0.08255055546760559, -0.26317697763442993, 0.12385979294776917, -0.5567589998245239, 0.4128953218460083, -0.7618837952613831, 0.4377933740615845, -0.3087711036205292, 0.4011785387992859, -0.26401427388191223, -0.44431012868881226, -0.10997378826141357, -0.5892866253852844, 0.16026397049427032, 0.06728319078683853, 0.044605012983083725, -0.5517871975898743, 0.09333205968141556, 0.15464340150356293, -0.7910035848617554, -0.21985240280628204, -0.26865261793136597, -0.38155290484428406, 0.4800247550010681, 0.021806124597787857, -0.08508584648370743, 1.0258642435073853, 0.24881404638290405, -0.07906048744916916, -0.26017189025878906, 0.13376176357269287, -0.31545692682266235, -0.18277567625045776, 0.152950257062912, 0.052616994827985764, 0.7828633189201355, 0.02773088961839676, -0.2110089808702469, 0.3297944962978363, -0.39016106724739075, 0.17335505783557892, 0.9928751587867737, -0.3690408170223236, -0.20660685002803802, 0.6658955812454224, -0.10135041177272797, 0.07708397507667542, 0.4389394223690033, 0.13376744091510773, -0.12032511830329895, -0.2201254963874817, 0.38669416308403015, 0.787461519241333, 0.42875540256500244, -0.2770325541496277, 0.022734154015779495, 0.0477907732129097, -0.2304983139038086, 0.22529596090316772, -0.3950459957122803, -0.05628694221377373, 0.8078262209892273, 0.9389496445655823, 0.14560644328594208, 0.20294427871704102, 0.6836239695549011, -0.1405314803123474, 0.1976877897977829, -0.1523834764957428, 0.3005658686161041, -0.13245563209056854, 0.5444446206092834, 0.08496350795030594, -0.2860529124736786, 0.41213080286979675, -0.5349238514900208, -0.3222958445549011, -0.19529473781585693, 1.0299593210220337, -0.22768668830394745, -0.05932214483618736, -0.2973824143409729, 0.21776854991912842, 0.6703073382377625, 0.21214266121387482, -0.25127893686294556, 0.59665447473526, -0.0659908577799797, 0.039556585252285004, -0.333393394947052, -0.18521803617477417, 0.6062422394752502, -0.008110747672617435, 0.575844943523407, -0.14308255910873413, 0.5375202298164368, 0.8466300368309021, 0.37384700775146484, 0.3064955174922943, 0.6436682939529419, 0.2825637459754944, -0.06860245764255524, 0.03502507507801056, 0.35789355635643005, -0.06749416142702103, -0.37961694598197937, 0.14467930793762207, 0.11336641013622284, -0.3954697251319885, 0.16276010870933533, -0.2890005111694336, -0.25235873460769653, -0.2164974808692932, -0.5625360608100891, 0.3100089728832245, 0.2124926894903183, -0.21812357008457184, -0.12867970764636993, -0.05432348698377609, 0.6524680256843567, 0.15588173270225525, -0.3476485013961792, -0.1102379634976387, 0.1196630597114563, -0.37205958366394043, 0.5804644823074341, -0.1043318659067154, 0.35247546434402466, -0.3702964782714844, 0.5027349591255188, -0.8306019306182861, -0.08868838101625443, 0.7161293625831604, -0.3003380596637726, -0.14553004503250122, 0.38837724924087524, -0.14096024632453918, 0.03526323288679123, 0.19028304517269135, -0.15649288892745972, 0.04056359827518463, -0.8018207550048828, -0.12065340578556061, -0.4905073344707489, 0.06578545272350311, 0.08044407516717911, 0.22468572854995728, 0.08423998951911926, 0.3051438331604004, 0.14833727478981018, -0.6071197986602783, 0.17960430681705475, -0.7022656202316284, 0.250026136636734, -0.5173193216323853, 0.18043218553066254, -0.1700458973646164, 0.14953652024269104, -0.009589719586074352, 0.38463327288627625, 0.14015987515449524, -0.4337397813796997, 0.07901331037282944, -0.4816621243953705, 0.12753483653068542, -0.06927227228879929, -0.6501361727714539, 0.2725253105163574, -0.3763469457626343, -0.15227384865283966, -0.6335740685462952, 0.7738611102104187, 0.6208339929580688, -0.6707887053489685, 0.03607442229986191, -0.0913107767701149, -0.644214391708374, 0.12327412515878677, -0.1398227959871292, -0.2901141941547394, -0.4579254388809204, 0.11225096881389618 ]
216354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed%20of%20cultivation	Weed of cultivation	A weed of cultivation is any plant that is well-adapted to environments in which land is cultivated for growing some other plant. Many are quite specialised and can only thrive and reproduce where the ground has been broken by plough or spade. They are invariably annual and reproduction is by seed alone, which can in many species lie dormant for years in the soil until brought to the surface during cultivation. They have fast reproduction cycles, usually in one year from seed to seed, though some species can have more than one generation in one season. A few species such as groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) and chickweed (Stellaria media) can survive unharmed through very cold weather and are often able to seed even in winter. See also Crop weed References Weeds Agronomy Horticulture	[ 0.18311241269111633, -0.012911280617117882, -0.5257459282875061, -0.1588209718465805, 0.34289345145225525, -0.19342763721942902, 0.6278731226921082, 0.38049542903900146, 0.10675444453954697, -0.7786331176757812, -0.3087456524372101, 0.49025461077690125, -0.45098063349723816, 0.47739890217781067, -0.25246939063072205, 1.0719488859176636, 0.20122478902339935, 0.3971728980541229, -0.06529149413108826, 0.31007394194602966, -0.3712010681629181, -0.7201324701309204, 0.14239123463630676, -0.36608579754829407, 0.48063063621520996, -0.4613049328327179, 0.6943384408950806, 0.5595217943191528, -0.31461068987846375, -0.26025304198265076, 0.09937401860952377, 0.1762697845697403, 0.5875291228294373, -0.24019980430603027, -0.24619442224502563, -0.020022526383399963, 0.057540372014045715, 0.04259950667619705, -0.019462870433926582, -0.6275290846824646, -0.5358533263206482, 0.36166146397590637, -0.2079712450504303, 0.6478825211524963, -0.19012491405010223, -0.37193337082862854, -1.6345454454421997, 0.5014998912811279, -0.34954750537872314, -0.1351802945137024, 0.11179086565971375, -0.35097721219062805, 0.8037747144699097, 0.34290438890457153, 0.47677287459373474, 0.6840687394142151, -0.7854312062263489, -0.28542816638946533, 0.3587823212146759, -0.21684633195400238, -0.09902123361825943, 0.2752377688884735, -0.5693076252937317, 0.0646916851401329, 0.4488528072834015, 0.8497381210327148, -0.3966981768608093, 0.601308286190033, -0.49055424332618713, -0.6096282601356506, -0.5725739002227783, -0.42990782856941223, 0.22092556953430176, 0.574129581451416, -0.23587307333946228, -0.5982620716094971, 0.26772528886795044, -0.10769357532262802, -0.2644833028316498, -0.05186247080564499, 0.2152559757232666, 0.7249274849891663, -0.1568984091281891, -0.30174878239631653, 0.2890796959400177, -0.0550137534737587, -0.4837498068809509, 0.6127222180366516, -0.6031160354614258, -0.17075185477733612, 1.194562554359436, 0.4504590928554535, 0.46676239371299744, -0.23006194829940796, 0.2879459261894226, 0.16544120013713837, 0.16837240755558014, -0.2814337909221649, 0.08399330824613571, 0.4433146119117737, -0.03481326624751091, 0.4688155949115753, 0.2022632509469986, -0.24320916831493378, -0.4693615138530731, 0.12692421674728394, 0.18394887447357178, -0.0043054246343672276, -0.028494631871581078, -0.38161954283714294, -0.5489896535873413, 0.9848830699920654, -0.025559047237038612, -0.10755457729101181, -0.6897483468055725, 1.4444568157196045, 0.1873493194580078, 0.0655694305896759, -0.341356486082077, 0.1898852437734604, 0.17078723013401031, 0.3580433428287506, -0.29356786608695984, 0.4142893850803375, -0.9818187952041626, 0.2520783245563507, -0.20649893581867218, 0.6782770752906799, -0.6083666682243347, -0.054798293858766556, 0.26251542568206787, 0.8533681631088257, -0.43540775775909424, -0.34741660952568054, -0.12283972650766373, -0.3506269156932831, 0.612236499786377, 0.277349591255188, 0.7379116415977478, -0.06724809855222702, -1.0644090175628662, -0.3486824035644531, -0.5522247552871704, 0.21460191905498505, -0.21152205765247345, 0.2127407193183899, 0.5667542219161987, -0.49336689710617065, -0.12693731486797333, -0.056472279131412506, 0.2576046586036682, 0.5806688666343689, -0.3501911759376526, 0.25279006361961365, -0.5907465219497681, -0.0626259446144104, 0.055360909551382065, -0.43891003727912903, 0.1830996423959732, 0.2905787527561188, -0.6248252391815186, -0.15290209650993347, -0.16840119659900665, -0.2527472972869873, 0.28900980949401855, -0.5222574472427368, 0.3256743848323822, 0.22090956568717957, 0.3361557722091675, 0.12569047510623932, -0.44068223237991333, -0.032642852514982224, 0.2960665822029114, -0.7361358404159546, 0.5650458335876465, 0.08308809995651245, -0.2908754348754883, -0.3424379527568817, 0.2263353168964386, 0.4128584861755371, -0.7990819215774536, 0.45735862851142883, 0.4345669448375702, 0.07680230587720871, 0.31554532051086426, -0.3568078875541687, 0.2699170410633087, 0.27687233686447144, 0.48142221570014954, -0.11362001299858093, -0.5674416422843933, -0.3629351556301117, -0.32581567764282227, -0.707685649394989, 0.8521571159362793, 0.2749238908290863, -0.1406407505273819, 0.0892787054181099, -0.20162266492843628, 0.06666330993175507, 0.057460181415081024, -0.16003665328025818, -0.0033819617237895727, 0.3196713924407959, -1.0675898790359497, 0.5544700622558594, 0.11641864478588104, -0.2907557487487793, 0.753479540348053, 0.16576413810253143, 0.2542707026004791, -0.5571463704109192, 0.47363778948783875, -0.7520436644554138, 0.18605928122997284, 0.4999403655529022, -0.7142541408538818, 0.1165812760591507, 0.037073150277137756, -0.24484659731388092, 0.20388442277908325, 0.02113879658281803, -0.22087746858596802, 0.8194953203201294, -0.2183908224105835, 0.317397803068161, 0.13205355405807495, 0.11481474339962006, 0.33861884474754333, -0.8407694101333618, 0.02532908134162426, 0.4516170918941498, 0.2231481969356537, -0.7624419927597046, -0.305103600025177, 0.57957524061203, 0.2545585334300995, -0.28150448203086853, -0.09482870250940323, -0.09953492879867554, -0.15235644578933716, -0.03127087280154228, -0.7469578981399536, 0.24920593202114105, -0.23442868888378143, 0.4070589244365692, -0.08248467743396759, 0.12117431312799454, -0.1302855759859085, -0.07787979394197464, 0.8426329493522644, 0.3571352958679199, 0.973487913608551, -0.7507063150405884, -0.2892615795135498, 0.05157531797885895, -0.8362616896629333, 0.006160530727356672, 0.48282864689826965, -0.19410060346126556, -0.5016372799873352, 0.18567559123039246, -0.1684293895959854, 0.17826443910598755, -0.3501100540161133, 0.08903354406356812, -0.15383189916610718, -0.07736045122146606, -0.011872262693941593, -0.10474224388599396, 0.9726588726043701, 0.3305092751979828, -0.7839539647102356, -1.05939519405365, -0.8872172236442566, -0.5564848184585571, 0.5174174308776855, 0.22288984060287476, -0.4340185225009918, -0.3719848096370697, 0.37969842553138733, 0.43403053283691406, 0.08449877053499222, -1.0247464179992676, -0.3963415026664734, -0.05098588019609451, 0.6057323217391968, 0.19696427881717682, -0.2059234082698822, 0.26698386669158936, -0.6902092099189758, 0.376964271068573, -0.5502259135246277, 0.7773285508155823, 0.34225696325302124, 0.1123402789235115, -0.23589645326137543, -0.39215514063835144, 0.8096508383750916, -0.7313846945762634, 0.06220769137144089, -0.05108193680644035, -0.5946446061134338, -0.015347837470471859, -0.9504122734069824, 0.04981953278183937, -0.4126441776752472, -0.4261215031147003, -5.201310634613037, -0.03232007846236229, -0.1041756272315979, 0.3931584358215332, 0.12497856467962265, -0.09850728511810303, 0.4678375720977783, 0.3751985430717468, -0.5325606465339661, 0.3438912034034729, -0.040319859981536865, 0.06773938238620758, 0.16698768734931946, -0.0002368581190239638, 0.7456567883491516, 0.17609286308288574, 0.6154294013977051, -0.7551279664039612, 0.05024094879627228, -0.00021245190873742104, -0.26175713539123535, 0.3372587263584137, -0.005781154148280621, 0.196567103266716, 0.06794919073581696, 0.490954726934433, -0.32156795263290405, 0.08256889879703522, -0.579374372959137, 0.009904248639941216, 0.029685281217098236, -0.17699187994003296, 0.12475104629993439, -0.34053611755371094, -0.8093531727790833, 0.4203168451786041, 0.0109484251588583, -0.2603529691696167, -0.7117214798927307, -0.11258449405431747, -0.1513587385416031, 0.06327057629823685, 0.11300081014633179, 0.9227527379989624, 0.5152261853218079, -0.07126421481370926, -0.23620854318141937, -0.9311261773109436, -0.28726935386657715, 0.6134696006774902, -0.21194788813591003, 0.474421888589859, 1.2374484539031982, 0.33713722229003906, -0.09389226138591766, -0.0583093985915184, 0.32329803705215454, -0.2131471335887909, -0.523425281047821, -0.25288546085357666, 0.09916200488805771, -0.5243149995803833, 0.34161677956581116, -0.20693333446979523, 0.332933634519577, 0.07868631184101105, -0.1608491837978363, -0.7391557097434998, 0.8316742777824402, -0.21364399790763855, -0.23611752688884735, 0.33156120777130127, 0.7030813097953796, -0.6093586683273315, -0.06397433578968048, 0.016353081911802292, -0.9418277144432068, -0.39112940430641174, 0.1505168080329895, -0.0021274967584758997, 0.09584672749042511, -0.03206600993871689, -0.19196480512619019, 0.019383683800697327, -0.009755652397871017, -0.7781417965888977, 0.2557133734226227, -0.3602328300476074, -0.8348405361175537, -0.16441085934638977, 0.9561041593551636, -0.01594490185379982, 0.6513330936431885, 0.2015196532011032, 0.6413440704345703, 0.9241360425949097, 0.3780559003353119, 0.07807683199644089, 0.6479947566986084, -0.06251407414674759, 0.9841555953025818, -0.45878109335899353, -0.14254379272460938, -0.261863648891449, 0.009891106747090816, -0.7945130467414856, -0.6150398850440979, 0.9969555735588074, 0.8161101341247559, -0.43658265471458435, 0.9627044796943665, 0.24382537603378296, -0.8127977252006531, -0.34254515171051025, 0.06323269754648209, 0.19910486042499542, -0.13709984719753265, 0.2988632917404175, 0.6985214948654175, -0.014533097855746746, 0.002980703255161643, 0.46271583437919617, 0.19557467103004456, -0.33655306696891785, -0.629878580570221, -0.663565993309021, 0.2958560883998871, 0.1016082614660263, 0.0745859369635582, -0.4570308327674866, 0.24016118049621582, 0.6514173746109009, -0.5795732140541077, -0.883194088935852, -0.3859710991382599, -0.045095618814229965, -0.012351845391094685, 0.21797430515289307, -0.7848770022392273, -0.580623209476471, -0.0543694905936718, -0.3264118731021881, 0.06119784712791443, 0.15868128836154938, 0.5787527561187744, -0.030593715608119965, -0.27413439750671387, -0.38717517256736755, 0.1299603432416916, 0.17780578136444092, 0.15544182062149048, -0.2609676122665405, 0.5039384365081787, -0.4659115672111511, -0.2070675492286682, -0.14250552654266357, -0.03180228918790817, -0.040100280195474625, -0.007561916951090097, -0.875015377998352, 0.2478468418121338, -0.26956313848495483, -0.7286677956581116, 0.09197194874286652, -0.15632638335227966, 0.14725476503372192, 0.059210117906332016, -0.45740318298339844, -0.3636656701564789, 0.8887724876403809, 0.28116875886917114, -0.3594292402267456, -1.0796056985855103, -0.5481306314468384, 0.5091972947120667, -0.3263649642467499, -0.35251545906066895, 0.25062045454978943, -0.019890032708644867, -0.4379442036151886, 0.21303386986255646, -0.7431821227073669, -0.6474905014038086, 0.9394181370735168, 0.8236793875694275, -0.8582221269607544, -0.03313446044921875, -0.3610219359397888, -0.5213170051574707, -0.25032344460487366, 0.0058139534667134285, -0.16983234882354736, 0.6984909176826477, -0.19496171176433563, -0.10592546314001083, -0.22376278042793274, -0.001973825041204691, 0.4152739346027374, -0.4776827394962311, -0.742536187171936, 0.3452163636684418, 0.7273337841033936, -0.4474843144416809, 0.39189839363098145, 0.5908075571060181, -0.5771994590759277, 0.040000639855861664, -0.6343790292739868, -1.0347954034805298, 0.2585543692111969, -0.17124444246292114, -0.3561570942401886, -0.3221473693847656, -0.21686774492263794, -0.5422942042350769, -0.18325689435005188, -0.04459546133875847, 0.15173189342021942, -0.5495989918708801, -0.14515861868858337, 0.7502001523971558, -0.26045387983322144, -0.1368304193019867, 0.1686030775308609, -0.5068720579147339, -0.225632905960083, 0.29692134261131287, -0.5543724894523621, 0.5064448118209839, -0.27444127202033997, 0.19423773884773254, -0.009135709144175053, 0.49818384647369385, -0.10927809029817581, -0.511455237865448, 0.11931446939706802, 0.3881322741508484, 0.6017414927482605, -0.07213757932186127, 0.5294653177261353, 0.3370409607887268, 0.9699816703796387, -0.14691640436649323, -0.12104979902505875, 0.07215052843093872, 0.4612155258655548, 0.18105864524841309, -0.8092004656791687, -0.8881045579910278, 0.06410268694162369, 0.4810252785682678, 0.04591886326670647, -0.6801758408546448, 0.0004799491725862026, 0.575660228729248, -0.17749883234500885, -0.2371082603931427, 0.09499193727970123, 0.5159247517585754, 0.20114222168922424, -0.06161923334002495, 0.014699202962219715, 0.23031224310398102, 0.39980190992355347, 0.7430595755577087, -1.3306025266647339, -0.36493781208992004, -0.3169190585613251, 0.9707818031311035, -0.6273808479309082, -0.5645742416381836, -0.4370248317718506, 1.1013270616531372, 0.3041912019252777, 0.46251344680786133, 0.1492651402950287, -0.18298451602458954, -0.5927488803863525, -0.3690779209136963, -0.5652166604995728, 0.05234449729323387, -0.38807451725006104, 0.6862887740135193, -0.4751693904399872, -0.038714900612831116, -0.3510487675666809, -0.006401359103620052, -0.15562908351421356, -0.060327060520648956, -0.4173619747161865, -0.09581770747900009, -0.11144272983074188, 0.32606348395347595, 0.11371103674173355, 0.09960533678531647, 0.25460001826286316, -0.07003550231456757, -0.34518933296203613, 0.2899802327156067, -0.6345546841621399, -0.7192092537879944, 0.649660050868988, 0.13471999764442444, -0.5495611429214478, 0.7796063423156738, 0.3319307267665863, 0.5782553553581238, -0.47086071968078613, 0.21356475353240967, -0.8242242336273193, 0.164884552359581, 0.29212796688079834, 0.021146193146705627, 0.6768308877944946, 0.04649300500750542, 0.4692856967449188, 0.12538720667362213, -0.4096304476261139, 0.3686065971851349, 0.24542060494422913, 0.8191291689872742, -0.2776861786842346, 0.29393234848976135, 0.10849184542894363, 0.16165120899677277, 0.5623837113380432, -0.2331242561340332, -0.3161413073539734, 0.5772790312767029, -0.1274700164794922, 0.347541481256485, 0.5191866159439087, -0.3578547239303589, 0.3704337477684021, -0.000357400334905833, -0.4676654636859894, 0.6032010912895203, -0.5965674519538879, -0.3335225582122803, 0.6624966263771057, 0.2880535125732422, 0.6529235243797302, 0.5503844618797302, 0.10215851664543152, -0.05985385924577713, 0.07695015519857407, 0.19569696485996246, 0.13185954093933105, -0.026678001508116722, 0.23034653067588806, 0.29188260436058044, -0.15177203714847565, -0.07881280034780502, -0.25071948766708374, -0.31758108735084534, 0.006404407322406769, 0.3101329505443573, -0.6441137194633484, -0.34564241766929626, -0.22960785031318665, 0.2966711223125458, 0.09001243114471436, -0.8314936757087708, 0.343694806098938, 0.025639930739998817, 0.22368179261684418, 0.23796029388904572, -0.34690147638320923, -0.35849493741989136, 0.403474897146225, 1.0282355546951294, 0.08365381509065628, -0.022093161940574646, 0.287515252828598, 0.48069149255752563, 0.028688091784715652, 0.47257134318351746, 0.1842750757932663, 0.26846078038215637, -0.17509916424751282, 0.12896066904067993, 0.5222086906433105, -0.13692744076251984, -0.24590004980564117, 0.31656500697135925, -0.4627617597579956, -0.4342617690563202, 0.7011629343032837, -0.09981045126914978, 0.04340645298361778, 0.015622267499566078, -0.4786224663257599, 0.09877444803714752, -0.02609429322183132, -0.46089357137680054, 0.38649630546569824, -0.31629544496536255, 0.7497344613075256, 0.185401052236557, -0.7298864126205444, 0.26991695165634155, 0.2454170286655426, -0.10816315561532974, 0.6244242787361145, -0.681215226650238, 0.8798056840896606, -0.5258938074111938, -0.10881005972623825, -0.3433671295642853, 1.1365059614181519, 0.4935155510902405, 0.006259080022573471, 0.15051792562007904, 0.22944742441177368, 0.4223187267780304, 0.2828488051891327, -0.32098639011383057, -0.43819087743759155, -0.5301375389099121, -0.40338146686553955, 0.6447136998176575, -0.3966447114944458, -0.0298199113458395, 0.31004250049591064, -0.5606318712234497, -0.18314114212989807, 0.4433383047580719, 0.5001373887062073, 0.32832422852516174, 0.483537882566452, -0.12801116704940796, 0.7987825274467468, -0.5727201700210571, 0.25191760063171387, -0.2888546884059906, 0.08642718195915222, 0.610111653804779, 0.5362286567687988, -0.2218659371137619, 0.18716368079185486, -0.5209695100784302, -0.6447516083717346, 0.42836546897888184, -0.34986013174057007, -0.9515498876571655, 0.20160053670406342, 0.16282831132411957, -0.17365805804729462, -0.37248730659484863, 0.4179465174674988, 0.11641520261764526, -0.6605856418609619, 0.0653848648071289, 0.21960458159446716, -0.22755375504493713, 0.3522978127002716, -0.037810251116752625, -0.7280653715133667, -0.6063203811645508, 0.4248596429824829 ]
216355	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20News	Sky News	Sky News is a British free-to-air television news channel and organisation. Sky News is distributed via a radio news service, and through online channels. It is owned by Sky Group, a division of Comcast. John Ryley is the head of Sky News, a role he has held since June 2006. In 2019, Sky News was named Royal Television Society News Channel of the Year, the 12th time it has held the award. The channel and its live streaming world news is available on its website, TV platforms, and online platforms such as YouTube and Apple TV, and various mobile devices and digital media players. A sister channel, Sky News Arabia, is operated as a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Media Investment Corporation. Another sister channel, Sky News Australia, was part-owned by Sky News parent Sky plc until December 2016. A channel called Sky News International, simulcasting the UK channel directly but without British advertisements, is available in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, Asia Pacific, Australia, and the Americas. Narrated segments (which generally cover lighter issues unrelated to current news stories) are played in lieu of advertisements, and international weather forecasts also are given at the end of each half-hour newswheel. Sponsored advertisements are still broadcast before and/or after the sports news and weather segments. Sky News Radio provides national and international news to commercial radio and community radio stations in the UK and other English-language stations around the world. Sky News also provides content to Yahoo! News. History Establishment and early years On 8 June 1988, Rupert Murdoch announced in a speech to the British Academy of Film and Television Arts plans to start a new television news service. Sky News started broadcasting at 6 pm on 5 February 1989. In the early days, the channel operated on a £40 million budget (plus £10 million share of overheads), which led Sam Chisholm, chief executive of the newly merged BSkyB, to suggest to Murdoch that the station be closed, but Murdoch was "pleased with its achievements ... there were overriding reasons of prestige and politics for keeping it ... the final hurdle of the Broadcasting Bill had still to be overcome and the case for the acceptability of Sky would collapse if suddenly there was no news channel." Former Home Secretary William Whitelaw said in the House of Lords in 1990 that Sky News had "a very high reputation ... I admire it, as do many other people, it will certainly waken up both the BBC and ITN and ensure that they compete with what is a very important news service". The channel has never been run for a profit, and has considered using ITN to supplement the service. By March 1992, Sky News' parent company turned from loss to profit. Sky News was the UK's first 24-hour news channel, broadcast on Astra 1A. It had no local competition until November 1997, when BBC News launched a new 24-hour channel, BBC News 24, now known simply as BBC News. In September 1999, the European Commission ruled against a Sky News complaint, which argued that the publicly funded BBC News 24 was unfair and illegal under EU law. The EC ruled that the television licence fee should be considered state aid (within the meaning of Article 87), but that the BBC's public service remit justified the channel. 2000–2018 In March 2000 Sky News Active was launched, a 24-hour interactive service providing headlines (and other services which ranged from weather, the top story of the day and showbiz) on demand. In March 2004, Sky News was announced to have won a five-year contract to supply news bulletins to Channel 5, taking over from ITN in January 2005. On 24 October 2005, Sky News moved to new studios in Isleworth, Greater London, and underwent a major on-screen revamp. The new studio was integrated with the newsroom and boasted the biggest video wall in Britain; it was designed by New York architects Janson Design Group. New music was scored by Adelphoi Music and recorded with a full orchestra at Air Studios, Hampstead, and mastered at Metropolis Studios. New on-screen graphics were launched and the channel began broadcasting in widescreen (16:9) format. The 2005 relaunch also had the introduction of a new schedule designed around "appointment to view" programmes rather than continuous rolling news. James Rubin joined to present a new evening programme called World News Tonight, Julie Etchingham presented another new "hard-hitting" evening show called The Sky Report, Eamonn Holmes joined to present Sunrise, Kay Burley presented a new programme called Lunchtime Live from 12 to 2 pm, and the daytime show Sky News Today had the introduction of a three-presenter format. However, the relaunched schedule was unsuccessful, and from October 2005, the BBC News channel overtook Sky News in the ratings. In response to the schedule's unpopularity with viewers, July 2006 saw the removal of the evening programmes—which were replaced by rolling news and an interactive programme, Sky News with Martin Stanford, and the return to a two-presenter format on Sky News Today. These changes came with the arrival of John Ryley, who is still the head of Sky News. On 1 October 2007, Sky introduced another new schedule, extending Kay Burley's Lunchtime Live programme and renaming it Afternoon Live. It also switched to a new format for much of the day, with a solo lead presenter and a summary newsreader. Sky News put more emphasis on interactive news with Martin Stanford's new SkyNews.com programme; an early evening financial news programme presented by Jeff Randall, was also introduced, initially on Mondays only. Further changes were made to the Sky News schedule on 8 September 2008, with Colin Brazier presenting a new show from 1 – 2 pm, The Live Desk, and Martin Stanford's Sky.com News became SkyNews.com, moving to 7 pm every weeknight. More changes took place during the early part of 2009. These changes involved major changes to the layout of the newsroom/studio, the introduction of a morning edition of The Live Desk and the extension of the financial news programme Jeff Randall Live to run for four nights each week, Monday to Thursday. From 6 am to midnight on 8 March 2010, Sky News was presented and produced exclusively by women to mark International Women's Day. This exercise was repeated in 2011 and 2012. In preparation for the start of high-definition broadcasting, Sky News moved to its second studio (Studio B) on the morning of 30 March 2010. Broadcasting from Studio B continued until 9 pm on 6 May, when it moved back to the main newsroom and launched Sky News HD in time for the 2010 general election results. Sky News received a graphics refresh and a new logo to coincide with the launch of the new HD channel – this was tried out during the soft launch for Sky News HD on 22 April; Sky News' distinctive orchestral theme music, in use since 2005, was also updated on 6 May 2010. The new title music, orchestrated by David Arnold, was recorded with a 60-piece Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in Angel Recording Studios, London, and uses more than 132 audio channels for 18 seconds of sound. Following the 2015 general election, Sky News was rebranded, with a new top-of-the-hour sequence and on-screen graphics. The traditional opening voiceover, read by Bruce Hammal, was dropped after two decades in use. On 24 October 2016, Sky News began broadcasting from a new studio (Studio 21) at Sky Central, Sky's new headquarters in West London. The "glass box" studio was initially used for broadcasts from 6 am to 6.30 pm each weekday (with the exception of All Out Politics, which comes from Sky's Westminster studio) - as of April 2019 it was only used from 11 am to 7 pm, and 9 pm to 12 am. The schedule was also changed. In January 2017, Sky moved its business operations into the News Building in central London. On 16 January 2018, Sky moved all its news operations over to Studio 21, "the glass box", and a new studio in Sky Studios. Comcast acquisition, 2018–present On 9 December 2016, Sky shareholder 21st Century Fox announced that it had made an offer to acquire the remainder of the company for £11.7 billion. The combination of Sky with Fox's other assets led to concerns that the Murdoch family would attain "material influence over news providers with a significant presence across all key platforms" and "increased influence over the UK news agenda and the political process". Concerns were also raised about recent sexual harassment allegations centered upon Fox's U.S. network Fox News Channel, although Ofcom did deem 21st Century Fox to be "fit and proper" to hold broadcast licences. On 14 December 2017, The Walt Disney Company in turn announced its intent to acquire 21st Century Fox, following the divestiture of certain assets (particularly the U.S. Fox network proper). Analysts felt that would ease regulatory tensions surrounding the Fox purchase of Sky, as Sky was to be included in the purchase, and Disney's scope of media ownership in the UK was not as wide. In January 2018, the Competition and Markets Authority issued a preliminary report recommending that Sky News be insulated from the remainder of Murdoch's assets, or divested, in order to preserve its editorial independence. The following month, Fox proposed a commitment to funding Sky News for 10 years, and the establishment of an independent editorial board. The commitments would have been inherited by Disney if it completed its purchase. On 3 April 2018, Fox stated that Disney had expressed interest in acquiring Sky News in a separate transaction, not dependent on the outcome of the Disney/Fox purchase. On 5 June 2018, Culture Secretary Matt Hancock cleared Fox's proposed deal, contingent on the divestiture of Sky News. It also cleared counteroffers for Sky that were being made in a bidding war by U.S. telecoms and media conglomerate Comcast. Comcast made a US$65 billion counter-offer to acquire the 21st Century Fox assets being sold to Disney. Fox rejected the offer, in favour of a higher-valued offer from Disney. Comcast subsequently pursued a counter-offer for Sky only, resulting in the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers ordering that a blind auction be held between Comcast and Fox. On 22 September, Comcast was declared the winner of the auction, resulting in Fox agreeing to sell its controlling stake in Sky to the company. The sale made Sky News a sister division to NBC News—a U.S.-based news operation owned by Comcast's U.S. media division NBCUniversal, its U.S. pay television news channel MSNBC, as well as Euronews—a pan-European news channel which NBCUniversal owned a stake in at the time of purchase. In April 2019, Comcast CEO Brian Roberts stated that the company was exploring the establishment of a "global" news channel as a joint venture between Sky News and NBC News. In January 2020, it was stated that this new channel would also be carried on NBCUniversal's new U.S. streaming video platform Peacock. In April 2020, it was stated that the launch of the service, now known as NBC Sky World News, would be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 April 2020, NBCUniversal sold its stake in Euronews to one of its existing shareholders, citing a desire to prioritise the NBC/Sky service instead. The proposed service was scrapped in August 2020, resulting in layoffs of 60 employees. On 3 June 2021, Sky News was rebranded, with an updated top-of-the-hour sequence, soundtrack and on-screen graphics package. A source from Sky News denied speculations that the rebrand was in connection to competing against the forthcoming GB News channel. Reception Sky News is free-to-air on the Astra 28.2°E satellites carrying Sky. It is also available on Freeview and analogue and digital cable. In 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to cease broadcasting Sky News – as well as other BSkyB channels – over Freeview, pending Ofcom approval. In the 1990s, short-form news updates were broadcast between programs on other Sky networks, including Sky One, Sky Movies and The Movie Channel. Sky One also simulcast the 11PM Sky World News Hour for a time in the early 1990s. Sky News International Sky News is also available internationally on cable systems, on satellite, and in some hotels. While the UK feed is broadcast in 16:9, the international version remained broadcast in a 4:3 picture format until August 2010. Sky News broadcasts in Europe, Middle East, Africa. The international version is shown as free-to-air on Astra 1L at 19.2° east. It is also carried encrypted on a number of satellites for international reception, including Hot Bird, Nilesat, Amos 1, and Intelsat 10-02. It is also usually carried on cable systems in Europe, particularly in Northern Europe, especially in the Scandinavian countries. International viewers receive the same programming line-up of Sky News as the UK version. Brief news stories, entertainment news, worldwide weather forecast summaries, and the front pages of international newspapers are broadcast in lieu of UK commercials. The timepiece on the lower left side of the ticker is covered with a banner that says "skynews.com". Sky News is not available on Sky Deutschland, Sky plc's offering in Germany, but is available on Sky Italia. On 19 June 2013, Sky News International was added to Apple TV for users in the UK, Ireland, and the United States. Viewers can watch clips or live streaming of the channel at no charge. On 24 July 2013, it was added to the Roku streaming player. Sky News International is available on news.sky.com to viewers around the world. On 30 September 2014, Sky News began live streaming the channel on YouTube. The free streaming service Pluto TV also offers a live feed of Sky News to American users on channel 135. Sky News International is also available in the US on Peacock, the streaming platform of Sky's corporate cousin NBCUniversal. Sky News International's live stream, including the YouTube stream, is not available within Australia. Sky News International and Sky News Ireland feeds are registered to broadcast within the European Union/EEA through ALIA in Luxembourg. Sister channels Sky News Australia was one-third owned by Sky plc until December 2016, when it was acquired by News Corp Australia. It carries Sky News UK overnight and shares some of its presentational style. On Foxtel in Australia, Sky News UK is available on channel 604. From 2004 to 2006, Sky News Ireland broadcast two newscasts produced in Dublin. The newscasts were cancelled due to low viewership. Sky News in Ireland now carries the same programming as Sky News in the UK, but with local advertising. Sky News Arabia, broadcasting in Arabic and headquartered in Abu Dhabi, UAE, launched in 2012. Sky plc owns 50% of the channel. Sky TG24, Italy's version of Sky News, launched in 2003. Previous partnership with CBS News Until 2017, Sky News had a resource-sharing agreement with CBS News in the United States to share footage and reporting. In July 2017, in the wake of Sky's pending takeover by 21st Century Fox (which runs the competing and de facto sister Fox News Channel in the U.S.), and NBC News acquiring a stake in Euronews, CBS ended the agreement and entered into a similar deal with the BBC. Sky News HD Beginning in early 2008, Sky News began using HD-capable cameras in the field. Some one-off programmes were made available in HD to Sky+ HD subscribers on Sky On Demand. The programmes included Technofile, Diana: The Final Word, Canoe Man: Rise and Fall of John Darwin, and Pathfinders: Into The Heart Of Afghanistan. On 20 January 2009, before the launch of the Sky News HD channel, Sky Arts broadcast Sky News coverage in HD of the Inauguration of Barack Obama. Jeremy Thompson fronted the coverage from Washington, D.C. Michael Jackson's memorial service was also broadcast in HD, with Kay Burley presenting. Sky News moved operations to a chroma-key set in Studio B from 30 March 2010, so final preparations for HD could take place in the main newsroom. The first live broadcast of Sky News HD, on Sky Channel 517, was the channel's election debate, which was held on 22 April 2010. For the 10 days leading up to the debate, channel 517 displayed a countdown clock to launch. The debate was hosted in HD by Kay Burley and Adam Boulton. Following the end of the coverage for the evening, channel 517 moved to show a looping preview tape. The tape included the HD, which were available on Sky Anytime. The loop continued until Sky News HD was launched on the evening of 6 May 2010, coinciding with the coverage of the 2010 general election results, hosted by Adam Boulton. On 26 July 2010, Sky News HD launched on the OSN Network, broadcasting to the Middle East and Africa. On 1 January 2015, Sky News HD launched on Virgin Media. Sky News Radio Sky News Radio provides news bulletins to radio stations in the United Kingdom and to other English-language radio stations around the world. In March 2007, BSkyB and Chrysalis Group announced plans to launch a dedicated Sky News Radio station on the proposed bid by Channel 4's 4 Digital Group for the second digital audio broadcasting multiplex in the United Kingdom. However, two months later Chrysalis sold its radio stations to Global Radio, and in October 2007 following a business review Global's chief executive announced that it would be withdrawing from the joint venture. The Sky News Radio feed is available free-to-air on the Astra 2A satellite at 28.2 East by tuning it manually: 12207.00 V, 27500, 2/3 (Label: SNR). Additional channels Sky News Raw On 5 February 2019, Sky News launched a pop-up channel called Sky News Raw. It aired with behind-the-scenes programming from 07:00 to 17:00 on channel 523 on Sky TV and online via Sky News' social media channels. The pop-up channel celebrated the 30th anniversary of Sky News, having first broadcast on 5 February 1989. Robotic cameras were placed around the newsroom and planning rooms at Sky Studios, in the three main television studios at Osterley and Millbank, and in the broadcast galleries. There were also behind-the-scenes features from elsewhere in the newsgathering operation, such as the Sky News helicopter and ENG vehicles. Sky News Brexit-Free From 16 October to 1 November 2019, Sky News ran a pop-up channel called Sky News Brexit-Free. The channel aired on weekdays from 17:00 to 22:00, and carried coverage of other news headlines unrelated to the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union. Sky News head John Ryley cited viewer fatigue over the near-constant coverage of Brexit as justification for the channel. On-air staff In-depth series The channel occasionally focuses on specific areas of society and current affairs. Past examples include Inside Iraq, Green Britain and Crime Uncovered. Pakistan: On Terror's Frontline was shown throughout the week beginning Monday 23 March 2009. A Sky News press release stated: The series of reports won a 2009 RTS Award for International News Coverage. Criticism and perception Sky News operates under Ofcom broadcasting regulations which require impartial, unbiased coverage and prevent the channel from being encrypted in the UK. The channel is viewed by some in the media establishment as an impartial and unbiased provider of news. There are occasional claims that Sky News may be inherently biased due to the fact that throughout the 1990s and 2000s it was minority owned and dominated by Rupert Murdoch's right-leaning News Corporation, and thereafter the Murdoch family's 21st Century Fox. Many News Corp subsidiaries, including News Corp UK & Ireland Ltd, the owner of the Sun, Times and Sunday Times newspapers, have an openly conservative or right-wing outlook. In a 2010 article in the New Statesman, prominent journalist and broadcaster Mehdi Hasan argued that "in style and in substance, of course, it is nothing like the pro-war, pro-Republican, pro-Palin Fox News Channel... Sky News remains, as far as I can see, free of party political bias." As of October 2018, Fox no longer has any stake in the broadcaster. Ofcom received complaints regarding the network's lack of neutrality ahead of the 2010 general election, but these were not upheld. In early 1994 Kelvin MacKenzie, former editor of The Sun newspaper, was appointed managing director of BSkyB, Sky News's parent company at the time. MacKenzie's proposed changes to Sky News led to clashes with CEO Sam Chisholm and the head of Sky News, Ian Frykberg, who protested at what they saw as an attempt to take the channel's news values downmarket. The most ferocious battle occurred when Mackenzie wanted Sky News to run an interview with Lady Bienvenida Buck. Frykberg refused to air the interview and resigned shortly afterwards. The interview was broadcast on Sky One. MacKenzie announced his resignation in August 1994, but not before Sky News had transmitted live pictures of the freeway chase of O. J. Simpson's white Bronco on 17 June 1994, bringing US helicopter journalism to the UK. In 1997, Sky News broadcast live coverage of Louise Woodward's trial, held in Boston, Massachusetts. When Sky returned to a regular schedule, viewers demanded the trial coverage be continued. Sky News broadcast reaction from Woodward's home town of Elton, Cheshire, leading to criticism that the station had a pro-Louise Woodward stance. In November 2005 the then head of BBC News, Peter Horrocks, acknowledged that Sky News remained the first choice for "key opinion formers". Ofcom received 652 complaints regarding the network's neutrality after it hosted the second leaders' debate ahead of the 2010 General Election. Ofcom received 832 complaints about a May 2010 interview with electoral reformist David Babbs conducted by Sky News presenter Kay Burley. The interview led to Burley being heckled by protesters while reporting from Westminster, and further protest via a Twitter campaign. Ofcom received 696 complaints relating to Sky News's then political editor Adam Boulton's conduct during a May 2010 interview with Alastair Campbell. In 2014, Sky News journalist Colin Brazier rifled through an Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 victim's possessions on live TV. He picked up objects and briefly described what he had before putting them down and saying "we shouldn't really be doing this I suppose, really". 110 complaints were submitted to Ofcom. Sky News stated both Brazier "and Sky News apologise profusely for any offence caused". Sky News was again embroiled in controversy in October 2014, when crime correspondent Martin Brunt and his camera crew doorstepped Brenda Leyland, who had posted controversial comments concerning the McCann investigation on social media. Following the confrontation Leyland was found dead in a hotel, leading to calls on social media for Brunt to be sacked. During the inquest into Leyland's death, Brunt expressed to the coroner that he was devastated at hearing the news of Leyland's suicide. Following the inquest, Ofcom reported it had received 171 complaints in relation to the case and that it would consider these complaints in light of the coroner's verdict. In 2015, Kay Burley caused further controversy when, in response to the November 2015 Paris attacks, she tweeted a photograph of a Golden Retriever dog, to which she had added, "Sadness in his eyes #parisattacks". Fabrication In April 2003, Sky News carried a report from James Forlong aboard the British nuclear submarine HMS Splendid purportedly showing a live firing of a cruise missile during the Iraq war. The report was a fabrication, with the crew acting along for the benefit of the cameras. The Sky News team did not accompany the submarine when it left port and the scenes were actually recorded whilst the vessel was docked. The shot of the missile launch had been obtained from stock footage. The faked report was revealed because another film crew did accompany the vessel to sea, and its footage showed that a modern missile is not launched by a crew member pressing a red button marked with the word "FIRE", as had been portrayed in the Sky News report, but is actually launched with a left mouse click. When the fabrication was exposed, Forlong and his producer were suspended. The next day, The Guardian reported that Forlong had resigned following an internal investigation. In a follow-up article, The Guardian speculated on the long-term effects on Sky News credibility. In October 2003, Forlong was found dead by his wife after committing suicide. In December, Sky News was fined £50,000 by the Independent Television Commission for breaching accuracy regulations. In August 2016 Sky News was criticised after allegedly paying €2,000 to a group of Romanians to pretend they were part of an eastern European gang selling guns to terrorists in Syria. The Romanians were arrested by Romanian DIICOT and confessed that they were paid by Sky News journalist Stuart Ramsay to pretend they were gun traffickers. The guns featured in the report were legally owned and were hunting weapons. Sky News has said it stands by the story. Legal cases In November 2008 BSkyB paid substantial undisclosed libel damages to Robert Murat in relation to their reporting of the abduction of Madeleine McCann. Sky News had falsely suggested that Murat, who was assisting in the search of McCann, had acted like child murderer Ian Huntley following McCann's disappearance. Sky News also falsely accused Murat of misleading journalists into thinking he was working for the police. An apology was also placed on the Sky News website, the libellous material removed and Murat's costs were paid. In November 2010 the Attorney General for England and Wales, Dominic Grieve QC, was given the right to launch contempt of court proceedings against Sky News over the broadcaster's alleged breach of a media injunction. It was in relation to the reporting of the story of Paul and Rachel Chandler, a Kent couple who were held captive by Somali pirates for 13 months. The media was blocked from publishing details of the couple's "health and welfare" prior to their being freed on 14 November 2010. Sky claims that it "scrupulously observed the terms of the injunction", but also admitted that it "followed the spirit, if not the letter" of the order. At the time, lawyers representing the Chandlers obtained the court order over fears that their lives could be put in danger by the media reporting their capture. Sky News was alleged to have breached the injunction on the day of their release around from Somalia, leading the Attorney General to seek permission at the High Court to bring contempt proceedings. The Attorney General dropped the case in January 2012; a spokesperson for his office said that continuing with proceedings would no longer be in the public interest. In March 2013 Sky News journalist Mark Stone and his camera operator were detained in Tiananmen Square live on television, in what he described as a surreal but telling episode about reporting in China. Viewers saw Stone being directed into a police van live from Beijing. A police officer was filmed asking the Sky team to switch off their camera, saying they were now inside the Forbidden City and did not have permission to film there. While they had permission to film in the square, Stone said police told him the team were not displaying their passes correctly. Awards Sky News won BAFTA awards for coverage of the 11 September 2001 attacks and the 2002 Soham murders. Sky News's coverage of the 7 July 2005 London bombings won the 2006 International Emmy for Breaking News award. The coverage was commended as "fast and accurate". In June 2007, Sky News was named Best News Channel at the Broadcast Digital Channel Awards. It beat several other national and international broadcasters, including Al Jazeera English and the BBC. The channel won a BAFTA Award in the News Category on 10 May 2015, for Alex Crawford's coverage of the 2014 Ebola crisis. In 2018, Sky News was named Royal Television Society News Channel of the Year, the eleventh time the channel had won the award. Sky News won a BAFTA Award in the News Category on 13 May 2018 for "The Rohingya Crisis". Special Correspondent Alex Crawford, cameraman Martin Smith and producer Neville Lazarus travelled into Myanmar to bring a first-hand report of what was happening in Rakhine State. The same programme also won an International Emmy Award for News in October 2018. Sponsorship In November 2014, Sky News sponsored the Young Person in Business category of the National Chamber Awards. It was won by Oliver Bryssau of Origin Broadband, which was named Business of the Year. Bureaus and studios Sky News has bureaus across the world; some are operated in conjunction with other media outlets. Bureaus Beijing, People's Republic of China Brussels, Belgium Dubai, United Arab Emirates Dublin, Republic of Ireland Jerusalem, Israel Johannesburg, South Africa Melbourne, Australia (with Sky News Australia) Moscow, Russia (with NTV Russia) New Delhi, India (with Wion Tv and Zee Live) New York City, US Sydney, Australia (with Sky News Australia) Washington, D.C., US Additional live studios Auckland, New Zealand (with Sky News New Zealand) Adelaide, Australia (with Sky News Australia) Brisbane, Australia (with Sky News Australia) Canberra, Australia (with Sky News Australia) Los Angeles, U.S. Milan, Italy (with Sky TG24) Perth, Australia (with Sky News Australia) Rome, Italy (with Sky TG24) Online news.sky.com is the channel's main website. It provides news, sport, weather, showbiz and business stories. In 2009, the website changed to bring it in line with the on-screen look of Sky News. The site made use of Flash video encoding to match the visual style of the TV channel with pictures and breaking news. The site underwent a further refresh in 2012, when both the look of the pages and the content management system were updated. In 2021, to bring the website in line with the new Sky News branding on-screen minor tweaks were made such as font updates and updated breaking news graphics. Virgin Media dispute On 1 March 2007, Sky's agreement to provide its basic channels (including Sky News) to Virgin Media expired. At midnight, Sky News was removed and the EPG entry for the channel was changed to "Sky Snooze Try BBC" until Sir Richard Branson demanded the message be removed, saying: "I have asked them to take it down. We do not mean any disrespect to Sky News. I think it is a very good news channel." Sky News, and the other Sky channels that had been removed, reappeared on Virgin Media on 13 November 2008. Viewing audience figures The Daily Telegraph reported in November 2021, "Sky's top performing shows, including Trevor Phillips on Sunday, average around 160,000 viewers". Budget As of 2018, Sky News had an estimated £90m annual budget, employs about 500 staff, but it makes a loss of between £15m and £20m a year according to The Guardian. See also List of television stations in the United Kingdom References External links Live video on the official website 24-hour television news channels in the United Kingdom 1989 establishments in the United Kingdom International Emmy Awards Current Affairs & News winners Sky television channels Television channels and stations established in 1989 Television channels in North Macedonia Television news in the United Kingdom English-language television stations in the United Kingdom Television channels in the United Kingdom Television stations in Malta Podcasting companies	[ 0.892693817615509, -0.303327351808548, -0.07952245324850082, -0.3551638126373291, -0.1328040510416031, -0.12066330015659332, 0.15744711458683014, 0.5208913087844849, -0.07702010124921799, -0.15714207291603088, -0.7680367827415466, 0.28914159536361694, -0.36770546436309814, -0.010072176344692707, 0.2761136591434479, -0.32906535267829895, 0.2575449049472809, 0.40927550196647644, 0.36109039187431335, -0.5458728075027466, -0.3155338764190674, 0.049382250756025314, 0.03415123000741005, -0.23664987087249756, -0.278272420167923, -0.22690057754516602, 0.21255463361740112, -0.03953830897808075, -0.05254118889570236, -0.10625208169221878, 0.11723427474498749, 0.5064786672592163, -0.4459828734397888, -0.09624401479959488, -0.2915042042732239, -0.27067020535469055, -0.07104311138391495, 0.2044091671705246, -0.568386971950531, -0.2783445119857788, -0.4031117558479309, -0.3703767657279968, 0.5030377507209778, 0.13163188099861145, -0.05340367183089256, -0.02069469727575779, -1.2542097568511963, 0.2613206207752228, -0.95207279920578, 0.4017377495765686, -0.06476433575153351, 0.8164599537849426, 0.1162777915596962, 0.6391188502311707, 0.17890599370002747, 0.1739102154970169, -0.4527685046195984, -0.20629607141017914, -0.17653849720954895, 0.13442271947860718, 0.7203410863876343, -0.07998864352703094, -0.050262801349163055, 0.25959041714668274, 0.506599485874176, -0.5775653123855591, 0.11058038473129272, 0.9186658263206482, -0.04279805347323418, -0.254046231508255, -0.1780771017074585, -0.4368652105331421, -0.3003205358982086, 0.32446983456611633, -0.3509630858898163, -0.461034893989563, 0.5703917741775513, -0.17793907225131989, 0.5159173011779785, -0.014521051198244095, 0.7847990393638611, 0.4622221887111664, 0.3862786889076233, 0.29887399077415466, 0.16205644607543945, 0.09559828788042068, -0.7338206171989441, -0.3493413031101227, -0.06930451095104218, 0.8608714938163757, -0.4340645968914032, -0.23696158826351166, 1.100691318511963, -0.23490971326828003, -0.16506986320018768, 0.28395286202430725, -0.3475232720375061, 0.30302703380584717, 0.7665010094642639, -0.3778838813304901, -0.33292263746261597, -0.014233330264687538, 0.09437237679958344, -0.7522839307785034, -0.14929576218128204, -0.24097278714179993, -0.36698421835899353, -0.47669148445129395, -0.18029186129570007, 0.47723251581192017, -0.31584835052490234, 0.16088563203811646, -0.09329258650541306, 0.17909307777881622, -0.27947553992271423, -0.1539193093776703, 0.03663983196020126, -0.37302225828170776, -0.22684141993522644, -0.3927033543586731, 0.19633415341377258, 0.39280274510383606, -0.3075598478317261, 0.2358255386352539, 0.09121979027986526, 0.36576277017593384, 0.38187292218208313, -0.05765235051512718, 0.1001308262348175, -0.10039094090461731, 0.12725450098514557, 0.6514467000961304, -0.5228419303894043, -0.1723809540271759, 0.03359811753034592, 0.1754574477672577, 0.30143022537231445, 0.11165107786655426, 0.39708998799324036, 0.23990395665168762, -0.4591304361820221, 0.3180662989616394, -0.6466088891029358, 0.02867927961051464, 0.27118659019470215, 0.1508220136165619, 0.1046564057469368, -0.26856040954589844, -0.23658598959445953, -0.19920580089092255, -0.11651824414730072, -0.38455426692962646, 0.053921353071928024, -0.02576509863138199, -0.2463199645280838, 0.06086195632815361, 0.7617394924163818, -0.15972930192947388, -0.04921985790133476, 0.26723384857177734, 0.7003463506698608, -0.0910721868276596, 0.5379905104637146, 0.16086120903491974, 0.05149393528699875, -0.0008824929245747626, 0.048403527587652206, -0.3238562047481537, 0.5585445165634155, -0.06361912190914154, -0.16561292111873627, -0.4622487723827362, 0.16699549555778503, 0.1931053251028061, 0.26557743549346924, -0.6324129104614258, 0.5399653911590576, 0.2800079882144928, 0.30045628547668457, 0.13430950045585632, -0.5233461260795593, -0.15903033316135406, 0.5522851347923279, -0.2343730926513672, 0.4614567160606384, -0.2488425374031067, 0.4156089127063751, 0.215607151389122, -0.10882126539945602, 0.5419346690177917, -0.6860542297363281, -0.5442484021186829, 0.02072741463780403, -0.5221688151359558, 0.1501571089029312, -0.9270028471946716, -0.6947801113128662, 1.1616238355636597, 0.04183586314320564, -0.04825906828045845, 0.12708348035812378, 0.22532853484153748, 0.17703600227832794, -0.35735994577407837, -0.04104972630739212, 0.03711146116256714, 0.5237400531768799, -0.18902304768562317, 0.3172513544559479, 0.024812597781419754, -0.28508105874061584, -0.4306764602661133, 0.18962934613227844, 0.05552838742733002, 0.32121777534484863, 0.031329914927482605, -0.5026041865348816, 0.004557390231639147, -0.08478137105703354, 0.025327244773507118, 0.9050294756889343, 0.3018015921115875, 0.38824301958084106, -0.4253881275653839, 0.08964505791664124, 0.21142061054706573, 0.0029373811557888985, -0.052243977785110474, 0.7479164600372314, -0.8931728005409241, -0.1517356038093567, 0.16119450330734253, -0.46333667635917664, -0.24856339395046234, 0.16062864661216736, -0.3302881419658661, -0.2237282395362854, -0.10056060552597046, 0.3651440441608429, -0.5666687488555908, 0.6766397953033447, -0.4825754165649414, -0.436697393655777, -0.19309456646442413, 0.5673724412918091, 0.15806375443935394, 0.22478385269641876, -0.011767728254199028, -0.12032897025346756, -0.17822177708148956, 0.4137709140777588, 0.039049237966537476, -0.23382015526294708, -0.23913471400737762, -0.09000764042139053, -0.21205933392047882, -0.03522442653775215, -0.06874794512987137, 0.6105439066886902, 0.5146703720092773, -0.06194273754954338, -0.3278394043445587, 0.1568387746810913, 0.4298464357852936, 0.17956505715847015, -0.6920104622840881, -0.7710498571395874, -0.5405751466751099, 0.25440216064453125, 0.28110000491142273, 1.2176873683929443, 0.008810535073280334, 0.2320815771818161, -0.19718730449676514, 0.002943439641967416, -0.30901339650154114, 0.20873187482357025, 0.21447938680648804, -0.14921239018440247, -0.6432328224182129, 0.5855738520622253, -0.05782218649983406, 0.39503100514411926, 0.023095056414604187, 0.2514362335205078, 0.02189362235367298, 0.1567334532737732, 0.01835416629910469, -0.8963189721107483, 0.4168148934841156, 0.2579520046710968, 0.14958655834197998, -0.11963504552841187, -0.09085509181022644, 0.39014023542404175, 0.2674999535083771, -0.07069622725248337, 0.12994921207427979, -0.3301905393600464, -0.6158273816108704, 0.02424098178744316, 0.7265498638153076, -0.15734831988811493, -0.4890245497226715, 0.07989300787448883, -0.33897754549980164, 0.33471915125846863, -0.6544205546379089, -5.863381862640381, 0.1354651153087616, 0.05528367683291435, 0.09231921285390854, -0.16187074780464172, -0.05756830796599388, 0.5407937169075012, 0.19631987810134888, 0.09690340608358383, -0.12108691781759262, 0.06309158354997635, -0.2750495970249176, -0.04849185794591904, 0.4071815013885498, 0.4784960150718689, 0.7596347332000732, 0.046592969447374344, 0.4555303156375885, 0.8163958787918091, 0.6572301983833313, -0.504380464553833, -0.43072134256362915, 0.34701794385910034, 0.5205801129341125, -0.42729002237319946, -0.040229152888059616, -0.2582207918167114, 0.056392036378383636, -0.1707887500524521, -0.46123000979423523, 0.5994201302528381, -0.7623485922813416, -0.3832094371318817, 0.08250592648983002, 0.15756788849830627, -0.41532158851623535, 0.3839254081249237, 0.27569276094436646, -0.10196404904127121, -0.8072325587272644, -0.10675349831581116, 0.367199182510376, -0.5342544913291931, -0.00675574317574501, 0.6208606958389282, -0.21646946668624878, -0.04642617702484131, 0.3212490677833557, -0.3687273859977722, 0.6658028364181519, -0.12116701155900955, 0.4480404853820801, -0.261536180973053, -0.21619905531406403, -0.43906116485595703, 0.22552421689033508, -0.36774778366088867, 0.07807037979364395, -0.011978126130998135, 0.12115486711263657, 0.2328694760799408, -0.15648342669010162, 0.2921138107776642, -0.3380259573459625, 0.11528857797384262, -0.15824399888515472, -0.8986169099807739, -0.3786749541759491, 0.2700246274471283, -0.34207913279533386, -0.15179194509983063, -0.24246716499328613, 0.5232887864112854, -0.6296851634979248, -0.19393961131572723, -0.6727483868598938, 0.3349960744380951, 0.06681492179632187, 0.1393463909626007, 0.23931334912776947, 0.058363646268844604, -0.4213859438896179, -0.019555484876036644, -0.18875157833099365, -0.017238829284906387, -0.7704697847366333, -0.27430662512779236, 0.34303292632102966, -0.043747104704380035, -0.3889419436454773, 0.5168009996414185, -0.21089115738868713, 0.3384961783885956, 0.9747849106788635, 0.02892404794692993, 0.5935461521148682, -0.11102736741304398, 0.6708974838256836, 0.28485995531082153, -0.217446967959404, -0.2601921856403351, 0.047309376299381256, -0.3500772714614868, -0.9814561605453491, 0.12177373468875885, -0.4310643970966339, 0.1321512758731842, -0.11522012203931808, 0.353829950094223, -0.5157649517059326, 0.09800092875957489, 0.04319490119814873, -1.065673589706421, 0.18859833478927612, 0.10370153188705444, 0.32245108485221863, -0.26972684264183044, 0.27988865971565247, 0.15758579969406128, -0.158813014626503, -0.17206479609012604, 0.2844233810901642, 0.14529547095298767, -0.3758701682090759, -0.5137742757797241, -0.4545722007751465, -0.22738508880138397, -0.3533492386341095, -0.117685467004776, 0.04088156297802925, 0.0021997904404997826, 0.18711760640144348, 0.35703006386756897, 0.2709297835826874, -0.22791175544261932, -0.6372957229614258, -0.40424391627311707, -0.03227154165506363, 0.37508469820022583, 0.18552866578102112, -0.3707970678806305, 0.6535184979438782, 0.31984832882881165, 0.6671889424324036, 0.9191746711730957, 0.5767601132392883, -0.25205737352371216, 0.35463687777519226, -0.49639639258384705, 0.5633443593978882, 0.25268441438674927, -0.3705822825431824, 0.2906426787376404, -0.32558953762054443, -0.15775874257087708, 0.2174178808927536, -0.2623310983181, -0.02834870107471943, -0.2218131572008133, -0.677838146686554, 0.3940805494785309, -0.18364760279655457, -0.6451210379600525, 0.17036284506320953, 0.6566767692565918, -0.05967968702316284, -0.4967889189720154, -0.3556385338306427, -0.09227835386991501, -0.149601548910141, -0.3921947181224823, -0.40801218152046204, -0.01885417103767395, -0.40182533860206604, 0.17349150776863098, 0.42765629291534424, -0.35511156916618347, 0.14911316335201263, -0.21640996634960175, 0.08973036706447601, 0.32057198882102966, 0.5254828929901123, -0.8875038623809814, 0.154401496052742, 0.027232378721237183, 0.13405920565128326, -0.17235472798347473, -0.020754484459757805, 0.2833101153373718, 0.07313445955514908, 0.2954951226711273, 0.3128648102283478, 0.29378998279571533, 0.4522724449634552, -0.18721473217010498, -0.10484835505485535, 0.13173900544643402, -0.02198888547718525, -0.25188949704170227, -0.5667058229446411, -0.19100435078144073, 0.5766936540603638, -0.46377119421958923, 0.1158168837428093, -0.14110067486763, -0.28747469186782837, 0.36125126481056213, 0.4474625885486603, -0.35281500220298767, 0.2886677086353302, -0.5023399591445923, -0.5116626024246216, -0.19116725027561188, 0.40237635374069214, -0.6126197576522827, 0.07088342308998108, 0.23582224547863007, -0.5011044144630432, -0.20595107972621918, -0.5660538077354431, 0.13006840646266937, 0.16232150793075562, -0.5259886980056763, 0.015678390860557556, -0.2814808189868927, 0.6361871957778931, 0.6571389436721802, -0.26102322340011597, 0.5604936480522156, -0.44958966970443726, -0.45435085892677307, 0.5377441644668579, -0.17330330610275269, 0.6995249390602112, 0.2072315365076065, 0.3966885805130005, -0.2593357264995575, 0.16045883297920227, 0.0646626353263855, 0.2250564843416214, 0.06490672379732132, 0.32750827074050903, 0.03234751522541046, -1.0127016305923462, 0.20912885665893555, 0.4841582775115967, 0.785838782787323, 0.4346141517162323, -0.6162219047546387, -0.3406786620616913, 0.4651358127593994, -0.152663454413414, -0.28726726770401, 0.11187305301427841, 0.5586499571800232, -1.1853630542755127, 0.44138434529304504, 0.0021161374170333147, -0.5376661419868469, -0.6930524110794067, 0.45161959528923035, -0.6187092065811157, -0.44564032554626465, 0.4997701942920685, 0.7131429314613342, 0.1509416550397873, -0.34033581614494324, -0.2666492164134979, -0.7439786195755005, -0.16136254370212555, 0.26171883940696716, -0.40922030806541443, -0.3815397620201111, 0.6324869394302368, 0.5635305047035217, 0.03674221783876419, 0.33347731828689575, -0.6975433230400085, -0.04647306725382805, 0.06465175002813339, -0.16397319734096527, -0.4213384687900543, 0.1873549222946167, -0.6318374872207642, 0.1687878519296646, -0.33763808012008667, 0.4849490523338318, 0.1383552849292755, -0.24187763035297394, 0.2547443211078644, 0.20048406720161438, -0.02317248471081257, -0.08595643192529678, -0.08032342791557312, 0.09694410115480423, 0.07143083959817886, 0.4506312310695648, -0.14818425476551056, 0.533742368221283, -0.28829437494277954, -0.30284997820854187, 0.13441216945648193, -0.18647287786006927, 0.23122240602970123, 0.20840078592300415, 0.2327820509672165, -0.44417256116867065, -0.34599918127059937, 0.6210110783576965, 0.3192969858646393, 0.15534146130084991, -0.48295146226882935, 0.47313037514686584, 0.6720741987228394, -0.4847407341003418, 0.30932706594467163, 0.6281424760818481, -0.5600796341896057, 0.431397944688797, 0.0038528861477971077, -0.092976413667202, -0.0967453345656395, 0.3291134834289551, 0.11783333867788315, -0.6152684688568115, 0.33170416951179504, -0.2252846509218216, 0.3000001609325409, 0.20639050006866455, -0.2245427817106247, 0.2801862359046936, 0.11883323639631271, -0.4462810754776001, 0.661867082118988, -0.3222489655017853, -0.8329623937606812, 0.08498340100049973, 0.022653868421912193, -0.16852016746997833, 0.071992889046669, 0.4672941565513611, -0.1527852565050125, 0.3308410346508026, 0.03936527669429779, -0.09856453537940979, 0.5102868676185608, 0.15949131548404694, 0.4111630618572235, -0.13785502314567566, 0.05024377629160881, 0.3256199061870575, 0.1883227676153183, 0.06074899435043335, -0.06325099617242813, 0.10398858040571213, -0.1990365833044052, -0.28290051221847534, -0.20160864293575287, 0.2697478234767914, -0.19778284430503845, -0.11299576610326767, 0.3797838091850281, 0.2643604278564453, 0.16812795400619507, -0.6846414804458618, -0.3087484836578369, 0.48444488644599915, -0.5401667952537537, 0.5190219879150391, 0.2333132028579712, 0.28123292326927185, 0.4848652482032776, -0.5717411637306213, 0.43555644154548645, -0.36276501417160034, -0.05109168216586113, -0.01147450227290392, 0.25472375750541687, 0.029813602566719055, -0.34851306676864624, -0.3124295771121979, 0.050353460013866425, -0.6053740978240967, -0.4293673038482666, -0.12570607662200928, 0.14439652860164642, -0.8235245943069458, -0.0709269568324089, -0.33878833055496216, 0.38696321845054626, -0.650994598865509, -0.3264525234699249, -0.1971408724784851, -0.207240492105484, -0.03845849260687828, -0.18506862223148346, 0.2876655161380768, 0.5482544302940369, -0.260161429643631, 0.1961553543806076, 0.2140944004058838, 0.4813690483570099, -0.0437573604285717, -0.07717648148536682, 0.1086515486240387, 0.6311598420143127, -0.3120017945766449, -0.28136035799980164, -0.9328476786613464, 0.3435477912425995, 0.4824332594871521, -0.15427380800247192, 0.011891519650816917, 0.47396156191825867, -0.154312863945961, 0.29660725593566895, 1.366973638534546, -0.16337019205093384, 0.044219713658094406, -0.15070097148418427, -0.2617490589618683, -0.38159653544425964, 0.13295933604240417, 0.0664999857544899, -0.34673866629600525, 0.17199033498764038, 0.05455038696527481, 0.6244264841079712, -0.34496843814849854, 0.4639146029949188, -0.5604652166366577, -0.14270269870758057, -0.38516008853912354, -0.06050223112106323, -0.8032690286636353, -0.0782894417643547, -0.02711833454668522, 1.0342429876327515, 0.5627231001853943, -0.18774878978729248, -0.10414064675569534, -0.28319618105888367, 0.5987207293510437, -0.5007806420326233, 0.2642674148082733, -0.4464411735534668, -0.06179163232445717, -0.6226674318313599, -0.9008679986000061, 0.35738852620124817, -0.02510145492851734, -0.2919657826423645, 0.621174693107605, -0.3449963629245758, -0.23047420382499695, 0.2822585701942444, 0.5586501359939575, -0.19263389706611633, 0.3396945297718048, 0.03735699877142906 ]
216357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Shiloh	USS Shiloh	USS Shiloh may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy: was one of the first of the monitors to be launched in the United States Navy. is a guided missile cruiser United States Navy ship names	[ -0.20473064482212067, 0.30109336972236633, -0.5329579710960388, 0.23973509669303894, 0.03510903939604759, 0.30583736300468445, 0.5899640917778015, -0.19748455286026, -0.009097159840166569, 0.3460865616798401, -0.06344565749168396, 0.41430026292800903, -0.21751387417316437, 0.5735807418823242, 0.14546489715576172, 0.10303349792957306, 0.3971969485282898, 0.5270906686782837, 0.022109806537628174, -0.5652114748954773, -0.18759624660015106, -0.5283511281013489, 0.3961412310600281, -0.3866004943847656, 0.5156541466712952, 0.4606524109840393, 0.6629549860954285, 0.0986233800649643, 0.37695232033729553, 0.2945752739906311, 0.1735512912273407, 0.5748372673988342, 0.18004289269447327, 0.11035652458667755, -0.1759481579065323, 0.1680058389902115, -0.2054363489151001, 0.0017474100459367037, -0.04262259975075722, -0.6160845756530762, -0.6942764520645142, -0.26468613743782043, 0.6399398446083069, 0.5371166467666626, -0.193020761013031, -0.062457967549562454, -2.0408713817596436, -0.16597917675971985, -0.13411793112754822, -0.1488220989704132, -0.5809513926506042, 0.2629762589931488, 0.3047415018081665, 0.4620401859283447, 0.029319463297724724, 0.4286588430404663, -0.8211267590522766, -0.22749750316143036, -0.2450595647096634, -0.3097866475582123, 0.3428228795528412, 0.23488762974739075, 0.8417441844940186, 0.18821971118450165, 0.43536725640296936, -0.09548640996217728, -0.3610875606536865, 0.09624459594488144, -0.5746918320655823, -0.12527067959308624, 0.7226070761680603, -0.18255974352359772, 0.08661378175020218, 0.4992277920246124, -0.5593065023422241, 0.4381909966468811, -0.34314775466918945, -0.15594221651554108, 0.240286186337471, 0.2427813857793808, 0.21990616619586945, 0.26295655965805054, 0.9458565711975098, 0.035068582743406296, -0.3279741108417511, 0.4571860134601593, -0.2605474889278412, 0.0324387289583683, -0.4617690443992615, 0.8112781643867493, -0.44997352361679077, 0.08996027708053589, 0.3166179656982422, 0.5734396576881409, 0.1856623888015747, -0.07546641677618027, -0.0340048223733902, 0.3496527075767517, 0.19205980002880096, 0.3299619257450104, 0.14805449545383453, 0.5957205891609192, 0.6383447647094727, 0.1965261846780777, -0.5083742141723633, -0.4598921835422516, -0.27570176124572754, 0.1086580827832222, -0.6898677945137024, -0.1863434761762619, -0.29108381271362305, 0.14666996896266937, 0.18786847591400146, -0.0030676089227199554, -0.24955445528030396, 0.16433268785476685, 0.2278852015733719, -0.4526651203632355, -0.16626007854938507, -0.26252099871635437, 0.3920046091079712, 0.9771859645843506, -0.5972065925598145, -0.4650120437145233, 0.36271020770072937, 0.15522220730781555, 0.31781384348869324, 0.963221549987793, -1.1728616952896118, 0.3268735706806183, 0.10480913519859314, 0.7859622836112976, -0.17646847665309906, 0.33208027482032776, -0.6536270380020142, -0.8572103381156921, 0.1263120323419571, 0.18272879719734192, 0.5998021364212036, 0.5612803101539612, -0.9243761897087097, -0.2814174294471741, -0.5743916034698486, -0.773683488368988, 0.3292515277862549, -0.19107294082641602, 0.06992201507091522, -0.15375444293022156, -0.4764012396335602, -0.3283517360687256, -0.12135359644889832, -0.43145519495010376, -0.15767422318458557, 0.41158780455589294, -0.6904736161231995, -0.2295207679271698, 0.09362536668777466, -0.5389512181282043, 0.3019266426563263, 0.6517665982246399, -1.0711530447006226, 0.2575456500053406, 0.017475880682468414, 0.18713878095149994, 0.03571786731481552, 0.05167572945356369, 0.8013975024223328, -0.31083279848098755, 0.16366468369960785, -0.6542684435844421, 0.101277194917202, 0.15628500282764435, 0.1610107272863388, 0.3333744704723358, -0.08627384155988693, 0.0869748443365097, 0.335402250289917, 0.009493110701441765, 0.22257332503795624, -0.7977479100227356, -0.42291805148124695, 0.36420682072639465, 0.22978542745113373, 0.09861423820257187, 0.2552776038646698, 0.12401645630598068, 0.3183727562427521, 0.05996374040842056, -0.19720055162906647, -0.3314130902290344, 0.0034783140290528536, -0.057176634669303894, -0.3007163107395172, 0.6130340099334717, 1.086780309677124, 0.12246314436197281, -0.3822927176952362, 0.013639245182275772, 0.11449132114648819, 0.5552537441253662, 0.7996583580970764, -0.2871456444263458, 0.2205587476491928, 0.1200711578130722, -0.6145526766777039, 0.13610900938510895, 0.31384649872779846, 0.6949782371520996, 0.22943060100078583, 0.7119508981704712, 0.10359516739845276, -0.8077747225761414, 0.1367567628622055, 0.6562252044677734, 0.19569289684295654, -0.02539530023932457, -0.1510009616613388, -0.640548050403595, 0.25557559728622437, -0.19076693058013916, 0.6091027855873108, 0.037636272609233856, -0.31711041927337646, 0.07047528773546219, -0.11797233670949936, -0.2728690207004547, -0.4878789782524109, 0.32927030324935913, -0.2932942807674408, -0.2933902442455292, 0.011367721483111382, -0.04672239348292351, -0.5428611040115356, -0.2125999629497528, 0.2929513156414032, 0.05626000091433525, -0.3171970844268799, -0.42056941986083984, 0.48542970418930054, -0.2801005244255066, 0.017428899183869362, 0.03701695799827576, -0.4352506399154663, 0.15042556822299957, 0.375362366437912, -0.5995994210243225, 0.21493925154209137, -0.47747620940208435, -0.078423872590065, -0.8737467527389526, 0.2650885581970215, 0.49166640639305115, 0.4622270464897156, -0.5630944967269897, -0.11972995847463608, -0.15187285840511322, -0.021899288520216942, 0.25331899523735046, 0.3365439176559448, -0.06882467120885849, 0.12527674436569214, 0.7645734548568726, -0.09508105367422104, 0.23040784895420074, 0.20346030592918396, -0.26871299743652344, -0.12895658612251282, 0.07743245363235474, 0.4551354944705963, -0.008066601119935513, 0.38184407353401184, 0.08255228400230408, 0.3908792734146118, -0.6854742169380188, -0.38460370898246765, -0.17250290513038635, -0.2004256248474121, 0.5179689526557922, -0.4777538776397705, -0.6798136234283447, 0.6898422241210938, 0.6980469822883606, -0.10629509389400482, -0.4648207724094391, -0.31043437123298645, -0.740624189376831, 0.28074777126312256, -0.42569583654403687, 0.15469099581241608, -0.3968122601509094, -0.2782427668571472, -0.40394750237464905, -0.09856502711772919, 0.5364496111869812, -0.07891160994768143, 0.39924198389053345, -0.027572933584451675, -0.001296038506552577, -0.17043037712574005, 0.04262414574623108, -0.7363722324371338, 0.4787323772907257, -0.3758063316345215, -0.13402219116687775, 0.10221537202596664, 0.09396252036094666, -0.6074860095977783, 0.5403017401695251, -5.600271224975586, -0.002263598842546344, -0.06590137630701065, -0.3585953414440155, 0.1704125553369522, 0.17456553876399994, 0.01776810549199581, -0.3815973401069641, -0.31086382269859314, -0.2252987027168274, 0.2824859023094177, 0.4132372736930847, 0.062090542167425156, -0.14412902295589447, 0.4873124957084656, -0.007633470464497805, 1.0030828714370728, -0.3385862410068512, 0.6008995175361633, 0.06150342896580696, -0.04870707914233208, -0.027553509920835495, 0.2353065460920334, 0.48890137672424316, 0.1250588446855545, 0.2444920390844345, -0.08107408136129379, -0.15850819647312164, -0.5239323973655701, -0.049690477550029755, -0.43918296694755554, -0.13491538166999817, -0.2235950231552124, 0.44106513261795044, 0.007429557852447033, -0.2557542622089386, 0.4908819794654846, 0.29655879735946655, 0.6165885329246521, -0.780505895614624, -0.2765229344367981, -0.03704351559281349, 0.10741376131772995, 0.049034856259822845, 0.24356091022491455, -0.3941443860530853, -0.22772902250289917, 0.20977070927619934, -0.03347567468881607, 1.1814119815826416, 0.33755627274513245, 0.06420598924160004, 0.6623687148094177, 0.17508254945278168, 0.17255142331123352, -0.43055459856987, 0.10576057434082031, -0.3017498552799225, -0.7412734627723694, 0.15148071944713593, -0.072072833776474, 0.004325755871832371, -0.3928525745868683, -0.5434351563453674, 0.0758141502737999, -0.31736892461776733, -0.185243621468544, -0.27713868021965027, 0.2067401111125946, 0.206535205245018, 0.1654718816280365, 1.382413387298584, -0.3466995656490326, -1.038646936416626, 0.43023180961608887, -0.12602916359901428, -0.36446112394332886, -0.34751954674720764, -0.39499276876449585, 0.09953580796718597, 0.14080868661403656, -0.0758003368973732, 0.43303149938583374, 0.6717813014984131, 0.187337726354599, -0.5325347781181335, -0.49398359656333923, 0.30333852767944336, -0.1541382223367691, -0.3581758439540863, 0.2681157886981964, -0.5583409070968628, 0.5084574818611145, 0.21576714515686035, 0.7811081409454346, -0.2631690204143524, 0.14895018935203552, 0.5596149563789368, 0.8724901676177979, -0.49185711145401, 0.9237431883811951, -0.19364330172538757, 0.5750026702880859, -0.1177850291132927, -0.15359780192375183, -0.29675403237342834, -0.19892312586307526, 0.0418199822306633, 0.6832883954048157, 0.11115071922540665, -0.11070804297924042, -0.6158191561698914, 0.12457803636789322, -0.48001301288604736, 0.47428110241889954, 0.040893081575632095, 0.2849564254283905, 0.21920230984687805, 0.5136786103248596, 0.23908448219299316, -0.25967836380004883, 0.04431964457035065, -0.31210193037986755, -0.2526731491088867, -0.08099636435508728, -0.6238044500350952, 0.12302453070878983, 0.3293182849884033, -1.0264626741409302, 0.22649884223937988, 0.663121223449707, 0.1895381510257721, 0.013206452131271362, 0.2660379707813263, 0.019915780052542686, -0.6736959218978882, -0.29977720975875854, -0.6586509346961975, 0.12282384186983109, -0.05824016034603119, -0.4953609108924866, 0.06313357502222061, -0.6076157689094543, 0.18136395514011383, 1.1600066423416138, 0.024576669558882713, 0.26548710465431213, -0.37235021591186523, -0.21777977049350739, 0.25940272212028503, -0.853654682636261, -1.2467412948608398, 0.37270936369895935, -0.6078435182571411, 0.08014688640832901, 0.3014562726020813, 0.7053096294403076, 0.06234779953956604, -0.4059528112411499, -0.1411643624305725, -0.19723978638648987, 0.12035040557384491, -0.7154598832130432, -0.4265717566013336, 0.1470402032136917, 0.12029959261417389, -0.08735908567905426, -0.10131186991930008, 0.19310203194618225, 0.37263432145118713, 0.2573137581348419, -0.5412428975105286, -1.0333330631256104, -0.09188712388277054, 0.5381712317466736, 0.3825105130672455, -0.5870932340621948, -0.2658911645412445, 0.09954775869846344, -0.5818536877632141, -0.06436542421579361, -0.3840484619140625, -0.2009706050157547, 0.6420154571533203, 0.15432031452655792, 0.07670339196920395, -0.6816219687461853, 0.08046399801969528, -0.6674743294715881, 0.21166132390499115, 0.01478307880461216, -0.7091216444969177, 0.20985974371433258, 0.3490830659866333, -0.8456312417984009, 0.4576529264450073, 0.3120504915714264, 0.16976042091846466, 0.7179180383682251, -0.36339259147644043, 0.4157020151615143, 0.6464473009109497, -0.8652073740959167, 0.4826616644859314, 0.3768678307533264, -0.44854363799095154, 0.3621367812156677, 0.34582242369651794, -0.29762402176856995, 0.5317890644073486, -0.03182745724916458, -0.8824597597122192, 0.041831061244010925, 0.520798921585083, -0.14187359809875488, -0.2775898873806, -0.236262708902359, 0.19946423172950745, -0.4485812187194824, -0.7664816975593567, -0.34013697504997253, 0.00499055115506053, -0.20705260336399078, -0.6028229594230652, -0.5554529428482056, 0.19310063123703003, -0.04823824018239975, 0.047702305018901825, 0.21583712100982666, -0.0795266404747963, -0.8989352583885193, 0.041232336312532425, 0.23736654222011566, 0.04435628280043602, 0.44058743119239807, -0.45883429050445557, -0.3092157542705536, -0.24900966882705688, -0.4204093813896179, 0.19266825914382935, 0.23356114327907562, 0.8668833374977112, 0.14704737067222595, -0.5296992063522339, -0.42944973707199097, 0.2116681933403015, 0.1956230252981186, -0.356357604265213, -0.5013541579246521, 0.384253591299057, 0.22308260202407837, -0.4127586781978607, -0.6827051043510437, -0.45915958285331726, 1.3715959787368774, -0.4226306974887848, 0.031386200338602066, -0.3132212460041046, -0.13782481849193573, -0.25549784302711487, -0.48028796911239624, 0.13335715234279633, -0.770031750202179, 0.3426220118999481, 0.6190376281738281, 0.1418817639350891, -0.5806207060813904, 0.015051170252263546, 0.3357369005680084, 0.05912991985678673, -0.27818813920021057, 0.4060622751712799, 0.5556786060333252, 0.2658466398715973, 0.028241191059350967, 0.4856729209423065, -0.2572705149650574, -0.32728636264801025, 0.39545735716819763, 0.5629159808158875, -0.2292151302099228, -0.09005036950111389, -0.20435570180416107, -0.6811460256576538, -0.12619060277938843, -0.47904375195503235, -0.35689079761505127, -0.4149791896343231, 0.2899687886238098, 0.4093092381954193, 0.2583431601524353, 0.04446905106306076, -0.2565654218196869, 0.2869611382484436, -0.5671573877334595, 0.5491984486579895, -0.009451787918806076, 0.36095932126045227, 0.07280965894460678, 0.5935086011886597, -0.5946398377418518, 0.9354239702224731, -0.312537282705307, 0.10165776312351227, 0.21097438037395477, 0.06516265869140625, 0.22619526088237762, -0.22494114935398102, -0.354172945022583, -0.10219750553369522, -0.2493422031402588, -0.052946265786886215, -0.03270987048745155, 0.5891762375831604, -0.16679653525352478, -0.06498584151268005, 0.653002142906189, 0.22232410311698914, -0.33454233407974243, -0.026365116238594055, 0.03682488948106766, 0.13379059731960297, 0.41522398591041565, 0.6379131078720093, -0.3097083568572998, 0.4508264660835266, -0.46862098574638367, -0.3770957887172699, 0.07501228898763657, 0.8451027274131775, 0.048876021057367325, -0.6429026126861572, -0.23616844415664673, 0.4938351511955261, 0.17941971123218536, -0.07152459770441055, 0.205129936337471, -0.6848433017730713, -0.6138375401496887, 0.5877895355224609, -0.032056935131549835, 0.26370203495025635, 0.05710657685995102, -0.40381699800491333, 0.015927748754620552, 0.219428151845932, -0.06440433114767075, 0.0934787169098854, 0.3010902404785156, 0.03572509437799454, 0.3468940854072571, 0.5579062700271606, 0.2731098234653473, -0.03593917563557625, 0.36366087198257446, 0.10811781883239746, 0.7948269844055176, -0.40723130106925964, -0.28932973742485046, -0.6808844804763794, -0.6468706727027893, 0.2288895845413208, 0.013921224512159824, -0.3597089350223541, -0.05832843855023384, 0.15834783017635345, 0.17132316529750824, -0.05329621210694313, 0.16998843848705292, 0.23533396422863007, 0.33792635798454285, 0.20015472173690796, -0.3460046350955963, -0.018327264115214348, 0.704323410987854, 0.549942672252655, 0.43229758739471436, -0.06277140229940414, 0.11682053655385971, -0.07319216430187225, -0.003990735858678818, 0.5270900726318359, 0.28440314531326294, -1.0504330396652222, -0.07431184500455856, 0.1090225800871849, -0.417864054441452, 0.19274426996707916, 0.07859301567077637, 0.06073905527591705, 0.7301917672157288, -0.22138382494449615, -0.5303581953048706, 0.11932792514562607, 0.05553431063890457, 0.5106841921806335, -0.12840311229228973, 0.3249152600765228, 0.13616131246089935, 0.2767544388771057, -0.5962387919425964, 0.3879626393318176, 0.0903267189860344, -0.161082461476326, -0.11370880901813507, 0.08901263028383255, -0.6299094557762146, 0.564195454120636, -0.3913705050945282, 0.005137997679412365, -0.10349584370851517, -0.06460198760032654, -0.31376683712005615, -0.07605048269033432, -0.434885710477829, 0.09573831409215927, 0.689215898513794, -0.45826593041419983, -0.35812926292419434, -0.31699225306510925, 0.03833768889307976, -0.26361507177352905, -0.36307284235954285, 0.11595917493104935, -0.34361714124679565, -0.44701966643333435, -0.41637808084487915, -0.7186804413795471, -0.16943657398223877, -0.04125237092375755, 0.27590304613113403, -0.14165428280830383, 0.06722909957170486, 0.14010202884674072, -0.3892028033733368, -0.18118111789226532, 0.045554179698228836, 0.39262712001800537, 0.6899733543395996, -0.16552981734275818, 0.1647649109363556, -0.21045207977294922, -0.04594479128718376, -0.1999952346086502, -0.3113104999065399, 0.04225755110383034, -0.431039035320282, -0.5169507265090942, 0.38588032126426697, 0.8249296545982361, 0.21938996016979218, -0.6670379042625427, 0.12250418961048126, -0.22216357290744781, 0.3214207887649536, -0.1234712153673172, 0.03224753215909004, -0.5455949306488037, -0.06625338643789291, -0.42381682991981506 ]
216358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulum	Capitulum	capitulum (plural capitula) may refer to: the Latin word for chapter an index or list of chapters at the head of a gospel manuscript a short reading in the Liturgy of the Hours derived from which, it is the Latin for the assembly known as a chapter a typographic symbol (⸿), to mark chapters or paragraphs, now evolved into the pilcrow Botany Capitulum (flower), a type of flower head composed of numerous tiny florets, characteristic of the family Asteraceae Capitulum (moss), the top of a Sphagnum moss plant with compact clusters of young branches Zoology the capitulum of the humerus in vertebrates the gnathosoma of ticks and mites in stalked barnacles, the armoured portion within which the appendages and most of the viscera are located Capitulum (genus), a genus of goose barnacles a part of the female Lepidoptera genitalia a structure similar to an elaiosome, found on the eggs of some species of stick insects	[ -0.1697409600019455, 0.31784895062446594, 0.1215304359793663, 0.24682170152664185, 0.037940237671136856, 0.4117211699485779, 0.014412393793463707, 0.15975145995616913, -0.4608009457588196, -0.45818033814430237, -0.48719969391822815, 0.007161779794842005, -0.10790169984102249, 0.11565849184989929, -0.12417799979448318, 0.14293783903121948, 0.46108466386795044, 0.616683840751648, -0.7309949994087219, -0.5738126635551453, -0.288227915763855, -0.07836031913757324, 0.030788972973823547, -0.3063770532608032, 0.8100970387458801, -0.12353178858757019, -0.291999876499176, -0.2023250311613083, -0.37094998359680176, 0.12650571763515472, -0.37578535079956055, 0.3332858681678772, 0.659681499004364, -0.10951965302228928, 0.48214980959892273, -0.3349308669567108, 0.14591719210147858, -0.24304290115833282, -0.23133814334869385, -0.7108678817749023, 0.2594088912010193, -0.06847433000802994, 0.4508385956287384, 0.11848045140504837, -0.7464399337768555, -0.2506016790866852, -1.2355762720108032, 0.6728343367576599, -0.840499222278595, 0.4198496341705322, -0.2240544855594635, -0.049341149628162384, 0.1764700710773468, 0.05743778869509697, -0.25656503438949585, 0.37527987360954285, -0.7427536845207214, 0.125778466463089, 0.5530749559402466, -1.1289814710617065, 0.16643646359443665, -0.10726320743560791, 0.20916509628295898, 0.8255380392074585, 0.5775015950202942, -0.1900981217622757, -0.34408190846443176, 0.15051612257957458, -0.6973505020141602, -0.4004736542701721, -0.10471106320619583, -0.4962347149848938, -0.4978760778903961, 0.2607806324958801, -0.13492795825004578, -0.06187450513243675, -0.5680844187736511, 0.013098297640681267, 0.175425186753273, 0.015241054818034172, -0.36597952246665955, 0.5463323593139648, -0.07935304194688797, -0.13140426576137543, 0.156409353017807, 0.2426987886428833, -0.7442536354064941, -0.2096307873725891, -0.025483356788754463, -0.19447901844978333, 0.4307496249675751, -0.43088752031326294, -0.12209721654653549, 0.32999953627586365, 0.12505802512168884, -0.48275062441825867, 0.2534577250480652, -0.20101240277290344, -0.40812793374061584, 0.3088136911392212, 0.07862284779548645, -0.1875385344028473, 0.7506877183914185, -0.18457889556884766, -0.603103518486023, 0.11891394108533859, -0.19259099662303925, -0.15848955512046814, 0.17480169236660004, 0.38203105330467224, 0.0009969152742996812, 0.006388218607753515, -0.33688104152679443, 0.3308947682380676, 0.12444285303354263, -0.20573623478412628, 0.11030105501413345, -0.7581810355186462, -0.7405952215194702, -0.4343261122703552, -0.4516751766204834, 0.6432047486305237, 0.8491681218147278, -0.36843568086624146, -0.14201650023460388, -0.3535207509994507, 0.7470166087150574, 0.7831681966781616, -0.8155636787414551, 0.0664425939321518, 0.1523830145597458, 0.960340142250061, 0.09477978944778442, 0.044502999633550644, -0.6904027462005615, 0.22920700907707214, -0.1280442625284195, 0.1367795169353485, 0.8516401052474976, 0.2925640046596527, -0.8430943489074707, -0.2607659101486206, -0.6365514993667603, -0.3052620589733124, -0.13525725901126862, -0.8174044489860535, -0.3923422694206238, -0.385858416557312, -0.2741050124168396, -0.0807173103094101, 0.5909058451652527, -0.46252351999282837, 0.17801114916801453, 0.02864212915301323, 0.00339710246771574, -0.3108562231063843, 0.8346312046051025, 0.07810501754283905, -0.18932092189788818, -0.03289218246936798, 0.15410852432250977, 0.16921411454677582, -0.43282419443130493, 0.12853673100471497, -0.25599923729896545, 0.26588234305381775, 0.3286804258823395, -0.17875124514102936, 0.059017155319452286, 0.3982621431350708, 0.11543182283639908, 0.03440091386437416, -0.1170513927936554, 0.16226835548877716, -0.3611547350883484, 0.29428908228874207, 1.1426188945770264, 0.15990908443927765, 0.7899406552314758, -0.5999934077262878, -0.6109437942504883, 0.519335925579071, 0.03520631790161133, -0.6511557698249817, -0.33988574147224426, -0.07101411372423172, 0.0544908232986927, 0.3650813400745392, -0.7397832870483398, -0.5850597620010376, -0.8609684705734253, -0.5683596730232239, -0.008351711556315422, -0.08355503529310226, 1.200388789176941, -0.44897642731666565, -0.0018608513055369258, 0.8980648517608643, -0.08752396702766418, -0.06123216822743416, -0.6285735368728638, 0.6133624315261841, 0.38371288776397705, -0.27800503373146057, -0.7611043453216553, 0.6003932356834412, 0.3052345812320709, 0.5778061747550964, 0.10295829176902771, 0.41410866379737854, 0.3883049488067627, -0.5453581809997559, 0.23975670337677002, -0.3769182562828064, 0.3154403567314148, -0.32440078258514404, -0.912306547164917, 0.04418642073869705, 0.15509100258350372, -0.693802535533905, 0.2774847149848938, -0.28968554735183716, 0.29239076375961304, 0.6489711403846741, -0.4271395802497864, 0.23600585758686066, -0.19863413274288177, 0.161210298538208, 0.3783876895904541, -1.015230655670166, 0.46887773275375366, -0.6175504326820374, 0.506913959980011, 0.024337466806173325, -0.4984818696975708, 0.08170938491821289, 0.28065192699432373, -0.1867949366569519, 0.5783398151397705, -0.32077929377555847, 0.13885973393917084, -0.626367449760437, -0.43277424573898315, 0.019651083275675774, 0.8482368588447571, -0.16067425906658173, -0.11972314119338989, 0.28571510314941406, 0.38890162110328674, -0.020270856097340584, 0.02062654122710228, 0.753584623336792, 0.3461894690990448, -0.6874896287918091, 0.5153154730796814, 0.3063528537750244, 0.2835822105407715, 0.3101988136768341, 0.5281206965446472, 0.18286652863025665, -0.78968745470047, 0.3471699059009552, -0.02646501548588276, 0.12706217169761658, 0.03833440691232681, -0.014096611179411411, 0.33658188581466675, -0.553575873374939, 0.42397040128707886, 0.7171278595924377, -0.0355694480240345, 0.3500838279724121, -1.3059442043304443, 0.4427785277366638, -0.37296146154403687, -0.9107884168624878, 0.7382805943489075, 0.03282059729099274, -0.0818968191742897, -0.6955611705780029, -0.3589182198047638, -0.022494278848171234, 0.5274057984352112, -0.8780478835105896, 0.10045944899320602, -0.3240298330783844, 0.34955501556396484, -0.25864899158477783, 0.118258535861969, -0.6798164248466492, -0.30074992775917053, 0.16346994042396545, -0.06607653200626373, 0.5402888655662537, 0.4054408073425293, 0.5311238169670105, -0.16453497111797333, -0.2960030138492584, 0.28167232871055603, -0.7142046093940735, 0.07844766229391098, -0.255984365940094, 0.15014983713626862, 0.21730640530586243, 0.12316722422838211, -0.024906335398554802, 0.27435579895973206, 0.49634408950805664, -5.511401176452637, -0.013993946835398674, -0.7109867930412292, -0.6308090686798096, 0.1668379008769989, 0.42939838767051697, 0.7374788522720337, -0.30546462535858154, 0.06303713470697403, -0.4469108283519745, 0.22829845547676086, 0.4198046624660492, 0.4179283380508423, 0.4839276373386383, 0.6661732792854309, 0.49145013093948364, -0.020659955218434334, 0.18016554415225983, -0.07639795541763306, 0.18435055017471313, 0.2793482840061188, -0.08250454068183899, 0.2431698441505432, 0.5136770606040955, 0.3024545907974243, -0.46666690707206726, -0.3811146914958954, 0.2796180844306946, -0.318491131067276, 0.11958979815244675, 0.016347048804163933, -0.06827583909034729, 0.29453709721565247, -0.22904522716999054, -0.08492433279752731, -0.2639046609401703, 0.6400076746940613, 0.13589385151863098, 0.16755425930023193, -0.311110258102417, -0.32198280096054077, 0.27982357144355774, 0.5121519565582275, -0.04584897682070732, 0.27604585886001587, -0.2862093150615692, -0.2993735074996948, -0.260777086019516, -0.44514408707618713, 1.044128656387329, 0.0015412719221785665, 0.20117275416851044, -0.21598751842975616, 0.21944239735603333, 0.06311870366334915, -0.32398056983947754, 0.4426424503326416, 0.011231442913413048, -0.7792766094207764, -0.49159079790115356, 0.18740415573120117, -0.6508301496505737, -0.37956860661506653, -0.34239688515663147, 0.30248215794563293, 0.02025735192000866, -1.00535249710083, 0.24319207668304443, 0.5129620432853699, 0.37256377935409546, -0.5644195079803467, -0.014029179699718952, 0.07762643694877625, -0.8550540208816528, -0.06617676466703415, -0.7819626331329346, 0.02924809791147709, 0.38140732049942017, 0.29332515597343445, -0.039538342505693436, 0.08143888413906097, 0.21176034212112427, 0.024169525131583214, 0.014318116940557957, 0.34587082266807556, -0.33372461795806885, -0.5019109845161438, -0.1227496936917305, -0.4940773546695709, 0.19702529907226562, 0.8330045938491821, -0.06118601933121681, 0.048403121531009674, 0.1816936433315277, 0.05023122951388359, 0.1858247071504593, 0.057426467537879944, 0.4610535502433777, 0.48444318771362305, -0.09598119556903839, 0.6153767704963684, 0.4006364345550537, -0.10573305934667587, -0.02511219121515751, -0.30682694911956787, -0.2823587656021118, -0.8932304978370667, 0.34857097268104553, 0.3005335330963135, -0.0693427100777626, 0.04903436824679375, 0.3698325753211975, -0.02152142859995365, -0.5719849467277527, -0.0187954343855381, 0.2452777922153473, 0.09354756772518158, 0.6722704172134399, 0.5041307806968689, -0.19666562974452972, 0.0867808610200882, -0.04297564923763275, -0.4718296527862549, 0.053391799330711365, -0.9363398551940918, 0.006311135366559029, 0.1976398378610611, -0.04920205473899841, 0.2908836901187897, -0.0386023223400116, 0.3503371775150299, -0.5178539752960205, 0.19400185346603394, -0.3720798194408417, -0.154939204454422, -0.34393009543418884, 0.11594528704881668, -0.14655792713165283, -0.14414575695991516, -0.10607662796974182, 0.14937685430049896, -0.4399355351924896, -0.3027347922325134, -0.03968219459056854, 0.6807260513305664, 0.1773524135351181, -0.5047221183776855, 0.2743413746356964, -0.29125258326530457, 0.907650887966156, -0.3491870164871216, 0.003799119032919407, 0.3759482204914093, -0.38115087151527405, 0.0007111350423656404, -0.16559568047523499, 0.1285407394170761, 0.13654959201812744, 0.3953785300254822, -0.1676250398159027, -0.0017577479593455791, -0.07423494011163712, -1.0225387811660767, -0.36944615840911865, -0.2430373728275299, 0.12100917845964432, -0.4562498927116394, -0.6041682362556458, -0.46500280499458313, 0.21269440650939941, -0.22244499623775482, 0.362895667552948, -0.484726220369339, -0.0730130597949028, 0.1402490884065628, 0.2843058407306671, 0.21915161609649658, 0.3305094838142395, 0.0022316358517855406, 0.40809834003448486, -0.24731893837451935, -0.5910025835037231, 0.32766106724739075, -0.006739250849932432, 0.5002502799034119, 0.2231547236442566, -0.34828877449035645, -0.3936435878276825, -0.7501990795135498, -0.14332315325737, -0.4034193754196167, -0.2736389636993408, 0.36902666091918945, -0.0472593791782856, -0.18302173912525177, 0.11165840178728104, -0.14463123679161072, 0.5113674998283386, -0.31564122438430786, -0.19466374814510345, 0.15275774896144867, 0.18782038986682892, -0.6000260710716248, 0.41137874126434326, -0.14287136495113373, -0.12335270643234253, 1.0379135608673096, -0.7648035287857056, -0.30649393796920776, 0.49185019731521606, 0.019662702456116676, 0.01330860611051321, -0.07700356841087341, 0.9727588295936584, -0.057530712336301804, -0.07136300951242447, -0.01089742872864008, -0.21823379397392273, -0.3640977442264557, -0.35801243782043457, 0.5607659220695496, 0.370061457157135, -0.39230626821517944, -0.30962082743644714, -0.029192514717578888, 0.14708758890628815, -0.11199331283569336, -0.42815452814102173, 0.4757627546787262, 0.15651758015155792, 0.396634042263031, 0.05369291827082634, 0.05729949101805687, -0.679416835308075, 0.11673367023468018, -0.284354567527771, -0.23175868391990662, -0.3861532509326935, -0.006505664438009262, 0.41796985268592834, 0.6672735810279846, 1.1700400114059448, 0.2840285003185272, -0.5329305529594421, 0.10428998619318008, 0.5323879718780518, 0.5046640634536743, -0.600302517414093, -0.5537194609642029, 0.7315728664398193, 0.9249330759048462, 0.04601706191897392, 0.14171209931373596, -0.38981401920318604, 0.6601598262786865, 0.267428457736969, -0.35724762082099915, 0.28905171155929565, 0.04144533723592758, 0.8426700234413147, 0.7608577609062195, -0.07252973318099976, -0.356862336397171, 0.02732831798493862, 0.4255976676940918, 0.04761378467082977, -0.6090443730354309, -0.09272770583629608, 0.1958436667919159, -1.2358837127685547, 0.34585562348365784, 0.15245820581912994, 0.7234514355659485, -0.2037203013896942, 0.33897602558135986, 0.13757124543190002, -0.018985053524374962, -0.3328869640827179, 0.249550461769104, 0.07744394242763519, -0.5540345907211304, -0.08696664124727249, -0.10055189579725266, 0.41013452410697937, 0.3527745306491852, -0.736555278301239, -0.3883957862854004, 0.8213392496109009, 0.09455982595682144, -0.4877222180366516, -0.3547549247741699, -0.09532039612531662, -0.40479668974876404, 0.6698381900787354, 0.37251144647598267, 0.5938229560852051, 0.39942046999931335, -0.11132413893938065, 0.2506619393825531, 0.2797384560108185, -0.8007216453552246, 0.07706324011087418, 0.5000044703483582, -1.178666353225708, 0.3682597875595093, 0.2963346540927887, -0.07262685149908066, -0.06446247547864914, -0.7574448585510254, -0.32436469197273254, 0.5537062883377075, -0.1379898637533188, -0.16392254829406738, -0.13812857866287231, 0.17245349287986755, -0.7295929193496704, 0.462815523147583, -0.05449942126870155, 0.025226924568414688, 0.14759007096290588, 0.48920413851737976, 0.22862526774406433, -0.06566876918077469, 0.11704525351524353, -0.522205650806427, -0.1238347515463829, -0.2982233464717865, 0.009066121652722359, -0.19093042612075806, 0.2764844596385956, 0.8139660954475403, 0.5022537112236023, -0.4187432825565338, 0.5976728200912476, -0.6174230575561523, -0.28761500120162964, -0.06029988080263138, -1.0492321252822876, -0.2950776219367981, 0.5181578993797302, 0.3770197629928589, 0.4971940517425537, 0.37870898842811584, 0.18781286478042603, -0.72259521484375, 0.6540241837501526, -0.142592191696167, -0.2640115022659302, -0.10578026622533798, 0.5531314611434937, -0.10376683622598648, -0.2117902636528015, 0.05120884254574776, -0.2133837193250656, -0.03419027850031853, -0.10478796064853668, 0.5108511447906494, 0.04045568034052849, -0.20874398946762085, -0.2732902467250824, -0.8045215606689453, 0.7790295481681824, 0.010176829993724823, 0.29693228006362915, -0.2567134201526642, 0.1488344371318817, 0.0477709099650383, -0.40937602519989014, -0.10702725499868393, -0.3390279710292816, 0.1822861284017563, 0.10337524116039276, -0.4145336449146271, 0.018798401579260826, 0.1469632238149643, -0.09335548430681229, 0.7454476356506348, 0.9649330377578735, 0.9040052890777588, 0.2636602520942688, -0.458398699760437, -0.4113174080848694, -0.07482467591762543, -0.6457622647285461, -0.21071067452430725, 0.021662095561623573, 0.14747433364391327, -0.26641806960105896, 0.01491196732968092, -0.14814181625843048, 0.34749409556388855, -0.6119986176490784, 0.13135887682437897, -0.3164835274219513, -0.25800275802612305, 0.37351155281066895, 0.0052073304541409016, 1.500980257987976, 0.13360346853733063, 0.07962588220834732, -0.8406974077224731, -0.5698792934417725, -0.07307600975036621, -0.17084886133670807, 0.04287286102771759, 0.4233202338218689, 0.41150322556495667, 0.4219299554824829, -0.6461361646652222, -0.0035102958790957928, 0.5380864143371582, -0.035072822123765945, -0.10007551312446594, 0.6267441511154175, 0.03659580275416374, -0.27600765228271484, 0.07785743474960327, 0.03067454695701599, 0.3699972927570343, -0.5413805246353149, 0.01637730374932289, 0.2532368004322052, 0.4428355395793915, 0.4669147729873657, -0.03133246302604675, 0.03665648400783539, -0.029334966093301773, 0.3325880765914917, -0.8533992171287537, 0.16186657547950745, -0.01806388981640339, -0.3546908497810364, -0.600004255771637, 0.2234862744808197, -0.021472936496138573, 0.40217334032058716, 0.0945950523018837, 0.36295759677886963, 0.26578423380851746, -0.5185927152633667, 0.21044939756393433, -0.3245484232902527, -0.12614622712135315, -0.10956410318613052, -0.06949973106384277, 0.7556337118148804, -0.09936147183179855, -0.2090158760547638, -0.7871453762054443, 0.7360883355140686, 0.49464648962020874, -0.5928018689155579, 0.33220174908638, -0.10189835727214813, -0.3254660367965698, -0.6066716909408569, -0.20021790266036987, 0.2049109786748886, -0.07042330503463745, 0.6113528609275818 ]
216359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Solow	Robert Solow	Robert Merton Solow, GCIH (; born August 23, 1924) is an American economist whose work on the theory of economic growth culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him. He is currently Emeritus Institute Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has been a professor since 1949. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal in 1961, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1987, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2014. Four of his PhD students, George Akerlof, Joseph Stiglitz, Peter Diamond and William Nordhaus later received Nobel Memorial Prizes in Economic Sciences in their own right. Biography Robert Solow was born in Brooklyn, New York, into a Jewish family on August 23, 1924, the oldest of three children. He regarded his parents as being very intelligent despite their not being able to attend college due to the necessity to work. He was well educated in the neighborhood public schools and excelled academically early in life. In September 1940, Solow went to Harvard College with a scholarship at the age of 16. At Harvard, his first studies were in sociology and anthropology as well as elementary economics. In 1941, Solow left the university and joined the U.S. Army. Because he was fluent in German, the Army put him on a task force whose primary purpose was to intercept, interpret, and send back German messages to base. He served briefly in North Africa and Sicily, and later in Italy until he was discharged in August 1945. Shortly after returning, he proceeded to marry his girlfriend, Barbara Lewis, whom he had only been dating for six months. He returned to Harvard in 1945, and studied under Wassily Leontief. As Leontief's research assistant he produced the first set of capital-coefficients for the input–output model. Then he became interested in statistics and probability models. From 1949 to 1950, he spent a fellowship year at Columbia University to study statistics more intensively. During that year he also worked on his Ph.D. thesis, an exploratory attempt to model changes in the size distribution of wage income using interacting Markov processes for employment-unemployment and wage rates. In 1949, just before going off to Columbia, he was offered and accepted an assistant professorship in the Economics Department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At M.I.T. he taught courses in statistics and econometrics. Solow's interest gradually changed to macroeconomics. For almost 40 years, Solow and Paul Samuelson worked together on many landmark theories: von Neumann growth theory (1953), theory of capital (1956), linear programming (1958) and the Phillips curve (1960). Solow also held several government positions, including senior economist for the Council of Economic Advisers (1961–62) and member of the President's Commission on Income Maintenance (1968–70). His studies focused mainly in the fields of employment and growth policies, and the theory of capital. In 1961 he won the American Economic Association's John Bates Clark Award, given to the best economist under age forty. In 1979 he served as president of that association. In 1987, he won the Nobel Prize for his analysis of economic growth and in 1999, he received the National Medal of Science. In 2011, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Science from Tufts University. Solow is the founder of the Cournot Foundation and the Cournot Centre. After the death of his colleague Franco Modigliani, Solow accepted an appointment as new Chairman of the I.S.E.O Institute, an Italian nonprofit cultural association which organizes international conferences and summer schools. He is a founding trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security. Solow's past students include 2010 Nobel Prize winner Peter Diamond, as well as Michael Rothschild, Halbert White, Charlie Bean, Michael Woodford, and Harvey Wagner. He is ranked 23rd among economists on RePEc in terms of the strength of economists who have studied under him. Solow was one of the signees of a 2018 amici curiae brief that expressed support for Harvard University in the Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College lawsuit. Signers of the brief include Alan B. Krueger, George A. Akerlof, Janet Yellen, and Cecilia Rouse. Solow's model of economic growth Solow's model of economic growth, often known as the Solow–Swan neo-classical growth model as the model was independently discovered by Trevor W. Swan and published in "The Economic Record" in 1956, allows the determinants of economic growth to be separated into increases in inputs (labour and capital) and technical progress. The reason these models are called "exogenous" growth models is the saving rate is taken to be exogenously given. Subsequent work derives savings behavior from an inter-temporal utility-maximizing framework. Using his model, Solow (1957) calculated that about four-fifths of the growth in US output per worker was attributable to technical progress. Solow also was the first to develop a growth model with different vintages of capital. The idea behind Solow's vintage capital growth model is that new capital is more valuable than old (vintage) capital because new capital is produced through known technology. He first states that capital must be a finite entity because all of the resources on the earth are indeed limited. Within the confines of Solow's model, this known technology is assumed to be constantly improving. Consequently, the products of this technology (the new capital) are expected to be more productive as well as more valuable. The idea lay dormant for some time perhaps because Dale W. Jorgenson (1966) argued that it was observationally equivalent with disembodied technological progress, as advanced earlier in Solow (1957). It was successfully advanced in subsequent research by Jeremy Greenwood, Zvi Hercowitz and Per Krusell (1997), who argued that the secular decline in capital goods prices could be used to measure embodied technological progress. They labeled the notion investment-specific technological progress. Solow (2001) approved. Both Paul Romer and Robert Lucas, Jr. subsequently developed alternatives to Solow's neo-classical growth model. To better communicate the meaning behind his work, Solow used a graphical design to illustrate his concepts. On the x-axis he puts capital per worker and for the y-axis he uses output per worker. The reason for graphing capital and output per worker is due to his assumption that the nation is at full employment. The first (top) curve represents the output produced at each given level of capital. The second (middle) curve shows the depreciating nature of capital which remains constantly positive. The third curve (bottom) conveys savings/investment per worker. As the old machinery wears down and breaks, new capital goods must be bought to replace the old. The point where the two lines meet is known as the steady state level, which means that the nation is producing just enough to be able to replace the old capital. Countries that are closer to the steady state level, on the left side, grow more slowly when compared to countries closer to the vertex of the graph. However, when countries are to the right of the steady state level, they are not growing because all the returns they create needs to go to replacing and repairing their old capital. Since Solow's initial work in the 1950s, many more sophisticated models of economic growth have been proposed, leading to varying conclusions about the causes of economic growth. For example, rather than assuming, as Solow did, that people save at a given constant rate, subsequent work applied a consumer-optimization framework to derive savings behavior endogenously, allowing saving rates to vary at different points in time, depending on income flows, for example. In the 1980s efforts have focused on the role of technological progress in the economy, leading to the development of endogenous growth theory (or new growth theory). Today, economists use Solow's sources-of-growth accounting to estimate the separate effects on economic growth of technological change, capital, and labor. Solow currently is an emeritus Institute Professor in the MIT economics department, and previously taught at Columbia University. MIT Economics (1960–1979) In the early 1960s the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the home of the "growthmen." Its leading light, Paul Samuelson, had published a pathbreaking undergraduate textbook, Economics: An Introductory Analysis. In the sixth edition of Economics, Samuelson (1964) added a "new chapter on the theory of growth." Samuelson drew on the work on growth theory of his younger colleague Robert Solow (1956)—an indication that growthmanship was taking an analytical turn. The MIT economists were thus growthmen in two senses: in seeing growth as an absolutely central policy imperative and in seeing the theory of growth as a focus for economic research. What the MIT growthmen added was a distinctive style of analysis that made it easier to address the dominant policy concerns in tractable formal models. Solow's (1956) model was the perfect exemplar of the MIT style. It provided the central framework for the subsequent developments in growth theory and secured MIT as the center of the universe in the golden age of growth theory in the 1960s (Boianovsky and Hoover 199–200). Honours Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (27 September 2006) Publications Books Book chapters Journal articles Pdf. See also: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Joseph Stiglitz. See also List of economists List of Jewish Nobel laureates Backstop resources Basic income Growth accounting Solow Growth Model Solow residual Guaranteed minimum income References External links Video Interview with Solow from NobelPrize.org Articles written by Solow for the New York Review of Books Robert M. Solow – Prize Lecture IDEAS/RePEc Robert M. Solow Papers, 1951–2011 and undated. Rubenstein Library, Duke University. Robert M. Solow at MIT Infinite History Biography of Robert M. Solow from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences 1924 births Living people Nobel laureates in Economics American Nobel laureates Jewish American social scientists Growth economists Harvard College alumni Columbia University alumni MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Medal of Science laureates Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) United States Army soldiers United States Army personnel of World War II 20th-century American writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American economists 21st-century American economists Critics of Marxism Fellows of the Econometric Society Presidents of the Econometric Society Presidents of the American Economic Association Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association Center for Economic and Policy Research Russell Sage Foundation Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy	[ -0.21055731177330017, 0.1504819095134735, -0.41529709100723267, -0.14555764198303223, 0.18688295781612396, 1.0161274671554565, 0.0598258376121521, 0.14450301229953766, -0.5104541182518005, 0.22330138087272644, -0.514726996421814, 0.17830969393253326, -0.2710980176925659, 0.5525262951850891, 0.15921303629875183, -0.25318214297294617, 0.033840641379356384, -0.5618755221366882, -0.46113675832748413, -0.28120237588882446, 0.12329085916280746, 0.04772752895951271, 0.11009786278009415, 0.3437477946281433, -0.14785738289356232, -0.1824907809495926, 0.06663864850997925, -0.12672309577465057, -0.14720337092876434, 0.11847352981567383, 0.15630514919757843, 0.7110264897346497, 0.4182954430580139, 0.2607008218765259, -0.5642372965812683, 0.2504844665527344, -0.4829491674900055, -0.4560663402080536, -0.5516003966331482, -0.18411734700202942, -0.1593407541513443, 0.12303470075130463, 0.06386932730674744, 0.14988300204277039, -0.09121594578027725, -0.3338732421398163, -2.195307493209839, -0.016969364136457443, -1.184195876121521, -0.43600383400917053, -0.19012968242168427, 0.75441974401474, 0.5784009695053101, -0.5672739148139954, -0.2327965348958969, 0.16814041137695312, -0.7078470587730408, -0.029481051489710808, 0.4363556504249573, -0.8221637010574341, 0.4960927963256836, -0.4281928539276123, 0.5602002739906311, 0.10109850764274597, 0.37025177478790283, 0.36254337430000305, 0.38439464569091797, 0.3432949185371399, -0.6740898489952087, -0.20955145359039307, -0.7932872176170349, -0.2954637408256531, 0.17002005875110626, 0.2527841627597809, -0.13076987862586975, -0.3104553520679474, 0.08105963468551636, 0.1176026239991188, -0.14794513583183289, 0.028975609689950943, 0.3665967583656311, -0.3042072653770447, 0.5518804788589478, 0.3201863765716553, 0.09677137434482574, 0.12684005498886108, -0.46824005246162415, 0.3909747898578644, -0.46114403009414673, 0.42384615540504456, -0.8556590676307678, -0.0769863948225975, 0.6596008539199829, 0.06101124733686447, -0.13722780346870422, 0.32886481285095215, 0.2750917673110962, 0.20670033991336823, -0.0832144096493721, 0.08153538405895233, -0.21066157519817352, 0.07535741478204727, 0.037343163043260574, 0.000037531222915276885, 0.19962112605571747, -0.050815753638744354, 0.40342438220977783, -0.23998600244522095, -0.009326214902102947, -0.3025568127632141, -1.182470440864563, -0.12301886081695557, -0.16973695158958435, 0.13893066346645355, 0.3548004925251007, 0.8807170391082764, 0.20848898589611053, -0.14102575182914734, -0.3755289614200592, 0.3026018738746643, -0.20695412158966064, 0.20536230504512787, -0.3375855088233948, 0.2025381326675415, -0.5108567476272583, -0.17804019153118134, -0.2805009186267853, 0.3838443160057068, -0.5204671025276184, 0.05977276340126991, -0.11530613899230957, 0.4680466949939728, -0.06947089731693268, -0.030510811135172844, -0.5598574876785278, 0.1405360847711563, 0.22057828307151794, -0.25725069642066956, -0.4366215467453003, 0.8267813324928284, -0.5129257440567017, -0.07226032763719559, -0.11191629618406296, -0.01033292431384325, 0.7849247455596924, 0.10051905363798141, -0.1005580797791481, -0.261182576417923, 0.07015100866556168, 0.0626436248421669, -0.28577953577041626, 0.005657339468598366, -0.22199150919914246, -0.25754761695861816, -0.18267104029655457, 0.7907652854919434, 0.6337839961051941, 0.16476500034332275, -0.07093102484941483, 0.1773141324520111, -0.06946054846048355, -0.10301068425178528, 0.3067397475242615, -0.051913999021053314, 0.262763112783432, -0.5417848825454712, 0.7404373288154602, -0.2777526080608368, -0.49680328369140625, 0.34749835729599, 0.044802725315093994, 0.1763509213924408, 0.8819994330406189, -0.31965765357017517, -0.08738201856613159, 0.7210550308227539, 0.5389193296432495, 0.13607868552207947, 0.6858850121498108, -0.13160140812397003, -0.5247216820716858, -0.29753947257995605, 0.3384692668914795, 0.26878678798675537, 0.7456132769584656, -0.3071088194847107, 0.2762039601802826, -0.2537851333618164, 0.9218947291374207, -0.12042004615068436, -0.22452229261398315, -0.24940700829029083, -0.04350888356566429, -0.4335053563117981, 0.307226300239563, 0.19950205087661743, -0.28336384892463684, 0.32132837176322937, -0.19095800817012787, 0.28913581371307373, -0.1717778742313385, -0.5484503507614136, -0.5932052731513977, 0.10824564844369888, 0.019928477704524994, 0.325762003660202, 0.5671961307525635, -0.053679026663303375, 0.4982183575630188, 0.41569608449935913, 0.1706950068473816, -0.33100426197052, 0.6153227686882019, -0.16535408794879913, -0.3228890597820282, -0.4389774203300476, -0.16637741029262543, -0.12854835391044617, -0.20545251667499542, -0.4175916016101837, 1.0592496395111084, 0.18402521312236786, -0.12695163488388062, 0.5315622091293335, 0.7468555569648743, 0.6027476191520691, 0.5932045578956604, -0.014003264717757702, 0.012439879588782787, 0.004425456281751394, 0.07413200289011002, 0.5514824390411377, 0.4494543671607971, -0.06827478855848312, 0.0840192437171936, 0.26663753390312195, -0.6111120581626892, -0.4991598427295685, -0.1446433812379837, -0.6141216158866882, 0.21332456171512604, 0.4227601885795593, -0.5125111937522888, -0.129470556974411, -0.16667601466178894, 0.001175082172267139, 0.0269746333360672, 0.22201044857501984, -0.9297645092010498, -0.02253863215446472, -0.2661779820919037, 0.6189122200012207, 0.6436799764633179, -0.24851475656032562, -0.577785849571228, -0.32320618629455566, -0.1575198918581009, 0.40219876170158386, 0.5242190361022949, 0.22963236272335052, 0.5990951061248779, -0.39663857221603394, -0.1664276272058487, 0.06944897025823593, 0.025394972413778305, -0.058854129165410995, 0.06969591230154037, -0.3794028162956238, -0.05095108225941658, -0.23625929653644562, 0.2705731689929962, -0.5410438179969788, -0.5925883054733276, 0.4605273902416229, -0.27082711458206177, -0.6736165285110474, -0.10919533669948578, -0.2492901235818863, -0.4615999162197113, -0.5739014148712158, 0.8688200116157532, 0.8379073143005371, -0.006715885363519192, -0.24303729832172394, 0.03385760635137558, -0.503791868686676, -0.7558255195617676, 0.3592744469642639, 0.6145215630531311, -0.20033594965934753, -0.5402652025222778, 0.8376725912094116, -0.4556386470794678, -0.14257115125656128, -0.3447003662586212, 1.1867622137069702, -0.39992138743400574, -0.365582138299942, -0.08494123816490173, 0.28886017203330994, -0.35533449053764343, 0.14524351060390472, -0.11558570712804794, 0.14041434228420258, 0.349717915058136, 0.5250042080879211, -0.21157047152519226, 0.12805646657943726, -5.363076210021973, 0.38219791650772095, -0.11739325523376465, -0.13640928268432617, -0.43739551305770874, 0.12916432321071625, 0.5621949434280396, 0.24038667976856232, -0.15406911075115204, -0.7232224345207214, -0.4098791778087616, -0.6776808500289917, -0.6740751266479492, 0.8604403734207153, 0.37001490592956543, 0.6612775325775146, 0.49727609753608704, 0.15852659940719604, 0.3171811103820801, 0.6599019765853882, -0.15569211542606354, -0.3729288578033447, -0.980263888835907, 0.4668598175048828, -0.04540088400244713, 0.6949052214622498, -0.5797606110572815, 0.47774457931518555, -1.4263650178909302, -0.06655335426330566, -0.19052477180957794, -0.8170679211616516, -1.1505014896392822, -0.032894864678382874, 0.2904992699623108, 0.3180204927921295, 0.3781997263431549, 0.09170335531234741, -0.09212979674339294, -0.0014000338269397616, 0.05411949008703232, 0.16197660565376282, -0.7189335227012634, 0.17912790179252625, 0.3087675869464874, 0.14236301183700562, -0.5347466468811035, 0.5571022033691406, -0.6407433748245239, 0.40683335065841675, 0.06253655254840851, 0.2006632685661316, 0.5013868808746338, -0.7046397924423218, -0.0674767941236496, 0.46125197410583496, 0.44813159108161926, -0.10366121679544449, -0.0031552519649267197, 0.1059180200099945, 0.3016079366207123, -0.3837403953075409, 0.44876399636268616, 0.0728917270898819, -0.3253764510154724, -0.3647250831127167, -0.17034010589122772, 0.12180342525243759, 0.14467476308345795, -0.3212272822856903, -0.015137974172830582, 1.4024235010147095, 0.18162260949611664, -0.9660735726356506, -0.4128912389278412, -0.14271117746829987, -0.00484762666746974, 0.2135160118341446, -0.45431914925575256, -0.10101114958524704, -0.05518919229507446, -0.8453447818756104, -0.14434248208999634, 0.710139811038971, 0.28823113441467285, -0.14641191065311432, -0.16765840351581573, 0.5059180855751038, -0.5546684861183167, 0.21702323853969574, -0.033284496515989304, -0.2786378860473633, 0.6134447455406189, 0.10152658075094223, 0.6922699809074402, -0.07321362942457199, -0.4095863401889801, 0.5754778385162354, 0.19273315370082855, -0.24405033886432648, -0.7297720313072205, -0.6722373366355896, -0.5203703045845032, -0.6230212450027466, 0.46036994457244873, -0.015062861144542694, -0.2993016839027405, 0.21124820411205292, 0.615468442440033, 0.39191192388534546, 0.5657163858413696, 0.5982938408851624, -0.44111526012420654, -0.3585396707057953, 0.6263574957847595, 0.12050905078649521, -0.3871144950389862, 0.163278266787529, 0.5140720009803772, 0.28774628043174744, -0.4896968603134155, -0.07723972201347351, -0.6714933514595032, 0.06432566046714783, 0.2852776348590851, -0.45415741205215454, 0.5944499373435974, -0.02741866186261177, -0.23636111617088318, -0.28463873267173767, -0.1301867961883545, 1.1474162340164185, -0.7496539950370789, 0.17245006561279297, 0.025846056640148163, -0.29476454854011536, -0.4996810257434845, -0.3069503605365753, -0.41445085406303406, 0.18386954069137573, 0.2907984256744385, 0.2121499925851822, 0.33057132363319397, -0.0954323261976242, 0.18464501202106476, 0.012720908038318157, 0.1288175880908966, 0.2827128469944, -0.024948887526988983, 0.4479769468307495, 0.4007810056209564, -0.09402426332235336, 0.37294232845306396, -0.04164271429181099, -0.44466447830200195, -0.3858949840068817, -0.23941421508789062, 0.29616543650627136, 0.08963160961866379, 0.1582109034061432, 0.49566972255706787, 0.2038404643535614, -1.0917465686798096, -0.8405135273933411, 0.019299490377306938, 0.40346527099609375, -0.3732754588127136, -0.06149163842201233, -0.19716717302799225, 0.5498451590538025, -0.00813058577477932, -0.8325055241584778, -0.8021836876869202, -0.9259559512138367, 0.08745437115430832, -0.4039952754974365, 0.09185879677534103, -0.5885368585586548, -0.05104441195726395, 0.31036487221717834, 0.31930798292160034, -0.23021288216114044, -0.9372877478599548, 0.5843412280082703, 0.6568084359169006, -0.4653492271900177, -0.3962918817996979, 0.10082114487886429, -0.21664279699325562, -0.15719501674175262, -0.13397745788097382, -0.11555564403533936, 0.3808574974536896, 0.8516696095466614, 0.14264126121997833, -0.5148266553878784, -0.1429538130760193, -0.20523445308208466, -0.9164752960205078, -0.3996606171131134, -0.19067078828811646, 0.07882779836654663, -0.14855074882507324, 0.2969280183315277, 0.7079079747200012, -0.8040889501571655, -0.4664260149002075, 0.22653338313102722, 0.2920616567134857, 0.7316864132881165, -0.7072241902351379, -0.7511968612670898, -0.3884980082511902, -0.0855129212141037, -0.02498120628297329, -0.05585972219705582, 0.39929747581481934, -0.29654964804649353, -0.6074429154396057, 0.06704346090555191, 0.11871026456356049, -0.10908123105764389, -0.35958319902420044, -0.4186074137687683, -0.20576851069927216, -0.09876994788646698, 0.3556268811225891, 0.5387588143348694, 0.7004985213279724, -0.6561524271965027, -0.21533802151679993, -0.5501131415367126, -0.38889914751052856, 0.5281310677528381, -0.642034113407135, -0.4217475652694702, -0.00911727175116539, 0.4180693030357361, -0.2257048487663269, -0.483956903219223, -0.10189703851938248, 0.6900398135185242, 0.45947155356407166, -0.18123026192188263, 0.3610529899597168, -0.4165686070919037, 0.4606015086174011, -0.2764025926589966, 0.02905922569334507, 0.7245115041732788, 0.4612094759941101, 0.47443199157714844, -0.5156829357147217, 0.11422131955623627, 0.4219793379306793, -0.6295033693313599, -0.1986684948205948, -0.6630033254623413, 0.10276855528354645, 0.1344219148159027, -0.09586357325315475, 0.10428673774003983, -0.12307228893041611, 0.03047381155192852, -0.08099242299795151, 0.3887740671634674, -0.35575324296951294, 0.4070729911327362, 0.4131297469139099, -0.864995002746582, 0.30641940236091614, -0.757393479347229, -0.6567646265029907, 0.7379595041275024, -0.13874880969524384, 0.35605835914611816, 0.6201974749565125, 0.07681373506784439, -0.3582526743412018, -0.12133913487195969, -0.8371323943138123, 0.10704705119132996, 0.572803795337677, -0.7691366076469421, 0.1833946406841278, -0.5499240756034851, 0.01550579909235239, -0.38238757848739624, -0.010288471356034279, 0.2369450181722641, -0.763012707233429, 0.4753165543079376, -0.5609302520751953, -0.2569383680820465, -0.6149625778198242, -0.5476043820381165, 0.40026170015335083, 0.477021723985672, -0.22530388832092285, 0.1606978327035904, -0.32104751467704773, 0.7545067667961121, 0.4588519334793091, 0.10122375190258026, 0.3003038763999939, 0.05731911212205887, -0.2605920732021332, -0.05294094234704971, -0.27540433406829834, -0.06934377551078796, 0.2923349142074585, 0.010491155087947845, 0.06885094195604324, 0.5017735362052917, -0.7552841305732727, -0.001876986469142139, 0.19501489400863647, -0.18274763226509094, -0.12477368116378784, 0.0016314887907356024, -0.25409096479415894, 0.46830102801322937, 0.7761484980583191, -1.2265517711639404, 0.3663453161716461, 0.23438997566699982, 0.25782984495162964, -0.00418027862906456, -0.9790302515029907, 0.14370261132717133, 0.4580816328525543, 0.20048852264881134, -0.14428675174713135, 0.6484622955322266, 0.3622566759586334, -0.3800249397754669, 0.19458943605422974, -0.6219598054885864, 0.22018741071224213, 0.46880313754081726, 0.18144039809703827, 0.4450756311416626, 0.122585728764534, 0.8567764163017273, -0.06165600195527077, -0.34554532170295715, -0.18744486570358276, 0.7446763515472412, -0.10260188579559326, 0.3532561659812927, 0.32606446743011475, 0.17839415371418, 0.4405832886695862, -0.6063481569290161, 0.4048028588294983, -0.5739141702651978, 0.4332168698310852, 0.09262955188751221, -0.03968026116490364, 0.21005766093730927, 0.3632132411003113, 0.16667895019054413, 0.25083979964256287, -0.22566036880016327, 0.30391639471054077, -0.019270818680524826, 0.22978508472442627, -1.0041155815124512, 0.13598689436912537, 0.44475114345550537, 0.5761999487876892, -0.20038284361362457, 0.03077635169029236, 0.4781751334667206, 0.6602514386177063, 0.48462820053100586, 0.25389766693115234, 0.10034877806901932, 0.21504545211791992, 0.07457229495048523, -0.3763272166252136, 0.2756490111351013, -0.04044802114367485, 0.5568376779556274, -0.1181955337524414, -0.05288829654455185, -0.02303330786526203, 0.5266253352165222, -0.5556780695915222, 0.10314162075519562, 0.13016508519649506, -0.5047078132629395, 0.02616732008755207, 0.5767242312431335, -0.36688995361328125, 0.41220712661743164, -0.4449312686920166, 0.6529889106750488, 0.7482978701591492, 0.5518450140953064, 0.08616021275520325, -0.050870005041360855, -0.41958948969841003, -0.09942110627889633, 0.16550882160663605, -0.011122649535536766, -0.7158926129341125, 0.02537141554057598, -0.8860512375831604, 0.5377099514007568, 0.3615711033344269, -0.1465149223804474, -0.8530773520469666, 0.9060212969779968, -0.2438351809978485, 0.6976742148399353, 0.26853615045547485, 0.31729230284690857, 0.012126372195780277, -0.9751359820365906, 0.4259769916534424, -0.468400776386261, -0.15388284623622894, -0.12807229161262512, -0.5439854264259338, 0.38289961218833923, 0.5073885321617126, 0.14729130268096924, -0.14641663432121277, 0.32033488154411316, -0.23862847685813904, 0.0772661417722702, -0.47148749232292175, 0.08913130313158035, -0.12609608471393585, -0.690156877040863, 0.8271898627281189, 0.5341010689735413, 0.05745744705200195, -0.3704008460044861, 0.18900181353092194, -0.051395680755376816, -0.2863776385784149, -0.15636871755123138, 0.052902963012456894, 0.28598523139953613, -0.3570033013820648, 0.10695947706699371, 0.3377615213394165, 0.12266328185796738, 0.37883639335632324, -0.18366225063800812, 0.1559160202741623, -0.36441150307655334, 0.6380633115768433, 0.19323009252548218, -0.07109224051237106, -0.11863665282726288, 0.3450433611869812, -0.4321220815181732 ]
216361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20security	Food security	Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. The availability of food irrespective of class, gender or region is another one. There is evidence of food security being a concern many thousands of years ago, with central authorities in ancient China and ancient Egypt being known to release food from storage in times of famine. At the 1974 World Food Conference, the term "food security" was defined with an emphasis on supply; food security is defined as the "availability at all times of adequate, nourishing, diverse, balanced and moderate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices". Later definitions added demand and access issues to the definition. The first World Food Summit, held in 1996, stated that food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life." Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all members, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food insecurity, on the other hand, is defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a situation of "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways". Food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or unavailability of critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, or FAO, identified the four pillars of food security as availability, access, utilization, and stability. The United Nations (UN) recognized the Right to Food in the Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and has since said that it is vital for the enjoyment of all other rights. The 1996 World Summit on Food Security declared that "food should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure". Since multiple different international agreements and mechanisms have been developed to address food security. The main global policy to reduce hunger and poverty is in the Sustainable Development Goals. In particular Goal 2: Zero Hunger sets globally agreed on targets to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. Measurement Food security can be measured by calories to digest out to intake per person per day, available on a household budget. In general, the objective of food security indicators and measurements is to capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability, accessibility, and utilization/adequacy. While availability (production and supply) and utilization/adequacy (nutritional status/anthropometric measurement) are easier to estimate and, therefore, more popular, accessibility (the ability to acquire the sufficient quantity and quality of food) remains largely elusive. The factors influencing household food accessibility are often context-specific. Several measurements have been developed to capture the access component of food security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project, collaborating with Cornell and Tufts University and Africare and World Vision. These include: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) – continuously measures the degree of food insecurity (inaccessibility) in the household in the previous month Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) – measures the number of different food groups consumed over a specific reference period (24hrs/48hrs/7days). Household Hunger Scale (HHS)- measures the experience of household food deprivation based on a set of predictable reactions, captured through a survey and summarized in a scale. Coping Strategies Index (CSI) – assesses household behaviors and rates them based on a set of varied established behaviors on how households cope with food shortages. The methodology for this research is based on collecting data on a single question: "What do you do when you do not have enough food, and do not have enough money to buy food?" Food insecurity is measured in the United States by questions in the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey. The questions asked are about anxiety that the household budget is inadequate to buy enough food, inadequacy in the quantity or quality of food eaten by adults and children in the household, and instances of reduced food intake or consequences of reduced food intake for adults and for children. A National Academy of Sciences study commissioned by the USDA criticized this measurement and the relationship of "food security" to hunger, adding "it is not clear whether hunger is appropriately identified as the extreme end of the food security scale." The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) collaborate every year to produce The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, or SOFI report (known as The State of Food Insecurity in the World until 2015). The SOFI report measures hunger (or undernourishment) by means of two main indicators, the Number of undernourished (NoU) and the Prevalence of undernourishment (PoU). Beginning in the early 2010s, FAO incorporated more complex metrics into its calculations, including estimates of food losses in retail distribution for each country and the volatility in agri-food systems. Recent editions of the SOFI report present evidence that the decades-long decline in hunger in the world, as measured by the Number of undernourished (NoU), has ended. In the 2020 report, FAO used newly accessible data from China to revise the global NoU downwards to nearly 690 million, or 8.9 percent of the world population – but having recalculated the historic hunger series accordingly, it confirmed that the number of hungry people in the world, albeit lower than previously thought, had been slowly increasing since 2014. On broader measures, the SOFI report found that far more people suffered some form of food insecurity, with 3 billion or more unable to afford even the cheapest healthy diet.The 2021 report estimates that between 720 and 811 million people in the world faced hunger in 2020 – as many as 161 million more than in 2019. Nearly 2.37 billion people did not have access to adequate food in 2020 – an increase of 320 million people in just one year. FAO’s 2021 edition of The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) further estimates that an additional 1 billion people (mostly on lower- and upper-middle-income countries) are at risk of not affording a healthy diet if a shock were to reduce their income by a third. Rates The 2020 edition of the SOFI report found that even if the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic were excluded, the world was not on track to achieve Zero Hunger, or Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Additionally, preliminary projections suggested that the pandemic would add up to 132 million people to the ranks of the undernourished before the end of 2020. Examples of food insecurity Famines have been frequent in world history. Some have killed millions and substantially diminished the population of a large area. The most common causes have been drought and war, but the greatest famines in history were caused by economic policy. A variety of reasons lies behind the increase in hunger over the past few years. Slowdowns and downturns since the 2008-9 financial crisis have conspired to degrade social conditions, making undernourishment more prevalent. Structural imbalances and a lack of inclusive policies have combined with extreme weather events; altered environmental conditions; and the spread of pests and diseases to trigger stubborn cycles of poverty and hunger. Inequality in the distributions of assets, resources and income, compounded by the absence or scarcity of welfare provisions in the poorest countries, are further undermining access to food. Nearly a tenth of the world population still lives on USD 1.90 or less a day, with sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia the regions most affected. High import and export dependence ratios are meanwhile making many countries more vulnerable to external shocks. In many low-income economies, debt has swollen to levels far exceeding GDP, eroding growth prospects. Finally, the world is facing ever greater threats to institutional stability, protracted violence and mass displacement. Between 2010 and 2018, the number of displaced people grew by 70 percent to reach 70.8 million, most of whom were being hosted in developing countries. Food security by country Afghanistan In Afghanistan, about 35.5% of households are food insecure. The prevalence of under-weight, stunting, and wasting in children under five years of age is also very high. Western countries suspended humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021. The United States has frozen about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in U.S. bank accounts. In October 2021, more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage. On 11 November 2021, the Human Rights Watch reported that Afghanistan is facing widespread famine due to collapsed economy and broken banking system. The UN World Food Program has also issued multiple warnings of worsening food insecurity. China The persistence of wet markets has been described as "critical for ensuring urban food security", particularly in Chinese cities. The influence of wet markets on urban food security include food pricing and physical accessibility. Calling food waste "shameful", General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping launched "Operation empty plate". Xi stressed that there should be a sense of crisis about food security. In 2020, China witnessed a rise in food prices, due to the COVID-19 outbreak and mass flooding that wiped out the country's crops, which made food security a priority for Xi. Mexico Food insecurity has been an issue for Mexico throughout its history. Although food availability is not the issue, severe deficiencies in the accessibility of food contribute to the insecurity. Between 2003 and 2005, the total Mexican food supply was well above the level sufficient to meet the requirements of the Mexican population, averaging 3,270 kilocalories per daily capita, which is higher than the minimum requirements of 1,850 kilocalories per daily capita. However, at least 10 percent of the population in every Mexican state suffers from inadequate food access. In nine states, 25–35 percent live in food-insecure households. More than 10 percent of the populations of seven Mexican states fall into the category of Serious Food Insecurity. The issue of food inaccessibility is magnified by chronic child malnutrition, as well as obesity in children, adolescents, and families. Mexico is vulnerable to drought, which can further cripple agriculture. Singapore In 2019, Singapore managed to produce only 13% of all leafy vegetables consumed, 24% of its eggs, and 9% of its fish. In 1965, it was still able to produce 60% of its vegetable demand, 80% of its poultry, and 100% of its eggs. In 2019, it announced it launched the "30 by 30" program which aims to drastically reduce its food insecurity through hydroponic farms and aquaculture farms. United States The Department of Agriculture defines food insecurity as "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways." Food security is defined by the USDA as "access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life." National Food Security Surveys are the main survey tool used by the USDA to measure food security in the United States. Based on respondents' answers to survey questions, the household can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. The continuum of food security ranges from households that consistently have access to nutritious food to households where at least one or more members routinely go without food due to economic reasons. Economic Research Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food insecure at some point in 2012. Across 2016, 2017 and 2018: 11.1 percent (14.3 million) of U.S. households were food insecure at some time during 2018. In 6.8 percent of households with children, only adults were food insecure in 2018. Both children and adults were food insecure in 7.1 percent of households with children (2.7 million households) in 2018. 11.8 percent (15.0 million) of U.S. households were food insecure at some time during 2017. 7.4 percent (9.4 million) of U.S. households had low food security in 2016. 4.9 percent (6.1 million) of U.S. households had very low food security at some time during 2016. Both children and adults were food insecure in 8.0 percent of households with children (3.1 million households). Democratic Republic of Congo The Democratic Republic of Congo is the second-largest country in Africa and is dealing with food insecurity. Although they have an abundance of natural resources, they lack accessibility of essential foods, which makes it difficult for the Congolese people in their daily lives. Malnutrition is high among children, which affects their ability, and children who live in a rural area are affected more than children who live in an urban area. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, about 33% of households are food insecure; it is 60% in eastern provinces. A study showed the correlation of food insecurity negatively affecting at-risk HIV adults in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2007–2008, grain prices increased and the people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo went into civil unrest. There were riots and protests. Hunger is frequent in the country, but sometimes it is to the extreme that many families cannot afford to eat every day. Bushmeat trade was used to measure the trend of food security. The trend signifies the amount of consumption in urban and rural areas. Urban areas mainly consume bushmeat because they cannot afford other types of meat. Feed the Future In 2010, the government of the United States began the Feed the Future Initiative. The initiative is expected to work on the basis of country-led priorities that call for consistent support by the governments, donor organizations, the private sector, and the civil society to accomplish its long-term goals. World Summit on Food Security The World Summit on Food Security, held in Rome in 1996, aimed to renew a global commitment to the fight against hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) called the summit in response to widespread under-nutrition and growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. The conference produced two key documents, the Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action. The Rome Declaration called for the members of the United Nations to work to halve the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015. The Plan of Action set a number of targets for government and non-governmental organizations for achieving food security, at the individual, household, national, regional, and global levels. Another World Summit on Food Security took place at the FAO's headquarters in Rome between November 16 and 18, 2009. The decision to convene the summit was taken by the Council of FAO in June 2009, at the proposal of FAO Director-General Dr Jacques Diouf. Heads of state and government attended this summit. Pillars of food security The WHO states that there are three pillars that determine food security: food availability, food access, and food use and misuse. The FAO adds a fourth pillar: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over time. In 2009, the World Summit on Food Security stated that the "four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilization, and stability". Availability Food availability relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange. Food production is determined by a variety of factors including land ownership and use; soil management; crop selection, breeding, and management; livestock breeding and management; and harvesting. Crop production can be affected by changes in rainfall and temperatures. The use of land, water, and energy to grow food often competes with other uses, which can affect food production. Land used for agriculture can be used for urbanization or lost to desertification, salinization, and soil erosion due to unsustainable agricultural practices. Crop production is not required for a country to achieve food security. Nations do not have to have the natural resources required to produce crops in order to achieve food security, as seen in the examples of Japan and Singapore. Because food consumers outnumber producers in every country, food must be distributed to different regions or nations. Food distribution involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and marketing of food. Food-chain infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also affect the amount of food wasted in the distribution process. Poor transport infrastructure can increase the price of supplying water and fertilizer as well as the price of moving food to national and global markets. Around the world, few individuals or households are continuously self-reliant for food. This creates the need for a bartering, exchange, or cash economy to acquire food. The exchange of food requires efficient trading systems and market institutions, which can affect food security. Per capita world food supplies are more than adequate to provide food security to all, and thus food accessibility is a greater barrier to achieving food security. Access Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and households. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights noted that the causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an inability to access available food, usually due to poverty. Poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an individual or household is to food price spikes. Access depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its own food. Households with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and local food shortages and maintain their access to food. There are two distinct types of access to food: direct access, in which a household produces food using human and material resources, and economic access, in which a household purchases food produced elsewhere. Location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on. The assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can determine a household's access to food. However, the ability to access sufficient food may not lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services. Demographics and education levels of members of the household as well as the gender of the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that are purchased. A household's access to enough and nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake of all household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently meet the requirements of each member of the household. The USDA adds that access to food must be available in socially acceptable ways, without, for example, resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies. Utilization The next pillar of food security is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by individuals. Once food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors affect the quantity and quality of food that reaches members of the household. In order to achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and must be enough to meet the physiological requirements of each individual. Food safety affects food utilization, and can be affected by the preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the community and household. Nutritional values of the household determine food choice, and whether food meets cultural preferences is important to utilization in terms of psychological and social well-being. Access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization, since the health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized. For example, intestinal parasites can take nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization. Sanitation can also decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization. Education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization and improve this pillar of food security. Stability Food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food insecurity can be transitory, seasonal, or chronic. In transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during certain periods of time. At the food production level, natural disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability. Civil conflicts can also decrease access to food. Instability in markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity. Other factors that can temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or productivity, which can be caused by illness. Seasonal food insecurity can result from the regular pattern of growing seasons in food production. Chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term, persistent lack of adequate food. In this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable to acquire food to meet the needs of all members. Chronic and transitory food insecurity are linked, since the reoccurrence of transitory food security can make households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity. Effects of food insecurity Famine and hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger; ensuring food security presupposes elimination of that vulnerability. Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies Many countries experience ongoing food shortages and distribution problems. These result in chronic and often widespread hunger amongst significant numbers of people. Human populations can respond to chronic hunger and malnutrition by decreasing body size, known in medical terms as stunting or stunted growth. This process starts in utero if the mother is malnourished and continues through approximately the third year of life. It leads to higher infant and child mortality, but at rates far lower than during famines. Once stunting has occurred, improved nutritional intake after the age of about two years is unable to reverse the damage. Stunting itself can be viewed as a coping mechanism, bringing body size into alignment with the calories available during adulthood in the location where the child is born. Limiting body size as a way of adapting to low levels of energy (calories) adversely affects health in three ways: Premature failure of vital organs during adulthood. For example, a 50-year-old individual might die of heart failure because his/her heart suffered structural defects during early development; Stunted individuals suffer a higher rate of disease and illness than those who have not undergone stunting; Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in cognitive development. It therefore creates disparity among children who did not experience severe malnutrition and those who experience it. Between 2000 and 2019, the global prevalence of child stunting declined by one-third. Worldwide, the prevalence of child stunting was 21.3 percent in 2019, or 144 million children. Central Asia, Eastern Asia and the Caribbean have the largest rates of reduction in the prevalence of stunting and are the only subregions on track to achieve the 2025 and 2030 stunting targets. Although there has been some progress, the world is not on track to achieve the global nutrition targets, including those on child stunting, wasting and overweight by 2030. Depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders A recent comprehensive systematic review showed that over 50 studies have shown that food insecurity is strongly associated with a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. For depression and anxiety, food-insecure individuals have almost a threefold risk increase compared to food-secure individuals. Challenges to achieving food security Global water crisis Water deficits, which are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous smaller countries, may soon do the same in larger countries, such as China or India. The water tables are falling in scores of countries (including northern China, the US, and India) due to widespread overpumping using powerful diesel and electric pumps. Other countries affected include Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. This will eventually lead to water scarcity and cutbacks in grain harvest. Even with the overpumping of its aquifers, China is developing a grain deficit. When this happens, it will almost certainly drive grain prices upward. Most of the 3 billion people projected to be born worldwide by mid-century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages. After China and India, there is a second tier of smaller countries with large water deficits – Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Mexico, and Pakistan. Four of these already import a large share of their grain. Only Pakistan remains self-sufficient. But with a population expanding by 4 million a year, it will likely soon turn to the world market for grain. Regionally, Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of water-stressed countries of any place on the globe, as of an estimated 800 million people who live in Africa, 300 million live in a water-stressed environment. It is estimated that by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people in Africa will be living in areas of high water stress, which will likely displace anywhere between 24 million and 700 million people as conditions become increasingly unlivable. Because the majority of Africa remains dependent on an agricultural lifestyle and 80 to 90 percent of all families in rural Africa rely upon producing their own food, water scarcity translates to a loss of food security. Multimillion-dollar investments beginning in the 1990s by the World Bank have reclaimed desert and turned the Ica Valley in Peru, one of the driest places on earth, into the largest supplier of asparagus in the world. However, the constant irrigation has caused a rapid drop in the water table, in some places as much as eight meters per year, one of the fastest rates of aquifer depletion in the world. The wells of small farmers and local people are beginning to run dry and the water supply for the main city in the valley is under threat. As a cash crop, asparagus has provided jobs for local people, but most of the money goes to the buyers, mainly the British. A 2010 report concluded that the industry is not sustainable and accuses investors, including the World Bank, of failing to take proper responsibility for the effect of their decisions on the water resources of poorer countries. Diverting water from the headwaters of the Ica River to asparagus fields has also led to a water shortage in the mountain region of Huancavelica, where indigenous communities make a marginal living herding. Land degradation Several definitions of land degradation exist from literature with varying emphasis on biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services. One definition of land degradation is "a negative trend in the condition of land that is caused by direct or indirect human-induced processes inclusive of anthropogenic climate change which is expressed as a long-term loss or reduction of at least one of the following: biological productivity, ecological integrity or value to humans." This definition is applicable to forest and non-forest land and soil degradation. Intensive farming often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility and decline of agricultural yields. Other causes of land degradation include deforestation, overgrazing, over exploitation of vegetation for use. Approximately 40 percent of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. According to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, Africa might be able to feed just 25 percent of its population by 2025. Climate change Over the coming decades, a changing climate and environmental stressors will have significant yet uncertain impacts on global food security. Extreme events, such as droughts and floods, are forecast to increase with climate change. Ranging from flash floods to gradually worsening droughts, these will have a range of effects on agriculture as well as the plants that various communities are able to grow. According to the Climate & Development Knowledge Network report Managing Climate Extremes and Disasters in the Agriculture Sectors: Lessons from the IPCC SREX Report, the effects will include changing productivity and livelihood patterns, economic losses, and effects on infrastructure, markets and food security. Food security in future will be linked to our ability to adapt agricultural systems to extreme events. An example of a shifting weather pattern would be a rise in temperatures. As temperatures rise due to climate change there is a risk of a diminished food supply due to heat damage. Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the drainage basin of the Himalayan rivers. India, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by severe droughts in coming decades. In India alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million people. Glaciers are not the only worry that the developing nations have; sea level is reported to rise as climate change progresses, reducing the amount of land available for agriculture. In other parts of the world, a big effect will be low yields of grain according to the World Food Trade Model, specifically in the low latitude regions where much of the developing world is located. From this the price of grain will rise, along with the developing nations trying to grow the grain. Due to this, every 2–2.5% price hike will increase the number of hungry people by 1%. Low crop yields are just one of the problem facing farmers in the low latitudes and tropical regions. The timing and length of the growing seasons, when farmers plant their crops, are going to be changing dramatically, per the USDA, due to unknown changes in soil temperature and moisture conditions. Another way of thinking about food security and climate change comes from Evan Fraser, a geographer working at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. His approach is to explore the vulnerability of food systems to climate change and he defines vulnerability to climate change as situations that occur when relatively minor environmental problems cause major effects on food security. Examples of this include the Ethiopian Famine in the early 1980s. Three factors stand out as common in such cases, and these three factors act as a diagnostic "tool kit" through which to identify cases where food security may be vulnerable to climate change. These factors are: (1) specialized agro-ecosystems; (2) households with very few livelihood options other than farming; (3) situations where formal institutions do not provide adequate safety nets to protect people. "The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) estimates that an additional US$ 7.1–7.3 billion per year are needed in agricultural investments to offset the negative effect of climate change on nutrition for children by 2050 (Table 6)." Agricultural diseases Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on food availability especially if there are no contingency plans in place. For example, Ug99, a lineage of wheat stem rust, which can cause up to 100% crop losses, is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide. The genetic diversity of the crop wild relatives of wheat can be used to improve modern varieties to be more resistant to rust. In their centers of origin wild wheat plants are screened for resistance to rust, then their genetic information is studied and finally wild plants and modern varieties are crossed through means of modern plant breeding in order to transfer the resistance genes from the wild plants to the modern varieties. Food versus fuel Farmland and other agricultural resources have long been used to produce non-food crops including industrial materials such as cotton, flax, and rubber; drug crops such as tobacco and opium, and biofuels such as firewood, etc. In the 21st century the production of fuel crops has increased, adding to this diversion. However technologies are also developed to commercially produce food from energy such as natural gas and electrical energy with tiny water and land foot print. Politics Nobel Prize winning economist Amartya Sen observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur. The 20th century has examples of governments, as in Collectivization in the Soviet Union or the Great Leap Forward in the People's Republic of China undermining the food security of their own nations. Mass starvation is frequently a weapon of war, as in the blockade of Germany, the Battle of the Atlantic, and the blockade of Japan during World War I and World War II and in the Hunger Plan enacted by Nazi Germany. Governments sometimes have a narrow base of support, built upon cronyism and patronage. Fred Cuny pointed out in 1999 that under these conditions: "The distribution of food within a country is a political issue. Governments in most countries give priority to urban areas, since that is where the most influential and powerful families and enterprises are usually located. The government often neglects subsistence farmers and rural areas in general. The more remote and underdeveloped the area the less likely the government will be to effectively meet its needs. Many agrarian policies, especially the pricing of agricultural commodities, discriminate against rural areas. Governments often keep prices of basic grains at such artificially low levels that subsistence producers cannot accumulate enough capital to make investments to improve their production. Thus, they are effectively prevented from getting out of their precarious situation." Socialist governments have used food as a political weapon, rewarding supporters while denying food supplies to areas that oppose their rule. Under such conditions food becomes a currency with which to buy support and famine becomes an effective weapon against opposition. A government with a strong tendency towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. When the rule of law is absent, or is non-existent, farmers have little incentive to improve their productivity. If a farm becomes noticeably more productive than neighboring farms, it may become the target of individuals well connected to the government. Rather than risk being noticed and possibly losing their land, farmers may be content with the perceived safety of mediocrity. Food sovereignty The approach known as food sovereignty views the business practices of multinational corporations as a form of neocolonialism. It contends that multinational corporations have the financial resources available to buy up the agricultural resources of impoverished nations, particularly in the tropics. They also have the political clout to convert these resources to the exclusive production of cash crops for sale to industrialized nations outside of the tropics, and in the process to squeeze the poor off of the more productive lands. Under this view, subsistence farmers are left to cultivate only lands that are so marginal in terms of productivity as to be of no interest to the multinational corporations. Likewise, food sovereignty holds it to be true that communities should be able to define their own means of production and that food is a basic human right. With several multinational corporations now pushing agricultural technologies on developing countries, technologies that include improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, crop production has become an increasingly analyzed and debated issue. Food loss and waste Food waste may be diverted for alternative human consumption when economic variables allow for it. In the 2019 edition of the State of Food and Agriculture, FAO asserted that food loss and waste has potential effects on the four pillars of food security. However, the links between food loss and waste reduction and food security are complex, and positive outcomes are not always certain. Reaching acceptable levels of food security and nutrition inevitably implies certain levels of food loss and waste. Maintaining buffers to ensure food stability requires a certain amount of food to be lost or wasted. At the same time, ensuring food safety involves discarding unsafe food, which then is counted as lost or wasted, while higher-quality diets tend to include more highly perishable foods. How the impacts on the different dimensions of food security play out and affect the food security of different population groups depends on where in the food supply chain the reduction in losses or waste takes place as well as on where nutritionally vulnerable and food-insecure people are located geographically. The waste of consumable food is even gaining attention from large food conglomerates. For instance, due to low food prices, simply discarding irregular carrots has typically been more cost-effective than spending money on the extra labor or machinery necessary to handle them. A juice factory in the Netherlands, however, has developed a process to efficiently divert and use previously rejected carrots, and its parent company is expanding this innovation to plants in Great Britain. In recent years, France has worked to combat food insecurity, in part by addressing food waste; since 2013 the country has passed laws prohibiting grocery stores from discarding unsold food items, requiring that they instead donate the food to designated charities. Nevertheless, according to The Economist's Global Food Security Index, overall food insecurity remains more severe in France than the United States despite higher nation-wide estimates of food waste in the U.S. Local efforts can directly help regional food security, particularly when residents become mindful of the juxtaposition of food insecurity in their communities with their own food waste at home. Learning that the average family of four throws away $1,500 worth of food per year while neighbors may be going hungry can provide the motivation to waste less and give more: waste less money at the grocery store and give more to the food pantry. Drying of Lake Chad and armed conflicts The drying of Lake Chad and regional armed conflicts have been reviewed as some of the factors that affect food security and resilience in the Sudano-Sahelian drylands of Nigeria. Recently, 43 rice farmers were killed in Borno State, Nigeria by Boko Haram insurgents. This undoubtedly has a knock-on effect on food distribution and can potentially deter would-be farmers from the area. Risks to food security Population growth 2017 UN projections show a continued increase in population in the future (but a steady decline in the population growth rate), with the global population expected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. Estimates by the UN Population Division for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion; mathematical modeling supports the lower estimate. Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth, highlighting the growing pressures on the environment, global food supplies, and energy resources. Solutions for feeding the extra billions in the future are being studied and documented. Fossil fuel dependence While agricultural output has increased, energy consumption to produce a crop has also increased at a greater rate, so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over time. Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, many of which are petroleum products, making agriculture increasingly reliant on petroleum. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled irrigation. Economic Price setting In 2008, Thailand, one of the world's biggest rice exporters, announced the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries with the potential to develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice. It is a project to organize 21 rice exporting countries to create a homonymous organisation to control the price of rice. The group is mainly made up of Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. The organization attempts to serve the purpose of making a "contribution to ensuring food stability, not just in an individual country but also to address food shortages in the region and the world". However, it is still questionable whether this organization will serve its role as an effective rice price fixing cartel, that is similar to OPEC's mechanism for managing petroleum. Economic analysts and traders said the proposal would go nowhere because of the inability of governments to cooperate with each other and control farmers' output. Moreover, countries that are involved expressed their concern that this could only worsen the food security. Inflation Inflation can jeopardize food security and decrease the effectiveness of measures meant to achieve it. Land use change China needs not less than 120 million hectares of arable land for its food security. China has reported a surplus of 15 million hectares. By contrast, some 4 million hectares of conversion to urban use and 3 million hectares of contaminated land have also been reported. A survey found that 2.5% of China's arable land is too contaminated to grow food without harm. Global catastrophic risks As anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions reduce the stability of the global climate, abrupt climate change could become more intense. The impact of an asteroid or comet larger than about 1 km diameter has the potential to block the sun globally, causing impact winter. Particles in the troposphere would quickly rain out, but particles in the stratosphere, especially sulfate, could remain there for years. Similarly, a supervolcanic eruption would reduce the potential of agricultural production from solar photosynthesis, causing volcanic winter. The Toba super volcanic eruption approximately 70,000 years ago may have nearly caused the extinction of humans (see Toba catastrophe theory). Again, primarily sulfate particles could block the sun for years. Solar blocking is not limited to natural causes as nuclear winter is also possible, which refers to the scenario involving widespread nuclear war and burning of cities that release soot into the stratosphere that would stay there for about 10 years. The high stratospheric temperatures produced by soot absorbing solar radiation would create near-global ozone hole conditions even for a regional nuclear conflict. A sufficiently powerful geomagnetic storm could result in the sudden absence of access to electricity in large areas of the world. Because industrial farming is increasingly dependent on constant access to electricity, for example in precision livestock farming, a geomagnetic storm could potentially have devastating effects to the food production. The World Food Programme has stated that pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic risk undermining the efforts of humanitarian and food security organizations to maintain food security. The International Food Policy Research Institute expressed concerns that the increased connections between markets and the complexity of food and economic systems could cause disruptions to food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically affecting the poor. The Ebola outbreak in 2014 led to increases in the prices of staple foods in West Africa. Agricultural subsidies in the United States Agricultural subsidies are paid to farmers and agribusinesses to supplement their income, manage the supply of their commodities and influence the cost and supply of those commodities. In the United States, the main crops the government subsidizes contribute to the obesity problem; since 1995, $300 billion have gone to crops that are used to create junk food. Taxpayers heavily subsidize corn and soy, which are primary ingredients in processed foods and fatty foods not encouraged by the government, and are also used to fatten livestock. Half of farmland is devoted to corn and soy, and the rest is wheat. Soy and corn can be found in sweeteners like high fructose corn syrup. Over $19 billion during the prior 18 years to 2013 was spent to incent farmers to grow the crops, raising the price of fruits and vegetables by about 40% and lowering the price of dairy and other animal products. Little land is used for fruit and vegetable farming. Corn, a pillar of American agriculture for years, is now mainly used for ethanol, high fructose corn syrup and bio-based plastics. About 40 percent of corn is used for ethanol and 36% is used as animal feed. A tiny fraction of corn is used as a food source, and much of that fraction is used for high-fructose corn syrup, which is a main ingredient in processed, unhealthy junk food. People who ate the most subsidized food had a 37% higher risk of being obese compared to people who ate the least amount of subsidized food. This brings up the concern that minority communities are more prone to risks of obesity due to financial limitations. The subsidies result in those commodities being cheap to the public, compared to those recommended by dietary guidelines. U.S. President Donald Trump proposed a 21% cut to government discretionary spending in the agriculture sector, which has met partisan resistance. This budget proposal would also reduce spending on the Special Supplement Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, albeit less than President Obama did. Children and food security On April 29, 2008, a UNICEF UK report found that the world's poorest and most vulnerable children are being hit the hardest by climate change. The report, "Our Climate, Our Children, Our Responsibility: The Implications of Climate Change for the World's Children", says that access to clean water and food supplies will become more difficult, particularly in Africa and Asia. In the United States By way of comparison, in one of the largest food producing countries in the world, the United States, approximately one out of six people are "food insecure", including 17 million children, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2009. A 2012 study in the Journal of Applied Research on Children found that rates of food security varied significantly by race, class and education. In both kindergarten and third grade, 8% of the children were classified as food insecure, but only 5% of white children were food insecure, while 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic children were food insecure, respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of Hispanic children were food insecure compared to 5% of white children. There are also regional variations in food security. Although food insecurity can be difficult to measure, 45% of elementary and secondary students in Maine qualify for free or reduced-price school lunch; by some measures Maine has been declared the most food-insecure of the New England states. Transportation challenges and distance are common barriers to families in rural areas who seek food assistance. Social stigma is another important consideration, and for children, sensitively administering in-school programs can make the difference between success and failure. For instance, when John Woods, co-founder of Full Plates, Full Potential, learned that embarrassed students were shying away from the free breakfasts being distributed at a school he was working with, he made arrangements to provide breakfast free of charge to all of the students there. According to a 2015 Congressional Budget Office report on child nutrition programs, it is more likely that food insecure children will participate in school nutrition programs than children from food secure families. School nutrition programs, such as the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program (SBP) have provided millions of children access to healthier lunch and breakfast meals, since their inceptions in the mid-1900s. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NSLP has served over 300 million, while SBP has served about 10 million students each day. Nevertheless, far too many qualifying students still fail to receive these benefits simply due to not submitting the necessary paperwork. Multiple studies have reported that school nutrition programs play an important role in ensuring students are accessing healthy meals. Students who ate school lunches provided by NLSP showed higher diet quality than if they had their own lunches. Even more, the USDA improved standards for school meals, which ultimately led to positive impacts on children's food selection and eating habits. Countless partnerships have emerged in the quest for food security. A number of federal nutrition programs exist to provide food specifically for children, including the Summer Food Service Program, Special Milk Program (SMP) and Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), and community and state organizations often network with these programs. The Summer Food Program in Bangor, Maine, is run by the Bangor Housing Authority and sponsored by Good Shepherd Food Bank. In turn, Waterville Maine's Thomas College, for example, is among the organizations holding food drives to collect donations for Good Shepherd. Children whose families qualify for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) may also receive food assistance. WIC alone served approximately 7.6 million participants, 75% of which are children and infants. Despite the sizable populations served by these programs, Conservatives have regularly targeted these programs for defunding. Conservatives' arguments against school nutrition programs include fear of wasting food and fraud from applications. On January 23, 2017, H.R.610 was introduced to the House by Republican Representative Steve King. The bill seeks to repeal a rule set by the Food and Nutrition Service of the Department of Agriculture, which mandates schools to provide more nutritious and diverse foods across the food plate. Two months later, the Trump administration released a preliminary 2018 budget that proposed a $2 billion cut from WIC. Food insecurity in children can lead to developmental impairments and long term consequences such as weakened physical, intellectual and emotional development. Food insecurity is also related to obesity for people living in - "food deserts" - neighborhoods where nutritious foods are unavailable or unaffordable. People living in these neighborhoods often have to turn to more accessible but less nutritious food which puts them at greater risk of health issues like obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Gender and food security Gender inequality both leads to and is a result of food insecurity. According to estimates, girls and women make up 60% of the world's chronically hungry and little progress has been made in ensuring the equal right to food for women enshrined in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Women face discrimination both in education and employment opportunities and within the household, where their bargaining power is lower. Women's employment is essential for not only advancing gender equality within the workforce, but ensuring a sustainable future as it means less pressure for high birth rates and net migration. On the other hand, gender equality is described as instrumental to ending malnutrition and hunger. Women tend to be responsible for food preparation and childcare within the family and are more likely to spend their income on food and their children's needs. Women also play an important role in food production, processing, distribution and marketing. They often work as unpaid family workers, are involved in subsistence farming and represent about 43% of the agricultural labor force in developing countries, varying from 20% in Latin America to 50% in Eastern and Southeastern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, women face discrimination in access to land, credit, technologies, finance and other services. Empirical studies suggest that if women had the same access to productive resources as men, women could boost their yields by 20–30%, raising the overall agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5 to 4%. While these are rough estimates, there would be a significant benefit of closing the gender gap on agricultural productivity. The gendered aspects of food security are visible along the four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization and stability, as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization. The number of people affected by hunger is extremely high, with enormous effects on girls and women. There is sentiment that making this trend disappear should be a top priority for governments and international institutions. This is because food insecurity is an issue concerning equality, rights and social justice. Factors like capitalism, exploration of Indigenous lands all contribute to food insecurity for minorities and the people who are the most oppressed in various countries (women being one of these oppressed groups). Because girls and women are the most oppressed by the inequitable global economic processes that govern food systems and by global trends such as climate change, it is reflective of how institutions continue to place women in positions of disadvantage and impoverishment to make money and thrive on capitalizing the food system. When the government withholds food by raising its prices to amounts only privileged people can afford, they both benefit and are able to control the lower-class/marginalized people via the food market. Use of genetically modified (GM) crops One of the most up-and-coming techniques to ensuring global food security is the use of genetically modified (GM) crops. The genome of these crops can be altered to address one or more aspects of the plant that may be preventing it from being grown in various regions under certain conditions. Many of these alterations can address the challenges that were previously mentioned above, including the water crisis, land degradation, and the ever-changing climate. In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield by creating high-yielding varieties. Often, the handful of hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the rest of the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. The area sown to genetically engineered crops in developing countries is rapidly catching up with the area sown in industrial nations. According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), GM crops were grown by approximately 8.5 million farmers in 21 countries in 2005; up from 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries in 2004. Opposition to GM crops Some scientists question the safety of biotechnology as a panacea; agroecologists Miguel Altieri and Peter Rosset have enumerated ten reasons why biotechnology will not ensure food security, protect the environment, or reduce poverty. Reasons include: There is no relationship between the prevalence of hunger in a given country and its population Most innovations in agricultural biotechnology have been profit-driven rather than need-driven Ecological theory predicts that the large-scale landscape homogenization with transgenic crops will exacerbate the ecological problems already associated with monoculture agriculture And, that much of the needed food can be produced by small farmers located throughout the world using existing agroecological technologies. Based on evidence from previous attempts, there is a likely lack of transferability of one type of GM crop from one region to another. For example, modified crops that have proven successful in Asia from the Green Revolution have failed when tried in regions of Africa. More research must be done regarding the specific requirements of growing a specific crop in a specific region. There is also a drastic lack of education given to governments, farmers, and the community about the science behind GM crops, as well as suitable growing practices. In most relief programs, farmers are given seeds with little explanation and little attention is paid to the resources available to them or even laws that prohibit them from distributing produce. Governments are often not advised on the economic and health implications that come with growing GM crops, and are then left to make judgments on their own. Because they have so little information regarding these crops, they usually shy away from allowing them or do not take the time and effort required to regulate their use. Members of the community that will then consume the produce from these crops are also left in the dark about what these modifications mean and are often scared off by their 'unnatural' origins. This has resulted in failure to properly grow crops as well as strong opposition to the unknown practices. A study published in June 2016 evaluated the status of the implementation of Golden Rice, which was first developed in the 1990s to produce higher levels of Vitamin A than its non-GMO counterparts. This strain of rice was designed so that malnourished women and children in third world countries who were more susceptible to deficiencies could easily improve their Vitamin A intake levels and prevent blindness, which is a common result. Golden Rice production was centralized to the Philippines, yet there have been many hurdles to jump in order to get production moving. The study showed that the project is far behind schedule and is not living up to its expectations. Although research on Golden Rice still continues, the country has moved forward with other non-GMO initiatives to address the Vitamin A deficiency problem that is so pervasive in that region. Many anti-GMO activists argue that the use of GM crops decreases biodiversity among plants. Livestock biodiversity is also threatened by the modernization of agriculture and the focus on more productive major breeds. Therefore, efforts have been made by governments and non-governmental organizations to conserve livestock biodiversity through strategies such as cryoconservation of animal genetic resources. Support of GM crops Many GM crop success stories exist, primarily in developed nations like the US, China, and various countries in Europe. Common GM crops include cotton, maize, and soybeans, all of which are grown throughout North and South America as well as regions of Asia. Modified cotton crops, for example, have been altered such that they are resistant to pests, can grown in more extreme heat, cold, or drought, and produce longer, stronger fibers to be used in textile production. One of the biggest threats to rice, which is a staple food crop especially in India and other countries within Asia, is blast disease, which is a fungal infection that causes lesions to form on all parts of the plant. A genetically engineered strain of rice has been developed so that it is resistant to blast, greatly improving the crop yield of farmers and allowing rice to be more accessible to everyone. Some other crops have been modified such that they produce higher yields per plant or that they require less land for growing. The latter can be helpful in extreme climates with little arable land and also decreases deforestation, as fewer trees need to be cut down in order to make room for crop fields. Others yet have been altered such that they do not require the use of insecticides or fungicides. This addresses various health concerns associated with such pesticides and can also work to improve biodiversity within the area in which these crops are grown. In a review of Borlaug's 2000 publication entitled Ending world hunger: the promise of biotechnology and the threat of antiscience zealotry, the authors argued that Borlaug's warnings were still true in 2010,Research conducted by the GMO Risk Assessment and Communication of Evidence (GRACE) program through the EU between 2007 and 2013 focused on many uses of GM crops and evaluated many facets of their effects on human, animal, and environmental health. The body of scientific evidence concluding that GM foods are safe to eat and do not pose environmental risks is wide. Findings from the International Council of Scientists (2003) that analyzed a selection of approximately 50 science-based reviews concluded that "currently available genetically modified foods are safe to eat," and "there is no evidence of any deleterious environmental effects having occurred from the trait/species combinations currently available." The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) supported the same consensus a year later in addition to recommending the extension of biotechnology to the developing world. Similarly, the Royal Society (2003) and British Medical Association (2004) found no adverse health effects of consuming genetically modified foods. These findings supported the conclusions of earlier studies by the European Union Research Directorate, a compendium of 81 scientific studies conducted by more than 400 research teams did not show "any new risks to human health or the environment, beyond the usual uncertainties of conventional plant breeding." Likewise, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Europe (OECD) and the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (1999) did not find that genetically modified foods posed a health risk. Approaches By the United Nations The UN Millennium Development Goals are one of the initiatives aimed at achieving food security in the world. The first Millennium Development Goal states that the UN "is to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty" by 2015. Olivier De Schutter, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, advocates for a multidimensional approach to food security challenges. This approach emphasizes the physical availability of food; the social, economic and physical access people have to food; and the nutrition, safety and cultural appropriateness or adequacy of food. The work of the Food and Agriculture Organization Over the last decade, FAO has proposed a "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines sustainable development and short-term hunger relief. Development approaches include investing in rural markets and rural infrastructure. In general, FAO proposes the use of public policies and programs that promote long-term economic growth that will benefit the poor. To obtain short-term food security, vouchers for seeds, fertilizer, or access to services could promote agricultural production. The use of conditional or unconditional food or cash transfers is another approach promoted by FAO. Conditional transfers may include school feeding programs, while unconditional transfers could include general food distribution, emergency food aid or cash transfers. A third approach is the use of subsidies as safety nets to increase the purchasing power of households. FAO has stated that "approaches should be human rights-based, target the poor, promote gender equality, enhance long-term resilience and allow sustainable graduation out of poverty." FAO has noted that some countries have been successful in fighting food insecurity and decreasing the number of people suffering from undernourishment. Bangladesh is an example of a country that has met the Millennium Development Goal hunger target. The FAO credited growth in agricultural productivity and macroeconomic stability for the rapid economic growth in the 1990s that resulted in an increase in food security. Irrigation systems were established through infrastructure development programs. Two programs, HarvestPlus and the Golden Rice Project, provided biofortified crops in order to decrease micronutrient deficiencies. In 2020, FAO deployed intense advocacy to make healthy diets affordable as a way to reduce global food insecurity and save vast sums in the process. The agency said that if healthy diets were to become the norm, almost all of the health costs that can currently be blamed on unhealthy diets (estimated to reach USD 1.3 trillion a year in 2030) could be offset; and that on the social costs of greenhouse gas emissions that are linked to unhealthy diets, the savings would be even greater (USD 1.7 trillion, or over 70 percent of the total estimated for 2030). FAO urged governments to make nutrition a central plank of their agricultural policies, investment policies and social protection systems. It also called for measures to tackle food loss and waste, and to lower costs at every stage of food production, storage, transport, distribution and marketing. Another FAO priority is for governments to secure better access to markets for small-scale producers of nutritious foods. By the World Food Programme The World Food Programme (WFP) is an agency of the United Nations that uses food aid to promote food security and eradicate hunger and poverty. In particular, the WFP provides food aid to refugees and to others experiencing food emergencies. It also seeks to improve nutrition and quality of life to the most vulnerable populations and promote self-reliance. An example of a WFP program is the "Food For Assets" program in which participants work on new infrastructure, or learn new skills, that will increase food security, in exchange for food. The WFP and the Government of Kenya have partnered in the Food For Assets program in hopes of increasing the resilience of communities to shocks. Global partnerships to achieve food security and end hunger In April 2012, the Food Assistance Convention was signed, the world's first legally binding international agreement on food aid. The May 2012 Copenhagen Consensus recommended that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. They put this ahead of other priorities, like the fight against malaria and AIDS. The main global policy to reduce hunger and poverty are the recently approved Sustainable Development Goals. In particular Goal 2: Zero Hunger sets globally agreed targets to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. A number of organizations have formed initiatives with the more ambitious goal to achieve this outcome in only 10 years, by 2025: In 2013 Caritas International started a Caritas-wide initiative aimed at ending systemic hunger by 2025. The One human family, food for all campaign focuses on awareness raising, improving the effect of Caritas programs and advocating the implementation of the Right to Food. The partnership Compact2025, led by IFPRI with the involvement of UN organisations, NGOs and private foundations develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years, by 2025. It bases its claim that hunger can be ended by 2025 on a report by Shenggen Fan and Paul Polman that analyzed the experiences from China, Vietnam, Brazil and Thailand and concludes that eliminating hunger and undernutrition was possible by 2025. In June 2015, the European Union and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have launched a partnership to combat undernutrition especially in children. The program will initially be implemented in Bangladesh, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Laos and Niger and will help these countries to improve information and analysis about nutrition so they can develop effective national nutrition policies. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has created a partnership that will act through the African Union's CAADP framework aiming to end hunger in Africa by 2025. It includes different interventions including support for improved food production, a strengthening of social protection and integration of the Right to Food into national legislation. By the United States Agency for International Development The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) proposes several key steps to increasing agricultural productivity, which is in turn key to increasing rural income and reducing food insecurity. They include: Boosting agricultural science and technology. Current agricultural yields are insufficient to feed the growing populations. Eventually, the rising agricultural productivity drives economic growth. Securing property rights and access to finance Enhancing human capital through education and improved health Conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms and democracy and governance based on principles of accountability and transparency in public institutions and the rule of law are basic to reducing vulnerable members of society. Since the 1960s, the U.S. has been implementing a food stamp program (now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) to directly target consumers who lack the income to purchase food. According to Tim Josling, a Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, food stamps or other methods of distribution of purchasing power directly to consumers might fit into the range of international programs under consideration to tackle food insecurity. Agrifood systems resilience According to FAO, resilient agrifood systems achieve food security. The resilience of agrifood systems refers to the capacity over time of agrifood systems, in the face of any disruption, to sustainably ensure availability of and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for all, and sustain the livelihoods of agrifood systems’ actors. Truly resilient agrifood systems must have a robust capacity to prevent, anticipate, absorb, adapt and transform in the face of any disruption, with the functional goal of ensuring food security and nutrition for all and decent livelihoods and incomes for agrifood systems’ actors. Such resilience addresses all dimensions of food security, but focuses specifically on stability of access and sustainability, which ensure food security in both the short and the long term. Resilience-building involves preparing for disruptions, particularly those that cannot be anticipated, in particular through: diversity in domestic production, in imports, and in supply chains; robust food transport networks; and guaranteed continued access to food for all. Improving agricultural productivity to benefit the rural poor There are strong, direct relationships between agricultural productivity, hunger, poverty, and sustainability. Three-quarters of the world's poor live in rural areas and make their living from agriculture. Hunger and child malnutrition are greater in these areas than in urban areas. Moreover, the higher the proportion of the rural population that obtains its income solely from subsistence farming (without the benefit of pro-poor technologies and access to markets), the higher the incidence of malnutrition. Therefore, improvements in agricultural productivity aimed at small-scale farmers will benefit the rural poor first. Food and feed crop demand is likely to double in the next 50 years, as the global population approaches nine billion. Growing sufficient food will require people to make changes such as increasing productivity in areas dependent on rainfed agriculture; improving soil fertility management; expanding cropped areas; investing in irrigation; conducting agricultural trade between countries; and reducing gross food demand by influencing diets and reducing post-harvest losses. According to the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, a major study led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), managing rainwater and soil moisture more effectively, and using supplemental and small-scale irrigation, hold the key to helping the greatest number of poor people. It has called for a new era of water investments and policies for upgrading rainfed agriculture that would go beyond controlling field-level soil and water to bring new freshwater sources through better local management of rainfall and runoff. Increased agricultural productivity enables farmers to grow more food, which translates into better diets and, under market conditions that offer a level playing field, into higher farm incomes. With more money, farmers are more likely to diversify production and grow higher-value crops, benefiting not only themselves but the economy as a whole. It may be that an alliance between the emergency food program and community-supported agriculture is beneficial, as some countries' food stamps cannot be used at farmer's markets and places where food is less processed and grown locally. The gathering of wild food plants appears to be an efficient alternative method of subsistence in tropical countries, which may play a role in poverty alleviation. Large-scale food stockpiling The minimum annual global wheat storage is approximately two months. To counteract the severe food security issues caused by global catastrophic risks, years of food storage has been proposed. Though this could ameliorate smaller scale problems like regional conflict and drought, it would exacerbate current food insecurity by raising food prices. Alternative diets Food security could be increased by integrating alternative foods that can be grown in compact environments, that are resilient to pests and disease, and that don't require complex supply chains. Foods meeting these criteria include algae, mealworm, and fungi-derived mycoprotein. While unpalatable on their own to most people, such raw ingredients might be processed into more palatable foods. Some such foods might also be feasible following a nuclear winter or similar loss of sunlight, as might seaweed, as well as various single-cell proteins that can feed on dead leaves, grass, or methane. Agricultural insurance Insurance is a contractual means of protection from financial loss, which allows exposed individuals to pool resources to spread their risk. They do so by contributing premium to an insurance fund, which will indemnify those who suffer insured loss. This procedure reduces the risk for an individual by spreading his/her risk among the multiple fund contributors. Insurance can be designed to protect many types of individuals and assets against single or multiple perils and buffer insured parties against sudden and dramatic income or asset loss. Crop insurance is purchased by agricultural producers to protect themselves against either the loss of their crops due to natural disasters. Two type of insurances are available: claim-based insurances and index-based insurances. In particular, in poor countries facing food security problems, index-based insurances offer some advantages, including indices that can be derived from globally available satellite images that correlate well with what is insured. These indices can be delivered at low cost, and the insurance products open up new markets that are not served by claim-based insurances. An advantage of index-based insurance is that it can potentially be delivered at lower cost. A significant barrier that hinders uptake of claim-based insurance is the high transaction cost for searching for prospective policyholders, negotiating and administering contracts, verifying losses and determining payouts. Index insurance eliminates the loss verification step, thereby mitigating a significant transaction cost. A second advantage of index-based insurance is that, because it pays an indemnity based on the reading of an index rather than individual losses, it eliminates much of the fraud, moral hazard and adverse selection, which are common in classical claim-based insurance. A further advantage of index insurance is that payments based on a standardized and indisputable index also allow for a fast indemnity payment. The indemnity payment could be automated, further reducing transaction costs. Basis risk is a major disadvantage of index-based insurance. It is the situation where an individual experiences a loss without receiving payment or vice versa. Basis risk is a direct result of the strength of the relation between the index that estimates the average loss by the insured group and the loss of insured assets by an individual. The weaker this relation the higher the basis risk. High basis risk undermines the willingness of potential clients to purchase insurance. It thus challenges insurance companies to design insurances such as to minimize basis risk. Food Justice Movement The Food Justice Movement has been seen as a unique and multifaceted movement with relevance to the issue of food security. It has been described as a movement about social-economic and political problems in connection to environmental justice, improved nutrition and health, and activism. Today, a growing number of individuals and minority groups are embracing the Food Justice due to the perceived increase in hunger within nations such as the United States as well as the amplified effect of food insecurity on many minority communities, particularly the Black and Latino communities. A number of organizations have either championed the Food Justice Cause or greatly impacted the Food Justice space. An example of a prominent organization within the food justice movement has been the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, which is a worker-based human rights organization that has been recognized globally for its accomplishments in the areas of human trafficking, social responsibility and gender-based violence at work. The Coalition of Immoaklee Workers most prominent accomplishment related to the food justice space has been its part in implementing the Fair Food Program, which increased the pay and bettered working conditions of farm workers in the tomato industry who had been exploited for generations. This accomplishment provided over 30,000 workers more income and the ability to access better and more healthy foods for themselves and their families. Another organization in the food justice space is the Fair Food Network, an organization that has embraced the mission of helping families who need healthy food gain access to it while also increasing the livelihood for farmers in America and growing local economies. Started by Oran B. Hesterma, the Fair Food Network has invested over $200 million in various projects and initiatives, such as the Double Up Food Bucks program, to help low-income and minority communities access healthier food. A possible way to learn about nutrition, and provide community activities and access to food is community gardening. Food security related days October 16 has been chosen as World Food Day, in honour of the date FAO was founded in 1945. On this day, FAO hosts a variety of events at its headquarters in Rome and around the world, as well as seminars with UN officials. The United Nations, on the joint initiative of FAO and Slovenia, has designated 20 May as World Bee Day to highlight the threats facing pollinators. Bees and other pollinating insects help sustain food security by contributing to a variety of crops, and are estimated to improve the food output of some 2 billion small farmers. Model An example of a city that has overcome challenges and achieved improved sustainability practices while immensely decreasing food insecurity is Lisbon. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, was awarded as the 2020 European Green Leaf Award Winner for its notable sustainable land use, transport, green growth and eco and waste innovations. The 2010 to 2014 Portuguese financial crisis, a prominent obstacle for Portugal caused by factors such as the global recession, resulted in increased unemployment rates and reduced household budgets. As a product, adequate food intake was evidently inhibited. However, Lisbon demonstrated that sustainability and economic growth can go hand in hand. Measures were taken place such as the ReFood Movement, a food waste prevention initiative, and the Municipal Plan Against Food Wastage program. Criticism , the concept of food security has mostly focused on food calories rather than the quality and nutrition of food. The concept of nutrition security evolved over time. In 1995, it has been defined as "adequate nutritional status in terms of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals for all household members at all times". See also Agricultural economics Agroecology Allotment gardens Air-based meat Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources Food price crisis Food rescue Food sovereignty Food Security Bill, 2013 legislation in India Food Security in Burkina Faso Food speculation Food vs. feed Food vs fuel Garden sharing Geography of food Human security Indian Famine Codes Integrated Food Security Phase Classification International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development List of diets List of famines List of food labeling regulations Malawian food crisis Malthusian catastrophe Nutritional economics Population growth Peak wheat Right to food School feeding in low-income countries Subsistence crisis Survivalism Sustainable agriculture Sustainable Development Goals Theories of famines Virtual water Water scarcity World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (monthly report) Organizations: Afrique verte Community Food Security Coalition Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Famine Early Warning Systems Network Food First Global Crop Diversity Trust Local Food Plus Sources References Sources Cox, P. G., S. Mak, G. C. Jahn, and S. Mot. 2001. Impact of technologies on food security and poverty alleviation in Cambodia: designing research processes. pp. 677–684 In S. Peng and B. Hardy [eds.] "Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation." Proceeding the International Rice Research Conference, March 31, – April 3, 2000, Los Baños, Phile. Singer, H. W. (1997). A global view of food security. Agriculture + Rural Development, 4: 3–6. Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CTA). Further reading Dixant, Agriculture, and Food Security in Southern Africa edited by Steven Were Omamo and Klaus von Grebmer (2005) (Brief and Book available) Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security EC-FAO Food Security Programme (2008) Practical Guide Series Lindberg R, Whelan J, Lawrence M, Gold L, Friel S (February 2015) "Still serving hot soup? Two hundred years of a charitable food sector in Australia: a narrative review". Australia New Zealand Journal of Public Health. The environmental food crisis A study done by the UN on feeding the world population (2009) Climate change: Impact on agriculture and costs of adaptation A report by the International Food Policy Research Institute that presents research results that quantify the impacts of climate change, assesses the consequences for food security, and estimates the investments that would offset the negative consequences for human well-being. Moseley, W.G. and B.I. Logan. 2005. "Food Security." In: Wisner, B., C. Toulmin and R. Chitiga (eds). Toward a New Map of Africa. London: Earthscan Publications. Pp. 133–152. Food Insecurity, a special issue on the topic by the Journal of Applied Research on Children. (2012) Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: Actions to Meet the Global Challenge. A Training Course Reader by InWEnt, GTZ and Welthungerhilfe. 3rd edition, 240 pages, 2009 Research from the Global Sustainability Institute that studies the link between political fragility and access to food External links Food Security Communications Toolkit from FAO Published in Issue No. 125, page 39 to 40 - (5802) characters Famines Urban agriculture Food and the environment Articles containing video clips Effects of climate change	[ 0.36954465508461, 0.11730817705392838, -0.30022647976875305, 0.17690902948379517, 0.32216891646385193, 0.13047590851783752, 0.07494086027145386, 0.32353079319000244, -0.4080561697483063, -0.8442215323448181, -0.423922598361969, 0.4872114360332489, -0.05551430955529213, 0.1512477695941925, -0.33336129784584045, 0.4212888777256012, 0.5079272985458374, 0.7088062167167664, 0.28021886944770813, -0.012170080095529556, -0.34978464245796204, -0.18181926012039185, -0.3043399453163147, -0.3618563711643219, 0.23950353264808655, -0.1668209582567215, -0.0885109156370163, 0.0803995355963707, 0.14615584909915924, -0.2061622440814972, 0.48739632964134216, -0.02141563780605793, 0.017599796876311302, 0.06607268005609512, -0.005588841158896685, -0.016061488538980484, -0.01219031773507595, -0.04569423943758011, -0.39790672063827515, -0.17894487082958221, -0.45586076378822327, 0.28255370259284973, -0.02342762053012848, 0.49051791429519653, -0.4709184765815735, -0.5841935873031616, -1.4474499225616455, 0.22938233613967896, -0.720603883266449, 0.0400003157556057, -0.41999906301498413, -0.17282606661319733, -0.11364039033651352, 0.009078596718609333, 0.15217535197734833, 0.2164725661277771, -0.7902696132659912, -0.22335752844810486, -0.05421828851103783, -0.1438020020723343, 0.19619643688201904, -0.18207693099975586, 0.14490282535552979, -0.07852958142757416, 0.08165018260478973, -0.2763603925704956, 0.32683244347572327, 0.0405849851667881, 0.38980334997177124, -0.48905545473098755, -0.3019162714481354, -0.23735745251178741, -0.21000319719314575, -0.018679223954677582, -0.8891202211380005, -0.2687107026576996, -0.06858371943235397, -0.13200996816158295, -0.6977571249008179, 0.08366980403661728, -0.5315078496932983, 0.4248060882091522, 0.026299331337213516, -0.6942541599273682, 0.41483941674232483, -0.09997207671403885, 0.04305257648229599, 0.535915732383728, -0.1678788959980011, 0.8466657996177673, 0.6764214634895325, 0.47345951199531555, 0.8330380916595459, -0.25988221168518066, -0.07128006219863892, -0.06857666373252869, 0.2821574807167053, -0.013176742009818554, 0.3901824653148651, 0.507884681224823, -0.18277394771575928, -0.26576516032218933, 0.4272885322570801, -0.3074890971183777, -0.15844281017780304, -0.06268841028213501, 0.15180176496505737, -0.15902282297611237, 0.17480719089508057, -0.3675604462623596, 0.23215731978416443, 0.46101462841033936, -0.6051428318023682, 0.35336288809776306, -0.6083410978317261, 0.861618161201477, 0.08296201378107071, 0.38740187883377075, -0.5222527384757996, -0.18737637996673584, 0.17359545826911926, 0.02095751464366913, -0.15518662333488464, 0.0861126109957695, -0.3006746172904968, -0.2749294936656952, 0.3587428331375122, 0.22005245089530945, -0.14676353335380554, 0.43694204092025757, -0.01935097575187683, 0.4333609938621521, -0.2984315752983093, 0.18371634185314178, -0.33771467208862305, -0.05208119750022888, 0.49048903584480286, 0.09533343464136124, 0.6285042762756348, -0.31693342328071594, -0.6109457612037659, -0.6933445930480957, -0.29408228397369385, 0.10347689688205719, 0.22294367849826813, -0.361537903547287, 0.14673689007759094, -0.3651160001754761, 0.15341730415821075, 0.053192999213933945, 0.3230181932449341, 0.14774131774902344, -0.18872109055519104, 0.28814995288848877, -0.339892715215683, -0.008147917687892914, 0.43941134214401245, -0.0997392013669014, -0.24142542481422424, 0.05732981860637665, 0.33830854296684265, 0.2766657769680023, -0.2934349775314331, -0.16356605291366577, 0.17706362903118134, -0.4198346734046936, -0.27435973286628723, 0.8533705472946167, 0.35596132278442383, 0.21414050459861755, -0.4313252568244934, 0.36757147312164307, 0.2559182941913605, -0.1441015750169754, 0.32886195182800293, 0.31438472867012024, -0.1978815495967865, 0.3794786334037781, 0.47901013493537903, 0.3974628746509552, -0.4378908574581146, -0.20280735194683075, 0.44968944787979126, -0.05992027372121811, 0.30249807238578796, -0.27979376912117004, 0.49093785881996155, -0.19208639860153198, -0.36170533299446106, -0.4529218077659607, -0.7193177342414856, -0.11415934562683105, 0.1621878743171692, -0.5262761116027832, 0.5132967829704285, 0.006099107209593058, 0.1136668398976326, 1.182719111442566, -0.14383266866207123, -0.2055993527173996, -0.10301490128040314, -0.15452319383621216, 0.22982075810432434, -0.31032809615135193, -1.0687891244888306, 0.4574945569038391, 0.36478668451309204, -0.06658285111188889, 0.3422456979751587, 0.22416238486766815, 0.3818250298500061, 0.021817687898874283, -0.052821848541498184, -0.4420417547225952, 0.3461369276046753, 0.673958420753479, -0.41561540961265564, 0.4490370452404022, 0.2411416471004486, -0.5180931687355042, 0.7966852784156799, -0.19842444360256195, 0.4138795733451843, 0.749035120010376, -0.31620100140571594, 0.3963409662246704, 0.45611920952796936, 0.1551409214735031, 0.5047074556350708, -0.5872990489006042, 0.20482376217842102, -0.3095630407333374, 0.35364434123039246, -0.28840890526771545, -0.08521798253059387, 0.5134013891220093, 0.12921257317066193, 0.24288658797740936, -0.10566753149032593, -0.5254113674163818, -0.3247913420200348, 0.07494177669286728, -0.14110873639583588, 0.18507827818393707, 0.16209661960601807, 0.022395513951778412, 0.0138926450163126, 0.35367679595947266, -0.2334957867860794, -0.33189257979393005, 0.2775040864944458, 0.2555897831916809, 1.0087101459503174, -0.5390303730964661, 0.036115966737270355, -0.4299197196960449, 0.05674584582448006, 0.3887091279029846, 0.38647639751434326, -0.3376768231391907, -0.11839336901903152, 0.2585739493370056, 0.43770310282707214, -0.02741192653775215, -0.2627832591533661, -0.4846331775188446, -0.4206606447696686, -0.4632730782032013, -0.4328720271587372, 0.47628989815711975, 0.9677370190620422, -0.10532324016094208, -0.5614306926727295, -0.28283220529556274, -0.1749841719865799, -0.2665722072124481, 0.714322030544281, 0.5902973413467407, -0.20173174142837524, -0.30252668261528015, 0.3362549841403961, 0.185911163687706, 0.3292836844921112, -0.833260715007782, -0.3452713191509247, -0.8828456401824951, 0.051432400941848755, -0.33153235912323, -0.3264088034629822, 0.16557583212852478, -0.538137674331665, 0.26815035939216614, -0.045056454837322235, -0.31249549984931946, 0.5463804006576538, 0.40533339977264404, -0.3050267994403839, 0.40025296807289124, 0.6558214426040649, -0.19988885521888733, 0.11497016996145248, -0.3552776873111725, -0.18683168292045593, 0.34965595602989197, -0.234972283244133, -0.6511722207069397, 0.13362255692481995, -0.48873862624168396, -6.038699150085449, -0.0375773124396801, 0.12687788903713226, -0.0408068522810936, -0.2945112884044647, 0.005778665654361248, 1.0911502838134766, -0.2232748419046402, 0.18427744507789612, 0.11897402256727219, -0.09836334735155106, -0.19769640266895294, 0.4415481388568878, 0.4331868290901184, 0.4931248426437378, 0.3257503807544708, 0.5114783048629761, -0.021954989060759544, 0.26061755418777466, 0.5873281359672546, -0.1690613478422165, -0.23669759929180145, -0.15713495016098022, 0.20285965502262115, -0.21003380417823792, -0.35292068123817444, -0.3535434305667877, 0.096016526222229, -0.6633071303367615, -0.14938418567180634, 0.0791739746928215, -0.18567943572998047, 0.17059624195098877, -0.8060779571533203, 0.013731695711612701, -0.002622932195663452, 0.01785109005868435, 0.24230767786502838, -0.23484164476394653, -0.48830780386924744, 0.09498926997184753, 0.5749653577804565, 0.2804940640926361, 0.12880481779575348, 0.38799068331718445, 0.08026500791311264, -0.03566058725118637, -0.44564297795295715, -0.08363159745931625, 0.2933279573917389, 0.16832557320594788, 0.30280980467796326, 0.6091268062591553, 0.10235866904258728, -0.32532399892807007, 0.15881027281284332, 0.6783139109611511, -0.003117832588031888, -0.07246388494968414, 0.12483307719230652, 0.01119118183851242, -0.7348044514656067, 0.45400696992874146, -0.07279296964406967, -0.0699266642332077, 0.3089666962623596, -0.2894490659236908, -0.6680679321289062, 0.10036776214838028, 0.3130686581134796, -0.4287787973880768, -0.13828593492507935, 0.4292483925819397, -0.6142870187759399, -0.162483349442482, -0.879279375076294, -0.21603727340698242, -0.03264905512332916, 0.34853464365005493, -0.28026536107063293, -0.21011172235012054, -0.2583816349506378, -0.3373086452484131, 0.11473079770803452, 0.5839690566062927, -0.3047962188720703, -0.002027683425694704, 0.07603839039802551, -0.7383927702903748, -0.38924640417099, 0.61698979139328, -0.20728252828121185, 0.3078218698501587, -0.13728800415992737, 0.2961330711841583, 0.3786361515522003, -0.08869196474552155, 0.0638047531247139, 0.47175857424736023, -0.04155638813972473, 0.24836179614067078, -0.214809849858284, -0.03472815081477165, -0.380693256855011, -0.05210293456912041, -0.10919803380966187, 0.06700169295072556, 0.35551896691322327, 0.8189395666122437, -0.7787109017372131, -0.06897540390491486, 0.6055312156677246, -0.7069488167762756, -0.47465822100639343, -0.31414392590522766, 0.5641627311706543, -0.2964591979980469, 0.06957831978797913, 0.3374277651309967, 0.09862133860588074, 0.07276671379804611, 0.3155551552772522, 0.2128654420375824, -0.08567487448453903, -0.3119700253009796, -0.9151643514633179, -0.0009789717150852084, 0.0026465014088898897, 0.06697425246238708, -0.32629403471946716, 0.43293195962905884, 0.7990363836288452, 0.09825000166893005, -0.2401868849992752, 0.5035494565963745, -0.12988953292369843, 0.5483291149139404, 0.45293810963630676, -0.3285575211048126, -0.5225839614868164, 0.03569396957755089, -0.4277847409248352, -0.07268866896629333, 0.011204919777810574, 0.19316326081752777, 0.16694943606853485, -0.12188903987407684, -0.23304197192192078, 0.009510107338428497, 0.33244380354881287, -0.3416372835636139, 0.15859034657478333, 0.38028305768966675, 0.041967473924160004, 0.249905064702034, -0.3405134677886963, 0.9403724074363708, 0.15769247710704803, -0.33954107761383057, -0.8411285281181335, 0.11491940170526505, -0.5888851881027222, -1.0263941287994385, 0.1399475485086441, 0.10418479889631271, -0.004052832257002592, -0.442756325006485, -0.17663156986236572, -0.44182780385017395, 0.7893027663230896, 0.19479712843894958, -0.34867340326309204, -0.15097405016422272, 0.08715594559907913, -0.07443732023239136, -0.4627673327922821, 0.010085673071444035, 0.23278355598449707, -0.5299738645553589, -0.15582402050495148, -0.006692382972687483, -0.3742801249027252, -0.35535547137260437, 0.16199837625026703, 0.3266209065914154, -0.007210808340460062, -0.04928235709667206, -0.035929709672927856, -0.20193089544773102, -0.4444335699081421, 0.18297556042671204, -0.05742048844695091, 0.4071158170700073, -0.04262884333729744, 0.45540866255760193, -0.3019469976425171, -0.4018394649028778, 0.01937742903828621, -0.3834224343299866, -0.028940191492438316, 0.30160465836524963, 0.5039336681365967, -0.8524721264839172, 0.3193436861038208, -0.10247129201889038, 0.1457246094942093, 0.040486983954906464, 0.22105935215950012, -0.23745810985565186, 0.19505441188812256, -0.7252771854400635, -0.21503834426403046, -0.29514485597610474, 0.7904127240180969, -0.3081657886505127, -0.0908418670296669, -0.11684837937355042, 0.029013365507125854, 0.1936056911945343, -0.09338260442018509, 0.5763051509857178, -0.31315675377845764, -0.0011046717409044504, 0.04927029088139534, -0.19259558618068695, 0.5104491710662842, 0.38137581944465637, -0.6739439964294434, 0.17610614001750946, -0.025622298941016197, -0.4725859463214874, -0.33732083439826965, 0.32468345761299133, 0.46546095609664917, -0.601621150970459, 0.2549436092376709, -0.13068723678588867, -0.04721732437610626, -0.004700792487710714, 0.2689688503742218, -0.19809725880622864, 0.7326973080635071, 0.14027728140354156, -0.40028080344200134, -0.17801891267299652, 0.6513095498085022, 0.24078716337680817, -0.13964152336120605, -0.13341522216796875, -0.010030326433479786, -0.2242986112833023, -0.40219876170158386, -0.41036465764045715, -0.08016524463891983, 0.29907673597335815, -0.030508240684866905, -0.0609811469912529, -0.10817031562328339, 0.16784720122814178, -0.012662079185247421, 0.08879493176937103, -0.26975661516189575, -0.13169795274734497, 0.07758224755525589, 0.9324864149093628, -0.38339197635650635, -0.29656901955604553, 0.007352673914283514, 0.03860829770565033, -0.37836968898773193, -0.017889613285660744, -0.3819393217563629, 0.2892199456691742, 0.5139352083206177, 0.9195302128791809, 0.0242618415504694, 0.14482524991035461, -0.4588547945022583, -0.13954411447048187, 0.03924591466784477, 0.059058982878923416, -0.5310319066047668, 0.2570667266845703, -0.7235119938850403, 0.34623053669929504, -0.5732360482215881, 0.0411188118159771, -0.37721744179725647, -0.475356787443161, -0.3203768730163574, -0.23603872954845428, -0.033887095749378204, -0.05771873891353607, 0.13951227068901062, -0.1423569768667221, 0.13628819584846497, 0.03732923045754433, 0.12427698820829391, -0.17865623533725739, -0.3752788007259369, -0.3996464014053345, -0.06987643241882324, -0.34835103154182434, -0.3689236342906952, 0.7155351042747498, 0.13132138550281525, 0.2917728126049042, -0.28455692529678345, 0.12224625051021576, -0.4165293276309967, -0.02578691951930523, -0.2618345618247986, 0.503880500793457, 0.37808844447135925, -0.17259958386421204, 0.17900244891643524, 0.5636844635009766, -0.678983211517334, 0.4195149838924408, 0.18500471115112305, 0.12262150645256042, -0.6575088500976562, -0.0056894994340837, 0.535441517829895, 0.19280190765857697, 0.29564395546913147, 0.09317462146282196, -0.1550665944814682, 0.03658793866634369, 0.18104226887226105, 0.5483287572860718, 0.39141348004341125, -0.008330204524099827, -0.18710429966449738, -0.4744790494441986, 0.11305590718984604, 0.09241840988397598, -0.5798553228378296, -0.5588897466659546, 1.0271700620651245, 0.7736028432846069, 0.08360766619443893, 0.24390770494937897, 0.3592573404312134, -0.5296686291694641, 0.5587216019630432, 0.10929419845342636, 0.40644410252571106, -0.28559911251068115, 0.24357326328754425, 0.04400955140590668, -0.4363551437854767, 0.1295357197523117, 0.2818590998649597, -0.13713380694389343, -0.383746474981308, 0.3608601689338684, -0.39317581057548523, -0.16795745491981506, -0.6010187864303589, 0.011916592717170715, 0.22682954370975494, 0.34609174728393555, 0.05416710302233696, 0.6280562281608582, -0.258575439453125, -0.004269668832421303, -0.6502758264541626, 0.08315902948379517, 0.4211476445198059, 0.013834172859787941, 0.1587325781583786, -0.13023456931114197, 0.16016237437725067, 0.36094051599502563, 0.3204118609428406, 0.03582090884447098, 0.4546184539794922, -0.17627976834774017, -0.18789958953857422, 0.28537717461586, 0.08406683802604675, -0.13731737434864044, -0.5756125450134277, -0.15068717300891876, 0.4880823493003845, -0.5911203622817993, 0.5314829349517822, -0.3725452125072479, -0.06843714416027069, 0.2700256407260895, -0.2653912603855133, 0.2638133764266968, -0.09687136858701706, 0.0144490422680974, 0.1740039885044098, 0.18961429595947266, 0.5911682844161987, 0.4730110466480255, -0.5811073780059814, -0.18253102898597717, 0.17948494851589203, -0.3334372639656067, 0.10238049924373627, 0.1547473818063736, 0.2848894000053406, -0.4426873028278351, 0.10222464799880981, -0.7011433243751526, 0.18528394401073456, 0.6325799226760864, -0.1994573324918747, -0.13685214519500732, 0.05928640067577362, 0.2556067705154419, 0.20515643060207367, 0.36029383540153503, -0.597740113735199, 0.28863656520843506, -0.5359312295913696, 0.4484182596206665, -0.28572872281074524, -0.2772514820098877, 0.02862989902496338, -0.15366283059120178, -0.05687732994556427, 0.028277672827243805, 0.4180522859096527, -0.2272365838289261, 0.9404599070549011, -0.2031983584165573, 0.3397599756717682, -0.32112547755241394, -0.09659659117460251, -0.1651962399482727, -0.06446872651576996, 0.3227880597114563, 0.24835889041423798, 0.5019093751907349, -0.04845805838704109, 0.04082989692687988, -0.16772551834583282, 0.4434240460395813, -0.2100326120853424, -0.5580541491508484, -0.2466067373752594, 0.12484967708587646, -0.36617228388786316, -0.6013619303703308, 0.44881150126457214, -0.03113570064306259, -0.4069490134716034, 0.4387536644935608, 0.35195451974868774, -0.5112022161483765, 0.09366801381111145, 0.031332455575466156, -0.18320614099502563, -0.45410555601119995, 0.24361756443977356 ]
216362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere%202	Biosphere 2	Biosphere 2 is an American Earth system science research facility located in Oracle, Arizona. Its mission is to serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and lifelong learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe. It is a structure originally built to be an artificial, materially closed ecological system, or vivarium. It remains the largest closed ecological system ever created. Constructed between 1987 and 1991, Biosphere 2 was originally meant to demonstrate the viability of closed ecological systems to support and maintain human life in outer space as a substitute for Earth's biosphere. It was designed to explore the web of interactions within life systems in a structure with different areas based on various biological biomes. In addition to the several biomes and living quarters for people, there was an agricultural area and work space to study the interactions between humans, farming, technology and the rest of nature as a new kind of laboratory for the study of the global ecology. Its mission was a two-year closure experiment with a crew of eight humans ("biospherians"). Long-term it was seen as a precursor to gain knowledge about the use of closed biospheres in space colonization. As an experimental ecological facility it allowed the study and manipulation of a mini biospheric system without harming Earth's biosphere. Its seven biome areas were a rainforest, an ocean with a coral reef, a mangrove wetlands, a savannah grassland, a fog desert, and two anthropogenic biomes: a agricultural system and a human habitat with living spaces, laboratories and workshops. Below ground was an extensive part of the technical infrastructure. Heating and cooling water circulated through independent piping systems and passive solar input through the glass space frame panels covering most of the facility, and electrical power was supplied into Biosphere 2 from an onsite natural gas energy center. Biosphere 2 was only used twice for its original intended purposes as a closed-system experiment: once from 1991 to 1993, and the second time from March to September 1994. Both attempts, though heavily publicized, ran into problems including low amounts of food and oxygen, die-offs of many animals and plants included in the experiment (though this was anticipated since the project used a strategy of deliberately "species-packing" anticipating losses as the biomes developed), group dynamic tensions among the resident crew, outside politics and a power struggle over management and direction of the project. Nevertheless, the closure experiments set world records in closed ecological systems, agricultural production, health improvements with the high nutrient and low caloric diet the crew followed, and insights into the self-organization of complex biomic systems and atmospheric dynamics. The second closure experiment achieved total food sufficiency and did not require injection of oxygen. In June 1994, during the middle of the second experiment, the managing company, Space Biosphere Ventures, was dissolved, and the facility was left in limbo. Columbia University assumed management of the facility in 1995 and used it to run experiments until 2003. It then appeared to be in danger of being demolished to make way for housing and retail stores, but was taken over for research by the University of Arizona in 2007. The University of Arizona took full ownership of the structure in 2011. Planning and construction The Biosphere 2 project was launched in 1984 by businessman and billionaire philanthropist Ed Bass and systems ecologist John P. Allen, with Bass providing US$150 million in funding until 1991. Bass and Allen had met in the 1970s at the Synergia Ranch, a counterculture community led by Allen, who advocated Buckminster Fuller's "Spaceship Earth" concept and explored the idea of biospheres as a refuge from disasters such as nuclear war. Several other former members of Synergia Ranch also joined the Biosphere 2 project. Construction was carried out between 1987 and 1991 by Space Biosphere Ventures, a joint venture whose principal officers were John P. Allen, inventor and executive chairman; Margaret Augustine, CEO; Marie Harding, vice-president of finance; Abigail Alling, vice president of research; Mark Nelson, director of space and environmental applications, William F. Dempster, director of system engineering, and Norberto Alvarez-Romo, vice president of mission control. It was named "Biosphere 2" because it was meant to be the second fully self-sufficient biosphere, after the Earth itself ("Biosphere 1"). Location The glass and spaceframe facility is located in Oracle, Arizona at the base of the Santa Catalina Mountains, about 50 minutes north of Tucson. Its elevation is around above sea level. Engineering The above-ground physical structure of Biosphere 2 was made of steel tubing and high-performance glass and steel frames. The frame and glazing materials were designed and made to specification by a firm run by a one-time associate of Buckminster Fuller, Peter Jon Pearce (Pearce Structures, Inc.). The window seals and structures had to be designed to be almost perfectly airtight, such that the air exchange would be extremely low, permitting tracking of subtle changes over time. The patented airtight sealing methods, developed by Pearce and William Dempster, achieved a leak rate of less than 10% per year. Without such tight closure, the slow decline of oxygen which occurred at a rate of less than % per month during the first two-year closure experiment might not have been detected. During the day, the heat from the sun caused the air inside to expand and during the night it cooled and contracted. To avoid having to deal with the huge forces that maintaining a constant volume would create, the structure had large diaphragms kept in domes called "lungs" or variable volume structures. Since opening a window was not an option, the structure also required a sophisticated system to regulate temperatures within desired parameters, which varied for the different biomic areas. Though cooling was the largest energy need, heating had to be supplied in the winter and closed loop pipes and air handlers were key parts of the energy system. An energy center on site provided electricity and heated and cooled water, employing natural gas and backup generators, ammonia chillers and water cooling towers. First mission The first closed mission lasted from September 26, 1991 to September 26, 1993. The crew were: medical doctor and researcher Roy Walford, Jane Poynter, Taber MacCallum, Mark Nelson, Sally Silverstone, Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo, and Linda Leigh. The agricultural system produced 83% of the total diet, which included crops of bananas, papayas, sweet potatoes, beets, peanuts, lablab and cowpea beans, rice, and wheat. Especially during the first year, the eight inhabitants reported continual hunger. Calculations indicated that Biosphere 2's farm was amongst the highest producing in the world "exceeding by more than five times that of the most efficient agrarian communities of Indonesia, southern China, and Bangladesh." They consumed the same low-calorie, nutrient-dense diet that Roy Walford had studied in his research on extending lifespan through diet. Medical markers indicated the health of the crew during the two years was excellent. They showed the same improvement in health indices such as lowering of blood cholesterol, blood pressure, enhancement of immune system. They lost an average of 16% of their pre-entry body weight before stabilizing and regaining some weight during their second year. Subsequent studies showed that the biospherians' metabolism became more efficient at extracting nutrients from their food as an adaptation to the low-calorie, high nutrient diet. "The overall health of the biospherians crews inside Biosphere 2 confirm that the original design of the Biosphere 2 technosphere systems did avoid a buildup of toxins, and the bioregenerative technologies and life systems inside Biosphere 2 maintained a healthy environment." Some of the domestic animals that were included in the agricultural area during the first mission included: four African pygmy goats and one billy goat; 35 hens and three roosters (a mix of Indian jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), Japanese silky bantam, and a hybrid of these); two sows and one boar Ossabaw dwarf pigs; and tilapia fish grown in a rice and azolla pond system originating millennia ago in China. A strategy of "species-packing" was practiced to ensure that food webs and ecological function could be maintained if some species did not survive. The fog desert area became more chaparral in character due to condensation from the space frame. The savannah was seasonally active; its biomass was cut and stored by the crew as part of their management of carbon dioxide. Rainforest pioneer species grew rapidly, but trees there and in the savannah suffered from etiolation and weakness caused by lack of stress wood, normally created in response to winds in natural conditions. Corals reproduced in the ocean area, and crew helped maintain ocean system health by hand-harvesting algae from the corals, manipulating calcium carbonate and pH levels to prevent the ocean becoming too acidic, and by installing an improved protein skimmer to supplement the algae turf scrubber system originally installed to remove excess nutrients. The mangrove area developed rapidly but with less understory than a typical wetland possibly because of reduced light levels. Nevertheless, it was judged to be a successful analogue to the Everglades area of Florida where the mangroves and marsh plants were collected. Biosphere 2, because of its small size and buffers, and concentration of organic materials and life, had greater fluctuations and more rapid biogeochemical cycles than are found in Earth's biosphere. Most of the introduced vertebrate species and virtually all of the pollinating insects died, though there was reproduction of plants and animals. Insect pests, like cockroaches, flourished. Many insects had been included in original species mixes in the biomes but a globally invasive tramp ant species, Paratrechina longicornis, unintentionally sealed in, had come to dominate other ant species. The planned ecological succession in the rainforest and strategies to protect the area from harsh incident sunlight and salt aerosols from the ocean worked well, and a surprising amount of the original biodiversity persisted. Biosphere 2 in its early ecological development was likened to an island ecology. Group dynamics: psychology, conflict, and cooperation Much of the evidence for isolated human groups comes from psychological studies of scientists overwintering in Antarctic research stations. The study of this phenomenon is "confined environment psychology" (cf. environmental psychology), and according to Jane Poynter it was known to be a challenge and often crews split into factions. Before the first closure mission was half over, the group had split into two factions and, according to Poynter, people who had been intimate friends had become implacable enemies, barely on speaking terms. Others point out that the crew continued to work together as a team to achieve the experiment's goals, mindful that any action that harmed Biosphere 2 might imperil their own health. This is in contrast to other expeditions where internal frictions can lead to unconscious sabotage of each other and the overall mission. All of the crew felt a very strong and visceral bond with their living world. They kept air and water quality, atmospheric dynamics and health of the life systems constantly in their attention in a very visceral and profound way. This intimate "metabolic connection" enabled the crew to discern and respond to even subtle changes in the living systems. (Alling et al., 2002; Alling and Nelson, 1993). "Appreciation of the value of biosphere interconnectedness and interdependency was appreciated as both an everyday beauty and a challenging reality", Walford later acknowledged "I don't like some of them, but we were a hell of a team. That was the nature of the factionalism... but despite that, we ran the damn thing and we cooperated totally". The factions inside the bubble formed from a rift and power struggle between the joint venture partners on how the science should proceed, as biospherics or as specialist ecosystem studies (perceived as reductionist). The faction that included Poynter felt strongly that increasing research should be prioritized over degree of closure. The other faction backed project management and the overall mission objectives. On February 14, a portion of the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) resigned. Time magazine wrote: "Now, the veneer of credibility, already bruised by allegations of tamper-prone data, secret food caches and smuggled supplies, has cracked ... the two-year experiment in self-sufficiency is starting to look less like science and more like a $150 million stunt". In fact, the SAC was dissolved because it had deviated from its mandate to review and improve scientific research and became involved in advocating management changes. A majority of the SAC members chose to remain as consultants to Biosphere 2. The SAC's recommendations in their report were implemented including a new Director of Research [Dr. Jack Corliss], allowing import/export of scientific samples and equipment through the facility airlocks to increase research and decrease crew labor, and to generate a formal research program. Some sixty-four projects were included in the research program that Walford and Alling spearheaded developing. Undoubtedly the lack of oxygen and the calorie-restricted, nutrient-dense diet contributed to low morale. The Alling faction feared that the Poynter group were prepared to go so far as to import food, if it meant making them fitter to carry out research projects. They considered that would be a project failure by definition. In November 1992, the hungry Biospherians began eating seed stocks that had not been grown inside the Biosphere 2. Poynter made Chris Helms, PR Director for the enterprise, aware of this. She was promptly dismissed by Margret Augustine, CEO of Space Biospheres Ventures, and told to come out of the biosphere. This order was, however, never carried out. Poynter writes that she simply decided to stay put, correctly reasoning that the order could not be enforced without effectively terminating the closure. Isolated groups tend to attach greater significance to group dynamic and personal emotional fluctuations common in all groups. Some reports from polar station crews exaggerated psychological problems. So, although some of the first closure team thought they were depressed, psychological examination of the biospherians showed no depression and fit the explorer/adventurer profile, with both women and men testing very similar to astronauts. One of the psychologists noted, "If I was lost in the Amazon and was looking for a guide to get out, and to survive with, then [the biospherian crew] would be top choices." Challenges Among the problems and miscalculations encountered in the first mission were unanticipated condensation making the "desert" too wet, population explosions of greenhouse ants and cockroaches, morning glories overgrowing the rainforest area, blocking out other plants and less sunlight (40–50% of outside light) entering the facility than originally anticipated. Biospherians intervened to control invasive plants when needed to preserve biodiversity, functioning as "keystone predators". In addition, construction itself was a challenge; for example, it was difficult to manipulate the bodies of water to have waves and tidal changes. Engineers came up with innovative solutions to supplement natural functions the Earth's biosphere normally performs, e.g. vacuum pumps to create gentle waves in the ocean without endangering marine biota, sophisticated heating and cooling systems. All the technology was selected to minimize outgassing and discharge of harmful substances which might damage Biosphere 2's life. There was controversy when the public learned that the project had allowed an injured member to leave and return, carrying new material inside. The team claimed the only new supplies brought in were plastic bags, but others accused them of bringing food and other items. More criticism was raised when it was learned that, likewise, the project injected oxygen in January 1993 to make up for a failure in the balance of the system that resulted in the amount of oxygen steadily declining. Some thought that these criticisms ignored that Biosphere 2 was an experiment where the unexpected would occur, adding to knowledge of how complex ecologies develop and interact, not a demonstration where everything was known in advance. H.T. Odum noted: "The management process during 1992–1993 using data to develop theory, test it with simulation, and apply corrective actions was in the best scientific tradition. Yet some journalists crucified the management in the public press, treating the project as if it was an Olympic contest to see how much could be done without opening the doors". The oxygen inside the facility, which began at 20.9%, fell at a steady pace and after 16 months was down to 14.5%. This is equivalent to the oxygen availability at an elevation of . Since some biospherians were starting to have symptoms like sleep apnea and fatigue, Walford and the medical team decided to boost oxygen with injections in January and August 1993. The oxygen decline and minimal response of the crew indicated that changes in air pressure are what trigger human adaptation responses. These studies enhanced the biomedical research program. Managing levels was a particular challenge, and a source of controversy regarding the Biosphere 2 project's alleged misrepresentation to the public. Daily fluctuation of carbon dioxide dynamics was typically 600 ppm because of the strong drawdown during sunlight hours by plant photosynthesis, followed by a similar rise during the nighttime when system respiration dominated. As expected, there was also a strong seasonal signature to levels, with wintertime levels as high as 4,000–4,500 ppm and summertime levels near 1,000 ppm. The crew worked to manage the by occasionally turning on a scrubber, activating and de-activating the desert and savannah through control of irrigation water, cutting and storing biomass to sequester carbon, and utilizing all potential planting areas with fast-growing species to increase system photosynthesis. In November 1991, investigative reporting in The Village Voice alleged that the crew had secretly installed the scrubber device, and claimed that this violated Biosphere 2's advertised goal of recycling all materials naturally. Others pointed out there was nothing secret about the carbon dioxide device and it constituted another technical system augmenting ecological processes. The carbon precipitator could reverse the chemical reactions and thus release the stored carbon dioxide in later years when the facility might need additional carbon. Many suspected the drop in oxygen was due to microbes in the soil. The soils were selected to have enough carbon to provide for the plants of the ecosystems to grow from infancy to maturity, a plant mass increase of perhaps . The release rate of that soil carbon as carbon dioxide by respiration of soil microbes was an unknown that the Biosphere 2 experiment was designed to reveal. Subsequent research showed that Biosphere 2's farm soils had reached a more stable ratio of carbon and nitrogen, lowering the rate of release, by 1998. The respiration rate was faster than the photosynthesis (possibly in part due to relatively low light penetration through the glazed structure and the fact that Biosphere 2 started with a small but rapidly increasing plant biomass) resulting in a slow decrease of oxygen. A mystery accompanied the oxygen decline: the corresponding increase in carbon dioxide did not appear. This concealed the underlying process until an investigation by Jeff Severinghaus and Wallace Broecker of Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory using isotopic analysis showed that carbon dioxide was reacting with exposed concrete inside Biosphere 2 to form calcium carbonate in a process called carbonatation, thereby sequestering both carbon and oxygen. Second mission After Biosphere 2's first mission, extensive research and system improvements were undertaken, including sealing concrete to prevent the uptake of carbon dioxide. The second mission began on March 6, 1994, with an announced run of ten months. The crew was Norberto Alvarez-Romo (Capt.), John Druitt, Matt Finn, Pascale Maslin, Charlotte Godfrey, Rodrigo Romo and Tilak Mahato. The second crew achieved complete sufficiency in food production. On April 1, 1994, a severe dispute within the management team led to the ousting of the on-site management by federal marshals serving a restraining order, and financier Ed Bass hired Steve Bannon, then-manager of the Bannon & Co. investment banking team from Beverly Hills, California, to run Space Biospheres Ventures. The project was put into receivership and an outside management team was installed for the receiver to turn around the floundering project. The reason for the dispute was threefold. Mismanagement of the mission had caused terrible publicity, financial mismanagement and lack of research. People alleged gross financial mismanagement of the project, leading to a loss of $25 million in fiscal year 1992. Some crew members and staff were concerned about Bannon, who had previously investigated cost overruns at the site; two former Biosphere 2 crew members flew back to Arizona to protest the hire and broke into the compound to warn current crew members that Bannon and the new management would jeopardize their safety. At 3 a.m. on April 5, 1994, Abigail Alling and Mark Van Thillo, members of the first crew, allegedly vandalized the project from outside, opening one double-airlock door and three single door emergency exits, leaving them open for about 15 minutes. Five panes of glass were also broken. Alling later told the Chicago Tribune that she "considered the Biosphere to be in an emergency state ... In no way was it sabotage. It was my responsibility." About 10% of the Biosphere's air was exchanged with the outside during this time, according to systems analyst Donella Meadows, who received a communication from Alling saying that she and Van Thillo judged it their ethical duty to give those inside the choice of continuing with the drastically changed human experiment or leaving, as they didn't know what the crew had been told of the new situation. "On April 1, 1994, at approximately 10 AM ... limousines arrived on the biosphere site ... with two investment bankers hired by Mr. Bass ... They arrived with a temporary restraining order to take over direct control of the project ... With them were 6-8 police officers hired by the Bass organization ... They immediately changed locks on the offices ... All communication systems were changed (telephone and access codes), and [we] were prevented from receiving any data regarding safety, operations, and research of Biosphere 2." Alling emphasized several times in her letter that the "bankers" who suddenly took over "knew nothing technically or scientifically, and little about the biospherian crew." Four days later, the captain Norberto Alvarez-Romo (by then married to Biosphere 2 chief executive Margaret Augustine) precipitously left the Biosphere for a "family emergency" after his wife's suspension. He was replaced by Bernd Zabel, who had been nominated as captain of the first mission but who was replaced at the last minute. Two months later, Matt Smith replaced Matt Finn. The ownership and management company Space Biospheres Ventures was dissolved on June 1, 1994. This left the scientific and business management of the mission to the interim turnaround team, who had been contracted by the financial partner, Decisions Investment Co. Mission 2 was ended prematurely on September 6, 1994. No further total system science has emerged from Biosphere 2 as the facility was changed by Columbia University from a closed ecological system to a "flow-through" system where could be manipulated at desired levels. Steve Bannon left Biosphere 2 after two years, but his departure was marked by an "abuse of process" civil lawsuit filed against Space Biosphere Ventures by the former crew members who had broken in. Leading managers of Biosphere 2 from the original founding group stated both abusive behaviour by Bannon and others, and that the bankers’ actual goal was to destroy the experiment. During a 1996 trial, Bannon testified that he had called one of the plaintiffs, Abigail Alling, a "self-centered, deluded young woman" and a "bimbo". He also testified that when the woman submitted a five-page complaint outlining safety problems at the site, he promised to shove the complaint "down her throat". Bannon attributed this to "hard feelings and broken dreams." At the end of the trial, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and ordered Space Biosphere Ventures to pay them $600,000, but also ordered the plaintiffs to pay the company $40,089 for the damage they had caused. Science A special issue of the Ecological Engineering journal edited by Marino and Howard T. Odum was published in 1999 as "Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present" represents the most comprehensive assemblage of collected papers and findings from Biosphere 2. The papers range from calibrated models that describe the system metabolism, hydrologic balance, and heat and humidity, to papers that describe rainforest, mangrove, ocean, and agronomic system development in this carbon dioxide-rich environment. Though several dissertations and many scientific papers used data from the early closure experiments at Biosphere 2, much of the original data has never been analyzed and is unavailable or lost, perhaps due to scientific politics and in-fighting. The historian of science Rebecca Redier has claimed that because Biosphere 2's creators were perceived as outsiders to academic science, the project was scrutinized but poorly understood in the media, and that this scrutiny ceased after Columbia University assumed management, because it was assumed they were "proper" scientists. Praise and criticism One view of Biosphere 2 was that it was "the most exciting scientific project to be undertaken in the United States since President John F. Kennedy launched us toward the moon". Others called it "New Age drivel masquerading as science". John Allen and Roy Walford did have mainstream credentials. John Allen held a degree in Metallurgical-Mining Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines, and an MBA from the Harvard Business School. Roy Walford received his doctorate of medicine from the University of Chicago and taught at UCLA as a Professor of Pathology for 35 years. Mark Nelson obtained his Ph.D. in 1998 under Professor H.T. Odum in ecological engineering further developing the constructed wetlands used to treat and recycle sewage in Biosphere 2, to coral reef protection along the Yucatán coast where the corals were collected. Linda Leigh obtained her PhD with a dissertation on biodiversity and the Biosphere 2 rainforest working with Odum. Abigail Alling, Mark van Thillo and Sally Silverstone helped start the Biosphere Foundation where they worked on coral reef and marine conservation and sustainable agricultural systems. Jane Poynter and Taber MacCallum co-founded Paragon Space Development Corporation which has studied the first mini-closed system and the first full animal life cycle in space and assisted in setting world records in high altitude descents. Questioning the credentials of the participants (despite the contribution in the preparation phase of Biosphere 2 of worldwide top-level scientists and among others the Russian Academy of Sciences), Marc Cooper wrote that "the group that built, conceived, and directs the Biosphere project is not a group of high-tech researchers on the cutting edge of science but a clique of recycled theater performers that evolved out of an authoritarian—and decidedly non-scientific—personality cult". He was referring to the Synergia Ranch in New Mexico, where indeed many of the Biospherians did practice theater under John Allen's leadership, and began to develop the ideas behind Biosphere 2. They also founded the Institute of Ecotechnics and began innovative field projects in challenging biomes to advance the healthy integration of human technologies and the environment where many of the biospherian candidates gained experience in operating real-time complex projects. One of their own scientific consultants was earlier critical. Dr. Ghillean Prance, director of the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew, designed the rainforest biome inside the Biosphere. Although he later changed his opinion, acknowledging the unique scope of this experiment and contributed to its success as a consultant, in a 1983 interview (8 years before the start of the experiment), Prance said, "I was attracted to the Institute of Ecotechnics because funds for research were being cut and the institute seemed to have a lot of money which it was willing to spend freely. Along with others, I was ill-used. Their interest in science is not genuine. They seem to have some sort of secret agenda, they seem to be guided by some sort of religious or philosophical system." Prance went on in the 1991 newspaper interview to say "they are visionaries ... And maybe to fulfill their vision they have become somewhat cultlike. But they are not a cult, per se ... I am interested in ecological restoration systems. And I think all sorts of scientific things can come of this experiment, far beyond the space goal ... When they came to me with this new project, they seemed so well organized, so inspired, I simply decided to forget the past. You shouldn't hold their past against them." Poynter in her memoir rebuts the critique that because some of the creative team of Biosphere 2 were not credentialed scientists, the results of the endeavor are invalid. "Some reporters hurled accusations that we were unscientific. Apparently because many of the SBV managers were not themselves degreed scientists, this called into question the entire validity of the project, even though some of the world’s best scientists were working vigorously on the project’s design and operation. The critique was not fair. Since leaving Biosphere 2, I have run a small business for ten years that sent experiments on the shuttle and to the space station, and is designing life support systems for the replacement shuttle and future moon base. I do not have a degree, not even an MBA from Harvard, as John [Allen] had. I hire scientists and top engineers. Our company’s credibility is not called into question because of my credentials: we are judged on the quality of our work". H.T. Odum noted that mavericks and outsiders have often contributed to the development of science: "The original management of Biosphere 2 was regarded by many scientists as untrained for lack of scientific degrees, even though they had engaged in a preparatory study program for a decade, interacting with the international community of scientists including the Russians involved with closed systems. The history of science has many examples where people of atypical background open science in new directions, in this case implementing mesocosm organization and ecological engineering with fresh hypotheses". The Biosphere 2 Science Advisory Committee, chaired by Tom Lovejoy of the Smithsonian Institution, in its report of August 1992 reported: "The committee is in agreement that the conception and construction of Biosphere 2 were acts of vision and courage. The scale of Biosphere 2 is unique and Biosphere 2 is already providing unexpected scientific results not possible through other means (notably the documented, unexpected decline in atmospheric oxygen levels.) Biosphere 2 will make important scientific contributions in the fields of biogeochemical cycling, the ecology of closed ecological systems, and restoration ecology." Columbia University assembled outside scientists to evaluate the potential of the facility after they took over management, and concluded the following: "A group of world-class scientists got together and decided the Biosphere 2 facility is an exceptional laboratory for addressing critical questions relative to the future of Earth and its environment." Ongoing research following the initial enclosure has produced positive results for current ecological understanding. Mark Nelson writes, "Several years of research on Biosphere 2's ocean demonstrated the devastating impacts from elevated atmospheric CO2 ... coral reef was studied at 200 ppm, 350 ppm, 700 ppm, and 1200 ppm of CO2. Corals grew twice as fast at the lower levels ... compared to the 350 ppm levels in the 1990's Earth atmosphere. ... At 1200 ppm, coral growth declined 90 percent." Frank Press, a former secretary for the National Academy of Sciences, described the interaction as, "the first unequivocal experimental confirmation of the human impact on the planet." Columbia University In December 1995, the Biosphere 2 owners transferred management to Columbia University of New York City. Columbia ran Biosphere 2 as a research site and campus until 2003. Subsequently, management reverted to the owners. In 1996, Columbia University changed the virtually airtight, materially closed structure designed for closed system research, to a "flow-through" system, and halted closed system research. They manipulated carbon dioxide levels for global warming research, and injected desired amounts of carbon dioxide, venting as needed. During Columbia's tenure, students from Columbia and other colleges and universities would often spend one semester at the site. Research during Columbia's tenure demonstrated the devastating impacts on coral reefs from elevated atmospheric and acidification that will result from continued global climate change. Frank Press, former president of the National Academy of Sciences, described these interactions between atmosphere and ocean, taking advantage of the highly controllable ocean mesocosm of Biosphere 2, as the "first unequivocal experimental confirmation of the human impact on the planet". Studies in Biosphere 2's terrestrial biomes showed that a saturation point was reached with elevated beyond which they are unable to uptake more. The studies' authors noted that the striking differences between the Biosphere 2 rainforest and desert biomes in their whole system responses "illustrates the importance of large-scale experimental research in the study of complex global change issues". Site sold In January 2005, Decisions Investments Corporation, owner of Biosphere 2, announced that the project's campus was for sale. They preferred a research use to be found for the complex but were not excluding buyers with different intentions, such as big universities, churches, resorts, and spas. In June 2007, the site was sold for $50 million to CDO Ranching & Development, L.P. 1,500 houses and a resort hotel were planned, but the main structure was still to be available for research and educational use. Acquisition by University of Arizona On June 26, 2007, the University of Arizona announced it would take over research at the Biosphere 2. The announcement ended fears that the structure would be demolished. University officials said private gifts and grants enabled them to cover research and operating costs for three years with the possibility of extending funding for ten years. It was extended for ten years, and is now engaged in research projects including research into the terrestrial water cycle and how it relates to ecology, atmospheric science, soil geochemistry, and climate change. In June 2011, the university announced that it would assume full ownership of Biosphere 2, effective July 1. CDO Ranching & Development donated the land, Biosphere buildings and several other support and administrative buildings. In 2011, the Philecology Foundation (a nonprofit research foundation founded by Ed Bass) pledged US$20 million for the ongoing science and operations. In 2017, Ed Bass donated another $30 million to the University of Arizona in support of Biosphere 2, endowing two academic positions and setting up the "Philecology Biospheric Research Endowment Fund". Science camps are also held on the premises. These have included a week-long 'space camp' for university undergraduates, and overnight camps for school students. Current research There are many small-scale research projects at Biosphere 2, as well as several large-scale research projects including: the Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO), a project which uses 1,800 sensors to monitor millions of pounds of abiotic volcanic rock to track how this nonliving soil slowly develops over several years into a rich soil which is able to support microbial and vascular plant life. Structurally, this involved building three large steel-framed "hillsides" inside the pre-existing domes as the world’s largest weighing lysimeter, with design and implementation construction constrained by the limited accessibility into the existing structure. the Lunar Greenhouse, a second prototype of the Controlled Environment Agriculture Center which seeks to understand how to grow vegetables on the Moon or Mars by developing a bioregenerative life support system which recycles and purifies water through plant transpiration. a vertical farming project to be built in Biosphere 2's west lung, in collaboration with the private company Civic Farms, in an effort to develop an indoor plant growth cycle with LED lamps configured to specific wavelengths aimed at the goal of increasing water efficiency, producing zero farm runoff, with no pests or pesticides, and zero effect from external weather conditions. In popular culture Bio-Dome, a 1996 comedy film based on Biosphere 2 Spaceship Earth, a 2020 documentary film on Biosphere 2 See also BIOS-3 a closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, Russia MELiSSA A closed ecosystem run by the European Space Agency Eden Project Institute of Ecotechnics IBTS Greenhouse Mars analog habitats: Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (FMARS) Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) MARS-500, ground-based experiment simulating a manned flight to Mars HI-SEAS References Bibliography External links Biosphere 2: Story of the Original Design and Building told by Project CoFounders "Biosphere 2: Why an Eccentric Ecological Experiment Still Matters 25 Years Later" -- a forum featuring Linda Leigh, Peder Anker, Dana Fritz, Lisa Ruth Rand, and Shawn Rosenheim - Patent for the expanding chambers used to equalize pressure in Biosphere 2. Me and the Biospheres website Vice Motherboard story on Biosphere 2 Paragon Space Development Corporation, formed with a team of engineers by Biosphere 2 crew-members, while still enclosed. Biosphere 2 Astronomical Observatory Illustrated history of its founding, operations, closing under Columbia University rule, and disposition with image galleries of its construction in 1999 and removal in 2008. Life in Biosphere 2 A talk by Jane Poynter at TED. Sign Posts of Dr. Roy Walford, Voyage of Biosphere 2 by Roy Walford, Chris Rowland "A West World of Outreach, Biosphere 2 a Zion for Science" by John de Dios, Tucson Weekly New York Times video: "Biosphere 2: An American Space Odyssey" June 10, 2013 Mark Nelson discusses life in Biosphere 2 Controlled ecological life support systems Artificial ecosystems Buildings and structures in Pinal County, Arizona Articles containing video clips Santa Catalina Mountains Human analog missions Greenhouses in the United States Columbia University Ecological experiments Agricultural buildings and structures in Arizona Space farming Tourist attractions in Pinal County, Arizona University of Arizona 1991 establishments in Arizona	[ 0.20783397555351257, -0.24958065152168274, -0.3562740981578827, 0.09631318598985672, 0.08236882090568542, -0.30462005734443665, 0.12978313863277435, 0.32315999269485474, -0.20372411608695984, -0.20766979455947876, -0.09412195533514023, 0.056646134704351425, -0.5252180695533752, -0.006320086773484945, -0.17750194668769836, -0.10658173263072968, 0.511093258857727, 0.12268456816673279, 0.14972926676273346, -0.24725814163684845, -0.3211779296398163, 0.05235237628221512, 0.2564834654331207, 0.09042932093143463, -0.2065693736076355, -0.11985718458890915, 0.15619000792503357, -0.19316329061985016, 0.4978846609592438, 0.17164812982082367, -0.1859186440706253, -0.26805052161216736, -0.09702182561159134, -0.2552877962589264, 0.21489110589027405, 0.20495852828025818, -0.7974035739898682, 0.16855445504188538, 0.13903024792671204, -0.2613633871078491, -0.14531031250953674, 0.3855634033679962, -0.054678451269865036, 0.4410094916820526, -0.3757326304912567, 0.5825212001800537, -1.6064079999923706, 0.06340421736240387, -0.319237619638443, 0.416058748960495, -0.413850873708725, 0.22443805634975433, 0.48562386631965637, 0.12608112394809723, -0.08695627748966217, 1.0988311767578125, -0.6471359729766846, -0.1154894232749939, -0.4926699697971344, -0.5074242353439331, 0.2222656011581421, 0.2846567630767822, -0.3064712584018707, 0.07561703771352768, 0.09936973452568054, 0.0020779052283614874, 0.253451406955719, 0.2162328064441681, 0.04645964875817299, -0.3360740840435028, -0.017167553305625916, -0.04858431965112686, -0.20958936214447021, 0.2642424702644348, -0.36570027470588684, -0.5666182041168213, -0.0876513123512268, -0.016281068325042725, -0.1371355503797531, 0.7870820164680481, -0.05680682510137558, -0.09766104817390442, 0.4272266924381256, -0.48578277230262756, 0.4772464632987976, -0.22956831753253937, -0.332223117351532, 0.43311870098114014, -0.37549740076065063, 0.10328377038240433, -0.6255645751953125, -0.2358623892068863, 0.03556883707642555, 0.3911665380001068, 0.28853026032447815, 0.08095522224903107, 0.1439918726682663, -0.3424771726131439, 0.17975378036499023, 0.18768402934074402, -0.1614411175251007, 0.10242137312889099, -0.2680862247943878, 0.03544922545552254, -0.1355576068162918, -0.6008477807044983, -0.6010733842849731, -0.6840705871582031, -0.5701132416725159, 0.13245759904384613, -0.17863811552524567, 0.19984903931617737, -0.7921274304389954, -0.060351043939590454, -0.6557918190956116, 0.6649636030197144, 0.1654157191514969, -0.5888379216194153, 0.15192513167858124, 0.12947548925876617, 0.7591496706008911, 0.9073132872581482, 0.04748854413628578, -0.04008641466498375, -0.27197930216789246, -0.11029819399118423, 0.5573170781135559, 0.09899182617664337, -0.1158679649233818, 0.17416949570178986, 0.18026873469352722, 0.563500165939331, 0.16619229316711426, 0.07361626625061035, 0.46777692437171936, -0.7643002271652222, 0.7848499417304993, 0.17153306305408478, 0.06897459179162979, 0.8976788520812988, 0.12285511195659637, -0.7328358292579651, 0.07075314223766327, -0.4121575951576233, 0.5319597125053406, 0.6671015024185181, -0.2851896584033966, -0.5902056694030762, -0.25508251786231995, -0.38225892186164856, 0.12378895282745361, 0.7030937671661377, -0.3132556676864624, 0.16785144805908203, -0.45626750588417053, 0.5855855941772461, -0.3003009259700775, -0.1499292105436325, -0.02724367380142212, 0.28422245383262634, 0.016375549137592316, 0.11161968111991882, -0.24501124024391174, -0.11954282224178314, 0.18513809144496918, 0.09646894782781601, 0.7312087416648865, 0.16797399520874023, 0.22066813707351685, -0.13880833983421326, -0.3146629333496094, -0.5912412405014038, 0.32965975999832153, -0.0802888423204422, -0.21726250648498535, -0.8125958442687988, 0.9157174229621887, 0.2714580297470093, 0.2918500602245331, 0.28889578580856323, -0.6761202216148376, -0.09770980477333069, 0.3364235460758209, -0.6557797789573669, 0.8502830862998962, -0.6599051356315613, 0.7365825772285461, 0.1705058217048645, -0.2467116415500641, 0.2333461344242096, -0.6061705946922302, -0.4667471647262573, 0.23733408749103546, -0.6069720387458801, 0.8689697980880737, -0.12535697221755981, 0.02019868791103363, 0.994743287563324, -0.7937321662902832, -0.159574955701828, -0.6185821294784546, 0.1889224499464035, 0.3238999545574188, -0.16605955362319946, -0.4129860997200012, -0.34710627794265747, 0.5011470913887024, -0.6502212882041931, 0.6439461708068848, 0.5426270961761475, -0.09820279479026794, 0.26008546352386475, 0.3965347707271576, -0.013494770042598248, -0.0626397430896759, -0.18755672872066498, -0.6588636040687561, -0.5313072204589844, 0.05772404372692108, -0.3467690944671631, 1.0232468843460083, 0.10993168503046036, 0.3984040915966034, -0.2800939679145813, -0.23784762620925903, 0.7289677858352661, 0.12322421371936798, 0.0966910570859909, 0.4155575931072235, 0.1934313029050827, -0.20900753140449524, 0.3579275608062744, 0.3191613256931305, -0.9740419983863831, 0.17298953235149384, 0.7469226121902466, 0.11789215356111526, -0.4386620819568634, -0.1847938448190689, -0.040768761187791824, -0.1512748748064041, 0.3321097195148468, -0.6935297846794128, 0.26923343539237976, -0.18565459549427032, -0.18087081611156464, 0.6725913286209106, 0.22190754115581512, -0.4880313575267792, -0.6098911166191101, 0.09745711833238602, 0.33824679255485535, 0.3645876348018646, -0.20207272469997406, -0.10167086124420166, 0.30294203758239746, -0.3629198670387268, 0.0654841810464859, 0.2256009429693222, -0.015619795769453049, -0.21252253651618958, -0.13740964233875275, -0.3975415825843811, 0.431942880153656, 0.2986454963684082, -0.3429403305053711, -0.056192703545093536, -0.6476371884346008, 0.7484886050224304, 0.48114100098609924, 0.3787287771701813, -0.12758079171180725, -0.05012611672282219, 0.2853114902973175, -0.30640342831611633, -0.10594908148050308, 0.13028818368911743, 0.29892420768737793, -0.20665103197097778, -0.18653897941112518, 0.6032561659812927, 0.5287111401557922, 0.21371740102767944, -0.7755644917488098, -0.2404250204563141, 0.04151993244886398, -0.05717836320400238, -0.708010733127594, -0.2752128541469574, -0.586306095123291, -0.2929615378379822, 0.21932078897953033, -0.1941872388124466, 0.05892002582550049, -0.2432316541671753, 0.49154290556907654, -0.02691883035004139, -0.4490300714969635, 0.6791502833366394, 0.12977223098278046, -0.17035986483097076, -0.1594516634941101, -0.5232790112495422, -0.0051605599001049995, 0.10012613981962204, -0.31920093297958374, 0.17663706839084625, -0.7557255029678345, -5.863988399505615, 0.25563356280326843, -0.3306270241737366, -0.34506848454475403, 0.29511135816574097, -0.035452235490083694, 0.3385840654373169, 0.0315459668636322, -0.07291081547737122, -0.10188277065753937, -0.4165966212749481, -0.0728873610496521, 0.17273350059986115, 0.2603750228881836, 0.13008199632167816, 0.9485390782356262, 0.2830183804035187, -0.11663981527090073, 0.2032446563243866, 0.4693937301635742, -0.0606725811958313, -0.02551826275885105, 0.028223522007465363, -0.22509393095970154, 0.7759895920753479, 0.09813819825649261, -1.5153827667236328, -0.12477654218673706, -0.07448634505271912, -0.13251382112503052, 0.3762957751750946, 0.1188294067978859, -0.26067841053009033, -0.20913827419281006, 0.1286838948726654, 0.44589340686798096, 0.041711192578077316, 0.0389949269592762, 0.6335471272468567, -0.043358877301216125, 0.1140785664319992, 0.15544170141220093, -0.3535718321800232, 0.18504326045513153, 0.09425430744886398, -0.5401831269264221, -0.15742620825767517, -0.36995571851730347, 0.11239174008369446, 0.6583573818206787, -0.15078574419021606, 0.2723853588104248, 0.5445767641067505, -0.032163750380277634, 0.003815834177657962, -0.5401161313056946, 0.27755188941955566, 0.6008182168006897, 0.012944160029292107, -0.1300646811723709, 0.0886097401380539, -0.5380026698112488, -0.10432562977075577, -0.344916433095932, -0.30877891182899475, -0.25212687253952026, 0.1292201429605484, -0.20689451694488525, -0.1700863540172577, 0.014554432593286037, -0.22141891717910767, 0.1741543859243393, 0.1941324919462204, -1.092707872390747, 0.18645185232162476, 0.07847872376441956, -0.5309692621231079, -0.6507298946380615, -0.37536218762397766, 0.23844170570373535, 0.16682815551757812, -0.3087829649448395, -0.46774640679359436, 0.467495858669281, 0.2701355814933777, -0.713254451751709, -0.06052213907241821, 0.00019846766372211277, -0.297605961561203, -0.04938492551445961, -0.06040647625923157, -0.8414947986602783, 0.46898695826530457, 0.04957091435790062, 0.7209838628768921, 0.4160465598106384, 0.4220886826515198, -0.012062902562320232, 0.45393267273902893, -0.17103087902069092, 0.22144517302513123, 0.24997316300868988, -0.035658080130815506, -0.3253101110458374, 0.26501232385635376, -0.4163452088832855, 0.1726718246936798, 0.49201875925064087, -0.17915120720863342, -0.014245088212192059, 0.22795070707798004, -0.03877820074558258, -0.5890246629714966, -0.20598530769348145, -0.16056297719478607, 0.7288744449615479, -0.6447682976722717, -0.04626092314720154, 0.2859608232975006, 0.318146288394928, -0.18215788900852203, 0.6662664413452148, -0.11238989979028702, 0.37679922580718994, -0.5881153345108032, -0.30321118235588074, -0.018808461725711823, 0.4263494908809662, -0.19182197749614716, 0.18497705459594727, 0.04273388907313347, 0.6475338339805603, -0.10991425067186356, -0.11383099108934402, 0.4025549590587616, 0.17618264257907867, -0.3149626851081848, -0.1709328591823578, 0.5484512448310852, -0.03488066419959068, 0.40642979741096497, -0.26809564232826233, 0.15434402227401733, -0.07724346965551376, -0.043967489153146744, 0.7631487250328064, -0.24694649875164032, -0.3383696377277374, -0.008221402764320374, -0.48443251848220825, 0.08580217510461807, -0.2687316834926605, -0.05213584005832672, -0.4921378791332245, -0.4803440570831299, -0.4239470064640045, 0.5410147309303284, 0.04399913549423218, -0.2411380559206009, 0.3430277407169342, 0.5996772646903992, -0.40386641025543213, -0.7955573797225952, 0.2622438967227936, 0.11502011865377426, 0.45501312613487244, 0.37290090322494507, -0.24742519855499268, -0.6536524295806885, 0.23960384726524353, 0.4300711154937744, -1.0349819660186768, -0.38409072160720825, -0.2796577513217926, 0.528039276599884, 0.1908760368824005, 0.33952903747558594, -0.5129185318946838, 0.4653187692165375, 0.2439291626214981, 0.08613861352205276, -0.5069451332092285, -0.22480592131614685, 0.6411759257316589, 0.008228211663663387, -0.3861326277256012, -0.22003021836280823, -0.13235406577587128, 0.23515655100345612, -0.3542395830154419, 0.14686532318592072, -0.22022715210914612, 0.5325219631195068, 0.4476771950721741, -0.2834887206554413, -0.35708901286125183, 0.26689866185188293, 0.5425614714622498, 0.02532448247075081, -0.19235755503177643, -0.7588452100753784, 0.3243415951728821, -0.6706283092498779, 0.3810625672340393, 0.39633989334106445, -0.005919153336435556, -0.5127013921737671, 0.16884516179561615, 0.08524225652217865, -0.24278812110424042, -0.3549852967262268, -0.5276523232460022, -0.09454052150249481, 0.0805404931306839, -0.4631820619106293, 0.13354836404323578, 0.08541915565729141, 0.4542264938354492, -0.5872744917869568, -0.06403748691082001, -0.6396925449371338, 0.12033475935459137, -0.3683534264564514, -0.561097264289856, -0.4866727590560913, 0.45018041133880615, 0.06019754335284233, -0.5806816816329956, -0.3903859257698059, -0.5219085812568665, -0.2047627866268158, 0.24956588447093964, 0.14845144748687744, -0.4776812195777893, 0.07365996390581131, -0.16248106956481934, 0.4327509105205536, 0.5401329398155212, 0.5435903072357178, -0.1817241609096527, 0.22186490893363953, 0.08791385591030121, -0.06969257444143295, -0.05367380380630493, -0.38029035925865173, 0.45549410581588745, 0.05116591230034828, -0.5435431599617004, -0.6835291981697083, -0.10435368120670319, 0.09271393716335297, -0.27467748522758484, -0.05177707597613335, -0.16934946179389954, 1.0219130516052246, 0.035353004932403564, 0.09439023584127426, -0.3233321011066437, -0.246961772441864, -0.5340551733970642, -0.02805640734732151, -0.05181575194001198, -0.4134357273578644, 0.10567349195480347, -0.1787380576133728, -0.2714104652404785, 0.38338032364845276, -0.6378433704376221, -0.02872350811958313, -0.8917333483695984, 0.42534321546554565, 0.8335270881652832, -0.26623648405075073, 0.48848211765289307, 0.18387001752853394, 0.10880142450332642, -0.35669589042663574, 0.0053198859095573425, -0.39106428623199463, 0.40214309096336365, 0.029411815106868744, -0.1046404168009758, 0.17416982352733612, -0.5667389631271362, 0.544279158115387, -0.32149234414100647, 0.34025755524635315, -0.039487745612859726, 0.12335748225450516, 0.004086312372237444, 0.271557480096817, -0.5469962358474731, 0.42637166380882263, -0.7519912719726562, -0.4450884759426117, -0.12631037831306458, -0.05940406024456024, -0.5639760494232178, -0.4161219894886017, -0.24418507516384125, -0.4833980202674866, 0.5731849670410156, 0.008343220688402653, -0.09990712255239487, 0.11413952708244324, 0.09761834144592285, 0.16199178993701935, -0.179294615983963, -0.01305730827152729, 0.046402882784605026, 0.009547123685479164, -0.08613280206918716, 0.5729414224624634, 0.431747168302536, -1.065334677696228, 0.3284221291542053, 0.007748163305222988, -0.1023528054356575, 0.28574123978614807, -0.01404169388115406, -0.03488439321517944, -0.6307371258735657, 0.38555899262428284, 0.04108130559325218, 0.006904819048941135, 0.6276695132255554, -0.2445378601551056, 0.2606605589389801, -0.4611895978450775, -0.23441480100154877, 0.615541934967041, -0.023147961124777794, 0.2075338512659073, 0.4609462320804596, -0.12205278873443604, -0.12472347915172577, -0.045947570353746414, 0.2774254083633423, -0.3091152310371399, 0.6109194755554199, -0.31157398223876953, 0.8442475199699402, 0.3172096610069275, 0.22754429280757904, -0.5461126565933228, 0.166696697473526, -0.014208521693944931, 0.4072664678096771, 0.009210349060595036, 0.6814308166503906, 0.26913169026374817, -0.006353973411023617, -0.062146954238414764, 0.24707616865634918, -0.37659087777137756, -0.36154067516326904, 0.4589882791042328, -0.5388287305831909, -0.010109957307577133, 0.23035413026809692, 0.5771730542182922, 1.0845574140548706, 0.4606207013130188, 0.5818412899971008, -0.5123092532157898, -0.4698266386985779, -0.2829316556453705, -0.41691818833351135, -0.2650308907032013, -0.08961857110261917, -0.11667384207248688, 0.5239601135253906, -0.254814475774765, -0.01686585135757923, 0.3109636604785919, 0.1959444284439087, -0.01513707172125578, -0.023301318287849426, -0.41436195373535156, 0.06112087145447731, 0.16292212903499603, 0.2007807344198227, 0.15654726326465607, -0.44299155473709106, -0.02156519517302513, 0.2725602090358734, 0.1792476773262024, 0.620051383972168, -0.038147471845149994, -0.034732937812805176, 0.465664267539978, -0.15933963656425476, 0.029909012839198112, -0.09032490104436874, -0.3054550290107727, -0.1328408122062683, 0.4610779285430908, 0.2008255273103714, 0.28922176361083984, 0.5197649002075195, 0.42454084753990173, 0.09011178463697433, 0.182023823261261, 0.6181107759475708, -0.8463941812515259, 0.3364247679710388, -0.4288145899772644, 0.05913412198424339, -0.06761414557695389, 0.3891880214214325, 0.48105350136756897, -0.1713995337486267, -0.1903763860464096, 0.5272993445396423, 0.3140694499015808, 0.9818570613861084, 0.11663737148046494, -0.4053385555744171, -0.06894168257713318, 0.4081503450870514, 0.026578666642308235, -0.34730008244514465, 0.11841712146997452, 0.13227710127830505, -0.06453520059585571, -0.3442041277885437, 0.43590644001960754, -0.3061223328113556, -0.22267694771289825, 0.49017035961151123, 0.5669026970863342, -0.12043526768684387, -0.18462342023849487, 0.21118000149726868, -0.19873934984207153, -1.0020332336425781, -0.30007439851760864, 0.39199209213256836, 0.48614269495010376, -0.483323872089386, 0.12581250071525574, 0.36274465918540955, 0.1730497032403946, -0.19283239543437958, 0.044525645673274994, 0.18648850917816162, -0.12974554300308228, -0.6323029398918152, -0.4165171980857849, 0.3440830111503601, 0.5757498145103455, 0.16717006266117096, -0.6613394618034363, -0.14359401166439056, -0.005849448498338461, -0.2337307631969452, 0.648529052734375, 0.17665605247020721, 1.0587579011917114, -0.1680944412946701 ]
216364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Shiloh%20%28CG-67%29	USS Shiloh (CG-67)	USS Shiloh (CG-67) is a guided missile cruiser of the United States Navy, named in remembrance of the Battle of Shiloh during the American Civil War. She was built at the Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine. With her guided missiles and rapid-fire cannons, she is capable of facing and defeating threats in the air, on or under the sea, and ashore. She also carries two Seahawk LAMPS multi-purpose helicopters, mainly for anti-submarine warfare, (ASW). History 1990s On 3 September 1996, while in the carrier battle group, Shiloh launched six Tomahawk cruise missiles in Operation Desert Strike against Iraq. 2000s She deployed with the Battle Group again in July 2002, and was among the first cruisers to launch missiles in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In March 2003 Shiloh was assigned to Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three. The Shiloh returned to her homeport San Diego, California on 25 April 2003, ending an unusually long nine-month deployment. In January 2005, she participated in Operation Unified Assistance, rendering aid to those who suffered from the 26 December 2004 tsunami off the coast of Aceh, Indonesia. Shiloh was one of the first American ships to arrive on scene. On 22 June 2006, a Standard Missile Three (or SM-3) launched from Shiloh intercepted a multi-stage ballistic missile launched from the Pacific Missile Range Facility at Barking Sands, Hawaii. In August 2006, she arrived on station at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan, replacing , as part of a joint U.S.-Japanese ballistic missile defense program. On 8 July 2009, Petty Officer 1st Class Christopher Geathers fell from the ship's fantail into Tokyo Bay while rigging shore power cables. A two-and-a-half-day search failed to locate Geathers and he was declared missing and later was declared dead. A Navy investigation, led by Rear Admiral Kevin Donegan, commander of Task Force 70, found that the accident was preventable, in part because Shiloh personnel had observed Geathers working without proper safety equipment, but had failed to intervene. Nevertheless, the report did not recommend disciplinary action against any of the ship's crewmembers. 2010s In June 2017, a gas turbine systems technician named Peter Mims thought to have been lost at sea was found after seven days hiding in the engine room. Following the Mims incident, several sailors contacted the Navy Times about severe morale problems on the ship to which they attributed the Mims incident. The Navy Times requested "command climate surveys" through a Freedom of Information Act request. These surveys, completed voluntarily by sailors on the ship, reported extensive morale problems universally blamed on the CO, Captain Adam M. Aycock. Among the complaints were widespread depression and suicidal tendencies, a dysfunctional ship that sailors felt was ill-prepared for combat, an overworked and deeply stressed crew, and a constant worry of extreme punishment for minor infractions. Sailors were dismayed that despite a significant number of the ship's crew filing severely critical complaints of Aycock's leadership in the command climate surveys, the only action taken by the Navy was to counsel him. Capt. Aycock was relieved of command after completing his full 26-month tour. 2020s In 2020, a US Navy budget plan proposed putting Shiloh, as well as her sisters , , and , on a path to early decommissioning, as they had not been modernized. In December 2020 the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2024. In popular culture The ship is featured prominently in the 2012 naval thriller, Fire of the Raging Dragon, by Don Brown. References External links Official Homepage Yokosuka Naval Base Community Website USS Shiloh webpage Maritimequest USS Shiloh CG-67 Photo Gallery An article: Shiloh sailors make star wars fan film USS Shiloh News Ticonderoga-class cruisers Ships built in Bath, Maine 1990 ships Cruisers of the United States United States Navy Tennessee-related ships	[ -0.3201580047607422, 0.5900421738624573, -0.25625160336494446, 0.2126738578081131, 0.16244195401668549, 0.48257020115852356, 0.4219765067100525, -0.23601718246936798, -0.20289698243141174, 0.6473706960678101, -0.5282267332077026, 0.07497160881757736, -0.1346856653690338, 0.6013255715370178, 0.15513233840465546, 0.3547595739364624, 0.6449397206306458, 0.29590922594070435, -0.14940482378005981, -0.3746398389339447, 0.043003931641578674, -0.43096646666526794, 0.4200938940048218, -0.015093384310603142, 0.11674410849809647, 0.6281585097312927, 0.42247074842453003, 0.12486258894205093, 0.2250724732875824, -0.06790918111801147, -0.0415799506008625, 0.5347484946250916, 0.4292258620262146, -0.31161341071128845, 0.13905714452266693, 0.46068504452705383, -0.4416467249393463, -0.2688518762588501, 0.00853685475885868, -0.22215555608272552, -0.4790494441986084, -0.19714826345443726, 0.3771803379058838, 0.16090629994869232, -0.3057389259338379, -0.15006083250045776, -1.59908926486969, -0.11678941547870636, 0.20963789522647858, -0.8784903883934021, -0.5116190314292908, -0.04596620053052902, 0.4623946249485016, 0.09336921572685242, 0.6117025017738342, 0.3629817068576813, -1.0937808752059937, -0.53801029920578, 0.12451488524675369, -0.39809179306030273, 0.26572713255882263, 0.21019667387008667, 0.9009994864463806, 0.20998239517211914, 0.42168712615966797, -0.04998313635587692, -0.2984296977519989, 0.25831446051597595, -0.452144980430603, -0.2739359736442566, 0.5439022183418274, 0.1519079953432083, 0.08437533676624298, 0.43702805042266846, -0.7742964625358582, -0.01825771853327751, -0.22488026320934296, -0.17696018517017365, 0.17565517127513885, 0.43871504068374634, 0.0858674868941307, 0.6037700176239014, 1.173396348953247, 0.12393611669540405, 0.028682461008429527, 0.37698373198509216, -0.3173603117465973, -0.21252888441085815, -0.8455250263214111, 0.906111478805542, -1.0628108978271484, 0.16982139647006989, 0.020654181018471718, 1.1046969890594482, 0.07513881474733353, -0.4682449996471405, -0.37103572487831116, 0.44035980105400085, 0.3144054114818573, 0.7540783882141113, 0.3220979869365692, 0.7003604769706726, 0.9525439739227295, 0.3937654495239258, -0.31881916522979736, -0.2985645532608032, -0.11795245110988617, -0.28108999133110046, -0.7772111892700195, -0.03687714785337448, -0.6520968675613403, 0.18714579939842224, -0.3318171501159668, 0.08220867812633514, -0.10164576768875122, 0.39151281118392944, 0.35260021686553955, -0.5891885161399841, -0.06484691053628922, -0.1395087093114853, 0.4105865955352783, 1.5995713472366333, -0.7596513032913208, -0.14416536688804626, 0.40308642387390137, 0.0035023652017116547, 0.31718501448631287, 0.6080609560012817, -1.4821432828903198, 0.5708733797073364, 0.06097076088190079, 0.7654427886009216, -0.46473225951194763, 0.3067638576030731, -0.3701944947242737, -0.6391797661781311, 0.0010101808002218604, 0.23510096967220306, 0.43050017952919006, 0.3342798054218292, -1.1103761196136475, -0.2407355010509491, -0.5768193602561951, -0.4518086910247803, 0.5341253876686096, -0.0582854226231575, -0.018343424424529076, 0.08182772248983383, -0.07202143222093582, -0.15979254245758057, -0.27040791511535645, -0.2408141940832138, 0.03505735099315643, 0.024721961468458176, -0.9940651655197144, 0.04995325207710266, 0.28474298119544983, -0.2641044557094574, 0.587063729763031, 0.7526922821998596, -0.7801865935325623, 0.25576093792915344, -0.10894602537155151, 0.2663377821445465, -0.15127511322498322, 0.0898088812828064, 0.9880420565605164, 0.04029901325702667, 0.10779111832380295, -0.6779568791389465, -0.3759603500366211, 0.09196129441261292, 0.4092976748943329, -0.11540541052818298, -0.15582197904586792, -0.1878538578748703, 0.26672762632369995, -0.10000723600387573, -0.09989994019269943, -0.3662976324558258, -0.5586360096931458, 0.1592060923576355, 0.1954050362110138, -0.1701936274766922, 0.22624625265598297, -0.030745526775717735, -0.19944915175437927, -0.10263516753911972, -0.00532632227987051, 0.20066991448402405, -0.09602420777082443, 0.08523239940404892, 0.07438791543245316, 0.5575361847877502, 0.727979838848114, 0.23059555888175964, -0.4755508005619049, 0.19867277145385742, 0.046442195773124695, 0.5527595281600952, 0.6287760138511658, -0.2875427007675171, 0.22565202414989471, 0.01643170602619648, -0.21048274636268616, 0.22380806505680084, 0.4926846921443939, 0.7295072078704834, 0.31985077261924744, 0.6877959370613098, 0.06525599211454391, -0.6771224141120911, 0.22700704634189606, 0.8294501900672913, 0.07822361588478088, -0.286102831363678, -0.07918667048215866, -0.904026985168457, 0.00625471118837595, -0.26222097873687744, 0.5158219933509827, 0.24544475972652435, -0.37259766459465027, 0.1230958104133606, -0.07042420655488968, 0.49080002307891846, -0.5874252915382385, 0.5597573518753052, -0.3995901644229889, 0.17663438618183136, 0.13473808765411377, 0.1351536512374878, -0.7723207473754883, -0.30645206570625305, 0.00921908114105463, 0.12449570000171661, -0.25209560990333557, -0.47188180685043335, 0.6542478799819946, -0.2708323299884796, -0.04586922004818916, 0.22640959918498993, -0.4973072111606598, -0.07656916230916977, 0.31724026799201965, -0.7722861170768738, 0.20026005804538727, -0.27779096364974976, -0.20378893613815308, -0.4139474034309387, 0.456782728433609, 0.17049065232276917, 0.4758206605911255, -0.2395080029964447, -0.23589904606342316, -0.07297732681035995, -0.3724122643470764, 0.09924328327178955, 0.0931205153465271, 0.02098388411104679, 0.21948552131652832, 0.3865760564804077, 0.08736798912286758, -0.006776698399335146, 0.11938442289829254, -0.07204874604940414, -0.09015339612960815, 0.25859761238098145, 0.7771350145339966, -0.2934213876724243, -0.14786620438098907, -0.32143694162368774, 0.4494386613368988, -0.48685452342033386, -0.21523448824882507, 0.10557408630847931, -0.6882903575897217, 0.42389681935310364, -0.6420972347259521, -0.749889075756073, 0.6570632457733154, 0.6986171007156372, -0.42372918128967285, -0.6083155870437622, -0.2928100824356079, -0.7503067851066589, 0.16313961148262024, -0.20225736498832703, -0.26291751861572266, -0.2799743115901947, -0.4385591745376587, -0.5397801995277405, 0.013930995017290115, 0.39098596572875977, -0.02686542458832264, 0.6219853758811951, 0.26500463485717773, -0.2771748900413513, -0.23447953164577484, -0.1497250497341156, -0.7045227289199829, 0.5056728720664978, -0.4115285575389862, 0.18480601906776428, 0.09322844445705414, -0.259808748960495, -0.49132198095321655, 0.5823928117752075, -5.306896686553955, 0.301025390625, -0.058227453380823135, -0.15890634059906006, 0.3496772348880768, 0.4006224274635315, 0.15654417872428894, -0.4481232762336731, -0.051336076110601425, -0.260071337223053, 0.13399161398410797, 0.025242889299988747, 0.14750295877456665, -0.1297493278980255, 0.5883048176765442, -0.008372105658054352, 1.071920394897461, -0.2943020462989807, 0.8094910979270935, -0.05469397082924843, 0.11553353071212769, -0.23049965500831604, -0.07000822573900223, 0.089003786444664, -0.39422786235809326, 0.1576748788356781, -0.18484140932559967, -0.0193686094135046, -0.7632936239242554, 0.1393733024597168, -0.10473194718360901, -0.13014493882656097, -0.5183913707733154, 0.20331990718841553, -0.17269963026046753, 0.10941416025161743, 0.6916027069091797, 0.1830514818429947, 0.3490251302719116, -0.7189562916755676, -0.08156422525644302, 0.05418776348233223, 0.1791882961988449, 0.22689621150493622, 0.709498405456543, -0.43428659439086914, -0.37031975388526917, -0.013696940615773201, 0.05250699073076248, 1.1431732177734375, 0.26460501551628113, -0.10394560545682907, 0.8000364303588867, 0.5547062754631042, 0.16849283874034882, -0.5355643630027771, 0.1950208842754364, -0.19383575022220612, -0.442558228969574, 0.3018362820148468, 0.032104335725307465, -0.0168613251298666, -0.2163592129945755, -0.9264456033706665, 0.10874675214290619, -0.2345867156982422, -0.20921997725963593, -0.3394019603729248, 0.43745821714401245, -0.17720212042331696, -0.2545006275177002, 0.8084537982940674, -0.5834692716598511, -0.7785394787788391, 0.4673956632614136, -0.4713663160800934, -0.20732873678207397, -0.4304463565349579, -0.7417452335357666, 0.5809614062309265, 0.4958314895629883, -0.3077735900878906, 0.22264255583286285, 0.5521115064620972, 0.30661439895629883, -0.646012008190155, -0.2887839078903198, 0.44209638237953186, 0.12038377672433853, -0.013143572025001049, -0.16133959591388702, -0.6061081886291504, 0.3837863802909851, 0.2040381282567978, 0.06188803166151047, -0.27833500504493713, 0.03405576944351196, 0.7499328255653381, 0.8566186428070068, -0.28423404693603516, 0.8780483603477478, -0.7864647507667542, 0.19288788735866547, -0.015264331363141537, 0.2124335616827011, -0.31648921966552734, 0.11985155940055847, -0.052218109369277954, 0.31706082820892334, 0.27049511671066284, 0.08033161610364914, -0.4690231382846832, 0.4229414463043213, -0.4992135167121887, 0.41023388504981995, -0.022632667794823647, 0.2635400891304016, 0.4380311071872711, 0.5567330121994019, 0.5627759695053101, -0.2606075406074524, 0.3798119127750397, -0.09206366539001465, -0.11026045680046082, -0.016237575560808182, -1.1012550592422485, -0.31194886565208435, -0.07859958708286285, -0.7113878130912781, 0.09361086040735245, 0.5995587110519409, 0.5083377361297607, 0.03086725063621998, 0.3215900957584381, -0.23083382844924927, -0.619909405708313, -0.16170348227024078, -0.5700445771217346, -0.14800859987735748, -0.30360519886016846, -0.03306437283754349, -0.15708942711353302, -0.7993609309196472, 0.16565759479999542, 0.636695146560669, 0.018891770392656326, 0.21708744764328003, 0.21511654555797577, -0.4854062497615814, 0.3494734764099121, -0.7534369230270386, -1.058630347251892, 0.2096899300813675, -0.19366002082824707, -0.15156079828739166, 0.4505043029785156, 0.6572102308273315, 0.45478153228759766, 0.18027018010616302, -0.08918054401874542, -0.1384713053703308, 0.44401106238365173, -0.3354029953479767, -0.2679261863231659, -0.23664590716362, 0.08308589458465576, -0.10181646794080734, -0.20555263757705688, 0.05749421939253807, 0.25669199228286743, 0.006848826073110104, -0.2397649586200714, -1.071243405342102, -0.18036101758480072, 0.6007945537567139, 0.2835392951965332, -0.45413127541542053, -0.2797628939151764, 0.18556150794029236, -0.3636847138404846, -0.305176705121994, -0.329704225063324, -0.17566461861133575, 0.38350042700767517, 0.44497787952423096, 0.27097198367118835, -0.8767701387405396, -0.3101196885108948, -0.5776024460792542, -0.011452368460595608, 0.2549685835838318, -0.7270956039428711, 0.3545588254928589, 0.41894492506980896, -0.7855581045150757, 0.1809956580400467, 0.473845899105072, 0.32531672716140747, 0.6339330673217773, -0.468508243560791, 0.37964871525764465, 0.6118437647819519, -1.1405071020126343, 0.8603382110595703, 0.5312312841415405, -0.6873267292976379, 0.521511435508728, 0.27016767859458923, -0.03287433832883835, 0.38472405076026917, -0.21930354833602905, -1.174641728401184, 0.09949303418397903, 0.473473459482193, -0.29080402851104736, -0.5041312575340271, -0.18470671772956848, -0.2010631412267685, -0.2979329526424408, -0.6875529885292053, -0.675317108631134, -0.29284366965293884, 0.1996421366930008, -0.5207183957099915, -1.0522246360778809, 0.3489885628223419, -0.34849128127098083, -0.12275878340005875, 0.18970966339111328, -0.2629340887069702, -0.8311578035354614, -0.16089682281017303, 0.503355860710144, 0.3179154098033905, 0.3776133060455322, -0.5337719321250916, -0.2783280313014984, -0.1516830325126648, -0.47782182693481445, 0.29305100440979004, 0.30503275990486145, 0.8359463810920715, 0.5755904912948608, -0.5404142737388611, -0.8269882798194885, -0.08310621976852417, 0.3543665111064911, 0.14910218119621277, -0.3585377037525177, 0.2805490791797638, 0.3796902894973755, -0.43056565523147583, -0.4826783239841461, -0.569033145904541, 1.4490642547607422, -0.482685387134552, 0.0487615168094635, -0.7088119387626648, -0.02570105530321598, -0.2974703311920166, -0.3955717384815216, -0.0158154908567667, -0.5799325108528137, 0.334276020526886, 0.2801826000213623, 0.19542473554611206, -0.4889664649963379, -0.262218177318573, 0.1922704428434372, -0.1606978178024292, -0.44857653975486755, 0.35866424441337585, 0.42613232135772705, 0.4740075469017029, -0.22774724662303925, 0.5233867764472961, 0.27310818433761597, -0.21445201337337494, 0.3472551703453064, 0.2945712208747864, -0.029270334169268608, 0.14030399918556213, -0.7330883741378784, -0.6202813386917114, -0.08239713311195374, -0.7631640434265137, -0.20236754417419434, -0.5033029913902283, 0.017240606248378754, 0.33328574895858765, 0.18018877506256104, 0.3080251216888428, -0.4044022560119629, 0.11478916555643082, -0.3196653425693512, 0.8416138887405396, -0.14377853274345398, 0.5445658564567566, -0.07584782689809799, 0.8636851906776428, -0.7374561429023743, 0.976556658744812, -0.26414015889167786, -0.18606124818325043, -0.03456757962703705, -0.14307409524917603, 0.16589105129241943, 0.17106321454048157, -0.10177642852067947, 0.022053396329283714, -0.35031840205192566, -0.3052988350391388, 0.35523903369903564, 0.4121914803981781, -0.3124140202999115, -0.17375817894935608, 0.8106428384780884, -0.21542991697788239, -0.3074759542942047, 0.07988353073596954, -0.16865378618240356, -0.3445412814617157, 0.26938363909721375, 0.4063095152378082, 0.19147053360939026, 0.8087847828865051, -0.4222763478755951, -0.33896148204803467, -0.09038640558719635, 0.7618216872215271, -0.21436123549938202, -0.9928262233734131, -0.18658821284770966, 0.40217408537864685, 0.18786874413490295, -0.018920058384537697, 0.11281398683786392, -0.33199819922447205, -0.7289893627166748, 0.7226182222366333, -0.413651704788208, 0.49857649207115173, -0.12855634093284607, -0.1290818303823471, 0.3962353765964508, 0.07938501238822937, -0.3902640640735626, 0.5224125981330872, 0.3095586895942688, -0.1687219887971878, 0.06569358706474304, 0.6486809253692627, 0.3478350341320038, -0.289052277803421, 0.5021414160728455, -0.013438043184578419, 0.680990993976593, -0.20736894011497498, 0.042915139347314835, -0.3196426331996918, -0.32770684361457825, 0.44445815682411194, 0.3676109313964844, 0.18631654977798462, -0.0020811734721064568, -0.4056614637374878, -0.08512084186077118, 0.0024381971452385187, 0.2123769223690033, 0.6987422704696655, 0.33655354380607605, 0.406072735786438, -0.5456510186195374, 0.39151856303215027, 0.3998776078224182, 0.5181936621665955, 0.2373720407485962, -0.20526179671287537, -0.4148838520050049, 0.31261977553367615, -0.14005272090435028, 0.10630884766578674, 0.13501426577568054, -1.1046254634857178, 0.12970533967018127, 0.19168613851070404, -0.3825048506259918, 0.4154507517814636, 0.3213854432106018, 0.011493632569909096, 0.9946699142456055, -0.37343862652778625, -0.6175999641418457, -0.03455458953976631, 0.19160300493240356, 0.5282588601112366, -0.05103135108947754, 0.21683605015277863, 0.3218050003051758, 0.3428601324558258, -0.2586056590080261, 0.4421878755092621, 0.21695758402347565, 0.17526696622371674, -0.1676553636789322, -0.09662008285522461, -0.7633305191993713, 0.5515647530555725, -0.6139668226242065, -0.0936124250292778, 0.001397188869304955, 0.06922028958797455, -0.5424214601516724, -0.30720967054367065, -0.7078615427017212, 0.10526931285858154, 1.0310931205749512, -0.5326588749885559, -0.3083885908126831, -0.48245543241500854, 0.2654123306274414, -0.2738981246948242, -0.4470261335372925, 0.4503694474697113, -0.3566352128982544, -0.29936909675598145, -0.08222400397062302, -0.5645142197608948, -0.6543489694595337, -0.11963014304637909, 0.7168383598327637, -0.5147690773010254, 0.03132207319140434, 0.13220295310020447, -0.2769656181335449, -0.2814715802669525, 0.06482018530368805, 0.6646905541419983, 0.6903749704360962, -0.09528687596321106, 0.06276009976863861, -0.4488810896873474, 0.2948008179664612, -0.5340406894683838, -0.19253243505954742, -0.1323125660419464, -0.6823398470878601, -0.5906900763511658, -0.06721870601177216, 0.6463720798492432, 0.3103436231613159, -0.5144659280776978, 0.17237846553325653, -0.21992872655391693, 0.5663671493530273, 0.09729623049497604, -0.3460397720336914, 0.15637005865573883, 0.04034709930419922, -0.5618124008178711 ]
216371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20Strike%20Group%209	Carrier Strike Group 9	Carrier Strike Group 9 (CSG-9 or CARSTRKGRU 9) is a U.S. Navy carrier strike group. Carrier strike groups gain and maintain sea control as well as project naval airpower ashore. Commander Carrier Strike Group 9 (COMCARSTRKGRU 9 or CCSG 9) is responsible for unit-level training, integrated training, and material readiness for the ships and aviation squadrons assigned to the group. The group reports to Commander, U.S. Third Fleet, which also supervises its pre-deployment training and certification that includes Composite Unit Training Exercises. It is currently assigned to the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The aircraft carrier is the group's current flagship. Other group units include Carrier Air Wing Seventeen, the s and , and Destroyer Squadron 23. The strike group traces its history to Cruiser-Destroyer Group 3, created on 30 June 1973, by the re-designation of Cruiser Destroyer Flotilla 11. From 2004, the strike group has made multiple Middle East deployments providing air forces over Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as conducting Maritime Security Operations. The strike group received the Humanitarian Service Medal in recognition of its disaster relief efforts in Indonesia during Operation Unified Assistance in 2004–05. Historical background flew the flag of the Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 11 from 1 August to 11 November 1962. Effective 30 June 1973, Commander Cruiser Destroyer Flotilla 11 was re-designated as Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three (CCDG-3). was part of Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three in 1975. In 1978, the Group directed Destroyer Squadron 7, Destroyer Squadron 17, and Destroyer Squadron 27 (Naval Reserve Force), all at San Diego. On 10 December 1981, the group staff embarked on board the aircraft carrier to prepare for its first Carrier Battle Group deployment. Since that date, deployments have been made on the , , , and . Rear Admiral Jonathan Howe commanded the group in 1984–86. During 1986, Enterprise'''s battle group deployment was directed by Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three. In early 1991, Rear Admiral P. M. Quast, Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three, led Battle Group Bravo on deployment to the Middle East. The group consisted of USS Nimitz, USS Texas, USS Rentz, USS Stein, , , and USS Chancellorsville, along with Commander, Destroyer Squadron 21 and Carrier Air Wing Nine embarked in Nimitz. In April 1992, the Navy implemented the 'core battle group' concept. From this point each carrier battle group was planned to consist of an aircraft carrier; an embarked carrier air wing; cruisers, destroyers, and frigates; and two nuclear-powered attack submarines. This reorganization set off a round of ship arrivals and reassignments for the group. From April 1992 the group was assigned as permanent Immediate Superior in Command for , , and . was assigned to CCDG-3, but was decommissioned in January 1994. In August 1992, and Carrier Air Wing Fourteen were added, and CCDG-3 took on the additional title of Commander, Carl Vinson Battle Group. In October 1992, Surface Squadron 5 was redesignated Destroyer Squadron 5 and assigned under CCDG-3. The addition of , , , and rounded out the Vinson Battle Group's forces. In December 1992, two submarines, and were added. joined the group in March 1993 and joined in September 1994. Following this round of reassignments, Polmar reported in 1993 that the group had the following structure: Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three, late 1992 The group completed a very successful deployment to the Persian Gulf in August 1994. In January 1996, the Carl Vinson Battle Group was redesignated the Carl Vinson Task Group, and Destroyer Squadron 5 was reassigned to Naval Surface Group Middle Pacific in Hawaii on 1 February 1996. The Carl Vinson Task Group successfully completed all predeployment examinations and deployed in May 1996 with USS Carl Vinson, , , , , , , USS Jefferson City, and Carrier Air Wing Fourteen. In June 1998 CCDG-3 deployed to the Persian Gulf. The deployment was the first on board the USS Abraham Lincoln. On 20 August 1998, the group took part in Operation Infinite Reach, launching Tomahawk cruise missiles against the Sudanese Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory. This factory was suspected of assisting Osama Bin Laden in making chemical weapons. The Battle Group also launched a second wave of Tomahawk cruise missiles against Bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. These cruise missile strikes were ordered by President Bill Clinton 13 days after terrorists bombed the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Rear Admiral Kevin Green transferred command of the group to incoming Rear Adm. Phillip Balisle on 3 December 1999, aboard the flagship Abraham Lincoln.In 2002, the battle group deployed to the Persian Gulf to fly operations over Afghanistan the group carried out combat operations against Iraqi military forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Abraham Lincoln Carrier Battle Group received a Navy Unit Commendation for its support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Southern Watch, and Operation Iraqi Freedom during the period of 1 September 2001 to 30 April 2003, completing of an overseas deployment of 290 days. The Battle Group received its second NUC as part of the U.S. Fifth Fleet's battle/strike force, Task Force 50, during August 1998, and it received its third NUC for operations between 4 March to 1 May 2003. The battle group also received a Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) for its support of Operation Southern Watch during the period of 11 June to 11 December 1998, in which was also included its support of Operation Infinite Reach. The Battle Group received a second MUC for its operations during the period of 1 January 1999 to 10 September 2001, including OSW air combat operations. On 1 October 2004, Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three was re-designated as Carrier Strike Group 9. Command structure When deployed overseas, the strike group comes under the command of the numbered fleet in whose area it is operating (Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, or Seventh Fleets). When deployed like this, the group utilizes a task force or task group designator, for example, Task Group 50.1 in the Fifth Fleet area. Group commanders since 2004 have been: Operational history 2004–2009 operations Between 2004 and 2009, the strike group completed three Western Pacific deployments in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, the War in Iraq, and the War in Afghanistan, as well as providing support for regional Maritime Security Operations. Additionally, the group also participated in such major military exercises as RSOI/Foal Eagle 2006, Valiant Shield, and RIMPAC 2006, as well as Operation Unified Assistance, the U.S. military response to the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In recognition of its disaster-relief mission to Indonesia, the group received the Humanitarian Service Medal. During its 2004–2005 deployment, Carrier Strike Group 9 executed 4400 fixed-wing sorties and completed 4455 flight deck landings (traps) for a total of 7588 flight hours. Also, the group executed 1518 rotary-wing sorties for a total of 4401 flight hours, including flying 1737 humanitarian relief missions in support of Operation Unified Assistance (pictured) between 26 December 2004 and 3 February 2005 following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The strike group received the Humanitarian Service Medal in recognition of its disaster relief efforts during this operation. Finally, helicopter squadron HSL-47 was the first LAMPS helicopter squadron deployed in its entirety on board an aircraft carrier, with the squadron providing LAMPS detachments to the other ships within the strike group while being supported by the carrier's aviation facilities. During its 2006 deployment, the strike group participated in three major exercises, Foal Eagle, Valiant Shield and Exercise RIMPAC, as well as several passing exercises and port visits. Carrier Air Wing Two flew 7,871 sorties, with a total of 7,578 catapult launches from the flight deck of the carrier Abraham Lincoln. and Also, on 15 April 2006, squadron HSL-47 helicopters and the guided-missile destroyer provided aid to a fishing vessel in distress while operating in the South China Sea. During its 2008 deployment, the strike group operated in the Persian Gulf and North Arabian Sea. It launched many sorties supporting U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq. Carrier Air Wing Two (CVW-2) flew approximately 7,100 sorties, totaling more than 22,000 flight hours, which included 2,307 combat sorties that dropped 255,963 pounds (116,102,863.8 kg) of ordnance. Also, on 9 May, while operating with Combined Task Force 150, the guided-missile destroyer assisted a disabled dhow by towing it from the Gulf of Aden to Mukalla, Yemen. The strike group's Composite Unit Training Exercise included Mobile Security Squadron 2 (MSRON-2), Helicopter Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (HVBSS) Team 1, a first for West Coast-based U.S. Navy ships. The Team specializes in boarding non-compliant ships at sea in the dead of night, detaining the crew if necessary, and identifying suspected terrorists or subjects of interest, using the element of surprise afforded by helicopter insertion and night vision equipment. MSRON-2 HVBSS Team 1 was established in 2004 at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, and it was the first team of its kind to reach operational status. On 26 March 2007, Rear Admiral Scott R. Van Buskirk took command of the group, becoming only the second former nuclear submarine commanding officer to lead a carrier strike group. Admiral Van Buskirk subsequently commanded the U.S. Seventh Fleet and lead U.S. naval forces during Operation Tomodachi, providing assistance to Japan following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. 2010–2011 deployment On 11 September 2010, the strike group departed Naval Base San Diego, for its 2010 deployment under the command of Rear Admiral Mark D. Guadagnini. While en route, the strike group executed carrier qualifications and anti-piracy training, as well as anti-submarine warfare exercises off Guam with the attack submarine . On 25 September 2010, the strike group enter the U.S. Seventh Fleet area of responsibility. On 8 October 2010, the strike group paid its first foreign port call at Port Klang, Malaysia, which was followed by a multi-unit ASW exercises held on 23 October. On 17 October 2010, the strike group arrived in the U.S. Fifth Fleet area, joining Carrier Strike Group Ten as part of Task Force 50 (pictured). For long-range air combat missions over Afghanistan, U.S. Air Force KC-135 and KC-10s provided aerial tanker support. The French carrier task group led by the Charles de Gaulle joined the strike group operating in the Persian Gulf (pictured). On 18 November 2010, the carrier Abraham Lincoln hosted seven ambassadors during a port visit to Manama, Bahrain, and on 6 December 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates visited the Abraham Lincoln while operating in the Arabian Sea. A total of 999 War in Afghanistan-related sorties and 76 Operation New Dawn-related sorties were flown during the 2010–2011 Western Pacific deployment. On 28 December, with the carrier strike group operating in the Arabian Sea, Carrier Air Wing Two flew its 1000th sortie, amassing thus far a total of more than 5,884 hours flown supporting Afghanistan operations during this Western Pacific deployment. Carrier Strike Group Nine completed its final air operations over Afghanistan on 3 February 2011. Since 20 October 2010, Carrier Air Wing Two has launched more than 1,800 combat sorties in excess of 10,000 flight hours with a 100 percent completion rate for Afghanistan related missions. On 10 February 2011, Carrier Strike Group Nine completed its 45th day of at-sea operations, with Carrier Air Wing Two having launched over 7,000 sorties including nearly 2,000 directly supporting ground combat troops. Aircraft from Carrier Strike Group Nine also participated in joint aerial combat training exercises with the Royal Malaysian Air Force on 14 February 2011. On 22 February 2011, the strike group flagship Abraham Lincoln hosted a Brunei military delegation led by Deputy Minister of Defense Dato Paduka Mustappa Sirat. Surface warships of Carrier Strike Group participated in maritime security operations during the group's 2010–2011 deployment with the U.S. Fifth Fleet. The guided-missile destroyer Halsey was assigned to counter-piracy operations in and around the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea; and Momsen operated with Combined Task Force 152 in the Persian Gulf. On 5 December 2010, the Halsey and the French frigate Tourville participated in a bi-lateral naval gunnery exercise in the Arabian Sea to enhance coalition maritime forces training and coordination. On 18 January 2011, a sailor from the guided-missile destroyer Halsey was reported overboard in the Gulf of Oman, initiating a search-and-rescue mission involving helicopters from the Halsey, the fast combat support ship USNS Rainier, and the British guided-missile frigate , as well as land-based P-3 maritime patrol aircraft and FA-18 strike fighters from Carrier Air Wing Two based on the carrier Abraham Lincoln. On 19 January, the body of the missing sailor was recovered 75 miles (120.7 km) east of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, and was identified as Petty Officer Dominique Cruz, 26, of Panama City, Florida. On 31 January 2011, the cruiser Cape St. George responded to a distress call from a sinking Iranian dhow by dispatching a rescue team via a rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB) (pictured). The U.S. naval team attempted to repair the dhow's dewatering pumps, but they were unable to stop the flooding. The Iranian fishermen were brought aboard the Cape St. George, where they were examined by the medical staff before being transferred to an Iranian customs vessel. On 2 February 2011, the destroyer Momsen, with the cruiser , responded to a distress call from the Panamanian-flag merchant vessel Duqm in the Gulf of Oman. Both ships disrupted a pirate attack on the Duqm, tracked the two pirate skiffs back to their mothership, and destroyed the two skiffs to prevent their use in future pirate attacks (pictured). Following its rotation with the Fifth Fleet and the Seventh Fleet, the carrier Abraham Lincoln, with the destroyers Momsen and Shoup, arrived at Naval Air Station San Diego, California, on 19 March, and subsequently to their homeport of Everett, Washington, on 24 March 2011. The destroyer Halsey arrived at San Diego on 14 March 2011. Squadrons from Carrier Air Wing 2 also returned to their bases on 18 March. During its 2010–2011 deployment, Carrier Air Wing Two flew more than 8,300 sorties and completed more than 23,500 flying hours, of which more than 3,600 sorties and almost 11,000 hours were flown in support of U.S. and coalition ground forces in Afghanistan. Carrier Strike Group Nine conducted military exercises with France, Bahrain, Malaysia, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, and Oman. Strike group warships , , , , and assisted mariners in distress and provided humanitarian assistance to more than 10 vessels. Finally, Helicopter Strike Maritime Squadron (HSM-77) was named as a top U.S. Navy helicopter squadron based on the U.S. west coast, earning a Battle "E" award. 2010–2011 deployment force composition 2010–2011 deployment exercises and port visits 2011–2012 deployment On 7 December 2011, the carrier Abraham Lincoln departed from Naval Station Everett, Washington, and the cruiser Cape St. George from Naval Base San Diego, California, to start their 2011-2011 deployment under the command of Rear Admiral Troy M. ("Mike") Shoemaker. The destroyer Sterett departed San Diego on 6 December 2011 to join up with the other units of Carrier Strike Group Nine. On 13 December 2011, helicopter squadron HSM-77 flew from Naval Air Station North Island, California, to Carrier Strike Group Nine. Squadron HSM-77 as part of Carrier Air Wing Two aboard the carrier Abraham Lincoln. HSM-77 detachments Two, Three, and Five deployed earlier that month to the cruiser Cape St. George and the destroyers Sterret and USS Momsen, respectively, with two helicopters per detachment. The squadron serves as the eyes and ears for the carrier strike group, providing important anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare capabilities. Also, Squadron HSM-77 flew cross-country to return to NAS North Island following the conclusion of this deployment. On 9 January 2012, Carrier Strike Groups 1 and 3, rendezvoused in the North Arabian Sea, while Carrier Strike Group Nine was en route to the Arabian Sea, amid rising tension between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran over U.S. naval access to the Strait of Hormuz. On 19 January 2012, Carrier Strike Group Nine entered the U.S. Fifth Fleet's area of responsibility and relieved Carrier Strike Group One (pictured). On 22 January 2012, the group was joined by the British Type 23 frigate and French frigate La Motte-Picquet and together this American-British-French naval flotilla transited the Strait of Hormuz into the Persian Gulf without incident. Three weeks later, the carrier Abraham Lincoln, the cruiser Cape St. George, and the destroyer Sterett transited through Strait of Hormuz into the northern Arabian Sea on 14 February 2012, concluding Carrier Strike Group Nine's initial operations in the Persian Gulf. The strike group's movements were monitored by Iranian patrol boats and aircraft during its transit. In addition to combat air support for coalition forces in Afghanistan, Carrier Strike Group Nine maintained flights operations some off the coast of Iran. Also, the new British guided-missile destroyer operated with Carrier Strike Group One and Carrier Strike Group Nine in the Persian Gulf and North Arabian Sea, respectively, during that ship's maiden overseas deployment. On 17 January 2012, the guided-missile destroyer conducted a boarding party with Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 1131 based on the aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln. The EOD team fast-roped onto Momsen from a hovering helicopter from squadron HSC-12; such training exercises helped to maintain the proficiency and qualifications for both the EOD personnel and the helicopter pilots. Following that training exercise, the EOD team also conducted training with the Momsens 12-man boarding party team. These exercises were vital in an anti-piracy and boarding operations. On 31 January 2012, at 12:37 pm local time, an MH-60S Seahawk helicopter from HSC-12 spotted a disabled Iranian fishing dhow, the M/V Sohaila, with nine crew members aboard (pictured). The dhow's distress call reported that Sohailas engine had overheated, prevented the vessel from operating. A boarding team from the destroyer responded and they were joined by a diving team from Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 1131 flown from Abraham Lincoln. The Sohailas engine was repaired, and after determining that the Iranian mariners had ample supplies and fuel, the U.S. boarding party departed. The guided-missile destroyer Sterrett served as the flagship for the Kuwaiti-led exercise Stakenet held 5–9 February 2012 in the Persian Gulf under the operational command of Combined Task Force 152 (CTF-152), the Persian Gulf maritime security task force of the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) multilateral naval command. Warships that participated in Stakenet 2012 included the U.S. guided-missile destroyers Sterrett and and the coastal patrol vessels and ; the British frigate ; and the Kuwati fast-attack craft Al Nokhetna and Maskan. Air units included U.S. Army Apache attack helicopters, U.S. Navy P-3 maritime patrol aircraft, and U.S. Air Force F-16 fighters. On 16 February 2012, from the North Arabian Sea, the carrier Abraham Lincoln and its embarked Carrier Air Wing Two began flying air combat missions in support of coalition ground forces in Afghanistan (pictured). To assist the strike group's combat air operations, U.S. Army ground liaison officers from the 4th Battlefield Coordination Detachment served as communications links between ground forces in Afghanistan and Carrier Air Wing Two. On 14 May 2012, during its 2012 deployment, HSM-77 Detachment Five completed its temporary operational rotation on board the British replenishment oiler Fort Victoria which was serving as the flagship for Combined Task Force 151. This was the first time that a MH-60R helicopter had ever operated from a Royal Navy ship. The detachment's helicopters primarily concentrated on anti-piracy surveillance missions during this two-week period. On 1 May 2012, Carrier Strike Group Twelve, led by the carrier , joined Carrier Strike Group Nine, becoming the second carrier strike group currently operating in the Fifth Fleet's area of responsibility. On 9 July 2012, Carrier Strike Group Nine concluded air combat operations in support of coalition ground forces in Afghanistan (pictured), having flown over 2,400 sorties in excess of 14,000 flight hours with a 100 percent completion rate during the 172 days the strike group operated in the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility. During the entire 2011–2012 deployment, aircraft from Carrier Air Wing Two flew over 11,000 sorties totaling in excess of 32,000 flight hours. This deployment is the final combat flight operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom for Carrier Strike Group Nine, Carrier Air Wing Two, and the carrier Abraham Linciln. On 16 July 2012, Carrier Strike Group Nine transited the Suez Canal and entered the U.S. Sixth Fleet's area of responsibility. On 5 July 2012, the guided-missile destroyer Sterrett returned to Naval Base San Diego, California, completing a seven-month-long deployment to the U.S. Fifth Fleet as a unit of Carrier Strike Group Nine. On 7 August 2012, the aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln arrived at its new homebase of Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, to start its upcoming four-year-long, mid-life overhaul at the Newport News Shipbuilding shipyard. During its 2011–2012 deployment, the Abraham Lincoln steamed over over 245 days underway, including 105 days in the Arabian Sea supporting coalition forces in Afghanistan. 2011–2012 deployment force composition 2011–2012 deployment exercises and port visits Homeport & flagship change-over On 9 December 2010, the U.S. Navy announced that Abraham Lincoln will undergo its scheduled four-year Refueling and Complex Overhaul at the Newport News Shipbuilding shipyard in Virginia. The refit was scheduled to begin in 2013. On 1 August 2011, the Navy announced that the group would change station from Naval Station Everett to Naval Base San Diego, effective 14 December 2012. The carrier has been reassigned as the group flagship following the de-activation of Carrier Strike Group Seven. On 10 January 2012, Ronald Reagan sailed into Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for its 12-month, US$218 million docking planned incremental availability (DPIA) overhaul. Ronald Reagan completed its year-long dry-docked maintenance overhaul at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard & Intermediate Maintenance Facility in Bremerton, Washington, and on 18 March 2013, departed for San Diego, arriving on 21 March 2013. 2013–2015 operations On 18 November 2013, Carrier Strike Group Nine completed its four-day Fleet Synthetic Training-Joint (FST-J) exercise. Such FST-J exercises simulate virtual at-sea training involving real-world battle scenarios while the ships of the strike group remained docked in port. Such in-port training allowed shipboard maintenance to be done without delaying required training for upcoming deployments. This FST-J exercise also involved joint forces training in tactics and operations, with units of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. Air Force participating. On 18 November 2013, Carrier Strike Group Nine completed its independent deployer certification exercise (IDCERTEX) held in the U.S. Third Fleet area of operations. The two-phase IDCERTEX involved intermediate and advanced training for the strike group across the full spectrum of naval warfare operations. The first phase involved such unit-level training as shipboard firefighting; man overboard drills; visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS); and other ship-specific functions. The second phase involved integrated training between the ships and aircraft of the strike group, and it consisted of flight operations, submarine tracking, strait transit formations, replenishment-at-sea, and other required mission operations. On 27 November 2013, Carrier Strike Group Nine was underway to complete its Tailored Ship's Training Assessment (TSTA) pre-deployment exercises as well as prepare for its upcoming Final Evaluation Problem (FEP) exercises. TSTA exercises are designed to prepare the carrier strike group for sustained at-sea combat operations. This involves the strike group conducting multiple combat missions simultaneously as well as testing shipboard damage control readiness. Between 4–12 December 2013, the USS Ronald Reagan was underway conducting routine training in the southern California operations area, and at the start of 2014, the carrier was in port and not underway. and and Between 23 and 30 January 2014, the Reagan departed Naval Station San Diego, California, for carrier qualifications prior to undertaking pre-deployment exercises for Carrier Strike Group Nine. On 17 March 2014, the Reagan resumed its Tailored Ship's Training Availability (TSTA) pre-deployment training exercises (pictured). On 17 April 2015, Ronald Reagan departed Naval Air Station North Island, California, for sea trials following the completing of its seven-month Planned Incremental Availability (PIA) refit and upkeep cycle. The Reagan subsequently completed CVW-11/FRS/TRACOM carrier qualifications (CQ) and Combat System Ship's Qualification Trials (CSSQT) before on-loading ammunition from the dry cargo ship . 2013–2014 exercises and port visits Unit changes On 14 January 2014, the U.S. Navy announced that the Ronald Reagan will replace the as the flagship of Carrier Strike Group Five, the only forward-based carrier strike group home-ported at Yokosuka, Japan, as part of the U.S. Seventh Fleet. The George Washington'' is scheduled to undergo its mid-life complex refueling and overhaul at Newport News Shipbuilding shipyard in Newport News, Virginia. See also History of the United States Navy List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons U.S. Carrier Group tactics References Footnotes Citations Sources External links GlobalSecurity.org, Abraham Lincoln Strike Group Globalsecurity.org, Cruiser-Destroyer Group Three Carrier Strike Groups Military units and formations established in 2004 Military units and formations in Washington (state) 2004 establishments in the United States	[ -0.36635249853134155, 0.11848871409893036, 0.549476146697998, 0.1897687166929245, -0.30345845222473145, 0.4897316098213196, -0.27044662833213806, 0.8084300756454468, -0.5142929553985596, -0.17803780734539032, -0.8653125762939453, 0.06425496935844421, -0.4396657943725586, -0.4258054792881012, 0.02712486870586872, 0.3909640312194824, 0.561946451663971, -0.014073585160076618, -0.11605149507522583, -0.7700116038322449, -0.011453218758106232, -0.30211591720581055, 0.21469826996326447, -0.17163993418216705, 0.14408071339130402, 0.10618340969085693, 0.2561030983924866, 0.4449678361415863, 0.842663049697876, 0.05595656484365463, -0.16605769097805023, 0.6041887998580933, 0.17598634958267212, 0.07384990155696869, 0.13465666770935059, -0.0005338680348359048, -0.7248247265815735, -0.12093212455511093, 0.033708542585372925, -0.06902799010276794, -0.04173797369003296, -0.16519680619239807, 0.14535796642303467, 0.2730694115161896, 0.0790558010339737, 0.5117918252944946, -1.2166606187820435, -0.1163439229130745, -0.29267939925193787, -0.5034580826759338, -0.2018745392560959, 0.7131643295288086, 0.03869709372520447, -0.38570255041122437, 0.24897578358650208, 0.4936482906341553, -1.008947730064392, 0.15289568901062012, -0.018250375986099243, -0.44157928228378296, -0.23533912003040314, -0.16515076160430908, 0.07676534354686737, 0.42063474655151367, 0.326479434967041, 0.06754463165998459, -0.04266463220119476, 0.5818906426429749, -0.5151710510253906, -0.6220133900642395, 0.15042231976985931, 0.18387094140052795, 0.23990270495414734, 0.5351367592811584, -0.23193900287151337, -0.3166451156139374, -0.19583158195018768, -0.14056840538978577, -0.263950914144516, 0.6965732574462891, 0.24876932799816132, 0.865058183670044, 0.9768875241279602, 0.3641987144947052, 0.3766193389892578, -0.12868176400661469, -0.5948023200035095, 0.27087733149528503, -0.7012138366699219, 0.7690647840499878, -0.7423140406608582, 0.10273531079292297, 0.33702048659324646, 0.6359323263168335, -0.12716108560562134, 0.25815677642822266, -0.5511561036109924, 0.3981833755970001, 0.35085105895996094, 0.24881798028945923, 0.048445042222738266, 0.19844187796115875, 0.6105415225028992, -0.26557666063308716, -1.1044495105743408, -0.8758231401443481, -0.472652792930603, -0.33241066336631775, -0.7649374604225159, -0.12136715650558472, -0.9966116547584534, -0.16259969770908356, -0.590966522693634, 0.5637180209159851, -0.12459757924079895, 0.6394182443618774, -0.32791370153427124, -0.6048280596733093, 0.30102112889289856, -0.2418650984764099, 0.3227449953556061, 0.718509316444397, -0.8402275443077087, 0.027466073632240295, 0.21797707676887512, 0.2100292593240738, 0.38897669315338135, 0.13507336378097534, -0.12542280554771423, 0.27413731813430786, 0.2106834203004837, 0.7100083827972412, -0.2483348399400711, 0.33472156524658203, -0.31751763820648193, -0.5517332553863525, 0.6326078176498413, 0.2912789285182953, 0.508037805557251, 0.7061850428581238, -1.186646580696106, -0.6338720321655273, -0.444059282541275, -0.5297016501426697, 0.5062373280525208, 0.04250242933630943, -0.13225556910037994, 0.11456706374883652, -0.48991653323173523, -0.2656858265399933, -0.06859682500362396, -0.541538417339325, 0.17835679650306702, 0.2962469160556793, -0.5098422765731812, -0.14593446254730225, 0.3681195080280304, -0.03599458932876587, 0.5336335301399231, 0.3509537875652313, -0.44350162148475647, 0.07876364141702652, -0.5139114260673523, 0.2702535092830658, 0.01243502739816904, 0.174608513712883, 0.40255361795425415, -0.2601577639579773, 0.5235514640808105, 0.03856392949819565, -0.5837287306785583, 0.05253222584724426, 0.2438664436340332, 0.32634952664375305, -0.10851480066776276, -0.37997227907180786, 0.7123104929924011, -0.05499663203954697, 0.5790436863899231, -0.575413703918457, -0.9322616457939148, -0.01080244593322277, 0.4443313181400299, -0.36188051104545593, -0.13872170448303223, -0.16335317492485046, 0.40895164012908936, -0.20756825804710388, -0.24011926352977753, 0.4262095093727112, -0.6249093413352966, 0.3503846228122711, 0.8048760294914246, -0.018263239413499832, 1.0860857963562012, -0.04623744636774063, 0.17534932494163513, -0.11400754749774933, 0.04478030651807785, 0.8439524173736572, 0.4199957251548767, -0.1801033765077591, 0.4019050896167755, 0.3476862907409668, 0.020030710846185684, 0.3008318245410919, -0.6153773069381714, 0.45487773418426514, 0.11750370264053345, 0.5252809524536133, -0.34021973609924316, -0.27931737899780273, 0.10246169567108154, 0.2763146162033081, 0.32618457078933716, -0.6424631476402283, -0.4344146251678467, -0.40159642696380615, 0.038433779031038284, -0.21740156412124634, 0.642693042755127, -0.19609102606773376, 0.10257724672555923, 0.18859125673770905, -0.11455261707305908, 0.5224186778068542, -0.37315279245376587, 0.5336601734161377, 0.06956085562705994, -0.30993080139160156, 0.4328232407569885, 0.5330249667167664, -0.4822157621383667, 0.20271603763103485, 0.10591545701026917, -0.22211205959320068, -0.04139542579650879, -0.5270172953605652, 0.16920438408851624, -0.4958827793598175, -0.054692547768354416, -0.13259713351726532, -0.3838140070438385, -0.1457435041666031, 0.012247215956449509, -0.30746912956237793, 0.2300715148448944, 0.20180939137935638, 0.18080809712409973, -0.04205534607172012, 0.2574441134929657, 0.6479122042655945, -0.23281390964984894, -0.41473865509033203, -0.6412277817726135, 0.10848820209503174, 0.0874028280377388, -0.2026921957731247, -0.05909351631999016, -0.23214499652385712, -0.3195246458053589, 0.07355988770723343, -0.24536378681659698, 0.22190819680690765, -0.0330880768597126, -0.6510933041572571, -0.5228384733200073, 0.5545709133148193, 0.5767270922660828, -0.22873692214488983, 0.22732625901699066, -0.5874450206756592, -0.3657262325286865, -0.409086674451828, -0.7582899928092957, -0.8167762160301208, -0.5437273979187012, 0.9865641593933105, -0.6727685928344727, -0.45438680052757263, 0.4407259225845337, 0.4283585548400879, 0.6220332980155945, -0.3258441388607025, 0.2525708079338074, -0.5121985077857971, 0.06798384338617325, -0.24020540714263916, -0.5948686599731445, -1.0045552253723145, -0.4486502707004547, -0.0555519238114357, -0.6957713961601257, 0.05616767331957817, -0.07339870184659958, 0.24153603613376617, -0.0757516399025917, -0.07179496437311172, 0.5187278985977173, -0.14493493735790253, -0.35079243779182434, 0.2776816785335541, -0.0025346253532916307, -0.022799629718065262, -0.41747841238975525, -0.4821517765522003, -0.3734571039676666, 0.35305458307266235, -5.448571681976318, 0.1558615118265152, -0.34172695875167847, 0.021387577056884766, 0.21313197910785675, 0.1034059002995491, 0.8225048184394836, -0.04024805501103401, 0.13486474752426147, -0.32589900493621826, -0.41161301732063293, -0.15892761945724487, -0.18024121224880219, -0.02071501687169075, 0.3640712797641754, 0.6828731894493103, 0.9127243161201477, -0.1562136858701706, 1.0091207027435303, 0.2719132900238037, -0.044762879610061646, -0.17150485515594482, 0.15865541994571686, 0.32847875356674194, 0.1392916440963745, 0.5437266230583191, -0.2727189362049103, 0.1454356461763382, -0.8244984745979309, 0.29713761806488037, 0.6075592041015625, -0.36597880721092224, -0.7417663931846619, -0.13241058588027954, -0.08452589064836502, -0.6796984076499939, 1.1797446012496948, 0.018009129911661148, -0.3496178686618805, -0.7904919981956482, 0.05469666048884392, 0.21095030009746552, -0.5544319152832031, 0.4056631028652191, 0.866550087928772, -0.076008640229702, -0.6990698575973511, -0.41048917174339294, 0.10734302550554276, 1.1538927555084229, 0.05614181607961655, 0.0655161440372467, 0.5753076076507568, 0.41027694940567017, 0.5167218446731567, 0.10464201867580414, -0.029728304594755173, 0.03803610801696777, -0.40234875679016113, 0.026074936613440514, 0.19335819780826569, -0.14865221083164215, -0.47205179929733276, -0.6551207900047302, 0.33481836318969727, -0.11307644098997116, -0.2533569037914276, -0.06248283013701439, 0.20685535669326782, -0.5193820595741272, -0.20982733368873596, 0.7863759398460388, -0.2912302613258362, -0.9018860459327698, 0.30087926983833313, -0.7170863747596741, -0.237509086728096, -0.1581459641456604, -0.25886428356170654, 0.3450585901737213, 0.33995750546455383, -0.38899722695350647, -0.29034051299095154, 0.022838763892650604, 0.18340009450912476, -0.44921064376831055, -0.2512418031692505, 0.2358245700597763, 0.697088360786438, 0.4892161190509796, 0.6722063422203064, -0.44312822818756104, 0.6960969567298889, 0.3700721561908722, 0.5459685921669006, -0.08849740028381348, 0.14375196397304535, 0.5342079401016235, 0.3283572793006897, -0.4746571183204651, 0.5288646221160889, -0.767350435256958, 0.0778505727648735, 0.11806301027536392, 0.08001559972763062, -0.42792943120002747, 0.3716440796852112, 0.13535228371620178, 0.614264726638794, 0.24416124820709229, 0.5602656006813049, -0.3517214357852936, 0.11902926862239838, -0.7884067296981812, 0.1998177468776703, -0.10751228779554367, -0.15579889714717865, 0.6839463710784912, 0.22528919577598572, -0.03382931649684906, -0.3717208504676819, 0.3297649621963501, -0.6854193806648254, 0.022653160616755486, -0.28983843326568604, -0.8668162822723389, -0.4476659893989563, 0.0026313788257539272, 0.02818683721125126, -0.08333739638328552, -0.0401504747569561, 0.3785263001918793, 0.027880139648914337, 0.033003177493810654, -0.30444613099098206, -0.7120603322982788, 0.23756957054138184, -0.21601331233978271, 0.03266591578722, -0.21486689150333405, -0.22170796990394592, 0.17699189484119415, -0.5464257001876831, -0.0669531300663948, 0.6477149128913879, 0.5953162312507629, -0.08752082288265228, 0.20072896778583527, -0.17519165575504303, 0.3707547187805176, 0.40390530228614807, -0.6705508232116699, 0.044592589139938354, -0.07240582257509232, -0.09402363002300262, 0.06452653557062149, 0.5229889154434204, 0.4972548186779022, 0.15257081389427185, -0.159781813621521, 0.338661253452301, 0.18191681802272797, -0.6096749901771545, -0.6964086890220642, 0.45314380526542664, -0.43400394916534424, 0.07942932099103928, -0.7747583389282227, -0.3359743654727936, 0.3245261013507843, 0.09992174804210663, -0.7883363366127014, -0.8036761283874512, 0.45709705352783203, 0.5046948790550232, 0.06062648072838783, -0.510474443435669, -0.316010981798172, 0.4343522787094116, 0.5218031406402588, -0.3948254883289337, -0.46962109208106995, -0.06261437386274338, 0.6704687476158142, -0.038548801094293594, 0.28724929690361023, -0.3208257853984833, -0.043510228395462036, 0.1512564718723297, -0.3417694568634033, -0.1663580983877182, -0.33265581727027893, 0.157151997089386, 0.08161936700344086, -0.5493351221084595, -0.2909964323043823, -0.0186641663312912, 1.2069565057754517, 0.27680277824401855, -0.4822656214237213, 0.21489767730236053, 1.1235765218734741, -1.0258429050445557, 0.4754963517189026, 0.3615041971206665, -0.02256636507809162, 0.8505516052246094, -0.10964218527078629, 0.03478049114346504, 0.1340121179819107, -0.14623621106147766, -0.7655541896820068, -0.06757612526416779, 0.6831886172294617, -0.2578795552253723, -0.26247766613960266, -0.1739313155412674, 0.022549377754330635, -0.1878216415643692, -0.5112375617027283, -0.599215567111969, 0.28485679626464844, -0.3833343982696533, -0.24100914597511292, -1.0208808183670044, 0.6362942457199097, 0.12299421429634094, -0.6408830285072327, -0.27784106135368347, -0.37502142786979675, -0.022546008229255676, -0.2643809914588928, 0.20749874413013458, 0.564436137676239, -0.15209172666072845, -0.024408502504229546, -0.47133204340934753, -0.4089201092720032, 0.5461304783821106, 0.0804966539144516, 0.004520694259554148, 0.541286826133728, 0.432356595993042, -0.8013806343078613, -0.11614152789115906, 0.08826299756765366, 1.184072494506836, -0.4172748625278473, -0.2953930199146271, 0.03176770731806755, 0.6330697536468506, -0.40945324301719666, -0.6917670369148254, 0.0020999955013394356, 1.2195402383804321, -0.685678243637085, -0.5144271850585938, -0.4687801003456116, -0.15572863817214966, -0.2185533493757248, -0.5607202053070068, 0.12330316007137299, -0.2371041476726532, -0.47485193610191345, -0.07144539058208466, 0.5045177936553955, -0.5359055399894714, 0.09024220705032349, -0.13869453966617584, -0.4322235882282257, -0.06712755560874939, 0.5896751284599304, 0.3317454159259796, 0.34432661533355713, 0.5718942880630493, -0.5792043805122375, 0.3533269762992859, 0.09381287544965744, 0.6909981369972229, 0.40702933073043823, -0.4062102735042572, 0.06832623481750488, -0.3914719223976135, -0.3326667249202728, 0.05108032375574112, -1.0706169605255127, -0.08678589016199112, 0.22333292663097382, -0.5967152714729309, 0.2675163447856903, 0.3618410527706146, 0.45934563875198364, -0.952927827835083, -0.41355109214782715, -0.2950993478298187, 0.16004876792430878, -0.04787375405430794, -0.35047921538352966, 0.20729264616966248, 0.6674723029136658, -0.640533983707428, 0.5933706760406494, -0.19879570603370667, -0.6142299771308899, -0.06382930278778076, -0.20144356787204742, -0.005203123204410076, -0.5538073182106018, -0.013335762545466423, 0.3811740577220917, -0.23988163471221924, -0.18264158070087433, -0.0368596687912941, 0.49509862065315247, -0.5563672184944153, 0.41552290320396423, 0.27441275119781494, -0.356148898601532, 0.1638178676366806, 0.21792377531528473, 0.015065026469528675, 0.24102753400802612, 0.11010817438364029, 0.3310106694698334, -0.3826184570789337, 0.5460010766983032, -0.5397170782089233, -0.28515052795410156, 0.37741804122924805, -0.0041105179116129875, 0.12583689391613007, -0.343719482421875, -0.12055455148220062, 0.48717454075813293, 0.16791880130767822, 0.017190491780638695, 0.29287034273147583, -0.25785818696022034, 0.10376696288585663, 0.9266085624694824, 0.2631211280822754, 0.6712622046470642, 0.24430541694164276, -0.23329637944698334, -0.1703662872314453, 0.13070286810398102, 0.012194924056529999, 0.26120108366012573, 0.7383607029914856, 0.4930848479270935, -0.17271791398525238, 0.39414265751838684, -0.20554512739181519, -0.08519704639911652, 0.3507554233074188, -0.2492530345916748, 0.36361828446388245, -0.3949791491031647, 0.1598110795021057, -0.12176404893398285, -0.20654264092445374, 0.9295556545257568, 0.0671318843960762, 0.5912260413169861, -0.868809700012207, -0.0009114038548432291, -0.10798552632331848, 0.012712464667856693, 0.46156492829322815, 0.8256053924560547, -0.05387537181377411, 0.2953992784023285, 0.2911393940448761, 0.37096673250198364, -0.08692198246717453, 0.2517732083797455, 0.28712359070777893, 0.08481558412313461, 0.13109682500362396, 0.1293652057647705, -0.5381118655204773, 0.32612383365631104, 0.24658522009849548, -0.4627513289451599, 0.22062787413597107, 0.1819111406803131, -0.20589976012706757, 0.354899525642395, 0.35388073325157166, 0.534837543964386, 0.18905897438526154, -0.3900041878223419, -0.07949939370155334, -0.20550191402435303, -0.24781301617622375, 0.5263551473617554, -0.17530520260334015, 0.6539247632026672, 0.41593843698501587, 0.5226358771324158, -0.6275965571403503, -0.4729064702987671, 0.1289922297000885, 0.023639947175979614, 0.04951115697622299, -0.26203611493110657, -0.8426269292831421, 0.35313987731933594, -0.4182167947292328, -0.010121305473148823, 0.46944305300712585, 0.2720876932144165, -0.36306145787239075, 0.3360248804092407, -0.7022935748100281, 0.08785180002450943, 0.7461126446723938, -0.7492642402648926, 0.179427370429039, -0.6650090217590332, -0.3892909288406372, -0.22421132028102875, 0.04766341298818588, 0.3337259292602539, 0.11437980085611343, -0.23904605209827423, -0.05203109607100487, -0.18151246011257172, -0.16903318464756012, 0.7515888214111328, 0.27809926867485046, -0.41096779704093933, -0.19097599387168884, -0.3084665536880493, -0.0033356770873069763, -0.057132381945848465, -0.0021993080154061317, 0.5341426134109497, 0.4775705337524414, -0.28783583641052246, 0.45882686972618103, -0.444263219833374, 0.46033111214637756, -0.2726985514163971, 0.15633359551429749, -0.42105957865715027, -0.5550430417060852, -0.07583446800708771, -0.6057134866714478, 0.7879480123519897, 0.45726919174194336, -0.2815244197845459, 0.551332950592041, -0.28186237812042236, -0.1303749531507492, 0.039138488471508026, -0.042987264692783356, 0.3318108022212982, -0.24047192931175232, 0.36719757318496704 ]
216372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellis	Bellis	Bellis is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family. The group is native to Europe, the Mediterranean and northern Africa. One species has been introduced into North America and others into other parts of the world. The genus includes the familiar common daisy Bellis perennis. Description Bellis species are mostly perennials, and grow from tall. They have simple erect stems, and most species have basal leaves. They have radiate flower heads that are produced one per stem. Cultural references Bellis (English daisy) is one of the flowers mentioned by Ophelia in Shakespeare's play Hamlet. It is in this context connected with innocence. Species Accepted species References External links Flora Europaea: Bellis Astereae Asteraceae genera Garden plants Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	[ -0.21708694100379944, -0.1523750275373459, -0.15630929172039032, -0.38188889622688293, -0.1240847110748291, 0.5799843668937683, 0.35190150141716003, 0.22404783964157104, -0.29085326194763184, -0.013828095979988575, -0.3453095555305481, 0.1389947235584259, -0.39727693796157837, 0.360126256942749, -0.1818484663963318, 0.0755215734243393, 0.4573514759540558, 0.47374850511550903, 0.3919721841812134, -0.4927918016910553, 0.06425952911376953, -0.25418227910995483, 0.4365137815475464, -0.23839430510997772, 0.47613635659217834, 0.07098276168107986, -0.17051361501216888, 0.4728003740310669, 0.8173209428787231, 0.3592395484447479, -0.2788909673690796, 0.48579680919647217, 0.1390502005815506, -0.14960044622421265, -0.24866428971290588, 0.14882229268550873, -0.17366303503513336, -0.5980073809623718, -0.05668988078832626, -0.25776413083076477, 0.07279636710882187, 0.07391546666622162, 0.21632787585258484, 0.20571497082710266, -0.13166822493076324, -0.3489043116569519, -1.6536104679107666, 0.3282095193862915, -0.7343928813934326, -0.0005666739889420569, -0.29638174176216125, 0.3585365414619446, 0.2952094078063965, -0.18519720435142517, 0.17843076586723328, 0.27480995655059814, -0.7752315998077393, 0.15050281584262848, 0.029443228617310524, -0.6926326155662537, -0.6885762810707092, 0.14827245473861694, 0.5464151501655579, -0.04411434009671211, 0.9032715559005737, 0.07941091805696487, -0.13657906651496887, -0.2640533149242401, -0.6920581459999084, 0.22333942353725433, -0.021917186677455902, -0.16988150775432587, -0.06386865675449371, -0.025814691558480263, -0.024627022445201874, 0.3537866771221161, -0.6782385110855103, -0.1790287345647812, 0.6340083479881287, 0.5100924968719482, -0.11394939571619034, -0.35176658630371094, 0.9017015695571899, -0.18073327839374542, -0.16006559133529663, 0.502486526966095, -0.6768887042999268, 0.4929279386997223, -0.41563040018081665, 0.04952172189950943, -0.6543007493019104, -0.13766376674175262, 0.35247716307640076, 0.44809257984161377, -0.0632779523730278, 0.09959942102432251, 0.01009484101086855, 0.15734104812145233, 0.14541837573051453, 0.153363436460495, -0.19830322265625, -0.060850590467453, 0.23178014159202576, -0.3080945312976837, -0.7689585089683533, -0.32963961362838745, -0.4148700535297394, 0.04552953690290451, -0.3066641688346863, -0.2639789283275604, -0.21877454221248627, 0.5722507834434509, 0.09550680965185165, 0.2920781373977661, 0.01578122191131115, 1.0341718196868896, 0.19999124109745026, 0.4783514440059662, -0.20926730334758759, -0.028945928439497948, 0.38539421558380127, 0.182944655418396, 0.2594956159591675, -0.004075950477272272, -0.4868432879447937, 0.2159307301044464, -0.07034839689731598, 0.4583408236503601, -0.47156569361686707, 0.4699675142765045, 0.11199315637350082, 0.6939131021499634, -0.16318731009960175, 0.19504214823246002, -0.18209601938724518, -0.3282582461833954, 0.056853801012039185, 0.013930683955550194, 0.40388023853302, 0.2626079022884369, -0.7904512286186218, 0.6109715700149536, -1.2960306406021118, 0.09081576764583588, -0.29458504915237427, 0.1499805897474289, -0.3802274167537689, -0.34942302107810974, 0.06047231703996658, -0.6068643927574158, -0.08480963855981827, 0.4919187128543854, -0.15688569843769073, -0.10142459720373154, -0.4017484486103058, -0.35678157210350037, 0.12276951223611832, -0.014801625162363052, 0.412441611289978, -0.3815263509750366, -0.5144634246826172, -0.36751633882522583, -0.12310978025197983, -0.01075658481568098, 0.3219066560268402, -0.12537187337875366, 0.07647957652807236, -0.2790507674217224, -0.1263682097196579, 0.6441607475280762, -0.3138604164123535, -0.058619167655706406, 0.4525250494480133, 0.43116968870162964, -0.22130948305130005, -0.7063611745834351, 0.1914098709821701, -0.15908345580101013, -0.007878762669861317, 0.2325885146856308, -0.5115953087806702, 0.42886966466903687, 0.29122722148895264, 0.17069299519062042, 0.15390631556510925, 0.1986657977104187, 0.2914165258407593, 0.42844122648239136, 0.15420816838741302, -0.1384182870388031, -0.1596357822418213, -0.5452341437339783, 0.03567168861627579, 0.44995132088661194, 0.1431501805782318, 0.13863849639892578, -0.18401145935058594, -0.20437435805797577, -0.3677906095981598, -0.45111361145973206, -0.3106851279735565, -0.20496565103530884, 0.16117075085639954, -0.492716908454895, -0.5951157212257385, 1.034159779548645, 0.21871539950370789, 0.04302398860454559, 0.3819584846496582, 0.07523778080940247, -0.07888061553239822, -0.8572812080383301, 0.30050110816955566, 0.055962108075618744, 0.4408971965312958, -0.06551794707775116, -0.5808294415473938, 0.3088424801826477, 0.12784124910831451, 0.054975252598524094, 0.6121106743812561, 0.06181846559047699, -0.19213873147964478, 0.3027840852737427, -0.4653189480304718, 0.25405392050743103, 0.674537718296051, -0.19477815926074982, 0.4351668059825897, -0.2598353624343872, -0.29270514845848083, -0.17028339207172394, 0.2859797477722168, -0.42548874020576477, 0.28164076805114746, 0.8537167906761169, 0.0376640222966671, -0.4243291914463043, 0.5818969011306763, -0.14741551876068115, 0.31106752157211304, 0.0980374738574028, -0.3197063207626343, -0.004325311165302992, 0.3715934753417969, -0.21078959107398987, -0.5506488084793091, -0.14383669197559357, 0.09342415630817413, -0.11223546415567398, -0.10032539814710617, 0.7102574110031128, 0.52358078956604, -0.0044599068351089954, -0.28437045216560364, -0.028860202059149742, 0.4834092855453491, 0.4455486834049225, 0.40311098098754883, 0.3389342427253723, 0.12316053360700607, 0.2692376673221588, -0.07282090187072754, -0.12214364856481552, 0.21917949616909027, 0.2356279492378235, -0.0615466870367527, -0.21911296248435974, 0.3392619788646698, 0.3033050000667572, 0.33008530735969543, -0.14211560785770416, -0.809901773929596, -0.5871214866638184, -0.38674941658973694, -0.3430944085121155, 0.026639727875590324, -0.45291417837142944, -0.4990244209766388, -0.4046502709388733, 0.001912937150336802, 0.8024867177009583, 0.17496638000011444, -0.42686915397644043, -0.037136275321245193, -0.23528437316417694, 0.6380744576454163, -0.6407771706581116, 0.213073268532753, -0.7123950123786926, -0.4412009119987488, 0.5049902200698853, -0.18279686570167542, 0.6325841546058655, -0.45922550559043884, -0.14705412089824677, -0.3028589189052582, 0.41833919286727905, -0.09922371804714203, -0.717306911945343, -0.32894065976142883, 0.38133955001831055, 0.23152291774749756, -0.14758694171905518, -0.10513971745967865, 0.6540717482566833, 0.38542231917381287, 0.03365248814225197, -5.763586044311523, -0.36626744270324707, 0.44570425152778625, -0.19970041513442993, 0.22339847683906555, 0.28868159651756287, -0.097510427236557, -0.0359668955206871, -0.25358593463897705, -0.0826554223895073, 0.12132276594638824, 0.15911172330379486, -0.321073442697525, -0.2663252055644989, 0.4278067946434021, 0.21847382187843323, -0.11329002678394318, -0.24373093247413635, 0.03238267824053764, -0.10680967569351196, 0.056496430188417435, -0.018344702199101448, 0.13807228207588196, 0.4003060460090637, -0.5839908123016357, 0.15739037096500397, 0.6293051838874817, -0.613101065158844, -0.5899667143821716, -0.14073191583156586, -0.5719239115715027, 0.3076813817024231, -0.14046695828437805, 0.1406518518924713, 0.11726202070713043, -0.02904847078025341, 0.024525871500372887, -0.699481189250946, 0.16624802350997925, 0.17275826632976532, -0.28017765283584595, -0.07472920417785645, 0.494647353887558, -0.2934349775314331, -0.38296130299568176, -0.3047162890434265, -0.483898401260376, -0.30363476276397705, -0.17056293785572052, 0.9896470308303833, 0.1924678236246109, -0.09752286970615387, 0.4679343104362488, -0.3352154791355133, -0.24070142209529877, 0.46703827381134033, 0.5195775628089905, -0.21750491857528687, -0.41590067744255066, 0.6942344307899475, 0.38018661737442017, 0.03474868834018707, 0.24450480937957764, -0.6668603420257568, -0.5737734436988831, 0.37534236907958984, -0.10673924535512924, 0.6254448294639587, 0.596625804901123, -0.2286088913679123, -0.16198083758354187, 0.1326526701450348, -0.29644888639450073, -1.1709328889846802, -0.5842559337615967, -0.13870707154273987, -0.3224094808101654, -0.2374124526977539, -0.5872094631195068, -0.2193131297826767, 0.5967588424682617, -0.11820624768733978, 0.39098355174064636, -0.1445641964673996, -0.11383731663227081, -0.7222158312797546, -0.4235505759716034, 0.19600540399551392, 0.021678557619452477, -0.1819852888584137, 0.25825265049934387, -0.314875990152359, -0.09143997728824615, -0.17945517599582672, 0.29744666814804077, 0.06941679120063782, 0.6992289423942566, 0.35211315751075745, 0.20307160913944244, -0.23274172842502594, 0.24936853349208832, -0.20677806437015533, -0.06172313913702965, -0.03863993659615517, -0.19554707407951355, -0.6301140189170837, 0.05935756117105484, 0.7377257347106934, 0.8281919956207275, -0.6423835754394531, 0.7113969326019287, 0.24779337644577026, -0.5220507979393005, -0.7143645882606506, 0.625625729560852, 0.03991873562335968, -0.2699199914932251, 0.42295241355895996, 0.6196142435073853, -0.20942570269107819, -0.038523316383361816, 0.28954288363456726, 0.2606526017189026, 0.19322532415390015, 0.10095196962356567, 0.06801516562700272, -0.3302796483039856, -0.005022960249334574, -0.5995712876319885, 0.0025495735462754965, -0.007326413411647081, -0.12017408013343811, -0.4216387867927551, 0.06339409202337265, -0.3221873641014099, -0.26399895548820496, -0.6799023151397705, 0.07416782528162003, -0.011726198717951775, 0.23642735183238983, -0.05189954489469528, 0.10377568006515503, -0.606541633605957, 0.19733642041683197, 0.6700016856193542, 0.25709620118141174, -0.697941780090332, -0.27470850944519043, -0.16187737882137299, 0.7071693539619446, 0.7828656435012817, -1.0609173774719238, 0.8791108727455139, -1.1227766275405884, 0.2607499063014984, 0.3659195005893707, 0.30313730239868164, 0.057773929089307785, 0.34755250811576843, -0.8372116088867188, -0.3337946832180023, -0.16717101633548737, -1.0988985300064087, 0.035194575786590576, -0.23242327570915222, -0.16376833617687225, -0.27876636385917664, -0.2052232027053833, -0.07716026157140732, 0.2571512460708618, 0.11203174293041229, -0.0756404772400856, -0.3618685305118561, -0.4784401059150696, 0.3148903548717499, 0.06368476152420044, -0.40855854749679565, 0.17882360517978668, 0.27723228931427, -0.3686213791370392, -0.09728428721427917, 0.08119475841522217, 0.0831269770860672, 0.2538229823112488, 0.40771329402923584, -0.4624551832675934, -0.2967492341995239, -0.5746345520019531, -0.9544550180435181, 0.34772658348083496, -0.30844902992248535, -0.007264597341418266, 0.520013689994812, 0.15814721584320068, -0.3039661645889282, -0.1456957459449768, -0.27837783098220825, -0.440664142370224, -0.24038755893707275, -0.7636173963546753, 0.10218986123800278, -0.25067541003227234, -0.11428876966238022, 0.4848635494709015, 0.040152374655008316, -0.6027680039405823, 0.7234063744544983, 0.026805438101291656, -0.2911369204521179, 0.011554731987416744, 0.09310619533061981, -0.2695412337779999, -0.21896222233772278, 0.500480592250824, -0.1574717015028, 0.28311556577682495, 0.3056369721889496, 0.3923797011375427, -0.47690021991729736, -0.1506831794977188, -0.3042442500591278, -0.14090608060359955, 0.13760416209697723, -0.8164728283882141, -0.029224133118987083, -0.15063223242759705, 0.09790430217981339, 0.17258960008621216, 1.0922751426696777, -0.01252746768295765, -0.3318294584751129, -0.3681463301181793, 0.3692452311515808, -0.31502512097358704, 0.6169935464859009, 0.13673897087574005, -0.44524940848350525, 0.24579109251499176, 0.39689818024635315, 0.5761740803718567, 0.4288560450077057, 0.8880455493927002, -0.17309902608394623, -0.0036429143510758877, -0.0684620812535286, 0.14494077861309052, 0.37620022892951965, 0.1806284487247467, -0.5304890275001526, -0.0556110143661499, 0.6337494850158691, 0.13574950397014618, -0.14913228154182434, 0.314594566822052, 1.2808221578598022, -0.37501364946365356, 0.5505979657173157, 0.4528611898422241, -0.1710970550775528, -0.08657751977443695, -0.13840121030807495, 0.39685723185539246, 0.6124336123466492, 0.46269741654396057, -0.1176665872335434, -0.10177728533744812, -0.5985669493675232, -0.030595136806368828, 0.6939061284065247, -0.19343477487564087, 0.3119843900203705, 0.47354868054389954, 0.03584327921271324, 0.7053940296173096, -0.09496595710515976, 0.8658009171485901, -0.20121340453624725, -0.6788719296455383, 0.29242920875549316, 0.4863693416118622, -0.2635214924812317, -0.4484097957611084, -0.03922044858336449, 0.2694510817527771, 0.3062167763710022, -0.0025877628941088915, -0.4400062561035156, -0.012808514758944511, 0.21271252632141113, -0.3342750370502472, -0.4574921131134033, 0.09583599865436554, 0.05321251228451729, 0.2046349048614502, 0.6179649829864502, 0.24770168960094452, 0.27716535329818726, 0.36004751920700073, -0.052683863788843155, 0.024234062060713768, -0.7809661626815796, 0.5798060894012451, -0.003499893005937338, -0.15068157017230988, 0.23641550540924072, 0.2534777820110321, 0.244873508810997, 0.20362015068531036, -0.3814716637134552, -0.3444085419178009, 0.13465119898319244, 0.06871882826089859, 0.49255791306495667, 0.21521449089050293, -0.10302259773015976, 0.4425123631954193, 0.12644149363040924, -0.05796016752719879, 0.24950076639652252, 0.4514131247997284, 0.9562406539916992, 0.2765275239944458, 0.26870280504226685, 0.3985387086868286, -0.1690862625837326, 0.44636157155036926, -0.8592655062675476, -0.116423100233078, 0.46136918663978577, 0.1249217838048935, 0.3332110047340393, 0.23689185082912445, -0.28140178322792053, 0.0815543606877327, 0.2811445891857147, -0.5386987924575806, 0.32761916518211365, -0.08969226479530334, -0.3791242837905884, 0.7181245684623718, 0.7042428255081177, 0.2149287313222885, 0.8169801831245422, 0.092306949198246, 0.25428733229637146, 0.307139128446579, 0.0037991770077496767, 0.39378875494003296, -0.16334281861782074, -0.08709453046321869, -0.090115487575531, -0.10905788838863373, 0.23727011680603027, -0.5523611903190613, -0.16062545776367188, -0.0007110817241482437, 0.1304730772972107, -0.011906234547495842, -0.242871955037117, -0.702305018901825, -0.19506512582302094, -0.16963081061840057, 0.18173322081565857, 0.4308042824268341, -0.6142184734344482, 0.4461967647075653, -0.6318119764328003, -0.12238754332065582, -0.537700891494751, 0.28706806898117065, -0.0927981585264206, -0.3040303587913513, 0.1656114161014557, 0.03290647268295288, 0.45330801606178284, 0.3162717819213867, -0.4091014862060547, 0.47648754715919495, -0.2248106449842453, 0.25077903270721436, -0.31283462047576904, 0.11052289605140686, 0.3152274787425995, 0.17145231366157532, -0.08182927966117859, -0.36028528213500977, -0.3325780928134918, -0.6757436990737915, -0.7349581122398376, 0.42918258905410767, 0.2373841106891632, 0.1154947429895401, -0.6144291758537292, -0.08115452527999878, -0.2850140631198883, -0.014291930012404919, -0.23597483336925507, 0.726126492023468, -0.344368040561676, -0.7925213575363159, 0.011212635785341263, -0.17123062908649445, 0.23177073895931244, -0.2352253943681717, 0.3270268142223358, 0.09816177934408188, 0.05565029755234718, 0.08733466267585754, -0.8164107203483582, 0.117014579474926, 0.4090426564216614, 0.5594806671142578, 0.13917779922485352, 0.09489715844392776, -0.31323179602622986, 0.1464947909116745, 0.28215664625167847, 0.4799518585205078, -0.2597588002681732, -0.29054027795791626, 0.10405071079730988, -0.7220595479011536, 0.2009413242340088, 0.36363476514816284, -0.010727900080382824, -0.18438147008419037, -0.3085085153579712, 0.4342678189277649, -0.28077128529548645, 0.1371573954820633, 0.02470882423222065, 0.07702787965536118, -0.3769477903842926, -0.05805870518088341, -0.8448372483253479, 0.20333872735500336, 0.46371155977249146, 0.4627608358860016, -0.1601848155260086, -0.42380645871162415, 0.205000638961792, 0.469896137714386, -0.5135611295700073, -0.11641103774309158, -1.0829455852508545, 0.4566658139228821, -0.494818776845932, -0.46443259716033936, -0.2042309045791626, -0.3612269163131714, -0.049579691141843796, -0.05981927365064621, 0.7332696318626404, -0.35027578473091125, -0.12927161157131195, 0.22832775115966797, -0.26137566566467285, -0.3707640469074249, 0.055009666830301285, 0.29581156373023987 ]
216381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot%20sector	Boot sector	A boot sector is the sector of a persistent data storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, optical disc, etc.) which contains machine code to be loaded into random-access memory (RAM) and then executed by a computer system's built-in firmware (e.g., the BIOS). Usually, the very first sector of the hard disk is the boot sector, regardless of sector size (512 or 4096 bytes) and partitioning flavor (MBR or GPT). The purpose of defining one particular sector as the boot sector is inter-operability between various firmwares and various operating systems. The purpose of chainloading first a firmware (e.g., the BIOS), then some code contained in the boot sector, and then, for example, an operating system, is maximal flexibility. The IBM PC and compatible computers On an IBM PC compatible machine, the BIOS selects a boot device, then copies the first sector from the device (which may be an MBR, VBR or any executable code), into physical memory at memory address 0x7C00. On other systems, the process may be quite different. Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) The UEFI (not legacy boot via CSM) does not rely on boot sectors, UEFI system loads the boot loader (EFI application file in USB disk or in the EFI system partition) directly. Additionally, the UEFI specification also contains "secure boot", which basically wants the UEFI code to be digitally signed. Damage to the boot sector In case a boot sector receives physical damage, the hard disk will no longer be bootable; unless when used with a custom BIOS, which defines a non-damaged sector as the boot sector. However, since the very first sector additionally contains data regarding the partitioning of the hard disk, the hard disk will become entirely unusable, except when used in conjunction with custom software. Partition tables A disk can be partitioned into multiple partitions and, on conventional systems, it is expected to be. There are two definitions on how to store the information regarding the partitioning: A master boot record (MBR) is the first sector of a data storage device that has been partitioned. The MBR sector may contain code to locate the active partition and invoke its Volume Boot Record. A volume boot record (VBR) is the first sector of a data storage device that has not been partitioned, or the first sector of an individual partition on a data storage device that has been partitioned. It may contain code to load an operating system (or other standalone program) installed on that device or within that partition. The presence of an IBM PC compatible boot loader for x86-CPUs in the boot sector is by convention indicated by a two-byte hexadecimal sequence 0x55 0xAA (called the boot sector signature) at the end of the boot sector (offsets 0x1FE and 0x1FF). This signature indicates the presence of at least a dummy boot loader which is safe to be executed, even if it may not be able actually to load an operating system. It does not indicate a particular (or even the presence of) file system or operating system, although some old versions of DOS 3 relied on it in their process to detect FAT-formatted media (newer versions do not). Boot code for other platforms or CPUs should not use this signature, since this may lead to a crash when the BIOS passes execution to the boot sector assuming that it contains valid executable code. Nevertheless, some media for other platforms erroneously contain the signature, anyway, rendering this check not 100% reliable in practice. The signature is checked for by most system BIOSes since (at least) the IBM PC/AT (but not by the original IBM PC and some other machines). Even more so, it is also checked by most MBR boot loaders before passing control to the boot sector. Some BIOSes (like the IBM PC/AT) perform the check only for fixed disk/removable drives, while for floppies and superfloppies, it is enough to start with a byte greater or equal to 06h and the first nine words not to contain the same value, before the boot sector is accepted as valid, thereby avoiding the explicit test for 0x55, 0xAA on floppies. Since old boot sectors (e.g., very old CP/M-86 and DOS media) sometimes do not feature this signature despite the fact that they can be booted successfully, the check can be disabled in some environments. If the BIOS or MBR code does not detect a valid boot sector and therefore cannot pass execution to the boot sector code, it will try the next boot device in the row. If they all fail it will typically display an error message and invoke INT 18h. This will either start up optional resident software in ROM (ROM BASIC), reboot the system via INT 19h after user confirmation or cause the system to halt the bootstrapping process until the next power-up. Systems not following the above described design are: CD-ROMs usually have their own structure of boot sectors; for IBM PC compatible systems this is subject to El Torito specifications. C128 or C64 software on Commodore DOS disks where data on Track 1, Sector 0 began with a magic number corresponding to string "CBM". IBM mainframe computers place a small amount of boot code in the first and second track of the first cylinder of the disk, and the root directory, called the Volume Table of Contents, is also located at the fixed location of the third track of the first cylinder of the disk. Other (non IBM-compatible) PC systems may have different boot sector formats on their disk devices. Operation On IBM PC compatible machines, the BIOS is ignorant of the distinction between VBRs and MBRs, and of partitioning. The firmware simply loads and runs the first sector of the storage device. If the device is a floppy or USB flash drive, that will be a VBR. If the device is a hard disk, that will be an MBR. It is the code in the MBR which generally understands disk partitioning, and in turn, is responsible for loading and running the VBR of whichever primary partition is set to boot (the active partition). The VBR then loads a second-stage bootloader from another location on the disk. Furthermore, whatever is stored in the first sector of a floppy diskette, USB device, hard disk or any other bootable storage device, is not required to immediately load any bootstrap code for an OS, if ever. The BIOS merely passes control to whatever exists there, as long as the sector meets the very simple qualification of having the boot record signature of 0x55, 0xAA in its last two bytes. This is why it is easy to replace the usual bootstrap code found in an MBR with more complex loaders, even large multi-functional boot managers (programs stored elsewhere on the device which can run without an operating system), allowing users a number of choices in what occurs next. With this kind of freedom, abuse often occurs in the form of boot sector viruses. Boot sector viruses Since code in the boot sector is executed automatically, boot sectors have historically been a common attack vector for computer viruses. To combat this behavior, the system BIOS often includes an option to prevent software from writing to the first sector of any attached hard drives; it could thereby protect the master boot record containing the partition table from being overwritten accidentally, but not the volume boot records in the bootable partitions. Depending on the BIOS, attempts to write to the protected sector may be blocked with or without user interaction. Most BIOSes, however, will display a popup message giving the user a chance to override the setting. The BIOS option is disabled by default because the message may not be displayed correctly in graphics mode and blocking access to the MBR may cause problems with operating system setup programs or disk access, encryption or partitioning tools like FDISK, which may not have been written to be aware of that possibility, causing them to abort ungracefully and possibly leaving the disk partitioning in an inconsistent state. As an example, the malware NotPetya attempts to gain administrative privileges on an operating system, and then would attempt to overwrite the boot sector of a computer. The CIA has also developed malware that attempts to modify the boot sector in order to load additional drivers to be used by other malware. See also Master boot record (MBR) Volume boot record (VBR) Notes References External links Computer file systems BIOS Booting	[ -0.15928946435451508, -0.08570985496044159, 0.08247685432434082, 0.47160768508911133, 0.2083742469549179, -0.08061859756708145, -0.563595712184906, 0.4677881896495819, -0.3465108871459961, -0.5271906852722168, -0.6829565763473511, 0.4722280204296112, 0.06492922455072403, 0.6343882083892822, -0.09721790999174118, 0.34705838561058044, 0.3016631603240967, 0.10421920567750931, -0.07644926756620407, -0.7822973132133484, -0.2172665297985077, 0.01660207472741604, -0.46391797065734863, -0.34515541791915894, 0.522620439529419, -0.33197498321533203, -0.0521509014070034, 0.1759953796863556, -0.021804923191666603, 0.015582317486405373, -0.16078554093837738, 0.24231840670108795, -0.0770106166601181, 0.6188724040985107, 0.5717514157295227, -0.1280255764722824, 0.05876171588897705, -0.3291165232658386, -0.25228244066238403, -0.745151937007904, -0.2806148827075958, 0.1340124011039734, 0.5109541416168213, 0.6032990217208862, -0.400590717792511, 0.0005715726874768734, -1.2052996158599854, -0.10482827574014664, 0.00535202631726861, 0.028557881712913513, -0.5913225412368774, 0.5464158058166504, 0.2091631293296814, 0.14210368692874908, -0.11282052844762802, -0.0017534643411636353, -0.25619980692863464, -0.34372827410697937, 0.45192259550094604, -0.4949806332588196, 0.8043661117553711, -0.5092552304267883, 0.04753362387418747, 0.41461607813835144, 0.005817190278321505, -0.4084639847278595, -0.06281452625989914, 0.02787005715072155, -0.500320553779602, -0.3498747646808624, -0.45344582200050354, -0.058161985129117966, 0.12197472900152206, 0.019794223830103874, -0.6546146869659424, 0.13625313341617584, 0.0305487047880888, -0.47561946511268616, -0.15042325854301453, 0.5095531344413757, -0.38280540704727173, 0.7427634000778198, 0.6140974164009094, -0.23782946169376373, 0.8672994375228882, 0.14175401628017426, -0.46360552310943604, 0.18620845675468445, -0.47046971321105957, 1.2581006288528442, 0.35801979899406433, 0.20740815997123718, 0.21076147258281708, 0.14302198588848114, -0.48041990399360657, -0.18602360785007477, 0.10031948238611221, -0.554202675819397, 0.2311684489250183, 0.3155595362186432, -0.2524895966053009, -0.021491196006536484, -0.23194094002246857, -0.16825345158576965, -0.595009982585907, -0.1913335621356964, -0.36858290433883667, -0.6176215410232544, 0.3714030385017395, -0.27319392561912537, -0.03366370126605034, 0.321357786655426, -0.7628780007362366, 0.34517452120780945, -0.054368775337934494, 0.03537563234567642, -0.4992591440677643, -0.5132014751434326, 0.2180962711572647, -0.09795534610748291, 0.02587893046438694, 0.9497947096824646, 0.04278763756155968, -0.12876085937023163, -0.03526817634701729, -0.17529554665088654, 0.17579613626003265, 0.32932764291763306, -0.062062185257673264, -0.4860704243183136, 0.36382561922073364, 0.9274521470069885, -0.10320281237363815, 0.2513177990913391, -0.58582603931427, 0.4014776051044464, 0.366610586643219, 0.3302775025367737, 0.11533308029174805, -0.11892794817686081, -0.4720912575721741, -0.6447952389717102, -0.9237599968910217, -0.13104507327079773, 0.6692078113555908, -0.07565958052873611, 0.007639378309249878, -0.43626129627227783, -0.6022588610649109, 0.2823459506034851, -0.1280222237110138, 0.7387312650680542, -0.37545523047447205, 0.20641840994358063, -0.6890424489974976, 0.15365968644618988, 0.28150540590286255, -0.031657662242650986, -0.648432195186615, 0.23450078070163727, 0.2958766520023346, 0.29614245891571045, -0.8282708525657654, 0.2513103783130646, 0.2302113175392151, -0.2588196098804474, 0.851288914680481, 0.09955327212810516, 0.1494143158197403, 0.1608426719903946, -0.34531670808792114, -0.21664999425411224, 0.02103748917579651, -0.1868998259305954, -0.2301456183195114, 0.5728818774223328, 0.5573067665100098, -0.18670153617858887, 1.2509530782699585, -0.15009674429893494, -0.6953927278518677, -0.18742568790912628, 0.5387443900108337, 0.10458337515592575, -0.2881530225276947, -0.08757350593805313, 0.27917933464050293, 0.04344397410750389, 0.11503919959068298, -0.23916946351528168, -0.6657679677009583, -0.4747907519340515, -0.007669332902878523, -0.5451591610908508, 0.8543635606765747, -0.2954285144805908, -0.22158360481262207, 0.35935282707214355, -0.5239089727401733, 0.3351929783821106, 0.1100679412484169, -0.036005545407533646, 0.178940549492836, -0.7516807317733765, 0.07187514752149582, 1.0832607746124268, 0.3607455790042877, 0.002208949066698551, -0.5413682460784912, 0.07243453711271286, 0.23225811123847961, 0.16107359528541565, 0.3692900836467743, -0.30925941467285156, 0.8828487396240234, -0.11241154372692108, -0.7334669828414917, 0.27601122856140137, 0.022225065156817436, -0.35057443380355835, 0.8234366774559021, -0.09538044035434723, -0.16765673458576202, 0.6372501850128174, -0.2609199285507202, 0.500276505947113, 0.19791102409362793, 0.5540453791618347, 1.0566831827163696, -0.8528698086738586, 0.26612040400505066, -0.4536653757095337, -0.22536756098270416, -0.21786557137966156, -0.4965868294239044, 0.5953590273857117, 0.11078298836946487, 0.04856136441230774, 0.31495389342308044, -0.1922854334115982, -0.01799844019114971, 0.47477832436561584, -0.21122398972511292, 0.039262086153030396, 0.21375124156475067, -0.04965393990278244, 0.005883492063730955, 0.28052034974098206, -0.5883927345275879, -0.12995648384094238, -0.11503152549266815, 0.2999829947948456, 0.34063050150871277, -0.5308547616004944, -0.05574176833033562, -0.16528505086898804, -0.32030609250068665, 0.20704586803913116, -0.07535536587238312, 0.46559426188468933, -0.27717238664627075, -0.14252111315727234, -0.3771696984767914, -0.1434297412633896, -0.07352153956890106, -0.22903114557266235, -0.2250097393989563, 0.04783453047275543, 0.1305542141199112, 0.5416334867477417, -0.29405760765075684, -0.33932414650917053, -0.07919925451278687, -0.505704939365387, -0.565481960773468, -0.7912150621414185, 0.5542117953300476, 0.5192335247993469, -0.5690252184867859, -0.31303301453590393, -0.25004124641418457, -0.13534577190876007, 0.5312319397926331, -0.39781734347343445, 0.341729998588562, -0.6060331463813782, -0.16236400604248047, -0.2320619374513626, -0.4409002661705017, -0.6244319677352905, -0.2992320656776428, 0.45396146178245544, -0.017217379063367844, 0.6850703358650208, 0.438283771276474, 1.0936310291290283, -0.250320702791214, 0.2290128618478775, 0.06223184987902641, -0.3880251348018646, -0.7189603447914124, 0.09591164439916611, -0.3924306333065033, -0.42401057481765747, 0.0510653555393219, -0.3967939615249634, -0.5152033567428589, 0.5548222064971924, -5.627523422241211, 0.7419109344482422, -0.13369148969650269, -0.05951395630836487, -0.017551004886627197, 0.08556510508060455, 0.6460049152374268, 0.2920636236667633, -0.3536277711391449, -0.07330834865570068, -0.4295983612537384, -0.1957813948392868, -0.12337750196456909, 0.3318108022212982, 0.5098217725753784, 0.7563201785087585, 1.002981424331665, 0.09372203797101974, -0.1629091054201126, 0.29472577571868896, -0.5538011789321899, -0.19498643279075623, -0.24634608626365662, 0.1588456928730011, -0.08672637492418289, 0.09100642055273056, -0.7004324793815613, -0.2685866951942444, -0.3518538475036621, -0.043045658618211746, 0.18233729898929596, -0.36925211548805237, -0.22897528111934662, -0.4752240478992462, -0.14966431260108948, 0.00631521875038743, 0.036145422607660294, 0.4860498905181885, 0.08275791257619858, -0.6195974349975586, 0.07372038811445236, 0.8685864210128784, -0.4321766495704651, -0.17214053869247437, 0.1732991337776184, 0.0856911912560463, -0.05421086400747299, -0.08819665759801865, -0.10414308309555054, 0.4128541946411133, -0.6126827001571655, -0.21248570084571838, 0.2511109709739685, -0.4657498598098755, 0.21743710339069366, -0.28377142548561096, 0.4380229115486145, -0.0878775492310524, -0.5255872011184692, -0.17409943044185638, 0.15544851124286652, -0.9616601467132568, 0.4114738702774048, -0.7922068238258362, -0.3183166980743408, 0.14363700151443481, -0.681022584438324, -0.029487183317542076, 0.5842880010604858, 0.5649330019950867, -0.25424906611442566, 0.4625895917415619, 0.29578062891960144, -0.6422179937362671, -0.3764076828956604, -0.4411177635192871, -0.18558643758296967, -0.2792866826057434, -0.08648113906383514, -0.13671427965164185, 0.10736201703548431, -0.03822771832346916, -0.5195950269699097, 0.2976049482822418, -0.1083860918879509, -0.31642016768455505, 0.6121574640274048, -0.5489311814308167, -0.24730907380580902, -0.16862213611602783, 0.20485718548297882, -0.1481814682483673, 0.21615943312644958, 0.197363942861557, 0.4257807731628418, -0.018820032477378845, 0.2516230344772339, 0.11297296732664108, -0.16651807725429535, -0.37711402773857117, 0.6096498370170593, -0.2585907578468323, 0.005784385371953249, -0.29157552123069763, -0.12228171527385712, 0.3879660665988922, -0.44013139605522156, 0.30764392018318176, 0.798572301864624, 0.3187289535999298, -0.3437469005584717, 0.9542723298072815, -0.3344731628894806, -0.7962906360626221, 0.04285544157028198, 0.19381900131702423, -0.6586481928825378, 0.3222316801548004, 0.5649669170379639, -0.6530858874320984, 0.19665729999542236, 0.0911223515868187, -0.03021039254963398, 0.0011960268020629883, -0.7029196619987488, -0.4992903769016266, 0.18158727884292603, -0.15009208023548126, 0.156153604388237, -0.30088573694229126, 0.4552689790725708, 0.5586193203926086, 0.10914935916662216, -0.06422638148069382, -0.041243892163038254, -0.7239236831665039, 0.09314392507076263, 0.41922229528427124, -0.15267646312713623, -0.5762468576431274, 0.22317764163017273, 0.05288683623075485, 0.05840389057993889, -0.17629671096801758, 0.4214401841163635, 0.431549072265625, -0.26632919907569885, 0.16704663634300232, 0.14813879132270813, 0.15297965705394745, 0.3316754102706909, -0.2694375813007355, 0.03657778725028038, -0.055704232305288315, 0.10449571162462234, -0.005587065126746893, -0.03877338767051697, -0.24121978878974915, 0.29856178164482117, -0.3778546154499054, 0.4702213704586029, 0.3599313497543335, -0.9009568095207214, -0.2970218062400818, 0.1214909479022026, 0.2623683214187622, -0.4380112588405609, -0.17701229453086853, 0.2123352736234665, 0.605506956577301, -0.37023496627807617, -0.30460697412490845, -0.3533856272697449, -0.31389933824539185, 0.36934739351272583, 0.2198014110326767, 0.6445668935775757, 0.5805737376213074, 0.6317381858825684, 0.24818216264247894, 0.694744348526001, -0.22137701511383057, -0.15316222608089447, 0.10049764066934586, 0.5976740717887878, 0.012258690781891346, -0.3040849268436432, 0.6695576310157776, -0.2930527329444885, -0.3343105912208557, 0.15292759239673615, -0.019311944022774696, 0.6339119672775269, 0.4103063642978668, 0.2703765332698822, -0.7932071685791016, -0.13654182851314545, 0.7042631506919861, -0.429396390914917, -1.069657325744629, -0.17524617910385132, 0.6692517399787903, -0.9890369772911072, 0.6980239748954773, 0.03368884325027466, -0.11268864572048187, 0.17172443866729736, -0.2474474459886551, 0.10686342418193817, 0.168827086687088, -0.4312615692615509, -0.20087984204292297, -0.4034273028373718, -0.13391326367855072, -0.008346752263605595, -0.15709497034549713, 0.1055542528629303, -0.36220574378967285, -0.048938412219285965, -0.07320515811443329, 0.09194750338792801, 0.3000262677669525, -0.05396319925785065, 0.4232211112976074, 0.27886584401130676, 0.028425469994544983, 0.5708074569702148, -0.3585624396800995, 0.2372712343931198, 0.18160706758499146, -0.03491954877972603, -0.5739394426345825, 0.4039228558540344, -0.326534241437912, -0.0933958888053894, -0.31921181082725525, 0.07104656100273132, 0.049116987735033035, 0.138258159160614, -0.2045648992061615, 0.34189629554748535, 0.8951990008354187, -0.29432234168052673, -0.645393431186676, -0.14304043352603912, 0.07326760143041611, -0.1888035237789154, -0.6817907094955444, -0.6981334090232849, -0.004975498653948307, 0.3828534185886383, -0.2167797088623047, -0.3616120219230652, -0.05599817633628845, 1.1455856561660767, 0.29534655809402466, 0.03360747545957565, -0.47849026322364807, -0.09319968521595001, 0.37722596526145935, 0.35274651646614075, -0.5262322425842285, 0.16444019973278046, 0.3031584918498993, 0.5880091786384583, 0.23685802519321442, -0.5444607734680176, 0.4042554795742035, -0.10365679115056992, -0.6360792517662048, 0.6732842922210693, 0.41325026750564575, 0.6934100389480591, 0.7821459770202637, 0.8065629601478577, -0.23231634497642517, 0.38978859782218933, -0.4419293701648712, 0.06809166818857193, -0.017072927206754684, -0.117298923432827, -0.5177683234214783, 0.23507729172706604, -0.12043064087629318, 0.21042366325855255, -0.5856093168258667, 0.4619257152080536, 0.08764153718948364, -0.33729836344718933, -0.36830997467041016, -0.3198998272418976, 0.3743872046470642, 0.012735365889966488, 0.12128541618585587, -0.21846148371696472, 0.21034938097000122, -0.22720596194267273, -0.13346874713897705, 0.18820178508758545, 0.13039688766002655, -0.9071425199508667, 0.8703972101211548, 0.27160149812698364, -0.7566057443618774, 1.1618174314498901, -0.25492173433303833, 0.1889474242925644, -0.18466642498970032, -0.43758341670036316, -0.2526353895664215, 0.726298451423645, 0.22568218410015106, 0.17391228675842285, 0.07636639475822449, -0.2338564395904541, -0.8321966528892517, 0.3287707567214966, -0.26801174879074097, 0.011846725828945637, 0.1196615993976593, 0.07535792142152786, 0.3991328477859497, 0.5146620869636536, -0.08395884931087494, -0.07914059609174728, 0.4497758448123932, -0.24684441089630127, -0.08610505610704422, -0.11840162426233292, -0.029809527099132538, 0.4689675569534302, -0.19941654801368713, -0.0018762343097478151, 0.4998057782649994, -0.166005477309227, 0.14501988887786865, 0.13752350211143494, -0.37710514664649963, -0.7205676436424255, 0.5920750498771667, 0.20692990720272064, 0.7376457452774048, -0.17846833169460297, 0.13435207307338715, -0.4698258638381958, 0.48569154739379883, -0.07227833569049835, 0.5566988587379456, -0.09515460580587387, 0.3858438730239868, 0.3840794265270233, -0.3714575469493866, 0.26765453815460205, -0.11008302867412567, -0.26070189476013184, -0.18513508141040802, 0.7922922372817993, -0.07366317510604858, -0.35689452290534973, -0.3229711055755615, -0.13636420667171478, 0.4910873472690582, 0.31275737285614014, -0.18402336537837982, 0.48128679394721985, -0.12989455461502075, 0.39909446239471436, -0.6014300584793091, 0.26219573616981506, 0.12875540554523468, -0.1074562594294548, 0.5731559991836548, -0.030459167435765266, 0.23137694597244263, 0.08550570905208588, -0.34802863001823425, 0.08056657761335373, 0.6508345007896423, -0.027112673968076706, -0.08633321523666382, -0.11002293229103088, -0.008406455628573895, 0.31011033058166504, -0.46594172716140747, -0.10139675438404083, -0.0043434626422822475, 0.06415724754333496, -0.06250884383916855, 0.26724866032600403, -0.11815118789672852, -0.2962634563446045, -0.7440907955169678, 0.21390186250209808, -0.37543797492980957, -0.019595246762037277, 0.2150970995426178, -0.49031901359558105, 1.2269723415374756, 0.7296823859214783, 0.4003019332885742, -0.45349282026290894, -0.01703081838786602, -0.03258652985095978, 0.2641836404800415, -0.3394390940666199, 0.3670359253883362, -0.41204753518104553, 0.22899626195430756, -0.5943855047225952, 0.7505892515182495, 1.052574872970581, -0.5001367330551147, -0.2384258508682251, 0.29276248812675476, -0.09953168034553528, 0.31218308210372925, 0.472419798374176, -0.20371884107589722, 0.20979197323322296, -0.12053847312927246, -0.3868759572505951, 0.3048606812953949, 0.7044990658760071, -0.15967576205730438, 0.027396077290177345, -0.1906636357307434, 0.7402312755584717, 0.5563911199569702, -0.26298603415489197, 0.17446641623973846, -0.2432946264743805, -0.10900811851024628, -0.7086625695228577, 0.5040993690490723, -0.4732692241668701, 0.0753110945224762, 0.009816236793994904, 0.2056305706501007, 0.3289031386375427, -0.3504864275455475, -0.4544004499912262, -0.10282348096370697, 0.14374315738677979, -0.27332329750061035, -1.6676677465438843, -0.1042480394244194, 0.09256381541490555, -0.2590852677822113, -0.8401227593421936, 0.5011465549468994, 0.4793192744255066, -0.6599717736244202, 0.19529937207698822, -0.23987022042274475, -0.22636114060878754, 0.4113375246524811, 0.2619468867778778, -0.48999032378196716, -0.41909584403038025, 0.5662094950675964 ]
216386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tareq%20Aziz	Tareq Aziz	Tareq Aziz (; born 4 September 1983 in Chittagong) is a former Bangladeshi international cricketer. He made his international debut for the Bangladesh cricket team in January 2002 against Pakistan Career Domestic cricket He made his Twenty20 debut for Khulna Division in the 2010, National Cricket League Twenty20 on 15 April 2010 International cricket Tareq Aziz made his Test debut for Bangladesh against West Indies on 1 June 2004 References External links Tareq Aziz at ESPNcicinfo Tareq Aziz at CricketArchive 1983 births Living people Bangladesh One Day International cricketers Bangladesh Test cricketers Bangladeshi cricketers Chittagong Division cricketers Khulna Division cricketers People from Chittagong	[ -0.4921969771385193, -0.46305590867996216, -1.447235107421875, -0.36002466082572937, 0.3290878236293793, 0.9734745621681213, 0.5515337586402893, 0.05403376743197441, -0.24906568229198456, 0.5242735743522644, -0.054436881095170975, 0.09463850408792496, -1.0142298936843872, 0.016776341944932938, 0.21460065245628357, 0.6555457711219788, -0.4716647267341614, -0.04302854835987091, -0.22725974023342133, -0.18615876138210297, 0.5789278149604797, -0.6152235865592957, -0.07516786456108093, -0.19184422492980957, -0.042806293815374374, 0.32157257199287415, -0.008313260972499847, 0.758903980255127, -0.5405671000480652, -0.6170142889022827, 0.6847870945930481, 0.6214937567710876, 0.35545259714126587, -0.5530679225921631, -0.13484355807304382, 0.442766398191452, -0.2906492054462433, 0.040038853883743286, -0.20718629658222198, -0.3566465377807617, -0.003222356317564845, 0.09644339233636856, -0.22008587419986725, 0.14164739847183228, -0.49521392583847046, -0.9794691205024719, -1.4958003759384155, 0.10032816231250763, -0.3709012567996979, -0.37064406275749207, 0.5168114304542542, 0.7989196181297302, 0.1785629689693451, -0.9810618162155151, 0.596358597278595, 0.14295265078544617, -0.5114699006080627, -0.3742360770702362, 0.22334080934524536, -0.3770168125629425, 0.599033534526825, 0.3126780390739441, 0.8273543119430542, -0.741643488407135, 0.5971458554267883, 0.5226631760597229, -0.020999928936362267, -0.422249972820282, -0.42367300391197205, 0.11612512916326523, -0.30398842692375183, 0.5285698175430298, 0.13446860015392303, -0.13379983603954315, -0.047094039618968964, -0.06087806075811386, -0.21318787336349487, 0.25785312056541443, 0.4664563536643982, 0.3515413701534271, 0.4313058853149414, -0.1741282045841217, 0.4947226941585541, 0.41724759340286255, -0.06505343317985535, 0.22023126482963562, -0.5047359466552734, 0.36122649908065796, -0.5107362270355225, 0.5054685473442078, -0.5201432704925537, -0.31319931149482727, -0.21173641085624695, 0.8767955899238586, -0.34822291135787964, -0.1175777018070221, -0.5513588786125183, 0.3569880425930023, -0.056231338530778885, -0.00458524189889431, 0.47163572907447815, 0.275248259305954, -0.23490433394908905, -0.4282945990562439, -0.5691956281661987, -0.29105037450790405, -0.04040136933326721, 0.23145465552806854, -0.34788909554481506, 0.561455249786377, -0.774112343788147, 0.38456204533576965, -0.2580180764198303, -0.38090112805366516, -0.3535465896129608, 0.6247514486312866, 0.03924889117479324, -0.38937923312187195, -0.5572524070739746, 0.5023096203804016, -0.4429085850715637, 0.5000820159912109, -0.3595612645149231, 0.4189566671848297, -0.4515645503997803, -0.5423363447189331, -0.22722306847572327, 0.29601621627807617, -0.16251491010189056, 0.5595173835754395, 0.6606345176696777, 0.9632539749145508, -0.45421281456947327, 0.2135220319032669, -0.37702426314353943, -0.4043140709400177, 0.3702719211578369, -0.23030616343021393, 0.5917943716049194, 0.44210290908813477, -0.872139036655426, -0.620993971824646, -0.48203471302986145, -0.23153796792030334, -0.12470385432243347, -0.11187763512134552, -0.6721555590629578, -0.01993735134601593, 0.009863943792879581, -0.0089210644364357, -0.0333980992436409, -0.19820374250411987, -0.5779153108596802, -1.4873188734054565, -0.43475157022476196, 0.672461986541748, 0.6335775256156921, -0.6540523171424866, 0.17974311113357544, -0.17113961279392242, 0.009270240552723408, 0.4563048183917999, -0.8503976464271545, -0.011305183172225952, -0.02435268461704254, 0.062435172498226166, 0.2166137397289276, -0.7785221338272095, -0.10889535397291183, 0.031236441805958748, -0.23138704895973206, 0.04437250271439552, 0.2302047461271286, -0.5589419007301331, 0.16422267258167267, 0.606230616569519, -0.05333293229341507, -0.24110454320907593, 0.3524254262447357, -0.295595645904541, -0.959676206111908, -0.08727573603391647, 0.689839780330658, 0.1964501589536667, 0.9368959665298462, -0.10582607984542847, 0.8289809823036194, -0.02311212569475174, 0.5700755715370178, 0.11188570410013199, -0.883086621761322, -0.28028199076652527, 0.5772413015365601, 0.5927646160125732, 0.9158735275268555, 0.5924358367919922, 0.0013055495219305158, 0.4489283263683319, 0.05547402426600456, 0.29453423619270325, -0.26912158727645874, -0.00840047374367714, -0.04467708244919777, -0.20131437480449677, -0.6024273633956909, 0.9522440433502197, 0.736322283744812, -0.01727902702987194, 0.0953725129365921, 0.4664192497730255, 0.1358383297920227, -0.8873943090438843, -0.1672610640525818, -0.4503204822540283, -0.21569505333900452, -0.6178914308547974, -0.404837042093277, 0.17018437385559082, -0.0398910753428936, -0.6126378774642944, 0.80291748046875, 0.37352895736694336, -0.661245584487915, 0.5364477038383484, -0.05690138041973114, 1.2863342761993408, -0.5447843074798584, -0.5134705305099487, -0.11409074068069458, -0.3129655718803406, -0.3225608468055725, 0.2401238977909088, 0.22323709726333618, -0.4993458390235901, -0.1355186551809311, -0.1563374102115631, 0.0054337624460458755, -0.12522141635417938, 0.16315799951553345, -0.1508694589138031, 0.27289101481437683, 0.6004196405410767, -0.4418661892414093, -0.2719462513923645, -0.19165785610675812, -0.10497957468032837, -0.5722321271896362, 0.3226747512817383, -0.38770273327827454, 0.33215391635894775, -0.11251804232597351, 0.27131471037864685, 0.695696234703064, -0.35918039083480835, 0.23169481754302979, -0.02870681881904602, 0.04004925861954689, 0.33660995960235596, 0.008643493987619877, 0.21138054132461548, -0.21683460474014282, 0.043812695890665054, -0.15676777064800262, -0.010079747065901756, -0.007678659167140722, 0.3176423907279968, 0.0025202969554811716, -0.1349685788154602, 0.6992341876029968, -0.16885921359062195, 0.7254564762115479, 0.0004206495068501681, 0.0926506370306015, 0.5002219676971436, -0.2873195707798004, 0.23844559490680695, 0.4250335097312927, -0.33130285143852234, -0.144669309258461, -0.937921404838562, 1.0158143043518066, 0.1687033474445343, 0.39168745279312134, -0.42474669218063354, 0.21964715421199799, 0.469281405210495, -0.07178608328104019, -0.40913474559783936, -0.22788819670677185, -0.9971873164176941, -0.429838627576828, 0.747284471988678, -0.17375686764717102, 0.8218596577644348, -1.0924615859985352, 0.03176014497876167, -0.31435200572013855, -0.014238486997783184, 0.5499074459075928, -0.46798619627952576, -0.506500780582428, 0.7284968495368958, -0.011693025939166546, 0.10079189389944077, -0.027601050212979317, -0.20910939574241638, -0.018196197226643562, 0.08091133087873459, -4.676302433013916, 0.5464019179344177, 0.4287477135658264, 0.5992507934570312, 0.21536371111869812, -0.18245072662830353, 0.9483455419540405, -0.4086940288543701, -0.5274112820625305, -0.2196182757616043, -1.122001051902771, -0.0639675185084343, 0.2880622148513794, -0.11760332435369492, 0.7525647878646851, 0.8514809608459473, 0.7098268270492554, -0.06693306565284729, 1.1489832401275635, 0.6919354796409607, 0.1829555481672287, 0.1639374941587448, -0.5284475088119507, -0.3674928843975067, -0.03195391222834587, 0.2858700156211853, -0.5351570844650269, 0.22515632212162018, -1.2723746299743652, -0.07076597958803177, -0.19931556284427643, -0.1582159698009491, -0.940029501914978, 0.513670027256012, -0.6691047549247742, -1.1924046277999878, 0.33049917221069336, 0.24477486312389374, 0.20400898158550262, 0.04096774011850357, -0.4697961211204529, -0.3068903386592865, -0.37445682287216187, 0.009489640593528748, 0.43858903646469116, -0.6159615516662598, -0.4182748794555664, -0.2912970185279846, -0.2625976502895355, 0.5177091360092163, 0.00039480242412537336, -0.628959059715271, 0.47769495844841003, -0.18872925639152527, -0.7811113595962524, -0.4470162093639374, 0.31578773260116577, -0.19771191477775574, -0.30936533212661743, 1.2556993961334229, 0.2248663455247879, -1.1407870054244995, 0.044080235064029694, -0.5546097755432129, -0.14954109489917755, -0.22762149572372437, 1.2859704494476318, -0.6670927405357361, -0.4080733060836792, -0.015080629847943783, -0.4123097062110901, 0.8536158204078674, 0.2135455310344696, -0.7038055658340454, -0.02323887124657631, -0.47307831048965454, -0.11606983095407486, -0.12441268563270569, -0.627395749092102, 0.16635693609714508, -0.00539851700887084, -0.74470454454422, 0.30139240622520447, 0.7843590974807739, 0.43306565284729004, -0.5878108143806458, 0.030504675582051277, 0.08090106397867203, 0.29456576704978943, 0.36517179012298584, -0.2892749309539795, -1.0855778455734253, 0.44690683484077454, 0.20767244696617126, 0.14170841872692108, 0.18857155740261078, 0.287577748298645, 0.4290071129798889, 0.31545621156692505, -0.11061061173677444, -0.19134487211704254, -0.10265345126390457, 0.31017065048217773, 0.22414793074131012, 0.9592159986495972, -0.33530348539352417, -0.1025758683681488, -0.19147376716136932, 0.8890613317489624, 0.36008188128471375, 0.541210412979126, 0.3782951831817627, -0.9182827472686768, 0.7918459177017212, 0.17071367800235748, -0.19152268767356873, -0.1953766793012619, 0.07140661031007767, 0.39335259795188904, 0.7520599961280823, -0.20792962610721588, -0.526829183101654, 0.12824535369873047, -0.011780338361859322, -0.047528576105833054, -0.1560387760400772, -0.023523010313510895, 0.25678715109825134, -0.4908582270145416, -0.3369312286376953, -0.3806304633617401, 0.8232537508010864, -0.345160573720932, -0.5359021425247192, -0.22051110863685608, -0.3088396191596985, -0.40648895502090454, -0.9249017238616943, 0.3076554536819458, -0.08877218514680862, -0.24071821570396423, 0.21636858582496643, -0.2083442658185959, 0.08176939934492111, 0.3867146074771881, 0.443375825881958, 0.5651512145996094, 0.2954419255256653, 0.04301607236266136, 0.3683401048183441, 0.07525154203176498, -0.5018365979194641, 0.08730471879243851, -0.33130237460136414, -0.5532625317573547, 0.32239362597465515, 0.3443170189857483, -0.21979399025440216, -0.012181295081973076, -0.6284209489822388, 0.8935865163803101, -0.017000596970319748, -1.3991460800170898, -0.09808661043643951, 0.23125968873500824, 0.5483912825584412, -0.04730919376015663, -0.29940706491470337, -0.4587598145008087, 0.9672666192054749, -0.3014476001262665, -0.8638768196105957, 0.04322325810790062, 0.09003385901451111, -0.04452377185225487, -0.569185197353363, 0.09277170896530151, -0.03473242372274399, 0.21414214372634888, 0.3780985176563263, -0.06000003218650818, -0.232298344373703, -0.440950483083725, 0.9307882785797119, 0.8711540102958679, 0.2094968855381012, -0.6426075100898743, -0.7667299509048462, -0.6756662130355835, -0.260709285736084, 0.2598443031311035, 0.038286853581666946, 0.305725634098053, 0.5270845293998718, 0.3697933852672577, -0.9653835296630859, 0.18823620676994324, 0.20404043793678284, -0.03843046352267265, 0.23358474671840668, 0.08655204623937607, 0.16605959832668304, 0.15100476145744324, 0.7140851616859436, 0.009856422431766987, -0.15501616895198822, -0.4502432644367218, 0.5851850509643555, -0.4326229989528656, 0.004823837894946337, -0.25857552886009216, -0.5665671825408936, 0.19452707469463348, 0.8108202219009399, -0.08784472942352295, 0.2088865339756012, -0.11311983317136765, 0.2738272249698639, 0.013309628702700138, -0.21079914271831512, -1.2175825834274292, -0.3522717356681824, -0.003160882508382201, -0.7064013481140137, -0.7459596991539001, -0.3273044526576996, 0.4198895990848541, 0.008252219296991825, 0.13952110707759857, 0.10613960772752762, 0.1286943405866623, -0.30388343334198, 0.9809766411781311, 0.6164234280586243, -0.38466712832450867, 0.14999671280384064, -0.025101155042648315, 0.0028760714922100306, -0.00892698671668768, -0.7537144422531128, 0.6204037666320801, 0.7378177046775818, 0.4703472852706909, -0.6841443777084351, -0.036326151341199875, 0.1842000037431717, 0.4443846642971039, -0.2533271908760071, -0.47061842679977417, -0.29500067234039307, 0.37325435876846313, 0.32635706663131714, -1.2388362884521484, -0.4372848570346832, 1.2757956981658936, 0.13243140280246735, -0.1369233876466751, 0.0981125608086586, 0.041688911616802216, 0.10778779536485672, 0.0408993624150753, -0.05136619880795479, 0.513283908367157, 0.6046891212463379, 0.21514572203159332, -0.2375999242067337, 0.07148224860429764, -0.11178214848041534, 0.7788968086242676, -0.8881061673164368, -0.5338534712791443, -0.48061877489089966, -0.0057899546809494495, 1.2613770961761475, 0.07308565080165863, -0.4232915937900543, 0.892371654510498, -0.20843800902366638, 0.05484676733613014, 0.3597552180290222, -0.7726259231567383, -0.5654722452163696, 0.22762329876422882, -0.5003069043159485, -0.26767316460609436, -0.27188751101493835, 0.3100174069404602, 0.4644835293292999, 0.40547260642051697, 0.33021166920661926, -0.4904846251010895, -0.1844799667596817, 0.033449653536081314, 0.8531704545021057, 0.35122165083885193, 0.05175505578517914, -0.10001855343580246, 0.07222875952720642, 0.12823385000228882, -0.8397344946861267, -0.6940571665763855, 0.840844452381134, 0.38131183385849, -0.3711848855018616, 0.4137917757034302, 0.079001784324646, 0.1302572786808014, -0.14915350079536438, 0.4671591818332672, -0.10633980482816696, 0.29510653018951416, 0.38040629029273987, 0.5853217840194702, 0.17030876874923706, -0.7189214825630188, -0.6422185897827148, 0.11290764808654785, -0.45278269052505493, -0.016721805557608604, 0.3106125295162201, 0.3676948547363281, -0.01790105551481247, 0.710361659526825, 0.4300662875175476, -0.034432537853717804, 1.1951477527618408, 0.21335649490356445, -0.5594363212585449, -0.44291937351226807, 0.7585254907608032, -0.33668482303619385, -0.27583831548690796, -0.4507658779621124, -0.14868326485157013, 0.6937764286994934, -0.811025857925415, 0.5560064315795898, 0.18146705627441406, 0.02775442786514759, 0.7650118470191956, -0.12781648337841034, 0.7928939461708069, 0.02036975510418415, 0.07108667492866516, -0.4992384612560272, 0.38921764492988586, 0.4079294800758362, 0.9701192378997803, -0.6405972242355347, 0.11560654640197754, -0.6449491381645203, 0.6728111505508423, 0.5116374492645264, -0.8366202712059021, -0.09466041624546051, 0.37559232115745544, 0.5400002598762512, -0.32764101028442383, -0.5877700448036194, 0.43073785305023193, 0.7920870780944824, 0.671538233757019, 1.098831295967102, 0.4764731228351593, 0.3285266160964966, -0.7278816103935242, -0.22294661402702332, -0.6638062000274658, 0.16928930580615997, -0.03804965317249298, -0.07525010406970978, -0.7016960382461548, -0.4051331579685211, 0.3106296956539154, 0.30092599987983704, 0.5966547131538391, -0.24856087565422058, 0.16774308681488037, -0.33649611473083496, -0.09634654223918915, -0.04121750220656395, 0.17940151691436768, -0.08619978278875351, 0.34749674797058105, 0.8043522834777832, 0.09004505723714828, -0.6132329106330872, -0.03508936986327171, 0.06593086570501328, 0.2670042812824249, -0.0565565750002861, -0.4610810875892639, -0.5061966180801392, -0.0591714046895504, -0.2783701419830322, -0.07130809128284454, -0.7770032286643982, 0.8675733804702759, 0.35837656259536743, -0.7484298348426819, 0.3102165162563324, 0.3847365081310272, -0.5978217124938965, -0.16269062459468842, -0.6140304207801819, -0.2733421325683594, -0.9544631242752075, -0.039754725992679596, -0.7756733298301697, 0.45364484190940857, 0.245048388838768, 1.0315457582473755, -0.4975318908691406, 0.3170834183692932, 0.009247317910194397, 0.502510666847229, 0.13806554675102234, -0.13688422739505768, -0.044940680265426636, -0.3302132189273834, 0.5891413688659668, 0.7053961157798767, -0.08759510517120361, -0.10688875615596771, -0.19677889347076416, 0.12895958125591278, 0.4026039242744446, -0.026385625824332237, -0.5129325985908508, 0.38320451974868774, -0.40542784333229065, -0.4735732674598694, -0.629603922367096, -0.4036093056201935, -0.18271979689598083, -0.4318399131298065, 1.0056121349334717, 0.4687252342700958, 0.39229461550712585, 0.3172382414340973, 0.579879105091095, -0.7996199131011963, -0.01126503013074398, -0.5176398754119873, -0.3791900873184204, 0.12040593475103378, -0.8256136775016785, -0.5708532333374023, 0.2257266640663147, 0.47127100825309753, 0.4101758301258087, -0.4681684672832489, 0.45059141516685486, -0.679881751537323, -0.25040537118911743, -0.42998066544532776, -0.3318714201450348, 0.42389747500419617, 0.4253414273262024, -0.9640545845031738 ]
216387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Review	National Review	National Review is an American semi-monthly conservative editorial magazine, focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs. The magazine was founded by the author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955. It is currently edited by Ramesh Ponnuru. Since its founding, the magazine has played a significant role in the development of conservatism in the United States, helping to define its boundaries and promoting fusionism while establishing itself as a leading voice on the American right. The online version, National Review Online, is edited by Philip Klein and includes free content and articles separate from the print edition. History Background Before National Reviews founding in 1955, the American right was a largely unorganized collection of people who shared intertwining philosophies but had little opportunity for a united public voice. They wanted to marginalize the antiwar, noninterventionistic views of the Old Right. In 1953, moderate Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was president, and many major magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post, Time, and Reader's Digest were strongly conservative and anticommunist, as were many newspapers including the Chicago Tribune and St. Louis Globe-Democrat. A few small-circulation conservative magazines, such as Human Events and The Freeman, preceded National Review in developing Cold War Conservatism in the 1950s. Early years In 1953, Russell Kirk published The Conservative Mind, which traced an intellectual bloodline from Edmund Burke to the Old Right in the early 1950s. This challenged the notion among intellectuals that no coherent conservative tradition existed in the United States. A young William F. Buckley Jr. was greatly influenced by Kirk's concepts. Buckley had money; his father grew rich from oil fields in Mexico. He first tried to purchase Human Events, but was turned down. He then met Willi Schlamm, the experienced editor of The Freeman; they would spend the next two years raising the $300,000 necessary to start their own weekly magazine, originally to be called National Weekly. (A magazine holding the trademark to the name prompted the change to National Review.) The statement of intentions read: Middle-of-the-Road, qua Middle of the Road, is politically, intellectually, and morally repugnant. We shall recommend policies for the simple reason that we consider them right (rather than “non-controversial”); and we consider them right because they are based on principles we deem right (rather than on popularity polls)... The New Deal revolution, for instance, could hardly have happened save for the cumulative impact of The Nation and The New Republic, and a few other publications, on several American college generations during the twenties and thirties. Contributors On November 19, 1955, Buckley's magazine began to take shape. Buckley assembled an eclectic group of writers: traditionalists, Catholic intellectuals, libertarians and ex-Communists. The group included: Russell Kirk, James Burnham, Frank Meyer, and Willmoore Kendall, Catholics L. Brent Bozell and Garry Wills. The former Time editor Whittaker Chambers, who had been a Communist spy in the 1930s and was now intensely anti-Communist, became a senior editor. In the magazine's founding statement Buckley wrote: The launching of a conservative weekly journal of opinion in a country widely assumed to be a bastion of conservatism at first glance looks like a work of supererogation, rather like publishing a royalist weekly within the walls of Buckingham Palace. It is not that of course; if National Review is superfluous, it is so for very different reasons: It stands athwart history, yelling Stop, at a time when no other is inclined to do so, or to have much patience with those who so urge it. As editors and contributors, Buckley especially sought out intellectuals who were ex-Communists or had once worked on the far Left, including Whittaker Chambers, William Schlamm, John Dos Passos, Frank Meyer and James Burnham. When James Burnham became one of the original senior editors, he urged the adoption of a more pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center. Smant (1991) finds that Burnham overcame sometimes heated opposition from other members of the editorial board (including Meyer, Schlamm, William Rickenbacker, and the magazine's publisher William A. Rusher), and had a significant effect on both the editorial policy of the magazine and on the thinking of Buckley himself. Mission to conservatives National Review aimed to make conservative ideas respectable, in an age when the dominant view of conservative thought was, as expressed by Columbia professor Lionel Trilling: [L]iberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition. For it is the plain fact that nowadays there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation... the conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not... express themselves in ideas but only... in irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas. William Buckley Jr. said of the purpose of National Review: [National Review] stands athwart history, yelling Stop, at a time when no one is inclined to do so, or to have much patience with those who so urge it… it is out of place because, in its maturity, literate America rejected conservatism in favor of radical social experimentation…since ideas rule the world, the ideologues, having won over the intellectual class, simply walked in and started to…run just about everything. There never was an age of conformity quite like this one, or a camaraderie quite like the Liberals’. National Review promoted Barry Goldwater heavily during the early 1960s. Buckley and others involved with the magazine took a major role in the "Draft Goldwater" movement in 1960 and the 1964 presidential campaign. National Review spread his vision of conservatism throughout the country.<ref>Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson, eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. (2006) pp. 601–04</ref> The early National Review faced occasional defections from both left and right. Garry Wills broke with National Review and became a liberal commentator. Buckley's brother-in-law, L. Brent Bozell Jr. left and started the short-lived traditionalist Catholic magazine, Triumph in 1966. Defining the boundaries of conservatism Buckley and Meyer promoted the idea of enlarging the boundaries of conservatism through fusionism, whereby different schools of conservatives, including libertarians, would work together to combat what were seen as their common opponents. Buckley and his editors used his magazine to define the boundaries of conservatism—and to exclude people or ideas or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title. Therefore, they attacked the John Birch Society, George Wallace, and anti-Semites.Roger Chapman, Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices (2009) vol. 1 p. 58 Buckley's goal was to increase the respectability of the conservative movement; as Rich Lowry noted: "Mr. Buckley's first great achievement was to purge the American right of its kooks. He marginalized the anti-Semites, the John Birchers, the nativists and their sort." In 1957, National Review editorialized in favor of white leadership in the South, arguing that "the central question that emerges... is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes – the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, it is the advanced race."Quoted in John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (2001) p. 138 By the 1970s National Review advocated colorblind policies and the end of affirmative action. In the late 1960s, the magazine denounced segregationist George Wallace, who ran in Democratic primaries in 1964 and 1972 and made an independent run for president in 1968. During the 1950s, Buckley had worked to remove anti-Semitism from the conservative movement and barred holders of those views from working for National Review. In 1962 Buckley denounced Robert W. Welch Jr. and the John Birch Society as "far removed from common sense" and urged the Republican Party to purge itself of Welch's influence. After Goldwater After Goldwater was defeated by Lyndon Johnson in 1964, Buckley and National Review continued to champion the idea of a conservative movement, which was increasingly embodied in Ronald Reagan. Reagan, a longtime subscriber to National Review, first became politically prominent during Goldwater's campaign. National Review supported his challenge to President Gerald Ford in 1976 and his successful 1980 campaign. During the 1980s National Review called for tax cuts, supply-side economics, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and support for President Reagan's foreign policy against the Soviet Union. The magazine criticized the Welfare state and would support the Welfare reform proposals of the 1990s. The magazine also regularly criticized President Bill Clinton. It first embraced, then rejected, Pat Buchanan in his political campaigns. A lengthy 1996 National Review editorial called for a "movement toward" drug legalization. In 1985, National Review and Buckley were represented by attorney J. Daniel Mahoney during the magazine's $16 million libel suit against The Spotlight. Political views and content The magazine has been described as "the bible of American conservatism". Daniel McAdams of the Ron Paul Institute contends the National Review has evolved from a publication in the William Buckley tradition of conservatism to an outlet articulating primarily neoconservative perspectives with its emphasis on using military action abroad. Donald Trump In 2015, the magazine published an editorial entitled "Against Trump," calling him a "philosophically unmoored political opportunist" and announcing its opposition to his candidacy for the Republican nomination for president. Since Trump's election to the presidency, the National Review editorial board has continued to criticize him. However, contributors to National Review and National Review Online take a variety of positions on Trump. Lowry and Hanson support him, while National Review contributors such as Ramesh Ponnuru and Jonah Goldberg have remained critical of Trump. In a Washington Post feature on conservative magazines, T.A. Frank noted: "From the perspective of a reader, these tensions make National Review as lively as it has been in a long time." The senior editorial staff of the magazine and the website described then-President Trump's conduct between the 2020 elections and the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol as "impeachable," but opposed an immediate impeachment trial due to procedural hurdles and inopportune timing. National Review Online A popular feature of National Review is the web version of the magazine, National Review Online ("N.R.O."), which includes a digital version of the magazine, with articles updated daily by National Review writers, and conservative blogs. The on-line version is called N.R.O. to distinguish it from the paper magazine. It also features free articles, though these deviate in content from its print magazine. The site's editor is Philip Klein. Each day, the site posts new content consisting of conservative, libertarian, and neoconservative opinion articles, including some syndicated columns, and news features. It also features two blogs: The Corner – postings from a select group of the site's editors and affiliated writers discussing the issues of the day Bench Memos – legal and judicial news and commentary Markos Moulitsas, who runs the liberal Daily Kos web-site, told reporters in August 2007 that he does not read conservative blogs, with the exception of those on N.R.O., stating: "I do like the blogs at the National Review—I do think their writers are the best in the [conservative] blogosphere". National Review Institute The N.R.I. works in policy development and helping establish new advocates in the conservative movement. National Review Institute was founded by William F. Buckley Jr. in 1991 to engage in policy development, public education, and advocacy that would advance the conservative principles he championed. In 2019, the Whittaker Chambers family had NRI stop an award in Chambers' name following award to people whom the family found objectionable. Finances As with most political opinion magazines in the United States, National Review carries little corporate advertising. The magazine stays afloat from subscription fees, donations, and black-tie fundraisers around the country. The magazine also sponsors cruises featuring National Review editors and contributors as lecturers. Buckley said in 2005 that the magazine had lost about $25 million over 50 years. Presidential primary endorsements National Review sometimes endorses a candidate during the primary election season. Editors at National Review have said, "Our guiding principle has always been to select the most conservative viable candidate." This statement echoes what has come to be called "The Buckley Rule". In a 1967 interview, in which he was asked about the choice of presidential candidate, Buckley said, "The wisest choice would be the one who would win... I'd be for the most right, viable candidate who could win." The magazine did not endorse either of the two major-party candidates during the 2020 presidential election, and instead published individual articles titled "Trump: Yes," "Trump: No" and "Trump: Maybe" by Andrew McCarthy, Ramesh Ponnuru, and Charles C.W. Cooke, respectively. The following candidates were officially endorsed by National Review: 1956: Dwight Eisenhower 1960: No endorsement 1964: Barry Goldwater 1968: Richard Nixon 1972: John M. Ashbrook 1976: Ronald Reagan 1980: Ronald Reagan 1984: Ronald Reagan 1988: George H.W. Bush 1992: No endorsement 1996: No endorsement 2000: George W. Bush 2004: No endorsement 2008: Mitt Romney (primary), John McCain (general) 2012: No endorsement 2016: Ted Cruz 2020: No endorsement Editors and contributors The magazine's current editor-in-chief is Rich Lowry. Many of the magazine's commentators are affiliated with think-tanks such as The Heritage Foundation and American Enterprise Institute. Prominent guest authors have included Newt Gingrich, Mitt Romney, Peter Thiel, and Ted Cruz in the on-line and paper edition. Notable current contributors Current and past contributors to National Review (N.R.) magazine, National Review Online (N.R.O.), or both: Elliott Abrams Michael D. Aeschliman Richard Brookhiser, senior editor Mona Charen Charles C. W. Cooke, editor of N.R.O.. Joan Didion Frederick H. Fleitz David French John Fund, N.R.O. national-affairs columnist Jim Geraghty Jonah Goldberg, N.R. senior editor Victor Davis Hanson David Harsanyi Paul Johnson Roger Kimball Larry Kudlow Stanley Kurtz Yuval Levin James Lileks Rob Long, N.R. contributing editor Kathryn Jean Lopez Rich Lowry, N.R. editor Andrew C. McCarthy John McCormack, N.R. Washington, D.C. correspondent John J. Miller, N.R. national political reporter Stephen Moore, financial columnist Deroy Murdock Jay Nordlinger Michael Novak John O'Sullivan, N.R. editor-at-large Ramesh Ponnuru David Pryce-Jones Tom Rogan Reihan Salam Ben Shapiro Katherine Timpf George F. Will Kevin D. Williamson, "roving correspondent" at N.R. Kyle Smith, critic-at-large Notable past contributors Renata Adler Steve Allen Wick Allison W. H. Auden Edward C. Banfield Jacques Barzun Peter L. Berger Allan Bloom George Borjas Robert Bork L. Brent Bozell Jr. Peter Brimelow Pat Buchanan Jed Babbin Myrna Blyth Christopher Buckley William F. Buckley Jr., founder James Burnham John R. Chamberlain Whittaker Chambers Shannen W. Coffin Robert Conquest Richard Corliss Robert Costa Ann Coulter Arlene Croce Guy Davenport John Derbyshire Joan Didion John Dos Passos Rod Dreher Dinesh D'Souza John Gregory Dunne Max Eastman Eric Ehrmann Thomas Fleming Samuel T. Francis Milton Friedman David Frum Francis Fukuyama Eugene Genovese Paul Gigot Nathan Glazer Stuart Goldman Paul Gottfried Mark M. Goldblatt Michael Graham Ethan Gutmann Ernest van den Haag Jeffrey Hart Henry Hazlitt Will Herberg Christopher Hitchens Harry V. Jaffa Arthur Jensen John Keegan Willmoore Kendall Hugh Kenner Florence King Phil Kerpen Russell Kirk Charles Krauthammer Irving Kristol Dave Kopel Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn Michael Ledeen Fritz Leiber John Leonard Mark Levin John Lukacs Arnold Lunn Richard Lynn Alasdair MacIntyre Harvey C. Mansfield Malachi Martin Frank Meyer Scott McConnell Forrest McDonald Ludwig von Mises Alice-Leone Moats Raymond Moley Thomas Molnar Charles Murray Richard Neuhaus Robert Nisbet Robert Novak Michael Oakeshott Kate O'Beirne Conor Cruise O'Brien Revilo P. Oliver Thomas Pangle Isabel Paterson Ezra Pound Paul Craig Roberts Murray Rothbard William A. Rusher, publisher, 1957–88 J. Philippe Rushton Steve Sailer Pat Sajak Catherine Seipp Daniel Seligman John Simon Joseph Sobran Thomas Sowell Whit Stillman Theodore Sturgeon Mark Steyn Thomas Szasz Allen Tate Jared Taylor Terry Teachout Taki Theodoracopulos Ralph de Toledano Auberon Waugh Evelyn Waugh Richard M. Weaver Robert Weissberg Frederick Wilhelmsen Garry Wills James Q. Wilson Tom Wolfe Byron York R. V. Young Washington editors L. Brent Bozell Jr. Neal B. Freeman George Will, 1973–76 Neal B. Freeman, 1978–81 John McLaughlin, 1981–89 William McGurn, 1989–1992 Kate O'Beirne Robert Costa, 2012–13 Eliana Johnson, 2014–16 Controversies Barack Obama In June 2008, six days after Hillary Clinton conceded to Barack Obama in the Democratic primary, National Review correspondent Jim Geraghty published an article encouraging the Obama campaign to release the candidate's birth certificate in order "to squash all the conspiracy theories once and for all." Geraghty's column notes that it was unlikely that Obama was born in Kenya. Attorney Loren Collins, who has tracked the origins of birther movement for years, says that Geraghty may have "unwittingly shined a national spotlight on a fringe internet theory." Geraghty's article "became fodder for cable television." In a 2009 editorial, the National Review editorial board called conspiracies about Obama's citizenship "untrue," writing: "Like Bruce Springsteen, he has a lot of bad political ideas; but he was born in the U.S.A." One National Review article said that Obama's parents could be communists because “for a white woman to marry a black man in 1958, or ’60, there was almost inevitably a connection to explicit Communist politics”. Climate change denial According to Philip Bump of The Washington Post, National Review "has regularly criticized and rejected the scientific consensus on climate change". In 2014, climate scientist Michael E. Mann sued the National Review after columnist Mark Steyn accused Mann of fraud and referenced a quote from Competitive Enterprise Institute writer Rand Simberg that called Mann "the Jerry Sandusky of climate science, except that instead of molesting children, he has molested and tortured data." Civil liberties organizations such as the ACLU and the Electronic Frontier Foundation and several publications such as The Washington Post expressed support for National Review in the lawsuit, filing amicus briefs in their defense. In 2015, the magazine published an intentionally deceptive graph that suggested that there was no climate change. The graph set the lower and upper bounds of the chart at -10 and 110 degree Fahrenheit and zoomed out so as to obscure warming trends. In 2017, National Review published an article alleging that a top NOAA scientist claimed that National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration engaged in data manipulation and rushed a study based on faulty data in order to influence the Paris climate negotiations. The article largely repeated allegations made in the Daily Mail without independent verification. The scientist in question later rebuked the claims made by National Review, noting that he did not accuse NOAA of data manipulation but instead raised concerns about "the way data was handled, documented and stored, raising issues of transparency and availability". On March 19, 2021, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia ruled that the National Review did not libel Michael E. Mann.Superior Court of the District of Columbia (March 19, 2021). ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT NATIONAL REVIEW’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Retrieved March 23, 2021. Ann Coulter 9/11 column Two days after the 9/11 attacks, National Review published a column by Ann Coulter where she wrote of Muslims, "This is no time to be precious about locating the exact individuals directly involved in this particular terrorist attack. We should invade their countries, kill their leaders and convert them to Christianity. We weren’t punctilious about locating and punishing only Hitler and his top officers. We carpet-bombed German cities; we killed civilians. That’s war. And this is war." National Review later called the column a "mistake" and fired Coulter as a contributing editor. Jeffrey Epstein In 2019, The New York Times reported that National Review was one of three news outlets (along with Forbes and HuffPost) that had published stories written by Jeffrey Epstein's publicists. The National Review article was written by Christina Galbraith, Epstein's publicist at the time the article was published in 2013. The National Review bio for Galbraith described her as a science writer. National Review retracted the article in July 2019 with apologies and spoke of new methods being used to better filter freelance content. Dinesh D'Souza Political commentator and National Review contributor Dinesh D'Souza said that billionaire George Soros was a "collection boy for Hitler and the Nazis," attacked Roy Moore accuser Beverly Young Nelson and said that accusations of sexual misconduct against Roy Moore were “most likely fabricated,” and described Rosa Parks as an "overrated Democrat". David French, then-senior writer at the National Review, tweeted "What has happened to you?" in response to D'Souza's comment about Nelson. D'Souza was removed from the magazine's masthead in August 2020. References Bibliography Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2010) excerpt and text search Bogus, Carl T. Buckley: William F. Buckley Jr. and the Rise of American Conservatism (2011) Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Right Made Political History (2007) Frisk, David B. If Not Us, Who?: William Rusher, National Review, and the Conservative Movement (2011) Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) Hart, Jeffrey. The Making of the American Conservative Mind: The National Review and Its Times (2005), a view from the inside Judis, John B. William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (2001) Nash, George. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006; 1st ed. 1978) Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009) Smant, Kevin J. Principles and Heresies: Frank S. Meyer and the Shaping of the American Conservative Movement'' (2002) () External links NRI, National Review Institute 1955 establishments in New York (state) Biweekly magazines published in the United States Climate change denial Conservative magazines published in the United States Magazines established in 1955 Magazines published in New York City New Right organizations (United States) News magazines published in the United States William F. Buckley Jr.	[ -0.046297259628772736, -0.26250043511390686, -0.3312053978443146, 0.22588396072387695, -0.254801869392395, 0.047275371849536896, 0.04818196967244148, 0.32178443670272827, -0.2450254261493683, 0.07814035564661026, -0.058278486132621765, 0.18966707587242126, -0.08434875309467316, 0.2688271701335907, -0.22929540276527405, 0.22109439969062805, 0.22587063908576965, 0.006693292874842882, -0.1372000128030777, -0.1772087663412094, -0.42820605635643005, -0.32845237851142883, 0.5514958500862122, -0.627251923084259, 0.43389400839805603, 0.014544202014803886, 0.5116075873374939, -0.36131536960601807, -0.5794593095779419, 0.6689544916152954, -0.522578775882721, 0.6914941668510437, -0.1724914163351059, 0.4874133765697479, -0.29344433546066284, -0.12219084054231644, -0.16474512219429016, -0.032302211970090866, 0.009400952607393265, 0.3592613637447357, 0.2734644114971161, -0.46028032898902893, -0.011256740428507328, 0.6279390454292297, 0.28133612871170044, -0.5602365136146545, -1.5205509662628174, 0.752722978591919, -0.7934487462043762, 0.03152133896946907, -0.5025294423103333, 0.8619765639305115, 0.4512389600276947, 0.5987518429756165, -0.4055444300174713, 0.5131757259368896, 0.11381220072507858, 0.11042723804712296, -0.43673527240753174, -0.711900532245636, -0.22304311394691467, -0.020862029865384102, 0.6541867852210999, 0.18507006764411926, 0.4227663278579712, -0.17490558326244354, -0.2338835597038269, -0.34109368920326233, -0.09104660153388977, -0.14560580253601074, -0.7198421359062195, -0.20398776233196259, -0.008099881932139397, 0.5722820162773132, 0.1951768398284912, 0.3767431974411011, 0.07883838564157486, 0.013957164250314236, 0.2651998698711395, -0.12706097960472107, 0.1695854514837265, 0.4246591329574585, 0.5998095273971558, 0.4766010344028473, 0.3177572786808014, -0.28506866097450256, -0.19756940007209778, -0.17344847321510315, -0.06556090712547302, 0.20836703479290009, -0.010233160108327866, 0.03675954043865204, 0.17870499193668365, 0.3130633533000946, 0.2176341712474823, -0.4399580955505371, 0.5962077975273132, -0.10718775540590286, -0.3948552906513214, -0.23811563849449158, 0.10615062713623047, 0.06745656579732895, 0.466445654630661, 0.2000114917755127, -0.9820060133934021, -0.33964765071868896, 0.07290057837963104, -0.9274104833602905, 0.6040258407592773, 0.5862818956375122, -0.03167027235031128, 0.9000555872917175, 0.13118548691272736, -0.2936261296272278, -0.05084386095404625, 0.5105805993080139, -0.30866116285324097, -0.6130543351173401, -0.20659063756465912, -0.08506867289543152, -0.15625031292438507, 0.7123869061470032, -0.018131883814930916, -0.1486729383468628, 0.15943379700183868, 0.15986520051956177, 0.6456643342971802, -0.13743536174297333, -0.5696771144866943, 0.09091875702142715, -0.14258335530757904, 0.26281502842903137, -0.18304160237312317, -0.019961178302764893, 0.10518844425678253, -0.5120885968208313, 0.7337970733642578, -0.2769222557544708, 0.5613327026367188, 0.5813766121864319, 0.15175484120845795, -0.43780505657196045, -0.6368292570114136, -0.8595336079597473, 0.5079945921897888, -0.6475656628608704, 0.1171642616391182, -0.4559788405895233, -0.17966045439243317, -0.415220707654953, 0.22158052027225494, -0.23484079539775848, -0.2048415094614029, -0.15687958896160126, 0.1984289586544037, -0.543150782585144, 0.5905070304870605, 0.3053407073020935, 0.39066460728645325, -0.0088926050812006, 0.3738515377044678, 0.13097187876701355, 0.1822236180305481, -0.29262107610702515, 0.023839782923460007, -0.24588486552238464, -0.10810776799917221, -0.09919135272502899, 0.2230163961648941, 0.0439319983124733, 0.13692592084407806, 0.14647600054740906, 0.5723913311958313, 0.35838860273361206, 0.27926716208457947, 0.2187165766954422, 0.7565310001373291, 0.18722328543663025, 0.3321152627468109, -0.352114200592041, -0.5373997688293457, -0.012404829263687134, 0.32506945729255676, -0.0008467236766591668, -0.18511831760406494, -0.17903070151805878, 0.5903705358505249, -0.16416308283805847, -0.014857021160423756, 0.3173693120479584, -0.6357293725013733, -0.620348334312439, -0.28028494119644165, -0.06913595646619797, 1.0260589122772217, 0.20909501612186432, -0.024367278441786766, 1.4943594932556152, -0.12847521901130676, -0.001321112154982984, -0.07042313367128372, -0.41224905848503113, 0.6108561754226685, 0.04813375324010849, -0.4630352258682251, 0.0968974232673645, -0.02343868277966976, 0.18797318637371063, -0.017174670472741127, 0.11839747428894043, 0.22229719161987305, -0.5194504857063293, 0.275399774312973, 0.5651164650917053, -0.1304682344198227, -0.38403356075286865, -0.29008206725120544, 0.5338876843452454, -0.3842853009700775, 0.12451542168855667, 1.211747646331787, -0.14782138168811798, 0.4202011823654175, 0.255655974149704, -0.5723100900650024, -0.1789039820432663, 0.1746504306793213, 0.14371299743652344, -0.1050909012556076, -0.33394691348075867, 0.42133083939552307, 0.21672306954860687, 0.08102791011333466, -0.9323447942733765, 0.07921380549669266, -0.3150850832462311, -0.25165310502052307, -0.08218119293451309, 0.1995842307806015, -0.3133677542209625, 0.4399210810661316, -0.16617752611637115, 0.1889079511165619, 0.558768093585968, -0.17599008977413177, 0.4010685980319977, 0.09666918218135834, 0.404914915561676, -0.10210614651441574, 0.395620733499527, 0.3637261688709259, 0.2587212920188904, 0.24903027713298798, -0.3273759186267853, -0.37413111329078674, 0.26312556862831116, 0.15553714334964752, -0.10330133140087128, 0.6352048516273499, 0.2151079922914505, -0.10298033058643341, -0.34694385528564453, -0.07840006798505783, -0.07171471416950226, -0.18452754616737366, -0.6425321698188782, -0.18589653074741364, -0.59136962890625, -0.1150585189461708, 0.14131563901901245, 0.3462311327457428, 0.7180379033088684, -0.14124317467212677, 0.1954789161682129, 0.18415017426013947, -0.3586922585964203, 0.00927308201789856, 0.2298673391342163, -0.8169620633125305, -0.500793993473053, -0.19568470120429993, 0.4193169176578522, 0.47210967540740967, -0.12437285482883453, -0.34802600741386414, -0.25016793608665466, 0.49198201298713684, -0.2724914252758026, -0.016050823032855988, 0.32069501280784607, -0.28977715969085693, -0.5441979169845581, 0.3720119893550873, -0.14862334728240967, 0.31354042887687683, 0.33143725991249084, 0.3907492756843567, -0.07172182947397232, -0.6313410997390747, -0.14572323858737946, -0.10812748223543167, 0.42958155274391174, 0.3375629186630249, 0.2751171290874481, 0.5724696516990662, -0.23476536571979523, -0.052196383476257324, -0.21702928841114044, -5.908292293548584, -0.08645287901163101, -0.24678389728069305, -0.542365550994873, -0.016431881114840508, 0.10353855788707733, 0.5739563703536987, -0.3683803677558899, -0.479223370552063, -0.0029385939706116915, -0.33525940775871277, 0.023375581949949265, -0.07757174968719482, 0.3763718903064728, 0.2542947232723236, 0.17815639078617096, 0.17588743567466736, 0.2461956888437271, 0.42661675810813904, 0.5541943907737732, -0.040495309978723526, 0.10900794714689255, 0.419929563999176, 0.7022043466567993, 0.7620716094970703, 0.7553117871284485, -0.3633858859539032, 0.13429901003837585, -0.17403459548950195, -0.14228776097297668, 0.24827821552753448, 0.09868689626455307, 0.07408709079027176, -0.26183706521987915, 0.8101749420166016, 0.029406452551484108, 0.14299194514751434, 0.04539027437567711, 0.3117329478263855, -0.07079866528511047, 0.001805032603442669, 0.48019471764564514, 0.1816931664943695, -0.08159127831459045, 0.2512625455856323, 0.0030802011024206877, -0.2690480947494507, -0.45366859436035156, -0.7777226567268372, 0.4984976649284363, -0.3499235212802887, 0.18722029030323029, 0.2003815621137619, -0.03697667643427849, -0.4938525855541229, -0.08553767949342728, 0.01675092801451683, -0.3942628502845764, -0.5288692712783813, -0.4206789433956146, 0.39350754022598267, 0.17456074059009552, -0.03103165701031685, 0.08383883535861969, -0.595440685749054, -0.6221696734428406, -0.46680504083633423, 0.10311087965965271, 0.5705368518829346, 0.14612562954425812, -0.1833239197731018, 0.4435277283191681, 0.0034908715169876814, -0.7676514387130737, 0.16871413588523865, -0.5043005347251892, 0.15215732157230377, -0.21115095913410187, 0.10197065770626068, 0.276760458946228, -0.4191094636917114, 0.10077699273824692, 0.290415495634079, 0.06920012831687927, -0.5921918749809265, -0.7053999304771423, -0.19125133752822876, 0.5857102274894714, -0.9077737331390381, -0.6606115698814392, 0.19651848077774048, -0.3761087954044342, 0.857495129108429, -0.41127145290374756, 0.4002898931503296, 0.6462730765342712, 0.3907787799835205, 0.5939492583274841, 0.6216147541999817, 0.062041986733675, 0.27357277274131775, 0.2159367948770523, 0.2161533385515213, -0.9087734222412109, -0.19352839887142181, -0.126071497797966, -0.15620458126068115, -0.11950935423374176, 0.350850373506546, -0.3288785219192505, -0.6740559339523315, -0.3638678789138794, -0.24714455008506775, -0.3996524512767792, 0.23444728553295135, 0.1238982304930687, -0.36679524183273315, 0.12807832658290863, -0.42811912298202515, 0.46263307332992554, 0.04261079803109169, -0.0824279636144638, -0.4027169346809387, -0.29244256019592285, -0.347353994846344, -0.23961760103702545, -0.5297638773918152, -0.2543475329875946, -0.2209869921207428, 0.3217863440513611, 0.3714597225189209, 0.07543262094259262, -0.006375112105160952, -0.15814968943595886, 0.14758199453353882, -0.13986124098300934, -0.08944118767976761, 0.07443058490753174, -0.3100094199180603, 0.31308144330978394, 0.05430613085627556, -0.02601238340139389, -0.07751474529504776, 0.15633635222911835, 0.2899993062019348, 0.1303272396326065, -0.18653497099876404, 0.6073294878005981, -0.2811937928199768, 0.9811935424804688, -0.383731484413147, -0.5100563168525696, 0.36376503109931946, -0.45839428901672363, 0.19561924040317535, -0.0014271097024902701, 0.4177163541316986, 0.4364528954029083, -0.4242928624153137, -0.01929246447980404, -0.5949741005897522, -0.9067564010620117, -0.5436022281646729, -0.11639890819787979, 0.31607723236083984, -0.025237351655960083, -0.25667744874954224, -0.38588947057724, 0.05174167826771736, 0.3905586302280426, -0.008707698434591293, 0.19018805027008057, -0.04534376785159111, -0.49583110213279724, 0.1262107491493225, 0.3679969012737274, 0.09598401933908463, -0.2770102620124817, -0.08837884664535522, 0.08882825821638107, 0.4076611399650574, -0.4839843511581421, -0.3845660090446472, 0.15329979360103607, 0.4514058530330658, -0.26040729880332947, -0.2508431077003479, 0.18561780452728271, 0.008407557383179665, 0.22087742388248444, 0.627749502658844, -0.09898258745670319, -0.170644611120224, -0.041819438338279724, -0.44231951236724854, 0.10563201457262039, -0.2649855315685272, 0.07901755720376968, -0.35819724202156067, -0.1908838301897049, 0.6467416286468506, 0.5245926976203918, -0.4194111227989197, 0.39651361107826233, -0.18795500695705414, -0.7419116497039795, 0.43268969655036926, -0.22260336577892303, -0.3334847390651703, 0.587609052658081, -0.02203109674155712, -0.27588585019111633, -0.359286367893219, -0.34208741784095764, -0.08651065081357956, -0.2852006256580353, -0.1467752307653427, -0.678149938583374, -0.578213095664978, -0.18281559646129608, -0.08957075327634811, -0.05070002004504204, -0.5375219583511353, 0.07631772011518478, -0.18895986676216125, 0.35493534803390503, 0.4732939600944519, -0.16978436708450317, 0.036740753799676895, -0.46706733107566833, 0.13874687254428864, 0.05871985852718353, 0.02052208222448826, 0.18024705350399017, 0.02290225587785244, -0.4353609085083008, -0.25757133960723877, 0.08325371146202087, 0.004925096407532692, 0.1471806913614273, -0.13006220757961273, 0.27046680450439453, -0.1902347356081009, -0.3584788143634796, -0.09968259185552597, 0.2557961642742157, 0.572330117225647, 0.09971045702695847, -0.5083261728286743, -0.06290937960147858, 0.6772608160972595, -0.8994156122207642, -0.4122757315635681, -0.1841394156217575, 0.34417587518692017, -0.5377456545829773, -0.42264649271965027, 0.5165045261383057, -0.23196975886821747, -0.1085406169295311, 0.13698381185531616, -0.5763030052185059, -0.7550651431083679, 0.45036637783050537, 0.4007822275161743, -0.09502672404050827, 0.41928404569625854, -0.35660794377326965, 0.00678717065602541, -0.27851200103759766, -0.06614719331264496, 0.10026537626981735, 0.45133623480796814, 0.3429378271102905, 0.14154218137264252, 0.07273505628108978, -0.27816858887672424, -0.10523083806037903, -0.2088870406150818, 0.0002663000486791134, -0.19696897268295288, 0.09846217185258865, -0.3466448187828064, -0.5683569312095642, 0.4525410830974579, -0.8449855446815491, 0.5985450744628906, 0.506386935710907, -0.4591313302516937, -0.29202747344970703, 0.09548818320035934, -0.36455559730529785, -0.11726726591587067, 0.1907668262720108, -0.47368767857551575, 0.18060611188411713, 0.5650776624679565, 0.09090373665094376, -0.006919206585735083, 0.4841650724411011, -0.26213473081588745, -0.089852474629879, 0.05771823599934578, -0.07721126824617386, 0.38355371356010437, -0.3525352478027344, -0.47524842619895935, 0.219522625207901, -0.2967366576194763, 0.055070240050554276, 0.14546748995780945, -0.11759772896766663, 0.7543123960494995, 0.5694736838340759, -0.7470250129699707, 0.03897087275981903, 0.08149736374616623, -0.4218958616256714, 0.5702082514762878, 0.023097744211554527, -0.024333646520972252, 0.4542343318462372, -0.00822231825441122, 0.167598694562912, -0.13969843089580536, -0.010105489753186703, -0.4611368179321289, 0.5547033548355103, 0.14634941518306732, -0.3597595989704132, 0.2269972860813141, 0.8294445872306824, -0.29390400648117065, 0.1390138566493988, -0.3242102861404419, -1.001098871231079, -0.13097572326660156, -0.4655478298664093, -0.9132494926452637, 0.3270438313484192, 0.5436980724334717, -0.2279643714427948, 0.161546990275383, 0.08490190654993057, -0.4791114032268524, 0.24507877230644226, 0.6595890522003174, 0.07210541516542435, -0.10532413423061371, 0.2652292847633362, 0.11603564023971558, 0.30382832884788513, -0.22812369465827942, -0.22890745103359222, 0.27805429697036743, -0.6971769332885742, 0.16829663515090942, -0.2116435319185257, -0.05985572561621666, -0.3091356158256531, -0.7046628594398499, 0.8004523515701294, -0.2983129322528839, -0.316143274307251, -0.03585727512836456, 0.4525104761123657, 0.6018217206001282, -0.42047664523124695, 0.30436623096466064, 0.25064775347709656, 0.19963990151882172, -0.40408089756965637, -0.044377073645591736, 0.09111228585243225, 0.0011405773693695664, -0.24289695918560028, 0.5611550211906433, 0.06422509998083115, 0.2788926661014557, 0.038015563040971756, -0.19798821210861206, -0.0673549547791481, -0.45726457238197327, -0.01704999804496765, 0.037263065576553345, 0.28927624225616455, -0.2362840175628662, 0.008852147497236729, -0.25199025869369507, -0.05057280510663986, 0.33335360884666443, -0.7137190699577332, -0.3505861461162567, 0.6232926845550537, -0.3509140610694885, 0.07174347341060638, 0.1667882353067398, 1.0260478258132935, -0.3840133547782898, 0.37665197253227234, -0.1642502397298813, -0.05530231446027756, 0.12852461636066437, 0.3496256172657013, -0.7205198407173157, 0.09371645003557205, -0.025216232985258102, -0.6327107548713684, -0.7398251295089722, 0.05090317130088806, -0.03813759982585907, 0.2888707220554352, 0.15467628836631775, 1.2231401205062866, 0.12046004086732864, 0.009496987797319889, 0.8050580620765686, -0.020344054326415062, -0.15849298238754272, -0.37793728709220886, 0.23705638945102692, 0.16349777579307556, -0.13458596169948578, 0.03547986224293709, -0.3424500823020935, -0.27211156487464905, 0.3204079568386078, -0.04725249856710434, 0.33953362703323364, -0.04436943307518959, -0.4927823543548584, -0.6703343987464905, -0.559396505355835, 0.16022232174873352, -0.2982545793056488, 0.45230385661125183, 0.32439926266670227, 0.7572122812271118, 0.4980313181877136, -0.5148573517799377, -0.26939183473587036, -0.3131183981895447, -0.22277188301086426, -0.3931540846824646, 0.4258069694042206, 0.7051624655723572, -0.16330695152282715, -0.29835233092308044, -0.3920170068740845, 0.7686358690261841, -0.2519172132015228, 0.1631859391927719, -0.11301471292972565, -0.16424056887626648, -0.050630729645490646, -0.5726675987243652, -0.015654826536774635, -0.13069427013397217, 0.8854321837425232, 0.5677551031112671 ]
216389	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20cube	Hilbert cube	In mathematics, the Hilbert cube, named after David Hilbert, is a topological space that provides an instructive example of some ideas in topology. Furthermore, many interesting topological spaces can be embedded in the Hilbert cube; that is, can be viewed as subspaces of the Hilbert cube (see below). Definition The Hilbert cube is best defined as the topological product of the intervals [0, 1/n] for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... That is, it is a cuboid of countably infinite dimension, where the lengths of the edges in each orthogonal direction form the sequence . The Hilbert cube is homeomorphic to the product of countably infinitely many copies of the unit interval [0, 1]. In other words, it is topologically indistinguishable from the unit cube of countably infinite dimension. If a point in the Hilbert cube is specified by a sequence with , then a homeomorphism to the infinite dimensional unit cube is given by . The Hilbert cube as a metric space It is sometimes convenient to think of the Hilbert cube as a metric space, indeed as a specific subset of a separable Hilbert space (i.e. a Hilbert space with a countably infinite Hilbert basis). For these purposes, it is best not to think of it as a product of copies of [0,1], but instead as [0,1] × [0,1/2] × [0,1/3] × ···; as stated above, for topological properties, this makes no difference. That is, an element of the Hilbert cube is an infinite sequence (xn) that satisfies 0 ≤ xn ≤ 1/n. Any such sequence belongs to the Hilbert space ℓ2, so the Hilbert cube inherits a metric from there. One can show that the topology induced by the metric is the same as the product topology in the above definition. Properties As a product of compact Hausdorff spaces, the Hilbert cube is itself a compact Hausdorff space as a result of the Tychonoff theorem. The compactness of the Hilbert cube can also be proved without the Axiom of Choice by constructing a continuous function from the usual Cantor set onto the Hilbert cube. In ℓ2, no point has a compact neighbourhood (thus, ℓ2 is not locally compact). One might expect that all of the compact subsets of ℓ2 are finite-dimensional. The Hilbert cube shows that this is not the case. But the Hilbert cube fails to be a neighbourhood of any point p because its side becomes smaller and smaller in each dimension, so that an open ball around p of any fixed radius e > 0 must go outside the cube in some dimension. Any infinite-dimensional convex compact subset of is homeomorphic to the Hilbert cube. The Hilbert cube is a convex set, whose span is the whole space, but whose interior is empty. This situation is impossible in finite dimensions. The tangent cone to the cube at the zero vector is the whole space. Every subset of the Hilbert cube inherits from the Hilbert cube the properties of being both metrizable (and therefore T4) and second countable. It is more interesting that the converse also holds: Every second countable T4 space is homeomorphic to a subset of the Hilbert cube. Every Gδ-subset of the Hilbert cube is a Polish space, a topological space homeomorphic to a separable and complete metric space. Conversely, every Polish space is homeomorphic to a Gδ-subset of the Hilbert cube. Notes References Further reading Topological spaces Polytopes Infinity Cube	[ -0.2452908605337143, 0.10184061527252197, -0.48269152641296387, 0.26364192366600037, -0.18633629381656647, 0.16003528237342834, -0.18754582107067108, -0.047067832201719284, -0.1094740480184555, -0.788090169429779, -0.5480008125305176, -0.5017865896224976, -0.17542332410812378, 0.5386848449707031, -0.2641361355781555, 0.4410462975502014, 0.4060961604118347, -0.06932510435581207, -0.5424683094024658, -0.41109541058540344, 0.2826167345046997, 0.24294894933700562, -0.09964465349912643, -0.3402244448661804, 0.33591988682746887, 0.17415717244148254, -0.06511888653039932, -0.28302547335624695, 0.07406522333621979, 0.7613368034362793, -0.14544224739074707, 0.37588590383529663, 0.011640088632702827, -0.004792854189872742, 0.056212056428194046, 0.012906531803309917, -0.324191689491272, -0.12214905023574829, -0.004025172907859087, -0.36058008670806885, 1.2471954822540283, 0.1210503876209259, 0.5191091895103455, 0.47411635518074036, -0.6154460906982422, -0.22142356634140015, -1.4843254089355469, 0.45743635296821594, -0.28993743658065796, -0.4824998378753662, -0.3888396918773651, 0.08916746079921722, 0.6617884039878845, 0.7265658378601074, -0.36417147517204285, 0.021896546706557274, -0.048213761299848557, -0.2727767527103424, 0.720000684261322, -0.03385001793503761, 0.018938492983579636, 0.4303674101829529, 0.24048063158988953, 0.17524975538253784, -0.16390986740589142, 0.35990896821022034, 0.18960320949554443, -0.0928913876414299, -0.3900150954723358, -0.29773223400115967, -0.34265902638435364, -0.3962443768978119, -0.16225989162921906, 0.742699384689331, -0.3249770998954773, -0.22073347866535187, 0.35187089443206787, -0.04316527768969536, -0.14911459386348724, 0.4265596568584442, -0.6061515212059021, 0.461005300283432, 0.4587804079055786, 0.05815299600362778, 0.3280320167541504, 0.09120150655508041, -0.707584023475647, 0.3037925064563751, -1.0294398069381714, 0.43071144819259644, 0.03281128779053688, 0.30374714732170105, 0.5898833274841309, -0.20416487753391266, -0.10382877290248871, 0.1899251490831375, 0.39369410276412964, -0.26946207880973816, 0.6063041687011719, 0.05588708817958832, 0.14870968461036682, -0.00198256503790617, 0.24846522510051727, -0.254229873418808, -0.3801174759864807, -0.7096036672592163, 0.268204003572464, -0.42044797539711, 0.10186365991830826, 0.28961995244026184, -0.4740270674228668, 0.3495784401893616, 0.35834407806396484, 0.14242786169052124, 0.36928513646125793, 0.08287731558084488, 0.16471129655838013, -0.1676238775253296, -0.3343147933483124, 0.1268928498029709, -0.827282726764679, 0.7158449292182922, -0.07355283945798874, 0.5321633815765381, 0.06589100509881973, -0.06358037143945694, 0.26814159750938416, 1.0652819871902466, -0.6853280067443848, -0.33956804871559143, 0.13327521085739136, 0.8248694539070129, 0.46566784381866455, -0.21777203679084778, -0.2549254894256592, -0.29364585876464844, -0.016337160021066666, -0.7338706851005554, -0.45563456416130066, 0.17905232310295105, -0.11522097885608673, -0.020792003720998764, -0.28377410769462585, -0.0998697355389595, 0.4541572034358978, -0.42083263397216797, 0.38003620505332947, -0.24661968648433685, 0.2775157690048218, 0.07247975468635559, -0.13188590109348297, 0.2697467505931854, -0.23493053019046783, 0.08166992664337158, -0.18966567516326904, 0.33586007356643677, -0.12210962176322937, 0.23596146702766418, -0.08767759054899216, 0.18469148874282837, -0.654546856880188, -0.33573058247566223, -0.16499534249305725, -0.45307204127311707, 0.11688053607940674, -1.104736566543579, 1.1859843730926514, -0.026527199894189835, -0.1535559892654419, 0.46600228548049927, -0.2645685076713562, -0.30143049359321594, 0.30305591225624084, 0.17312408983707428, -0.41331493854522705, 0.0030992995016276836, 0.6426370739936829, 0.03710370138287544, 0.706294059753418, -0.4141799509525299, -0.9086278080940247, -0.21051831543445587, 0.7299355268478394, -0.2798439860343933, 0.3653605282306671, 0.23031020164489746, 0.3158164620399475, 0.2824226915836334, 0.14669089019298553, -0.09005308151245117, -0.23198838531970978, -0.24734580516815186, 0.021128235384821892, -0.3261485695838928, 1.3124260902404785, 0.27632585167884827, -0.799811840057373, -0.15834452211856842, -0.2097642421722412, 0.8229504823684692, -0.20920315384864807, -0.4542023241519928, 0.45874476432800293, -0.08931970596313477, 0.1970197558403015, 0.5142365097999573, -0.329120397567749, -0.3055076599121094, -0.3765023946762085, 0.19145430624485016, 0.500062108039856, -0.618157148361206, 0.8193520903587341, -0.07144328951835632, -0.14894595742225647, -0.14024926722049713, -0.14866763353347778, 0.3540762960910797, -0.4937041401863098, -0.15171805024147034, 1.227738380432129, 0.45378854870796204, 0.1501641720533371, 0.729902982711792, 0.2150651514530182, 0.952185332775116, 0.02772391028702259, 0.9914768934249878, 0.17942868173122406, 0.14333130419254303, -1.0153088569641113, -0.37054798007011414, 0.1188214123249054, -0.1448390781879425, 0.4534686803817749, -0.04303396865725517, 0.6698464155197144, -0.7037611603736877, 0.4423370957374573, -0.45416179299354553, -0.07467979937791824, 0.04561181366443634, -0.1730000227689743, -0.28176355361938477, 0.30609992146492004, 0.1376233547925949, -0.2377944439649582, 0.038819119334220886, -0.22186726331710815, -0.12106535583734512, -0.796117901802063, 0.08435650169849396, 0.1379009187221527, -0.36686840653419495, -0.4632398188114166, 0.014883681200444698, 0.47880885004997253, -0.25842878222465515, 0.5035212635993958, 0.6497880816459656, -0.08162748068571091, -0.3669080436229706, -0.20719261467456818, -0.6566416025161743, -0.6236634254455566, -0.3804740309715271, -0.26686742901802063, 0.04735969379544258, 0.9930753707885742, -0.0877830982208252, 0.5449625849723816, -0.5488027334213257, -0.43221402168273926, 0.045859195291996, -0.7680032253265381, -0.9202262759208679, -0.3675752580165863, 0.253324955701828, -0.8113080263137817, -0.40907129645347595, 0.14559662342071533, 0.29665669798851013, 0.11131325364112854, 0.22593267261981964, 0.1027182936668396, -0.2604671120643616, -0.2400164157152176, -0.8603823781013489, 0.13093802332878113, -0.26772722601890564, -0.45482146739959717, 0.8497592210769653, -0.3299652636051178, -0.5393027663230896, 0.30483606457710266, 1.080919623374939, -0.11179561167955399, -0.9424906969070435, 0.013258829712867737, -0.2302541434764862, -0.4810706079006195, 0.011897957883775234, -0.3458404839038849, 0.07121013849973679, 0.19322825968265533, -0.08068478107452393, -0.30310606956481934, 0.1695803999900818, -5.490841388702393, -0.0800463929772377, 0.16856741905212402, 0.05711596831679344, -0.20114101469516754, 0.3199056386947632, 0.6646342277526855, 0.19371531903743744, -0.4305667579174042, -0.5081108212471008, -0.34522736072540283, -0.5701409578323364, -0.519643247127533, 0.5676535964012146, 0.4095609486103058, 0.07261865586042404, 0.8697436451911926, 0.1912383735179901, 0.27564242482185364, 0.33233803510665894, -0.2220197319984436, -0.3979121446609497, 0.23958809673786163, 0.5992051362991333, -0.26439642906188965, 0.3271423280239105, -0.01106883492320776, 0.32372647523880005, -0.5331697463989258, -0.4995054304599762, -0.32009661197662354, -0.3512249290943146, -0.3490096628665924, -0.5313881039619446, -0.08245188742876053, 0.6558834314346313, 0.22299568355083466, 0.13151413202285767, 0.3706672191619873, -0.30149373412132263, -0.07056684046983719, 0.9435276389122009, -0.11227335780858994, -0.3520170748233795, 0.600346028804779, -0.2092064917087555, -0.17926475405693054, 0.07035891711711884, -0.6493512392044067, 0.29178711771965027, 0.10958107560873032, 0.2274746596813202, 0.26208338141441345, -0.32371875643730164, -0.09981542825698853, 0.023196924477815628, 0.21987318992614746, -0.019105112180113792, -0.8592348098754883, 0.28355398774147034, 0.934332013130188, -0.31741249561309814, 0.29520347714424133, -0.7833566665649414, -0.2231583595275879, -0.29963210225105286, -0.8234317898750305, -0.10652055591344833, 0.2887623906135559, 0.020865336060523987, -0.39514005184173584, 0.5070353150367737, 0.32284513115882874, -0.4976752698421478, 0.14390119910240173, -0.30858755111694336, -0.004688901826739311, 0.016218580305576324, 0.28565582633018494, 0.8574076890945435, -0.5053316354751587, -0.4035610854625702, -0.3763521909713745, 0.8081287145614624, -0.018301986157894135, -0.4268985688686371, -0.3515251874923706, 0.14455918967723846, -0.5182072520256042, -0.4848291575908661, 0.6100530624389648, -0.38422635197639465, 0.4907790720462799, 0.7516443729400635, 0.4644770920276642, 0.06331723183393478, 0.14947816729545593, 0.41757646203041077, 0.20657438039779663, 0.029279889538884163, 0.5746480822563171, -0.0925946831703186, 0.4273604452610016, -0.11201445758342743, 0.2751334011554718, -0.18913432955741882, -0.7378286123275757, 0.8057687282562256, 0.613004207611084, 0.08458752930164337, -0.4715752899646759, 0.03921973332762718, -0.3486587703227997, -0.6033365726470947, 0.522699773311615, -0.13954021036624908, -0.19468139111995697, 0.07635576277971268, 0.5434109568595886, 0.047004666179418564, -0.054931819438934326, 0.05290619283914566, 0.25611037015914917, -0.23333869874477386, 0.031911469995975494, -0.30597904324531555, -0.2062448114156723, -0.1474928855895996, -0.1322961002588272, -0.004727819934487343, 0.49033042788505554, 1.1544207334518433, 0.2288181185722351, 0.21707478165626526, 0.11573290079832077, -0.20510654151439667, -0.1733625829219818, -0.200701043009758, -0.2522805631160736, -0.28652364015579224, 0.6640157103538513, 0.16341914236545563, 0.022671028971672058, -0.4346790611743927, 0.7421109676361084, -0.03624626621603966, -0.1846671849489212, -0.1081644669175148, -0.3437012732028961, 0.7961762547492981, 0.08876901119947433, -0.5779704451560974, 0.7265908122062683, -0.03861605376005173, 0.5254080295562744, 0.5316317677497864, -0.3572324216365814, 0.2067589908838272, 0.13913504779338837, -0.12299561500549316, 0.1534688025712967, -0.05903138592839241, -0.5262640714645386, -0.2737825810909271, -0.009329153224825859, -0.036235883831977844, -0.5121204257011414, 0.015326017513871193, 0.06143377348780632, 0.07655780017375946, 0.40148434042930603, -0.093251071870327, -0.5695090293884277, -0.46107250452041626, 0.0792335718870163, 0.44810622930526733, 0.10699008405208588, 0.11516731977462769, 0.1289626508951187, -0.33374953269958496, 0.5122960805892944, -0.6581987142562866, -0.05763103812932968, 0.6667430400848389, 0.7362202405929565, -0.006905911955982447, -0.2852036654949188, 0.30720657110214233, -0.4291340112686157, 0.06700469553470612, 0.4492569863796234, -0.2449970245361328, -0.015810826793313026, 0.6752743124961853, 0.10297833383083344, -0.13207688927650452, 0.8190204501152039, 0.4316415786743164, -0.3308231234550476, -0.3454776406288147, -0.4371091425418854, 0.4182603359222412, -0.6225841641426086, 0.654891312122345, 0.6435471177101135, -0.9524768590927124, -0.1973177045583725, 0.2099057286977768, 0.05225773900747299, -0.12858973443508148, -1.1989773511886597, -0.6895238757133484, -0.6973558068275452, -0.7411895394325256, -0.09935668110847473, 0.3646616041660309, 0.4990631937980652, -0.700464129447937, -0.4138019382953644, -0.5371685028076172, 0.02463148534297943, -0.2685115933418274, -0.0031237411312758923, -0.3579722046852112, 0.12248421460390091, -0.16840358078479767, 0.16244634985923767, -0.040948525071144104, 0.19752159714698792, -0.3580295741558075, 0.08495305478572845, -0.029752075672149658, -0.24131008982658386, 0.023382944986224174, 0.10075303912162781, -0.7031975984573364, 0.027236850932240486, 0.5432934761047363, -0.7619454860687256, -0.04391423240303993, 0.7306681871414185, 0.5671342611312866, 0.032627739012241364, -0.41462960839271545, 0.36924418807029724, 0.1505802571773529, 0.6470822691917419, -0.1542227417230606, -0.18212346732616425, 0.0785808265209198, -0.08397522568702698, -0.4499824047088623, -0.42336928844451904, -0.7782710790634155, 0.8025834560394287, -0.050373975187540054, 0.04269598051905632, -0.4286409318447113, 0.4304649233818054, 0.012983170337975025, -0.2962239384651184, -0.6100605726242065, -0.1074121743440628, 0.08201871067285538, -0.2895650565624237, 0.1273682862520218, -0.4798681139945984, -0.04595869779586792, 0.17452746629714966, -0.6825596690177917, 0.008378931321203709, -0.3115594983100891, 0.2855657637119293, 0.0671057403087616, 0.12406884133815765, 0.2830359637737274, 0.37612688541412354, 0.2070208638906479, -0.4145072102546692, -0.5555440187454224, -0.5579615831375122, 0.08998215943574905, 0.1600394994020462, -0.8145077228546143, -0.1012905165553093, -0.3294507563114166, -0.009276901371777058, 0.4016949236392975, 0.2734296917915344, 0.21486817300319672, -0.9713448882102966, -0.016072584316134453, -0.18872879445552826, 0.33021262288093567, -0.5860848426818848, 0.5816282033920288, 0.26937422156333923, 0.5852249264717102, 0.05310181900858879, 0.0011862586252391338, -0.7335516214370728, 0.29605919122695923, -0.3009369373321533, -0.4374839663505554, 0.3186330199241638, 0.7349298000335693, 0.361693412065506, 0.038875751197338104, -0.1578846573829651, -0.14177574217319489, 0.38259485363960266, -0.12148451805114746, -0.03766443207859993, 0.38457822799682617, -0.7167308926582336, -0.21774250268936157, 0.9012661576271057, -0.12133339792490005, 0.2030203491449356, 0.32756417989730835, -0.3899700939655304, 0.029304932802915573, 0.22632935643196106, -0.2313997447490692, -0.9037025570869446, 0.2263289839029312, 0.023357754573225975, -0.1519206166267395, -0.4726907014846802, 0.3617485761642456, 0.5760058164596558, 0.30477309226989746, -0.6284623146057129, 0.37363719940185547, 0.597436785697937, -0.301696240901947, -0.12531845271587372, -0.19993722438812256, -0.09505841135978699, 0.3986653983592987, 0.22051693499088287, 0.45146048069000244, -0.35950931906700134, 0.29989469051361084, -0.20004965364933014, 0.3461657762527466, -0.06728313863277435, 0.1131816878914833, -0.2532292306423187, 0.3396194875240326, 0.5403012633323669, 0.2010926753282547, 0.16179649531841278, 0.03595321252942085, -0.13049043715000153, -0.07258885353803635, 0.5507761836051941, -0.4254302382469177, 0.26862773299217224, 0.20382635295391083, 0.017880775034427643, -0.06897667795419693, -0.05487460643053055, -0.12517131865024567, -0.3679737448692322, 0.4593694806098938, 0.3510684370994568, -0.6320576071739197, 0.34345543384552, -0.36535754799842834, -0.08432244509458542, 0.4765077531337738, -0.29876378178596497, 0.25248605012893677, 0.03323275223374367, -0.39350181818008423, -0.18605585396289825, 0.43293920159339905, -0.22854268550872803, 0.08057232201099396, 0.35942167043685913, -0.24149778485298157, -0.20144034922122955, -0.6693735122680664, -0.3093118667602539, 0.03955654799938202, -0.17616955935955048, 0.16283546388149261, -0.09041576832532883, 0.5074081420898438, 0.5082054734230042, -0.31964990496635437, -0.008927664719522, 0.15594683587551117, -0.2129211574792862, 0.47329211235046387, -0.9321436882019043, 0.9157139658927917, 0.4775744080543518, -0.22681239247322083, -0.10257458686828613, 0.0013881032355129719, 0.5841805338859558, -0.2997899055480957, -0.9072781205177307, 0.2939288914203644, -0.4338552951812744, -0.5967700481414795, -0.4835447371006012, 0.26810315251350403, 0.2410125434398651, -0.1159244105219841, -0.017261911183595657, 0.1971929669380188, -0.43248334527015686, 0.04604627564549446, 0.7225147485733032, 0.14847899973392487, 0.036378320306539536, -0.011644570156931877, 0.10605773329734802, -0.3180660307407379, 0.021226366981863976, 0.06502040475606918, 0.041331980377435684, -0.07073307782411575, 0.9341663718223572, -0.42329758405685425, 0.26429426670074463, 0.19678685069084167, -0.11042552441358566, 0.04210951179265976, -1.0731934309005737, 0.17504505813121796, -0.3524267375469208, -0.4969708025455475, 0.8095976710319519, 0.6048333048820496, 0.18480989336967468, -1.0455029010772705, -0.2679893672466278, 0.35687732696533203, -0.8328519463539124, 0.4703855812549591, -0.10157500952482224, 0.559158205986023, -0.2659170925617218, -0.7615392804145813, -0.3511348366737366, 0.9737299680709839, 0.655563235282898, 0.0009162924252450466, 0.26023411750793457, -0.41945958137512207, 0.1830110400915146, -0.09774371236562729, 0.040849920362234116, -0.3411925137042999, 0.23857682943344116, 0.6397449970245361 ]
216395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform%20Party%20of%20Canada	Reform Party of Canada	The Reform Party of Canada () was a right-wing populist and conservative federal political party in Canada that existed under that name from 1987 to 2000. Reform was founded as a Western Canada-based protest movement that eventually became a populist conservative party, with strong Christian right influence and social conservative elements. It was initially motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative Party (PC Party). Led by its founder Preston Manning throughout its existence, Reform was considered a populist movement that rapidly gained popularity and momentum in Western Canada. In 1989, the party won its first-ever seat in the House of Commons before making a major electoral breakthrough in the 1993 federal election, when it successfully supplanted the PCs as the largest conservative party in Canada. In opposition, the party advocated for spending restraint, tax cuts, restrictions on immigration, and wider reform of Canada's political institutions. The party also generated controversy for statements made by its members on immigration, LGBT issues and Quebec. In the 1997 federal election, the party attempted to make a national breakthrough by running candidates in all provinces and territories. Although they became the Official Opposition, a Liberal victory and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of the party. In an attempt to move beyond its Western Canadian regionalist base and broaden the party's platform in order to encompass ideas from Eastern Canada, the party changed its name to the Canadian Alliance in 2000, which merged with the Progressive Conservative Party in 2003 to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada. Overview The Reform Party was founded in 1987 as an effort to give a voice to Western Canadian interests. Preston Manning, the son of former Alberta Premier Ernest Manning, was elected the party's first leader. With the collapse of the 1984–1993 PC electoral coalition of Westerners, rural Ontarians, and Quebec nationalists, the Reform Party's fortunes rose. It first entered Parliament in 1989, when Deborah Grey won a by-election in the rural Alberta riding of Beaver River, more than tripling her vote total from the 1988 general election. The party achieved a major breakthrough in the 1993 federal election, when it jumped to 52 seats, just two behind the Bloc Québécois, which became the Official Opposition. Reform actually finished second to the Liberals, led by Jean Chrétien, in the nationwide popular vote, due almost entirely to a strong showing in the West; virtually all PC support in Western Canada, particularly in rural areas, transferred to Reform. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, allowing it to just nose out Reform for Official Opposition status. Nevertheless, the Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, when Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard's position as Leader of the Opposition granted him a meeting with visiting US President Bill Clinton, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage. Reform's platform and policies emphasized the rights and responsibilities of the individual, Senate and other democratic reforms in addition to smaller, more fiscally responsible government. However, the party came under persistent partisan attack of being extremist and intolerant due to a number of statements by Reform MPs which were considered racist, homophobic, and sexist. In the 1997 election, Reform made only minor gains, but did manage to become the Official Opposition. Nonetheless, the party still failed to present a true challenge to the Liberal government, since its agenda was seen as too extreme for the liking of Central and Atlantic Canada. A notable exception was rural Central Ontario, an area that was almost as socially conservative as Reform's Western heartland. However, due to massive vote splitting with the PCs, this support only translated into one seat in Ontario during Reform's 1993 breakthrough—the only seat that the party ever won east of Manitoba. That seat was lost in 1997. Demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the "United Alternative," to create a small-"c" conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed "conservative" vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, although some polls showed that the Liberals were the second choice of many PC voters (especially in Ontario). Manning's efforts created a strong debate in the Reform Party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he did not want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. Manning won a leadership review, with over 75% support quelling opposition to him. In 2000, following the second of the two United Alternative conventions, the party voted to dissolve in favour of a new party, the "Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance" (commonly called the Canadian Alliance), a declaration of policy, and a new constitution. On April 2, 2000, the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada granted the Reform Party's applications to change its name and logo (retroactive to March 27, 2000), over the objections of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the Canadian Action Party. The newly-named party's platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms. However, it was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the newly-named party, and the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus (with a few exceptions). Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called the party "Reform in pantyhose," and some opponents referred to the party as the "Reform Alliance" to reinforce this perception. At the party's first leadership convention after being renamed, Manning was defeated in favour of the younger, more charismatic Stockwell Day, longtime treasurer of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain, joined the newly-named party in October 2000, becoming the Alliance's only member of the Senate. In the fall of 2000, the Liberals called a snap election that caught the Alliance off-guard. Nonetheless, the party went into the election with great hopes, campaigning on tax cuts, an end to the federal gun registration program, and their vision of "family values." Day was expected to have greater appeal to Ontario voters. At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5% in the polls, and some thought they could win the election, or at least knock the Liberals down to a minority government. However, the Liberals responded by accusing the Alliance of having a "hidden agenda" (introducing two-tier health care, threatening gay rights and abortion rights) which the party denied. Though disappointed with the election results in Ontario, the Alliance increased its presence to 66 MPs, including two MPs from Ontario, and remained the Official Opposition. Nationally, the party increased its popular vote to 25%. The Liberals increased their large majority mostly at the expense of the NDP, and the Tories under Joe Clark lost many seats and remained in fifth place, but Clark was elected in Calgary Centre in the middle of Alliance country, so the overall political landscape was not significantly changed. However, the Alliance failure to win more than the two seats in Ontario, along with residual resentments from the Alliance leadership contest and questions about Day's competence, led to caucus infighting. In the spring of 2001, eleven MPs who either voluntarily resigned or were expelled from the party formed the "Independent Alliance Caucus." The group was led by Chuck Strahl and included Grey. Day offered the dissidents an amnesty at the end of the summer, but seven of them, including Grey and Strahl, turned it down and formed their own parliamentary grouping, the Democratic Representative Caucus. The DRC formed a coalition with Clark's Tories in the House, which was widely seen as an attempt by Clark to reunite the Canadian right on his terms. The split forced Day to call a new leadership convention, where, in April 2002, Stephen Harper defeated Day to become the new Alliance leader and Leader of the Official Opposition. Once Harper assumed the leadership, most of the rebellious MPs rejoined the Alliance party. Two MPs did not rejoin, however: Inky Mark chose to remain outside of caucus, and eventually joined the Tories, and the scandal-plagued Jim Pankiw was rejected when he applied for readmission to the Alliance caucus. Policies The Reform Party's agenda was profoundly influenced by its rejection of the dominant notion at the time that Canada was always divided between English and French Canada. Instead, Preston Manning called for a "New Canada" with a new identity that would solve existing problems, stating in his book The New Canada (1992): The leaders of Canada's traditional federal parties continue to think of our country as "an equal partnership between two founding races, the English and French"—a federation of founding peoples and ethnic groups distinguished by official bilingualism, government-sponsored multiculturalism, and government enterprise. The approach to national unity is to grant special status to those Canadians who feel constitutionally or otherwise disadvantaged. This is Old Canada—and it has become "a house divided against itself." Reformers seek a New Canada—a Canada which may be defined as "a balanced, democratic federation of provinces, distinguished by the sustainability of its environment, the viability of its economy, the acceptance of its social responsibilities, and the recognition of the equality and uniqueness of all of its citizens and provinces." New Canada must include a new deal for aboriginal peoples and a new Senate to address the problem of regional alienation. New Canada must be workable without Quebec, but it must be open and attractive enough to include a New Quebec. The Reform Party saw the Canadian federal government as led by the Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties as being consistently indifferent to Western Canada while focusing too much attention on Eastern Canada (especially Quebec). It noted that the National Energy Program of the 1980s, introduced by a federal Liberal government, involved major government intervention into Canada's energy markets to regulate prices, resulting in economic losses to Alberta and benefits to Eastern Canada. It also cited the 1986 decision by a federal Progressive Conservative government to contract the construction of CF-18 military aircraft to an unprepared contractor in Quebec rather than a ready contractor in Winnipeg, Manitoba. To Reformers, these events served as evidence that Liberals and Progressive Conservatives consistently favoured Eastern Canada at the expense of Western Canada. Role of government Decentralization and Senate reform The Reform Party called for a decentralized Canadian federation in which the provinces would have more authority and advocated that the Canadian federal government ensure provincial equality in Canada such as by creating a Triple-E Senate. The Senate of Canada would become a democratically elected chamber (then and now, the Senate continues to be an appointed body, appointments are still made by the Governor General, but now following the list offered by the Prime Minister) and each province would have an equal number of seats, so that no province would have more power than another. A Triple-E Senate was highly popular in Western Canada, especially Alberta, where the Reform Party drew large support. Reductions in government-provided services The Reform Party called for the privatization of various government services that the party believed could be better provided by the private sector. These government services included a number of state-owned corporations including Canada Post, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and Petro Canada. The Reform Party suggested that Canada's government-funded universal health insurance system be replaced by a two-tier private and public health insurance system. Preston Manning asserted however that the Reform Party was committed to ensuring that all Canadians would be able to access health insurance and health services. Economic policy International trade policies The Reform Party supported a classical liberal economic plan including support for free trade. Taxation policies The Reform Party supported significant tax cuts for citizens and businesses and opposed the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Social policy Aboriginal affairs The Reform Party called for major changes in the federal government's relations with Aboriginal peoples, which included dismantling the Department of Indian Affairs and transferring its responsibilities directly to Aboriginal governing bodies to lessen Aboriginal peoples' dependence on the federal government. Gay rights The Reform Party strongly opposed extending marriage rights to gays and lesbians. Many members of the Reform Party saw homosexuality as a moral wrong. Reform leader Preston Manning himself once publicly stated that "homosexuality is destructive to the individual, and in the long run, society". Law and Order The party was also known to have suggested a potential return to capital punishment, the only party in Canada to have done so. Immigration policy, language, and minority rights The Reform Party advocated an immigration policy based solely on the economic needs of Canada and differed from the other main parties by calling for more restrictions on immigration. Reform's early policy proposals for immigration were seen as highly controversial in Canada including a policy pamphlet called Blue Sheet that was issued in mid-1991 stating that Reformers opposed "any immigration based on race or creed or designed to radically or suddenly alter the ethnic makeup of Canada". The statement was considered too controversial and subsequent Reform Party policy documents did not declare any similar concern for a radical alteration of the ethnic make-up of Canada. By 1993, the party began to soften its image as intolerant of minorities and ahead of the 1997 election sought to both recruit candidates and appeal to voters from ethnic minority backgrounds. However, the Blue Sheet pamphlet and controversial opinions expressed by individuals within Reform raised the question over whether Reform was intolerant to non-white people and whether the party harboured racist members. Subsequent repeated accounts of xenophobic and racist statements by individual Reform party supporters and members spread this concern, though the party itself continuously denied that it supported such views. The Reform Party declared its opposition to existing government-funded and sponsored bilingualism and multiculturalism. Reformers claimed that efforts to create a bilingual country had not worked and that language policy should be a provincial issue. Reformers criticized government-sponsored multiculturalism for creating a "hyphenated Canadian" identity, rather than a single Canadian identity. National unity The Reform Party differed greatly with other major federal political parties in regards to national unity, as it did not treat the Francophone province of Quebec in a unique manner. Instead, it believed Quebec was just one province of Canada, all of which were equal and none having a special status. Unlike the other parties, Reform did not believe that Quebec secession should be sought to be avoided at all costs and by all means, because the party believed that this amounted to favouritism to Quebec. Reformers believed that Canada could continue to exist without Quebec, but hoped that offers of decentralization would satisfy the desire of the Quebec government for greater autonomy while still being equitable to all the provinces. Public controversies regarding Reform's policies Manning denied that he and most Reformers based their policies on intolerant views, but admitted that the party's populism had an inadvertent effect of drawing in some intolerant people whom Manning claimed he had always sought to keep out. Manning claimed that he was just as committed to purging extremists from the Reform Party as his father Ernest Manning had been when he purged anti-Semites from the Alberta Social Credit Party. He stated that during the 1988 election he was faced with just such an extremist, Doug Collins, who was seeking nomination as a Reform candidate. Many Reform supporters condemned Collins as being racist and said that they would leave the party if he were nominated. Manning responded by sending a letter to the constituency association which called for all candidates to accept the Reform Party's denouncement of racism and demanded that Collins accept this. Collins and his supporters refused, and he subsequently failed to win the nomination. In 1993, Manning was again confronted by an example of intolerance by a Reform Party candidate, John Beck, who made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur, the York University student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, and within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy. Reform Members of Parliament (MP) such as Deborah Grey joined Manning in denouncing such intolerant people who joined the party. Reform MPs Jan Brown and Stephen Harper (who would later become Prime Minister) went against the majority of Reform delegates at the 1994 party convention by refusing to support a motion that called for the party to oppose the allowance of homosexual couples to be treated the same as heterosexual couples. In 1996, after Reform MP Bob Ringma stated in a newspaper interview that store owners should be free to move gays and "ethnics" "to the back of the shop," or even to fire them if the presence of that individual offended a bigoted customer, and following Reform MP David Chatters' remark that it would be acceptable for a school to prevent a homosexual person from teaching in school, a crisis erupted in the Reform Party caucus after Manning did not censure their comments. MPs Jan Brown and Jim Silye demanded that Manning reprimand Ringma and Chatters, threatening that they and other moderate Reformers would leave the party if no reprimand was taken. Manning proceeded to suspend Ringma and Chatters for several months but also reprimanded Brown and Silye for speaking out against the party. Brown and Silye both subsequently left the Reform Party and later ran as Progressive Conservative candidates. In spite of official objections to intolerance by the party leadership and some Reformer MPs, comments and decisions made at party conventions by Reform Party supporters on a number of issues were considered highly intolerant by onlookers. In 1991, Manning was humiliated at a Reform Party rally when a supporter praised him in racist terms, saying, "You're a fine white person. You know, we are letting in too many people from the Third World, the low blacks, the low Hispanics. They're going to take over the province." Later in the same rally, another supporter stood up and said, "Let them [Quebeckers] go. We don't need Quebec." Long-time Progressive Conservative member and political commentator Dalton Camp observed the 1994 Reform convention in Ottawa and was personally disgusted with what he heard, saying, "The speechifying gives off acrid whiffs of xenophobia, homophobia, and paranoia—like an exhaust—in which it seems clear both orator and audience have been seized by some private terror: immigrants, lesbians, people out of work or from out of town and criminals." During the Reform Party policy convention in 1995, Manning urged members to avoid extremism, and a motion was passed saying that the Reform Party recognized the equality of every individual, but only after the delegates demanded that the words "without discrimination" be removed from the motion. The 1995 convention controversially called for the removal of group specification in all human rights legislation which was accepted in the convention by a 93 percent vote in favour. Another controversial motion in the 1995 convention called for tighter regulation of people infected with HIV, which was supported by 84 percent of the delegates. One Reformer delegate raised concern that such a policy on HIV would make the party look anti-homosexual, but another delegate responded to this by saying "I did not join the Reform Party to bow down at the altar of political correctness." The Reform Party was plagued by an influx of intolerant people who supported the party's opposition to government-funded multicultural programs and bilingual programs. Some have claimed that the large problem of intolerance in the Reform Party was not a mere coincidence of its policies of opposing government-sponsored multicultural programs, but a deliberate effort by the party to rally such intolerant people and to push an intolerant agenda. The media focused on Reform's troubles involving intolerant people within the party, which made the party appear to support such intolerance. On the issue of episodes of racism and extremism within the Reform Party, Manning himself recognized the serious dangers that the political ideology of populism (which the Reform Party supported) posed should racists and extremists infiltrate it and spoke of the serious need for the party to repel such racism and extremism, saying that: If a revival of grassroots democratic populism is to be characteristic of the revitalization of Canadian federal politics of the 1990s, especially in Quebec and the West, it is of primary importance that its leaders be well versed in ways and means of preventing populism from developing racist or other extremist overtones. (This, of course, is also the number-one challenge facing those attempting to lead the reform movements of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.)" By 1997, the Reform Party attempted to combat distaste for its views on immigration and minority rights by selecting multiple members of ethnic minority groups as candidates in that year's federal election. As a result, multiple minorities became Reform MPs, including Rahim Jaffer (who became Canada's first Muslim Member of Parliament), Gurmant Grewal (an Indo-Canadian Sikh who had immigrated to Canada six years earlier), and Inky Mark (a Chinese-Canadian). However, these attempts to refurbish the party's image were damaged during the 1997 campaign, when Reform released a controversial television advertisement in which the faces of four Quebec politicians (Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe, Progressive Conservative leader Jean Charest, and separatist Quebec Premier Lucien Bouchard) were crossed out, followed by a message saying that Quebec politicians had dominated the federal government for too long and that Reform would end this favouritism towards Quebec. The other party leaders harshly criticized the advertisement and Manning was accused of being "intolerant" and a "bigot" for permitting the advertisement to be aired. Manning however has not held a public negative view of Quebec; in his 1992 book, The New Canada, he complimented Quebec for being open to populist third parties, mentioning the Bloc Populaire Canadien, the Ralliement créditiste du Québec, the Parti Québécois, and the Bloc Québécois as examples of populist third parties in the province. Political roots and the party's creation In May 1987, a conference called "A Western Assembly on Canada's Economic and Political Future" was held in Vancouver, British Columbia. This conference led to the formation of the Reform Party in Winnipeg in October of that year. The party's founding occurred as the coalition of Western Prairie populists, Quebec nationalists, Ontario business leaders, and Atlantic Red Tories that made up Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative Party began to fracture. The party was the brainchild of a group of discontented Western interest groups who were upset with the PC government and the lack of a voice for Western concerns at the national level. Leading figures in this movement included Ted Byfield, Stan Roberts, Francis Winspear, and Preston Manning. A major intellectual impetus at the time was provided by Peter Brimelow's 1986 book, The Patriot Game. They believed the West needed its own party if it was to be heard. Their main complaints against the Mulroney government were its alleged favouritism towards Quebec, lack of fiscal responsibility, and a failure to support a program of institutional reform (for example, of the Senate). The roots of this discontent lay mainly in their belief that a package of proposed constitutional amendments, called the Meech Lake Accord, failed to meet the needs of Westerners and Canadian unity overall. The Reform Party was founded as a western-based populist party to promote reform of democratic institutions. However, shortly after the 1987 founding convention, social and fiscal conservatives became dominant within the party, moving it to the right. Their political aims were a reduction in government spending on social programs, and reductions in taxation. Though largely a fringe party in 1987, by 1990 the party had made huge inroads in public support as support for Mulroney's PC party dropped due to the unpopular Goods and Services Tax (GST), high unemployment, and the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. In 1992, leader Preston Manning released a book called The New Canada explaining the origins of the new party and its policies, explaining his personal life and convictions, and defending some of the controversial elements of Reform's policies. The party in the late 1980s The Reform Party was founded as a Western-based political party in a convention in October 1987 in Winnipeg, Manitoba led by three principal organizers including Preston Manning, former Liberal Party member Stan Roberts, and Robert Muir. On November 1, 1987, at the convention, Manning was unanimously named leader after Roberts left the convention in protest over the new party's finances. The party's delegates discussed a variety of topics to formulate policies such as calling for the party to endorse a Triple-E Senate amendment to added to the Meech Lake Accord, advocating the addition of property rights into the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and other issues such as "provincial resource rights, deficit reduction, free trade, economic diversification, welfare reform, and regional fairness in federal procurements." The convention briefly discussed the contentious topic of western separation, which was not a serious concern as most of the delegates rejected the idea and Manning stated that he would refuse to lead a western separatist party and went on to say "We want to tell the rest of the country not that the West is leaving, but that the West is arriving." The party fought in the 1988 federal election, but was never considered more than a fringe element, and none of its 72 candidates won election. However, the party ran second to the governing Tories in many Western ridings and earned 2.1% of the total national vote. The party clearly identified itself as a Western-based political party in 1988 with its slogan "The West Wants In". The party advocated controversial policies such as its opposition to official bilingualism and multiculturalism and its opposition for distinct society status for Quebec which all mainstream political parties at the time supported. In 1989, following the sudden death of John Dahmer, PC MP for Beaver River in Alberta, the Reform Party gained its first MP when Deborah Grey won the resulting by-election. Grey had finished fourth in the 1988 election. As the party's first MP, she became Reform's deputy leader, a position she held for the remainder of the party's history. Also in 1989, Stanley Waters won Alberta's first senatorial election under the banner of the Reform Party of Alberta. In 1990, he became Reform's first (and only) federal Senator, remaining in office until his untimely death one year later. Waters' appointment, following his election victory, has led some to describe him as Canada's first elected Senator. 1990s In 1991 and 1992, support for Reform rose not only in Western Canada, but also in other parts of Canada as well, including Ontario. The party took note of this new support and changed its position from being a Western-based political party to being a national party. However, it excluded candidates from Quebec, as there was little support from francophone Quebecers for Reform's opposition to distinct society for Quebec. However, Manning did not dispel the possibility of Reform naturally expanding into Quebec in the early 1990s, as in his 1992 book, The New Canada, Manning credits the populist reform tradition in Canada as not having begun in the west, and mentions its early roots in the 19th century reform parties of Upper Canada (Ontario) Lower Canada (Quebec), and Nova Scotia that fought against colonial elites such as the Family Compact and Château Clique and sought to replace them with responsible governments. In addition, Manning complimented Quebec for being open to populist politics and populist third party politics. In 1992, the Mulroney government made another attempt at amending Canada's constitution. The Charlottetown Accord was even more ambitious than the Meech Lake Accord, but it failed to win support in a nationwide referendum. The Reform Party was one of the few groups to oppose the accord. 1993 election The constitutional debacle, unpopular initiatives such as the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), together with a series of high-profile scandals, all contributed to the implosion of the Progressive Conservative "grand coalition" in the 1993 election. The Progressive Conservatives suffered the worst defeat ever for a governing party at the federal level, falling from 151 to only two seats, while the Liberals under Jean Chrétien won a majority government. The Reform Party's success in 1993 was related to the mobilization of people who were opposed to the welfare state, but this represents only one dimension of the party's appeal. Jenkins (2002) examines the effect of issues on Reform support during the campaign and considers the actual process by which issues affected party support. Although candidates can prime or stress certain issues for voters, the priming label is sometimes misused. Jenkins makes a distinction between campaign learning and priming. If voters do not know where a party stands on an issue, they cannot adequately employ this information in their overall evaluation. Evidence demonstrates that the increased importance of attitudes toward the welfare state was largely a function of the distribution of new information or learning, while the increased importance of cultural questions represented priming. Electoral base Reform was the major beneficiary of the Tory collapse, taking nearly 16% of the popular vote – a healthy increase from 1988. With few exceptions, the PCs' Western support transferred en masse to Reform. It won all but four seats in Alberta and dominated British Columbia as well. The party also won four seats in Saskatchewan and one seat in Manitoba. Besides taking over nearly all of the PC seats in the West, Reform also won several ridings held by the social democratic New Democratic Party (NDP). Despite sharp ideological differences, Reform's populism struck a responsive chord with many NDP voters who were dissatisfied with Audrey McLaughlin's leadership and Ontario supporters who were frustrated with the government of NDP Premier Bob Rae. However, Reform did not do as well as hoped east of Manitoba. It was entirely shut out of Atlantic Canada – a region where a much more moderate strain of conservatism has traditionally prevailed. Many Red Tory voters in both Atlantic Canada and Ontario were fed up with the Tories, but found Reform's agenda too extreme and shifted to the Liberals, at least at the national level. Despite strong support in rural central Ontario, a very socially conservative area which had been the backbone of previous provincial Tory governments, vote splitting with the national Tories allowed the Liberals to win all but one seat in Ontario. Reform's Ed Harper managed to win in Simcoe Centre, but had 123 more votes gone to his Liberal opponent, the Liberals would have had the first-ever clean sweep of Canada's most populous province. As it turned out, this was Reform's only victory east of Manitoba, ever. The party also did not run any candidates in Quebec. Status in Ottawa Reform began as a Western protest party in the minds of most Canadians. Its heavy concentration of support in the West netted it 52 seats. However, the Bloc Québécois's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, leaving Reform three seats short of Official Opposition status despite finishing second in the popular vote. Even with these disappointments, the 1993 election was a tremendous success for Reform. In one stroke, it had replaced the Progressive Conservative Party as the major right-wing party in Canada. Ontario Reform's ambitions of becoming a national party and spreading into the east, particularly into Ontario, were helped by the rise of Ontario Progressive Conservative Premier Mike Harris to power in 1995. Harris' Common Sense Revolution agenda shared much of Reform's fiscally neoliberal ideology, including deep spending cuts, privatization of social services, and tax cuts. The party continued to show its ties to Harris as a means to diminish support for the federal PC Party. Policies Reform claimed credit for pressuring the Liberal government to initiate spending cuts and focus on deficit reduction in 1995, though the party had wanted even deeper cuts. It also managed to put forward its own strategy for national unity after the slim federalist victory in the 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty, which advocated deep decentralization of powers from the federal government to the provinces and territories. Manning was attacked, however, for not appearing at federalist rallies in Quebec, as Prime Minister Chrétien and new Progressive Conservative leader Jean Charest had done. Despite some steps forward, Reform came under considerable attack during its tenure in Parliament from 1994 to 1997. The party's staunch social conservative stances on bilingualism, immigration, abortion, gay rights, women's rights, minority rights, and aboriginal rights led to a large number of Reform MPs making statements that were considered to be intolerant. 1997 election From 1996 to the 1997 election, the party's executive tried to refurbish the party's image and shed its controversial past. A number of ethnic minorities were sought out as Reform candidates for the upcoming 1997 election. Also, Reform changed tactics by running a candidate in every riding in Canada, including those in Quebec. The party increased its total seats to 60 and became the Official Opposition. Despite this breakthrough, however, Reform failed to win any seats east of Manitoba. The 1997 election also saw the return of the Progressive Conservative Party to official party status following their electoral dominance of the conservative vote in eastern Canada. The party was considerably hampered in its efforts to reach Francophone voters because of Manning's inability to speak fluent French. There was also a perception of the party as being anti-Quebec due to its position on official bilingualism and its opposition to the Meech Lake Accord. During this time, Reform again came under fire for ostensibly being extremist. The party ran an election ad in which the faces of four key Quebec leaders (Prime Minister Chrétien, PC leader Charest, former Bloc Québécois chief Lucien Bouchard, and new Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe) were crossed out, saying that Canada had been governed too long by Quebec politicians. The response to this ad was negative, and the leaders of the other parties claimed that the ad was an attack on Quebec and that Manning was a bigot. Disillusionment with the traditional political parties in general had been the impetus behind Reform's initial growth, but that growth was now felt to have stalled. Its claims to be a populist and Western protest party came under attack in 1997, when Manning accepted an offer to live at Stornoway, the official residence provided to the leader of the Official Opposition. Manning had previously said that Stornoway was a waste of taxpayer money and that he would not reside there. Reform had also failed in 1997 to establish itself as the clear right-wing alternative to the Liberal Party. The Progressive Conservative Party, which had been steadily rebuilt under Charest, enjoyed a modest revival in the 1997 election. It won 20 seats, up from the dismal two it had won in the 1993 election. The split in the right-wing vote between Reform and the PCs possibly aided the Liberals to win a second majority government. Some political pundits claimed that it was a divided right which allowed the Liberals to gain a second majority government, and claimed that if the two parties did not put away their differences, the result could repeat itself. Manning recognized the frustration by Canada's right-wing proponents and began discussions towards the launch of a new pan-Canadian party, using "United Alternative" ("UA") forums to bring grassroots Reformers together with Tories. The goal was to create a small-c conservative political alternative to the Liberals that could woo Ontarian and Atlantic Canadian voters. Manning was supported by the more right-of-centre "Focus Federally For Reform," while "Grassroots United Against Reform's Demise" ("GUARD") opposed the initiative. The United Alternative proposal created a strong debate in the Reform Party. Manning himself wrote a letter to the effect that he did not want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead a new party. A leadership vote in 1998 managed to officially put aside the differences, with Manning winning a large majority in support of his leadership. Afterwards, Reform steadily progressed towards creating the United Alternative. Rebranding The outcome was the renaming of the Reform Party effective March 27, 2000, as the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance. The new short form name (to appear on the ballot) was Canadian Alliance. The new name and a new logo were approved by the Chief Electoral Officer over the objections of two other parties. Joe Clark, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, had accused the Reform Party of trying to take the party's name, arguing that the word "Conservative" in the Reform Party's proposed new name would result in a real possibility of confusion. Under its new name, the party fused about half of the Progressive Conservative policies, and half of Reform's policies in an effort to broaden its appeal and present itself as a party of government. Even though the Canadian Alliance was intended to attract a broader base of right-of-centre voters, former Reform members dominated the newly-named party. The Reform parliamentary caucus, with few exceptions, simply became the Alliance caucus. As a result, the Alliance was widely seen as a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Critics of the party frequently referred to it as the "Reform Alliance" to underscore its previous incarnation as Reform, at a time when many Canadians east of Manitoba had grown uneasy about the multiple allegations of discrimination and extremism within the Reform Party as portrayed in the media. Manning stood in the first leadership race for the new party, but lost to the younger and more charismatic Stockwell Day, the treasurer (finance minister) and deputy premier of Alberta. The change of identity to "Canadian Alliance", and its eventual merger in 2003 with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the new Conservative Party of Canada, alienated some of the old Reform populists, who saw the merger as the final demise of the former Reform Party and the return of Tory indifference to western Canadian concerns. This led to the creation of a new "Reform Association of Canada". "Bring Back Real Reform" also was created by a fringe group of original Reformers from Ontario, with the aim of bringing back a federal Reform Party. Under the tag "Operation Back to the Future", it was launched in Spring 2005 as an umbrella for all original Reformers across the nation who felt that they were still without a political home. Neither of these groups has attracted any support. Most of these people were also members of GUARD, were anti-UA, and were generally unsupportive of the Canadian Alliance, seeing it as a political vehicle for a Tory takeover even though the Alliance was dominated by former Reform Party members. Provincial wings The Reform Party of Canada had two official provincial wings, that were registered by the party to be kept in a mostly dormant state. The Reform Party of Ontario ran only one candidate in each election to maintain registration, whilst the Reform Party of Alberta ran candidates in the first two senatorial elections. There were also two unaffiliated provincial parties, the Reform Party of British Columbia and the Reform Party of Manitoba. While they had no official connection to the federal party, they shared a similar political outlook. Both provincial parties are now largely inactive. The Reform Party of Canada held close association with the provincial Progressive Conservative parties in Alberta under Ralph Klein and Ontario under Mike Harris which held similar economic policies. The Reform Party also supported the populist conservative Saskatchewan Party formed in 1997 as well as the Liberal Party of British Columbia under Gordon Campbell. Electoral results See also Conservative Party of Canada - Formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. List of Reform Party of Canada MPs Canadian Alliance Reform Party candidates, 1997 Canadian federal election Reform Party candidates, 1993 Canadian federal election List of political parties in Canada Unite the Right References Further reading Cody, Howard. "Captive Three Times Over: Preston Manning and the Dilemmas of the Reform Party." American Review of Canadian Studies. Volume: 28. Issue: 4. 1998. pp 445–67. online edition Dabbs, Frank. Preston Manning: The Roots of Reform (2000) Dobbin, Murray. Preston Manning and the Reform Party (1991), unsympathetic Ellis, Faron. The Limits of Participation: Members and Leaders in Canada's Reform Party. University of Calgary Press 2005. Flanagan, Tom. Waiting for the Wave: The Reform Party and Preston Manning. Toronto: Stoddart, 1995. 245 pp., favourable study by former official of reform Party Harrison, Trevor. Of Passionate Intensity: Right-Wing Populism and the Reform Party of Canada. (U. of Toronto Press, 1995). 325 pp. Jenkins, Richard W. "How Campaigns Matter in Canada: Priming and Learning as Explanations for the Reform Party's 1993 Campaign Success." Canadian Journal of Political Science 2002 35(2): 383–408. Manning, Preston. The New Canada (1992), Manning's manifesto of the Reform Party; a primary source Manning, Preston. Think Big: Adventures in Life and Democracy, (2003), his memoir; a primary source Sharpe, Sydney and Don Braid. Storming Babylon: Preston Manning and the Rise of the Reform Party (1992) Sigurdson, Richard. "Preston Manning and the Politics of Postmodernism in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 1994 27(2): 249–276. External links The Prairie Roots of Canada's Political 'Third Parties' Reform Party of Canada digitized records at the University of Calgary 1987 establishments in Canada 2000 disestablishments in Canada Political parties established in 1987 Political parties disestablished in 2000 Defunct political parties in Canada Conservative parties in Canada Decentralization Toryism Economic liberalism Right-wing populism in Canada	[ 0.20132148265838623, 0.025493785738945007, -0.3120880126953125, 0.49378055334091187, -0.6926529407501221, 0.16590960323810577, -0.015393318608403206, 0.4619169533252716, -0.37420764565467834, -0.19183076918125153, 0.3738189935684204, 0.10796115547418594, -0.1937570720911026, 0.13076886534690857, -0.08629339933395386, 0.3554900884628296, -0.13939841091632843, 0.45108357071876526, -0.2553342878818512, -0.14115552604198456, -0.4087003767490387, 0.022034693509340286, 1.031876802444458, 0.17273344099521637, -0.07102421671152115, 0.28940290212631226, 0.740384578704834, 0.08234336972236633, -0.4478125274181366, -0.24877850711345673, 0.09627443552017212, 0.31549230217933655, 0.41800668835639954, -0.25809893012046814, 0.3967038691043854, -0.03969316929578781, -0.21200606226921082, -0.32642605900764465, -0.48483404517173767, -0.5726281404495239, 0.0524166114628315, -0.5324463844299316, 0.26077526807785034, 0.44109150767326355, 0.9788819551467896, -0.272216796875, -1.2816377878189087, 0.33543968200683594, -1.0025789737701416, 0.009942788630723953, -0.27530303597450256, 0.1274508535861969, 0.15171048045158386, 0.12282131612300873, 0.22980868816375732, 0.3548451364040375, -0.6998514533042908, -0.0547909140586853, -0.3321473002433777, -0.4421387314796448, -0.05960308387875557, 0.0693676620721817, 0.41002869606018066, 0.028643673285841942, 0.7124872207641602, 0.1399817019701004, 0.23890960216522217, 0.21191169321537018, -0.5991712212562561, -0.018917366862297058, -0.06561138480901718, -0.39243149757385254, 0.2135879397392273, 0.5847464799880981, 0.5129082798957825, -0.6103399991989136, 0.28047803044319153, 0.3482946753501892, 0.3714074492454529, 0.1379086673259735, -0.12597373127937317, 0.2982172667980194, 0.04236043617129326, 0.2798961102962494, 0.49295663833618164, -0.03281599283218384, 0.07574485242366791, -0.1065126284956932, 0.007143914699554443, 0.09434352815151215, -1.1093025207519531, -0.5232633948326111, 0.8609137535095215, 0.20334205031394958, -0.3615317642688751, -0.4513578712940216, 0.060094889253377914, 0.08517441153526306, -0.09605727344751358, -0.17595478892326355, 0.28020548820495605, -0.07335187494754791, 0.4492065906524658, -0.281235009431839, -0.7203114628791809, -0.08971750736236572, -0.24557392299175262, -0.03748699277639389, -0.439532071352005, 0.02460581436753273, -0.15700691938400269, 0.5198508501052856, -0.38512760400772095, 0.33476439118385315, 0.5842052102088928, 0.30768439173698425, 0.13204747438430786, -0.7725741863250732, 0.09245763719081879, 0.11152534931898117, -0.028380967676639557, 0.20965419709682465, -0.5289909243583679, 0.08102241903543472, 0.09137415140867233, 0.29334717988967896, -0.10228247940540314, -0.5705308318138123, -0.43531349301338196, 0.2239256650209427, 0.596156895160675, 0.5697163939476013, -0.2296958863735199, -0.4760841131210327, -0.14290392398834229, -0.1355186551809311, 0.7912400960922241, 0.01291557028889656, 0.2123580425977707, 0.2910812795162201, -0.5097143054008484, -0.19886022806167603, 0.09279971569776535, -0.7850698828697205, 0.3827064037322998, 0.3047153055667877, 0.2075858861207962, -0.29752710461616516, -0.37917038798332214, -0.7398642897605896, 0.3297078311443329, -0.5090641379356384, -0.02899516187608242, -0.41955193877220154, 0.347123920917511, 0.5687721371650696, 0.38364657759666443, -0.1155666708946228, 0.40365299582481384, 0.5445079803466797, 0.24636080861091614, 0.11539345979690552, 0.4556821286678314, 0.05749646946787834, 0.4776955246925354, -0.5111377239227295, -0.41397297382354736, -0.23028601706027985, 0.5148754119873047, 0.5310066938400269, -0.3396998345851898, -0.004620039369910955, 0.32642093300819397, -0.21571525931358337, 0.2812129259109497, -0.34191691875457764, 0.9172960519790649, 0.5750989317893982, 0.031213203445076942, 0.15698397159576416, -0.7183574438095093, 0.37892818450927734, 0.12342647463083267, -0.03517391160130501, -0.1434333473443985, 0.6063647866249084, 0.054309193044900894, -0.20154964923858643, 0.16748104989528656, 0.5194003582000732, 0.12328363955020905, -0.5526729822158813, 0.6152997016906738, -0.7626981139183044, 0.9689161777496338, 0.05388038605451584, -0.35947078466415405, 1.0450681447982788, -0.5273346304893494, 0.6061499118804932, 0.014005145989358425, -0.13456062972545624, 0.6523447632789612, -0.14045442640781403, -0.7581662535667419, 0.3086174726486206, -0.15463227033615112, 0.40818721055984497, -0.13151520490646362, 0.29937949776649475, -0.17797482013702393, -0.12894846498966217, 0.04654606431722641, 0.8115755319595337, 0.011365487240254879, -1.015575647354126, -0.2671744227409363, 0.12546220421791077, -0.41226863861083984, 0.12061735987663269, 0.39982691407203674, -0.20320983231067657, -0.27698424458503723, 0.5145874619483948, -0.04655524343252182, 0.2813979685306549, 0.22363358736038208, 0.38922318816185, 0.5214385986328125, 0.34343281388282776, 0.6073527932167053, 0.5793601870536804, 0.537206768989563, -0.21727204322814941, 0.008822395466268063, -0.2141639143228531, -0.20903059840202332, -0.31225916743278503, 0.3345034122467041, 0.08978857100009918, 0.6326045393943787, -0.5346124172210693, -0.601921558380127, 0.09477680176496506, 0.08466202765703201, 0.08606044948101044, -0.39092057943344116, 0.8687816858291626, 0.2825656831264496, 0.3353395462036133, 0.4753299057483673, 0.1265721321105957, -0.17560935020446777, 0.015472590923309326, 0.533340334892273, -0.05940156802535057, 0.3301636874675751, -0.7302070260047913, 0.41571536660194397, 0.49592557549476624, -0.1476222425699234, -0.17824135720729828, -0.17557628452777863, 0.1675022840499878, 0.27496346831321716, -0.31852710247039795, -0.6242120265960693, 0.2000446915626526, -0.6535505056381226, 0.008862701244652271, 0.1589682549238205, -0.049204155802726746, -0.7646709084510803, 0.18416200578212738, 0.35583800077438354, -0.23608259856700897, -0.13124410808086395, 0.7255410552024841, -0.6223936676979065, -0.7173029184341431, -0.688320517539978, 0.695501446723938, -0.14130713045597076, -0.45162028074264526, -0.2999080717563629, 0.5169334411621094, -0.16923412680625916, -0.19552019238471985, -0.2549017071723938, -0.3039836287498474, 0.07747650146484375, -0.2536560297012329, -0.4122428297996521, 0.022334180772304535, 0.3006419241428375, -0.20588091015815735, 0.13861046731472015, 0.40833422541618347, 0.23407964408397675, -0.045930687338113785, 0.06924331933259964, 0.06126261129975319, -0.31042054295539856, -0.2116996794939041, 0.5455107092857361, -0.19875189661979675, -0.3536030054092407, -0.4032546579837799, -5.681877613067627, -0.12301568686962128, -0.1625223606824875, -0.2721296548843384, 0.22174564003944397, 0.05399814620614052, 0.14829140901565552, -0.28942611813545227, 0.3802950382232666, -0.32973751425743103, -0.10163336992263794, 0.22309242188930511, 0.06704051792621613, 0.38633134961128235, 0.3344351351261139, 0.0220918208360672, 0.18657439947128296, 0.08402752876281738, 0.058299630880355835, -0.5079399943351746, 0.41125380992889404, 0.04937487840652466, -0.24909290671348572, 0.2580214738845825, 0.4795077443122864, 0.2856309115886688, 0.39533883333206177, 0.32828596234321594, -0.4790515899658203, -0.4717924892902374, -0.12838681042194366, 0.10053227096796036, 0.4366229474544525, -0.4477514624595642, 0.2179744988679886, -0.3806164264678955, 0.6593503355979919, 0.7833326458930969, 0.354612797498703, -0.15918859839439392, -0.43348783254623413, -0.13442806899547577, 0.23807911574840546, -0.3432856500148773, 0.02396208606660366, 0.27438727021217346, -0.37511464953422546, -0.04700937122106552, -0.8865332007408142, 0.677631139755249, 0.37095892429351807, 0.26379045844078064, 0.6599113345146179, 0.12837007641792297, -0.2448151409626007, 0.09306938201189041, 0.09642689675092697, -0.4668040871620178, -0.25759556889533997, 0.4834771156311035, 0.08832860738039017, 0.12732863426208496, 0.17073187232017517, -0.48444995284080505, -0.11437654495239258, -0.25863930583000183, -0.5093626379966736, 0.2126532644033432, 0.8818565607070923, 0.25649288296699524, -0.47101926803588867, 0.09103039652109146, -0.6662944555282593, -1.051306962966919, -0.13322323560714722, -0.43321630358695984, 0.13810941576957703, 0.21321482956409454, 0.08718876540660858, 0.4243835508823395, -0.06261647492647171, 0.02867308259010315, -0.19572646915912628, 0.47981899976730347, -0.03376029059290886, -0.005063614808022976, -0.1262884885072708, 0.6198667287826538, -0.5428577661514282, 0.001521944417618215, -0.3518906533718109, -0.18032319843769073, 0.5628214478492737, 0.03880050405859947, 0.31839504837989807, -0.2661265432834625, 0.4946870803833008, -0.34088847041130066, -0.4333527982234955, -0.8475927710533142, 0.14110995829105377, -0.029833326116204262, -0.27610233426094055, -0.9498030543327332, -0.551537275314331, -0.75759357213974, -0.3986305296421051, -0.06957823038101196, -0.10185746103525162, 0.062072474509477615, -0.4766683876514435, -0.40221065282821655, -0.7297723293304443, 0.20166252553462982, 0.2907375693321228, 0.23903611302375793, -0.6107656359672546, 0.0773448795080185, 0.584505021572113, 0.7986966371536255, 0.2100401520729065, 0.11490564793348312, 0.26876300573349, -0.011010192334651947, -0.34179872274398804, 0.1392628699541092, 0.1807887852191925, 0.09083777666091919, 0.12189078330993652, 0.1873658448457718, 0.5291492938995361, -0.4709271192550659, 0.16345597803592682, -0.3603684604167938, 0.3838367164134979, 0.21991460025310516, -0.35869312286376953, 0.3908790647983551, -0.11048034578561783, 0.04964413866400719, -0.0799674242734909, 0.07792014628648758, 0.2932129502296448, 0.1425340175628662, 0.3329305648803711, 0.3031885623931885, -0.268218070268631, -0.016346029937267303, -0.16363157331943512, 0.48719140887260437, -0.16041631996631622, 0.3814985752105713, 0.6441125273704529, -0.37709203362464905, 0.5631584525108337, -0.4396938979625702, 0.35350191593170166, -0.14166755974292755, 0.5954349040985107, -0.9439293146133423, 0.43425023555755615, 0.12168893218040466, -0.6205023527145386, 0.2881864011287689, 0.19731371104717255, -0.06774596124887466, -0.5430620312690735, -0.6017227172851562, 0.2150251716375351, 0.5659948587417603, 0.4581223130226135, -0.08258405327796936, -0.4196857213973999, 0.14690424501895905, 0.7651370763778687, -0.28226158022880554, 0.03459853306412697, -0.5328487753868103, -0.12126237899065018, -0.30149251222610474, 0.21388286352157593, -0.08210353553295135, -0.34221160411834717, 0.08652363717556, 0.8424211740493774, -0.9611421227455139, -0.550313413143158, -0.2781091332435608, 0.14504604041576385, 0.3838532567024231, 1.2704787254333496, 0.34838879108428955, 0.0984424278140068, 0.1688036322593689, -0.5417469143867493, 0.024563917890191078, -0.2398804873228073, 0.1617359071969986, -0.397856742143631, -0.4840429127216339, -0.01264724787324667, 0.2029576152563095, 0.505675733089447, -0.3667861819267273, 0.06980261206626892, -0.5152435898780823, 0.34092140197753906, -0.4929807782173157, -0.810084879398346, 0.47163093090057373, -0.09368649125099182, -0.15737587213516235, -0.06331465393304825, 0.07151857763528824, -0.3672732412815094, 0.10989876836538315, 0.21226975321769714, -0.21124984323978424, -0.49339133501052856, -0.27415698766708374, -0.5649737119674683, 0.11463095992803574, -0.2650511860847473, 0.1411035805940628, -0.6882987022399902, 0.7998086214065552, 0.3896837830543518, -0.19387133419513702, -0.3917072117328644, -0.23118989169597626, -0.4147743284702301, -0.6179722547531128, -0.10774681717157364, -0.30653417110443115, 0.12970511615276337, 0.28345856070518494, 0.11178300529718399, 0.2984161376953125, -0.44456544518470764, 0.4299842119216919, 0.04379243403673172, 0.23364980518817902, 0.7748599648475647, -1.431623101234436, 0.05922595411539078, 0.4151776432991028, 0.5638462901115417, -0.1674143224954605, -0.5619008541107178, 0.15175582468509674, 0.5270448327064514, -0.5124222040176392, -0.5816935300827026, -0.30233198404312134, 1.050349235534668, -0.9109121561050415, -0.30425357818603516, -0.20890571177005768, -0.06292704492807388, -0.31035807728767395, -0.3362317383289337, -0.2499111294746399, -0.44074761867523193, 0.42423203587532043, 0.2740440368652344, 0.26522547006607056, -0.1655750274658203, -0.6451310515403748, -0.2590313255786896, -0.4439098834991455, -0.17635661363601685, -0.040009040385484695, 0.07788220047950745, 0.5144857168197632, 0.1284555345773697, -0.492864191532135, -0.03037180006504059, -0.7913302779197693, 0.09082773327827454, -0.29729393124580383, -0.21865050494670868, 0.18186849355697632, 0.3421749770641327, 0.1060447096824646, 0.08964809775352478, -1.0518218278884888, -0.4233144223690033, 0.2592082917690277, -0.716915488243103, 0.0396331362426281, 0.011173981241881847, 0.09781666845083237, -0.15990878641605377, -0.024708952754735947, -0.27163276076316833, -0.03151342272758484, -0.45627057552337646, 0.008163471706211567, -0.2811153531074524, 0.058830469846725464, -0.8713856339454651, 0.5698875784873962, 0.05074775964021683, -0.0957513079047203, -0.3608528971672058, -0.052718449383974075, -0.017668845131993294, -0.016764163970947266, -0.20172905921936035, 0.30007466673851013, 0.7433697581291199, -0.12725865840911865, -0.21495234966278076, 0.4416772723197937, -0.5376378893852234, -0.014961613342165947, 0.786142110824585, -0.6675034165382385, 0.5035786628723145, -0.06144791096448898, 0.37290120124816895, 0.8738226294517517, 0.12274312973022461, 0.3741663992404938, 0.14372356235980988, 0.15381281077861786, -0.3071126341819763, -0.16912329196929932, 0.13408590853214264, 0.15042459964752197, 0.15277741849422455, -0.058372773230075836, -0.5348926186561584, 0.5751462578773499, -0.8570724129676819, -0.6123486161231995, -0.3253818452358246, -0.17705518007278442, -0.26287412643432617, 0.6538380980491638, 0.16622668504714966, 0.07044574618339539, -0.4129942059516907, -0.07968288660049438, 0.29664576053619385, 0.6903104782104492, 0.14995749294757843, -0.355783075094223, 0.4548303782939911, 0.20171107351779938, 0.6443889737129211, -0.9386296272277832, -0.22791621088981628, -0.29182058572769165, 0.007613539230078459, 0.042470648884773254, 0.4372456967830658, -0.25730830430984497, 0.5193523168563843, -0.23068875074386597, -0.18878526985645294, 0.1104247123003006, 0.007182938978075981, -0.001354103209450841, -0.36091288924217224, 0.2747883200645447, 0.6443579792976379, -0.5046243071556091, -0.35816267132759094, 0.23999251425266266, -0.20992504060268402, -0.10409100353717804, -0.3127215802669525, 0.07929320633411407, -0.26326632499694824, -0.15445226430892944, 0.22097985446453094, 0.05993043631315231, 0.20715337991714478, 0.8903630375862122, -0.08751746267080307, 0.2629528045654297, -0.47049880027770996, -0.8150289058685303, 0.1943141520023346, -0.0017450368031859398, -0.14140667021274567, 0.08317582309246063, -0.11924470216035843, 0.1588853895664215, -0.016286035999655724, -0.9274433255195618, 0.12456115335226059, 0.43815621733665466, 0.021503819152712822, -0.12725931406021118, -0.6107560992240906, 0.2565564513206482, 0.5452818870544434, 0.6047995686531067, 0.17506790161132812, 0.6982572078704834, 0.2855585813522339, 0.38903191685676575, -0.4558408558368683, 0.42979785799980164, -0.36998677253723145, -0.10534145683050156, -0.6381306052207947, 0.08646940439939499, -0.10322476923465729, 0.7013587355613708, -0.22384831309318542, 0.7227487564086914, -0.5926125645637512, -0.5014475584030151, 1.3975530862808228, -0.3303162753582001, -0.3592754900455475, 0.002170396037399769, -0.24913735687732697, -0.8544116020202637, 0.7918340563774109, 0.12194596230983734, 0.03319668024778366, -0.31650012731552124, 0.4352406859397888, 0.032071374356746674, -0.27975428104400635, 0.25494492053985596, -0.011244494467973709, -0.6114115118980408, -0.342816561460495, 0.6379431486129761, 0.005002507474273443, 0.31551676988601685, -0.14779478311538696, 0.2016981691122055, 0.14309543371200562, -0.23518088459968567, 0.04291181638836861, -0.02854882925748825, 0.11140686273574829, -0.5509266257286072, 0.1250688135623932, 0.029036814346909523, 0.4001845717430115, -0.14520537853240967, -0.3931275010108948, -0.15408599376678467, 0.04527774825692177, -0.007240953389555216, 0.37986424565315247, -0.2921289801597595, 0.4852384030818939, -0.5599297881126404, 0.49470967054367065, -0.6127776503562927, -0.006703467573970556, 0.3725236654281616 ]
216398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetoslav%20Roerich	Svetoslav Roerich	Svetoslav Nikolaevich Roerich (; 23 October 1904 – 30 January 1993), Russian and Indian painter, son of Helena and Nicholas Roerich, studied from a young age under his father's tutelage. He studied architecture in England in 1919 and entered Columbia University's school of architecture in 1920. He won the Grand Prix of the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1926. Biography He lived for many years in India where Jawaharlal Nehru awarded him the International Award and the Padma Bhushan. His paintings of Nehru and Indira Gandhi, adorn the historic Central Parliament Hall in New Delhi. He was married in 1945 to an Indian movie star Devika Rani, who was once married to producer Himanshu Rai and known as "The First Lady of the Indian Screen". Roerich died in 1993 at the age of 88 and is buried in Bangalore, India. He was named an Honorary Academician of the Art Academy of the USSR, and was an honorary member of the Bulgarian Academy of Art. He had a large plantation on the outskirts of Bangalore, called Tataguni, on Kanakpura road. He and Devika Rani lived here; after their respective deaths in August 2011, the Government of Karnataka acquired the estate after the Supreme Court of India passed the verdict in favour of them.. Roerich family's residence in Manali, India, is now home for a gallery of paintings. It is managed by the International Roerich Trust and has been named Roerich Heritage Museum. The gallery was founded by Svetoslav Roerich in 1962. Work Roerich mainly painted landscapes and portraits. His paintings were first exhibited in India in 1936–1937 His portrait of Indira Gandhi was unveiled in the Central Hall of the Parliament of India. European art historians have considered his paintings to be influenced by expressionism. Honours and awards Padma Bhushan (India) Order of Friendship of Peoples Order of Madara Horseman (Bulgaria) Awarded Jawaharlal Nehru Cavalier of the Order of Cyril and Methodius (Bulgaria) Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Arts Honorary Doctor of Veliko Tarnovo University (Bulgaria) Academician of the Academy of Fine Arts of India See also Roerichism Helena Roerich Nicholas Roerich George de Roerich Pax Cultura Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov — president of International Centre of the Roerichs (Moscow) Sree Chitra Art Gallery References External links "SVETOSLAV ROERICH" – A Collective by S. R. Ramaswamy Rare Photographs of Svetoslav Roerich with World Leaders International Roerich Memorial Trust (India) 1904 births 1993 deaths Painters from Saint Petersburg People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd Svetoslav Russian people of German descent Baltic German people of the Russian Empire 20th-century Russian painters Russian male painters 20th-century historians Emigrants from the Russian Empire to India Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States People from Kullu Roerichism Russian explorers Russian orientalists Painters from Karnataka Artists from Bangalore Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts	[ -0.10648606717586517, 0.793728232383728, -0.24394311010837555, -0.15649403631687164, -0.05631301924586296, 0.9358733892440796, 0.5698093771934509, -0.3763081133365631, -0.41162291169166565, -0.20584186911582947, -0.4871443510055542, 0.1039024218916893, 0.4330192506313324, 0.42879238724708557, -0.07332371920347214, 0.234076589345932, 0.4000718593597412, -0.19845527410507202, -0.8079548478126526, 0.22599948942661285, -0.09459210932254791, -0.1509006917476654, 0.08128492534160614, 0.16731494665145874, -0.41262876987457275, 0.041065238416194916, 0.37128010392189026, 0.3591645359992981, -0.03383368253707886, 0.11661556363105774, -0.30042192339897156, 0.4037724733352661, 0.34757837653160095, -0.18581372499465942, -0.47297051548957825, 0.10481879115104675, -0.3606870472431183, -0.16749261319637299, 0.35312619805336, -0.4708906412124634, 0.23103666305541992, 0.4871298372745514, 0.4688407778739929, -0.07779477536678314, -0.10447090119123459, -0.9853854179382324, -1.7091732025146484, 0.7647740840911865, -0.0807093009352684, -0.2165515422821045, 0.3692336976528168, 0.24103930592536926, 0.811614453792572, 0.3794529139995575, -0.4428198039531708, 0.2238660752773285, -0.9645231366157532, 0.12763303518295288, 0.6215775609016418, 0.16286437213420868, 1.1432619094848633, 0.5367005467414856, 0.30783379077911377, 0.4209948182106018, 0.3204653561115265, 0.04448316991329193, -0.09851814061403275, 0.27751484513282776, 0.2014237493276596, -0.2012065351009369, -0.1968652755022049, 0.3530721068382263, 0.38783150911331177, -0.011294873431324959, 0.10061521828174591, -0.4266694486141205, -0.030002349987626076, -0.059745632112026215, -0.4182010293006897, -0.1967550665140152, 0.3579934537410736, -0.5444742441177368, 0.7963509559631348, 0.3615769147872925, 0.21161291003227234, -0.30953362584114075, -0.28641462326049805, 0.18643249571323395, -0.3117910623550415, 0.04134673997759819, 0.17708291113376617, -0.6793851852416992, 0.6225577592849731, 0.1570245921611786, -0.14950504899024963, 0.5365321040153503, -0.4565444588661194, 0.043560516089200974, 0.022542817518115044, -0.25981777906417847, 0.0006891153752803802, 0.5507265329360962, -0.005539030767977238, 0.20243486762046814, -0.6923421621322632, -0.3101271986961365, -0.4512217938899994, 0.1551235169172287, -0.6117627620697021, 0.46794769167900085, -0.9274312257766724, 0.030797718092799187, -0.3706485629081726, -0.37129390239715576, -0.3631857633590698, 0.06368488073348999, -0.05593615770339966, -1.2136576175689697, -0.7573554515838623, 0.007155444473028183, -0.24921652674674988, 0.47743988037109375, -0.05536852031946182, 0.2778760492801666, 0.04965880140662193, -0.008327632211148739, 0.13264070451259613, 0.548591136932373, -0.8765743374824524, 0.32504791021347046, 0.05384295806288719, 1.0387659072875977, -0.006170407868921757, -0.141139954328537, -0.34203848242759705, -0.11134509742259979, 0.605205774307251, -0.1179194524884224, -0.6007325053215027, 0.40437254309654236, -0.6984402537345886, -0.2837109863758087, -0.2103244513273239, 0.07997100055217743, 0.5268996953964233, -0.11533398181200027, 0.3559449017047882, 0.14700572192668915, -0.566879153251648, -0.4379899203777313, -0.06447229534387589, -0.11534281820058823, 0.11295653134584427, -0.40536198019981384, -0.5270946025848389, 0.9003944396972656, 0.41282105445861816, 0.11769752949476242, 1.1671862602233887, -0.35497137904167175, 0.13791920244693756, -0.03982212394475937, 0.2152189165353775, 0.4700963795185089, 0.055295031517744064, -0.29591208696365356, 0.15713362395763397, 0.15557895600795746, -0.5744128227233887, 0.1471150666475296, -0.36548659205436707, 0.5046976804733276, -0.14427869021892548, 0.036968763917684555, 0.00994586106389761, 0.4384804964065552, -0.007009734399616718, 0.38132399320602417, 0.2289876639842987, -0.6317304372787476, -1.0446441173553467, -0.2883984446525574, -0.4747079312801361, 0.414073646068573, 0.01364845409989357, 0.1239529475569725, -0.05775947868824005, -0.041393447667360306, 0.8168256282806396, -0.1614990532398224, -0.2449163943529129, -0.7434663772583008, -0.23714391887187958, -0.27514415979385376, 1.3531036376953125, 0.44648751616477966, -0.28911733627319336, 0.2534426748752594, 0.3491326570510864, 0.7738600969314575, -0.15180158615112305, -0.2879180312156677, -0.45048293471336365, 0.06794577836990356, 0.35930243134498596, 0.304512619972229, -0.02706536278128624, 0.03825770691037178, 0.6793777346611023, 0.5751098990440369, 0.5772354006767273, -0.4823434352874756, 0.4877639412879944, 0.7673335671424866, -0.11106763780117035, -0.3572579026222229, -0.6543286442756653, -0.7248910665512085, -0.045248355716466904, -0.02404318004846573, 0.04225309565663338, -0.07548375427722931, -0.21137477457523346, 0.6663450002670288, -0.13681961596012115, 0.7264798879623413, -0.3336886763572693, -0.07291921973228455, -0.021344713866710663, -0.7178308963775635, -0.2826749086380005, -0.19124308228492737, 0.3025815784931183, 0.37430259585380554, -0.1985470950603485, -0.14807963371276855, 0.21015715599060059, -0.2813814580440521, 0.7316238284111023, -0.43377673625946045, 0.03926858305931091, 0.07023949921131134, -0.01084196288138628, -0.13647937774658203, -0.08899527788162231, 0.3086808919906616, 0.08652468025684357, -0.008838328532874584, -0.19090889394283295, -0.014441214501857758, 0.3888465166091919, 0.6399731040000916, -0.30254435539245605, -0.10711406171321869, -0.774893581867218, -0.21842952072620392, 0.5015381574630737, -0.6536815166473389, -0.008728579618036747, 0.35236167907714844, 0.7170608043670654, -0.18614763021469116, 0.5713033080101013, 0.42742592096328735, -0.03031112067401409, -0.2575037181377411, 0.3505919575691223, -0.3569130301475525, 0.9169926047325134, -0.3874962031841278, 0.1319897621870041, 0.24155734479427338, -0.45506951212882996, 0.6067584156990051, -0.17789798974990845, -0.36865758895874023, -0.3285060226917267, 0.24478669464588165, 0.16866137087345123, -0.5288993716239929, 0.033726632595062256, 0.8216776847839355, -0.35488811135292053, -0.11095338314771652, -0.19055652618408203, 0.5381518602371216, -0.9179337620735168, -0.2509234845638275, 0.6503912806510925, -0.5389590859413147, 0.3192724287509918, 0.7152687907218933, -0.13540802896022797, 0.25459617376327515, -0.4303051829338074, 0.7421001195907593, -0.4966290593147278, -0.8826413154602051, 0.20269182324409485, 0.09283234179019928, -0.9745714664459229, -0.13644862174987793, -0.11536502093076706, 0.2042311578989029, 0.28066307306289673, 0.40800291299819946, -0.5027781128883362, -0.21753613650798798, -5.35800313949585, 0.08597543090581894, -0.07291527837514877, 0.28227871656417847, 0.09630028158426285, -0.26951950788497925, 0.11637938767671585, -0.1137847751379013, 0.6004446148872375, -0.21456031501293182, 0.1388729363679886, -0.20216485857963562, -0.469064861536026, 0.4650622010231018, 0.5287020802497864, 0.5254312753677368, 0.35797467827796936, -0.05916721746325493, 0.04158109799027443, 0.1920074224472046, -0.30808693170547485, 0.16021192073822021, -0.17122094333171844, 0.9378802180290222, 0.3959071636199951, 0.41207176446914673, -0.3510937988758087, -0.010546737350523472, -1.1993433237075806, -0.26554936170578003, -0.24464944005012512, -0.2640606760978699, 0.03365073353052139, 0.6957587599754333, 0.11295344680547714, 0.1343632936477661, 0.304185688495636, 0.7906283736228943, 0.1632756143808365, 0.35572561621665955, -0.021411119028925896, 0.011797898449003696, -0.31476444005966187, -0.018522104248404503, -0.465411514043808, -0.2963820695877075, -0.4115496575832367, 0.17491525411605835, -0.10394169390201569, 0.35654833912849426, -0.04434686899185181, -0.14906103909015656, 0.34914857149124146, 0.1364705115556717, 0.29111340641975403, -0.18929433822631836, 0.30080553889274597, 0.34035515785217285, -0.5829746127128601, 0.060176242142915726, -0.20638392865657806, -0.4080618917942047, 0.12034453451633453, -0.128420889377594, 0.44953447580337524, -0.4619452953338623, 0.20309947431087494, -0.4798023998737335, -0.3142916262149811, -0.3454623818397522, -0.43026259541511536, 0.9072846174240112, -0.43092110753059387, -1.1152111291885376, -0.1480383276939392, -0.2156122922897339, -0.12471775710582733, -0.476703405380249, -0.35210373997688293, 0.3766394257545471, -0.04381528124213219, -0.6969531178474426, -0.1056494265794754, 0.8780250549316406, 0.49904704093933105, 0.6347460150718689, 0.13364994525909424, 0.15949594974517822, -0.44110938906669617, 0.0900663211941719, 0.40236422419548035, -0.21098777651786804, -0.2931559681892395, 0.43118199706077576, 0.07079549878835678, 0.05811242759227753, -0.004563189577311277, 0.2416321486234665, 0.25331705808639526, 0.15254804491996765, 0.3546879291534424, -0.35366153717041016, -0.3063482642173767, -0.07338372617959976, 0.21282944083213806, -0.490752637386322, 0.12945565581321716, 0.06739209592342377, 1.3535356521606445, 0.177384614944458, -0.24273979663848877, -0.03868471086025238, 0.01968659646809101, -0.34276217222213745, 0.695638120174408, 0.002814294770359993, 0.5886054635047913, 0.5964359045028687, -0.06743135303258896, 0.6027734875679016, 0.10389610379934311, -0.33206799626350403, -1.1725648641586304, -0.016476716846227646, 0.43792638182640076, 0.46581435203552246, -0.2628782093524933, -0.802039623260498, -0.7678720355033875, 0.05488380417227745, -0.15609581768512726, 0.5355234146118164, -0.39841315150260925, 0.1316191405057907, 0.5704142451286316, 0.3267887532711029, -0.5343414545059204, -0.6592865586280823, 0.35021400451660156, -0.4188634753227234, 0.004475716967135668, -0.19026605784893036, 0.008607733063399792, 0.680170476436615, 0.2929001450538635, 0.5745657086372375, -0.13191963732242584, -0.12074234336614609, -0.4455149471759796, 0.3300248980522156, -0.1385841965675354, 0.18651321530342102, 0.4498419463634491, 0.2702164947986603, -0.5583683848381042, -0.15504972636699677, -1.2311937808990479, -0.08472476899623871, -0.16045401990413666, 0.08419555425643921, 0.1773453801870346, 0.3663047254085541, -1.1355197429656982, -0.3044010400772095, 0.3179277777671814, -0.5482085943222046, -0.07121768593788147, -0.2542918026447296, -0.3500252664089203, 0.7654513120651245, 0.27836260199546814, -0.43498072028160095, -0.5193737149238586, -0.18225303292274475, 0.137873113155365, -0.3161565661430359, -0.05591045320034027, 0.3048413395881653, 0.5472279787063599, 0.17874816060066223, 0.2232084572315216, 0.5671343803405762, -0.3167516589164734, 0.7912122011184692, 0.38129326701164246, -0.10199571400880814, -0.44094541668891907, -0.49595049023628235, -0.37991246581077576, -0.0909966379404068, -0.1430802345275879, -0.11204300075769424, 0.36486202478408813, 0.6261263489723206, -0.011010715737938881, -0.558041512966156, -0.13515345752239227, 0.3444085419178009, -0.19309058785438538, -0.3042396605014801, 0.38836729526519775, 0.3157820701599121, -0.3517492115497589, -0.13990482687950134, 0.09981132298707962, -1.1575130224227905, 0.30803990364074707, 0.6062443852424622, -0.37183713912963867, 0.16951796412467957, -0.2580720782279968, -0.657077968120575, -0.39615598320961, 0.185713529586792, -0.12782785296440125, 0.47192731499671936, 0.2246316373348236, -0.21584740281105042, -0.3931085467338562, -0.1896742880344391, -0.6138030290603638, 0.1648128628730774, -0.7220861315727234, -0.02103414759039879, -0.5135480761528015, -0.31725138425827026, -0.19228124618530273, -0.313735693693161, 0.05733499303460121, -0.537314772605896, 0.31036871671676636, -0.44173645973205566, -0.2799980640411377, -0.11915984749794006, -0.3882800042629242, 0.10850758850574493, 0.4908469021320343, -0.10568255931138992, 0.016927478834986687, 0.24565216898918152, 0.3822782337665558, 0.653218686580658, -0.1828361600637436, -0.16201387345790863, 0.04500583931803703, 0.12759611010551453, 0.595065176486969, -0.3076048791408539, -0.020486168563365936, 0.5995293259620667, 0.2892529368400574, -0.2181997299194336, -0.43568652868270874, -0.9766906499862671, 0.8459852337837219, -0.12305106967687607, -0.03647677227854729, 0.3690395951271057, 0.24140678346157074, 1.0104646682739258, -0.09765803813934326, 0.31960588693618774, -0.06477198004722595, -0.59512859582901, 0.0021125341299921274, 0.11474599689245224, -0.0885971412062645, 0.18071620166301727, -0.35420745611190796, -0.13969652354717255, -0.061699576675891876, -0.4117622375488281, -0.13902580738067627, 0.24452444911003113, -0.22568094730377197, -0.22831207513809204, -0.0740676298737526, -0.4589003622531891, -0.0006530092796310782, -0.3634168803691864, -0.9752558469772339, -0.16654331982135773, -0.0410628579556942, -0.4263211488723755, -0.6991111636161804, -0.5567052960395813, -0.10644829273223877, -0.32370901107788086, -0.35561585426330566, 0.23126450181007385, -0.8690772652626038, 0.3320448398590088, -0.08200263977050781, 0.42336949706077576, 0.05276067182421684, 0.4713447690010071, -0.3898376524448395, 0.5678264498710632, -0.6193497776985168, 0.4511558711528778, -0.22983886301517487, 0.868342936038971, 0.4429806172847748, 0.37338635325431824, 0.45540061593055725, 0.768463671207428, 0.1955523043870926, -0.29649850726127625, -0.06180961802601814, 0.3747354745864868, 0.299256294965744, -0.1303706169128418, 0.00566218001767993, -0.20510320365428925, -0.3137153387069702, -0.08757668733596802, 0.620187520980835, -0.042692024260759354, -0.25182998180389404, -1.049058198928833, 0.9213061332702637, -0.004692398477345705, 0.3891371786594391, -0.31500059366226196, -0.773799479007721, 0.4249586760997772, -0.12569378316402435, -0.18446825444698334, -0.022201424464583397, 0.5573959350585938, -0.0816582664847374, 0.022870156913995743, -0.8759298920631409, 0.4946269392967224, 0.462530255317688, -0.14562690258026123, -0.10322648286819458, -0.9218953251838684, -0.09538493305444717, 0.37161391973495483, 0.4176173806190491, 1.0948055982589722, -0.425479918718338, 0.14555387198925018, 0.09055375307798386, -0.1897982805967331, 0.4846113920211792, 0.25535720586776733, -0.43767255544662476, 0.019536305218935013, 0.3578730523586273, -0.20960687100887299, 0.17497612535953522, -0.3199212849140167, 0.1827515810728073, -0.15314507484436035, 0.5228702425956726, -0.30603349208831787, -0.05840981379151344, 0.42373552918434143, 0.04285704717040062, -0.26676735281944275, 0.2822152078151703, -0.176913782954216, -0.1405336558818817, -0.18487553298473358, 0.06472000479698181, -0.501224935054779, 0.2943747937679291, -0.3026723265647888, 0.38555797934532166, -0.1660775989294052, -0.3762488067150116, 0.5633273720741272, 0.5070478320121765, 0.23916392028331757, 0.6620551943778992, -0.24471613764762878, 0.010959221981465816, 0.36100566387176514, -0.8211587071418762, 0.16277869045734406, -0.33905091881752014, -0.40030357241630554, 0.28138163685798645, -0.4152366518974304, 0.3061690628528595, 0.3214862048625946, 0.14374804496765137, -0.3958229124546051, -0.07248160988092422, -0.3141864538192749, -0.22462792694568634, 1.2852481603622437, -0.9028934240341187, -0.2598034739494324, -0.6232604384422302, 0.5527377724647522, 0.029744727537035942, 0.07825226336717606, -0.029483111575245857, 0.21294288337230682, 0.038726557046175, -0.0894012302160263, -0.7421942949295044, -0.11349177360534668, -0.8501672148704529, 0.2660893201828003, -1.16297447681427, 0.7013400197029114, -0.2656729817390442, -0.22397419810295105, -0.20490646362304688, 0.07923256605863571, -0.43334025144577026, 0.22965720295906067, 0.5271874666213989, -0.5222643613815308, 0.09402761608362198, -0.546493411064148, 0.10873911529779434, -0.7461701035499573, 0.4464304745197296, 0.36261481046676636, -0.5634547472000122, -0.18868449330329895, -0.24972839653491974, 0.4238968789577484, -0.1621793657541275, -0.13807466626167297, -0.025341762229800224, 0.5730802416801453, -0.5371625423431396, 0.20136085152626038, -0.1844710260629654, -0.3809637725353241, 0.7689467668533325, 0.65668123960495, 0.8095932602882385, -1.3604800701141357, 0.5331843495368958, -0.14582717418670654, 0.4446263015270233, -0.008778686635196209, 0.11306694149971008, 0.12239876389503479, -0.7573267817497253, -0.15450121462345123, 0.3479900360107422, 0.3660909831523895, 0.22677212953567505, 0.3935093283653259, 0.5816147923469543, -0.3923661708831787, 0.08477286249399185, -0.025038402527570724, -0.17669300734996796, -0.07180510461330414, 0.3396987318992615, -0.2572384774684906 ]
216399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Roerich	Nicholas Roerich	Nicholas Roerich (; October 9, 1874 – December 13, 1947), also known also as Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh (), was a Russian painter, writer, archaeologist, theosophist, philosopher, and public figure. In his youth was influenced by Russian Symbolism, a movement in Russian society centered on the spiritual. He was interested in hypnosis and other spiritual practices and his paintings are said to have hypnotic expression. Born in Saint Petersburg, to a well-to-do notary public Baltic German father and to a Russian mother, Roerich lived in various places in the world until his death in Naggar, Himachal Pradesh, India. Trained as an artist and a lawyer, his main interests were literature, philosophy, archaeology, and especially art. Roerich was a dedicated activist for the cause of preserving art and architecture during times of war. He was nominated several times to the longlist for the Nobel Peace Prize. The so-called Roerich Pact was signed into law by the United States and most other nations of the Pan-American Union in April 1935. Biography Early life Raised in late-19th-century St. Petersburg, Roerich enrolled simultaneously at St. Petersburg University and the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1893. He received the title of "artist" in 1897 and a degree in law the next year. He found early employment with the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, whose school he directed from 1906 to 1917. Despite early tensions with the group, he became a member of Sergei Diaghilev's "World of Art" society and was its president from 1910 to 1916. Artistically, Roerich became known as his generation's most talented painter of Russia's ancient past, a topic that was compatible with his lifelong interest in archeology. He also succeeded as a stage designer by achieving his greatest fame as one of the designers for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. His best-known designs were for Alexander Borodin's Prince Igor (1909 and later productions), and costumes and set for The Rite of Spring (1913), composed by Igor Stravinsky. Along with Mikhail Vrubel and Mikhail Nesterov, Roerich is considered a major representative of Russian Symbolism in art. From an early period of his life, he was influenced by apocrypha and medieval sectarian writings such as the mysterious Dove Book. Another of Roerich's artistic subjects was architecture. His acclaimed publication "Architectural Studies" (1904–1905), consisting of dozens of paintings he made of fortresses, monasteries, churches, and other monuments during two long trips through Russia, inspired his decades-long career as an activist on behalf of artistic and architectural preservation. He also designed religious art for places of worship throughout Russia and Ukraine, most notably the Queen of Heaven fresco for the Church of the Holy Spirit, which the patroness Maria Tenisheva built near her Talashkino estate, and the stained glass windows for the Datsan Gunzechoinei in 1913–1915. His designs for the Talashkino church were so radical that the Orthodox church refused to consecrate the building. During the first decade of the 1900s and in the early 1910s, Roerich, largely by the influence of his wife, Helena, developed an interest in eastern religions, as well as alternative (to Christianity) belief systems such as Theosophy. Both Roerichs became avid readers of the Vedantist essays of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda, the poetry of Rabindranath Tagore, and the Bhagavad Gita. The Roerichs' commitment to occult mysticism increased steadily. It was especially intense during World War I and the 1917 Russian Revolution to which the couple, like other many Russian intellectuals, accorded apocalyptic significance. The influence of Theosophy, Vedanta, Buddhism, and other mystical topics can be detected not only in many of Roerich's paintings but also in the many short stories and poems that Roerich wrote before and after the 1917 revolutions, including the Flowers of Morya cycle, which was begun in 1907 and completed in 1921. Revolution and emigration to United States After the February Revolution of 1917 and the end of the czarist regime, Roerich, a political moderate who valued Russia's cultural heritage more than ideology and party politics, had an active part in artistic politics. With Maxim Gorky and Aleksandr Benois, he participated with the so-called "Gorky Commission" and its successor organization, the Arts Union (SDI). Both attempted to gain the attention of the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet on the need to form a coherent cultural policy and, most urgently, to protect art and architecture from destruction and vandalism. Meanwhile, illness forced Roerich to leave the capital and reside in Karelia, the district bordering Finland. He had already quit the presidency of the World of Art society, and he now quit the directorship of the School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. After the October Revolution and the acquisition of power of Lenin's Bolshevik Party, Roerich became increasingly discouraged about Russia's political future. During early 1918, he, Helena, and their two sons George and Svetoslav emigrated to Finland. Two unresolved historical debates are associated with Roerich's departure. First, it is often claimed that Roerich was a major candidate to direct a people's commissariat of culture (the Soviet equivalent of a ministry of culture), which the Bolsheviks considered establishing in 1917–1918, but he refused to accept the job. In fact, Benois was the most likely choice to direct any such commissariat. It seems that Roerich was a preferred choice to manage its department of artistic education; the topic is rendered moot by the fact that the Soviets elected not to establish such a commissariat. Second, when Roerich later wished to reconcile with the Soviet Union, he maintained that he had not left Soviet Russia deliberately, but that he and his family, living in Karelia, had been isolated from their homeland when the Finnish Civil War began. However, Roerich had an amply-documented extreme hostility to the Bolshevik regime, prompted not so much by a dislike of communism as by his revulsion at Lenin's ruthlessness and his fear that Bolshevism would result in the destruction of Russia's artistic and architectural heritage. He illustrated Leonid Andreyev's anticommunist polemic "S.O.S." and had a widely-published pamphlet, "Violators of Art" (1918–1919). Roerich believed that "the triumph of Russian culture would come about through a new appreciation of ancient myth and legend." After some months in Finland and Scandinavia, the Roerichs relocated to London, arriving in mid-1919. Engrossed with Theosophical mysticism, they now had millenarian expectations that a new age was imminent, and they wished to travel to India as soon as possible. They joined the English-Welsh chapter of the Theosophical Society. It was in London, in March 1920, that the Roerichs founded their own school of mysticism, Agni Yoga, which they referred to also as "the system of living ethics." To earn passage to India, Roerich worked as a stage designer for Thomas Beecham's Covent Garden Theatre, but the enterprise ended unsuccessfully in 1920, and the artist never received full payment for his work. Among the notable people Roerich befriended while in England were the famed British Buddhist Christmas Humphreys, the philosopher-author H. G. Wells, and the poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (whose grand-niece Devika Rani would later marry Roerich's son Svetoslav). A successful exhibition in London resulted in an invitation from a director at the Art Institute of Chicago, offering to arrange for Roerich's art to tour the United States. In the autumn of 1920, the Roerichs traveled to America by sea. The Roerichs remained in the United States from October 1920 until May 1923. A large exhibition of Roerich's art, organized partly by the U.S. impresario Christian Brinton and partly by the Chicago Art Institute, began in New York in December 1920 and toured the country, to San Francisco and back, in 1921 and early 1922. Roerich befriended acclaimed soprano Mary Garden of the Chicago Opera and received a commission to design a 1922 production of Rimsky-Korsakov's The Snow Maiden for her. During the exhibition, the Roerichs spent significant amounts of time in Chicago, New Mexico, and California. Politically, Roerich was at first anti-Bolshevik. He gave lectures and wrote articles to White Russian populations in which he criticized the Soviet Union. However, his aversion to communism, "the impertinent monster that lies to humanity," changed in America. Roerich claimed that his spiritual masters, the "Mahatmas" in the Himalayas, were communicating telepathically with him through his wife, Helena, who was a mystic and a clairvoyant. The beings from an esoteric Buddhist community in India were said to have told Roerich that Russia was destined for a mission on Earth. That led him to formulate his "Great Plan," which envisaged the unification of millions of Asian peoples through a religious movement using the Future Buddha, or Maitreya, into a "Second Union of the East." There, the King of Shambhala would, following the Maitreya prophecies, make his appearance to fight a great battle against all evil forces on Earth. Roerich understood that as "perfection towards Common Good." The new polity was to include southwestern Altai, Tuva, Buryatia, Outer and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, with its capital in "Zvenigorod," the "City of Tolling Bells," which was to be built at the foot of Mount Belukha, in Altai. According to Roerich, the same Mahatmas revealed to him in 1922 that he was an incarnation of the Fifth Dalai Lama. In 1923, Roerich, the "practical idealist," set out to the Himalayas with his wife and his son Yuri. Roerich initially settled in Darjeeling in the same house that the 13th Dalai Lama had stayed during his exile in India. Roerich spent his time painting the Himalayas with visitors such as Frederick Marshman Bailey, Lady Lytton, and members of the 1924 British Everest Expedition, as well as Sonam Wangfel Laden La, Kusho Doring, and Tsarong Shape, influential Tibetans. According to British intelligence, lamas from the Moru monastery recognized Roerich as the incarnation of the Fifth Dalai Lama due to a mole pattern on his right cheek. It was during his stay in the Himalayas that Roerich learned about the flight of the 9th Panchen Lama, which he interpreted as the fulfillment of the Matreiya prophecies and the bringing about of the Age of Shambhala. In 1924, the Roerichs returned to the West. On his way to America, Roerich stopped at the Soviet embassy in Berlin, where he told the local plenipotentiary about a Central Asian expedition he wanted to take. He asked for Soviet protection on his way, and shared his impressions of politics in India and Tibet. Roerich commented on the "occupation of Tibet by the British" by claiming that they "infiltrate in small parties... conduct extensive anti-Soviet propaganda" by talking about "anti-religious activity of the Bolsheviks." The plenipotentiary later pointed out to one of Roerich's old university classmates, Georgy Chicherin, that he had "absolutely pro-Soviet leanings, which looked somewhat Buddho-Communistic," and that his son, who spoke 28 Asian languages, helped him in gaining the favor with the Indians and the Tibetans. The Roerichs settled in New York City, which became the base of their many American operations. They founded several institutions during these years: Cor Ardens ("Flaming Heart") and Corona Mundi ("Crown of the World"), both of which were meant to unite artists around the globe in the cause of civic activism; the Master Institute of United Arts, an art school with a versatile curriculum, and the eventual home of the first Nicholas Roerich Museum; and an American Agni Yoga Society. They also joined various theosophical societies; their activities with these groups dominated their lives. Asian expedition (1925–1929) After leaving New York, the Roerichs, together with their son George and six friends began the five-year Roerich Asian Expedition that in Roerich's own words "started from Sikkim through Punjab, Kashmir, Ladakh, the Karakoram Mountains, Khotan, Kashgar, Qara Shar, Urumchi, Irtysh, the Altai Mountains, the Oyrot region of Mongolia, the Central Gobi, Kansu, Tsaidam, and Tibet" with a detour through Siberia to Moscow in 1926. The Roerichs' Asian expedition attracted attention from the foreign services and intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In fact, prior to this expedition, Roerich had solicited the help of the Soviet government and Bolshevik secret police to assist him in his expedition by promising in return to monitor British activities in the area, but he received only a lukewarm response from Mikhail Trilisser, the chief of the Soviet foreign intelligence. The Bolsheviks assisted Roerich with logistics while he was traveling through Siberia and Mongolia. However, they did not commit themselves to his reckless project of the Sacred Union of the East, a spiritual utopia that boiled down to Roerich's ambitious attempts to stir the Buddhist masses of inner Asia to create a highly spiritual co-operative commonwealth under the patronage of Bolshevik Russia. The official mission of his expedition, as Roerich put it, was to act as the embassy of Western Buddhism to Tibet. To the Western media, it was presented as an artistic and scientific enterprise. Roerich reported seeing a metallic oval in the sky over the Tibet; Decades later, UFO enthusiasts would claim the Roerich expedition witnessed a "flying saucer". Between the summer of 1927 and June 1928, the expedition was thought to have been lost, as communication with them had ceased. They had, in fact, been attacked in Tibet. Roerich wrote that only the "superiority of our firearms prevented bloodshed.... In spite of our having Tibet passports, the expedition was forcibly stopped by Tibetan authorities." They were detained by the government for five months and were forced to live in tents in sub-zero conditions and to subsist on meagre rations. Five men of the expedition died during this time. In March 1928 they were allowed to leave Tibet, and they trekked south to settle in India, where they founded a research center, the Himalayan Research Institute. In 1929 Roerich was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the University of Paris. He received two more nominations in 1932 and 1935. His concern for peace resulted in his creation of the Pax Cultura, the "Red Cross" of art and culture. His work for this cause also resulted in the United States and the 20 other nations of the Pan-American Union signing the Roerich Pact, an early international instrument protecting cultural property, on April 15, 1935 at the White House. Manchurian expedition In 1934–1935, the US Department of Agriculture, then headed by the Roerich admirer Henry A. Wallace, sponsored an expedition by Roerich and its scientists H. G. MacMillan and James F. Stephens to Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and China. The expedition's purpose was to collect seeds of plants which prevented soil erosion. The expedition consisted of two parts. In 1934, they explored the Greater Khingan mountains and Bargan plateau in western Manchuria. In 1935, they explored parts of Inner Mongolia: the Gobi Desert, Ordos Desert, and Helan Mountains. The expedition found almost 300 species of xerophytes, collected herbs, conducted archeological studies, and found antique manuscripts of great scientific importance. Later life Roerich was in India during World War II, where he painted Russian epic heroic and saintly themes, including Alexander Nevsky, The Fight of Mstislav and Rededia, and Boris and Gleb. In 1942, Roerich received Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter, Indira Gandhi, at his house in Kullu. Together they discussed the fate of the new world: "We spoke about Indian–Russian cultural association [...] it is time to think about useful and creative co-operation." Indira Gandhi would later recall several days spent together with Roerich's family: "That was a memorable visit to a surprising and gifted family where each member was a remarkable figure in himself, with a well-defined range of interests.... Roerich himself stays in my memory. He was a man with extensive knowledge and enormous experience, a man with a big heart, deeply influenced by all that he observed." During the visit, "ideas and thoughts about closer co-operation between India and USSR were expressed. Now, after India wins independence, they have got its own real implementation. And as you know, there are friendly and mutually-understanding relationships today between both our countries." In 1942, the American–Russian cultural Association (ARCA) was created in New York. Its active participants were Ernest Hemingway, Rockwell Kent, Charlie Chaplin, Emil Cooper, Serge Koussevitzky, and Valeriy Ivanovich Tereshchenko. Its activity was welcomed by scientists such as Robert Millikan and Arthur Compton. Roerich had a lengthy correspondence with Henry Wallace, the 1948 Progressive Party candidate for US president. Roerich died in Kullu on December 13, 1947. Cultural legacy In the 21st century, the Nicholas Roerich Museum in New York City is a major institution for Roerich's artistic work. Numerous Roerich societies continue to promote his theosophical teachings worldwide. His paintings can be seen in several museums including the Roerich Department of the State Museum of Oriental Arts in Moscow; the Roerich Museum at the International Centre of the Roerichs in Moscow; the Russian State Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia; a collection in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow; a collection in the Art Museum in Novosibirsk, Russia; an important collection in the National Gallery for Foreign Art in Sofia, Bulgaria; a collection in the Art Museum in Nizhny Novgorod Russia; National Museum of Serbia; the Roerich Hall Estate in Naggar, India; the Sree Chitra Art Gallery, Thiruvananthapuram, India; in various art museums in India; and a selection featuring several of his larger works in The Latvian National Museum of Art. Roerich's biography and his controversial expeditions to Tibet and Manchuria have been examined recently by a number of authors, including two Russians, Vladimir Rosov and Alexandre Andreyev, two Americans (Andrei Znamenski and John McCannon), and the German Ernst von Waldenfels. A series of his studies on the Himalayan Ranges-donated by the artist's son (36 works specifically) are even showcased in the Nicholas Roerich Gallery of the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath Museum based in Bangalore, India. The hypnotic, immersive nature of his works truly absorbs the onlooker, leaving one with a sense of peace and tranquility as one moves with the series through the gallery. H. P. Lovecraft refers numerous times to the "strange and disturbing Asian paintings of Nicholas Roerich" in his Antarctic horror story At the Mountains of Madness. Roerich was awarded Order of St. Sava. The minor planet 4426 Roerich in the Solar System was named in honor of Roerich. In June 2013 during Russian Art Week in London, Roerich's Madonna Laboris sold at auction at Bonhams shop for £7,881,250, including the buyer's premium, making it the most valuable painting ever sold at a Russian art auction. Gallery Major works Art and archaeology // Art and art industry. SPb., 1898. No. 3; 1899. No. 4-5. Some ancient Shelonsky fifths and Bezhetsky end. SPb., 31 pages, drawings of the author, 1899. Excursion of the Archaeological Institute in 1899 in connection with the question of the Finnish burials of St. Petersburg province. SPb., 14 p., 1900. Some ancient stains Derevsky and Bezhetsk. SPb., 30 p., 1903. In the old days, St. Petersburg., 1904,18 p., drawings of the author. Stone age on lake piros., SPb., ed. "Russian archaeological society", 1905. Collected works. kN. 1. M.: publishing house of I. D. Sytin, p. 335, 1914. Tales and parables. Pg.: Free art, 1916. Violators of Art. London, 1919. The Flowers Of Moria. . Berlin: Word, 128 p., Collection of poems. 1921. Adamant. New York: Corona Mundi, 1922 Ways Of Blessing. New York, Paris, Riga, Harbin: Alatas, 1924 Altai - Himalayas. (Thoughts on a horse and in a tent) 1923–1926. Ulan Bator Khoto, 1927. heart of Asia. Southbury (St. Connecticut): Alatas, 1929. Flame in Chalice. Series X, Book 1. Songs and Sagas Series. New York: Roerich Museum Press, 1930. Shambhala. New York: F. A. Stokes Co., 1930 Realm of Light. Series IX, Book II. Sayings of Eternity Series. New York: Roerich Museum Press, 1931. The Power Of Light. Southbury: Alatas, New York, 1931. Women. Address on the occasion of the opening of the Association of women, Riga, ed. About Roerich, 1931, 15 p., 1 reproduction. The Fiery Stronghold. Paris: World League Of Culture, 1932. banner of peace. Harbin, Alatyr, 1934. Holy Watch. Harbin, Alatyr, 1934. A gateway to the Future. Riga: Uguns, 1936. Indestructible. Riga: Uguns, 1936. Roerich Essays: One hundred essays. В 2 т. India, 1937. Beautiful Unity. Bombey, 1946. Himavat: Diary Leaveves. Allahabad: Kitabistan, 1946. Himalayas — Adobe of Light. Bombey: Nalanda Publ, 1947. Diary sheets. Vol. 1 (1934-1935). M: ICR, 1995. Diary sheets. Vol. 2 (1936-1941). M: ICR, 1995. Diary sheets. Vol. 3 (1942-1947). M: ICR, 1996. See also Banner of Peace List of peace activists Morya (Theosophy) Russian cosmism Roerichism References External links International Centre of the Roerichs International Roerich Memorial Trust (India) Nicholas Roerich Museum (New York) Estonian Roerich Society Roerich-movement on the Internet (in Russian) Paintings Gallery Nicholas Roerich Estate Museum in Izvara Roerich Family Find A Grave Catalogue of Nicholas Roerich`s works from the collection of Gorlovka Art Museum Nicholas Roerich Papers, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte Nicholas Roerich Lexicon Gallery of Russian Thinkers on Nicholas Roerich, ISFP Gallery of Russian Thinkers Nikolay and Svyatoslav Roerich 1874 births 1947 deaths Painters from Saint Petersburg Writers from Saint Petersburg People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd Nicholas Baltic German people of the Russian Empire Russian philosophers Symbolist painters Russian symbolism New Age writers Ballet designers Opera designers Roerichism Writers from Himachal Pradesh Emigrants from the Russian Empire to India Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States Articles containing video clips 20th-century Russian painters Russian male painters Russian landscape painters Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava Russian people of German descent	[ 0.16519498825073242, 0.7128543257713318, -0.8004688620567322, 0.08146741986274719, 0.12288226932287216, 1.1440056562423706, 0.7449600100517273, -0.4070274531841278, -0.10846427083015442, -0.2353871911764145, -0.7349063754081726, 0.2729073166847229, 0.015469729900360107, 0.6701818704605103, -0.03062271699309349, -0.03533012047410011, -0.3234725296497345, -0.2895161807537079, -0.5496165752410889, 0.43417975306510925, -0.38899070024490356, 0.20215897262096405, 0.014241930097341537, -0.07829204946756363, -0.6916006207466125, 0.1949128359556198, 0.33322423696517944, -0.19350585341453552, -0.19359110295772552, -0.016977982595562935, -0.37246793508529663, 0.4178920090198517, 0.12809525430202484, -0.16680167615413666, -0.5275009870529175, 0.5951205492019653, -0.40839922428131104, -0.36964449286460876, 0.3834340274333954, -0.16984516382217407, 0.39723289012908936, 0.537796139717102, 0.3647575080394745, -0.017821544781327248, -0.36097222566604614, -0.4621371030807495, -1.9069633483886719, 0.670840322971344, -0.7929109334945679, -0.252474844455719, 0.04864629730582237, 0.08156593143939972, 0.5118443965911865, 0.14857976138591766, -0.39570677280426025, 0.5670885443687439, -1.084431529045105, 0.11516322940587997, 0.3101254999637604, -0.07561314851045609, 0.5666529536247253, 0.04118940234184265, 0.5741766691207886, 0.08580321073532104, 0.3951133191585541, 0.12787677347660065, -0.3103874623775482, 0.5103721022605896, -0.27225762605667114, -0.07604055106639862, -0.1444021463394165, 0.5898175239562988, 0.48946499824523926, 0.22599641978740692, 0.41505947709083557, -0.4567314684391022, 0.17723585665225983, 0.1473212093114853, -0.19624295830726624, 0.11931530386209488, 0.0026018405333161354, -0.33078745007514954, 0.6045573949813843, 0.5367007851600647, -0.03077143244445324, -0.6552500128746033, -0.4737638831138611, 0.7840531468391418, -0.3580390512943268, -0.08999479562044144, 0.17105095088481903, -0.3183979392051697, 0.8215270042419434, -0.2543918192386627, -0.21419647336006165, 0.3304562270641327, -0.3043063282966614, 0.11385206878185272, -0.3570812940597534, -0.4667719006538391, 0.015301257371902466, 0.24407824873924255, 0.1845027357339859, -0.04579721763730049, -0.3335832953453064, -0.18573342263698578, -0.05394790694117546, -0.17723190784454346, -0.20533542335033417, 0.15948662161827087, -0.9256054162979126, 0.16671428084373474, -0.17925328016281128, 0.1464201807975769, -0.16834217309951782, 0.33654624223709106, -0.08908330649137497, -1.087797999382019, -0.8026684522628784, -0.1781737357378006, -0.08804848045110703, 0.4095340371131897, 0.35738125443458557, -0.21814310550689697, -0.20566090941429138, -0.2698988914489746, 0.2662133574485779, 0.4545291066169739, -0.9141765832901001, 0.3247130811214447, 0.3952491879463196, 1.014782428741455, -0.2137097716331482, -0.08330217748880386, -0.3145216405391693, -0.04985771328210831, 0.5607540011405945, -0.24306249618530273, -0.42304733395576477, 0.5495116114616394, -0.5049918293952942, -0.14812038838863373, -0.4079805314540863, 0.2326725721359253, 0.3723742961883545, -0.2848310172557831, 0.3886316418647766, 0.17200031876564026, -0.25643521547317505, -0.3795821964740753, -0.3735220432281494, 0.20838621258735657, 0.28943169116973877, -0.45554059743881226, -0.3235229551792145, 0.7770493626594543, 0.7325721979141235, 0.04885934293270111, 0.5246449708938599, -0.3081120252609253, 0.38850313425064087, -0.22653540968894958, -0.32942110300064087, 0.4501497149467468, 0.3014298677444458, -0.11937966197729111, 0.013866382651031017, 0.5657934546470642, -0.5448485612869263, 0.26784637570381165, -0.08197341114282608, -0.0732043907046318, 0.28233227133750916, 0.2518976926803589, -0.1785288155078888, 0.7725054621696472, 0.39869236946105957, 0.30996400117874146, 0.27477699518203735, -0.6283971071243286, -0.8111427426338196, -0.34635213017463684, -0.5032778978347778, 0.41054701805114746, 0.16955266892910004, -0.005470497999340296, 0.0662994459271431, -0.018951022997498512, 1.010616660118103, -0.36051708459854126, -0.6197835206985474, -0.6472626328468323, -0.06069596856832504, -0.5008265972137451, 1.1490812301635742, 0.3237055838108063, -0.39883822202682495, 0.3741223216056824, -0.13230901956558228, 0.5994235277175903, -0.08883600682020187, -0.5764462947845459, -0.5421042442321777, 0.1394357830286026, 0.47783735394477844, 0.35458678007125854, 0.2963626980781555, 0.19911351799964905, 0.28925806283950806, 0.40439167618751526, 0.5085046887397766, -0.41311919689178467, 0.9224308133125305, 0.5183018445968628, -0.19991536438465118, -0.3035408854484558, -0.6261057257652283, -0.06787405163049698, -0.0777902603149414, -0.12676574289798737, 0.262375146150589, 0.1848120242357254, -0.14726920425891876, 0.6419420838356018, 0.14191627502441406, 0.7232195138931274, -0.041396692395210266, -0.061629388481378555, 0.13034723699092865, -0.5079575777053833, -0.12810318171977997, 0.13628755509853363, 0.22513560950756073, -0.03734517842531204, -0.015259062871336937, -0.06446501612663269, 0.2098088264465332, -0.3246266543865204, 0.3050096333026886, -0.8899353742599487, 0.009663264267146587, -0.07755695283412933, 0.15384282171726227, -0.008071057498455048, 0.18677176535129547, 0.44908154010772705, 0.08778826147317886, -0.0552365817129612, -0.4726312458515167, 0.059056658297777176, 0.07268200069665909, 0.6379939317703247, 0.2235705554485321, 0.14667004346847534, -0.11548405885696411, -0.2493557631969452, 0.6518557071685791, -0.17227764427661896, 0.17267625033855438, 0.3051413893699646, 0.4908292591571808, -0.09819567203521729, 0.27231499552726746, 0.13798552751541138, -0.017920637503266335, -0.14485082030296326, 0.4757457673549652, -0.4281417429447174, 0.49559885263442993, -0.05244308337569237, 0.3051900267601013, -0.003087021876126528, -0.6234211325645447, 0.7352978587150574, -0.12473463267087936, -0.6155593395233154, -0.20346273481845856, 0.23716425895690918, -0.439148873090744, -0.694003701210022, -0.13645964860916138, 0.7806206941604614, -0.47392088174819946, 0.2265901416540146, -0.022091953083872795, -0.02846367098391056, -0.6247125864028931, 0.013450587168335915, 0.6129735112190247, -0.03841635212302208, -0.16558079421520233, 0.8806762099266052, 0.15199656784534454, -0.14739668369293213, -0.5552701950073242, 0.5782366991043091, -0.3819081783294678, -0.8194551467895508, 0.1086055114865303, 0.14536790549755096, -0.8877785205841064, -0.2784164547920227, 0.22821569442749023, 0.2991952896118164, 0.30658620595932007, 0.39698800444602966, -0.24707210063934326, 0.15621767938137054, -5.410540580749512, 0.05249510705471039, -0.14346826076507568, -0.20453926920890808, 0.3536052703857422, 0.2263176441192627, -0.03859236091375351, -0.033987756818532944, 0.2868773341178894, -0.5105847120285034, 0.517683744430542, -0.5089607834815979, -0.2930070459842682, 0.8080801367759705, 0.48929038643836975, 0.11213765293359756, 0.2353103905916214, 0.19180737435817719, -0.12855948507785797, 0.25718387961387634, -0.04556306079030037, 0.012036778964102268, -0.08362624049186707, 1.065098762512207, 0.007362528704106808, 0.5694800019264221, -0.20292486250400543, 0.3383029103279114, -0.9779267311096191, -0.4545803964138031, 0.08472573012113571, -0.2537950575351715, -0.04670562222599983, 0.5163164734840393, 0.367414653301239, 0.058645837008953094, 0.5002358555793762, 0.313230961561203, -0.10283592343330383, 0.1494188904762268, -0.036987319588661194, 0.07606473565101624, -0.6961168050765991, -0.2347288578748703, -0.20790909230709076, -0.4055038094520569, -0.7176989316940308, 0.4764047861099243, -0.05420549586415291, 0.04656023904681206, 0.33466705679893494, 0.06365536153316498, 0.3718606233596802, 0.2002004086971283, 0.28798893094062805, 0.4244607388973236, 0.2638417184352875, 0.2583530843257904, -0.6954180598258972, 0.12238835543394089, 0.38476356863975525, -0.09412536025047302, 0.13292734324932098, -0.09715058654546738, 0.25821834802627563, -0.43479713797569275, 0.2023804932832718, -0.3127343952655792, -0.3385385274887085, -0.25627467036247253, -0.6046281456947327, 1.243813395500183, -0.051286399364471436, -1.4154303073883057, -0.22882798314094543, -0.23733878135681152, -0.07658641785383224, -0.5487052202224731, -0.5002554655075073, 0.36295825242996216, -0.08468279987573624, -0.8585750460624695, -0.291402131319046, 0.9109803438186646, 0.7685105800628662, 0.5316824913024902, 0.2768707573413849, 0.3178423345088959, -0.30504369735717773, 0.05884750932455063, 0.12049105763435364, -0.5930662155151367, 0.12442848086357117, 0.18730857968330383, 0.07359686493873596, 0.19428101181983948, -0.2832076847553253, 0.340973824262619, 0.7944862842559814, 0.7783346772193909, -0.356110543012619, -0.16508236527442932, -0.00576825300231576, -0.2949126958847046, 0.3228774964809418, -0.4111727774143219, 0.11642273515462875, 0.31204405426979065, 1.1129587888717651, 0.21041230857372284, -0.4329589903354645, 0.5389785766601562, -0.15921299159526825, -0.6350212097167969, 0.5134667158126831, -0.022274967283010483, 0.5133654475212097, 0.47047433257102966, 0.26561030745506287, 0.7481310963630676, -0.11633260548114777, 0.018808579072356224, -0.9650570750236511, -0.2829226851463318, -0.07254649698734283, 0.28951790928840637, -0.18576152622699738, -0.9890055060386658, -0.274062842130661, 0.09389205276966095, 0.12620355188846588, 0.6367678642272949, 0.16188372671604156, 0.31482449173927307, 0.6832159161567688, -0.04271288961172104, -0.26664069294929504, -0.6203277111053467, -0.4865790605545044, -0.33295977115631104, -0.03843385726213455, -0.25567570328712463, -0.03650153428316116, 0.8258916735649109, -0.06244892627000809, -0.06468383222818375, -0.4226589500904083, 0.03933677449822426, -0.06518883258104324, 0.6157402992248535, 0.30180624127388, 0.2699511647224426, 0.4280957877635956, 0.017961598932743073, -0.5593589544296265, -0.001358686131425202, -0.6043317317962646, -0.23712876439094543, -0.040872324258089066, 0.22385412454605103, -0.15224255621433258, -0.03160443156957626, -1.249908208847046, -0.5581368803977966, 0.0405900739133358, -0.4053240120410919, -0.4951668381690979, -0.1921388953924179, -0.3593704402446747, 0.658092200756073, -0.1610332727432251, -0.5956287384033203, -0.5783064365386963, -0.01035374216735363, 0.01857304759323597, -0.022253552451729774, 0.05754658952355385, 0.34329402446746826, 0.005132000427693129, -0.26183798909187317, 0.32335785031318665, 0.29446491599082947, -0.40925756096839905, -0.014413266442716122, 0.34256818890571594, -0.2536439001560211, -0.23101365566253662, -0.48609763383865356, -0.29631486535072327, -0.24966396391391754, -0.41887715458869934, -0.04646635800600052, -0.04170125722885132, 0.6029716730117798, -0.13139531016349792, -0.4073794186115265, -0.10298683494329453, 0.3226759731769562, -0.008804782293736935, 0.06337346136569977, 0.1309637427330017, 0.13681912422180176, -0.3035005033016205, -0.7046414017677307, 0.38259923458099365, -1.199061393737793, -0.08451750129461288, 0.3667351305484772, 0.07807573676109314, 0.601912260055542, -0.6046422719955444, -0.8215247392654419, -0.25869855284690857, -0.14093580842018127, -0.0770450308918953, 0.44008883833885193, -0.040721237659454346, -0.4269663989543915, -0.6026140451431274, -0.428789347410202, -0.5744161605834961, 0.15280845761299133, -0.07771862298250198, -0.09988440573215485, -0.1261044293642044, -0.7196646332740784, 0.17358660697937012, 0.27544736862182617, -0.019771207123994827, -0.29165762662887573, 0.0707818791270256, -0.4591310918331146, -0.12964093685150146, -0.026748767122626305, -0.22788767516613007, -0.19401471316814423, 0.5640421509742737, 0.23526425659656525, -0.21686379611492157, -0.13874101638793945, 0.19239018857479095, 0.5369914770126343, 0.13429991900920868, 0.09557715803384781, 0.15759627521038055, 0.17882093787193298, 0.7057094573974609, -0.2820197343826294, 0.06060916557908058, 0.5676707029342651, 0.4564051926136017, -0.08614567667245865, -1.1557796001434326, -0.4899783432483673, 0.26985764503479004, -0.37372535467147827, -0.09358691424131393, 0.3577437102794647, 0.24937261641025543, 0.5236667990684509, 0.0034588456619530916, 0.21704977750778198, 0.2972722351551056, -0.34830689430236816, -0.215846449136734, -0.06018887460231781, 0.28598931431770325, 0.007142644375562668, -0.08444523811340332, -0.20504137873649597, -0.052520640194416046, -0.539381206035614, -0.5321391820907593, 0.5363742113113403, -0.5408556461334229, 0.18839319050312042, -0.14117936789989471, -0.31811147928237915, -0.09426207840442657, -0.42349773645401, -1.296544075012207, -0.0723845437169075, -0.1375293731689453, -0.1480925977230072, -1.0365310907363892, -0.7557536363601685, 0.09387718886137009, -0.22007806599140167, -0.4723341166973114, 0.26974114775657654, -0.841277539730072, 0.26972028613090515, -0.29977065324783325, -0.014565921388566494, -0.1439918577671051, 0.015140820294618607, -0.6774750351905823, 1.021572470664978, -0.6064620614051819, -0.001761015853844583, -0.14127519726753235, 0.6518263816833496, 0.6355887055397034, -0.021740052849054337, 0.425993412733078, 0.3595704436302185, 0.3010725975036621, -0.16026698052883148, -0.3945535123348236, 0.5230170488357544, 0.5932607054710388, 0.19307242333889008, 0.3233993351459503, 0.45364242792129517, -0.17537522315979004, 0.14536820352077484, 0.6819848418235779, -0.29444223642349243, -0.4746023416519165, -0.40630531311035156, 0.351806640625, 0.06693823635578156, 0.2572479248046875, -0.8110339641571045, -0.4262869954109192, 0.5251816511154175, 0.10672318190336227, -0.13231778144836426, -0.2335972785949707, 0.628758430480957, 0.2797428071498871, 0.1693674474954605, -0.2684435248374939, 0.48347750306129456, 0.2428337037563324, -0.6582692861557007, 0.08360879123210907, -0.7620986700057983, 0.07452058792114258, -0.03825172036886215, 0.17457576096057892, 0.9610570073127747, -0.6876316666603088, 0.03875645995140076, 0.27672258019447327, 0.28508684039115906, -0.06277582049369812, 0.661824107170105, -0.672025740146637, 0.07794337719678879, 0.6834152936935425, -0.14769937098026276, -0.06588323414325714, -0.4513394236564636, 0.3725653290748596, -0.3160971999168396, 0.16517682373523712, -0.31324827671051025, 0.06660474091768265, 0.1913657784461975, 0.36200985312461853, -0.25231772661209106, 0.5253972411155701, -0.32586944103240967, 0.08683257550001144, -0.15065310895442963, 0.08610159903764725, -0.9010739922523499, 0.020848596468567848, -0.22487656772136688, 0.11493677645921707, -0.0027002121787518263, -0.43855947256088257, 0.7035055756568909, 0.43449926376342773, 0.2968560755252838, 1.0561262369155884, -0.16436997056007385, -0.07528597861528397, 0.3294568955898285, -0.9268065690994263, -0.21564225852489471, -0.026667002588510513, -0.18276499211788177, 0.29995739459991455, -0.009508696384727955, 0.4761412739753723, -0.03580210357904434, 0.2158588320016861, -0.3220662474632263, 0.002722982782870531, -0.468199223279953, -0.11683148890733719, 0.8764850497245789, -0.5398043394088745, 0.020405465736985207, -0.35989561676979065, 0.49038177728652954, 0.2059515416622162, 0.0404646173119545, 0.033459294587373734, 0.11938531696796417, 0.25407975912094116, -0.14885170757770538, -0.6016113758087158, -0.22459542751312256, -0.160556361079216, -0.18085981905460358, -1.0815520286560059, 0.5011078119277954, -0.2274414747953415, -0.18898262083530426, -0.2390565127134323, 0.21424736082553864, -0.6073503494262695, 0.0031998755875974894, 0.40959087014198303, -0.1952246129512787, 0.282144695520401, -0.28502464294433594, 0.5054538249969482, -0.15824221074581146, 0.2066674530506134, 0.11599555611610413, -0.5443586111068726, 0.2755984663963318, 0.3133753836154938, -0.12524576485157013, -0.2634436786174774, 0.06585142761468887, -0.2900300621986389, -0.050899870693683624, -0.39654386043548584, 0.30776503682136536, -0.27399715781211853, -0.716438353061676, 0.5249989032745361, 0.7193077802658081, 0.4160619080066681, -1.1823437213897705, 0.5464599132537842, 0.3219071626663208, 0.15289638936519623, 0.08395565301179886, 0.3315354585647583, 0.564150869846344, -0.5834609270095825, -0.10112650692462921, 0.03233696147799492, 0.10759449005126953, -0.012472082860767841, -0.09134823083877563, 0.49972641468048096, -0.6998381614685059, 0.18285976350307465, -0.2275160700082779, 0.2666362524032593, -0.20879219472408295, 0.8469076752662659, 0.09695778787136078 ]
216400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20state	Unitary state	A unitary state is a state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority. The central government may create (or abolish) administrative divisions (sub-national units). Such units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. Although political power may be delegated through devolution to regional or local governments by statute, the central government may abrogate the acts of devolved governments or curtail (or expand) their powers. Unitary states stand in contrast with federations, also known as federal states. A large majority of the world's states (166 of the 193 UN member states) have a unitary system of government. Devolution compared with federalism A unitary system of government can be considered the opposite of federalism. In federations, the provincial/regional governments share powers with the central government as equal actors through a written constitution, to which the consent of both is required to make amendments. This means that the sub-national units have a right of existence and powers that cannot be unilaterally changed by the central government. There are, however, similarities between federalism and devolution. Devolution within a unitary state, like federalism, may be symmetrical, with all sub-national units having the same powers and status, or asymmetric, with sub-national units varying in their powers and status. Many unitary states have no areas possessing a degree of autonomy. In such countries, sub-national regions cannot decide their own laws. Examples are Romania, Ireland and Norway. Svalbard has even less autonomy than the mainland. It is directly controlled by the government and has no local rule. List of unitary republics and unitary kingdoms Italics: States with limited recognition from other sovereign states or intergovernmental organizations. Unitary republics (limited recognition) (limited recognition) (not recognised) Unitary monarchies The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an example of a unitary state. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have a degree of autonomous devolved power, but such power is delegated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which may enact laws unilaterally altering or abolishing devolution. Similarly in Spain, the devolved powers are delegated through the central government. (autocracy, not recognized) See also Centralized government Constitutional economics Political economy Regional state Rule according to higher law Unicameralism Unitary authority References Unitary state Political geography Constitutional state types	[ 0.42773666977882385, -0.12653300166130066, 0.11933687329292297, 0.13519950211048126, -0.13833458721637726, -0.17890776693820953, 0.4664746820926666, 0.29378050565719604, -0.5604627132415771, -0.3025399148464203, -0.847774863243103, -0.04809402674436569, -0.06678503006696701, 0.5868991613388062, -0.2458910197019577, 0.719365119934082, 0.761516809463501, 0.7669370174407959, 0.03607654944062233, 0.018801987171173096, -0.3092639446258545, 0.30356502532958984, 0.11899560689926147, 0.007931924425065517, 0.1203026995062828, -0.2915298044681549, 0.6226136088371277, -0.4436369836330414, -0.18724383413791656, 0.35964688658714294, -0.38369113206863403, 0.29323574900627136, -0.21309706568717957, 0.6110236048698425, 0.45477965474128723, -0.17888717353343964, -0.09317433089017868, -0.4684748947620392, -0.5703142881393433, -0.9747248888015747, 0.12036731094121933, -0.2725044786930084, 0.28401559591293335, 0.1979421228170395, -0.7090404033660889, -0.546481192111969, -0.7918725609779358, 0.3968248665332794, -0.4647276699542999, 0.1008433923125267, -0.6150822639465332, 0.16995680332183838, -0.15013033151626587, 0.3297294080257416, -0.0527554415166378, 0.18108533322811127, -0.2712392210960388, 0.09152045845985413, 0.09999271482229233, -0.26025262475013733, 0.32389143109321594, -0.11724162101745605, -0.06751347333192825, 0.3908693790435791, 0.46216636896133423, -0.27588891983032227, 0.0038787161465734243, 0.5044580698013306, -0.5427860617637634, -0.6607314944267273, -1.0205481052398682, -0.1887510120868683, 0.09258166700601578, -0.1142447292804718, -0.7511584758758545, -0.031942639499902725, 0.3287419080734253, -0.5393054485321045, -0.16691061854362488, 0.02241498976945877, -0.5300549864768982, 0.880132257938385, 0.19129247963428497, 0.08796319365501404, 0.5999030470848083, -0.17635004222393036, -0.45646506547927856, 0.16092449426651, -0.48365744948387146, 0.8143606185913086, 0.359749972820282, 0.4360058307647705, 0.6000380516052246, 0.02072753943502903, -0.0015980113530531526, -0.2729158103466034, -0.37478822469711304, -0.10321076959371567, 0.342206746339798, 0.08896496146917343, -0.13816341757774353, 0.2011340707540512, -0.14685912430286407, -0.42232435941696167, -0.6151909828186035, -0.37440618872642517, -0.3237399458885193, -0.06525414437055588, -0.16153767704963684, 0.012265953235328197, -0.17578554153442383, 0.12744058668613434, 0.32227823138237, 0.14110492169857025, 0.07599803805351257, 0.15969589352607727, -0.4034906029701233, -0.036991070955991745, -0.11812588572502136, 0.008979486301541328, 0.454487144947052, 0.4838106334209442, -0.1793176233768463, -0.19591492414474487, 0.6747823357582092, -0.021732499822974205, 0.05745643004775047, -0.021237749606370926, -0.4750361144542694, -0.5401347875595093, 0.4321810007095337, 0.5068553686141968, -0.4598854184150696, 0.42721158266067505, -0.017893576994538307, 0.1572572886943817, 0.20110952854156494, 0.3779114782810211, 0.9559676647186279, 0.19287970662117004, -0.8640297055244446, 0.3339598774909973, -0.27081742882728577, 0.2767700254917145, 0.5008758902549744, -0.20127040147781372, 0.1544230431318283, -0.16653470695018768, -0.5751046538352966, -0.055430084466934204, -0.4042309820652008, 0.3790265619754791, -0.07902759313583374, 0.22133126854896545, -0.26070359349250793, 0.6128804683685303, 0.41432368755340576, -0.2879772484302521, 0.5562292337417603, 0.15556734800338745, 0.13765498995780945, 0.15827243030071259, -0.03632965311408043, -0.1694304496049881, -0.023711545392870903, -0.5279489159584045, -0.028088869526982307, 0.3774281442165375, 0.44366586208343506, -0.162123903632164, -0.2862894535064697, 0.06531614065170288, 0.136933371424675, 0.03516059368848801, -0.35480213165283203, -0.5075271725654602, 0.20074129104614258, 0.15837518870830536, 0.7076499462127686, -0.157443568110466, -0.63938969373703, 0.00826540868729353, 0.29414528608322144, 0.15068073570728302, -0.5683772563934326, 0.14667551219463348, 0.34446826577186584, 0.23724699020385742, 0.14176341891288757, -0.09409016370773315, 0.36488014459609985, -0.20205946266651154, -0.282566636800766, -0.7182508111000061, 0.6801794767379761, 0.19363737106323242, -0.731736958026886, 1.0706571340560913, -0.19206151366233826, 0.13389943540096283, 0.0027991742826998234, -0.11891740560531616, -0.11202742904424667, -0.16343671083450317, 0.11761555075645447, 0.4756791889667511, 0.42069971561431885, 0.009400536306202412, -0.0845099687576294, -0.24462191760540009, 0.26341190934181213, -0.6503006219863892, 0.5846840739250183, -0.2775513231754303, 0.03812567889690399, 0.209586039185524, -0.29030197858810425, 0.27755269408226013, 0.2976981997489929, 0.21171103417873383, 1.0765002965927124, -0.2228303849697113, -0.29234957695007324, 0.7953515648841858, 0.006154121831059456, 0.36031776666641235, 0.01809176616370678, 0.2314346432685852, 0.630882740020752, -0.0876079797744751, -0.5113824605941772, -0.3287615478038788, -0.06319428980350494, 0.3138239085674286, -0.3020835220813751, -0.059008169919252396, -0.2716403901576996, -0.030144494026899338, -0.13991586863994598, -0.3362446427345276, -0.06017511710524559, -0.2885529398918152, 0.06971731036901474, 0.00171094189863652, 0.3788755536079407, 0.30766621232032776, -0.2620304524898529, -0.1302674114704132, -0.4582866430282593, 0.20174652338027954, 0.09729719907045364, 0.04150043800473213, 0.21917083859443665, -0.27406713366508484, 0.2292587161064148, -0.43749719858169556, -0.4077654778957367, -0.14666372537612915, 0.11840523779392242, 0.23069462180137634, -0.17738334834575653, 0.09460412710905075, -0.53963303565979, -0.060765743255615234, -0.4194614589214325, -0.46441370248794556, -0.359756737947464, -0.05062803626060486, -0.3575233817100525, 0.41817182302474976, 0.5761334300041199, -0.14990177750587463, -0.1966143101453781, -0.259490042924881, 0.1832158863544464, -0.2755630612373352, 0.23658965528011322, 0.03615301847457886, -0.2966785430908203, -0.20135153830051422, 0.017720090225338936, 0.39440158009529114, 0.07844198495149612, -1.0020540952682495, -0.2392013520002365, -0.715216875076294, 0.45547088980674744, -0.45844510197639465, -0.40678417682647705, -0.17383472621440887, -0.29159867763519287, 0.11102256178855896, -0.022659022361040115, -0.10608268529176712, -0.23478081822395325, 0.539671778678894, -0.08151308447122574, 0.2862313687801361, 0.10800492763519287, -0.13580197095870972, -0.6277915835380554, -0.04536980390548706, -0.27272123098373413, -0.15074758231639862, 0.6180903911590576, 0.059007395058870316, -0.053054261952638626, -0.04832739755511284, -5.867317199707031, -0.13105152547359467, -0.09504621475934982, -0.026888752356171608, 0.6236372590065002, 0.047499652951955795, 0.24320882558822632, -0.20469823479652405, -0.2510378062725067, 0.08222033083438873, -0.18054881691932678, 0.20405210554599762, -0.13995660841464996, 0.623477041721344, 0.7622936964035034, -0.09690556675195694, 0.884690523147583, 0.5847221612930298, 0.06557942181825638, 0.24261516332626343, -0.3115251064300537, 0.2496786117553711, 0.08121521025896072, 0.5260732769966125, -0.04323926195502281, -0.08416765183210373, -0.07151501625776291, -0.4481658339500427, -0.379915714263916, -0.7967920303344727, -0.6284250020980835, -0.2509494721889496, -0.0656614676117897, -0.3253568410873413, 0.13848234713077545, 0.31055310368537903, 0.5671584010124207, 0.6386380195617676, 0.21222804486751556, -0.8637410402297974, -0.07808727025985718, 0.5248226523399353, 0.1303742676973343, 0.24248036742210388, 0.013778813183307648, -0.5236825346946716, -0.29320746660232544, -0.3118084669113159, -1.000560998916626, 0.505992591381073, -0.17389123141765594, 0.11125656962394714, 0.601979672908783, -0.06831821799278259, 0.032991670072078705, 0.06385946273803711, 0.35011816024780273, 0.572796106338501, -0.4983990788459778, 0.12170880287885666, 0.46032407879829407, -0.281932532787323, -0.3376966118812561, -0.5396358370780945, 0.06490520387887955, -0.21591661870479584, -0.9027517437934875, -0.2967963218688965, 0.9677780270576477, 0.27025306224823, -0.4793115258216858, -0.00731201097369194, 0.21386396884918213, -0.72721266746521, 0.15351973474025726, -0.7922500967979431, -0.13466346263885498, -0.29830506443977356, 0.29531508684158325, 0.41191813349723816, -0.5231995582580566, 0.46544042229652405, -0.15689726173877716, 0.11977137625217438, -0.1951504647731781, -0.17755655944347382, 0.34469085931777954, 0.7003546357154846, 0.03594379127025604, -0.17656011879444122, 0.5762495398521423, 0.1346876174211502, 0.44935911893844604, 0.23163945972919464, 0.3396434187889099, 0.4245227873325348, -0.059712253510951996, -0.19804228842258453, -0.062231119722127914, -0.8518179655075073, 0.4535712003707886, -0.44214174151420593, -0.26186931133270264, -0.40208181738853455, 0.12749384343624115, 0.6246436834335327, -0.3013591468334198, 0.2813442349433899, 0.6438716650009155, -0.03689650446176529, -0.009142178110778332, 0.44808724522590637, -0.10356748104095459, -0.428621381521225, 0.3054666817188263, -0.00964286457747221, -0.7091439962387085, 0.684593677520752, 0.10290902853012085, -0.04430151730775833, 0.1382787972688675, 0.28424859046936035, -0.0032808324322104454, 0.029837848618626595, -0.449440062046051, -0.40444254875183105, -0.09457601606845856, 0.025682855397462845, 0.28404805064201355, -0.26275351643562317, 0.8829067945480347, 0.27639856934547424, 0.16882944107055664, -0.3547906279563904, 0.2122247964143753, 0.11942020803689957, 0.27199384570121765, 0.2111964225769043, -0.46124500036239624, -0.4987553656101227, 0.28774744272232056, -0.008665764704346657, 0.3257807791233063, 0.3728325068950653, 0.3824489712715149, -0.3957903981208801, -0.37975889444351196, 0.3646002411842346, -0.13529686629772186, 0.0019340839935466647, -0.10107886046171188, -0.07841262966394424, -0.008971541188657284, -0.4937933087348938, 0.023244982585310936, -0.4679732024669647, 0.5417560935020447, -0.16789597272872925, 0.7587498426437378, -0.5739575028419495, -0.09592323005199432, -0.4602416455745697, -0.6818907260894775, 0.3922567367553711, 0.5287493467330933, 0.06464672833681107, -0.7029990553855896, 0.08252586424350739, 0.5012703537940979, 0.9827798008918762, -0.06343168765306473, -0.17246560752391815, -0.7899982929229736, -0.35823026299476624, 0.19057053327560425, 0.11598185449838638, 0.1954014152288437, 0.09842076897621155, -0.20614376664161682, -0.10299311578273773, 0.2862187623977661, -0.06689424067735672, -0.27495741844177246, 0.13156938552856445, 0.15638773143291473, -0.09661383181810379, -0.5804385542869568, 0.3543602228164673, 0.10962550342082977, -0.4459734559059143, 0.33725032210350037, 0.3860207498073578, 0.597341001033783, 0.105486199259758, 0.0815034955739975, -0.336769700050354, -0.18494221568107605, 0.046038441359996796, 0.16348344087600708, -0.4498675465583801, 0.17702871561050415, -0.006138135679066181, -0.5952338576316833, 0.06628227233886719, 0.177646204829216, -0.3215251564979553, 0.0003509971429593861, 0.06676000356674194, 0.029275421053171158, 0.23779869079589844, -0.9311103820800781, -0.051847193390131, -0.4626668393611908, 0.09925010055303574, -0.16052177548408508, -0.3805707097053528, -0.02963695116341114, -1.0031812191009521, -0.2464260309934616, -0.4086665213108063, 0.45085954666137695, -0.22422657907009125, -0.021676383912563324, 0.1309688687324524, -0.10729676485061646, -0.14729458093643188, 0.4315059781074524, -0.2424481362104416, 0.5448331236839294, -0.1854524314403534, 0.21973785758018494, -0.22204692661762238, -0.2809835374355316, -0.15963277220726013, 0.03277333825826645, -0.3363347351551056, 0.28863704204559326, 0.10559943318367004, 0.04542243853211403, 0.2830956280231476, -0.21185076236724854, 1.2233202457427979, 0.08568418025970459, -0.7685614228248596, -0.09092085808515549, -0.05372323468327522, 0.48998361825942993, -0.1518034189939499, -0.666740894317627, 0.4956718981266022, 0.2378988116979599, -0.6404465436935425, -0.17930099368095398, -0.5128647685050964, 0.9630957245826721, -0.049809329211711884, -0.05721563845872879, -0.04906730353832245, 0.5489045977592468, 0.14264315366744995, -0.10251061618328094, -0.5463272929191589, -0.0051750680431723595, -0.42351803183555603, 0.5075423717498779, -0.8701474666595459, -0.8097720146179199, 0.3729800879955292, 0.21013177931308746, -0.687465488910675, 0.20410960912704468, 0.22966249287128448, 0.11525120586156845, 0.07634999603033066, 1.012220025062561, -0.108807273209095, 0.1775960773229599, -0.17520397901535034, 0.010029790922999382, 0.12122859805822372, -0.29089486598968506, 0.21938970685005188, -0.00488278130069375, -0.7045344114303589, 0.16218774020671844, -0.8746064901351929, 0.06560121476650238, -0.3831500709056854, -0.7693662643432617, -0.39606696367263794, -0.23407280445098877, -0.06423841416835785, 0.12863874435424805, -0.008166329935193062, -0.587451159954071, 0.019725488498806953, 0.009359738789498806, 0.34510138630867004, 0.08710510283708572, 0.027647092938423157, -0.3703787326812744, 0.49864885210990906, -0.325419545173645, -0.17265735566616058, 0.3556949496269226, 0.1794649213552475, 0.01810857281088829, -0.5393673181533813, 0.14141541719436646, -0.25731226801872253, 0.29411473870277405, 0.174101784825325, 0.7969614863395691, 0.3863236606121063, -0.4546351134777069, 0.11750847101211548, 0.6710453629493713, -0.8490354418754578, 0.24771229922771454, 0.4527280628681183, 0.5393575429916382, -0.10734150558710098, -0.13463415205478668, -0.03348933532834053, 0.423749715089798, 0.6249796748161316, -0.02746894583106041, -0.3984827995300293, 0.13092811405658722, 0.21663346886634827, 0.7832998037338257, 0.5014628171920776, -0.22773003578186035, -0.10582683980464935, -0.049686409533023834, -0.4174891710281372, 0.19642870128154755, -0.05938844382762909, -0.6587828993797302, 0.7530480623245239, 0.31870993971824646, 0.029611920937895775, -0.29914915561676025, 0.3745541572570801, -0.05895266681909561, 0.1739802062511444, 0.2328764796257019, 0.19407036900520325, -0.42564618587493896, 0.5779783129692078, 0.9076099991798401, -0.26376500725746155, 0.027346044778823853, 0.3387080132961273, 0.14766429364681244, -0.3192767798900604, 0.4116106331348419, -0.17560029029846191, -0.10266868770122528, -0.3071872889995575, -0.035002414137125015, 0.6213007569313049, 0.2249131053686142, 0.289320170879364, 0.42243364453315735, -0.36967846751213074, 0.3583497703075409, -0.10691831260919571, -0.31468549370765686, 0.04479555785655975, 0.48841598629951477, 0.33683228492736816, -0.2513669729232788, 0.6549484133720398, 0.17916031181812286, -0.10314630717039108, 0.017727863043546677, 0.3040909171104431, -0.09235094487667084, -0.4025021195411682, -0.17331428825855255, 0.04760495573282242, -0.178880974650383, -1.0951324701309204, -0.1812162846326828, 0.19580885767936707, -0.08021131902933121, 0.25450944900512695, -0.18791909515857697, 0.5931539535522461, 0.004734617657959461, 0.02550462819635868, 0.07722839713096619, 0.10848128795623779, -0.3924850523471832, 0.22115540504455566, -0.39903995394706726, 0.6836557388305664, 0.2777133584022522, -0.1016775593161583, 0.46962404251098633, 0.6212866902351379, -0.3348676860332489, 0.4547557234764099, -0.1878225952386856, -0.10115522146224976, -0.4944372773170471, -0.11907936632633209, -0.44894489645957947, 0.13980084657669067, 0.35756412148475647, -0.12725935876369476, 0.24998138844966888, 0.20057682693004608, -0.15479311347007751, 0.825969934463501, 1.0253788232803345, -0.33745333552360535, 0.27644339203834534, -0.3345460593700409, 0.033806271851062775, -0.31759923696517944, 0.47876089811325073, 0.14633885025978088, -0.09259652346372604, 0.04186667874455452, 0.5145174860954285, 0.4514739215373993, -0.9128656983375549, 0.2951260507106781, -0.5591054558753967, -0.2700404226779938, -0.6139312982559204, 0.4348085820674896, -0.8586757183074951, 0.09830807894468307, -0.37298819422721863, 0.18967923521995544, 0.2055676281452179, -0.7269995808601379, -0.49288642406463623, -0.23294956982135773, 0.6774799227714539, -0.237543985247612, -0.6362155079841614, -0.6018191576004028, -0.08892858773469925, 0.402118980884552, -0.3545381724834442, 0.26471835374832153, 0.018965093418955803, -0.15043486654758453, 0.10488881170749664, -0.15673650801181793, -0.31176236271858215, 0.43838223814964294, 0.5823683738708496, -0.4750535488128662, -0.33199626207351685, 0.5913184881210327 ]
216403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanghaegun%20of%20Joseon	Gwanghaegun of Joseon	Gwanghae-gun or Prince Gwanghae (4 June 1575 – 7 August 1641), personal name Yi Hon (Hangul: 이혼, Hanja: 李琿), was the 15th ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. As he was deposed in a coup d'état, he did not receive a temple name. Biography Birth and background Gwanghaegun was the second son of King Seonjo, born to Lady Kim Gong-bin, a concubine. When Japan invaded Korea to attack the Ming Empire, he was installed as Crown Prince. When the king fled north to the border of Ming, he set up a branch court and fought defensive battles. During and after the Seven Year War (1592–1598), he acted as the de facto ruler of the Joseon Dynasty, commanding battles and taking care of the reconstruction of the nation after the devastating wars, in the place of old and weak King Seonjo. Although it brought prestige to him, his position was still unstable. He had an elder but incompetent brother Prince Imhae (Imhaegun, 임해군, 臨海君) and a younger but legitimate brother Grand Prince Yeongchang (Yeongchang Daegun, 영창대군, 永昌大君), who was supported by the Lesser Northerners faction. Fortunately for Gwanghae, King Seonjo's abrupt death made it impossible for his favorite son Yeongchang to succeed to the throne. Violence of Greater Northerner faction Before King Seonjo died, he named Prince Gwanghae as his official successor to the throne and ordered his advisers to make a royal document. However, Lyu Young-gyong of the Lesser Northerners faction hid the document and plotted to install Grand Prince Yeongchang as king, only to be found out by the head of the Great Northerners faction (대북; 大北), Jeong In-hong. Lyu was executed immediately and Grand Prince Yeongchang was arrested and died the next year. After the incident, Gwanghae tried to bring officials from various political and regional background to his court, but his plan was interrupted by Greater Northerners including Yi I-cheom and Jeong In-hong. Then, Greater Northerners began to take members of other political factions out of the government, especially Lesser Northerners. In 1613, the Greater Northerners moved against Grand Prince Yeongchang; his grandfather Kim Je-nam was found guilty of treason and executed, while Yeong-chang was sent into exile, where he too was executed. At the same time, Greater Northerners suppressed the Lesser Northerners; in 1618, Yeongchang's mother, Queen Inmok, was stripped of her title and imprisoned. Gwanghae had no power to stop this even though he was the official head of the government. Achievements Despite his poor reputation after his death, he was a talented and pragmatic politician. He endeavored to restore the country and sponsored the restoration of documents. As a part of reconstruction, he revised land ordinance and redistributed land to the people; he also ordered the rebuilding of Changdeok Palace along with several other palaces. Additionally, he was responsible for the reintroduction of the hopae identification system after a long period of disuse. In foreign affairs he sought a balance between the Ming Empire and the Manchus. Since he realized Joseon was unable to compete with Manchu military power, he tried to maintain friendly relationship with the Manchus while the kingdom was still under the suzerainty of Ming, which angered the Ming and dogmatic Confucian Koreans. The critically worsened Manchu-Ming relationship forced him to send ten thousand soldiers to aid Ming in 1619. However, the Battle of Sarhū ended in Manchu's overwhelming victory. The Korean General Gang Hong-rip lost two-thirds of his troops and surrendered to Nurhaci. Gwanghaegun negotiated independently for peace with the Manchus and managed to avoid another war. He also restored diplomatic relationship with Japan in 1609 when he reopened trade with Japan through Treaty of Giyu, and sent his ambassadors to Japan in 1617. In the domestic sphere, Gwanghaegun implemented the Daedong law, which let his subjects pay their taxes more easily. However, this law was activated only in Gyeonggi Province, which was the largest granary zone at that time, and it took a century for the law to be extended across the whole kingdom. He encouraged publishing in order to accelerate reconstruction and to restore the kingdom's former prosperity. Many books were written during his reign, including the famous medical book Dongui Bogam, and several historical records were rewritten in this period. In 1616, tobacco was first introduced to Korea and it soon became popular amongst the Korean aristocracy. Dethronement and later life On April 6, 1623, Gwanghaegun was deposed in a coup by the Westerners faction. The coup directed by Kim Yu took place at night, Gwanghaegun fled but was captured later. He was confined first on Ganghwa Island and then on Jeju Island, where he died in 1641. He does not have a royal mausoleum like the other Joseon rulers. His and Lady Ryu's remains were buried at a comparatively humble site in Namyangju in Gyeonggi Province. The Westerners faction installed Neungyanggun as the sixteenth king Injo who promulgated pro-Ming and anti-Manchu policies, which resulted in two subsequent Manchu invasions. Legacy Although Gwanghaegun is one of only two deposed kings who were not restored and given a temple name (the other one being Yeonsangun), many people consider him a victim of feuds between political factions. However he did a better job of caring for his country than his predecessor King Seonjo, or his successor King Injo. They both contributed to invasions—the Japanese invasions of Korea, the Seven Year War; and the Manchu Invasion. In modern South Korea, Gwanghaegun is considered one of the wiser kings rather than a despot. Family Father: King Seonjo of Joseon (조선 선조) (26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) Grandfather: Grand Internal Prince Deokheung (이초 덕흥대원군) (2 April 1530 – 14 June 1559) Grandmother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Hadong of the Hadong Jeong clan (하동부대부인 정씨) (23 September 1522 – 24 June 1567) Mother: Royal Noble Consort Gong of the Gimhae Kim clan (공빈 김씨) (16 November 1553 – 13 June 1577) Grandfather: Kim Hee-cheol (김희철, 金希哲) (1519 – 1 August 1592) Grandmother: Lady Gwon of the Andong Gwon clan (정경부인 안동 권씨, 貞敬夫人安東權氏) Consorts and their Respective Issue(s): Deposed Queen Yu of the Munhwa Yu clan (폐비 유씨) (15 August 1576 – 31 October 1623) First son (1596 – 1596) Yi Ji, Deposed Crown Prince (이지 폐세자) (31 December 1598 – 22 July 1623), second son Third son (? – 1603) Royal Consort So-ui of the Papyeong Yun clan (? – 14 March 1623) (소의 윤씨) First daughter (1619–1664) (옹주) Royal Consort So-ui of the Pungsan Hong clan (소의 홍씨) (? – 1623) Royal Consort So-ui of the Andong Gwon clan (숙의 권씨) Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Yangcheon Heo clan (숙의 허씨) Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Wonju Won clan (숙의 원씨) Royal Consort So-yong of the Dongnae Jeong clan (소용 정씨) (? – 1623) Royal Consort So-yong of the Pungcheon Im clan (소용 임씨) (1598 – 1628) Royal Consort So-won of the Yeongsan Shin clan (소원 신씨) Royal Consort Sug-won of the Han clan (숙원 한씨) Court Lady Kim (상궁 김씨) (1584 – 1623) Court Lady Yi (상궁 이씨) Court Lady Choe (상궁 최씨) Court Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (궁인 조씨) Court Lady Byeon (궁인 변씨) His eulogistic name The Great King Checheon Heung'un Jundeok Honggong Sinseong Yeongsuk Heummun Inmu Seoryun Ipgi Myeongseong Gwangryeol Yungbong Hyeonbo Mujeong Junghui Yecheol Jang'ui Jangheon Sunjeong Geon'ui Sujeong Changdo Sung'eop of Korea In popular culture Film and television Portrayed by Kim Kyu-chul in the 1995 KBS2 TV Series West Palace. Portrayed by Lee Ho-seong in the 2008 MBC TV series Tamra, the Island. Portrayed by Kim Seung-soo in the 1999–2000 MBC TV series Hur Jun. Portrayed by Ji Sung in the 2003 SBS TV series The King's Woman. Portrayed by Lee In in the 2004–2005 KBS1 TV series Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin. Portrayed by Jo Hee-bong in the 2008 KBS2 TV series Hong Gil-dong. Portrayed by Lee Byung-hun in the 2012 film Masquerade. Portrayed by Lee Sang-yoon and Noh Young-hak in the 2013 MBC TV series Goddess of Fire. Portrayed by In Gyo-jin in the MBC TV series Hur Jun, The Original Story. Portrayed by Seo In-guk in the 2014 KBS2 TV series The King's Face. Portrayed by Cha Seung-won and Lee Tae-hwan in the 2015 MBC TV series Splendid Politics. Portrayed by Noh Young-hak in the 2015 KBS1 TV series The Jingbirok: A Memoir of Imjin War. Portrayed by Yeo Jin-goo in the 2017 film Warriors of the Dawn and 2019 tvN TV series The Crowned Clown. Portrayed by Jung Joon-ho in the 2019 KBS2 TV series The Tale of Nokdu. Portrayed by Jang Hyun-sung in the 2020 film The Swordsman. Portrayed by Choi Won-young in the 2020 JTBC TV series Mystic Pop-up Bar. Portrayed by Kim Tae-woo in the 2021 MBN TV Series Bossam: Steal the Fate. Music Referenced in rapper Agust D's 2020 regnal march inspired Daechwita. Both the song's lyrics and accompanying Lumpens music video draw further from the 2012 film Masquerade with Agust D portraying a scarred tyrant threatened by the arrival of his modern era doppelganger. Literature Gwanghae's Lover, a 2013 novel written by Euodia. Originally posted on web portal Naver, it is a love story about Gwanghae and a time traveling high school girl. See also List of monarchs of Korea References 1575 births 1641 deaths Leaders ousted by a coup 17th-century Korean monarchs 16th-century Korean monarchs Regents of Korea Dethroned monarchs Monarchs who abdicated	[ -0.8770904541015625, -0.08653495460748672, 0.2020563930273056, 0.08478732407093048, -1.0056178569793701, 0.664367139339447, 0.34636858105659485, 0.0022669779136776924, -0.6062347292900085, -0.2981453835964203, 0.057306449860334396, 0.22695787250995636, -0.5039865970611572, 0.08777498453855515, -0.6194556355476379, 0.3849661350250244, 0.954137921333313, 0.2449813336133957, -0.4682040214538574, -0.453439861536026, -0.1519395112991333, -0.4149542450904846, 0.16321617364883423, -0.06348609924316406, 1.0448224544525146, 0.15599969029426575, 0.4835584759712219, 0.23297038674354553, 0.6302550435066223, -0.2886253595352173, 0.2691510021686554, 0.2443079799413681, 0.29445168375968933, -0.21808336675167084, -0.579526960849762, 0.2534402310848236, -0.2469586879014969, -0.21761201322078705, -0.20443908870220184, 0.5546978116035461, -0.14831484854221344, 0.23431895673274994, 0.0015585211804136634, 0.7721066474914551, 0.17708252370357513, -0.6930989623069763, -1.4748072624206543, 0.30313950777053833, -0.40826839208602905, 0.026665227487683296, -0.344574511051178, 0.786400556564331, -0.14258626103401184, 0.21733547747135162, 0.2697284519672394, 0.38853371143341064, -0.26592689752578735, -0.22265030443668365, -0.43443524837493896, -0.4416409432888031, 0.3910701870918274, -0.01840616948902607, 0.3661620020866394, -0.1114615723490715, -0.29172682762145996, -0.44016680121421814, 0.3587893843650818, 0.5074535608291626, 0.09081558883190155, -0.06983192265033722, 0.15061141550540924, 0.9440594911575317, 0.07838132232427597, 0.46767011284828186, 0.2867925763130188, -0.7905403971672058, 0.1523226499557495, 0.2125677466392517, 0.16676537692546844, -0.3374594748020172, -0.4767586886882782, -0.4060690999031067, 0.2661857306957245, 0.44909897446632385, 0.150516539812088, 0.1450774222612381, -0.1372835636138916, 0.6016846895217896, -0.7189915180206299, 0.0443134643137455, -0.04439656808972359, 0.004411664325743914, 0.31813472509384155, 0.072593092918396, -0.5183072090148926, -0.006648711860179901, 0.09160920977592468, 0.14079216122627258, -0.46884602308273315, 0.06493084132671356, 0.34070220589637756, 0.2852395176887512, -0.2228701114654541, -0.38949865102767944, -0.992020308971405, -0.5906180739402771, 0.1142178326845169, -0.4184296727180481, -0.5362220406532288, -0.1548064798116684, -0.7672622203826904, 0.24428445100784302, 0.23211704194545746, 0.14334848523139954, 0.43797576427459717, 0.4189006984233856, -0.6496438980102539, -0.2938660979270935, 0.2441626638174057, 0.023481741547584534, 0.16472314298152924, 0.26545390486717224, -0.8200556635856628, 0.3815777897834778, 0.011342175304889679, -0.4419824182987213, -0.49305278062820435, -0.005817397031933069, -0.4422781765460968, 0.08730718493461609, 0.5896145701408386, 0.6904891729354858, -0.32904601097106934, -0.3268868625164032, -0.10688340663909912, -0.3191392719745636, 0.5390408635139465, 0.340881884098053, -0.26759427785873413, 0.024216491729021072, -0.9612430930137634, -0.31211280822753906, -0.44777244329452515, -0.3645632266998291, -0.11604779213666916, 0.32703927159309387, -0.40325605869293213, -0.39983871579170227, -0.7559302449226379, -0.07518302649259567, -0.19644391536712646, -0.5134611129760742, -0.3874654173851013, -0.0219004824757576, -0.5706844925880432, 0.7200904488563538, -0.1084195077419281, 0.0055672163143754005, 0.16283681988716125, 0.4555535316467285, -0.04636365547776222, 0.025660719722509384, -0.6526144742965698, 0.015471105463802814, -0.00474930414929986, 0.3690837621688843, 0.1725415736436844, 0.48370561003685, -0.4724503755569458, -0.7541142106056213, -0.05957749858498573, -0.07286058366298676, -0.08064919710159302, -0.418519526720047, 0.48159828782081604, 0.5229498744010925, 0.3680207431316376, -0.2948139011859894, -0.22792565822601318, -0.3145016133785248, -0.7793530225753784, 0.10452426970005035, 0.38774293661117554, 0.0603763721883297, 0.3182389438152313, 0.256204217672348, 0.010471479035913944, -0.43807336688041687, 0.5082342028617859, -0.6809099316596985, 0.21715030074119568, -0.20824384689331055, 0.40816551446914673, -0.22591301798820496, 1.12489652633667, 0.31183186173439026, 0.16763806343078613, 0.03799160569906235, -0.46467703580856323, 0.994418740272522, 0.4370096027851105, -0.7076824903488159, 0.3851897716522217, 0.0840989351272583, 0.6084455847740173, 0.3590599000453949, -0.3303520977497101, 0.6820918917655945, 0.8087822198867798, 0.7474725246429443, 0.37450364232063293, -0.6104595065116882, -0.036261409521102905, 0.19475072622299194, -0.16402697563171387, -0.284167617559433, -0.1812276542186737, -0.035264723002910614, -0.023898204788565636, -0.46379581093788147, 1.0152950286865234, 0.11067402362823486, -0.34261444211006165, 1.3439788818359375, -0.2787301540374756, 1.0319863557815552, -0.22470347583293915, 0.3612057566642761, -0.4981628656387329, -0.4530356228351593, 0.16904762387275696, 0.0358709953725338, 0.4998490810394287, -0.17384810745716095, -0.06757446378469467, -0.2010379284620285, 0.020206816494464874, 0.22193707525730133, 0.06575809419155121, -0.7471456527709961, 0.042280327528715134, -0.053387969732284546, -0.3621658682823181, 0.26460155844688416, 0.2510417699813843, 0.3882142901420593, -0.5498748421669006, 0.3368179202079773, -0.26005789637565613, -0.7002643942832947, -0.04258647933602333, 0.4919690489768982, 0.36117517948150635, -0.2363257110118866, 0.06925651431083679, -0.741867184638977, 0.020175142213702202, -0.20938128232955933, -0.26813384890556335, 0.32710394263267517, 0.5523972511291504, -0.3545522093772888, 0.2530713677406311, 0.2747066915035248, -0.21001876890659332, 0.13072314858436584, 0.6203476786613464, -0.24361972510814667, 0.1356782615184784, 0.12928365170955658, -0.27616217732429504, -0.37118422985076904, -0.6695393919944763, -0.1707657426595688, -0.2089824229478836, -0.5416021347045898, 0.08861790597438812, 0.27377793192863464, -0.3684094250202179, -0.979446291923523, 0.6030798554420471, 0.5911683440208435, 0.1657337099313736, -0.5996072292327881, -0.4354809820652008, -0.17736124992370605, -0.7422002553939819, -0.3409109115600586, 0.0963372141122818, -0.08958587050437927, -0.2975998818874359, 0.6885284185409546, -0.450927197933197, -0.1991901695728302, -0.3303600549697876, 0.8238533139228821, -0.3486784100532532, 0.1300908625125885, 0.7781434059143066, 0.09271599352359772, -0.719729483127594, -0.588277280330658, -0.2429216206073761, 0.4727466404438019, 0.13852453231811523, 0.2716066241264343, -0.20767803490161896, 0.47333985567092896, -5.45418643951416, -0.7754085659980774, -0.11267734318971634, -0.3607984483242035, 0.189783975481987, 0.4471990764141083, 0.24315482378005981, -0.14344783127307892, 1.0634762048721313, 0.008707519620656967, 0.28687047958374023, -0.5038555860519409, -0.15375640988349915, -0.077786386013031, 0.28964120149612427, 0.39941534399986267, 0.3264467418193817, -0.12278265506029129, 0.2369493991136551, -0.03573203831911087, -0.18785713613033295, -0.22156284749507904, -0.32014235854148865, 0.7968845963478088, 0.4287816882133484, 0.5156455636024475, -0.1986130326986313, -0.6262329816818237, -0.5158646106719971, -0.03816656023263931, -0.129171684384346, -0.1931627243757248, 0.3099892735481262, 0.16291047632694244, -0.2450072467327118, -0.505683183670044, 0.862560510635376, 0.6730555891990662, -0.19420725107192993, 0.3841598629951477, 0.1762039065361023, -0.34971556067466736, -1.0497148036956787, 0.3947259187698364, 0.2634221315383911, -0.6239959597587585, -0.9894055128097534, -0.09667294472455978, -0.8630459904670715, 0.4400104880332947, -0.15645523369312286, 0.3032875061035156, 0.39740630984306335, -0.629566490650177, 0.5252798795700073, 0.4149533212184906, -0.2714430093765259, 0.3081027865409851, -0.23332427442073822, 0.3551182448863983, 0.36245042085647583, 0.03589363023638725, -0.5475344657897949, 0.07796227186918259, -0.11668142676353455, -0.07404139637947083, 0.15446965396404266, 0.157967671751976, 0.2814209461212158, 0.26753732562065125, -0.14046268165111542, 0.8304242491722107, 0.36427778005599976, -0.9430440068244934, 0.47028690576553345, 0.05349123477935791, -0.7217667698860168, 0.32809385657310486, 0.24686086177825928, -0.10465198755264282, 0.026846235617995262, 0.4567999839782715, 0.15840454399585724, 0.8630121946334839, 0.10755743086338043, 0.14391502737998962, 0.07445859909057617, -0.10226822644472122, 0.35485073924064636, 0.9729907512664795, 0.4632370173931122, -1.1068154573440552, 0.09717666357755661, 0.13389736413955688, 0.6486518383026123, 0.32772886753082275, -0.36088359355926514, 0.49442580342292786, 0.23011957108974457, -0.3866082429885864, 0.5679358243942261, 0.1566639393568039, -0.39205554127693176, -0.14297641813755035, 0.09646350890398026, -0.021045854315161705, -0.27339139580726624, 0.0373690202832222, 0.716016411781311, 0.2751472592353821, 0.08999091386795044, -0.4687023162841797, -0.11397996544837952, -0.07274112105369568, 0.38314300775527954, -0.6865435242652893, -0.04242672771215439, 0.3501174747943878, 0.33220261335372925, -0.16668221354484558, -0.238386869430542, 0.7539329528808594, -0.4880123734474182, -0.06285972148180008, 0.3612408936023712, 0.2780819535255432, -0.572110652923584, 0.9933638572692871, -0.33523333072662354, -0.255583256483078, 0.29504159092903137, -0.16909174621105194, -0.02790781855583191, -0.05743382126092911, -0.31927111744880676, -0.773902416229248, -0.3821289539337158, -0.6340290307998657, 0.2282748520374298, 0.3707685172557831, -0.631613552570343, -0.400833398103714, 0.07557108998298645, -0.22727319598197937, -0.4031611382961273, 0.13325926661491394, 0.11744978278875351, -0.2210237681865692, -0.08910777419805527, 0.7479995489120483, -0.18768274784088135, -0.7923938632011414, 0.5081708431243896, -0.25472956895828247, -0.28936827182769775, -0.04099585860967636, -0.48608726263046265, -0.3239932060241699, -0.6618627905845642, -0.1906243860721588, -0.10566915571689606, -0.2478296458721161, -0.4698149263858795, -0.3933127522468567, 0.12483874708414078, 0.11445160955190659, -0.2334393411874771, 0.18181411921977997, -0.55901700258255, 0.7178364992141724, 0.7231167554855347, -0.9380216002464294, -0.25710755586624146, -0.10372297465801239, 0.5641897916793823, -0.5053082704544067, 0.07760973274707794, 0.11110683530569077, 0.14600035548210144, 0.4603797495365143, -0.2983056604862213, -0.005034077912569046, -0.09920302033424377, 0.49303171038627625, 0.47579315304756165, -0.5381121635437012, 0.1428886204957962, -1.1430343389511108, -0.09906928241252899, -0.18484799563884735, -0.017284134402871132, -0.04243737459182739, -0.42761680483818054, -0.14289332926273346, 0.05232171714305878, -0.41282930970191956, -0.16569751501083374, 0.13013087213039398, 0.43329668045043945, -0.08601394295692444, -0.0952327698469162, 0.6074074506759644, -0.5662441253662109, 0.02216564677655697, 0.3698677122592926, -0.6347204446792603, 0.32507559657096863, 0.2838452160358429, 0.6287880539894104, 0.35563957691192627, -0.1264602243900299, -1.0475388765335083, -0.23001834750175476, 0.1357641965150833, 0.14228613674640656, 0.0953916534781456, 0.12008780986070633, -0.1191018596291542, -0.45578110218048096, -0.9674516916275024, -0.7614790797233582, -0.32313117384910583, -0.6752236485481262, -0.015024162828922272, -0.2589949071407318, 0.21283316612243652, -0.1482822299003601, 0.2843647301197052, 0.3877048194408417, -0.6414593458175659, 0.0319991260766983, 0.07969170063734055, 0.7443633079528809, 0.9495256543159485, -0.14111727476119995, -0.1342250257730484, 0.3572785556316376, -0.41103678941726685, 0.3211912512779236, 0.46224290132522583, 0.6291291117668152, 0.9664112329483032, -0.27813711762428284, -0.23489995300769806, 0.12292251735925674, 0.3006841540336609, -0.07300816476345062, -0.4004885256290436, 0.5917279720306396, 0.26080310344696045, 0.2856317162513733, -0.6128886938095093, -0.45563551783561707, -0.2588036060333252, 0.9597427248954773, -0.9760328531265259, 0.40606221556663513, 0.5018747448921204, -0.07611587643623352, -0.01489440817385912, -0.8148787021636963, 0.20149178802967072, 0.28671368956565857, -0.3402000665664673, 0.19353356957435608, 0.3182693421840668, -1.0117015838623047, -0.2273431271314621, 0.048548102378845215, 0.056547679007053375, -0.5751063823699951, -0.5319139957427979, -0.12245889008045197, 0.30684956908226013, -0.31697791814804077, 0.018666168674826622, -0.5236921906471252, 0.39381179213523865, 0.2827167809009552, 0.07697368413209915, -0.9916929602622986, -0.5427438616752625, -0.07328514009714127, -0.5315055251121521, -0.19157253205776215, -1.1992254257202148, 0.4364485442638397, 0.03798438981175423, -0.06369598954916, 0.07754098623991013, -0.26495176553726196, 0.11711311340332031, -0.07760808616876602, 0.21234561502933502, -0.23874647915363312, 0.8025781512260437, -0.2550952434539795, -0.008919114246964455, 0.08133260160684586, 0.20156097412109375, -0.3240155875682831, -0.28840821981430054, 0.056671470403671265, 0.22284647822380066, 0.11444704979658127, -0.06324329972267151, 0.21343104541301727, -0.09786159545183182, -0.2517348825931549, 0.3045633137226105, 0.5189386606216431, 0.45596054196357727, 0.2602202594280243, -0.11452454328536987, -0.5167680382728577, 0.012039916589856148, 0.01950433850288391, -0.3502396047115326, -0.5530099272727966, -0.32398536801338196, 0.24364754557609558, 0.4879738390445709, -0.4243590235710144, 0.7935411334037781, 0.6427367925643921, 0.1495610773563385, -0.08740445226430893, 0.20703895390033722, -0.0173863023519516, 0.32619014382362366, -0.18161872029304504, -0.28014498949050903, -0.25770896673202515, 0.5837210416793823, 0.13955649733543396, -0.05796792730689049, 0.721224844455719, -0.5963466763496399, 0.078706756234169, 0.8554538488388062, 0.09208323806524277, 0.6276199221611023, -0.8514131903648376, 0.03782658651471138, -0.13050393760204315, 0.300395131111145, 0.07437483966350555, 0.12863284349441528, 0.26292821764945984, 0.021902304142713547, 0.28964686393737793, 0.16545370221138, 0.4649817645549774, -0.49987170100212097, 0.14071321487426758, 0.6599420309066772, 0.18362762033939362, 0.10088469088077545, -0.0034775841049849987, -0.21647924184799194, 0.07718455046415329, -0.2941136360168457, 0.6182203888893127, 0.046604882925748825, 0.24065454304218292, 0.31307169795036316, -0.3576183319091797, 0.26468315720558167, -0.20696035027503967, -0.009922567754983902, -0.22251854836940765, -0.5287940502166748, 0.34399285912513733, -0.1893872171640396, -0.5522394776344299, 0.6845512986183167, 0.8752566576004028, 0.12602193653583527, -0.009155684150755405, -0.1612721085548401, -0.14493724703788757, 0.19899427890777588, 0.2841119170188904, -0.5755873322486877, 0.48013243079185486, 0.48996374011039734, 0.06007934734225273, 0.5007637143135071, -0.7861048579216003, 0.19396564364433289, 0.3095490336418152, -0.2842787206172943, -0.27155962586402893, 0.2952079176902771, 0.05184056609869003, -0.13681679964065552, 0.009893981739878654, 0.6559842824935913, 0.7247626185417175, 0.11738500744104385, 0.23735859990119934, 0.06394881755113602, 0.12707272171974182, 0.4377872049808502, -0.5445294976234436, 0.43544286489486694, -0.5974075794219971, 0.35800042748451233, -0.28686994314193726, -0.029076706618070602, -0.2079087346792221, 0.3333255350589752, 0.02970106340944767, -0.024335376918315887, -0.4949893653392792, 0.3692433536052704, 0.9232953190803528, -0.5833249688148499, 0.19554652273654938, -0.4200209975242615, -0.042663801461458206, -0.339404821395874, -0.1401686817407608, 0.305451899766922, 0.18120217323303223, -0.06545953452587128, 0.3179863691329956, 0.36179375648498535, 0.4805162847042084, 0.7476280331611633, -0.007825586944818497, -0.5601220726966858, -0.3013583719730377, -0.738683819770813, 0.5832024216651917, -0.0772288367152214, 0.6679641008377075, 0.4810309112071991, -0.2701132297515869, -0.2595168650150299, 0.1560228168964386, -0.05814220756292343, 0.319992333650589, 0.42928799986839294, -0.02412131428718567, -0.3583837151527405, 0.5233389139175415, -0.2070070207118988, -0.3242594301700592, -0.060191020369529724, 0.31542325019836426, -0.20611891150474548, 0.5869438648223877, -0.38750025629997253, 0.22619794309139252, -0.10671183466911316, -0.31401053071022034, -0.24521243572235107, -0.22014860808849335, -0.20296931266784668 ]
216404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Wallbanger	Harvey Wallbanger	The Harvey Wallbanger is a mixed drink made with vodka, Galliano, and orange juice. History The Harvey Wallbanger appears in literature as early as 1971. The cocktail is reputed to have been invented in 1952 by three-time world champion mixologist Donato "Duke" Antone, and named by Antone after a surfer frequenting Antone's Blackwatch Bar in Los Angeles. However, recent research by culinary historians casts doubt on this theory. Spirits writer Robert Simonson goes so far as to say that "no sane person ever believed that story." Simonson emphasizes the lack of a historical record for any Blackwatch Bar, and indicates that, in fact, Antone lived in Hartford, Connecticut, rather than Los Angeles during the relevant period. Other historians such as David Wondrich emphasize the role of McKesson Imports Company and its marketing team for developing the drink, confirming among other things that the company commissioned a graphic artist to develop a "Harvey Wallbanger" scantily-clad surfer mascot in the late 1960s. It is known that McKesson executive George Bednar was instrumental in promoting the drink as a means of selling its component Galliano liqueur, and Bednar claimed to have penned a popular tagline for the drink: "Harvey Wallbanger is the name. And I can be made!". Other uses The 1982 Milwaukee Brewers, winners of the American League pennant, were nicknamed "Harvey's Wallbangers," because of the team's power hitting (wallbanging) under mid-season manager Harvey Kuenn. After a mediocre 23–24 start to the season, manager Buck Rodgers was fired. Under Kuenn, the team went 72–43 (.626), led the Major Leagues in home runs and total bases, and produced the highest team OPS+ since the New York Yankees. Conservative talk-show host Michael Savage refers to rival conservative talk-show host Sean Hannity as Harvey Wallbanger. References Notes Cocktails with liqueur Cocktails with vodka Food and drink introduced in 1952 Three-ingredient cocktails Cocktails with orange juice	[ 0.040448758751153946, 0.5044664144515991, -0.044091545045375824, -0.3154841661453247, -0.5871623754501343, 0.25845590233802795, 0.43111708760261536, 0.512871265411377, -0.17903082072734833, 0.3268560767173767, -0.1179594025015831, 0.3350014090538025, -0.16007016599178314, -0.10032545030117035, 0.22391746938228607, 0.3590039014816284, 0.9623900651931763, 0.7396498918533325, -0.11686678230762482, -0.2532557249069214, 0.37235283851623535, -0.5817542672157288, 0.4398331940174103, -0.3916298747062683, 0.06158395856618881, 0.12941616773605347, 0.12498264759778976, -0.29159462451934814, -0.4699198007583618, 0.20741257071495056, -0.02553476393222809, 1.05636727809906, 0.3894861936569214, -0.976686418056488, 0.028113218024373055, 0.541297972202301, 0.11904442310333252, 0.010135438293218613, -0.007069287355989218, -0.15007150173187256, 0.018501129001379013, -0.002618037397041917, 0.364223837852478, 0.06745324283838272, 0.2236481010913849, -0.2500985264778137, -1.4428714513778687, 0.11224418133497238, -1.0072559118270874, -0.06309332698583603, -0.10402826219797134, 0.6288349032402039, -0.2866664528846741, -0.13591808080673218, 0.24262531101703644, 0.4548962116241455, -0.8666207790374756, -0.06372339278459549, -0.02783014066517353, 0.01516853366047144, 0.01630381867289543, 0.41393566131591797, 0.1602160483598709, -0.3735150396823883, 0.10367796570062637, 0.2358245551586151, -0.329074889421463, 0.8137335777282715, -0.3102760910987854, -0.4800332188606262, -0.15906962752342224, -0.447381854057312, -0.31429576873779297, -0.5624904632568359, 0.3441781997680664, -0.40069475769996643, 0.22826653718948364, -0.16857367753982544, -0.32112938165664673, 0.08772382885217667, -0.19313405454158783, -0.11606168746948242, 0.959261953830719, 0.561657190322876, 0.2126196026802063, 0.2530617415904999, -0.0818878710269928, -0.2365875095129013, -0.25111132860183716, 0.05747457221150398, -0.79196697473526, 0.47744274139404297, 0.9687469005584717, 0.278780072927475, 0.06424906849861145, -0.365378201007843, 0.07706798613071442, 0.43054133653640747, 0.2742258310317993, 0.11351776123046875, 0.05680057033896446, 0.8380355834960938, 0.1287897527217865, -0.19591546058654785, -0.5292416214942932, 0.3497384786605835, -0.1512242704629898, -0.49514371156692505, -0.13014937937259674, 0.2134256809949875, -0.720273494720459, 0.2550714910030365, 0.5931761860847473, 0.3218301236629486, -0.22692981362342834, 0.1532924920320511, 0.7930411100387573, -0.20524962246418, -0.31081143021583557, 0.33370736241340637, 0.17958125472068787, 1.098649263381958, 0.09950996190309525, 0.3603755533695221, 0.2101559340953827, -0.0868709534406662, 0.09475503116846085, 0.9583714604377747, -0.1837187260389328, 0.18918810784816742, 0.2333848923444748, 0.41012510657310486, 0.175491601228714, -0.18942010402679443, -0.4250448942184448, -0.32204723358154297, 0.8493378162384033, 0.13848568499088287, 0.3977833688259125, -0.21267712116241455, -0.9798567295074463, -0.47154104709625244, -0.613947331905365, -0.507167398929596, 0.24431875348091125, -0.30861857533454895, 0.08382296562194824, -0.49561259150505066, 0.49966180324554443, -0.4756265878677368, -0.02881759963929653, -0.18633465468883514, -0.12538962066173553, -0.18938490748405457, -0.09338739514350891, 0.7581731677055359, -0.15890198945999146, -0.2241290658712387, 0.2955564260482788, -0.289133220911026, 0.1948559582233429, -0.08651938289403915, -0.556734561920166, -0.18242576718330383, 0.7715498208999634, -0.4333350658416748, -0.34505853056907654, 0.5409315824508667, 0.05133356899023056, 0.03642893210053444, -0.08106493949890137, 0.35795125365257263, 0.6698532700538635, -0.506833553314209, 0.3466840982437134, 0.11523529142141342, 1.160204529762268, 0.7368046641349792, 0.7365422248840332, -0.2096986323595047, -0.586275041103363, 0.3474903702735901, 0.08174500614404678, -0.3281083106994629, 0.4804019033908844, 0.1568778157234192, 0.031092166900634766, -0.3844066560268402, 0.35526731610298157, 0.2607722580432892, -0.4291488528251648, -0.1569703370332718, 0.004133748821914196, 0.21581590175628662, 0.5455260872840881, -0.12255588173866272, -1.21697998046875, 0.49845340847969055, 0.38875484466552734, 0.4268896281719208, -0.5349942445755005, 0.13006843626499176, 0.4569343328475952, -0.04515222832560539, -1.1271651983261108, -0.11492219567298889, 0.19149626791477203, -0.288878858089447, 0.5094394087791443, 0.6699932217597961, 0.4064061641693115, -1.0816704034805298, 0.37214937806129456, -0.49099794030189514, -0.44568532705307007, 0.7635892629623413, -0.3054264485836029, 0.31359660625457764, 0.22213736176490784, 0.08669975399971008, 0.25445258617401123, 0.28013384342193604, -0.30952969193458557, 0.997025728225708, -0.24533182382583618, 0.684482216835022, -0.12607350945472717, 0.007818966172635555, 0.27205243706703186, -0.1983773410320282, 0.7016913890838623, 0.04669858142733574, 0.039532747119665146, -0.24000070989131927, -0.5811097621917725, 0.15954869985580444, 0.3412858843803406, -0.2178703397512436, 0.10336795449256897, -0.375648558139801, 0.5712020993232727, -0.13419240713119507, -0.4025232791900635, 0.34354880452156067, -0.2772950828075409, 0.2804790735244751, -0.3238520622253418, 0.5797401070594788, 0.23847725987434387, -0.26016631722450256, 0.8348605036735535, 0.8757027387619019, -0.10658591240644455, -0.6464951038360596, 0.6482275128364563, -0.16599753499031067, -0.42372995615005493, 0.27408745884895325, 0.37482279539108276, 0.40006688237190247, -0.25614240765571594, 0.2333192229270935, 0.3660834729671478, 0.2299596667289734, -0.056650467216968536, -0.313744455575943, -0.5348901748657227, -0.11091352254152298, -0.294961541891098, -0.34142452478408813, -0.07795952260494232, 0.14308317005634308, -0.9002124667167664, 0.38605597615242004, -0.352496862411499, -0.08710447698831558, -0.5767175555229187, -0.5085564851760864, -0.722156286239624, -0.4786548316478729, 0.45831167697906494, 0.7354740500450134, 0.5695425271987915, -0.16431699693202972, -0.4460445046424866, -0.9365980625152588, -0.16815218329429626, -0.20559656620025635, -0.09553217887878418, -0.23137910664081573, -0.10210913419723511, 0.24080386757850647, 0.12276874482631683, 0.14381463825702667, -0.2236906737089157, 0.1037016287446022, -0.05405837669968605, 0.6736826300621033, 0.3110356330871582, -0.22085867822170258, 0.08817729353904724, 0.20985263586044312, -0.4301415681838989, 0.1904926300048828, -0.019117671996355057, 0.1107238382101059, -0.5353830456733704, -0.18313074111938477, -5.242321968078613, 0.27403026819229126, -0.48981520533561707, 0.27908679842948914, 0.37540319561958313, 0.25746387243270874, 0.3308205008506775, -1.2507970333099365, -0.3918197751045227, 0.05490400642156601, -0.5844104886054993, 0.015306331217288971, 0.24808385968208313, 0.3659980893135071, 0.4701889753341675, 0.09462159126996994, 0.1429716944694519, -0.5530697703361511, 0.3416861891746521, -0.15373851358890533, -0.42679131031036377, 0.39325863122940063, -0.5329380631446838, 0.5520784854888916, -0.06632470339536667, 0.5219359397888184, 0.2571147382259369, 0.11502427607774734, -0.8806259036064148, -0.049757082015275955, 0.08151960372924805, 0.14200937747955322, -0.42906689643859863, 0.06996025145053864, -0.169695645570755, 0.14709623157978058, 0.09595669060945511, -0.5228577256202698, 0.40984275937080383, -0.19079764187335968, 0.06848190724849701, 0.40808892250061035, 0.056836485862731934, -0.13391871750354767, 0.8177815079689026, -0.4022432565689087, -0.3742423951625824, -0.8261086940765381, -0.9169089198112488, 0.4955933690071106, 0.3633543848991394, -0.7841829657554626, 0.05384897440671921, 0.20974613726139069, 0.4387527108192444, 0.01633414812386036, 0.4202251732349396, 0.1600712537765503, 0.2946697771549225, -0.014316316694021225, 0.29907095432281494, 0.04212317615747452, -0.21999090909957886, 0.28167247772216797, -0.5197793245315552, -0.02902458794414997, 0.3036864697933197, -0.36341428756713867, 0.5772236585617065, -0.06259369105100632, 0.05348823592066765, 0.1547347754240036, -0.24867722392082214, -0.9524160623550415, -0.013720999471843243, -0.002713414840400219, -0.903198778629303, 0.059243667870759964, -0.3253888785839081, 0.7101889252662659, -0.03158748894929886, -0.11954841762781143, -0.4354857802391052, -0.017611347138881683, -0.23371531069278717, -0.5013617277145386, 0.35129156708717346, 0.41010400652885437, -0.18669377267360687, -0.23423895239830017, 0.17008568346500397, -0.6816761493682861, 0.37255024909973145, -0.011414611712098122, -0.7021754384040833, 1.0558820962905884, 0.12493818253278732, 0.37755677103996277, 0.12388226389884949, -0.17117753624916077, 0.5061874389648438, -0.5002998113632202, -0.0562228225171566, -0.9253339171409607, -0.25392696261405945, 0.07097285985946655, -0.41279298067092896, 0.5121874213218689, 0.1522175371646881, -0.1995682269334793, -0.22156228125095367, -0.05020594224333763, -0.027292609214782715, -0.4787372350692749, 1.0140235424041748, 0.1043819710612297, -0.34573614597320557, 0.22151747345924377, 0.39800021052360535, -0.0945129543542862, 0.37689876556396484, 0.4609273374080658, -0.11101847141981125, -0.43625450134277344, -0.23914048075675964, -0.4437512159347534, 0.3068353235721588, 0.014523024670779705, -0.13552211225032806, 0.6069573163986206, 0.07625103741884232, 0.03758588805794716, 0.1295742690563202, 0.5571439266204834, 0.055066946893930435, -0.6373406648635864, -0.43647873401641846, -0.6914856433868408, -0.3005457818508148, -0.41747674345970154, 0.2596052587032318, -0.34321439266204834, 0.24237453937530518, 0.5221571922302246, -0.03571726009249687, 0.8179082870483398, -0.37262868881225586, 0.19165368378162384, -0.5628721714019775, 0.9492762684822083, -0.4566308856010437, -0.17470864951610565, 0.17700344324111938, -0.6134739518165588, -0.10076871514320374, -0.07380218803882599, -0.28651243448257446, 0.6147745847702026, 0.38880887627601624, -0.602651834487915, 0.7921105623245239, -0.7604356408119202, -0.6538717746734619, 0.19769570231437683, -0.5677351951599121, -0.2304793894290924, 0.28097984194755554, -0.4788665771484375, -0.49189892411231995, 0.9710427522659302, -0.5523425340652466, -0.007514942903071642, -0.43931272625923157, -0.05870874971151352, 0.6296488642692566, 0.44847413897514343, -0.4018092453479767, 0.07792966812849045, -0.13641661405563354, -0.4988468587398529, -0.29084402322769165, 0.19721831381320953, -0.21160699427127838, 0.3416675329208374, 0.8444548845291138, -0.5393168330192566, -0.46194127202033997, -0.123477503657341, -0.011227685026824474, 0.28263312578201294, -0.3432931900024414, 0.6831825375556946, 0.5316867232322693, 0.40540561079978943, -0.4461599588394165, -0.6466174721717834, -0.45734673738479614, 0.7497091293334961, -0.5444082617759705, -0.6959865689277649, 0.5167320370674133, 0.8036538362503052, -0.30695840716362, 0.8664134740829468, 0.7089970111846924, -0.6408005356788635, 0.25585129857063293, -0.009285174310207367, -0.40835675597190857, 0.7909653186798096, 0.1744750589132309, -0.6320792436599731, -0.3063516318798065, 0.28039631247520447, -0.571159303188324, 0.5777130722999573, -0.153257817029953, -0.5012856125831604, -0.36809977889060974, 0.1978813111782074, -0.5447770953178406, -0.8695018291473389, -0.26991304755210876, 0.11987030506134033, -0.8287385106086731, 0.2256401926279068, 0.32531264424324036, -0.09080252796411514, 0.5619053244590759, 0.07012345641851425, 0.9199908971786499, 0.0778074562549591, 0.154488205909729, 0.608295738697052, 0.5356928706169128, 0.3928224742412567, -0.23101316392421722, 0.7704908847808838, -0.7989488840103149, 0.07550066709518433, -0.10776858031749725, 0.7907639145851135, -0.09747373312711716, -0.7085862755775452, -0.35541030764579773, -0.48591136932373047, 0.1487806886434555, -0.19973619282245636, -0.8527169227600098, -0.15430191159248352, 0.22833310067653656, -0.5462840795516968, 0.11541669070720673, -0.6300338506698608, 0.7755832076072693, -1.334237813949585, 0.09340357780456543, -0.05179396644234657, 0.09352342039346695, 0.35045549273490906, -0.02330610901117325, 1.0175344944000244, -0.6780983805656433, 0.8640744686126709, -0.05590860918164253, -0.18883392214775085, 0.028026150539517403, -0.8848615288734436, 0.17945070564746857, 0.4083138406276703, 0.024234037846326828, -0.005395194981247187, 0.5426229238510132, 0.48849406838417053, -0.32554396986961365, 0.423357218503952, -0.4140376150608063, -0.8551145195960999, -0.32978329062461853, -0.20481586456298828, -0.6691445112228394, 0.28020045161247253, -0.2186143547296524, -0.2571340799331665, 0.3333097994327545, -0.6358869671821594, -0.587435781955719, 0.03813015669584274, -0.2810420095920563, 0.16956764459609985, -0.10619115084409714, 0.8805848360061646, 0.21781153976917267, 0.2900271415710449, 0.10781803727149963, 0.4052887260913849, -0.09195059537887573, -0.10392896085977554, -0.9797195792198181, -0.40179067850112915, -0.3202735185623169, 0.17602023482322693, -0.0800742655992508, 0.18448859453201294, 0.04388046637177467, 0.21835190057754517, 0.18087224662303925, -0.2605464458465576, -0.4026215970516205, -0.3806510865688324, 0.3713144361972809, -0.9076431393623352, -0.28046688437461853, 0.11825237423181534, -0.26288703083992004, 0.0026477889623492956, 0.7333572506904602, -0.40015116333961487, -0.10254904627799988, 0.965575098991394, 0.24037188291549683, -0.4263433516025543, 0.4896383583545685, 0.04715345799922943, -0.6896922588348389, 0.5475765466690063, -0.6174744963645935, 0.09368232637643814, 0.7769065499305725, 0.08236416429281235, 0.47420361638069153, 0.3152734935283661, -0.515774667263031, 0.2907411754131317, 0.4356342852115631, -0.15346069633960724, 0.5313157439231873, -0.4131511151790619, -0.6920155882835388, 0.39757969975471497, 0.14024852216243744, 0.71624356508255, -0.11826486885547638, -0.31923186779022217, 0.6289061307907104, 0.296143501996994, -0.41029173135757446, -0.1572854220867157, 0.4639672636985779, 0.2871455252170563, -0.11202963441610336, 0.10105247795581818, -0.08034191280603409, -0.7017391920089722, 0.6874645948410034, -0.04742386192083359, -0.23429378867149353, -0.33388224244117737, -0.8579131960868835, 0.39717212319374084, -0.04729412496089935, -0.1369844228029251, -0.08354631811380386, 0.0513404943048954, -0.6702236533164978, 0.06685934215784073, -0.2952161133289337, -0.1787913590669632, -0.13138078153133392, 0.6154494285583496, -0.017092689871788025, -0.6780968308448792, 0.2512566149234772, 0.9831900596618652, 0.5318771600723267, -0.14104560017585754, 0.010162869468331337, 0.6867117285728455, -0.1231568306684494, 0.6170358061790466, -0.41338470578193665, 0.7065944075584412, -0.5502372980117798, 0.09516686946153641, -0.09460905194282532, 0.2663368880748749, -0.37415048480033875, -0.2185712456703186, -0.2756659984588623, -0.7392885684967041, -0.4258442521095276, -0.07986065745353699, -0.7426194548606873, -0.21861021220684052, 0.15337267518043518, -0.2058180868625641, -0.16491414606571198, 0.8615062832832336, -0.2279578596353531, -0.6879804134368896, 0.37264156341552734, 0.3754129707813263, 0.14413264393806458, 0.954069972038269, -0.49278685450553894, 0.1555023193359375, -1.105398178100586, -0.32030290365219116, -0.16501431167125702, 1.1943784952163696, -0.6660562753677368, 0.14843283593654633, -0.3707433044910431, 0.06529886275529861, -0.2977070212364197, 0.10386157035827637, 0.5484224557876587, -0.4510114789009094, -0.16284486651420593, -0.7721912264823914, 0.3355404734611511, -0.20347680151462555, 0.4112379848957062, -0.13651616871356964, -0.31169945001602173, 0.4407881796360016, -0.07598774880170822, -0.5537680387496948, 0.45656007528305054, -0.11118683964014053, -0.1609973907470703, 0.5536814332008362, -0.4727243483066559, 0.08851668238639832, -0.8108150959014893, -0.43326714634895325, 0.49613848328590393, 0.48155882954597473, -0.03311065956950188, 0.17032921314239502, 0.008474021218717098, -0.7800424098968506, 0.16137811541557312, -0.2924031913280487, -0.15208053588867188, 0.06927408277988434, 0.44117799401283264, -0.3639869689941406, -0.0248736422508955, 0.6029018759727478, -0.18968811631202698, -0.1452118158340454, 0.04917236417531967, 0.09722519665956497, -0.23567339777946472, 0.7725560069084167, -0.09952783584594727, -0.6179451942443848, -0.3806171715259552, -0.3354654312133789 ]
216405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20for%20Growth	Club for Growth	The Club for Growth is a 501(c)(4) conservative organization active in the United States, with an agenda focused on cutting taxes and other economic policy issues. Club for Growth's largest funders are the billionaires Jeff Yass and Richard Uihlein. The club has two political arms: an affiliated traditional political action committee, called the Club for Growth PAC, and Club for Growth Action, an independent-expenditure only committee or Super-PAC. According to its website, the Club for Growth's policy goals include cutting income tax rates, repealing the estate tax, supporting limited government and a balanced budget amendment, entitlement reform (including Social Security reform, Medicare and Medicaid reform), free trade, tort reform, school choice, and deregulation. The group has opposed government action to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The Club for Growth PAC endorses and raises money for candidates who meet its standards for fiscal conservatism. According to Politico, "The Club for Growth is the pre-eminent institution promoting Republican adherence to a free-market, free-trade, anti-regulation agenda." The Guardian described the group as "one of the biggest backers" of Republicans who later voted to overturn the results of the 2020 United States presidential election, having spent around $20 million on their campaigns in 2018 and 2020. History The Club for Growth was founded in 1999 by Stephen Moore, Thomas L. Rhodes, and Richard Gilder. Moore served as the first president of the Club from 1999 until December 2004, when board members voted to remove Moore as president. In 2003 through 2004, the Club for Growth was the largest single fund-raiser for Republican House and Senate candidates, outside of the Republican Party itself, raising nearly $22 million. Future Pennsylvania United States Senator Pat Toomey served as president from 2005 until his resignation in April 2009. Former Indiana Congressman Chris Chocola succeeded Toomey. Chocola served as president through December 2014. He remains a member of the Club's board. Former Indiana Congressman David McIntosh was named president in January 2015. On September 19, 2005, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) filed suit against the Club for Growth alleging violations of the Federal Election Campaign Act for failing to register as a political action committee in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 congressional elections. In September 2007, the Citizens Club for Growth (the Club for Growth changed its name) and the FEC agreed to settle the lawsuit. According to their joint filing, Citizens Club for Growth said "that it operated under the good faith belief that it had not triggered political committee status ... [and] [f]or the purposes of this settlement, and in order to avoid protracted litigation costs, without admitting or denying each specific basis for the [FEC's] conclusions," Citizens Club for Growth no longer contested the alleged violations and agreed to pay $350,000 in civil penalties. According to the Associated Press, the settlement was one of "a series of actions by the FEC to penalize independent political groups that spent money to influence elections but did not register as political committees. The groups, called 527 organizations for the section of the IRS code ... , played a significant role in the 2004 congressional and presidential elections by raising unlimited amounts of money from labor groups, corporations and wealthy individuals." On June 25, 2012, U.S. District Court Judge Robert L. Wilkins issued an order stating that the FEC "is FORMALLY REPRIMANDED as a sanction for violating explicitly clear orders" (emphasis in original text) regarding confidentiality in the 2007 settlement agreement." In 2010, the Club's political arms spent about $8.6 million directly on candidates and bundled another $6 million from Club members, directing those funds to candidates. In 2012, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, Club members donated at least $4 million, and the Club's political arms spent nearly $18 million on elections. In 2013, the Club for Growth super PAC's donors included Peter Thiel, an early backer of Facebook and a co-founder of PayPal, who gave $2 million; Virginia James ($1.2 million); John W. Childs ($1.1 million), chairman and founder of the Boston-based private equity firm J.W. Childs Associates; Robert D. Arnott ($750,000), the chairman and chief executive of California-based Research Affiliates; Robert Mercer, the co-chief executive of Renaissance Technologies and part-owner of Cambridge Analytica, gave $600,000; and hedge fund manager Paul Singer gave $100,000. The Club for Growth's super PAC, which historically has been most active in Republican primary elections, spent more in general elections in the 2018 cycle than it ever had before. This trend was expected to continue into 2020. Club for Growth president David McIntosh described the Club's evolution, saying "We want to be the political arm of the conservative movement—inside the Republican Party." In June 2020, The Hill wrote that the Club was "flexing its financial muscle this year, doling out millions of dollars to conservative congressional candidates and outspending most other outside groups as it looks to help the GOP keep control of the Senate and improve Republican chances in the House." The Club for Growth raised $55 million in 2020, "making 2020 its most lucrative cycle yet." The Club, which said it planned to spend at least $35 million in the 2020 election cycle, outspent most other groups not affiliated with presidential candidates. According to a Guardian analysis, the organisation was one of the biggest backers of the Republican lawmakers who tried to overturn the 2020 US election results. It spent $20m to support their campaigns in 2018 and 2020. One of the largest donors was Jeffrey Yass who in 2020 donated $20.7m to the Club. Mission Founder Stephen Moore has said, "We want to be seen as the tax cut enforcer in the [Republican] party." Unlike many other political action committees, the Club for Growth's PAC regularly participates in funding candidates for primary elections. The Club focuses more on open seats than on challenging sitting Republicans, but it has helped to unseat a number of incumbent Republicans. The Club for Growth has established a vetting process for potential candidates that involves one or more interviews, research on the race and the candidate's record, and a poll conducted to establish whether the candidate has a viable chance for victory. Each election cycle, the Club's PAC endorses candidates and encourages donors to support the endorsed candidates. Promoting a more conservative agenda, the Club is known for targeting "establishment" Republican candidates. Issue advocacy 2003 In 2003, the original Club for Growth strongly opposed the Medicare prescription drug benefit proposal. The Club for Growth strongly supported the Bush tax cuts of 2003 and ran television ads against two Republicans who voiced opposition to the tax cuts. According to The New York Times, "Last spring, [Club for Growth president Steve] Moore attacked two Republican Senators who were resisting the latest tax cut: George Voinovich of Ohio and Olympia Snowe of Maine. He ran ads in each of their states in which he compared them with the French president, Jacques Chirac. Karl Rove, President Bush's political advisor, stated that the ads were "stupid" and "counterproductive". 2005 In 2005, Pat Toomey became president and the Club for Growth created a congressional scorecard. The Club's first key vote alert was an amendment sponsored by a Democrat. Representative Earl Blumenauer offered an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill that would have reduced the sugar program by 6 percent. The Club for Growth supported the amendment, which failed, 146–280. The Club fought to support the Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement in 2005, running print advertisements in local Beltway publications in the Washington, DC area. According to Roll Call, "Former Rep. Pat Toomey (R-Pa.), president of the Club for Growth, a CAFTA supporter, said his group continued running advertisements before the Congressional vote." The Club opposed the 2005 highway bill. President Bush threatened to veto the bill but did sign it. The Christian Science Monitor quoted David Keating saying, "For fiscal conservatives, it's frustrating to watch ... He's beginning to lose all credibility with these veto threats." According to The Washington Post, "The Club for Growth, a conservative group that funds like-minded candidates for Congress, has turned the highway legislation into a bumper sticker for the GOP's fiscal failings. Keating said to the Chicago Sun-Times, "It is a pork-laden bill." The Christian Science Monitor reported Toomey saying, "This is a defining moment. The Republican Party came to power in 1995 by advocating limited government. But in the last four to five years, there has been no evidence that the Republican officials in the federal government have any remaining commitment to this vital principle." During the debate on the highway bill, the Club supported an amendment by Tom Coburn that would defund the noted "Bridge to Nowhere" in Alaska. Following the Supreme Court's Kelo v. City of New London decision, the Club gained an appropriations amendment by Scott Garrett to prohibit funds in the bill from being used to enforce the Court's decision. The amendment passed, 231–189. The Club for Growth PAC highlighted this vote when it targeted Joe Schwarz, a House Republican who it helped defeat in 2006, claiming he was too liberal. 2006 In the spring of 2006, the Club opposed the 527 Reform Act, which curtailed spending by such political organizations. It led a coalition of center-right groups in sending letters to Congress to support its position. The House passed the 527 Reform Act by a margin of 218–209, but the Senate did not consider the legislation. The Club for Growth supported various amendments to cut earmarks in the budget, such as "dairy education" and a "wine initiative." The Club included assessment of sponsorship of the card check bill in its scorecard. If lawmakers co-sponsored the bill, they were docked points in the rating system. 2007 The Club for Growth issued a new scorecard in 2007 that highlighted how House members voted on several amendments that defunded earmarks. Sixteen congressmen scored a perfect 100% on the so-called "RePORK Card", voting for all 50 anti-pork amendments. They were all Republicans. Conversely, 105 congressmen (81 Democrats and 24 Republicans) scored a 0%, voting against every single amendment. In 2007, the Club also scored against House bills that increased the minimum wage, implemented card check, and sought caps on CEO pay. In the Senate, the Club scored against bills that increased the minimum wage, passage of the farm bill, and the SCHIP healthcare plan. In 2007, the Club for Growth opposed protectionist policies against China. Senators Chuck Schumer of New York and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina had proposed a bill to apply large tariffs on Chinese imports if that country did not increase the value of its currency. In response, the Club sponsored a petition of 1,028 economists who stated their opposition to protectionist policies against China. The list of economists included Nobel Laureates Finn Kydland, Edward Prescott, Thomas Schelling, and Vernon Smith. The petition played off a similar petition that was also signed by 1,028 economists in 1930 that opposed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. 2008–09 In 2008 and 2009, the Club for Growth opposed the $787 billion stimulus bill, Cash for Clunkers, cap and trade legislation, the Wall Street bailout, the auto bailout, the Affordable Care Act and the bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. After Barack Obama was elected president in November 2008, Club President Pat Toomey penned an op-ed that included the results of a poll commissioned by the Club: "A poll commissioned by the Club for Growth in 12 swing congressional districts over the past weekend shows that the voters who made the difference in this election still prefer less government—lower taxes, less spending and less regulation—to Obama's economic liberalism. Turns out, Americans didn't vote for Dems because they support their redistributionist agenda, but because they are fed up with the GOPers in office. This was a classic 'throw the bums out' election, rather than an embrace of the policy views of those who will replace them." In 2009, the Club produced another "RePORK Card". This time there were 22 House members with a 100% score: 1 Democrat and 21 Republicans. At the bottom, 211 House members received a 0% score: 202 Democrats and 9 Republicans. 2010 The Club for Growth launched its Repeal It! campaign in 2010 in an attempt to help build public support for undoing the Affordable Care Act. In 2010, more than 400 federal lawmakers and candidates signed the Repeal It! pledge, including more than 40 of the incoming freshman class of congressmen and Senators. The Club for Growth advocated the discharge petition, a proposal that would have forced a House vote on repealing the Affordable Care Act. At the time, Keith Olbermann said: "The petition, which would need 218 signatures to force House Speaker Pelosi to put the repeal bill up for a vote, went largely ignored. As Talking Points Memo reports, on Monday it had only 30 signatures. That is until the right wing group Club For Growth e-mailed its members, explaining Mr. [Steve] King's discharge petition will be considered as a key vote on the club's annual Congressional scorecard. That scorecard is considered one of the gold standards of conservative rankings. That and the Spanish Inquisition. So by Tuesday, the petition had 22 more signatures." 2011–12 The Club was involved in the debate over the debt ceiling that took place in August 2011. The Club endorsed and strongly supported "Cut Cap and Balance" and ran issue ads urging Republicans to "show some spine" on maintaining the debt ceiling. The Club opposed the re-authorization of the Export-Import Bank. The Club also took a strong position against Republicans voting for tax increases during the debate over the so-called "fiscal cliff". The Club opposed the "Plan B" tax increase proposed by John Boehner and also opposed the final deal. 2013 In September 2013, Club for Growth made voting on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution a key vote, announcing it track how representatives voted on the bill and make that part of their congressional scorecard. The group urged representatives to vote yes, particularly with defunding ObamaCare in mind. The Club for Growth opposed the Ryan-Murray Budget deal. It also opposed the 2013 farm bill, which failed for the first time in the bill's 40-year history. 2014 The Club's PAC spent $3.1 million ($2.4 million on independent expenditures and $700,000 on ads) or nearly half of the $7.8 million which it spent in 2014 on Chris McDaniel's effort to defeat Thad Cochran in the United States Senate Republican primary election in Mississippi, 2014. 2015 From April through June 2015, the Club for Growth spent $1 million on television ads in nine congressional districts, urging the members of Congress in those districts to oppose re-authorization of the Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank). Additional advertisements were announced in two districts in Utah, but were cancelled when the members declared their opposition to the Ex-Im Bank. In addition, the Club for Growth announced a key vote against re-authorization of the Ex-Im Bank. The Club for Growth produced a series of policy papers on the positions taken by major Republican presidential candidates on the government's role in economic growth. The eleven papers examined the records and remarks of the candidates on issues such as tax reform, government spending, entitlement reform, and free trade. The Club concluded that Senators Ted Cruz, Rand Paul, and Marco Rubio were the most likely candidates to enact pro-growth policies if elected president. In October 2015, the Club for Growth announced a key vote against the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, saying that it would include a $1.5 trillion in the debt ceiling and a $112 billion increase in federal spending. Climate change The Club for Growth has opposed government action to curb greenhouse gas emissions. In 2009, the Club for Growth pressured Republican politicians not to support a cap-and-trade bill, which the group viewed as being "extremely harmful to the economy." In 2011, the group issued a white paper criticizing presidential candidate Mitt Romney's regulatory record as Massachusetts governor, including his support of global warming policies. In 2017, the group called on President Trump to exit the Paris Agreement. Internal Revenue Service The Club for Growth opposes efforts to fund the Internal Revenue Service. In 2021, the Club for Growth claimed that efforts to fund the IRS were intended to sic the IRS on conservatives and that it was one of the "vicious tactics of the radical socialist left." Congressional scorecard Since 2005, the Club for Growth has produced an annual congressional scorecard. Each member of Congress receives a score on a scale of 0 to 100. The Club for Growth awards a Defender of Economic Freedom award to members of Congress who receive a 90% above on the annual scorecard and have a lifetime score of at least 90%. The New York Times described the Club's release of its annual scorecard as "set upon by Republicans like the Oscar nominations list by Hollywood, with everyone dying to know who ranks where, especially in election years". The Club's 2015 congressional scorecard was based on 29 House votes and 25 Senate votes. Mike Lee was the only U.S. Senator to receive a perfect score. Ben Sasse was ranked second among U.S. Senators, followed by Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz. On the U.S. House side, John Ratcliffe, Tim Huelskamp, and Scott DesJarlais received perfect scores. The Club for Growth Foundation's 2017 Congressional Scorecard was released in February 2018. Andy Biggs, a Republican from Arizona, was the only member of the U.S. House to receive a 100% rating. A total of 29 members of the U.S. House received a score of at least 90%. In the U.S. Senate, Jeff Flake, Pat Toomey, and James Lankford scored 100%, while four other Senators scored at least 90%. The Club for Growth's 2018 Congressional Scorecard awarded twenty members of the U.S. House and five U.S. Senators scores of at least 90%. Four U.S. Senators (Jeff Flake, Mike Lee, Rand Paul, and Pat Toomey) and three U.S. Representatives (Justin Amash, Andy Biggs, and Paul Gosar) received perfect scores. Susan Collins received the lowest score among Republican Senators while Brian Fitzpatrick and Christopher Smith were the lowest scoring Republican members of the U.S. House. Club for Growth PAC 2004 In 2004, the Club for Growth's PAC endorsed and supported U.S. Representative Pat Toomey, who challenged incumbent Senator Arlen Specter in the Republican primary in Pennsylvania. The PAC was reported to have collected contributions totaling over for Toomey. It also spent $1 million on its own independent television advertising campaign on Toomey's behalf. Specter, who had the support of President Bush, the RNC, and Sen. Rick Santorum, defeated Toomey by a narrow margin of 51–49%. Afterward Toomey accepted the position as President of the Club for Growth, where he served until April 2009. 2006 The original Club's PAC supported the electoral bids of freshmen U.S. Congressman Adrian Smith (R-NE), Doug Lamborn (R-CO), Bill Sali (R-ID), and Tim Walberg (R-MI), who all were elected. Congressional Quarterly wrote that Smith's views did not differ greatly from those of his primary election rivals, but the endorsement of the Club for Growth's PAC "gave him the imprimatur of the most fiscally conservative candidate, and it helped boost him to the top of the campaign fundraising competition." In the 2006 primaries, the Club's PAC recommended to its donors that they support incumbent Democratic Congressman Henry Cuellar (D-TX), the first time the Club's PAC recommended support for a Democrat. Cuellar won the primary race against former Congressman Ciro Rodriguez. The Club's PAC endorsed four candidates for U.S. Senate, including Mike Bouchard in Michigan, Mike McGavick in Washington, Michael Steele in Maryland, and Stephen Laffey in Rhode Island, who did not win. Support by the Club's PAC was not a guarantee of success: its candidate Sharron Angle was defeated in the Republican primary in Nevada's 2nd congressional district, although it spent more than $1 million on her campaign. The Club's PAC also supported primary campaigns of Phil Krinkie in Minnesota and Kevin Calvey in Oklahoma, who lost, as did incumbent congressman Chris Chocola in Indiana, John Gard in Wisconsin, and Rick O'Donnell in Colorado. The Club's PAC supported the reelection of Steve Chabot in Ohio. 2007 The Club's PAC endorsed state senator Steve Buehrer in the special election for Ohio's 5th congressional district to replace the deceased Rep. Paul Gillmor. Buehrer however was defeated by Bob Latta, the son of former Rep. Del Latta, in the Republican primary in November 2007 by a 44% to 40% margin. The Club's PAC endorsed Paul Jost, the chairman of the Virginia chapter of the Club for Growth, in the contest to replace deceased Rep. Jo Ann Davis in Virginia's 1st congressional district. In the nominating convention, Jost was defeated by state delegate Rob Wittman. 2008 In Maryland's 1st congressional district, the Club's PAC endorsed state senator Andrew P. Harris against nine term incumbent Wayne Gilchrest. In the February 12 primary, Harris surged to a strong 44% to 32% victory. Gilchrest became the second incumbent Republican to be defeated by a candidate supported by the Club. The first was Rep. Joe Schwarz in Michigan in 2006. Harris was, however, unable to win the general election. In Georgia's 10th congressional district, the Club's PAC endorsed incumbent Paul Broun who defeated state representative Barry Fleming 71% to 29% in the July 15, 2008, primary election. Broun's victory surprised many political observers. In Arizona's 5th congressional district, the Club's PAC endorsed former Maricopa County Treasurer David Schweikert, who narrowly defeated former candidate Susan Bitter-Smith by a margin of 30% to 28%; there were three other candidates. He did not win the general election. During the 2008 Republican presidential primaries, the Club's PAC was critical of Mike Huckabee, attacking him as the "tax-increasing liberal governor of Arkansas". Huckabee, in turn, referred to the Club for Growth as the "Club for Greed". 2009 The Club's PAC endorsed in the special election in New York's 23rd congressional district the Conservative Party of New York candidate, Doug Hoffman instead of Republican candidate Dede Scozzafava. With the Club pouring money into Hoffman's campaign, Scozzafava realized that she could not win and withdrew from the race the Sunday before the November 3 special election, endorsing the Democratic candidate Bill Owens. Owens won the election in a district where portions had not had a Democratic congressman since the 19th century. 2010 Of the 26 general election candidates endorsed by Club for Growth in 2010, 20 won election. The following chart lists candidates endorsed by the Club: 2012 In 2012, the Club for Growth PAC endorsed eighteen congressional candidates, nine of whom won their elections: 2014 2016 U.S. presidential election With regard to the 2016 Republican presidential primary candidates, the Club for Growth was critical of Mike Huckabee, Chris Christie, John Kasich, Ben Carson, Carly Fiorina, and Donald Trump. In August 2015, Club for Growth President David McIntosh said that Marco Rubio, Rand Paul, and Ted Cruz are "the real deal candidates, the gold standard of the race," and that while questions remained, Jeb Bush and Scott Walker showed some pro-growth stances. In August 2015, the Club for Growth PAC announced it would formally support presidential candidates for the first time, saying the group would bundle donations for Cruz, Rubio, Walker, Bush, and Paul. Club for Growth President David McIntosh said "Five candidates are at the forefront of the Republican presidential field on issues of economic freedom, and the Club for Growth PAC is standing with them to help them stand out from the rest." In October 2015, McIntosh said Cruz and Rubio were "the gold standard" of Republican presidential candidates. The Club for Growth's Super PAC, Club for Growth Action, was particularly critical of Trump's candidacy, announcing a $1 million Iowa advertising buy against his campaign in September 2015. The Club for Growth Action was the first third-party group to spend significant sums against Donald Trump. The Club for Growth announced a $1.5 million advertising buy in Florida in March 2016. The group's advertisements highlighted Trump's support for liberal policies, such as a single-payer health insurance system and tax increases. In March 2016, Politico reported that the Club for Growth PAC planned to deny congressional endorsements to any candidates who endorsed Donald Trump's presidential bid before the nomination was actually clinched. The Club's PAC noted that the warning did not apply to those who endorsed Trump after the May 3, 2016, Indiana primary. Also in March 2016, the Club for Growth PAC endorsed Ted Cruz for president. The Club for Growth PAC had never previously endorsed in a presidential race. According to Club for Growth head David McIntosh, "This year is different because there is a vast gulf between the two leading Republican candidates on matters of economic liberty. Their records make clear that Ted Cruz is a consistent conservative who will fight to shrink the federal footprint, while Donald Trump would seek to remake government in his desired image." U.S. congressional elections In North Carolina's 2nd congressional district, Club for Growth Action opposed incumbent Renee Ellmers without endorsing a specific candidate. She was defeated in the primary. 2017 The Club for Growth endorsed Bob Gray to represent Tom Price's district after he left to lead the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The group reportedly also bought $250,000 of airtime on Atlanta cable against early Republican front-runner Karen Handel. The special election took place on April 18, 2017, with Republican Karen Handel defeating Gray and winning a run-off election on June 20, 2017, against Democrat Jon Ossoff. The organization endorsed Ralph Norman in the Republican primary to replace Mick Mulvaney in South Carolina's 5th congressional district. Norman won the primary and went on to defeat Archie Parnell in the general election. The organization also endorsed Christopher Herrod's candidacy in the special election to replace Jason Chaffetz. 2018 The Club for Growth PAC endorsed Ohio State Treasurer Josh Mandel in his bid to unseat incumbent Democratic Senator Sherrod Brown in the 2018 United States Senate election in Ohio. Mandel dropped out of the race in January 2018. 2019 In the 2019 special election in North Carolina's 9th congressional district, the Club for Growth endorsed state senator Dan Bishop in the 10-candidate Republican primary field. Bishop advanced from the primary and defeated Democrat Dan McCready in the general special election on September 10, 2019. In the 2019 special election in Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district, the Club for Growth endorsed Fred Keller, who advanced to the general election. Keller won the general special election held on May 21, 2019. In the 2019 special election in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district, the Club for Growth endorsed Celeste Cairns in the 17-person Republican primary field. Cairns did not advance to the run-off primary. 2020 Club for Growth supported the re-election campaign of President Donald Trump. References External links Economic advocacy groups in the United States Political advocacy groups in the United States 501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations 527 organizations Tea Party movement Conservative organizations in the United States	[ 0.4621405005455017, -0.11393828690052032, 0.036697786301374435, 0.5992575883865356, -0.1685200184583664, -0.12962792813777924, -0.18191175162792206, 0.13346900045871735, -0.2318907082080841, -0.06422404199838638, -0.15305399894714355, 0.3152449429035187, -0.1556089073419571, 0.3034822642803192, -0.3417747914791107, -0.14780457317829132, 0.5800192952156067, 0.5577178597450256, -0.0357535257935524, 0.2328260987997055, -0.41726604104042053, -0.27935269474983215, 0.6310237050056458, 0.05958504229784012, 0.2687920928001404, -0.3032906651496887, 0.5284985899925232, -0.1912429928779602, -0.07171308249235153, -0.0638406053185463, 0.3372659683227539, 0.6272842884063721, 0.2621040642261505, -0.5217152833938599, 0.10738313943147659, -0.22971674799919128, 0.25801703333854675, -0.18626470863819122, -0.1517793983221054, -0.34736117720603943, 0.5751579999923706, -0.01258578710258007, 0.023874079808592796, 0.36434125900268555, 0.10055878758430481, -0.4354359209537506, -1.8881466388702393, 0.5968654155731201, -0.5741608142852783, -0.19296741485595703, -0.15713028609752655, 0.1899450421333313, 0.2278629094362259, -0.08367276936769485, 0.2811095416545868, 0.8952102661132812, -0.5645344257354736, -0.10833504796028137, -0.12488599866628647, -0.8350372314453125, 0.1914873868227005, -0.016161516308784485, 0.3498091995716095, -0.4448239207267761, 0.31240981817245483, 0.20851671695709229, 0.07959899306297302, 0.4112927317619324, -0.3947100341320038, -0.4294314384460449, -0.7054424285888672, -0.8750444650650024, 0.09561322629451752, 0.5790109038352966, -0.17571251094341278, -0.2266111820936203, -0.11847420036792755, 0.4532388746738434, 0.9080632925033569, -0.2929770052433014, 0.3930988609790802, 0.4332481026649475, 0.0866527184844017, 0.22262868285179138, 0.12416267395019531, 0.05145876854658127, -0.11789534240961075, 0.11117961257696152, 0.1537390798330307, 0.4902293384075165, -0.3647855520248413, 0.04298419505357742, 1.064254641532898, 0.20092903077602386, 0.39254114031791687, -0.5682488083839417, 0.7616751790046692, -0.37718552350997925, -0.17440657317638397, 0.7428372502326965, 0.23523864150047302, 0.10000467300415039, -0.0545811653137207, -0.04117972031235695, -0.2188853770494461, 0.380005419254303, 0.10393443703651428, -0.622978150844574, 0.16666004061698914, -0.21948526799678802, -0.3141583204269409, 0.6208662986755371, -0.20724691450595856, -0.09063751995563507, -0.2441425621509552, 0.7108883857727051, 0.32947370409965515, -0.31363430619239807, -0.12501057982444763, -0.03138690069317818, -0.38366004824638367, 1.2984122037887573, -0.38881996273994446, 0.10840127617120743, 0.18152061104774475, 0.5422301292419434, 0.2647859752178192, 0.6585868000984192, -0.39398011565208435, -0.4314272701740265, 0.2445421665906906, -0.04974028468132019, -0.018575038760900497, -0.7912054657936096, -0.10074349492788315, -0.5158583521842957, 0.2551915943622589, -0.10429127514362335, 0.25596287846565247, 0.14474809169769287, -0.16711008548736572, -0.5775554776191711, -0.26697102189064026, -0.450151652097702, 0.9376425743103027, -0.19588880240917206, -0.21010784804821014, -0.45252248644828796, -0.1315421164035797, -0.15171097218990326, 0.7274519801139832, 0.06351042538881302, -0.4819289445877075, 0.010934251360595226, 0.23946422338485718, 0.3347322642803192, 0.5354412794113159, -0.6455228924751282, 0.32239586114883423, 0.823421835899353, 0.047545354813337326, -0.5063988566398621, -0.11003419756889343, -0.43390771746635437, 0.22443781793117523, -0.23284728825092316, 0.12453610450029373, -0.2902284562587738, 0.20017480850219727, 0.7166970372200012, -0.6233468055725098, 0.29491564631462097, 0.38243597745895386, -0.05656376853585243, 0.5935100317001343, -0.1998322308063507, 0.5080879330635071, -0.08397041261196136, -0.12473443150520325, 0.08552820980548859, -0.8299251198768616, 0.187122642993927, 0.18359330296516418, -0.12814374268054962, -0.03518901765346527, -0.35035842657089233, -0.005445003509521484, -0.4749981164932251, 0.30162450671195984, -0.30791178345680237, 0.2373490333557129, -0.2390347123146057, 0.3008497357368469, -0.37650853395462036, 1.3983253240585327, -0.23488439619541168, -0.27392899990081787, 0.5293857455253601, -0.11054421961307526, 0.01575222611427307, -0.14029990136623383, -0.6285799741744995, 0.4151236414909363, -0.15528720617294312, -0.9522637128829956, 0.5076410174369812, 0.3716551661491394, 0.2759853005409241, -0.41384512186050415, 0.11174130439758301, 0.16844655573368073, -0.3714551627635956, 0.45841923356056213, -0.3251003324985504, 0.40290015935897827, -0.573925256729126, -0.20393355190753937, 0.7586921453475952, -0.24756652116775513, 0.37382400035858154, 0.8585874438285828, 0.01669630967080593, -0.13390514254570007, 0.37742096185684204, 0.014923585578799248, 0.1907116174697876, 0.30153128504753113, -0.163386270403862, 0.08536896854639053, 0.13615815341472626, 0.7468615174293518, 0.508895993232727, -0.30249810218811035, -0.503167986869812, -0.2040489912033081, -0.17314277589321136, -0.4627917408943176, -0.35667502880096436, 0.34435322880744934, -0.40706726908683777, 0.11284108459949493, -0.24662886559963226, -0.6261872053146362, 0.19144201278686523, -0.48256874084472656, 0.20265285670757294, 0.22632694244384766, 0.6653020977973938, 0.08634144067764282, 0.47628408670425415, 0.10552678257226944, 0.4400496482849121, 0.7964651584625244, -0.7298917770385742, 0.005929655395448208, -0.007737481035292149, 0.2752557694911957, -0.2935540974140167, 0.6208841800689697, -0.17177404463291168, -0.005427334923297167, -0.07106170803308487, 0.047488756477832794, -0.014741562306880951, 0.5413762331008911, -0.39883312582969666, -0.05687934160232544, -0.6104243397712708, 0.24169376492500305, -0.26316243410110474, 0.30350208282470703, 0.4155772626399994, -0.5985533595085144, -0.0970425009727478, -0.2233664095401764, -0.07623478025197983, -0.10921013355255127, 0.7646149396896362, -0.287605345249176, -0.6995998024940491, -0.24734531342983246, 0.7453572750091553, 0.11705324053764343, -0.24376298487186432, -0.2036961019039154, 0.0577230341732502, -0.04173963516950607, -0.4186432361602783, 0.15825852751731873, -0.08392538875341415, -0.11060713976621628, -0.6451741456985474, -0.1417740285396576, -0.1471986472606659, 0.28636956214904785, 0.5090398192405701, -0.37491849064826965, 0.24736984074115753, -0.3877447247505188, 0.07841312885284424, 0.05016184225678444, 0.048904258757829666, -0.18645069003105164, -0.47063469886779785, 0.1786038875579834, 0.024106163531541824, -0.24709340929985046, -0.5863392949104309, -5.75978422164917, 0.1568853259086609, -0.5693029165267944, 0.24350357055664062, -0.5360395312309265, -0.10149718821048737, 0.04344804584980011, -0.2290601283311844, 0.005362012889236212, 0.03414231911301613, -0.5843075513839722, -0.09361176937818527, -0.049093253910541534, 0.5888934135437012, 0.012255433015525341, 0.365849107503891, 0.6186245679855347, 0.12782546877861023, 0.1621721237897873, 0.07354770600795746, -0.15152205526828766, -0.15208899974822998, -0.144159734249115, 0.8893867135047913, 0.6253227591514587, -0.044201385229825974, -0.2908642590045929, 0.4733397960662842, -1.0108823776245117, -0.02247467078268528, 0.17418500781059265, 0.2595416009426117, -0.1807193160057068, -0.46784648299217224, 0.1893678605556488, 0.5697737336158752, 0.5499452352523804, 0.2220732867717743, 0.13812512159347534, -0.22216452658176422, -0.37212446331977844, 0.41823068261146545, -0.3928082585334778, 0.06340447068214417, 0.8608446717262268, 0.10730239003896713, -0.3903631567955017, -0.21312670409679413, -0.8721603155136108, 0.24982872605323792, 0.3637279272079468, 0.264732301235199, 0.5893223881721497, 0.13070285320281982, 0.06057434901595116, 0.00522699486464262, 0.39276331663131714, -0.35000595450401306, -0.051949236541986465, -0.040080856531858444, 0.1631496101617813, 0.09494584053754807, 0.6292491555213928, 0.2113896608352661, -0.4190286099910736, -0.8357362747192383, -0.184132382273674, -0.31877782940864563, 0.3981345295906067, 0.029942603781819344, 0.03501012176275253, 0.5998416543006897, -0.07269793003797531, -0.8156031966209412, 0.19634106755256653, -0.5320558547973633, 0.3306460976600647, 0.1433434635400772, 0.04921265318989754, 0.5533065795898438, -0.0641627237200737, -0.1212586909532547, -0.10220862925052643, 0.10146234929561615, -0.49873676896095276, -0.570706844329834, 0.42942485213279724, 0.5917716026306152, -0.8202717304229736, -0.19279919564723969, -0.18120422959327698, -0.30601683259010315, 0.41588294506073, 0.1260918378829956, 0.38670361042022705, 0.36797112226486206, 0.02238037809729576, -0.3270069658756256, 0.07490929216146469, -0.030876006931066513, 0.3184593915939331, -0.02647707425057888, -0.9904628396034241, -0.5545570254325867, -0.03442694991827011, -0.43213406205177307, 0.024727175012230873, 0.4271385371685028, 0.31233519315719604, -0.2673780620098114, -0.07072889804840088, 0.14822347462177277, -0.7358452677726746, -0.30246517062187195, 0.33052268624305725, 0.3257850408554077, -0.4029829800128937, 0.10638487339019775, 0.3624696135520935, 0.38450756669044495, -0.1338551789522171, 0.267333984375, -0.10360274463891983, 0.10907299071550369, -0.5514138340950012, -0.14949923753738403, -0.3624988794326782, 0.16580095887184143, -0.3704669773578644, 0.43101242184638977, 0.010147157125175, 0.2761547565460205, -0.4958741366863251, -0.3201155662536621, -0.01026102527976036, 0.03236796706914902, -0.03997500613331795, 0.1531057208776474, -0.592507004737854, 0.1752581149339676, 0.3024387061595917, 0.36231401562690735, 0.287070095539093, 0.5150198340415955, 0.4351092576980591, 0.3130888342857361, -0.34693649411201477, 0.6711155772209167, -0.47176051139831543, 0.508914589881897, -0.00014297838788479567, 0.41170158982276917, 0.7229306101799011, -0.1585303246974945, 0.32465195655822754, -0.17309369146823883, 0.4837501347064972, 0.34196293354034424, -0.022451849654316902, -0.6159189939498901, -0.040708061307668686, -0.11693429201841354, -1.140547513961792, -0.06781645119190216, 0.336561918258667, -0.12544460594654083, -0.3551819920539856, -0.7871407270431519, -0.48568806052207947, 0.32765093445777893, -0.012332746759057045, 0.4270201623439789, -0.8572972416877747, -0.529716432094574, 0.41771501302719116, -0.6193510293960571, -0.1180935800075531, -0.6343438029289246, -0.29005905985832214, -0.1215406283736229, 0.14291810989379883, -0.6197940111160278, -0.3960195481777191, 0.1881302297115326, 0.6429502964019775, -0.5544087886810303, -0.5069683194160461, -0.18241308629512787, -0.23932483792304993, -0.09696218371391296, 0.17409807443618774, -0.2062314748764038, 0.22081370651721954, 0.09659706801176071, 0.10875537246465683, -0.42873236536979675, 0.0057558030821383, 0.1523636430501938, -0.8754091858863831, -0.5375455617904663, 0.16947203874588013, 0.5134492516517639, -0.14013083279132843, 0.24962012469768524, 0.08501985669136047, -0.13790279626846313, -0.014188922941684723, -0.28327706456184387, -0.3433915078639984, 1.18069326877594, 0.0021721781231462955, -0.4618128836154938, -0.4310128390789032, -0.5324189066886902, -0.30222076177597046, 0.027275223284959793, -0.12909668684005737, -0.11144714057445526, -0.8050731420516968, -0.38580670952796936, 0.24249377846717834, -0.29674020409584045, -0.27626827359199524, -0.4672429859638214, -0.407590389251709, 0.23405484855175018, 0.13678576052188873, -0.15801376104354858, 0.35041528940200806, -0.4081997275352478, -0.10620860010385513, -0.25715172290802, -0.2348453551530838, 0.07847259193658829, -0.17545370757579803, 0.046109989285469055, -0.6230425834655762, 0.6624258160591125, -0.25809144973754883, 0.018625574186444283, -0.5988744497299194, 0.6821329593658447, 0.14765264093875885, -0.36723268032073975, -0.03208088129758835, 0.8824495077133179, 0.0964735746383667, 0.14584019780158997, -0.3378640115261078, 0.14276786148548126, 0.13646453619003296, -0.40663468837738037, -0.10024505853652954, 0.14332100749015808, 0.2806749939918518, -0.5234684944152832, -0.03946647793054581, -0.18120068311691284, 0.13232693076133728, -0.037233300507068634, 0.12822291254997253, -0.2275989055633545, -0.868708610534668, 0.5585679411888123, -0.18642596900463104, 0.3075844943523407, 0.23556582629680634, -0.7487700581550598, -0.3610774278640747, -0.8875581622123718, -0.012805016711354256, 0.13639995455741882, 0.4028525650501251, 0.8024775385856628, -0.3700644373893738, -0.19787152111530304, 0.20172569155693054, -0.3749849498271942, -0.3661254942417145, -0.38716331124305725, 0.05307769775390625, 0.669413685798645, 0.39703798294067383, -0.27488017082214355, 0.2796010971069336, -0.9273093938827515, -0.14530211687088013, 0.7642920017242432, -0.43764880299568176, -0.27710580825805664, -0.2970083951950073, -0.1034410297870636, -0.22037509083747864, 0.2570483982563019, -0.20135754346847534, -0.18147540092468262, 0.28545111417770386, -0.24605071544647217, 0.08013460785150528, -0.07468283176422119, -0.6303586363792419, 0.7751390933990479, 0.2719534635543823, -0.13190363347530365, -0.09861750155687332, 0.15115687251091003, -0.19354811310768127, 0.011811187490820885, -0.28046005964279175, 0.039465323090553284, 0.2161899358034134, -0.2428465187549591, 0.001261930912733078, 0.9241400957107544, -0.4813462495803833, 0.308599054813385, -0.11241195350885391, -0.49677956104278564, 0.4315863251686096, 0.23460526764392853, -0.010005569085478783, 0.21635162830352783, 0.36599209904670715, -0.5758452415466309, 0.12013325840234756, 0.0138997258618474, -0.34354299306869507, 0.37139594554901123, 0.24100914597511292, 0.24803683161735535, 0.09410709887742996, 0.0013486793031916022, -0.7208968997001648, 0.8180326223373413, 0.006628785282373428, -0.5595376491546631, -0.28303369879722595, -0.38292446732521057, -0.3795298635959625, 0.3187306821346283, 0.6932083368301392, 0.30187201499938965, -0.04315820708870888, 0.3055843710899353, 0.1462959349155426, 0.10674435645341873, 0.023423457518219948, -0.046974167227745056, -0.03951955586671829, 0.5533287525177002, 0.6241465210914612, -0.21031291782855988, -0.38939324021339417, -0.7117965817451477, 0.5928837656974792, -0.7362928986549377, 0.1705559939146042, 0.33129674196243286, 0.15121471881866455, -0.49179741740226746, 0.2538617253303528, 0.21125753223896027, -0.161223366856575, -0.1888679713010788, 0.1382845640182495, 0.2752508521080017, 0.7567625641822815, -0.20878173410892487, 0.036275215446949005, 0.5064459443092346, 0.607549786567688, 0.193328395485878, 0.08928205817937851, 0.3227887749671936, 0.09472644329071045, 0.13527138531208038, 0.02403092198073864, 0.010150078684091568, -0.08181504905223846, 0.2936154305934906, -0.17912204563617706, 0.2492000162601471, -0.4882376790046692, 0.09325090795755386, -0.023623356595635414, -0.017297392711043358, -0.07028733938932419, 0.4198721647262573, -0.4791536033153534, -0.47749200463294983, -0.01519901305437088, -0.5588508248329163, 0.01005291286855936, 0.33700352907180786, 0.12839680910110474, -0.01513196062296629, -0.39341065287590027, 0.6316993236541748, 0.3162579834461212, -0.002119749551638961, -0.20902429521083832, 0.3153034448623657, 0.327534556388855, 0.09127671271562576, -0.015543981455266476, -0.12707887589931488, -0.7241864800453186, -0.9878255128860474, -0.04754392430186272, 0.275706946849823, 0.5345118641853333, 0.09316541254520416, -0.08186449110507965, 1.2283920049667358, -0.012268753722310066, 0.49523818492889404, 0.5755159258842468, -0.03490955010056496, -0.7664362788200378, -0.40985438227653503, -0.10667958110570908, 0.13344191014766693, -0.03181827813386917, 0.2409706860780716, 0.2875216007232666, 0.00723217474296689, 0.5333453416824341, -0.24215249717235565, -0.18627892434597015, 0.14392130076885223, -0.7452819347381592, -0.6781315803527832, -0.25178125500679016, 0.5433764457702637, -0.5249508023262024, 0.09054123610258102, 0.566718339920044, 0.47361087799072266, 0.4575856029987335, 0.3934195041656494, -0.04389141499996185, -0.35772594809532166, 0.5672646164894104, -0.7244435548782349, -0.25965771079063416, 0.851207971572876, 0.0893556997179985, -0.31697186827659607, -0.08672980964183807, 0.12788602709770203, -0.03264453262090683, -0.48837071657180786, -0.21287968754768372, -0.006524601951241493, 0.4590294063091278, -0.19457852840423584, -0.07668177783489227, -0.173583522439003, 0.3390967547893524, -0.07392797619104385 ]
216406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hykes	David Hykes	David Hykes (born March 2, 1953, Taos, New Mexico) is a composer, singer, musician, author, and meditation teacher. He was one of the earliest modern western pioneers of overtone singing, and since 1975 has developed a comprehensive approach to contemplative music which he calls Harmonic Chant (harmonic singing). After early research and trips studying Mongolian, Tibetan, and Middle Eastern singing forms, Hykes began a long series of collaborations with traditions and teachers of wisdom and sacred art, including the Dalai Lama and the Gyuto and Gyume monks. Hykes founded the Harmonic Choir in 1975, and has performed and taught Harmonic Chant and the related Harmonic Presence work in America, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Japan, Australia and many other countries. Of overtone singing and his own study of the form, music theorist Charles Madden writes, "David Hykes has done everything I had hoped to do, and more." His choir incorporates both basic overtone signing as well as additional advanced forms. His work is organised within The Harmonic Presence Foundation. His song "Rainbow Voice" is featured in the films "Blade: Trinity" (2004), "Blade" (1998), "Baraka" (1992), and "Dead Poets Society" (1989). Education Hykes was educated at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio where he studied with avant-garde experimental filmmakers Tony Conrad and Paul Sharits, free jazz with the Cecil Taylor Unit, and contemporary, classical and medieval music with John Ronsheim and David Stock. He received an M.F.A. from Columbia University in New York in 1993. For many years he studied North Indian raga singing and the history of Indian music with Sheila Dhar. David Hykes is a Dharma student of Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche, who gave him the name Shenpen Yeshe, "the Primordial Wisdom that brings happiness to beings," and Tsoknyi Rinpoche. He completed twenty years of spiritual studies in the Gurdjieff Foundations in New York, San Francisco, and Paris, as a student of Gurdjieff's successors Lord John Pentland and Dr. Michel de Salzmann. Over the years he has received teachings from Tibetan Buddhist masters including Dhuksey Rinpoché and the Dalai Lama, as well as the Gyuto and Gyume Monks, whom he helped bring to the United States for the first time in 1985–86. Awards 1976 Rockefeller Foundation, Music, for his development of Harmonic Chant, a global sacred music 1978 National Endowment for the Arts, Music, for his development of Harmonic Chant, a global sacred music References Bellamy, Isabel and MacLean, Donald (2005) Radiant Healing: The Many Paths to Personal Harmony and Planetary Wholeness Madden, Charles (1999) Fractals in Music: Introductory Mathematics for Musical Analysis Campbell, Don (1989) The Roar of Silence: Healing Powers of Breath, Tone and Music External links World Music Central biography Overtone Music Network Page of David Hykes 1953 births Living people Throat singing Antioch College alumni Columbia University School of the Arts alumni Sound poets Music therapists	[ 0.045464180409908295, 1.1266388893127441, -0.35687944293022156, -0.23495523631572723, 0.2088501900434494, 0.2562437355518341, 0.5082018971443176, -0.20825041830539703, 0.23126454651355743, -0.21265386044979095, -0.27032503485679626, 0.0519222654402256, 0.08091192692518234, 0.21143141388893127, -0.47436779737472534, 0.14852453768253326, 0.34319597482681274, -0.3220348060131073, -0.36105459928512573, -0.09724261611700058, -0.1132313683629036, -0.3542145788669586, -0.044837940484285355, 0.3404301404953003, -0.11634254455566406, 0.8608835935592651, -0.5679767727851868, 0.016495123505592346, 0.03401138260960579, -0.0008380327490158379, 0.10757745802402496, 0.8261140584945679, 0.7946512699127197, -0.837836742401123, 0.02335313707590103, 0.6774953007698059, -0.262261301279068, -0.2850174009799957, 0.35932457447052, 0.3201904296875, -0.0542750209569931, -0.22692547738552094, 0.0970986858010292, 0.20708006620407104, -0.12296862155199051, -0.04148079454898834, -2.182290554046631, 0.09824014455080032, -0.8317798376083374, -0.4265897870063782, -0.458539754152298, -0.21295566856861115, 0.645025372505188, -0.2856464385986328, -0.015331814996898174, -0.23901143670082092, -0.1637355089187622, -0.0519997663795948, 0.25826019048690796, 0.15493500232696533, -0.3155596852302551, -0.39711472392082214, 0.15240851044654846, -0.7217126488685608, -0.07217560708522797, 0.010404876433312893, 0.1746663749217987, -0.05038139596581459, -0.0949304848909378, 0.023614780977368355, -0.0894986242055893, 0.9451025128364563, 0.08828690648078918, -0.08113092929124832, 0.20717169344425201, 0.3234103322029114, 0.299489289522171, -0.10288258641958237, 0.1894298642873764, 0.42647117376327515, -0.22335147857666016, 0.05236206203699112, 0.8882598280906677, 0.015245160087943077, 0.23311622440814972, -0.48186659812927246, -0.40377259254455566, 0.38796812295913696, -0.5955045819282532, 0.28860536217689514, -0.5822613835334778, -0.8218628168106079, 0.17461474239826202, 0.632381796836853, -0.29888013005256653, -0.5415027141571045, 0.5882967710494995, 0.16168002784252167, 0.006079318467527628, -0.08128585666418076, 0.5632131695747375, -0.49277499318122864, 0.2938781976699829, -0.2961486279964447, -0.10367974638938904, -0.4442727565765381, -0.1788354367017746, -0.2826150059700012, -0.09803470224142075, 0.009619668126106262, -0.8825511336326599, 0.2835630178451538, 0.3294592499732971, 0.19579164683818817, 0.39832058548927307, 1.0501610040664673, -0.16330693662166595, -0.4428381621837616, -0.7155224680900574, -0.02654411457479, 0.25458842515945435, 0.41853785514831543, -0.05773402005434036, 0.17514005303382874, -1.0197818279266357, 0.14297007024288177, 0.059902504086494446, 0.43209367990493774, -0.998788058757782, -0.06455793231725693, -0.257572740316391, 0.165446475148201, 0.43992695212364197, -0.19578513503074646, -0.2798544466495514, -0.12255319207906723, 0.35056599974632263, -0.3491922616958618, -0.17984308302402496, 0.7353050708770752, -0.2678426206111908, -0.23010271787643433, -0.4523068964481354, -0.9494963884353638, 0.8203277587890625, 0.19903574883937836, -0.49168506264686584, 0.027097351849079132, 0.08185552060604095, 0.16700893640518188, 0.2539626657962799, 0.8616794943809509, -0.31480181217193604, -0.09309166669845581, -0.6375290751457214, 0.1272754818201065, 0.1208200752735138, 0.29610875248908997, 0.7607887983322144, 0.015903901308774948, 0.06004223972558975, -0.114279605448246, -0.056200750172138214, 0.09654657542705536, -0.24167345464229584, -0.2398078292608261, 0.25830909609794617, 0.25332483649253845, -0.3577996492385864, 0.1497686803340912, -0.16462883353233337, 0.0821930468082428, -0.09958259016275406, -0.03200024738907814, -0.05662005767226219, -0.12986516952514648, 0.3654968738555908, 0.7341774106025696, 0.012350674718618393, 0.1396826058626175, -0.526536226272583, -0.5464943647384644, 0.04662642627954483, -0.04532427340745926, 0.11543412506580353, -0.17588035762310028, 0.3556555211544037, -0.025527706369757652, 1.0763351917266846, 0.04573160782456398, -0.7785485982894897, -0.5228886604309082, 0.44060924649238586, 0.43672946095466614, 0.7278566360473633, 0.41459211707115173, 0.20643861591815948, -0.15318208932876587, 0.17109738290309906, 0.5892043709754944, 0.34799638390541077, -0.32456812262535095, 0.17157268524169922, -0.1431761234998703, 0.3426628112792969, 0.1884329915046692, 0.2921105921268463, -0.3926973342895508, -0.02358446829020977, 0.19420266151428223, 0.20221859216690063, -0.5102344751358032, 0.35224294662475586, 0.93308424949646, -0.3574088513851166, -0.8375171422958374, 0.05743599310517311, -0.16045644879341125, 0.10898461192846298, -0.4478383958339691, 0.46768495440483093, 0.5588822960853577, 0.2094227522611618, 0.33477863669395447, -0.4460217356681824, 1.056706190109253, -0.11487249284982681, -0.08021020144224167, -0.07051399350166321, 0.2457134872674942, -0.34715667366981506, 0.33100637793540955, -0.4085234999656677, -0.3927058279514313, 0.2633034884929657, 0.44082513451576233, 0.31126540899276733, -0.9009119272232056, -0.049652405083179474, -0.9578753113746643, 0.3328779339790344, -0.07522472739219666, -0.9565621614456177, 0.4381367266178131, 0.07379543036222458, 0.053628455847501755, 0.07268445938825607, -0.2154698669910431, -0.3102313280105591, 0.2592432200908661, -0.2190624624490738, 0.2966686487197876, 0.4816351532936096, 0.5800067782402039, -0.30358660221099854, 0.31281015276908875, 0.06898908317089081, -0.3727778196334839, 0.19913391768932343, -0.0929911732673645, 0.23464897274971008, 0.02830815501511097, 0.3426998257637024, -0.6122746467590332, -0.5138630270957947, -0.8626973032951355, 0.4827994406223297, -0.5517085790634155, 0.8085179924964905, -0.6214107275009155, -0.15419024229049683, -0.3000120222568512, -0.08535146713256836, 0.5110072493553162, -0.2939474284648895, -0.06812889873981476, -0.1518861949443817, -0.5647963285446167, -0.3933873772621155, -0.8589316606521606, 0.8946059346199036, 0.5364843010902405, -0.7617038488388062, -0.06792974472045898, -0.5469751954078674, -0.005409230478107929, 0.032793156802654266, -0.5756953358650208, 0.3069443106651306, -0.2494000941514969, -0.3338375985622406, 0.7729947566986084, 0.2496587634086609, 0.1477637141942978, -0.0829315260052681, 0.6368406414985657, 0.24104583263397217, -1.0453342199325562, -0.4391295909881592, 0.22339914739131927, -0.25290757417678833, 0.015101789496839046, 0.08387663960456848, 0.532309353351593, -0.2310715913772583, 0.03374340385198593, -0.6891154050827026, -0.46986714005470276, -5.535538196563721, -0.2863645851612091, -0.16317890584468842, -0.1344515085220337, 0.19453121721744537, 0.32342079281806946, 0.4913492500782013, -0.5735985636711121, 0.1875237375497818, -0.5563086271286011, -0.281980961561203, 0.1280641108751297, -0.4597896933555603, 0.5756863951683044, 0.431180477142334, 0.22129306197166443, 0.3730006814002991, -0.2607147991657257, 0.22003816068172455, 0.5891426205635071, 0.08585663884878159, -0.29745715856552124, 0.059142619371414185, 0.06790384650230408, -0.05133983492851257, 0.2642735540866852, -0.6716642379760742, 0.28870755434036255, -0.8532138466835022, 0.13361606001853943, -0.10992087423801422, -0.3915080726146698, -0.7964493632316589, -0.011839745566248894, -0.22783178091049194, 0.27576082944869995, 0.45043736696243286, -0.032433077692985535, 0.40814632177352905, 0.03579471632838249, -0.04960691183805466, -0.3416626751422882, -0.3044765293598175, -0.056571654975414276, 0.14321568608283997, 0.3616115152835846, -0.5055074691772461, -0.2549702227115631, -0.40820762515068054, 0.806549608707428, 0.03336406499147415, -0.1634446084499359, 0.8543654084205627, -0.3533414900302887, -0.12608349323272705, -0.029087522998452187, 0.5059992671012878, -0.2867588698863983, -0.14285525679588318, 0.3876916766166687, 0.80010986328125, -0.5833255052566528, 0.059983380138874054, -0.6620382070541382, -0.3418234586715698, -0.07780372351408005, 0.005447407718747854, 0.3931192457675934, 0.20705804228782654, -0.15153367817401886, 0.19403883814811707, 0.6465269327163696, 0.23460227251052856, -1.316155195236206, -0.1959344446659088, -0.7115354537963867, 0.2668597996234894, 0.05650767311453819, -0.8401435613632202, -0.26270246505737305, 0.0774722695350647, -0.19810250401496887, -0.18490375578403473, 0.7297625541687012, 0.47463345527648926, -0.08491891622543335, -0.6173945069313049, 0.35833829641342163, -0.04457387700676918, -0.06702810525894165, 0.14455269277095795, -0.4074193835258484, -0.03842393308877945, 0.19252341985702515, 0.5615257024765015, 0.5784621834754944, 0.6966845393180847, 0.6705794930458069, 0.7622418403625488, 0.17894913256168365, 0.15893293917179108, -0.7302930355072021, 0.19799186289310455, -0.09168509393930435, -0.16676360368728638, -0.09940506517887115, -0.06491664052009583, 0.16316236555576324, 0.7649909853935242, 0.003831548150628805, 0.07148769497871399, 0.3586108088493347, -0.40010783076286316, -0.9087586402893066, -0.2255774885416031, -0.2766265869140625, -0.13066332042217255, 0.4180426597595215, 0.20018936693668365, 0.12797342240810394, -0.10485242307186127, 0.10143160074949265, 0.8319982290267944, -0.27188044786453247, 0.05915164202451706, 0.024228252470493317, -0.21981847286224365, -0.20803454518318176, -0.04183952137827873, 0.13827088475227356, -0.01231149211525917, 0.4853530526161194, 0.033884163945913315, 0.31830379366874695, -0.35446298122406006, 0.16916081309318542, -0.5550078749656677, -0.4496619999408722, -0.2279183268547058, 0.2608517110347748, 0.2146211862564087, -0.22369591891765594, -0.02328716404736042, 0.2593737244606018, 0.38691869378089905, 0.44060227274894714, 0.07042968273162842, -0.28217291831970215, -0.552554190158844, 0.5884861946105957, 0.5950670838356018, -0.07660627365112305, 0.5233992338180542, -0.952035129070282, -0.3942652642726898, 0.11323340982198715, -0.5839979648590088, -0.09063728898763657, -0.32032307982444763, 0.07034184783697128, -0.09430334717035294, -0.3093779385089874, -0.9032678604125977, -0.18603409826755524, 0.18697047233581543, -0.01825757510960102, -0.3383963406085968, -0.16881467401981354, -0.9895070791244507, -0.09314674884080887, 0.23127226531505585, -0.634789228439331, -0.15256792306900024, -0.3552476465702057, 0.5334161520004272, -0.24336141347885132, 0.2161846160888672, -0.24000445008277893, -0.008393737487494946, 0.10456264019012451, -0.10089843720197678, -0.2066233605146408, -0.9018847346305847, -0.3215848505496979, 0.4341694116592407, -0.0894242525100708, -0.7958793640136719, -1.0081335306167603, 0.1527378410100937, 0.13853222131729126, 0.05922577530145645, -0.6779670715332031, 0.023713286966085434, 0.5253523588180542, 0.08991935104131699, -0.19944709539413452, 0.45561397075653076, -0.11248145252466202, 0.23972228169441223, -0.31465598940849304, 0.4740218222141266, -0.08222560584545135, -0.5976284742355347, 0.23874090611934662, 0.5490111708641052, -1.182073950767517, -0.22811242938041687, -0.031094402074813843, -0.5980656147003174, 0.4965892434120178, 0.06798876821994781, -0.5310647487640381, -0.029771042987704277, -0.09116409718990326, -0.0016691364580765367, 0.1672595888376236, 0.3029501736164093, -0.23180243372917175, -0.49688228964805603, -0.21925468742847443, -0.050604790449142456, 0.034972261637449265, 0.10489430278539658, -0.032737135887145996, -0.44324976205825806, -0.36146149039268494, 0.03459826856851578, 0.013958767987787724, 0.08986109495162964, -0.4200412333011627, -0.3616466820240021, -0.1408269703388214, -0.03282295539975166, 0.09472160786390305, -0.32535845041275024, 0.017751332372426987, -0.10411978513002396, 0.5460717678070068, -0.16264910995960236, 0.5756267309188843, 0.586747407913208, 0.9345070719718933, 0.46906915307044983, -0.29560941457748413, -0.2674781084060669, 0.16772150993347168, 0.3387868404388428, -0.15723472833633423, -0.10833311825990677, 0.30128490924835205, 0.8885245323181152, 0.12521953880786896, -0.39256834983825684, -0.006782700773328543, 0.9692713022232056, -0.32435694336891174, 0.132737934589386, -0.8239132165908813, 0.2084749937057495, -0.3500394821166992, 0.029309546574950218, -0.6563649773597717, 0.07916489988565445, -0.1293310672044754, -0.3898545503616333, 0.3259800374507904, -0.11761975288391113, -0.07331831753253937, 0.07149914652109146, -0.796942949295044, -0.2663683295249939, -0.05670037493109703, -0.1121896430850029, 0.3444402813911438, -0.09532991796731949, 0.1408858746290207, 0.2640114724636078, 0.017116926610469818, -0.08610173314809799, 0.3045133352279663, 0.0663224309682846, 0.07070359587669373, -0.3360808789730072, -0.365354061126709, 0.3245668113231659, 0.06633100658655167, -0.2610235810279846, -0.1991916000843048, 0.12207064777612686, -0.4799170196056366, -0.9756184220314026, 0.10654059797525406, -0.11976215243339539, 0.7105417251586914, -0.13339897990226746, 0.09035535156726837, 0.4166731536388397, 0.7066222429275513, -0.3499833643436432, -0.1765901893377304, 0.07785164564847946, 0.8077743649482727, 0.7812040448188782, -0.056710436940193176, 0.46139436960220337, 0.02624255046248436, -0.11455626785755157, -0.7299212217330933, -0.24075385928153992, 0.0919855460524559, 0.3232495188713074, 0.19358058273792267, 0.03328206017613411, 0.8811210989952087, -0.4164029359817505, 0.14934082329273224, 0.5690312385559082, 0.15387722849845886, 0.40055030584335327, 0.6275564432144165, -0.24834038317203522, -0.381512314081192, 0.5721911191940308, 0.0014112828066572547, 0.5786772966384888, 0.5527986288070679, -0.002811950631439686, -0.3008229434490204, -0.07447100430727005, 0.26053306460380554, 0.09780694544315338, -0.29950404167175293, -0.06309637427330017, 0.34946125745773315, 0.08027307689189911, -0.09051304310560226, 0.12797361612319946, 0.06053644418716431, -0.2390885353088379, 0.3033289611339569, -0.1514950692653656, 0.5380651354789734, -0.013739150948822498, 0.21495188772678375, -0.15970827639102936, -0.18598811328411102, -0.024415165185928345, 0.5030269622802734, -0.5006530284881592, -0.2327863574028015, 0.24412795901298523, 0.5086066126823425, -0.06560640782117844, -0.4421733617782593, 0.27470892667770386, -0.31641533970832825, 0.7177131175994873, -0.14090122282505035, -0.08954066038131714, 0.09448858350515366, -0.011073727160692215, -0.5689713358879089, 0.9070876836776733, 0.17434045672416687, -0.317859411239624, -0.08957507461309433, 0.0205889530479908, -1.1433913707733154, 0.015679826959967613, 0.5036313533782959, 0.07671964168548584, 0.353397011756897, -0.2804950177669525, 0.8673585057258606, 0.34368062019348145, 0.1813996583223343, 0.7534587979316711, -0.14383479952812195, -0.15524715185165405, -0.11885032802820206, -0.4817838668823242, -0.3472936451435089, -0.29708802700042725, -0.3609743118286133, 0.5134359002113342, 0.12286210060119629, -0.2049746960401535, 0.37171319127082825, -0.2637518644332886, 0.04667692631483078, 0.6829318404197693, -0.274954617023468, -0.029421428218483925, -0.08017613738775253, -0.45205751061439514, 0.1871558129787445, 0.003940732683986425, 0.6770192384719849, 0.3506905734539032, 0.4366467595100403, -0.06712786853313446, -0.11256490647792816, 0.5867733955383301, -0.21978788077831268, -0.6041350960731506, 0.028513550758361816, -0.6146925687789917, 0.21841782331466675, -0.43068012595176697, 0.349693238735199, 0.048403918743133545, 0.2483508437871933, -0.14659905433654785, -0.0010510579450055957, -0.7254546880722046, 0.12063710391521454, 0.4567694365978241, 0.43045541644096375, 0.5822943449020386, -0.008930856361985207, -0.09447357803583145, 0.8329809308052063, -0.201059952378273, 0.29878780245780945, 0.2051640748977661, 0.3366597890853882, 0.2029513120651245, -0.10617079585790634, -0.7367232441902161, 0.5719146132469177, 0.06435827165842056, 0.051343318074941635, -0.43255358934402466, 0.0017334194853901863, -0.1747957319021225, -0.9018493294715881, 0.36696022748947144, 0.9835880994796753, 0.5643875002861023, -0.8400511145591736, 0.6050184369087219, -0.054432012140750885, -0.7050198912620544, 0.21017473936080933, -0.19756126403808594, 0.31445473432540894, -0.04351729527115822, -0.8175541758537292, -0.16303087770938873, 0.5503246188163757, 0.09866897016763687, -0.680830180644989, -0.07381968945264816, -0.6741819977760315, 0.06592892110347748, 0.008308932185173035, 0.3313051462173462, 0.3558119833469391, 0.794620931148529, -0.1765919327735901 ]
216409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devika%20Rani	Devika Rani	Devika Rani Chaudhuri (30 March 1908 – 9 March 1994), usually known as Devika Rani, was an Indian actress who was active in Hindi films during the 1930s and 1940s. Widely acknowledged as the first lady of Indian cinema, Devika Rani had a successful film career that spanned 10 years. Born into a wealthy, anglicized Indian family, Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at age nine and grew up in that country. In 1928, she met Himanshu Rai, an Indian film-producer, and married him the following year. She assisted in costume design and art direction for Rai's experimental silent film A Throw of Dice (1929). Both of them then went to Germany and received training in film-making at UFA Studios in Berlin. Rai then cast himself as hero and her as heroine in his next production, the bilingual film Karma (1933), made simultaneously in English & Hindi. The film premiered in England in 1933, elicited interest there for a prolonged kissing scene featuring the real-life couple, and flopped badly in India. The couple returned to India in 1934, where Himanshu Rai established a production studio, Bombay Talkies, in partnership with certain other people. The studio produced several successful films over the next 5–6 years, and Devika Rani played the lead role in many of them. Her on-screen pairing with Ashok Kumar became popular in India. Following Rai's death in 1940, Devika Rani took control of the studio and produced some more films in partnership with her late husband's associates, namely Sashadhar Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar. As she was to recollect in her old age, the films which she supervised tended to flop, while the films supervised by the partners tended to be hits. In 1945, she retired from films, married the Russian painter Svetoslav Roerich and moved to his estate on the outskirts of Bangalore, thereafter leading a very reclusive life for the next five decades. Her persona, no less than her film roles, were considered socially unconventional. Her awards include the Padma Shri (1958), Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1970) and the Soviet Land Nehru Award (1990). Background and education Devika Rani was born as Devika Rani Choudhury on 30 March 1908 in Waltair near Visakhapatnam in present-day Andhra Pradesh, into an extremely affluent and educated Bengali family, the daughter of Col. Dr. Manmathnath Choudhury by his wife Leela Devi Choudhury. Devika's father, Colonel Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, scion of a large landowning zamindari family, was the first Indian Surgeon-General of Madras Presidency. Devika's paternal grandfather, Durgadas Choudhury, was the Zamindar (landlord) of Chatmohar Upazila of Pabna district of present-day Bangladesh. Her paternal grandmother, Sukumari Devi (wife of Durgadas), was a sister of the nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Devika's father had five brothers, all of them distinguished in their own fields, mainly law, medicine and literature. They were Sir Ashutosh Chaudhuri, Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court during the British Raj; Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri and Kumudnath Chaudhuri, both prominent Kolkata-based barristers; Pramathanath Choudhary, the famous Bengali writer, and Dr. Suhridnath Chaudhuri, a noted medical practitioner. The future Chief of Army Staff, Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, was Devika's first cousin: their fathers were brothers to each other. Devika's mother, Leela Devi Choudhury, also came from an equally educated family and was a niece of Rabindranath Tagore. Thus, Devika Rani was related through both her parents to the poet and Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Her father, Manmathnath Choudhury, was the son of Sukumari Devi Choudhury, sister of Rabindranath Tagore. Devika's mother, Leela Devi Chaudhuri, was the daughter of Indumati Devi Chattopadhyay, whose mother Saudamini Devi Gangopadhyay was another sister of the Nobel laureate. Thus, Devika's father and maternal grandmother were first cousins to each other, being the children of two sisters of Rabindranath Tagore. Nor was this all: Two of Devika's uncles (Chief Justice Sir Ashutosh and Pramathanath) were married to their first cousins (mother's brother's daughters), the nieces of Rabindranath Tagore: Prativa Devi Choudhury, wife of Sir Ashutosh Choudhury, was the daughter of Hemendranath Tagore, and Indira Devi Choudhury, wife of Pramathanath Choudhury, was the daughter of Satyendranath Tagore. Devika thus had extremely strong family ties to Jarasanko, seat of the Tagore family in Kolkata and a major crucible of the Bengali Renaissance. Devika Rani was sent to boarding school in England at the age of nine, and grew up there. After completing her schooling in the mid-1920s, she enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) and the Royal Academy of Music in London to study acting and music. She also enrolled for courses in architecture, textile and decor design, and even apprenticed under Elizabeth Arden. All of these courses, each of them a few months long, were completed by 1927, and Devika Rani then took up a job in textile design. Career In 1928, Devika Rani first met her future husband, Himanshu Rai, an Indian barrister-turned-film maker, who was in London preparing to shoot his forthcoming film A Throw of Dice. Rai was impressed with Devika's "exceptional skills" and invited her to join the production team of the film, although not as an actress. She readily agreed, assisting him in areas such as costume designing and art direction. The two also traveled to Germany for the post-production work, where she had occasion to observe the film-making techniques of the German film industry, specifically of G. W. Pabst and Fritz Lang. Inspired by their methods of film-making, she enrolled for a short film-making course at Universum Film AG studio in Berlin. Devika Rani learnt various aspects of film-making and also took a special course in film acting. Around this time, they both acted in a play together, for which they received many accolades in Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries. During this time she was also trained in the production unit of Max Reinhardt, an Austrian theatre director. In 1929, shortly after the release of A Throw of Dice, Devika Rani and Himanshu Rai were married. Acting debut Devika and Himanshu Rai returned to India, where Himanshu produced a film titled Karma (1933). The film was his first talkie, and like his previous films, it was a joint production between people from India, Germany and the United Kingdom. Rai, who played the lead role, decided to cast Devika Rani as the female lead, and this marked her acting debut. Karma is credited as having been the first English language talkie made by an Indian. It was one of the earliest Indian films to feature a kissing scene. The kissing scene, involving Himanshu Rai and Devika Rani, lasted for about four minutes, and eighty years later, this stands as the record for duration of a kissing scene in Indian cinema as of 2014. Devika Rani also sang a song in the film, a bi-lingual song in English and Hindi. This song is said to be Bollywood's first English song. Made simultaneously in both English and Hindi, Karma premiered in London in May 1933. Alongside a special screening for the Royal family at Windsor, the film was well received throughout Europe. Devika Rani's performance was internationally acclaimed as she won "rave reviews" in the London media. A critic from The Daily Telegraph noted Devika Rani for her "beauty" and "charm" while also crediting her to be a "potential star of the first magnitude". Following the release of the film, she was invited by the BBC to enact a role in their first ever television broadcast in Britain in 1933. She also inaugurated the company's first short wave radio transmission to India. In spite of its success in England, Karma did not interest Indian audiences and turned out be a failure in India when it was released in Hindi as Nagin Ki Ragini in early 1934. However, the film received good critical response and helped Devika Rani establish herself as a leading actress in Indian cinema. Indian independence activist and poet Sarojini Naidu called her a "lovely and gifted little lady". Bombay Talkies After the critical success of Karma, the couple returned to India in 1934. Although the Hindi version of the film, released in India in 1934, flopped without a trace, Himanshu Rai had established the required networks in Europe, and was able to start a film studio named Bombay Talkies, partnering with Niranjan Pal, a Bengali playwright and screenwriter who he had met previously in London and Franz Osten, who directed several of Rai's films. Upon inception, Bombay Talkies was one of the "best-equipped" film studios in the country. The studio would serve as a launch pad for future actors including Dilip Kumar, Leela Chitnis, Madhubala, Raj Kapoor, Ashok Kumar and Mumtaz. The studio's first film Jawani Ki Hawa (1935), a crime thriller, starring Devika Rani and Najm-ul-Hassan, was shot fully on a train. Elopement Najm-ul-Hassan was also Devika's co-star in the studio's next venture, Jeevan Naiya. The two co-stars developed a romantic relationship, and during the shooting schedule of Jeevan Naiya, Devika eloped with Hassan. Himanshu was both enraged and distraught. Since the leading pair were absent, production was stalled. A significant portion of the movie had been shot and a large sum of money, which had been taken as credit from financers, had been spent. The studio therefore suffered severe financial losses and a loss of credit among bankers in the city while the runaway couple made merry. Sashadhar Mukherjee, an assistant sound-engineer at the studio, had a brotherly bond with Devika Rani because both of them were Bengalis and spoke that language with each other. He established contact with the runaway couple and managed to convince Devika Rani to return to her husband. In the India of that era, divorce was legally almost impossible and women who eloped were regarded as no better than prostitutes and were shunned by their own families. In her heart of hearts, Devika Rani knew that she could not secure a divorce or marry Hassan under any circumstances. She negotiated with her husband through the auspices of Sashadhar Mukherjee, seeking the separation of her finances from those of her husband as a condition for her return. Henceforth, she would be paid separately for working in his films, but he would be required to single-handedly pay the household expenses for the home in which both of them would live. Himanshu agreed to this, in order to save face in society and to prevent his studio from going bankrupt. Devika Rani returned to her marital home. However, things would never be the same between husband and wife again, and it is said that thenceforth, their relationship was largely confined to work and little or no intimacy transpired between them after this episode. Despite the additional expense involved in re-shooting many portions of the film, Himanshu Rai replaced Najm-ul-Hassan with Ashok Kumar, who was the brother of Sashadhar Mukherjee's wife, as the hero of Jeevan Naiya. This marked the debut, improbable as it may seem, of Ashok Kumar's six-decade-long career in Hindi films. Najm-ul-Hassan was dismissed from his job at Bombay Talkies (this was the period in which actors and actresses were paid regular monthly salaries by one specific film studio and could not work in any other studio). His reputation as a dangerous cad established, he could not find work in any other studio. His career was ruined and he sank into obscurity. Golden era of Bombay Talkies Achhut Kanya (1936), the studio's next production was a tragedy drama that had Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar portraying the roles of an untouchable girl and a Brahmin boy who fall in love. The film is considered a "landmark" in Indian cinema as it challenged the caste system in the country. The casting of Devika Rani was considered a mismatch as her looks did not match the role of a poor untouchable girl by virtue of her "upper-class upbringing". However, her pairing with Ashok Kumar became popular and they went on to star in as many as ten films together with most of them being Bombay Talkies productions. In the 1930s, Bombay Talkies produced several women-centric films with Devika Rani playing the lead role in all of them. In majority of the films produced by the studio, she was paired opposite Ashok Kumar, who was "overshadowed" by her. Jeevan Prabhat, released in 1937, saw a role-reversal between Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar—she played a higher-caste Brahmin woman who is mistaken by society of having an extra-marital affair with an untouchable man. Her next release Izzat (1937), based on Romeo and Juliet, was set in the medieval period and depicted two lovers belonging to enemy clans of a Maratha empire. Nirmala, released in the following year, dealt with the plight of a child-less woman who is told by an astrologer to abandon her husband to ensure successful pregnancy. In Vachan, her second release of the year, she played a Rajput princess. Durga, her only release in 1939, was a romantic drama that told the story of an orphaned girl and a village doctor, played by Ashok Kumar. Widowhood and studio decline Following the death of Rai in 1940, there was a rift between two parties of the Bombay Talkies led by Mukherjee and Amiya Chakravarty. Devika Rani assumed principal responsibility and took over the studio along with Mukherjee. In 1941, she produced and acted in Anjaan co-starring Ashok Kumar. In the subsequent years, she produced two successful films under the studio—Basant and Kismet. Basant Kismet (1943) contained anti-British messages (India was under British rule at that time) and turned out to be a "record-breaking" film. Devika Rani made her last film appearance in Hamari Baat (1943), which had Raj Kapoor playing a small role. She handpicked newcomer Dilip Kumar for a role in Jwar Bhata (1944), produced by her on behalf of the studio. An internal politics that arose in the studio led prominent personalities including Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar to part ways with her and set up a new studio called Filmistan. Due to lack of support and interest, she decided to quit the film industry. In an interview to journalist Raju Bharatan, she mentioned that her idea of not willing to compromise on "artistic values" of film-making as one of the major reasons for her quitting the industry. Roerich, retirement and death Following her retirement from films, Devika Rani married Russian painter Svetoslav Roerich, son of Russian artist Nicholas Roerich, in 1945. After marriage, the couple moved to Manali, Himachal Pradesh where they got acquainted with the Nehru family. During her stay in Manali, Devika Rani made a few documentaries on wildlife. After staying in Manali for some years, they moved to Bangalore, Karnataka, and settled there managing an export company. The couple bought a estate on the outskirts of the city and led a solitary life for the remainder of their lives. She died of bronchitis on 9 March 1994—a year after Roerich died—in Bangalore. At her funeral, Devika Rani was given full state honors. Following her death, the estate was on litigation for many years as the couple had no legal claimants; Devika Rani remained childless throughout her life. In August 2011, the Government of Karnataka acquired the estate after the Supreme Court of India passed the verdict in favour of them. Personal life and legacy Devika Rani was called the first lady of Indian cinema. She is credited for being one of the earliest personalities who took the position of Indian cinema to global standards. Her films were mostly tragic romantic dramas that contained social themes. The roles played by her in films of Bombay Talkies usually involved in romantic relationship with men who were unusual for the social norms prevailing in the society at that time, mainly for their caste background or community identity. Rani was highly influenced by the German cinema by virtue of her training at the UFA Studios; Although she was influenced by German actress Marlene Dietrich, her acting style was compared to Greta Garbo, thus leading to Devika Rani being named the "Indian Garbo". Rani's attire, both in films and sometimes in real life, were considered "risque" at that time. In his book Bless You Bollywood!: A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years, Tilak Rishi mentions that Devika Rani was known as the "Dragon Lady" for her "smoking, drinking, cursing and hot temper". In 1958, the Government of India honoured Devika Rani with a Padma Shri, the country's fourth highest civilian honour. She became the first ever recipient of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the country's highest award for films, when it was instituted in 1969. In 1990, Soviet Russia honoured her with the "Soviet Land Nehru Award". A postage stamp commemorating her life was released by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology in February 2011. Filmography Karma (1933) Jawani Ki Hawa (1935) Mamta Aur Mian Biwi (1936) Jeevan Naiya (1936) Janmabhoomi (1936) Achhoot Kanya (1936) Savitri (1937) Jeevan Prabhat (1937) Izzat (1937) Prem Kahani (1937) Nirmala (1938) Vachan (1938) Durga (1939) Anjaan (1941) Hamari Baat (1943) Notes References Citations Bibliography External links 1908 births 1994 deaths Actresses from Visakhapatnam Bengali people Tagore family Indian film actresses 20th-century Indian actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema People associated with the University of London Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients People from Uttarandhra 21st-century Indian actresses	[ -0.0014112064382061362, -0.6298398971557617, -1.5300953388214111, -0.6304771900177002, -0.19538849592208862, 0.8916629552841187, 0.8904373049736023, -0.2998389005661011, -0.5709268450737, 0.010095782577991486, 0.33668944239616394, 0.13101939857006073, -0.1250557005405426, 0.4654938280582428, -0.3375438451766968, 0.2234421670436859, 0.523632287979126, 0.055821970105171204, -0.1542006880044937, 0.128777876496315, -0.1433844119310379, 0.025141431018710136, 0.17701232433319092, 0.4093365967273712, -0.5575479865074158, 0.23714923858642578, 0.6024314165115356, 0.42350655794143677, 0.09741108864545822, -0.13020576536655426, 0.1331377625465393, -0.3814195990562439, 0.4799885153770447, 1.1226396560668945, -0.22137312591075897, 0.19627895951271057, -0.2178693413734436, 0.07441022247076035, -0.42409464716911316, -0.37810584902763367, -0.45025622844696045, -0.5986181497573853, 0.3906962275505066, 0.22269654273986816, -0.6030754446983337, -0.5804009437561035, -2.0587375164031982, 0.4835987389087677, -0.3890957534313202, -0.12463629990816116, 0.17875568568706512, 0.6933091282844543, 0.9348128437995911, 0.30094534158706665, 0.3970727026462555, 0.27495086193084717, -0.4396111071109772, 0.046087998896837234, -0.638911247253418, -0.0630231723189354, 0.8361780047416687, -0.32758885622024536, 0.48281770944595337, -0.4741235673427582, 0.2669687867164612, 0.42597696185112, 0.19538313150405884, -0.4152906537055969, 0.3027579188346863, -0.19374631345272064, -0.3017194867134094, 0.7209931015968323, 0.414900541305542, 0.40944352746009827, -0.2766978442668915, -0.575448751449585, 0.6063182353973389, -0.47170865535736084, 0.3113015592098236, 0.1862947791814804, -0.24903440475463867, -0.28174564242362976, 0.9000259041786194, 0.7699190378189087, 0.39060884714126587, -0.7851690649986267, -0.13987691700458527, 0.48473188281059265, -0.7326850891113281, 0.3957946002483368, -0.7435216903686523, -0.2824459671974182, -0.2131788581609726, 0.2359492927789688, -0.7622694969177246, 0.46085819602012634, -0.050167132169008255, -0.32857316732406616, 0.451274037361145, -0.21616613864898682, 0.07171928882598877, -0.2399970442056656, -0.24874378740787506, -0.3329157531261444, -1.0242979526519775, 0.17048786580562592, 0.0792384147644043, 0.0359695665538311, -0.4696290194988251, 0.2751498520374298, 0.11512385308742523, 0.024316785857081413, 0.10934455692768097, -0.28334954380989075, -0.27315130829811096, -0.12676763534545898, -0.16728928685188293, -0.17796675860881805, -1.1411665678024292, 0.7191570997238159, 0.4405082166194916, -0.1716236174106598, 0.10745154321193695, -0.02885562926530838, -0.24281543493270874, 0.5599530339241028, -0.14060337841510773, 0.14588795602321625, 0.3330249786376953, 0.9615044593811035, 0.4596218764781952, 0.802274763584137, -1.0361887216567993, -0.8682318329811096, -0.3779209554195404, -0.7084148526191711, 0.27968186140060425, -0.2894057333469391, 0.17087066173553467, -0.6712777018547058, -0.05216678977012634, 0.4915207624435425, -0.4548484683036804, 0.15806493163108826, 0.89430171251297, 0.16065333783626556, 0.09552726149559021, 0.12424635142087936, -0.7186078429222107, -0.7086120247840881, -0.2543850243091583, 0.46576187014579773, 0.0082017183303833, -1.1237372159957886, -1.135345458984375, 0.41245630383491516, 0.06555768847465515, -0.22807390987873077, 0.4382983446121216, 0.006110636983066797, 0.25729286670684814, -0.03086167573928833, -0.27064529061317444, 0.06321873515844345, 0.10608453303575516, 0.10970811545848846, 0.5252993702888489, -0.40626972913742065, 0.0646505281329155, 0.4857752025127411, -0.6176121830940247, 0.4591672420501709, -0.27629661560058594, 0.274013876914978, -0.9323968887329102, 0.11785531789064407, -0.13207097351551056, 0.7507691979408264, -0.03165675699710846, -0.9306842684745789, -0.6720052361488342, 0.15275917947292328, -0.18725815415382385, 0.4360091984272003, 0.13660205900669098, 0.26242002844810486, 0.37164101004600525, -0.33177486062049866, 0.011051979847252369, -0.1890006810426712, 0.24855248630046844, 0.2190268635749817, 0.08761470764875412, 0.15896686911582947, 0.9138998985290527, 0.043376658111810684, -0.3207911550998688, 0.3815777003765106, 0.05615541338920593, -0.49105513095855713, -0.24674126505851746, 0.36085158586502075, 0.2750720977783203, -0.5096573233604431, -0.013836407102644444, -0.20164234936237335, 0.2006227970123291, 0.6658154726028442, 0.14177076518535614, 0.9575576782226562, 0.006530829705297947, -0.789404034614563, 0.2500978410243988, 0.19307665526866913, 0.16998986899852753, -0.49959132075309753, -0.9917597770690918, 0.38070034980773926, 0.6729272603988647, 0.3864734172821045, 0.46336638927459717, 0.10466370731592178, -0.824959397315979, 0.20495693385601044, 0.2843725383281708, 0.7142141461372375, -0.09595447033643723, -0.1433563530445099, 0.7523083686828613, -0.09974312037229538, 0.07134483009576797, -0.029764661565423012, 0.40526077151298523, 0.2670987546443939, -0.27162066102027893, 0.04196883738040924, 0.3756997287273407, 0.2638428211212158, 0.2526228725910187, -0.5554082989692688, 0.2138150930404663, 0.744785487651825, -0.8531239628791809, 0.44218844175338745, -0.2113000601530075, 0.043582115322351456, -0.516471266746521, -0.7964413166046143, -0.2511538863182068, 0.18031713366508484, 0.5670506954193115, 0.5635990500450134, 0.18904148042201996, -0.35425078868865967, 0.16529935598373413, -0.15961597859859467, -0.5400206446647644, -0.5149162411689758, 1.202329158782959, 0.5378291606903076, 0.5771703124046326, -0.023840731009840965, 0.39904049038887024, 0.14556358754634857, -0.47535908222198486, 0.14269718527793884, 0.36397963762283325, -0.058682817965745926, -0.03712227940559387, 0.06570131331682205, 0.11771208792924881, 0.13989314436912537, 0.12623535096645355, 0.7623768448829651, 0.3632605969905853, -0.046536047011613846, -0.698780357837677, 0.42667528986930847, -0.46889710426330566, -0.7210091948509216, 0.6633975505828857, 0.8038005828857422, -0.1432945430278778, -0.27839845418930054, -0.41279685497283936, 0.5600429177284241, -0.512834906578064, -0.3760684132575989, -0.671500563621521, 0.05704312399029732, -0.4207902252674103, 1.1550781726837158, -0.8093363642692566, -0.13354821503162384, -0.6227248311042786, -0.18233022093772888, -0.645118772983551, 0.5270939469337463, 0.29101309180259705, 0.05321010574698448, -0.22098228335380554, 1.1836045980453491, -0.2312491536140442, -0.2690385580062866, 0.21072585880756378, 0.6572020053863525, 0.252197802066803, -0.3477509021759033, -4.8917999267578125, -0.38815706968307495, 0.35212525725364685, -0.5918009877204895, 0.7150217294692993, 0.13961799442768097, -0.2493610829114914, 0.03518548980355263, 0.5718421339988708, 0.5414255261421204, 0.294175922870636, 0.10336311906576157, -0.4968569874763489, 0.09703235328197479, 0.14553333818912506, 0.45851826667785645, 0.7863653302192688, 0.06470328569412231, 0.31692010164260864, 0.7567905783653259, 0.28397315740585327, 0.3416283130645752, 0.23078224062919617, 0.7276451587677002, -0.08189835399389267, -0.10986761003732681, -0.25449615716934204, -0.20055297017097473, -0.6501030921936035, -0.796871542930603, -0.5631193518638611, 0.00435884203761816, -0.04904657229781151, -0.21215204894542694, -0.09543107450008392, 0.13611526787281036, 0.1267700046300888, 0.2840263843536377, 0.3351600170135498, -0.3742233216762543, -0.2873389422893524, -0.1795114129781723, -0.6232581734657288, -0.41888758540153503, 0.6075305342674255, -0.5985402464866638, -0.49429085850715637, -0.0690438523888588, 0.3954984247684479, 0.24213044345378876, -0.030324246734380722, -0.2175426483154297, 0.10803794115781784, -0.43004077672958374, 0.3611745834350586, -0.05387337878346443, -0.40132811665534973, 0.5781678557395935, -0.3558588922023773, 0.5428116917610168, 0.4578656256198883, -0.4694928824901581, -0.6287204623222351, -0.262856662273407, -0.4889327883720398, 0.09511474519968033, 0.17620058357715607, -0.1461230367422104, -0.40046191215515137, -0.42757663130760193, -0.5616493225097656, 0.029894394800066948, -0.1253301352262497, -1.468105673789978, -0.12457150965929031, -0.5617599487304688, 0.35714104771614075, 0.031114181503653526, -1.0281693935394287, 0.17866727709770203, 0.0936458557844162, -0.3912855386734009, 0.7621370553970337, 0.5109692811965942, 0.5608864426612854, 0.16146409511566162, -0.2287481129169464, 0.10293084383010864, -0.18016698956489563, -0.18225067853927612, 0.44750696420669556, -0.2832426428794861, -0.09074600040912628, 0.4616536796092987, 0.5298828482627869, -0.2609626054763794, -0.190806582570076, -0.11428578197956085, -0.019454142078757286, -0.13532526791095734, -0.2894524037837982, 0.17275749146938324, 0.3718663454055786, -0.2566463053226471, -0.17865751683712006, -0.26798224449157715, -0.007378314156085253, -0.4435509443283081, 1.132895588874817, -0.6321564316749573, -0.33211660385131836, -0.14423760771751404, -0.12849265336990356, 0.12681809067726135, 0.9593647718429565, -0.6398659944534302, -0.16856443881988525, 0.6508716940879822, -0.04917551204562187, 0.5100645422935486, 0.31316453218460083, 0.3057364821434021, -0.37207603454589844, 0.011220346204936504, 0.2680983245372772, -0.21423466503620148, 0.3668195307254791, 0.06416921317577362, -0.3938167989253998, 0.18512985110282898, -0.0437147319316864, 0.002472782274708152, -0.08728589862585068, -0.3540273606777191, -0.046686649322509766, -0.23190826177597046, -0.6629777550697327, 0.006226584780961275, -0.1453578919172287, -0.2574775516986847, -0.209786057472229, 0.1405848115682602, 0.13477660715579987, 0.7747616767883301, 0.3136231303215027, -0.22430101037025452, 0.28761711716651917, -0.7613325715065002, 0.007853631861507893, 0.1135709136724472, -0.11346300691366196, -0.22678084671497345, 0.8589314222335815, -0.8369918465614319, -0.6471414566040039, -0.2999703288078308, 0.12687376141548157, -0.015378689393401146, -0.152939110994339, 0.2562302052974701, 0.0075737000443041325, -0.24532032012939453, -0.4786287844181061, 0.4099983870983124, -0.15422460436820984, 0.46662500500679016, 0.13337169587612152, -0.7295060157775879, 0.6583426594734192, 0.9274899363517761, -0.17997990548610687, 0.07353377342224121, 0.04680958017706871, 0.03662868216633797, -0.04501217603683472, 0.6487482190132141, -0.2287387251853943, -0.24801591038703918, -0.044067516922950745, 0.056499332189559937, -0.25859880447387695, -1.0753138065338135, -0.9213955998420715, 0.11734341084957123, 0.4539995789527893, -0.23764817416667938, -0.5290427803993225, -0.49953222274780273, -0.45195117592811584, 0.4867813289165497, -0.047868985682725906, 0.1942199021577835, 0.6084543466567993, 0.24856235086917877, -0.39547809958457947, -0.2517191767692566, -0.37625810503959656, 0.14154742658138275, 0.04233422130346298, -0.8613599538803101, -0.271430104970932, -0.04523954540491104, -0.533333957195282, -0.20246922969818115, 0.41881123185157776, -0.9829777479171753, -0.007800945546478033, 0.6496922373771667, -0.06757261604070663, 0.47890186309814453, -0.3136225640773773, -0.1546189934015274, 0.6058286428451538, 0.17970384657382965, 0.14205269515514374, 0.171068012714386, -0.3106038570404053, -0.3675970733165741, 0.4515466094017029, -0.5177703499794006, -1.104050874710083, -0.5926028490066528, -0.011769384145736694, 0.11025047302246094, -1.2152824401855469, -0.41972631216049194, 0.16559255123138428, -0.3461783826351166, 0.30863359570503235, 0.028482884168624878, 0.10605030506849289, 0.3441884517669678, 0.38284528255462646, -0.5100423693656921, -0.2379106879234314, -1.1289950609207153, 0.33767732977867126, 0.03184841200709343, 0.07908976078033447, 0.11355431377887726, -0.11627444624900818, 0.7240063548088074, 0.0069486177526414394, 0.14599382877349854, 0.4185631275177002, 0.16055922210216522, -0.23171484470367432, -0.9202794432640076, -0.6725830435752869, 0.2573699355125427, 0.088842011988163, 0.062261782586574554, -0.5950995683670044, -0.49434155225753784, 0.6007406115531921, -1.5851051807403564, -0.2014782875776291, 0.0744047611951828, -0.22995762526988983, -0.00405674846842885, -0.016224520280957222, 0.034114912152290344, 0.36540302634239197, -0.3479570150375366, 0.2204311639070511, 0.441923588514328, 0.20551593601703644, 0.08245629817247391, 0.8219395279884338, -0.43991464376449585, 0.3608753979206085, -0.38614559173583984, 0.1918097734451294, -0.25655898451805115, -0.41016685962677, 0.3077043890953064, -0.07367200404405594, -0.6816898584365845, 0.30015048384666443, -0.6719667315483093, -0.09203994274139404, 0.17663991451263428, -0.2065858095884323, -0.5277215242385864, -0.4976784288883209, -0.8861810564994812, 0.48761969804763794, -0.46951377391815186, -0.6869222521781921, 0.22060394287109375, -0.3013015687465668, 0.43033280968666077, 0.20937848091125488, 0.16077229380607605, -0.577618420124054, 0.40222933888435364, -0.038428228348493576, 1.3380045890808105, -0.8050071597099304, -0.6911938786506653, 0.13071881234645844, 0.1359972357749939, 0.27293282747268677, 0.09790509194135666, -0.45950889587402344, -0.09970083832740784, 0.19536346197128296, -0.9964251518249512, -0.036417748779058456, 0.7466904520988464, 0.262195885181427, 0.16349172592163086, 0.6891671419143677, 0.8755971789360046, -0.8047033548355103, -0.044979341328144073, 0.41788601875305176, -0.45536085963249207, 0.21054065227508545, 0.13328467309474945, 0.08123557269573212, -0.06204896792769432, 0.6742143630981445, -0.06369654834270477, 0.1799468845129013, 0.7573240995407104, 0.01952766813337803, 0.5124689340591431, -0.10690582543611526, 0.6073300242424011, 0.3493892252445221, -1.2362191677093506, -0.12054406851530075, 0.13565301895141602, 0.597551167011261, -0.4707809388637543, 0.421326220035553, 0.03539339080452919, 0.6322346329689026, -0.041212692856788635, -0.07014357298612595, 0.31107357144355774, -0.3433806896209717, -0.18509921431541443, 0.3369399905204773, 0.7777831554412842, 0.8743980526924133, 0.9179546236991882, -0.6361238956451416, -0.03778880462050438, -0.0682467371225357, 0.08680062741041183, -0.0842418372631073, -0.16907933354377747, 0.7769625782966614, 0.43538013100624084, 0.7218249440193176, -0.5604544281959534, 0.25249478220939636, 0.4879700839519501, -0.2740623652935028, -0.18300297856330872, 0.7328262329101562, 0.2719435691833496, -0.14185723662376404, -0.08231313526630402, 0.20508897304534912, -0.3922010660171509, 0.33647558093070984, -0.10365281254053116, 0.3617507815361023, 0.20494258403778076, -0.7729558944702148, 0.46716877818107605, 0.6892049908638, 0.19460541009902954, 0.2044961303472519, -0.6147802472114563, -0.18473054468631744, 0.11032359302043915, -0.4454510509967804, 0.4332900643348694, 0.5018474459648132, -0.7443040013313293, 0.0017286906950175762, -0.38695093989372253, -0.5974860787391663, -0.13477811217308044, 0.38023024797439575, -0.11949188262224197, 0.23238950967788696, -0.31501978635787964, -0.34056535363197327, 0.697256863117218, -0.3646637499332428, 0.136198952794075, -0.4773264229297638, 0.49312418699264526, 0.6596890091896057, 0.5311555862426758, 0.2913913130760193, 1.0958009958267212, -0.12062297761440277, 0.5851636528968811, -0.46908140182495117, 0.24057048559188843, -0.6446082592010498, 0.06885780394077301, -0.7829862833023071, 0.010842555202543736, -0.5549468398094177, 0.20665514469146729, 0.15045122802257538, 0.26462090015411377, -0.9350028038024902, 0.4839819669723511, 0.8239187598228455, -0.0147772915661335, -0.32629528641700745, 0.029701629653573036, 0.33955681324005127, -0.048235516995191574, 0.3361492455005646, -0.4928567111492157, -0.47327402234077454, 0.2601732313632965, 0.5564947128295898, 0.057395387440919876, -0.6083683371543884, -0.5067017674446106, -0.43215784430503845, 0.45041966438293457, -0.4101194739341736, 0.22697725892066956, -0.5648585557937622, -0.014428973197937012, 0.1286434531211853, -0.08018527179956436, 0.8282327651977539, -0.8620928525924683, 0.8708366751670837, 0.21767446398735046, 0.6133084297180176, -0.11827615648508072, -0.048906370997428894, -0.42803487181663513, 0.1736489087343216, -0.2675701677799225, 0.6790099143981934, 0.823891818523407, -0.24046552181243896, 0.12880286574363708, 0.4899651110172272, -0.45682811737060547, 0.21385475993156433, 0.3046875, 0.18341834843158722, -0.7808037400245667, 0.004824512638151646, -0.6081798076629639 ]
216410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisyworld	Daisyworld	Daisyworld, a computer simulation, is a hypothetical world orbiting a star whose radiant energy is slowly increasing or decreasing. It is meant to mimic important elements of the Earth-Sun system, and was introduced by James Lovelock and Andrew Watson in a paper published in 1983 to illustrate the plausibility of the Gaia hypothesis. In the original 1983 version, Daisyworld is seeded with two varieties of daisy as its only life forms: black daisies and white daisies. White petaled daisies reflect light, while black petaled daisies absorb light. The simulation tracks the two daisy populations and the surface temperature of Daisyworld as the sun's rays grow more powerful. The surface temperature of Daisyworld remains almost constant over a broad range of solar output. Mathematical model to sustain the Gaia hypothesis The purpose of the model is to demonstrate that feedback mechanisms can evolve from the actions or activities of self-interested organisms, rather than through classic group selection mechanisms. Daisyworld examines the energy budget of a planet populated by two different types of plants, black daisies and white daisies. The colour of the daisies influences the albedo of the planet such that black daisies absorb light and warm the planet, while white daisies reflect light and cool the planet. Competition between the daisies (based on temperature-effects on growth rates) leads to a balance of populations that tends to favour a planetary temperature close to the optimum for daisy growth. Lovelock and Watson demonstrated the stability of Daisyworld by making its sun evolve along the main sequence, taking it from low to high solar constant. This perturbation of Daisyworld's receipt of solar radiation caused the balance of daisies to gradually shift from black to white but the planetary temperature was always regulated back to this optimum (except at the extreme ends of solar evolution). This situation is very different from the corresponding abiotic world, where temperature is unregulated and rises linearly with solar output. Later versions of Daisyworld introduced a range of grey daisies, as well as populations of grazers and predators, and found that these further increased the stability of the homeostasis. More recently, other research, modeling the real biochemical cycles of Earth, and using various types of organisms (e.g. photosynthesisers, decomposers, herbivores and primary and secondary carnivores) has also been shown to produce Daisyworld-like regulation and stability, which helps to explain planetary biological diversity. This enables nutrient recycling within a regulatory framework derived by natural selection amongst species, where one being's harmful waste becomes low energy food for members of another guild. This research on the Redfield ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus shows that local biotic processes can regulate global systems (See Keith Downing & Peter Zvirinsky, The Simulated Evolution of Biochemical Guilds: Reconciling Gaia Theory with Natural Selection). Original 1983 simulation synopsis At the beginning of the simulation, the sun's rays are weak and Daisyworld is too cold to support any life. Its surface is barren, and gray. As the luminosity of the sun's rays increases, germination of black daisies becomes possible. Because black daisies absorb more of the sun's radiant energy, they are able to increase their individual temperatures to healthy levels on the still cool surface of Daisyworld. As a result, they thrive and the population soon grows large enough to increase the average surface temperature of Daisyworld. As the surface heats up, it becomes more habitable for white daisies, whose competing population grows to rival the black daisy population. As the two populations reach equilibrium, so too does the surface temperature of Daisyworld, which settles on a value most comfortable for both populations. In this first phase of the simulation we see that black daisies have warmed Daisyworld so that it is habitable over a wider range of solar luminosity than would have been possible on a barren, gray planet. This allowed growth of the white daisy population, and the two populations of daisies are now working together to regulate the surface temperature. The second phase of the simulation documents what happens as the sun's luminosity continues to increase, heating the surface of Daisyworld beyond a comfortable range for the daisies. This temperature increase causes white daisies, who are better able to stay cool because of their high albedo or ability to reflect sunlight, to gain a selective advantage over the black daisies. White daisies begin replacing black daisies, which has a cooling effect on Daisyworld. The result is that Daisyworld's surface temperature remains habitable - in fact almost constant - even as the luminosity of the sun continues to increase. In the third phase of the simulation, the sun's rays have grown so powerful that soon even the white daisies can no longer survive. At a certain luminosity their population crashes, and the barren, gray surface of Daisyworld, no longer able to reflect the sun's rays, rapidly heats up. At this point in the simulation solar luminosity is programmed to decline, retracing its original path to its initial value. Even as it declines to levels that previously supported vast populations of daisies in the third phase, no daisies are able to grow because the surface of barren, gray Daisyworld is still far too hot. Eventually, the sun's rays decrease in power to a more comfortable level which allows white daisies to grow, who begin cooling the planet. Relevance to Earth Because Daisyworld is so simplistic, having for example, no atmosphere, no animals, only one species of plant life, and only the most basic population growth and death models, it should not be directly compared to Earth. This was stated very clearly by the original authors. Even so, it provided a number of useful predictions of how Earth's biosphere may respond to, for example, human interference. Later adaptations of Daisyworld (discussed below), which added many layers of complexity, still showed the same basic trends of the original model. One prediction of the simulation is that the biosphere works to regulate the climate, making it habitable over a wide range of solar luminosity. Many examples of these regulatory systems have been found on Earth. Modifications to the original simulation Daisyworld was designed to refute the idea that there was something inherently mystical about the Gaia hypothesis that Earth's surface displays homeostatic and homeorhetic properties similar to those of a living organism. Specifically, thermoregulation was addressed. The Gaia hypothesis had attracted a substantial amount of criticism from scientists such as Richard Dawkins, who argued that planet-level thermoregulation was impossible without planetary natural selection, which might involve evidence of dead planets that did not thermoregulate. Dr. W. Ford Doolittle rejected the notion of planetary regulation because it seemed to require a "secret consensus" among organisms, thus some sort of inexplicable purpose on a planetary scale. Incidentally, neither of these neoDarwinians made a close examination of the wide-ranging evidence presented in Lovelock's books that was suggestive of planetary regulation, dismissing the theory based on what they saw as its incompatibility with the latest views on the processes by which evolution works. Lovelock's model countered the criticism that some "secret consensus" would be required for planetary regulation by showing how in this model thermoregulation of the planet, beneficial to the two species, arises naturally. Later criticism of Daisyworld itself centers on the fact that although it is often used as an analogy for Earth, the original simulation leaves out many important details of the true Earth system. For example, the system requires an ad-hoc death rate (γ) to sustain homeostasis, and it does not take into account the difference between species-level phenomena and individual level phenomena. Detractors of the simulation believed inclusion of these details would cause it to become unstable, and therefore, false. Many of these issues are addressed in a 2001 paper by Timothy Lenton and James Lovelock, which shows that inclusion of these factors actually improves Daisyworld's ability to regulate its climate. Biodiversity and stability of ecosystems The importance of the large number of species in an ecosystem, led to two sets of views about the role played by biodiversity in the stability of ecosystems in Gaia theory. In one school of thought labelled the "species redundancy" hypothesis, proposed by Australian ecologist Brian Walker, most species are seen as having little contribution overall in the stability, comparable to the passengers in an aeroplane who play little role in its successful flight. The hypothesis leads to the conclusion that only a few key species are necessary for a healthy ecosystem. The "rivet-popper" hypothesis put forth by Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife Anne H. Ehrlich compares each species forming part of an ecosystem with a rivet on the aeroplane (represented by the ecosystem). The progressive loss of species mirrors the progressive loss of rivets from the plane, weakening it till it is no longer sustainable and crashes. Later extensions of the Daisyworld simulation which included rabbits, foxes and other species, led to a surprising finding that the larger the number of species, the greater the improving effects on the entire planet (i.e., the temperature regulation was improved). It also showed that the system was robust and stable even when perturbed. Daisyworld simulations where environmental changes were stable gradually became less diverse over time; in contrast gentle perturbations led to bursts of species richness. These findings lent support to the idea that biodiversity is valuable. This finding was supported by a 1994 study of the factors species composition, dynamics and diversity in successional and native grasslands in Minnesota by David Tilman and John A. Downing which concluded that "primary productivity in more diverse plant communities is more resistant to, and recovers more fully from, a major drought". They go on to add "Our results support the diversity stability hypothesis but not the alternative hypothesis that most species are functionally redundant". See also Gaia hypothesis Gaia philosophy SimEarth, a video game partially based on the Daisyworld simulation References Further reading External links Online DaisyWorld simulator, with many options (Flash) Java Applet for daisyworld on a 2D space Spatial Daisyworld Model Java Applet and explanation of Daisyworld with evolution A Unix/X11 simulation of Daisyworld. Modeling the Gaia Hypothesis: DaisyWorld A test applet of a basic Daisyworld model using a 2D cellular automata. Card, O.S., Xenocide (science fiction novel, sequel to Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead, Tor, Aug 1991) A NetLogo version of the Daisyworld model. Climate modeling Ecological experiments Homeostasis Articles containing video clips	[ 0.03951895982027054, -0.46619436144828796, 0.5221062898635864, 0.4138643443584442, 0.43099889159202576, -0.09099402278661728, -0.09017189592123032, 0.28789469599723816, -0.06897121667861938, -0.08846762031316757, -0.5899995565414429, 0.27552440762519836, -0.314324289560318, 0.21957388520240784, -0.09716513752937317, 0.0038090848829597235, 0.3778161406517029, 0.42633965611457825, -0.3456401824951172, -0.17949070036411285, -0.3910726308822632, 0.23654018342494965, 0.2765003740787506, -0.582495391368866, -0.09892960637807846, -0.5667457580566406, -0.09114085882902145, 0.1769881397485733, -0.025559987872838974, 0.6638171672821045, -0.4077571630477905, 0.6642465591430664, -0.16291014850139618, -0.34786850214004517, 0.02366878278553486, -0.24251624941825867, -0.2039305865764618, -0.08128292858600616, -0.2986704707145691, -0.6427716612815857, 0.3068481683731079, 0.11563368141651154, 0.37321940064430237, 0.6169905066490173, -0.5164821147918701, 0.12496163696050644, -1.717827320098877, 0.2790493071079254, -0.01281819213181734, -0.3528273403644562, -0.28563016653060913, 0.12439333647489548, 0.3484635651111603, 0.5600113868713379, 0.17306168377399445, 0.2999191880226135, -0.5580419898033142, 0.07431957870721817, 0.10976766049861908, -0.1594536006450653, 0.29499194025993347, -0.07033336162567139, -0.26643484830856323, 0.08015600591897964, -0.3389468789100647, -0.17535698413848877, 0.08172910660505295, -0.09305161982774734, -0.24686262011528015, -0.45277151465415955, 0.5025603771209717, 0.012089565396308899, 0.09367195516824722, -0.23031304776668549, -0.5063807964324951, -0.007662776857614517, -0.0906710997223854, 0.10021998733282089, 0.1782214194536209, -0.1553884595632553, -0.51091468334198, -0.07261238992214203, 0.6789405941963196, -0.35145261883735657, 0.337089866399765, -0.3279050290584564, -0.16345137357711792, 0.2719253599643707, -0.7523009777069092, 0.7145666480064392, -0.31918075680732727, -0.19723649322986603, 0.4458112120628357, 0.7036334872245789, 0.19218075275421143, -0.2782230079174042, 0.20859761536121368, -0.12404243648052216, 0.1334533840417862, 0.1942838877439499, -0.14565646648406982, 0.2747688591480255, -0.3196216821670532, -0.20861481130123138, -0.10194419324398041, -0.1597648710012436, -0.2600840628147125, -0.49034494161605835, 0.12853603065013885, 0.33881452679634094, -0.517082691192627, 0.18346889317035675, 0.17654651403427124, 0.26726314425468445, 0.2611730694770813, -0.172434002161026, -0.1909734457731247, 0.1373528093099594, 0.14816012978553772, -0.0027142283506691456, 0.7577973008155823, 0.6730918884277344, -0.021388771012425423, -0.3079809844493866, 0.01859596185386181, 0.6195772886276245, 0.7528918981552124, 0.3993315100669861, -0.4707604646682739, -0.1591358184814453, 0.19957800209522247, 0.4129371643066406, -0.44306710362434387, -0.16081981360912323, 0.15769395232200623, -0.15746808052062988, 0.38254308700561523, -0.2562617063522339, 0.8720151782035828, 0.5811592936515808, -0.19183579087257385, -0.22453245520591736, -0.3288346529006958, 0.2222476303577423, 0.23268499970436096, 0.15004126727581024, -0.010814682580530643, -0.5679446458816528, -0.26042041182518005, 0.04388781636953354, -0.3441869914531708, 0.6427037119865417, -0.565122127532959, 0.3848550021648407, -0.2907491624355316, -0.3164319396018982, -0.40956056118011475, -0.09492643922567368, -0.1404699683189392, 0.10267166793346405, -0.16860242187976837, 0.28964856266975403, -0.1090540960431099, 0.27604037523269653, 0.058147821575403214, -0.39293551445007324, 0.27852797508239746, 0.8519028425216675, -0.1133207455277443, -0.039776600897312164, -0.44231879711151123, 0.3416718542575836, 0.18749502301216125, 0.4187350869178772, 0.3180639445781708, 0.4789775609970093, 0.9057996869087219, -0.006224787328392267, 0.2992036044597626, 0.18135227262973785, -0.6716180443763733, -0.35358062386512756, 0.45475640892982483, -0.14544852077960968, 0.3114473223686218, -0.1090628057718277, -0.04185526445508003, 0.41505011916160583, 0.09618338197469711, -0.20611432194709778, -0.5956131219863892, -0.19110873341560364, 0.20563629269599915, -0.5845465660095215, 0.47203120589256287, -0.06305505335330963, -0.2803923189640045, 0.20375214517116547, 0.11344502121210098, 0.11826217919588089, -0.17200712859630585, 0.18459902703762054, 0.37333205342292786, -0.18315860629081726, 0.07730115950107574, -0.11628150939941406, 0.04722316190600395, -0.15673117339611053, -0.2260403037071228, -0.1502368003129959, 0.1779504269361496, -0.4716797471046448, 0.669489324092865, -0.07269584387540817, -0.28501564264297485, -0.24726605415344238, -1.0638850927352905, 0.7728621959686279, -0.4411034882068634, 0.11312632262706757, 0.9377208948135376, 0.4323034882545471, -0.2120862752199173, 0.12742817401885986, 0.12623390555381775, 0.6623020172119141, 0.3984012305736542, 0.36377793550491333, 0.8146151900291443, -0.6633772850036621, -0.2850119173526764, -0.06180182471871376, -0.014401592314243317, -0.5006474852561951, 0.3770189881324768, 0.2738843858242035, 0.32767412066459656, -0.21528442203998566, -0.09700852632522583, -0.4418630599975586, -0.2769560217857361, 0.07632067799568176, -0.6824949383735657, 0.7372203469276428, -0.13302770256996155, 0.2762049734592438, -0.038240186870098114, 0.30014413595199585, -0.805603563785553, -0.3642602860927582, -0.06404458731412888, 0.2369711697101593, -0.11763203889131546, -0.14821757376194, -0.13284018635749817, 0.1522684544324875, -0.4691089987754822, 0.4035786986351013, 0.2670385539531708, 0.6534870266914368, -0.38571444153785706, -0.18148569762706757, -0.5405904650688171, -0.08800108730792999, 0.04467765986919403, -0.6806432604789734, -0.45744267106056213, -0.4341837167739868, 0.5017755627632141, 0.489039808511734, 0.4615251421928406, -0.14929060637950897, -0.20912675559520721, 0.1930338740348816, -0.6295686960220337, -0.7132543325424194, -0.13616164028644562, 0.20447063446044922, -0.3769909739494324, -0.2180335521697998, -0.47713345289230347, 0.7462338805198669, 0.3890600800514221, -0.12026666849851608, -0.24995292723178864, 0.28950610756874084, 0.22535501420497894, -0.3777807056903839, -0.4877409338951111, -0.4175157845020294, -0.48117539286613464, 0.2610365152359009, -0.07336555421352386, 0.2604125440120697, -0.25674352049827576, 0.12777742743492126, 0.21012981235980988, -0.23022708296775818, -0.3901790976524353, 0.6168099045753479, -0.30559512972831726, 0.13613203167915344, -0.4883357286453247, -0.4613286852836609, 0.14391307532787323, -0.2531384229660034, -0.37688174843788147, 0.4521056115627289, -6.13838005065918, 0.26678162813186646, -0.32524049282073975, -0.34211117029190063, -0.2985984981060028, -0.3733893036842346, 0.40857070684432983, 0.39393752813339233, -0.2246471345424652, 0.14935657382011414, -0.373051255941391, -0.1654544472694397, -0.278900682926178, 0.5895983576774597, 0.8347316384315491, 0.05631672963500023, 0.2515818774700165, -0.3554261028766632, 0.14036120474338531, 0.08960685133934021, -0.44343480467796326, 0.1451955884695053, 0.11766234785318375, 0.5946398973464966, -0.29032111167907715, -0.15052096545696259, 0.27047136425971985, -0.4719657301902771, -0.0015695859910920262, -0.3547667860984802, 0.07798907905817032, -0.2382618933916092, 0.06854875385761261, -0.09137813001871109, 0.43148958683013916, 0.4308953881263733, 0.3760014474391937, 0.18210938572883606, 0.34687530994415283, -0.17983639240264893, -0.014989740215241909, 0.3642324209213257, -0.2754199802875519, -0.09974252432584763, 0.35852792859077454, -0.2477474808692932, -0.17802420258522034, 0.398024320602417, -0.6624594330787659, 0.6111785173416138, 0.36075422167778015, -0.11021281778812408, 0.7361389398574829, -0.3278161287307739, -0.18535691499710083, -0.047344665974378586, 0.13572044670581818, 0.025152703747153282, -0.4012604355812073, -0.17669975757598877, -0.021082768216729164, -0.10436216741800308, 0.02787686139345169, -0.25678157806396484, 0.12098106741905212, -0.11750824004411697, -0.5537495613098145, 0.10152182728052139, 0.34722214937210083, 0.20118136703968048, -0.2518668472766876, -0.43000128865242004, -0.06110702082514763, -1.1059743165969849, 0.24421529471874237, 0.09707944095134735, 0.10786105692386627, -0.45234063267707825, 0.39971521496772766, 0.04317430034279823, -0.15891961753368378, -0.22291894257068634, -0.1288842260837555, -0.3357282280921936, -0.0076990011148154736, -0.9407542943954468, -0.06834051758050919, -0.006998024880886078, -0.2761954069137573, -0.13218969106674194, 0.7188735008239746, -0.13186027109622955, 0.5671700239181519, -0.09693189710378647, 0.9991647601127625, 0.9214207530021667, 0.09981215000152588, 0.14650002121925354, 0.19146285951137543, -0.01632099598646164, 0.3919873833656311, -0.153946191072464, 0.752174437046051, -0.007685746066272259, 0.01265430822968483, 0.42496785521507263, 0.01843431033194065, 0.1505523920059204, 0.6410520672798157, 0.0069804564118385315, 0.11033092439174652, 0.38311687111854553, -0.16203822195529938, -0.36409294605255127, 0.19845470786094666, 0.24161481857299805, -0.2029501050710678, 0.3356858193874359, 0.5699867010116577, 0.1613420844078064, -0.1105455607175827, -0.06183498352766037, 0.011804113164544106, -0.15349985659122467, -0.12163952738046646, 0.15115176141262054, -0.007859369739890099, 0.12302189320325851, 0.4054461717605591, 0.15843483805656433, 0.5747293829917908, 0.3452407717704773, 0.048556096851825714, -0.27938196063041687, -0.010502321645617485, -0.007162937428802252, 0.02794322371482849, -0.37222638726234436, -0.3064046800136566, -0.10147377848625183, 0.28383350372314453, -0.01197094563394785, -0.14852379262447357, -0.0006106895743869245, 0.416064977645874, 0.35922446846961975, -0.0777880921959877, -0.12246429920196533, 0.3708468973636627, 0.46398934721946716, -0.25480201840400696, -0.18356353044509888, 0.005501562263816595, -0.6511339545249939, -0.44543707370758057, 0.5253153443336487, 0.010535008274018764, -0.36682239174842834, 0.3126997649669647, -0.07427268475294113, 0.1838855892419815, -0.5231736898422241, -0.9879615306854248, -0.1486426144838333, 0.03370194882154465, 0.5845037698745728, -0.020612798631191254, -0.3441263735294342, -0.10653455555438995, 0.40725165605545044, -0.009357163682579994, 0.17534343898296356, -0.4225650727748871, -0.5258685350418091, 0.17108719050884247, 0.33742931485176086, 0.129390150308609, -0.21916165947914124, 0.25887158513069153, -0.6222293972969055, 0.1668565273284912, -0.00034118935582228005, -0.32943546772003174, 0.3349030911922455, 0.7389158010482788, -0.3699174225330353, 0.1616739183664322, 0.5896870493888855, 0.08523552864789963, 0.24987569451332092, 0.29504695534706116, 0.7705879807472229, -0.2691449224948883, -0.1820969432592392, -0.25319167971611023, -0.36001449823379517, -0.07943526655435562, 0.619726300239563, -0.0103539964184165, -0.25662532448768616, -0.3935542106628418, -0.1510458141565323, -1.0402123928070068, 0.3488176167011261, 0.4563610255718231, -0.730940580368042, -0.07569785416126251, -0.1277344673871994, 0.14483141899108887, -0.2169378697872162, -0.31932076811790466, -0.20331713557243347, -0.34478500485420227, -0.43130114674568176, -0.13765597343444824, 0.37571007013320923, -0.2723497152328491, -0.2915264368057251, -0.4150477647781372, -0.08380823582410812, -0.2589491605758667, 0.09444665163755417, -0.28093817830085754, -0.18113435804843903, -0.01040425430983305, -0.6274223923683167, 0.3105991780757904, -0.706699550151825, -0.36557018756866455, 0.18526344001293182, 0.2576155662536621, 0.46128880977630615, -0.06012897565960884, -0.03198062628507614, -0.1369103491306305, -0.5482062697410583, 0.1543947458267212, 0.18149733543395996, -0.46170663833618164, 0.4203754961490631, -0.026100605726242065, 0.06890926510095596, -0.35443204641342163, -0.2798040509223938, -0.21282194554805756, 0.15791770815849304, 0.2531479001045227, -0.14059290289878845, -0.8996540307998657, -0.2798778712749481, 0.35912030935287476, -0.3717550039291382, -0.26035812497138977, -0.011227341368794441, 0.6213328838348389, -0.4285579323768616, 0.16586105525493622, -0.2608662247657776, 0.2516646385192871, 0.05229213833808899, -0.291606068611145, -0.25988125801086426, -0.11844512075185776, -0.24420225620269775, 0.2759283781051636, 0.20125305652618408, -0.18262314796447754, -0.8465809226036072, 0.11290227621793747, -0.3137784004211426, 0.716829776763916, 0.38697144389152527, 0.6836364269256592, 0.23163972795009613, 0.28452277183532715, 0.11222760379314423, -0.026536207646131516, -0.5535657405853271, -0.037072841078042984, 0.0768822506070137, -0.4305416941642761, 0.26149553060531616, -0.4916912615299225, -0.08625957369804382, 0.237060084939003, -0.18210744857788086, 0.20506717264652252, -0.32289135456085205, -0.09792115539312363, -0.12040645629167557, -0.283869206905365, 0.22005583345890045, 0.011459923349320889, -0.0530066080391407, 0.07038604468107224, 0.25688818097114563, 0.4698972702026367, -0.27056533098220825, -0.31300538778305054, -0.3459242880344391, -0.6948944926261902, 0.26329368352890015, 0.34543514251708984, -0.7358436584472656, 0.9214908480644226, -0.1319591999053955, 0.1923021823167801, -0.12715299427509308, -0.24116010963916779, -0.12979908287525177, 0.450868159532547, 0.36312124133110046, -0.036227643489837646, 0.3950062692165375, -0.22281700372695923, 0.3000967502593994, 0.6618248820304871, 0.030121292918920517, 0.4695541262626648, 0.5435876846313477, 0.3398447036743164, 0.39071375131607056, 0.181688591837883, -0.13936999440193176, -0.16275572776794434, -0.027420315891504288, -0.04559570178389549, 0.09039604663848877, 0.16892066597938538, 0.06121915206313133, 0.7343424558639526, 0.40328264236450195, 0.06624937057495117, 0.8053467869758606, -0.06981249898672104, -0.21458016335964203, 0.11493979394435883, -0.4046185314655304, -0.8880794644355774, 0.137221559882164, 0.28162896633148193, 0.5157378911972046, 0.1536123901605606, 0.0870741531252861, -0.18096530437469482, 0.2817707359790802, 0.20793721079826355, 0.6599171757698059, -0.8726984262466431, 0.1844356507062912, 0.24421459436416626, -0.15424317121505737, -0.038995202630758286, -0.400121808052063, 0.004315888974815607, -0.5087969899177551, 0.22996754944324493, -0.3497051000595093, -0.011300278827548027, 0.13530363142490387, -0.24082382023334503, 0.46504315733909607, 0.24419763684272766, 0.04129374399781227, -0.1809692233800888, 0.014354913495481014, -0.18095071613788605, -0.1966041475534439, 0.26933249831199646, -0.05713902413845062, 0.16285666823387146, 0.05490081384778023, -0.19591611623764038, 0.299441397190094, -0.4251093864440918, -0.1819196194410324, 0.13479140400886536, 0.3633887469768524, -0.40239647030830383, -0.02342876046895981, -0.6790433526039124, -0.03183913975954056, 0.18896953761577606, 0.10723487287759781, -0.028204072266817093, -0.16966508328914642, -0.00930769369006157, 0.14018720388412476, -0.07470753788948059, 0.057298459112644196, 0.35992926359176636, -0.03935147449374199, -0.2053021341562271, 0.15742576122283936, -0.15379489958286285, 0.1302216649055481, -0.04395545646548271, 0.17779885232448578, 0.0040766834281384945, 0.29711446166038513, 0.20088975131511688, -0.20420119166374207, 0.5927583575248718, 0.2225862592458725, -0.887132465839386, 0.36588752269744873, -0.07540761679410934, -0.3066348731517792, -0.6514356136322021, 0.37379467487335205, 0.5306867361068726, -0.10907630622386932, 0.29582837224006653, -0.01914362795650959, 0.13034318387508392, 0.35961848497390747, 0.5414044260978699, 0.16855792701244354, 0.29942911863327026, -0.2257780283689499, -0.3583362400531769, -0.31943580508232117, 0.2661229968070984, 0.32207387685775757, 0.09425518661737442, -0.18474197387695312, 0.021379338577389717, -0.06309722363948822, -0.453323632478714, 0.1771460324525833, 0.237740159034729, -0.4345613718032837, -0.4836089313030243, 0.7652207612991333, -0.6962434649467468, -0.31035110354423523, 0.25011110305786133, 0.1985938996076584, 0.17836742103099823, -0.3340955376625061, -0.4121364951133728, 0.23535045981407166, -0.43941184878349304, -0.06681998074054718, -0.025647027418017387, 0.34253835678100586, 0.3618682324886322, -0.04065970703959465, -0.400688111782074, 0.1389833390712738, -0.03467776998877525, -0.1886899471282959, -0.2625804543495178, -0.27110978960990906, -0.033049941062927246, 0.018955843523144722, 0.18997955322265625, -0.6447371244430542, -0.09261320531368256, 0.44680070877075195 ]
216411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20ethic	Land ethic	A land ethic is a philosophy or theoretical framework about how, ethically, humans should regard the land. The term was coined by Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) in his A Sand County Almanac (1949), a classic text of the environmental movement. There he argues that there is a critical need for a "new ethic", an "ethic dealing with human's relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it". Leopold offers an ecologically-based land ethic that rejects strictly human-centered views of the environment and focuses on the preservation of healthy, self-renewing ecosystems. A Sand County Almanac was the first systematic presentation of a holistic or ecocentric approach to the environment. Although Leopold is credited with coining the term "land ethic", there are many philosophical theories that speak to how humans should treat the land. Some of the most prominent land ethics include those rooted in economics, utilitarianism, libertarianism, egalitarianism, and ecology. Economics-based land ethic This is a land ethic based wholly upon economic self-interest. Leopold sees two flaws in this type of ethic. First, he argues that most members of an ecosystem have no economic worth. For this reason, such an ethic can ignore or even eliminate these members when they are actually necessary for the health of the biotic community of the land. And second, it tends to relegate conservation necessary for healthy ecosystems to the government and these tasks are too large and dispersed to be adequately addressed by such an institution. This ties directly into the context within which Leopold wrote A Sand County Almanac. For example, when the US Forest Service was founded by Gifford Pinchot, the prevailing ethos was economic and utilitarian. Leopold argued for an ecological approach, becoming one of the first to popularize this term coined by Henry Chandler Cowles of the University of Chicago during his early 1900s research at the Indiana Dunes. Conservation became the preferred term for the more anthropocentric model of resource management, while the writing of Leopold and his inspiration, John Muir, led to the development of environmentalism. Utilitarian-based land ethic Utilitarianism was most prominently defended by British philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Though there are many varieties of utilitarianism, generally it is the view that a morally right action is an action that produces the maximum good for people. Utilitarianism has often been used when deciding how to use land and it is closely connected with an economic-based ethic. For example, it forms the foundation for industrial farming; an increase in yield, which would increase the number of people able to receive goods from farmed land, is judged from this view to be a good action or approach. In fact, a common argument in favor of industrial agriculture is that it is a good practice because it increases the benefits for humans; benefits such as food abundance and a drop in food prices. However, a utilitarian-based land ethic is different from a purely economic one as it could be used to justify the limiting of a person's rights to make a profit. For example, in the case of the farmer planting crops on a slope, if the runoff of soil into the community creek led to the damage of several neighbor's properties, then the good of the individual farmer would be overridden by the damage caused to his neighbors. Thus, while a utilitarian-based land ethic can be used to support economic activity, it can also be used to challenge this activity. Libertarian-based land ethic Another philosophical approach often used to guide actions when making (or not making) changes to the land is libertarianism. Roughly, libertarianism is the ethical view that agents own themselves and have particular moral rights, including the right to acquire the property. In a looser sense, libertarianism is commonly identified with the belief that each individual person has a right to a maximum amount of freedom or liberty when this freedom does not interfere with other people's freedom. A well-known libertarian theorist is John Hospers. For right-libertarians, property rights are natural rights. Thus, it would be acceptable for the above farmer to plant on a slope as long as this action does not limit the freedom of his or her neighbors. This view is closely connected to utilitarianism. Libertarians often use utilitarian arguments to support their own arguments. For example, in 1968, Garrett Hardin applied this philosophy to land issues when he argued that the only solution to the "Tragedy of the Commons" was to place soil and water resources into the hands of private citizens. Hardin supplied utilitarian justifications to support his argument. However, it can be argued that this leaves libertarian-based land ethics open to the above critique lodged against economic-based approaches. Even excepting this, the libertarian view has been challenged by the critique that numerous people making self-interested decisions often cause large ecological disasters, such as the Dust Bowl disaster. Even so, libertarianism is a philosophical view commonly held within the United States and, especially, held by U.S. ranchers and farmers. Egalitarian-based land ethic Egalitarian-based land ethics are often developed as a response to libertarianism. This is because, while libertarianism ensures the maximum amount of human liberty, it does not require that people help others. It also leads to the uneven distribution of wealth. A well-known egalitarian philosopher is John Rawls. When focusing on land use, egalitarianism evaluates its uneven distribution and the uneven distribution of the fruits of that land. While both a utilitarian- and libertarian-based land ethic could conceivably rationalize this mal-distribution, an egalitarian approach typically favors equality, whether that be an equal entitlement to land or access to food. However, there is also the question of negative rights when holding to an egalitarian-based ethic. In other words, if it is recognized that a person has a right to something, then someone has the responsibility to supply this opportunity or item; whether that be an individual person or the government. Thus, an egalitarian-based land ethic could provide a strong argument for the preservation of soil fertility and water because it links land and water with the right to food, the growth of human populations, and the decline of soil and water resources. Ecologically based land ethic Land ethics may also be based upon the principle that the land (and the organisms that live off the land) has intrinsic value. These ethics are, roughly, based on an ecological or systems view. This position was first put forth by Ayers Brinser in Our Use of the Land, published in 1939. Brinser argued that white settlers brought with them "the seeds of a civilization which has grown by consuming the land, that is, a civilization which has used up the land in much the same way that a furnace burns coal.” Later, Aldo Leopold's posthumously published A Sand County Almanac (1949) popularized this idea. Another example is the deep ecology view, which argues that human communities are built upon a foundation of the surrounding ecosystems or the biotic communities and that all life is of inherent worth. Similar to egalitarian-based land ethics, the above land ethics were also developed as alternatives to utilitarian and libertarian-based approaches. Leopold's ethic is one of the most popular ecological approaches in the early 21st century. Other writers and theorists who hold this view include Wendell Berry (b. 1934), N. Scott Momaday, J. Baird Callicott, Paul B. Thompson, and Barbara Kingsolver. Aldo Leopold's land ethic In his classic essay, "The Land Ethic," published posthumously in A Sand County Almanac (1949), Leopold proposes that the next step in the evolution of ethics is the expansion of ethics to include nonhuman members of the biotic community, collectively referred to as "the land." Leopold states the basic principle of his land ethic as: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." He also describes it in this way: "The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land . . . [A] land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such." Leopold was a naturalist, not a philosopher. There is much scholarly debate about what exactly Leopold's land ethic asserts and how he argues for it. At its core, the land ethics claims (1) that humans should view themselves as plain members and citizens of biotic communities, not as "conquerors" of the land; (2) that we should extend ethical consideration to ecological wholes ("soils, waters, plants, and animals"), (3) that our primary ethical concern should not be with individual plants or animals, but with the healthy functioning of whole biotic communities, and (4) that the "summary moral maxim" of ecological ethics is that we should seek to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. Beyond this, scholars disagree about the extent to which Leopold rejected traditional human-centered approaches to the environment and how literally he intended his basic moral maxim to be applied. They also debate whether Leopold based his land ethic primarily on human-centered interests, as many passages in A Sand County Almanac suggest, or whether he placed significant weight on the intrinsic value of nature. One prominent student of Leopold, J. Baird Callicott, has suggested that Leopold grounded his land ethics on various scientific claims, including a Darwinian view of ethics as rooted in special affections for kith and kin, a Copernican view of humans as plain members of nature and the cosmos, and the finding of modern ecology that ecosystems are complex, interrelated wholes. However, this interpretation has recently been challenged by Roberta Millstein, who has offered evidence that Darwin's influence on Leopold was not related to Darwin's views about moral sentiments, but rather to Darwin's views about interdependence in the struggle for existence. Attractions of Leopold's land ethic Leopold's ecocentric land ethic is popular today with mainstream environmentalists for a number of reasons. Unlike more radical environmental approaches, such as deep ecology or biocentrism, it does not require huge sacrifices of human interests. Leopold does not, for example, believe that humans should stop eating or hunting, or experimenting on animals. Nor does he call for a massive reduction in the human population, or for permitting humans to interfere with nature only to satisfy vital human needs (regardless of economic or other human costs). As an environmental ethic, Leopold's land ethic is a comparatively moderate view that seeks to strike a balance between human interests and a healthy and biotically diverse natural environment. Many of the things mainstream environmentalists favor—preference for native plants and animals over invasive species, hunting or selective culling to control overpopulated species that are damaging to the environment, and a focus on preserving healthy, self-regenerating natural ecosystems both for human benefit and for their own intrinsic value—jibe with Leopold's ecocentric land ethic. A related understanding has been framed as global land as a commons. In this view biodiversity and terrestrial carbon storage - an element of climate change mitigation - are global public goods. Hence, land should be governed on a global scale as a commons, requiring increased international cooperation on nature preservation. Criticism Some critics fault Leopold for lack of clarity in spelling out exactly what the land ethic is and its specific implications for how humans should think about the environment. It is clear that Leopold did not intend his basic normative principle ("A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community") to be regarded as an ethical absolute. Thus construed, it would prohibit clearing land to build homes, schools, or farms, and generally require a "hands-off" approach to nature that Leopold plainly did not favor. Presumably, therefore, his maxim should be seen as a general guideline for valuing natural ecosystems and striving to achieve what he terms a sustainable state of "harmony between men and land." But this is vague and, according to some critics, not terribly helpful. A second common criticism of Leopold is that he fails to state clearly why we should adopt the land ethic. He often cites examples of environmental damage (e.g., soil erosion, pollution, and deforestation) that result from traditional human-centered, "conqueror" attitudes towards nature. But it is unclear why such examples support the land ethic specifically, as opposed to biocentrism or some other nature-friendly environmental ethic. Leopold also frequently appeals to modern ecology, evolutionary theory, and other scientific discoveries to support his land ethic. Some critics have suggested that such appeals may involve an illicit move from facts to values. At a minimum, such critics claim, more should be said about the normative basis of Leopold's land ethic. Other critics object to Leopold's ecological holism. According to animal rights advocate, Tom Regan, Leopold's land ethic condones sacrificing the good of individual animals to the good of the whole, and is thus a form of "environmental fascism." According to these critics, we rightly reject such holistic approaches in human affairs. Why, they ask, should we adopt them in our treatment of non-human animals? Finally, some critics have questioned whether Leopold's land ethic might require unacceptable interferences with nature in order to protect current, but transient, ecological balances. If the fundamental environmental imperative is to preserve the integrity and stability of natural ecosystems, wouldn't this require frequent and costly human interventions to prevent naturally occurring changes to natural environments? In nature, the "stability and integrity" of ecosystems are disrupted or destroyed all the time by drought, fire, storms, pests, newly invasive predators, etc. Must humans act to prevent such ecological changes, and if so, at what cost? Why should we place such high value on current ecological balances? Why think it is our role to be nature's steward or policeman? According to these critics, Leopold's stress on preserving existing ecological balances is overly human-centered and fails to treat nature with the respect it deserves. See also Agrarianism Biomimicry Conservation biology Conservation ethic Conservation movement Deep Ecology Ecofeminism Ecology Ecology movement Environmentalism Environmental protection Environmental stewardship Glenn Albrecht Habitat conservation Land stewardship Natural environment Natural capital Natural resource Renewable resource Solastalgia Southern Agrarians Sustainability Water conservation References A. Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, Oxford University Press, New York, 1949 External links Land Ethic Toolbox The Land Ethic—abridged html version, with commentary on its critique of Biblical traditions, full pdf version—neohasid.org The Aldo Leopold Foundation Environmental ethics Land use Landscape 1949 introductions	[ 0.37161391973495483, 0.397502601146698, -0.6616703867912292, 0.12355875968933105, 0.008829476311802864, 0.35048261284828186, 0.2041899859905243, -0.01651078462600708, 0.4738381505012512, -0.5521495938301086, -0.4792427122592926, 0.897800862789154, -0.07134730368852615, 0.33189162611961365, -0.11612316220998764, 0.5103514194488525, 0.20563733577728271, 0.2019549012184143, 0.24824731051921844, -0.1561056524515152, -0.8049672245979309, -0.020125653594732285, -0.05175342783331871, 0.10989398509263992, 0.3303218185901642, 0.04426977038383484, 0.812696099281311, 0.14711861312389374, -0.3520592749118805, -0.045859284698963165, 0.2665007710456848, 0.2961200177669525, -0.28474515676498413, -0.17906242609024048, 0.21769961714744568, -0.11766477674245834, -0.22785057127475739, 0.0053259627893567085, -0.4799521565437317, -0.5442320704460144, 0.2852728068828583, -0.023966806009411812, 0.05528714880347252, 0.32294899225234985, -0.4969193935394287, -0.3252129852771759, -1.1993292570114136, 0.2358517050743103, -0.7873764038085938, 0.2725323736667633, -0.1486595720052719, 0.22804321348667145, -0.06432934105396271, 0.3977150321006775, -0.06272217631340027, 1.0003840923309326, -0.5810632705688477, -0.43070197105407715, 0.1405349224805832, -0.5523145198822021, 0.009186274372041225, 0.13220234215259552, 0.09331384301185608, 0.31123682856559753, 0.3904900550842285, -0.35204362869262695, -0.5373080372810364, -0.09700732678174973, -0.23867619037628174, -0.3772038519382477, -0.6843669414520264, -0.46567878127098083, -0.2180071771144867, 0.6999639868736267, -0.6952906847000122, -0.3637106120586395, 0.15835219621658325, -0.09556585550308228, -0.5363479852676392, -0.057334717363119125, -0.16708612442016602, 0.7401106357574463, -0.333916038274765, -0.2335110306739807, 0.930630624294281, 0.14219629764556885, 0.3179246485233307, 0.2495315670967102, -0.4319271147251129, 0.8132907748222351, 0.9216787815093994, -0.31809085607528687, 0.5558053851127625, -0.19709289073944092, 0.1643209606409073, -0.049274470657110214, 0.6829681396484375, -0.376620352268219, -0.281735360622406, 0.23521023988723755, -0.35634514689445496, 0.06417973339557648, 0.7612772583961487, 0.2186451554298401, -0.12212006747722626, -0.41030240058898926, 0.43251824378967285, -0.9039448499679565, -0.1547745019197464, -0.27985337376594543, -0.2290269285440445, 0.6786609292030334, -0.025035342201590538, 0.3894524872303009, -0.00765963364392519, 0.300660103559494, 0.05944156274199486, -0.13579224050045013, -0.31493571400642395, 0.48515936732292175, 0.2807672619819641, 0.03211327642202377, -0.31209829449653625, -0.07519659399986267, -0.2355852574110031, -0.3034849762916565, 0.19797535240650177, 0.28647929430007935, -1.0776023864746094, -0.3280959129333496, 0.37781772017478943, 0.2542925179004669, -0.4727776348590851, -0.06244269758462906, -0.637917697429657, 0.530368983745575, 1.160892128944397, -0.16044780611991882, 0.3386591076850891, 0.20186512172222137, -0.6444367170333862, -0.7130807638168335, -0.220854252576828, -0.2871387302875519, 0.5608915686607361, -0.07855106145143509, 0.5860182642936707, -0.4949716329574585, -0.4119478166103363, 0.007123052142560482, -0.02420954406261444, 0.1928558498620987, 0.026962585747241974, 0.0430205874145031, -0.037011366337537766, 0.4068913459777832, 0.3550875186920166, 0.11843966692686081, -0.263685017824173, 0.09280388057231903, -0.2174464613199234, -0.3657791018486023, 0.14001193642616272, -0.19806703925132751, 0.12237686663866043, -0.5548356771469116, 0.030947186052799225, 0.6306673884391785, 0.09747385233640671, 0.10440213978290558, -0.25602689385414124, 0.013058529235422611, 0.3618955910205841, -0.49964961409568787, 0.33896929025650024, 0.15891186892986298, 0.23628176748752594, 0.08789361268281937, 0.45839402079582214, 0.5972589254379272, -0.6342036724090576, 0.444587767124176, 0.29535973072052, -0.5097652673721313, 0.10271048545837402, -0.5936857461929321, 0.3655095100402832, -0.301756352186203, 0.13498827815055847, 0.05360255762934685, -0.970993161201477, -0.7720944285392761, 0.42516395449638367, -0.7185797095298767, 1.001365065574646, -0.4010607898235321, -0.16131523251533508, 0.5385377407073975, -0.3768360912799835, 0.30822843313217163, -0.5444034337997437, -0.6689598560333252, -0.19277460873126984, -0.08999446034431458, -0.6254971027374268, 0.6298912167549133, 0.11102578043937683, 0.15680630505084991, 0.04544607922434807, 0.22942127287387848, 0.09372731298208237, -0.037309736013412476, 0.33322063088417053, -0.4127873182296753, 0.2771296501159668, -0.027622394263744354, -0.11572353541851044, 0.5449389219284058, -0.4629501700401306, -0.302649587392807, 0.6812576651573181, -0.21116992831230164, 0.1840493381023407, 0.7439861297607422, -0.016059212386608124, -0.4362882077693939, 0.5248215198516846, 0.5201341509819031, 0.7176677584648132, -0.8867126107215881, 0.07436826825141907, 0.09320761263370514, 0.10945914685726166, -0.5702145099639893, -0.20836694538593292, 0.3900059759616852, 0.1914522349834442, -0.041541893035173416, 0.06183446943759918, -0.01559782586991787, -0.2366866022348404, 0.14430555701255798, -0.2828698456287384, 0.41246461868286133, -0.322373628616333, 0.009516634047031403, -0.4561905860900879, 0.7460951209068298, -0.7611002326011658, 0.41381847858428955, -0.01816980540752411, 0.3204241693019867, 0.6015658378601074, -0.08846384286880493, -0.3865688145160675, -0.19398222863674164, -0.48929181694984436, -0.01650247909128666, 0.37077826261520386, -0.7125070095062256, -0.13174593448638916, 0.2938835024833679, 0.09411309659481049, -0.47630417346954346, 0.29903867840766907, -0.4743342697620392, -0.30673035979270935, 0.18653948605060577, -0.3486902415752411, 0.5789965391159058, 0.7095947265625, -0.04945015162229538, -0.37435242533683777, -0.15366274118423462, -0.07920969277620316, -0.8234001994132996, 0.8704546093940735, 0.14535176753997803, -0.3888997733592987, -0.3435867726802826, -0.225015327334404, 0.12759444117546082, 0.17936740815639496, -0.7541161775588989, 0.2659563720226288, -0.2434576451778412, 0.47955989837646484, -0.45721015334129333, 0.3116970360279083, 0.5772802233695984, 0.03840997442603111, 0.07108481973409653, 0.029676705598831177, -0.3552924692630768, 0.7933148145675659, 0.571961522102356, -0.18237657845020294, -0.08847340941429138, 0.13042403757572174, -0.09430861473083496, -0.07015824317932129, -0.15344947576522827, -0.22219477593898773, 0.16077204048633575, 0.4234524965286255, 0.16206985712051392, -0.2460649460554123, -0.0008748327381908894, -5.682305812835693, -0.0013092735316604376, -0.41264206171035767, -0.15800966322422028, 0.3989580571651459, 0.14571548998355865, 0.8835879564285278, -0.17894864082336426, -0.2188202142715454, 0.0010358262807130814, -0.34156733751296997, -0.5273263454437256, 0.22272048890590668, 0.6892728209495544, 0.8424808979034424, 0.14907872676849365, 0.5033246874809265, -0.03873457759618759, -0.06753651052713394, 0.5514726638793945, -0.024549249559640884, -0.1327762007713318, -0.5171799659729004, 0.6498007774353027, 0.16107556223869324, 0.15672828257083893, -0.5278955698013306, 0.21161334216594696, -0.4596113860607147, 0.23948310315608978, 0.2322787642478943, -0.2961709797382355, -0.07992511987686157, -0.3817414343357086, 0.2672988474369049, 0.09322243183851242, 0.12691311538219452, 0.49295711517333984, -0.0375748872756958, -0.1379013955593109, -0.018918311223387718, 0.40442320704460144, 0.2047637552022934, 0.13700725138187408, -0.1086544394493103, 0.08456302434206009, -0.2811666429042816, -0.33482757210731506, -0.30476564168930054, 0.5046998262405396, -0.3019223213195801, 0.6063244342803955, 0.7522136569023132, -0.3349302113056183, 0.14915351569652557, -0.02419942431151867, 1.0579205751419067, -0.5782448053359985, -0.6547596454620361, -0.09796512871980667, 0.3974939286708832, -0.9703537225723267, 0.24029822647571564, -0.373239666223526, -0.017870640382170677, -0.23245154321193695, -0.6759771108627319, -0.9967247843742371, 0.04027966037392616, -0.15710553526878357, -0.2980153262615204, 0.22706621885299683, -0.042848993092775345, -0.8504137396812439, -0.08812901377677917, -0.5478924512863159, -0.015784980729222298, -0.023418962955474854, 0.4461441934108734, -0.26676976680755615, 0.03618882596492767, -0.26779836416244507, -0.386042982339859, 0.2512117624282837, -0.2014748901128769, -0.2420458197593689, 0.17275084555149078, 0.31625452637672424, -0.799812912940979, 0.08805859833955765, 0.47037574648857117, 0.02505463734269142, 0.1326291263103485, 0.2494129240512848, 0.3329809904098511, 0.232695534825325, -0.021407688036561012, -0.34807202219963074, 0.35274538397789, -0.2375294417142868, 0.4353626072406769, -0.052922796458005905, -0.17896044254302979, -0.04138407111167908, -0.3313615024089813, 0.11839301139116287, -0.28373587131500244, 0.48027241230010986, 1.1358048915863037, 0.2190580666065216, 0.10796472430229187, 0.6074036955833435, 0.005152128636837006, -0.5477529764175415, 0.1582600325345993, 0.4458943009376526, -0.4542646110057831, 0.19660773873329163, 0.7093155980110168, 0.2964445650577545, 0.778535008430481, -0.29394668340682983, -0.2272404283285141, -0.4776725769042969, -0.4228607416152954, -0.5714564323425293, 0.3246017098426819, -0.006941405590623617, -0.3612730801105499, 0.013439317233860493, 0.5566406846046448, 0.030261408537626266, -0.2712550759315491, -0.1612951159477234, -0.21655388176441193, 0.21783773601055145, 0.2694920301437378, 0.25522568821907043, -0.3638085722923279, -0.5342077612876892, -0.03378194943070412, -0.3147642910480499, 0.5600007772445679, 0.17454831302165985, 0.5388226509094238, -0.12333647161722183, -0.1794401854276657, -0.127796933054924, 0.0694817379117012, 0.3569452166557312, -0.11984623223543167, 0.09905417263507843, 0.2519306242465973, -0.3053765892982483, 0.27046647667884827, -0.6136246919631958, -0.21516919136047363, 0.011930260807275772, 0.35485994815826416, -0.6161699891090393, -0.10186128318309784, -0.05247177183628082, -1.347753643989563, -0.11089596152305603, -0.11497941613197327, 0.038922544568777084, -0.5538322925567627, -0.4708077311515808, -0.29476580023765564, 0.4518870711326599, 0.14499592781066895, -0.6994202136993408, -0.25130581855773926, -0.8473965525627136, -0.08973056077957153, -0.12480241060256958, 0.15244576334953308, 0.1339527666568756, -0.12282771617174149, -0.5566574335098267, -0.15847148001194, -0.22641251981258392, -0.1675344705581665, 0.031442586332559586, 0.42801740765571594, -0.7110987305641174, 0.10308421403169632, 0.4708932340145111, -0.47139349579811096, -0.1082891896367073, 0.026687288656830788, 0.2544940114021301, 0.5944356918334961, 0.5702135562896729, -0.4456116557121277, -0.2497665137052536, 0.1098785549402237, 0.04716649278998375, -0.19024045765399933, -0.32361575961112976, 0.3501238226890564, 0.4871496558189392, -0.5426126718521118, 0.09317609667778015, 0.2702651023864746, -0.7246504426002502, 0.3050754964351654, 0.05891678109765053, -0.39034152030944824, 0.6878971457481384, -0.7786189317703247, -0.2609192132949829, -0.5838212966918945, -0.1614757478237152, -0.4868350625038147, -0.2608661651611328, 0.10445243865251541, -0.22305168211460114, -0.453233927488327, -0.43272411823272705, 0.686227023601532, -0.01914190873503685, -0.45399025082588196, 0.04468948766589165, -0.26576438546180725, -0.08602669090032578, -0.039911944419145584, -0.15074776113033295, -0.17950958013534546, -0.1222185492515564, -0.5076712369918823, -0.43880173563957214, 0.047195181250572205, 0.0006897049606777728, -0.520193338394165, -0.13628846406936646, 0.019575055688619614, 0.8460781574249268, -0.5001927018165588, -0.273745059967041, 0.10205614566802979, 0.5049774646759033, 0.4749242067337036, -0.6499205231666565, 0.2879871428012848, 0.6641724705696106, 0.16086769104003906, -0.3375732898712158, -0.44429275393486023, 0.10230344533920288, 0.2542133629322052, -0.2980923652648926, -0.8513467907905579, 0.31120842695236206, 0.32879212498664856, -0.23022279143333435, -0.1548307090997696, -0.30279186367988586, 0.43074777722358704, 0.4264719486236572, 0.46958285570144653, -0.5753422975540161, -0.36681145429611206, -0.2117466926574707, 0.5510030388832092, -0.38120126724243164, -0.12163669615983963, -0.3788728713989258, -0.008985639549791813, -0.9397658705711365, 0.37025186419487, -0.15234382450580597, 0.42291510105133057, 0.455049067735672, 0.8508315086364746, -0.49359163641929626, 0.07182756066322327, -0.6779025197029114, -0.14104999601840973, -0.3784961998462677, 0.06920206546783447, -0.16460445523262024, 0.10728011280298233, -0.36517688632011414, 0.2506721019744873, -0.3826456069946289, 0.40654003620147705, -0.25724244117736816, -0.541369616985321, -0.34820255637168884, -0.605930507183075, -0.46822506189346313, -0.11466198414564133, 0.6368328332901001, -0.5231027603149414, -0.052239201962947845, 0.18368293344974518, -0.29383769631385803, 0.11045265942811966, 0.14241111278533936, -0.2969683110713959, 0.6446366310119629, 0.17511047422885895, -0.3280033767223358, 0.9410315752029419, -0.026736151427030563, -0.10121839493513107, -0.5176113843917847, 0.104649618268013, 0.01898011565208435, 0.2853539288043976, 0.08244151622056961, 0.3288925886154175, 0.736206591129303, -0.23157545924186707, 0.030129119753837585, 0.0666617676615715, -0.641266942024231, 0.7114729881286621, 0.6518042683601379, 0.13579078018665314, -0.20565412938594818, 0.3848944902420044, -0.17652174830436707, 0.5942147970199585, 0.08871512115001678, -0.49113744497299194, -0.15921266376972198, 0.46840953826904297, 0.0895361676812172, 0.3455747663974762, 0.7839238047599792, -0.17018160223960876, 0.13685396313667297, -0.11517658829689026, 0.07137948274612427, 0.09753402322530746, -0.4615011513233185, 0.07299619168043137, 0.7602760791778564, 0.3916051685810089, -0.48251816630363464, 0.36391937732696533, 0.3207409083843231, -0.38176771998405457, 0.3177637755870819, 0.5063024163246155, 0.09946396201848984, -0.21770280599594116, 0.9164676070213318, 0.6781626343727112, -0.14298145473003387, 0.7858046293258667, -0.38036975264549255, 0.04372977837920189, -0.31180718541145325, 0.6406213045120239, 0.23445463180541992, -0.2699633538722992, 0.02456306479871273, 0.28683561086654663, 0.3521421551704407, -0.3368765115737915, -0.3248756229877472, 0.5620993375778198, 0.09661716222763062, 0.47977331280708313, -0.9501539468765259, 0.43742406368255615, 0.7728986740112305, 0.2563774883747101, 0.49279817938804626, -0.14542922377586365, 0.5299865007400513, 0.4866971969604492, 0.04179437458515167, 1.0404505729675293, -0.10702575743198395, -0.0822574645280838, -0.039268672466278076, 0.04937266558408737, -0.06637513637542725, -0.1689244657754898, -0.38911202549934387, -0.24254512786865234, -0.12426555156707764, -0.21792563796043396, 0.09023740887641907, -0.24557839334011078, -0.003230456728488207, -0.3872620463371277, -0.29003652930259705, 0.09044904261827469, 0.515448808670044, -0.5420652031898499, 0.2722232937812805, -0.2125939428806305, 0.8676160573959351, 0.22759993374347687, -0.08347082883119583, -0.3041694462299347, 0.25018832087516785, -0.36213216185569763, -0.00504715833812952, -0.2754986882209778, -0.07190757244825363, -0.3477884531021118, 0.10693853348493576, -0.37491360306739807, 0.09332139045000076, 0.5720763802528381, -0.5172027945518494, 0.1802530437707901, 0.34463825821876526, -0.0006224769167602062, 0.5614950656890869, 0.875176727771759, -0.28464189171791077, 0.45959872007369995, -0.2174765169620514, 0.5342670679092407, 0.22921869158744812, -0.4479418694972992, -0.18176597356796265, -0.4535708725452423, -0.16541603207588196, 0.5435823798179626, 0.1260114461183548, -0.44510701298713684, 0.6033214926719666, -0.053740449249744415, 0.2578604519367218, -0.7885785102844238, 0.39247816801071167, -0.08677177131175995, -0.09609097242355347, -0.0032318856101483107, 0.5448312163352966, 0.16544491052627563, -0.47606727480888367, 0.24691365659236908, -0.6067037582397461, 0.15630453824996948, 0.17150984704494476, -1.3164011240005493, 0.18546652793884277, -0.022645769640803337, 0.11613605916500092, -0.35575008392333984, 0.5806007981300354, 0.24519504606723785, -0.03759961947798729, 0.08255142718553543, 0.06793790310621262, -0.3153344988822937, 0.05393262952566147, 0.15780411660671234, -0.7215416431427002, 0.078994981944561, 0.4492645263671875 ]
216412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roerich%20Pact	Roerich Pact	The Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments or Roerich Pact is an inter-American treaty. The most important idea of the Roerich Pact is the legal recognition that the defense of cultural objects is more important than the use or destruction of that culture for military purposes, and the protection of culture always has precedence over any military necessity. Nicholas Roerich Russian painter and philosopher Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947) initiated the modern movement for the defense of cultural objects, for the idea of "Peace of Civilizations". Besides the recognition as one of the greatest Russian painters, Roerich's most notable achievement during his lifetime was the Roerich Pact signed on 15 April 1935 by the representatives of American states in the Oval Office of the White House (Washington, DC). It was the first international treaty signed in the Oval Office. Nicholas Roerich was born on 9 October 9, 1874, in St. Petersburg. His parents encouraged him to study law, but seeing their son's inclination for painting, they allowed him to study both, which he did with much success. In 1900, Roerich went to Paris to take lessons from Fernand Cormon, the well known tutor of Van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec. Upon his return to St. Petersburg, he married Helena Shaposhnikova, who later developed the Agni Yoga philosophy. Soon Roerich became quite a successful painter. One of his paintings was purchased by Russian Tsar Nicolas II himself. Roerich also worked as stage and costume designer for several operas and ballets by Maurice Maeterlinck and Igor Stravinsky, premiered in St. Petersburg. In 1917, Roerich went to live near a lake in Finland, to strengthen his health. After the border between Russia and Finland was closed in 1918 in the context of the October Revolution and Finnish Civil War, the family travelled across several Scandinavian countries to Great Britain and eventually left for North America in 1920. There, Roerich founded two cultural institutions: "Cor Ardens" (Flaming Heart, a fraternity of artists from several countries) and "The Master Institute of United Arts" (an organization for education, science, and philosophy). In 1923, the Roerich Museum was founded in New York. In 1929, it moved to a new building. Presently, the Roerich Museum is located in Manhattan, at the corner of 107th Street and Riverside Drive. In 1929, Roerich's work towards the pact was recognised through a nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize. After leaving America, the Roerichs settled at Naggar in the Kullu Valley from which their estate looked towards the Himalayas. Here they established the Urusvati Institute which remains in Naggar with an exhibition about the pact. Nicholas Roerich died on 13 December 1947. Origins An idea about the protection of cultural monuments was formulated for the first time by Nicholas Roerich in 1899. During his excavations at Saint-Petersburg province, Roerich began to point to the necessity of protection of cultural monuments, which reproduce a world-view of ancient people for us. In 1903, Roerich together with his wife Helena Ivanovna Roerich toured through forty ancient Russian cities, including Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Smolensk, Vilnius, Izborsk and Pskov. In 1904, proceeding the expedition, Nicholas Roerich has visited Uglich, Kalyazin, Kashin and Tver. During these travels Roerich created a large series of architectural studies, created near 90 paintings of the visited sites. Later many Russian churches were destroyed and these paintings remain the only documenting images. Summarizing this trips, the painter admired the beauty of the ancient monuments. Roerich, expressing his feelings for the state of their protection, in his article "Along the old times" (1903): "Last summer I had an occasion to see many our true antique and little love to it". In 1904, Roerich gave a report to the Emperor's Russian Archeological Society about the sad state of historical monuments and the necessity to take prompt actions to protect them. During the Russo-Japanese war (1904–1905), Roerich expressed an idea about the necessity of a special treaty for the protection of institutions and cultural monuments. In the course of several years after his travel in 1903–1904, Roerich repeatedly pointed out the state of antique monuments. He wrote several articles dedicated to the poor state of the churches. In the article "Silent Pogroms" (1911) Roerich wrote about the unskillful restoration of St. John the Forerunner Church at Yaroslavl: "Who would defense a beautiful antique from mad pogroms? It is grievously when the antique dies. But it is more terrible when the antique remains disfigured, false, imitation ...". In 1914, Roerich appealed to the high command of the Imperial Russian Army, as well as the governments of the United States and France with an idea of conclusion of an international agreement aimed on the protection of cultural values during armed conflicts. He created a poster "Enemy of Mankind" denouncing the barbaric destruction of cultural monuments, and picture "Glow" expressing a protest against World War I. In 1915, Roerich wrote a report for Russian Emperor Nicholas II and Great Prince Nicholas Nikolayevich containing an appeal to make real state measures for national protection of cultural values. In 1929, Roerich, in cooperation with G. G. Shklyaver (a.k.a. Georges Chklaver), a doctor of international law and political sciences at the University of Paris prepared a project of the Pact for protection of cultural values. Simultaneously Roerich proposed a distinctive sign to identify the objects that are in need of protection – the Banner of Peace. It consists of a white cloth with a red circle and three red circles inscribed in it. Draft and ratification In 1929, Roerich, again in collaboration with Professor Shklyaver, prepared a draft of an international treaty dedicated to protection of cultural values. The scheme was to be a cultural analog to the Red Cross for medical neutrality. In 1930, text of draft agreement with accompanying Roerich's appeal to governments and peoples of all countries was published in press and distributed in government, scientific, artistic and educational institutions of the whole world. As a result, the committees supporting the Pact were established in many countries. The draft pact was approved by Committee for Museum affairs at League of Nations and also by the Committee of the Pan-American Union. Ultimately, the Pact was signed by 21 states in the Americas and was ratified by ten of them. In the aftermath of World War II, the Roerich Pact played an important role in forming of international law standards and public activity in the field of protection of cultural heritage. In 1949, at the fourth UNESCO General Conference, a decision was accepted to begin the work for international law regulation in the field of cultural heritage protection in case of armed conflict. Ideas of Roerich Pact still are not implemented in the international law, especially its principle of the almost unlimited preference of the preservation of cultural values to the military necessity. Chronology From the book "Banner of Peace" /Compilers O.N. Zvonareva, T.O. Knizhnik, N.G. Mikhailova. – Second edition, supplemented and revised. – Moscow, ICR, 2005. – (series "Large Roerich's library"). 1930 – A project together with N. Roerich's covering appeal to governments and peoples of all the countries was published and communicated to the governments, scientific, artistic and educational institutions of the world. - Project of the Pact was represented to Committee on Museum affairs at League of Nations, and further it was referred to International committee for intellectual cooperation. - Committees of the Roerich Pact and Banner of Peace were founded in Paris and Bruges (Belgium) 1931 – An International Union of the Roerich Pact was founded at Bruges under the guidance of a member of Belgium Committee for monument protection . - 13–15 September – first International conference dedicated to the Roerich Pact has been organized at Bruges. Representatives from group of European countries took part in this conference. A plan of promotion of the Pact ideas at educational institutes was developed, and contacts of International Union of the Roerich Pact with an International Committee for art affairs and Organization Committee for arms reduction were established. 1932, 7–9 September - second International conference dedicated to the Roerich Pact had been organized at Bruges. Twenty two countries took part in its work. The Conference has resolved to found at Bruges a special institute for world assistance to implementation of the Roerich Pact ideas in public life. It also took a decision to appeal to all the countries to recognize the Pact as international treaty. 1933, 15 November – Organizing Committee of third international Conference dedicated to the Roerich Pact visited the USA President F. Roosevelt. - 17–18 November – Third International conference dedicated to the Roerich Pact was carried out in Washington. Thirty five countries have supported this conference and recommended the governments of all the countries to sign the Pact. - December – 7th Pan-American Conference in Montevideo (Uruguay) has passed a resolution which recommended to the governments of American countries to join with the Roerich Pact. 1934, 4 April – A report of special committee of Pan-American Union dedicated to Roerich Pact was approved. - 11 August – USA President F Roosevelt has authorized a minister of agriculture Henry A. Wallace to sign the Roerich Pact from USA. - 2 September – A Committee of the Pact and Banner of Peace was formed in Harbin (Manchuria). - A Committee for promotion of the Pact was formed at Bulgaria. 1935, 15 April – A Treaty named "international pact for protection of artistic and scientific institutions, historic monuments, missions and collections" (Roerich Pact) is concluded and signed by representatives of 21 American states at the White House, Washington. A distinctive sign for identification of the protected objects (Banner of Peace) proposed by Roerich was approved in the frameworks of the Pact. - 2 July – the Pact was ratified by USA Senate. - 10 July – the Pact was ratified by USA President. - 26 August – the Pact enters into legal force after being ratified by its second state party, Cuba. - 25 October – the Pact was promulgated by USA President. President F. Roosevelt talked in his radio speech: "Presenting this Pact for signing by all the countries, we strive for that its world acceptance becomes a vital principle for preserving of modern civilization. This agreement has more profound significance than the text of this document" [1]. 1937, October – First Congress of Baltic Roerich societies has resolved to create the committees of Roerich Pact in all Roerich societies of Baltic countries. - First congress of international research (Paris) unanimously accepted a resolution about joining to the Roerich Pact. 1938, 17 November – the Banner of Peace was spread out in Karachi (India). 1942 – The American-Russian culture association (ARCA) was formed in New York. Ernest Hemingway, Charlie Chaplin, Rockwell Kent, Norman Bel Geddes, Edmund Cooper, Serge Koussevitzky, Valeriy Ivanovich Tereshchenko were its active contributors. The association's activity was welcomed by world-known scientists Robert Andrews Millikan and Arthur Compton. 1946, 23 January – first meeting of resumed New York Committee of the Pact and Banner of Peace has been conducted. - 18 April – 6th Pan-Indian conference for cultural unity has supported the Pact. 1948, August – Indian government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru has decided to approve the Roerich Pact. 1948-1949 – Italian association of Roerich Pact at Bologna has organized the work to support the Pact on a broad footing. Committees of the Roerich Pact and Banner of Peace worked in Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, France, England, Portugal, Brazil, Columbia, Uruguay, Bolivia and Cuba. 1949 – 4th UNESCO general conference has taken a decision to begin a work for international-law regulation in the field of cultural values protection during the military actions. 1950 – A New York Committee of the Roerich Pact has transferred all the documentation about the Pact to UNESCO. 5th session of general UNESCO conference entrusted the general director with preparation and sending of a draft of convention. Special committee of UNESCO has prepared the draft of international convention in view of given documents. 1954, 14 May – U.N.O and UNESCO Conference in Hague has accepted the "Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict" and a protocol accompanying it. The Second protocol to the Hague convention was accepted in March 1999 due to initiative and close participation of UNESCO. A text of the Hague convention pointed directly on that the base for it acceptance is a principle of cultural values protection during the war established at the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and also in the Roerich Pact. This Hague convention was signed by representatives from 37 countries. 1970, 14 November – "UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property" was accepted at 16th session of general UNESCO conference in Paris. 1972, 23 November – "Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" was accepted at 17th session of general UNESCO conference in Paris. 1974 – Alpinists from Novosibirsk hoisted the Banner of Peace on the Roerich peak near Belukha Mountain (Altai). 1988, 6 May – Banner of Peace was hoisted at North Pole. 1990, 11 February – Soviet cosmonauts Aleksandr Balandin and Anatoly Solovyev took the Banner of Peace on the board of orbital station "Mir". 1995, 26 June – Banner of Peace was presented to Gebhardt von Moltke, deputy of secretary for political questions at NATO headquarters in Brussels. 1997 – Banner of Peace was given to the crew of Soviet orbital station "Soyuz-TM" in the frameworks of scientific-enlightener project "Banner of Peace". It was delivered to orbital station "Mir" and remains in cosmos during two years (August 5, 1997 – August 28, 1999), accompanying the work of international crews. 1998, 9 October – Banner of Peace was hoisted over the Centre-Museum named after N. Roerich in Moscow. 1999, 5 January – Banner of Peace was presented to President of Kazakhstan Republic Nursultan Nazarbayev at President Palace (Almaty). Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov and Professor Sergey Kapitsa took part in the ceremony. - 26 March – Second protocol to "Convention for protection of cultural values in case of armed conflict" (Hague, 1954) was signed in Hague. The document was written by six languages: English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French. 2000, 8 January – Banner of Peace was established at Southern Pole. - 28 January – Banner of Peace from the Southern Pole was presented to U.N.O. General Secretary Kofi Annan as a gift from expedition centre "Arctic", International Centre of the Roerichs and the project "Banner of Peace". 2003, 17 October – The Convention about protection of non-material cultural heritage was accepted by 32nd session of the General UNESCO conference. 2004, 25 October – Banner of Peace from the board of cosmic station "Mir" was presented to Speaker of Indian Parliament Sri Somnath Chatterjee on the occasion of 100th Sviatoslav Roerich's Anniversary. Banner of Peace "Pax Cultura" ("Cultural Peace" or "Peace through Culture") is the motto of the cultural artifact protection movement founded by Nicholas Roerich, and is symbolized by a maroon on white emblem consisting of three solid circles in a surrounding circle. On April 15, 1935 the Roerich Pact was signed by the United States and Latin American nations, agreeing that "historic monuments, museums, scientific, artistic, educational and cultural institutions" should be protected both in times of peace and war, and identified by their flying a distinctive flag, the Banner of Peace, bearing the Pax Cultura emblem. According to the Roerich Museum, "The Banner of Peace symbol has ancient origins. Perhaps its earliest known example appears on Stone Age amulets: three dots, without the enclosing circle. Roerich came across numerous later examples in various parts of the world, and knew that it represented a deep and sophisticated understanding of the triune nature of existence. But for the purposes of the Banner and the Pact, Roerich described the circle as representing the totality of culture, with the three dots being Art, Science, and Religion, three of the most embracing of human cultural activities. He also described the circle as representing the eternity of time, encompassing the past, present, and future. The sacred origins of the symbol, as an illustration of the trinities fundamental to all religions, remain central to the meaning of the Pact and the Banner today." The Roerich Pact sign was superseded by the distinctive marking of cultural property as defined by the Hague Convention of 1954. However, the emblem of the Roerich Pact is still a valid protective sign in the relations between the ten states which are bound by the Pact. World League of Culture and World Day of Culture In the broad sense the Roerich Pact is understood as not only a legal treaty but also as a whole complex of measures for the protection of cultural values suggested by N. Roerich. Consequently, the Roerich Pact has not only legal but also philosophic, enlightening, and evolutional significance since it reflects an idea of cultural protection in its many manifestations. Characterizing the Roerich Pact, cosmonaut Alexei Leonov wrote: If we are raising a culture and spirituality then it will help us to strengthen an economics, to make the policy moral and to stop the military conflicts. This is a significance of the Roerich Pact today. The more time is passed the more actual for the world it becomes. ... Developing the Pact ideas N. Roerich has stated the thoughts about a role of community. The laws for culture protection in itself will not work if the community will not display an activity and interest to this. Later this thought was supported by academician D. S. Likhachev. He said: ... I believe that the best and freely developing social forms of culture can unite creative constructive forces and improve a social life, thereby help the state to maintain high ideals of humanism and peacefulness in the people. ... At the first international conference of Roerich Pact in Bruges (September, 1931), N. Roerich proposed to create a World League of Culture. One of main aims of the League must be to train care of the nature. In his article "Pain of the Planet" (1933) N. Roerich wrote: "The call about culture, call about the world, and call about creativity and beauty reaches the ear which is strengthen by true values only. Understanding of life as self-improving for the people's good arises where the respect of the nature is valid. Therefore, the League of Culture together with main enlightener activity must wholesale explain a wise regard for the nature as an origin of merry work, wise joy, continuous cognition and creativity". The cultural community highly appreciates N. Roerich's thought about the implementation of World Day of Culture. N. Roerich wrote: "... We shall hear about the world Day of Culture too when at all schools and enlightener societies simultaneously the day will dedicated to comprehension of the national and world cultural treasures ..." See also Agni Yoga Banner of Peace Roerichism References External links L. Shaposhnikova. Roerich’s Pact Urgency in Today’s World "Roerich's Pact Urgency in Today's World" Published in magazine "Cultura i Vremya" ("Culture and Time") No. 4, 2005. International Centre of the Roerichs International Roerich Memorial Trust Nicholas Roerich Museum. Pact and Banner Of Peace Through Culture, Nicholas Roerich Museum. Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact), ratifications and signatures, icrc.org Roerich Pact: video Philosophy of law International humanitarian law treaties Art and cultural repatriation Treaties concluded in 1935 Art and culture treaties 1935 in Washington, D.C. International cultural heritage documents Roerichism Treaties of Vargas-era Brazil Treaties of Colombia Treaties of Cuba Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Mexico Treaties of Venezuela	[ 0.25140416622161865, 0.5296825170516968, -0.12238022685050964, 0.19677582383155823, 0.1858828365802765, -0.1894846111536026, -0.08051537722349167, -0.04227873682975769, 0.02004917897284031, -0.04170915484428406, -0.20433510839939117, 0.3340137302875519, 0.11935187131166458, 0.471556156873703, -0.59212726354599, -0.26964762806892395, 0.3071080446243286, 0.35719358921051025, 0.04908094182610512, 0.22423917055130005, -0.3762182295322418, 0.20221680402755737, 0.21179801225662231, -0.03798574581742287, -0.35428085923194885, -0.10559169203042984, 0.4307950735092163, -0.5392730832099915, -0.6960844993591309, 0.1752776950597763, 0.35805386304855347, 0.5164229869842529, -0.2671189308166504, -0.32814016938209534, -0.07720695436000824, 0.447883665561676, -0.12303130328655243, -0.3858126997947693, -0.22931678593158722, -0.8802236914634705, 0.546680212020874, 0.2860029935836792, 0.13101156055927277, 0.2108539193868637, -0.20406121015548706, -0.17163437604904175, -1.1775736808776855, 0.6014627814292908, -0.20493078231811523, -0.1653541475534439, -0.3298284411430359, 0.31833890080451965, 0.21950094401836395, 0.5901432633399963, 0.058685801923274994, 0.04734526202082634, -0.9751784205436707, -0.4693739116191864, 0.291441410779953, -0.28881725668907166, 0.23949025571346283, -0.04578747972846031, 0.523728609085083, -0.1745436191558838, 0.18655918538570404, 0.14552874863147736, 0.35030442476272583, -0.2502186596393585, 0.06029399111866951, -0.7901484370231628, -0.1756105124950409, -0.054354481399059296, -0.44658613204956055, -0.462576687335968, -0.09593641757965088, -0.839683473110199, 0.011388109065592289, -0.2947638928890228, -0.21738657355308533, 0.3081730604171753, 0.2712623178958893, -0.14675873517990112, 0.25594082474708557, -0.10516663640737534, 0.4091857969760895, -0.1418386548757553, -0.5337187051773071, 0.23355096578598022, -0.4519626200199127, 0.04576144367456436, -0.13685643672943115, -0.14752733707427979, 0.7832870483398438, -0.16621188819408417, 0.1141684353351593, -0.08886248618364334, 0.08556947112083435, -0.25792619585990906, 0.10821430385112762, 0.7440781593322754, 0.1439083218574524, 0.5497427582740784, -0.08160817623138428, -0.01654074341058731, -0.5737988352775574, -0.44642797112464905, -0.20965014398097992, -0.4213801324367523, -0.061552662402391434, 0.17441269755363464, -0.2868884801864624, -0.16011756658554077, 0.20139960944652557, -0.127603217959404, -0.23762576282024384, 0.28231123089790344, 0.3854268789291382, -0.43718424439430237, -0.07564859837293625, 0.526530921459198, 0.37121888995170593, 0.8676971197128296, -0.04380829632282257, -0.21691712737083435, 0.5147964358329773, 0.19702833890914917, 0.5328519344329834, 0.5999657511711121, -1.0853636264801025, -0.03607255592942238, 0.018892215564846992, 0.34458255767822266, 0.0008269543177448213, -0.19039708375930786, -0.11361075192689896, -0.26530957221984863, 0.3913121521472931, -0.12532193958759308, 0.28616252541542053, 0.6161994338035583, -0.4781022071838379, -0.5748299956321716, -0.3671521544456482, -0.1938837468624115, 0.42936888337135315, -0.07053320854902267, 0.2438487410545349, -0.17816320061683655, -0.0629330649971962, -0.02126200497150421, 0.4007704257965088, -0.01289565209299326, 0.15646764636039734, 0.06982932239770889, -0.4754226803779602, 0.2229148894548416, 0.6817193627357483, -0.061059821397066116, 0.281600683927536, 0.2748362421989441, 0.34335944056510925, -0.08684464544057846, -0.15951946377754211, 0.2970723509788513, -0.23143784701824188, 0.401382178068161, -0.4663788378238678, 0.8792566657066345, 0.2643333375453949, 0.36733385920524597, -0.29853591322898865, 0.24163463711738586, 0.20779664814472198, -0.8294126391410828, 0.08242474496364594, 0.4333963692188263, 0.6032663583755493, 0.03691427409648895, -0.045545294880867004, 0.08189614862203598, -0.5427647233009338, -0.1248103678226471, -0.380268931388855, 0.08712246268987656, 0.25579699873924255, 0.38940510153770447, 0.23710739612579346, 0.1384274661540985, 0.08941414952278137, 0.479215145111084, -0.19720546901226044, -0.3160535991191864, -0.04333559796214104, -0.898175835609436, 1.1490142345428467, 0.09423840790987015, -0.07363420724868774, 0.25466591119766235, -0.10979625582695007, 0.1981782168149948, -0.37367668747901917, -0.1520383358001709, 0.3618025779724121, 0.27627044916152954, -0.16287916898727417, 0.2504212558269501, 0.14206545054912567, 0.14741143584251404, 0.4531756043434143, 0.41222190856933594, 0.41857531666755676, 0.13375335931777954, 0.3963290750980377, 0.17067259550094604, 0.13312511146068573, -0.7430651187896729, -0.727937638759613, 0.25126972794532776, -0.15943704545497894, 0.5050623416900635, 0.18584662675857544, 0.19462856650352478, -0.27416616678237915, 0.4287797510623932, 0.03866773843765259, 0.20156675577163696, -0.488838255405426, 0.32110315561294556, 0.36541762948036194, -0.17650540173053741, 0.15211619436740875, -0.030623462051153183, 0.5872835516929626, -0.35849010944366455, 0.2823796272277832, -0.048312775790691376, -0.022638864815235138, -0.28939566016197205, 0.2772078216075897, -0.11300723254680634, -0.22605769336223602, 0.1758621484041214, -0.22827740013599396, 0.21319866180419922, -0.5633766651153564, 0.2608993351459503, 0.3113223612308502, 0.023062406107783318, 0.06705527007579803, 0.13162067532539368, 0.009711713530123234, 0.6168909072875977, -0.07630722224712372, -0.2565925121307373, 0.17474046349525452, 0.11274835467338562, 0.14804647862911224, -0.24985438585281372, 0.07358583807945251, -0.4684862196445465, -0.022968715056777, 0.17201916873455048, -0.01893189363181591, 0.667005181312561, 0.10596420615911484, -0.6797512769699097, 0.13055351376533508, -0.4079533517360687, 0.23140284419059753, 0.022493751719594002, 0.07491760700941086, 0.11248227208852768, -0.32417693734169006, 0.1992838978767395, -0.10092969238758087, 0.3585728406906128, -0.31595930457115173, 0.5776136517524719, -0.4722621440887451, -0.3322156071662903, 0.18594084680080414, 0.16759850084781647, -0.422002911567688, -0.7220653891563416, -0.024723108857870102, 0.13624714314937592, -0.2668190598487854, -0.9636935591697693, 0.07205937802791595, -0.3090658485889435, -0.0927184596657753, 0.18799367547035217, -0.260685533285141, 0.08871543407440186, -0.5771112442016602, 0.7256022095680237, -0.4628220796585083, 0.1250753253698349, 0.42087218165397644, -0.06887234002351761, -0.48124563694000244, 0.21045427024364471, -0.2206462174654007, 0.027235209941864014, 0.3142285943031311, 0.4320637583732605, -0.5591630339622498, 0.29873424768447876, -6.101604461669922, 0.48199233412742615, -0.4470309019088745, 0.32821160554885864, 0.06230330839753151, 0.04679181054234505, 0.8334910869598389, 0.00436968682333827, -0.04019230231642723, -0.337283730506897, -0.002258817432448268, -0.29851964116096497, 0.1397046148777008, 0.7443647384643555, 0.3770647346973419, -0.0367874912917614, -0.3295682966709137, -0.4561620056629181, -0.02074992097914219, 0.11912523955106735, 0.07136152684688568, -0.23739178478717804, 0.03125625476241112, 0.5357310771942139, 0.521896243095398, -0.208303302526474, -0.09789682179689407, 0.22346292436122894, -0.6558716297149658, 0.21455727517604828, 0.014240884222090244, 0.32154929637908936, -0.041338760405778885, -0.1390429437160492, -0.15112075209617615, 0.3856472671031952, 0.466603547334671, 0.12373939901590347, -0.08819261938333511, -0.3674042522907257, -0.4879318177700043, 0.4140509366989136, 0.08058155328035355, 0.21574360132217407, -0.2279612123966217, -0.26082393527030945, -0.4183172881603241, 0.19208060204982758, -0.20362788438796997, 0.4492882192134857, 0.027757860720157623, 0.19804830849170685, 0.3687225580215454, -0.24310995638370514, -0.2983614504337311, -0.07917492836713791, 0.2926039397716522, -0.5604769587516785, -0.566044270992279, 0.2143581658601761, 0.5380390882492065, -0.25902336835861206, -0.06883217394351959, -0.0707034021615982, 0.07993751019239426, -0.5506640076637268, -0.4201901853084564, -1.1026829481124878, 0.16439376771450043, 0.09964136779308319, 0.056388434022665024, 0.598025381565094, -0.8002840280532837, -1.3872315883636475, 0.07396724820137024, -0.11438539624214172, -0.049648918211460114, -0.48092442750930786, 0.20633472502231598, 0.26429858803749084, 0.4590265154838562, 0.013699543662369251, -0.060514383018016815, 0.16241364181041718, 0.2286764532327652, 0.28351321816444397, 0.5566146373748779, 0.6125864386558533, -0.6579784750938416, -0.12483622878789902, 0.5423691272735596, -0.5553011298179626, 0.13660100102424622, -0.152564138174057, -0.35099950432777405, 0.04131860285997391, -0.0104998629540205, 0.03626813739538193, 0.22077344357967377, 0.7074881792068481, 0.301691472530365, -0.41861292719841003, 0.2312951683998108, -0.4320249855518341, 0.019114861264824867, -0.21477074921131134, 0.28202682733535767, 0.5972772240638733, 0.39243626594543457, 0.21056166291236877, -0.44484788179397583, -0.07776143401861191, 0.23517264425754547, -0.3320082724094391, 0.30338218808174133, -0.05748989060521126, 0.44918644428253174, 0.32677027583122253, 0.38757243752479553, -0.18996858596801758, 0.3745917081832886, 0.26665881276130676, -0.25522521138191223, -0.1559288501739502, -0.2219630479812622, -0.042079124599695206, -0.5548010468482971, -0.13982930779457092, -0.5743318796157837, 0.052756160497665405, -0.39222052693367004, 0.34161850810050964, -0.006937698926776648, 0.08222631365060806, 0.7322919964790344, 0.1794179528951645, -0.49805521965026855, 0.05586664751172066, -0.007700840476900339, -0.3540782630443573, -0.11939384788274765, -0.6028904914855957, -0.28354984521865845, -0.008141851983964443, 0.4533465802669525, 0.08857753127813339, -0.28517580032348633, -0.456150621175766, -0.3021596372127533, 0.269707590341568, 0.3238412141799927, 0.27782610058784485, 0.20032863318920135, 0.31092822551727295, -0.26225823163986206, -0.09918954223394394, 0.29779621958732605, 0.16789653897285461, 0.5243555903434753, -0.12945321202278137, 0.07885012775659561, 0.2167264223098755, -0.8913254141807556, -0.03898847475647926, 0.2685815095901489, -0.5095446705818176, -0.43921858072280884, -0.3035164475440979, -0.24964602291584015, 0.611541211605072, 0.05746942013502121, -0.09426787495613098, -0.3678930699825287, -0.02352946437895298, -0.0704178661108017, 0.23707397282123566, -0.2296188324689865, 0.11793661117553711, 0.076129250228405, -0.3475669324398041, 0.2364535927772522, -0.05472121387720108, -0.34795770049095154, 0.13015462458133698, -0.05762908607721329, -0.6162657141685486, -0.10210560262203217, -0.09884518384933472, -0.11618366837501526, -0.3405858278274536, 0.01077019702643156, 0.03854827955365181, 0.26678627729415894, 0.3498004376888275, -0.4475509524345398, -0.7923197150230408, -0.4593958556652069, 0.366075336933136, 0.0011859353398904204, 0.012421480379998684, 0.10476460307836533, 0.5459161996841431, -0.8077580332756042, 0.06722510606050491, -0.2266080677509308, -0.6757212281227112, 0.12329410016536713, 0.32364848256111145, -0.1963445097208023, 0.40892717242240906, 0.15342219173908234, -0.7649235725402832, -0.4289911091327667, 0.5201645493507385, 0.2904103100299835, -0.3425503969192505, -0.012273701839148998, -0.410448282957077, -0.34953877329826355, 0.14008024334907532, 0.298556923866272, 0.30013376474380493, -0.1580471247434616, -0.2197999507188797, -0.5676451325416565, 0.12308592349290848, -0.08619365841150284, -0.049309007823467255, -0.00579100800678134, -0.017676807940006256, 0.046723175793886185, -0.260221928358078, -0.025938190519809723, -0.3105640709400177, -0.3644378185272217, -0.028706559911370277, -0.31941667199134827, 0.1465843915939331, -0.2620927691459656, 0.36747708916664124, 0.04787668585777283, 0.5239096283912659, 0.11973242461681366, -0.5955553650856018, -0.11064153909683228, 0.3876674175262451, 0.12209776043891907, -0.14315220713615417, -0.02970903553068638, 0.06851886957883835, -0.5788701772689819, -0.013467255979776382, -0.6304943561553955, -0.5350602865219116, 0.5722663402557373, -0.08849511295557022, -0.13433043658733368, 0.020310625433921814, 0.1673065721988678, 0.4196581244468689, -0.11965147405862808, -0.27917617559432983, -0.4745703935623169, -0.2405119240283966, -0.03399510309100151, -0.23492369055747986, 0.1238967627286911, 0.2189381718635559, -0.4461350739002228, -0.5547574162483215, -0.09046628326177597, -0.24196259677410126, 0.2906171679496765, 0.32900169491767883, -0.3224685490131378, -0.3864879012107849, 0.13230732083320618, -0.265764981508255, -0.18305335938930511, -0.6550237536430359, -0.5228041410446167, 0.4175860285758972, -0.48550328612327576, -0.027859749272465706, -0.338681697845459, -0.5749930143356323, -0.48572173714637756, -0.08331452310085297, -0.17113761603832245, -0.6194102764129639, -0.8571641445159912, 0.457462340593338, -0.17075367271900177, 0.7351058721542358, -0.015317755751311779, -0.09494929015636444, -0.29406583309173584, 0.3618561923503876, 0.0725109651684761, 0.47268813848495483, -0.6337041258811951, 0.2371234893798828, 0.26246628165245056, -0.1955944299697876, 0.4406241178512573, 0.16742539405822754, 0.530950665473938, 0.29040294885635376, -0.07631038874387741, 0.24335387349128723, 0.28745871782302856, -0.23352006077766418, -0.16098959743976593, 0.46107006072998047, -0.3238241374492645, 0.18397879600524902, 0.49020183086395264, -0.14214028418064117, 0.25365933775901794, 0.04506880044937134, 0.5759121179580688, -0.226431742310524, 0.1243564710021019, -0.050379786640405655, -0.138331338763237, 0.03866500407457352, -0.15284417569637299, -0.0818396583199501, 0.23777247965335846, 0.28406986594200134, 0.42534396052360535, -0.02931910939514637, -0.008032425306737423, -0.06748279184103012, -0.028505688533186913, -0.3375810980796814, 0.1837582290172577, -0.635040283203125, -0.3247339725494385, 0.4172690212726593, 0.2039598971605301, 0.3351503014564514, -0.3798726797103882, -0.1426311880350113, -0.07823817431926727, -0.10127900540828705, -0.18427370488643646, 0.2928391695022583, 0.4227350354194641, 0.42785096168518066, 0.6324918270111084, 0.04620363563299179, -0.050675708800554276, -0.2157353162765503, 0.7144197225570679, -0.1169540137052536, 0.35616761445999146, 0.43683069944381714, -0.26914435625076294, -0.10294271260499954, 0.15961627662181854, 0.43974050879478455, 0.24607381224632263, 0.25157609581947327, -0.0295859407633543, -0.013737856410443783, -0.028959009796380997, 0.00793501827865839, 0.10628299415111542, -0.01594770886003971, 0.321628212928772, -0.12518683075904846, -0.5376433730125427, 0.6056212186813354, 0.42172592878341675, -0.2050601989030838, 0.5435191988945007, -0.2603435814380646, 0.47472918033599854, 0.36332017183303833, -0.33758142590522766, 0.5312998294830322, 0.19909726083278656, -0.10639537870883942, -0.23439136147499084, -0.22987478971481323, 0.22700875997543335, 0.32215502858161926, 0.3658596873283386, -0.7786561846733093, -0.3506235182285309, -0.22607862949371338, 0.026792535558342934, 0.7285664081573486, -0.36411434412002563, 0.3307262659072876, -0.22947335243225098, 0.8637920022010803, 0.14431855082511902, -0.22245420515537262, -0.08001645654439926, 0.22435835003852844, -0.04216640815138817, -0.017824850976467133, 0.17072798311710358, -0.11146587133407593, -0.38414040207862854, 0.3026805818080902, -0.20774352550506592, 0.5708216428756714, 0.006171570625156164, -0.5159147381782532, 0.007830536924302578, -0.09839055687189102, -0.20702911913394928, 0.23382265865802765, 0.47529929876327515, -0.06691185384988785, -0.40120524168014526, -0.2833101153373718, 0.5869101285934448, -0.6593778133392334, -0.17816689610481262, 0.1663062572479248, -0.158921018242836, -0.22633351385593414, 0.6256262063980103, -0.24857020378112793, 0.15316173434257507, 0.2622097134590149, -0.16260497272014618, -0.3391073942184448, -0.04438171908259392, 0.5868412256240845, -0.7868428230285645, -0.2578251361846924, -0.18079261481761932, 0.7005994319915771, 0.6929714679718018, -0.5820065140724182, 0.329291433095932, -0.0950452908873558, 0.9410372972488403, -0.6674133539199829, 0.3390769362449646, -0.08333425223827362, -0.022577784955501556, 0.20850220322608948, -0.585395097732544, 0.7348179221153259, 0.17345015704631805, -0.1511891484260559, 0.3987674415111542, -0.6806122064590454, 0.06208331510424614, -0.6098682880401611, 0.07620830833911896, -0.5120096206665039, 0.15321683883666992, 0.11883983761072159 ]
216413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Impact	Deep Impact	Deep Impact may refer to: Deep Impact (film), a 1998 disaster film Deep Impact (horse), a Japanese racehorse Deep Impact (spacecraft), a NASA spacecraft launched in 2005 "Deep Impact" (Dream Corp, LLC episode) "Deep Impact", a song by Dragon Ash See also Impact event	[ -0.1384408175945282, 0.16693761944770813, -0.8126398921012878, 0.40846917033195496, -0.07835488021373749, 0.3188619911670685, 0.09693106263875961, 0.31862568855285645, -0.14243729412555695, 0.19794026017189026, -0.3807212710380554, 0.4935511648654938, 0.26058945059776306, 0.254608154296875, -0.0018064974574372172, 0.019052041694521904, -0.016888728365302086, -0.23699478805065155, -0.24090173840522766, -0.31145310401916504, -0.23893670737743378, -0.34239432215690613, 0.5248220562934875, -0.33645597100257874, 0.1389417201280594, 0.10912743210792542, -0.2300495058298111, 0.5294984579086304, 0.16963836550712585, 0.4715007543563843, -0.006677526514977217, 0.17211860418319702, -0.15945297479629517, -0.05671108886599541, -0.21785038709640503, 0.08669759333133698, -0.4432946443557739, -0.07887144386768341, -0.4841749668121338, -0.425028920173645, 0.2291121482849121, -0.36261531710624695, 0.2354363650083542, -0.1360769122838974, -0.42982834577560425, -0.0043994467705488205, -1.0320647954940796, 0.40677323937416077, -0.6868943572044373, 0.03336982801556587, 0.3080576956272125, 0.6165957450866699, -0.15371668338775635, -0.09255139529705048, 0.16198883950710297, 0.9595553874969482, -0.3959694802761078, -0.3446367383003235, -0.06153160706162453, -0.556699812412262, 0.5346818566322327, 0.2413804829120636, -0.16244612634181976, -0.06592624634504318, -0.43504685163497925, 0.05396678298711777, 0.04896705597639084, 0.22129453718662262, -0.1261979192495346, -0.47026246786117554, 0.43258681893348694, -0.2906286120414734, 0.006742697674781084, 0.49244895577430725, -0.20374484360218048, -0.4518098831176758, 0.01373625360429287, 0.14431560039520264, 0.17336061596870422, 0.5066946744918823, 0.3389301896095276, -0.010427036322653294, 0.48437410593032837, 0.3682767152786255, -0.2049190104007721, 0.019684940576553345, 0.46271365880966187, 0.23477306962013245, -0.26822200417518616, 0.07038340717554092, -0.24783200025558472, -0.518028736114502, 0.4904218912124634, 0.4012099802494049, 0.023571761325001717, -0.1128830537199974, 0.1236942708492279, 0.0747433453798294, 0.3443869650363922, -0.1901695281267166, -0.4078604578971863, -0.29171934723854065, -0.1889486014842987, 0.1380544751882553, -0.5444700121879578, 0.12930627167224884, 0.20559757947921753, -0.34704628586769104, -0.3443535566329956, 0.013332800008356571, -0.00553257716819644, 0.17199957370758057, -0.2970236837863922, 0.04551565274596214, -0.621954619884491, -0.1966315060853958, 0.2998557984828949, -0.296197772026062, 0.1359068900346756, 0.03405109792947769, 0.1368892788887024, 0.17891719937324524, -0.15030092000961304, 0.16147328913211823, 0.007594967260956764, 0.5028864741325378, -0.04335881024599075, 0.32115066051483154, -0.27386051416397095, 0.11589682847261429, 0.1694098860025406, 0.6238430142402649, -0.2814190089702606, 0.35887739062309265, 0.07833648473024368, -0.08007293939590454, 0.34461551904678345, -0.1287822425365448, -0.11675368249416351, -0.30224213004112244, -1.002274751663208, -0.8381856679916382, -0.8245652914047241, -0.32079678773880005, 0.41523292660713196, -0.533173143863678, -0.22169768810272217, 0.014655429869890213, -0.12971292436122894, -0.22389507293701172, -0.14611712098121643, -0.051244404166936874, -0.026073040440678596, -0.03336988016963005, -0.15561306476593018, 0.44689327478408813, 0.05322670564055443, -0.1703365445137024, 0.05027802288532257, 0.12248974293470383, 0.36067643761634827, 0.6157011985778809, -0.4177006185054779, -0.17410509288311005, 0.6371463537216187, -0.3968491852283478, 0.35548877716064453, -0.24921590089797974, -0.5178881287574768, -0.2632676959037781, -0.559762179851532, 0.36722806096076965, 0.35849273204803467, 0.00025259648100472987, -0.13660399615764618, -0.037085238844156265, 0.8830702304840088, 0.38591647148132324, 0.4350827932357788, 0.33673614263534546, -0.5972779989242554, -0.140324205160141, 0.10644920915365219, -0.3488495647907257, 0.3791780471801758, -0.042182255536317825, 0.04576144367456436, -0.005767502821981907, -0.27907583117485046, 0.5478187799453735, -1.0933713912963867, -0.6681643724441528, 0.13816531002521515, -0.45725348591804504, 1.3333545923233032, -0.4146561026573181, -0.21170663833618164, 0.21048471331596375, 0.25622260570526123, 0.7029566764831543, -0.2739008665084839, -0.2104516178369522, 0.656440258026123, -0.33213192224502563, -0.5950154662132263, 0.170306995511055, 0.14000459015369415, -0.024296442046761513, 0.1713366061449051, -0.07607774436473846, 0.09861333668231964, 0.4569965898990631, 0.08351895958185196, -0.23475408554077148, 0.2828733026981354, -0.0909498929977417, -1.216179609298706, 0.10584601014852524, -0.16284389793872833, -0.6074169278144836, 0.12165821343660355, 0.03752648085355759, -0.02465759962797165, -0.05942877009510994, -0.2978639304637909, 1.0214054584503174, -0.01674715243279934, -0.18873699009418488, 0.39940956234931946, -0.599197268486023, -0.13183550536632538, -0.01597667671740055, -0.6677550673484802, -0.36710840463638306, 0.09215620905160904, 0.25817304849624634, 0.4575260877609253, -0.17366430163383484, 0.5470919013023376, -0.23488029837608337, 0.19751834869384766, 0.29143837094306946, -0.5194156169891357, 0.5288159251213074, -0.2338954508304596, -0.22313764691352844, 0.7674039602279663, -0.09467265009880066, -0.4594968855381012, -0.028062360361218452, -0.254992812871933, 0.6239754557609558, 0.22475433349609375, 0.42556488513946533, 0.1591513752937317, -0.10687124729156494, -0.2370080053806305, -0.28341206908226013, -0.37256649136543274, -0.37345871329307556, 0.022004323080182076, 0.11689871549606323, 0.48129722476005554, -0.4683445394039154, 0.44173622131347656, -0.39571237564086914, -0.4129890501499176, -0.3351081609725952, 0.5640859603881836, 0.08820433914661407, -0.035186655819416046, 0.22115615010261536, -0.18059836328029633, 0.026158407330513, -0.2346433401107788, -0.3624417781829834, -0.06231560558080673, 0.3358023166656494, -0.34021320939064026, -0.20186017453670502, -0.18570682406425476, 0.6026581525802612, 0.2467060089111328, -1.0425835847854614, -0.38243067264556885, 0.11646096408367157, 0.014351718127727509, 0.07140559703111649, -0.3319758474826813, 0.18394578993320465, -0.21604131162166595, -0.35378584265708923, -0.031844425946474075, 0.3188570737838745, 0.1839882731437683, 0.30468374490737915, 0.5965369343757629, 0.0704939141869545, 0.36674395203590393, 0.29748690128326416, -0.2948596775531769, -0.009094602428376675, -0.5285454392433167, -0.1743757724761963, 0.43870171904563904, -0.3351014256477356, -0.06950807571411133, -0.02787252888083458, -5.9805192947387695, -0.13737750053405762, -0.23908568918704987, -0.1142866462469101, 0.29403966665267944, 0.669188380241394, 0.5901696681976318, 0.03371233120560646, -0.3519705533981323, -0.3020501434803009, 0.14599919319152832, -0.08358167111873627, 0.2802659869194031, -0.34040606021881104, -0.14581280946731567, -0.032814692705869675, 0.6857975721359253, 0.42820975184440613, -0.09446931630373001, 0.0976051613688469, 0.1616542935371399, -0.00911993533372879, -0.26624795794487, 0.5472996830940247, -0.02570071816444397, 0.6789053678512573, -0.2831997871398926, 0.40593186020851135, 0.11406899988651276, 0.33701804280281067, 0.4204150438308716, 0.14030039310455322, -0.12020409852266312, -0.14862067997455597, -0.39248618483543396, 0.03563610464334488, -0.29848581552505493, -0.38605862855911255, 0.8254106640815735, 0.3021674156188965, -0.6128047704696655, -0.33856117725372314, -0.08841941505670547, -0.743797242641449, 0.3784882426261902, -0.5332813858985901, 0.15376202762126923, 0.2285526692867279, 0.2812274992465973, 0.6526987552642822, 0.20618665218353271, -0.01790388487279415, -0.0872812271118164, 0.3939054310321808, 0.7796015739440918, 0.27920570969581604, 0.3063300848007202, 0.22401456534862518, -0.27051278948783875, 0.323040634393692, 0.38281118869781494, -0.016407182440161705, -0.2531035542488098, -0.7947065830230713, 0.11637085676193237, -0.22542937099933624, 0.4545533359050751, -0.07048626244068146, -0.34278404712677, 0.1891479343175888, -0.29616686701774597, 0.41539883613586426, -0.19613075256347656, -0.9672950506210327, -0.21280153095722198, -0.2013407200574875, 0.037239447236061096, 0.28054186701774597, -0.4873701333999634, 0.3654072880744934, -0.32246434688568115, -0.03499188646674156, -0.3021514117717743, -0.25278183817863464, -0.48349836468696594, -0.5302265882492065, -0.0381067730486393, -0.5081419348716736, 0.18975327908992767, -0.24449419975280762, 0.35335230827331543, -0.3255712389945984, -0.2079414427280426, -0.06115620955824852, 0.04425135627388954, 0.4808998703956604, -0.22923719882965088, 0.2749539315700531, 0.45517194271087646, -0.01426088996231556, 0.05870560184121132, -0.4167972505092621, 0.207838237285614, -0.5613613128662109, -0.3588791489601135, -0.9857718348503113, 0.7016157507896423, 0.3813578188419342, 0.7632516622543335, -0.14159364998340607, 0.29555419087409973, -0.2153770476579666, -0.5024953484535217, -0.5162230730056763, 0.3608410954475403, 0.16953866183757782, 0.1739892065525055, 0.4043150246143341, 0.6212937831878662, 0.13573673367500305, 0.24199317395687103, 0.0789308100938797, -0.41887611150741577, -0.40218037366867065, 0.9576793909072876, -0.1291455328464508, 0.32205578684806824, -0.020816251635551453, -0.0803627222776413, 0.16776742041110992, -0.0031480626203119755, 0.580054521560669, 0.007870709523558617, 0.6527178883552551, 0.11370762437582016, -0.41330116987228394, -0.005416901782155037, -0.1334783136844635, 0.051233481615781784, -0.3733134865760803, -0.030051149427890778, -0.23923034965991974, -0.3376174569129944, 0.22954362630844116, 0.44845882058143616, 0.4811091125011444, -0.31181490421295166, 0.029034895822405815, 0.5034870505332947, 0.522030234336853, -0.15928857028484344, -0.17199942469596863, 0.5142204165458679, -0.6141327023506165, 0.050284065306186676, -0.03649304807186127, 0.09622237086296082, 0.03880137577652931, -0.11658412963151932, -0.40900009870529175, 0.6117124557495117, 0.01947930082678795, -0.9306001663208008, 0.008153748698532581, -0.3874496519565582, -0.25232553482055664, -0.003682178445160389, -1.1918219327926636, 0.142057865858078, 0.06621996313333511, 0.14790333807468414, -0.4512081444263458, -0.18438579142093658, 0.025663811713457108, 0.19480669498443604, 0.3560763895511627, 0.06015189737081528, -0.13120798766613007, 0.5018488168716431, 0.24704234302043915, 0.37470901012420654, 0.13280801475048065, 0.3017562925815582, 0.41673070192337036, 0.22679369151592255, 0.05246194824576378, -0.429538756608963, 0.3713134229183197, -0.3253231644630432, 0.6145896315574646, -0.36450985074043274, 0.329203337430954, 0.514021098613739, 0.23657961189746857, -0.08943593502044678, 0.2582995891571045, -0.18876366317272186, 0.6197479963302612, -0.03174246847629547, 0.18875250220298767, 0.16593371331691742, 0.029942873865365982, -0.04695483669638634, 0.0036318020429462194, 0.3979596793651581, -0.7674936056137085, 0.5868353247642517, 0.39828258752822876, -0.3734295070171356, 0.12480377405881882, 0.1840306967496872, -0.49668923020362854, -0.003945928066968918, -0.16663748025894165, -0.02065929025411606, 0.023412853479385376, 0.44377943873405457, -0.5224923491477966, -0.14854483306407928, -0.2086663395166397, -0.06277073919773102, 0.1746256947517395, -0.45768341422080994, 0.07064162194728851, -0.6716790795326233, 0.19955338537693024, -0.023063017055392265, -0.9447624683380127, 0.20681115984916687, -0.013767004944384098, -0.4624117910861969, 0.06495073437690735, 0.08236713707447052, 0.23829281330108643, 0.17628447711467743, 0.2501586973667145, 0.326885461807251, -0.2650432586669922, 0.040542442351579666, -0.05867593362927437, 0.5735063552856445, 0.3545917272567749, 0.37377822399139404, -0.09094889461994171, -0.06982816755771637, 0.08629487454891205, 0.2140350043773651, -0.33196011185646057, -0.3553674817085266, 0.01899239979684353, 0.3721027374267578, -0.3817887604236603, -0.7324241399765015, -0.6326282024383545, 0.33488041162490845, -1.082168698310852, -0.09834222495555878, -0.4169144630432129, -0.22796966135501862, 0.32237979769706726, 0.39194631576538086, 0.44883525371551514, -1.340938925743103, 0.0574016198515892, 0.37570101022720337, 0.10993016511201859, -0.17597299814224243, 0.06301121413707733, -0.2518356740474701, -0.2569872736930847, 0.28434619307518005, 0.6637805700302124, 0.3691893517971039, 0.7575046420097351, -0.1561449021100998, 0.24102365970611572, -0.22775307297706604, -0.7170061469078064, -0.10601304471492767, -0.004816344473510981, -0.33692342042922974, 0.26253801584243774, -0.12541624903678894, -0.5340818166732788, 0.020776499062776566, -0.34956094622612, -0.08682986348867416, -0.37011659145355225, -0.17209285497665405, -0.06363753229379654, 0.1801523119211197, -0.016094397753477097, -0.5173866748809814, -0.2464640885591507, 0.2207486927509308, 0.1455792337656021, -0.2558538019657135, -0.17865237593650818, -0.4503050446510315, 0.1201520711183548, -0.44366806745529175, 1.1645538806915283, -0.1666668802499771, -0.6300590634346008, 0.2640797197818756, -0.36673787236213684, 0.4126434922218323, -0.0587766170501709, 0.2765757441520691, 0.029667507857084274, 0.6914191246032715, -0.020183563232421875, -0.5742261409759521, 1.0982906818389893, 0.22432297468185425, -0.07585769146680832, 0.3845663368701935, -0.16074341535568237, 0.13335341215133667, 0.2910642623901367, -0.05526617541909218, 0.4429272413253784, 0.5896626114845276, -0.1309402883052826, -0.38507407903671265, 0.07653000950813293, -0.5945451855659485, 0.07719007134437561, 0.2965874671936035, 0.4184325933456421, 0.5426111221313477, -0.3079164922237396, 0.15822334587574005, 0.3890213370323181, -0.6219784021377563, -0.1411799043416977, 0.011775221675634384, -0.645772397518158, -0.036826249212026596, 0.5407736301422119, 0.05883987247943878, -0.2753277122974396, 0.25629574060440063, 0.18728382885456085, 0.01632085070014, 0.5725924968719482, 0.022918403148651123, -0.11365427076816559, 0.021796736866235733, -0.0927562564611435, -0.44455453753471375, 0.06147594004869461, 0.25467386841773987, -0.533107340335846, 0.32356545329093933, -0.1369851976633072, 0.18350696563720703, -0.17484042048454285, 0.09003625065088272, 0.1423926204442978, 0.12495590001344681, 0.16195207834243774, 0.5816375017166138, 0.029245125129818916, 0.03289118409156799, 0.0012693748576566577, -0.2672001123428345, -0.054388996213674545, 0.37839311361312866, -0.01971464604139328, 0.22527916729450226, 0.5721991062164307, -0.33395951986312866, -0.11275216192007065, 0.45068442821502686, -0.03661718592047691, 0.35005155205726624, 0.25620368123054504, -0.3003734052181244, 0.02467445842921734, -0.4486139118671417, -0.09660081565380096, -0.4778982996940613, -0.18782594799995422, 0.2980976700782776, 0.3156820237636566, 0.19121991097927094, 0.18239153921604156, 0.446723073720932, -0.3298953175544739, 0.6176747679710388, -1.0060585737228394, -0.11970660835504532, 0.46240663528442383, -0.3245418071746826, -0.9063909649848938, 0.04132242873311043, -0.26341378688812256, 0.15421995520591736, 0.2156139612197876, 0.43729323148727417, -0.12065839022397995, 0.16838744282722473, 0.42519450187683105, -0.8535248637199402, 0.16733968257904053, -0.6227436661720276, 0.28338050842285156, -0.8187708854675293, 0.44410625100135803, 0.6024316549301147, -0.14933326840400696, 0.19083717465400696, 0.3708992302417755, 0.15613240003585815, -1.2606812715530396, 0.5706385374069214, 0.05320066213607788, -0.04640238359570503, -0.765464723110199, -0.7545312643051147, 0.0978918969631195, -0.419712096452713, 0.056687429547309875, -0.1443932205438614, -0.38643425703048706, -0.01191969309002161, -0.07714983075857162, 0.15450580418109894, 0.5723854899406433, -0.09935002774000168, -0.04668251797556877, -0.551684558391571, 0.34493497014045715, 0.10025546699762344, -0.8340510129928589, 0.48403242230415344, 0.9705957770347595, 0.4766484200954437, -0.5084699392318726, -0.105440154671669, 0.22425422072410583, -0.1402396410703659, -0.2400950938463211, -0.051540080457925797, 0.008218646049499512, 0.14209868013858795, -0.4639107286930084, -0.2772361636161804, 0.32779714465141296, 0.5127532482147217, 0.4342494606971741, 0.5315750241279602, 0.17212358117103577, 0.08030422776937485, -0.45844727754592896, 0.06747759878635406, -0.0695071592926979, -0.3110232651233673, 0.039540063589811325 ]
216416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Bird%20Johnson	Lady Bird Johnson	Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Johnson (née Taylor; December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was an American socialite who served as first lady of the United States as the wife of President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1963 to 1969. She previously served as second lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963 when her husband was vice president. Notably well educated for a woman of her era, Lady Bird proved a capable manager and a successful investor. After marrying Lyndon B. Johnson in 1934 when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign and then ran his office while he served in the Navy. As First Lady, Mrs. Johnson broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour. She was an advocate for beautifying the nation's cities and highways ("Where flowers bloom, so does hope"). The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as "Lady Bird's Bill". She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977, and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1984, the highest honors bestowed upon a U.S. civilian. Early life Claudia Alta Taylor was born on December 22, 1912, in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County, near the eastern state line with Louisiana. Her birthplace was "The Brick House", an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth. She was a descendant of English Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor II. She was named for her mother's brother Claud. During her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle, said that she was as "pretty as a ladybird". Opinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a "ladybug" in North America. The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life. Her father and siblings called her Lady, and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her, since she reportedly was not fond of the name. Nearly all of her maternal and paternal immigrant ancestors arrived in the Virginia Colony during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, likely as indentured servants as were most early settlers in the colony. Her father, a native of Alabama, had primarily English ancestry, and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother, also a native of Alabama, was of English and Scottish descent. Her father, Thomas Jefferson Jonson Taylor (August 29, 1874 – October 22, 1960), was a sharecropper's son. He became a wealthy businessman, and owned of cotton and two general stores. "My father was a very strong character, to put it mildly", his daughter once said. "He lived by his own rules. It was a whole feudal way of life, really." Her mother, born Minnie Lee Pattillo (1874–1918), loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack; she was often in "poor emotional and physical health". When Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant and died of complications of miscarriage in 1918. In a profile of Lady Bird Johnson, Time magazine described Lady Bird's mother as "a tall, eccentric woman from an old and aristocratic Alabama family, [who] liked to wear long white dresses and heavy veils [... and who] scandalized people for miles around by entertaining Negroes in her home, and once even started to write a book about Negro religious practices, called Bio Baptism." Her husband, however, tended to see black people as nothing more than "hewers of wood and drawers of water", according to his younger son Anthony. Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. (1901–1959) and Antonio, also known as Tony (1904–1986). Her widowed father married twice more. His second wife was Beulah Taylor, a bookkeeper at a general store. His third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937. Lady Bird was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sister's death. She also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, "Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me. With Aunt Effie we would board the train in Marshall and ride to the part of the world that meant watermelon cuttings, picnics at the creek, and a lot of company every Sunday." According to Lady Bird, her Aunt Effie "opened my spirit to beauty, but she neglected to give me any insight into the practical matters a girl should know about, such as how to dress or choose one's friends or learning to dance." Lady Bird was a shy and quiet girl who spent much of her youth alone outdoors. "People always look back at it now and assume it was lonely", she once said about her childhood. "To me it definitely was not. ... I spent a lot of time just walking and fishing and swimming." She developed her lifelong love of the outdoors as a child growing up in the tall pines and bayous of East Texas, where she watched the wildflowers bloom each spring. Education When it came time to enter high school, Lady Bird had to move away and live with another family during weekdays in the town of Jefferson, Texas, since there was no high school in the Karnack area. (Her brothers were sent to boarding schools in New York.) She graduated third in her class at the age of 15 from Marshall Senior High School in the nearby county seat. Despite her young age, her father gave her a car so that she could drive herself to school, a distance of each way. She said of that time, "[I]t was an awful chore for my daddy to delegate some person from his business to take me in and out." During her senior year, when she realized that she had the highest grades in her class, she "purposely allowed her grades to slip" so that she would not have to give the valedictorian or salutatorian speech. After graduating from high school in May 1928, Lady Bird entered the University of Alabama for the summer session, where she took her first journalism course. But, homesick for Texas, she stayed at home and did not return for the fall term at Alabama. Instead, she and a high school friend enrolled at St. Mary's Episcopal College for Women, an Episcopal boarding junior college for women in Dallas. It influenced her to "convert to the Episcopal faith", although she waited five years to be confirmed. After graduating from St. Mary's in May 1930, Lady Bird toyed with the idea of going back to Alabama. Another friend from Marshall was going to the University of Texas, so she chartered a plane to Austin to join her. As the plane landed, she was awed by the sight of a field covered with bluebonnets and instantly fell in love with the city. Lady Bird received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history with honors in 1933 and a second bachelor's degree in journalism cum laude in 1934. She was active on campus in different organizations, including Texas Orange Jackets, a women's honorary service organization, and believed in student leadership. Her goal was to become a reporter, but she also earned a teaching certificate. The summer after her second graduation, she and a girlfriend traveled to New York City and Washington, D.C., where they peered through the fence at the White House. Dallek described Lady Bird as having undergone a boost in her self-confidence through her years at the college. Her time marked a departure from her timid behavior in her youth. Marriage and family A friend in Austin introduced her to Lyndon Baines Johnson, a 26-year-old Congressional aide with political aspirations, working for Congressman Richard Kleberg. Lady Bird recalled having felt "like a moth drawn to a flame". Biographer Randall B. Woods attributed Johnson's "neglect of his legal studies" to his courting of Lady Bird. On their first date, at the Driskill Hotel, Lyndon proposed. Lady Bird did not want to rush into marriage, but he was persistent and did not want to wait. Ten weeks later, Lady Bird accepted his proposal. The couple married on November 17, 1934, at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in San Antonio, Texas. After she suffered three miscarriages, the couple had two daughters together: Lynda Bird (born 1944) and Luci Baines (born 1947). The couple and their two daughters all shared the initials LBJ. Their daughters lived in the White House during their teenage years, under close scrutiny of the media. Lynda Bird married Charles S. Robb in a White House ceremony. He was later elected as governor of Virginia and U.S. Senator. Luci Baines married Pat Nugent in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception and, later, Ian Turpin. Lady Bird had seven grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren at the time of her death. Early politics When Lyndon decided to run for Congress from Austin's 10th district, Lady Bird provided the money to launch his campaign. She took $10,000 of her inheritance from her mother's estate to help start his political career. The couple settled in Washington, D.C., after Lyndon was elected to Congress. After he enlisted in the Navy at the outset of the Second World War, Lady Bird ran his congressional office. Lady Bird sometimes served as a mediating force between her willful husband and those he encountered. On one occasion after Lyndon had clashed with Dan Rather, then a young Houston, Texas, reporter, Lady Bird followed Rather in her car. Stopping him, she invited him to return and have some punch, explaining, "That's just the way Lyndon sometimes is." During the years of the Johnson presidency, Lyndon in one incident yelled at the White House photographer who failed to show up for a photoshoot with the First Lady. She consoled the photographer afterward, who said that, in spite of his feelings against President Johnson, he "would walk over hot coals for Lady Bird." Business career In January–February 1943, during World War II, Lady Bird Johnson spent $17,500 of her inheritance to purchase KTBC, an Austin radio station. She bought the radio station from a three-man partnership that included Robert B. Anderson, a future U.S. Secretary of the Navy and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and Texas oilman and rancher Wesley West. She served as president of the LBJ Holding Co., and her husband negotiated an agreement with the CBS radio network. Lady Bird decided to expand by buying a television station in 1952, despite Lyndon's objections. She reminded him that she could do as she wished with her inheritance. The station, KTBC-TV/7 (then affiliated with CBS as well), was Austin's monopoly VHF franchise and generated revenues that made the Johnsons millionaires. Over the years, journalists have revealed that Lyndon used his influence in the Senate to influence the Federal Communications Commission into granting the monopoly license, which was in Lady Bird's name. LBJ Holding also had two small banks; they failed and were closed in 1991 by the FDIC. But the core Johnson radio properties survived and prospered. Emmis Communications bought KLBJ-AM, KLBJ-FM, KGSR, and three other stations from LBJ Holding in 2003 for $105 million. Eventually, Lady Bird's initial $41,000 investment turned into more than $150 million for the LBJ Holding Company. She was the first president's wife to have become a millionaire in her own right before her husband was elected to office. She remained involved with the company until she was in her eighties. Second Lady of the United States John F. Kennedy chose Lyndon Johnson as his running mate for the 1960 election. At Kennedy's request, Lady Bird took an expanded role during the campaign, as his wife Jacqueline was pregnant with their second child. Over 71 days, Lady Bird traveled through 11 states and appeared at 150 events. Kennedy and Johnson won the election that November, with Lady Bird helping the Democratic ticket carry seven Southern states. Reflecting later, Lady Bird said that the years her husband served as vice president and she as Second Lady was "a very different period of our lives." Nationally, the two had a kind of celebrity, but they both found the office of Vice President to lack power. As the Vice President's wife, Lady Bird often served as a substitute for Jacqueline Kennedy at official events and functions. Within her first year as Second Lady, she had substituted for Mrs. Kennedy at more than 50 events, roughly one per week. This experience prepared Lady Bird for the following challenges of her unexpected years as First Lady. On November 22, 1963, the Johnsons were accompanying the Kennedys in Dallas when President Kennedy was assassinated; they were two cars behind the President in his motorcade. Lyndon was sworn in as president on Air Force One two hours after Kennedy died, with Lady Bird and Jacqueline Kennedy by his side. Afterward, Lady Bird created a tape on which she recorded her memories of the assassination, saying it was "primarily as a form of therapy to help me over the shock and horror of the experience." She submitted a transcript of the tape to the Warren Commission as testimony. LBJ advisor Abe Fortas had made notations on her document to add detail. In their plans for their trip to Texas, the Johnsons had intended to entertain the Kennedys that night at their ranch. In the days following the assassination, Lady Bird worked with Jacqueline Kennedy on the transition of her husband to the White House. While having great respect for Jacqueline and finding her strong in the aftermath of the murder, Lady Bird believed from the start of her tenure as First Lady that she would be unfavorably compared to her immediate predecessor. On her last day in the White House, Jacqueline Kennedy left Lady Bird a note in which she promised she would "be happy" there. First Lady of the United States As First Lady, Lady Bird started a capital beautification project (Society for a More Beautiful National Capital). It was intended to improve physical conditions in Washington, D.C. for residents and tourists by planting millions of flowers, many of them on National Park Service land along roadways around the capital. She said, "Where flowers bloom, so does hope." She worked extensively with the American Association of Nurserymen (AAN) executive Vice President Robert F. Lederer to protect wildflowers and promoted planting them along highways. Her efforts inspired similar programs throughout the country. She became the first president's wife to advocate actively for legislation when she was instrumental in promoting the Highway Beautification Act, which was nicknamed "Lady Bird's Bill". It was developed to beautify the nation's highway system by limiting billboards and by planting roadside areas. She was also an advocate of the Head Start program to give children from lower-income families a step up in school readiness. Lady Bird created the modern structure of the First Lady's office: she was the first in this role to have a press secretary and chief of staff of her own, and an outside liaison with Congress. Her press secretary from 1963 to 1969 was Liz Carpenter, a fellow alumna of the University of Texas. As a mark of changing times, Carpenter was the first professional newswoman to become press secretary to a First Lady; she also served as Lady Bird's staff director. Lady Bird's tenure as First Lady marked the beginning of the hiring of employees in the East Wing to work specifically on the First Lady's projects. President Johnson had initially said he would turn down the Democratic Party nomination for president in 1964, having been unhappy during his service in President Kennedy's administration and believing the party did not want him. Although aides could not sway him, the First Lady convinced him otherwise, reassuring him of his worthiness and saying that if he dropped out, the Republicans would likely take the White House. During the 1964 campaign, Lady Bird traveled through eight Southern states from October 6 to 9 in a chartered train, the Lady Bird Special, at one point giving 45 speeches over four days. It was the first solo whistle-stop tour by a First Lady. In the same month, Lady Bird continued her campaign tour by airplane, with stops in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Indiana, and Kentucky. In the November 1964 presidential election Johnson won a landslide victory over his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater. At the ceremony to swear in the new president, Lady Bird held the Bible as her husband took the oath of office on January 20, 1965, starting a tradition which continues. On September 22, 1965, Lady Bird dedicated a Peoria, Illinois, landscape plaza, with the president of the Peoria City Beautification Association, Leslie Kenyon, saying during the ceremony that Lady Bird was the first presidential spouse "who has visited our city as an official guest in our 140 years of existence." On September 22, 1966, Lady Bird dedicated the Glen Canyon Dam in northern Arizona, fulfilling a goal that both Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had sought to accomplish. She said the dam belonged to all Americans amid an increasing concern for water that affected every American "no matter whether he lives in New York or Page, Arizona." In late-August 1967, Lady Bird traveled to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to attend the Expo 67, a White House aide saying she had been urged by the President to travel there since his own trip three months prior. In mid-September 1967, Lady Bird began touring the Midwestern United States as part of a trip that one White House described as "mostly agriculture during the day and culture at night." President Johnson was then declining in support by farmers, months before a planned re-election bid. Speaking to a crowd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on September 20, Lady Bird said problems within American cities were creating crime. In January 1968 at a White House luncheon, Eartha Kitt, when asked by the First Lady what her views were on the Vietnam War, replied: "You send the best of this country off to be shot and maimed. No wonder the kids rebel and take pot." Kitt's anti-war remarks reportedly angered Lyndon and Mrs. Johnson, and this resulted in the derailment of Kitt's professional career. Toward the end of Johnson's first term, Lady Bird was anxious for her husband to leave office. In September 1967, Lady Bird voiced her concerns that a second term would be detrimental to his health. Health concerns may have been one of reasons why President Johnson decided not to seek re-election. In 1970, Lady Bird published A White House Diary, her intimate, behind-the-scenes account of her husband's presidency spanning November 22, 1963, to January 20, 1969. Beginning with President Kennedy's assassination, she recorded the momentous events of her times, including the Great Society's War on Poverty; the national civil rights and social protest movements; her activism on behalf of the environment; and the Vietnam War. Lady Bird was acquainted with a long span of fellow First Ladies, from Eleanor Roosevelt to Laura Bush. She was protected by the United States Secret Service for 44 years. Biographer Betty Boyd Caroli said in 2015 of Lady Bird that She really invented the job of the modern first lady. She was the first one to have a big staff, the first one to have a comprehensive program in her own name, the first one to write a book about the White House years, when she leaves. She had an important role in setting up an enduring role for her husband with the LBJ Library. She's the first one to campaign extensively on her own for her husband. Writing in 1986, William H. Inman observed that Lady Bird was considered by some "the most effective First Lady since Eleanor Roosevelt", citing her battles against highway billboard forests, auto heaps, and junk piles as well as her support for American public landscapes maintaining beauty and sanity. Later life Former President Johnson died of a heart attack in 1973, four years after leaving office. When he suffered the heart attack, Lady Bird was in a meeting, and the former president had died when she reached him. She arranged for the body to lie in state at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum the following day, and the body was laid to rest two days later. The couple's elder daughter, Lynda, said that God "knew what he was doing" when her father died ahead of her mother; she thought her father would not have been able to live without Lady Bird. After his death, Lady Bird took time to travel and spent more time with her daughters. She remained in the public eye, honoring her husband and other presidents. She entertained the wives of governors at the LBJ Presidential Library. In the 1970s, Lady Bird focused her attention on the Austin riverfront area through her involvement in the Town Lake Beautification Project. From 1971 to 1978, she served on the board of regents for the University of Texas System. She also served on the National Park Service Advisory Board, and was the first woman to serve on National Geographic Society's Board of Trustees. President Nixon mentioned her as a possible ambassador in a circulated memo, but never nominated her for office. In December 1973, after President Nixon established the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac, he notified Lady Bird via a telephone call. In August 1975, after First Lady Betty Ford made comments on sex, Lady Bird expressed sympathy: "I know the pressures of being a First Lady, and I think maybe she got asked one question too quick." During the 1976 United States presidential election, Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter apologized to Lady Bird over comments he made about her husband during an interview in which he stated he would not follow trends of "lying, cheating, and distorting the truth" set forth by former Presidents Nixon and Johnson. In November 1977, Lady Bird Johnson spoke at the 1977 National Women's Conference among other speakers including Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Bella Abzug, Barbara Jordan, Audrey Colom, Claire Randall, Gerridee Wheeler, Cecilia Burciaga, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Hershey and Jean O'Leary. On March 12, 1980, Lady Bird returned to the White House and attended a reception commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the Head Start program. In his remarks, President Carter expressed gratitude for her attending as he stated "she personifies too, as you know, the essence of what this great man did with those who worked around him", referring to her late husband. In June 1981, officials of Dartmouth College stated that Johnson and former President Gerald Ford would serve as co-chairs of the fundraising committee for the Rockefeller Center for the Social Sciences. Johnson later attended the dedication of the center in September 1983. In 1982, Lady Bird and actress Helen Hayes founded the National Wildflower Research Center west of Austin, Texas, as a nonprofit organization devoted to preserving and reintroducing native plants in planned landscapes. In 1994, the center opened a new facility southwest of Austin; they officially renamed it the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in 1995 in acknowledgment of her having raised $10 million for the facility. In 2006, the center was incorporated into the University of Texas at Austin. In 1988, Lady Bird convened with three other former first ladies—Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, and Pat Nixon—at the "Women and the Constitution" conference at The Carter Center to assess that document's impact on women. The conference featured over 150 speakers and 1,500 attendees from all 50 states and 10 foreign countries. The conference was meant to promote awareness on sexual inequality in other countries, and fight against it in America. In September 1991, Johnson unveiled a new line of English porcelain flower sculpture that drew influence from American wildflowers in the Corrigan's Jewelry at NorthPark Center in Dallas. For 20 years, Lady Bird spent her summers on the Massachusetts island of Martha's Vineyard, renting the home of Charles Guggenheim for many of those years. She said she had greatly appreciated the island's natural beauty and flowers. In August 1984, Lady Bird publicly stated her support for the vice-presidential nomination of Geraldine Ferraro in that year's presidential election while admitting the difficulty the Mondale-Ferraro ticket faced in winning Texas. Lady Bird returned to the White House for the twenty-fifth-anniversary celebration of her husband's inauguration on April 6, 1990. Incumbent President George H. W. Bush praised Lady Bird for her support of her husband and work toward beautifying landscapes. On October 13, 2006, Lady Bird made a rare public appearance at the renovation announcement of the LBJ Library and Museum. Health problems and death In 1986, 13 years after her husband's death, Lady Bird's health began to fail. She suffered her first fainting spell that year while attending a funeral, and entered St. David's Community Hospital for observation. She also injured her left knee in a fall the day before her hospitalization. In August 1993, she suffered a stroke and became legally blind due to macular degeneration. In 1999, she was hospitalized for a second fainting spell. In 2002, she suffered a second, more severe, stroke, which left her unable to speak normally or walk without assistance. In 2005, she spent a few days in an Austin hospital for treatment of bronchitis. In February 2006, Lynda Johnson Robb told a gathering at the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri, that her mother was totally blind and was "not in very good health". In June 2007, she spent six days in Seton Hospital in Austin after suffering from a low-grade fever. Lady Bird Johnson died at home on July 11, 2007, at 4:18 p.m. (CDT) from natural causes at the age of 94, attended by family members and Catholic priest Father Robert Scott. At the funeral service, her daughter, Luci Baines Johnson gave a eulogy, saying, "A few weeks before Mother died, I was taking visiting relatives to the extraordinary Blanton Art Museum ... Mother was on IV antibiotics, a feeding tube, and oxygen, but she wasn't gonna let little things like that deter her from discovering another great art museum. What a picture we were—literally rolling through the museum like a mobile hospital." Three weeks before Lady Bird's death, the rector of St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Fredericksburg, which had been her second home for more than 50 years, had announced to his parishioners that she had given $300,000 to pay off the church's mortgage. Lady Bird's funeral was a public event. On July 15, 2007, a ceremonial cortège left the Texas State Capitol. The public was invited to line the route through downtown Austin on Congress Avenue and along the shores of Lady Bird Lake to pay their respects. The public part of the funeral procession ended in Johnson City. The family had a private burial at the Johnson family cemetery in Stonewall, where she was buried next to her husband, who had died 34 years earlier. Unlike previous funerals for first ladies, the pallbearers came from members of the armed forces. She was the first former First Lady to die in the 21st century. She is also the third-longest-living First Lady, after Nancy Reagan, who surpassed her by 40 days and Bess Truman, who lived to be 97. Honors On August 27, 1969, President Richard Nixon dedicated a 300-acre grove of redwood trees as the "Lady Bird Johnson Grove", due to her efforts as First Lady toward preserving national resources for Americans. The grove is located just north of Orick, California, and is part of Redwood National Park. Lady Bird attended the dedication with former President Johnson. Lady Bird Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford on January 10, 1977. The citation for her medal read: One of America's great First Ladies, she claimed her own place in the hearts and history of the American people. In councils of power or in homes of the poor, she made government human with her unique compassion and her grace, warmth and wisdom. Her leadership transformed the American landscape and preserved its natural beauty as a national treasure. She received the Congressional Gold Medal in 1988, becoming the first wife of a President to receive the honor. In a 1982 poll taken of historians ranking the most influential and important First Ladies, Lady Bird was ranked third—behind Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt—primarily for her work as a conservation activist. In 1995, the National Wildflower Research Center—near Austin, Texas—was renamed the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. She and actress Helen Hayes had founded the center in 1982. In 1995, Lady Bird received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In November 1968, Columbia Island, in Washington, D.C., was renamed Lady Bird Johnson Park, in honor of her campaign as First Lady to beautify the capital. In 1976, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on Columbia Island. Lady Bird declined many overtures to name Austin's Town Lake in her honor after she had led a campaign to clean up the lake and add trails to its shoreline; following her death, Austin Mayor Will Wynn's office said it was a "foregone conclusion that Town Lake is going to be renamed" in honor of Lady Bird Johnson. The lake was renamed Lady Bird Lake on July 26, 2007. In April 2008, the "Lady Bird Johnson Memorial Cherry Blossom Grove" was dedicated in Marshfield, Missouri. The dedication took place during the city's annual cherry blossom festival. Johnson had been supportive of the rural community and their initiative to plant ornamental cherry trees. In 1995, she received an Honor Award from the National Building Museum for her lifetime leadership in beautification and conservation campaigns. She was also named the honorary chairwoman of the Head Start program. Lady Bird held honorary degrees from many universities: Boston University; the University of Alabama; George Washington University; Johns Hopkins University; State University of New York; Southern Methodist University; Texas Woman's University; Middlebury College; Williams College, Southwestern University; Texas State University–San Marcos; Washington College; and St. Edward's University. On June 7, 2008, Texas honored Lady Bird by renaming the state convention's Blue Star Breakfast as the 'Lady Bird Breakfast'. In January 2009, St. Edward's University in Austin completed a new residence hall for upperclassmen bearing the name of Lady Bird Johnson Hall, or "LBJ Hall" for short. On August 28, 2008, Lady Bird Johnson High School was opened in her name in San Antonio, Texas, a part of the North East Independent School District. On October 22, 2012, the United States Postal Service announced the issue of a souvenir Forever stamp sheet honoring Lady Bird Johnson as a tribute to her legacy of beautifying the nation's roadsides, urban parks and trails. Five of the six stamps feature adaptations of stamps originally issued in the 1960s to promote planting in public spaces. The sixth stamp features her official White House portrait, a painting of the First Lady in a yellow gown, by Elizabeth Shoumatoff. The stamps were dedicated on November 30, 2012, at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center of The University of Texas at Austin. In 2013, Lady Bird was posthumously awarded the prestigious Rachel Carson Award. The award, presented by Audubon's Women in Conservation, was accepted by her daughter Lynda. References Further reading Gillette, Michael L. Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History (Oxford University Press; 2012) 400pp Gould, Lewis L. "First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s". Environmental Review 10.2 (1986): 77–92. . Hummer, Jill Abraham. "First Ladies and the Cultural Everywoman Ideal: Gender Performance and Representation". White House Studies 9.4 (2009) pp. 403–422. Compares Lady Bird Johnson, Betty Ford, and Barbara Bush. Koman, Rita G. "'...to leave this splendor for our grandchildren: Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire". OAH Magazine of History 15.3 (2001): 30–34. Mezzack, Janet. Without Manners You Are Nothing': Lady Bird Johnson, Eartha Kitt, and The Women Doers' Luncheon of January 18, 1968". Presidential Studies Quarterly 20.4 (1990): 745–760. . Russell, Jan Jarboe. Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson (Simon and Schuster, 2014). External links Lady Bird Johnson, Former First Lady, Dies at 94 Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library Tribute Site Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center FBI files on Lady Bird Johnson Redwood National Park — Lady Bird Johnson Grove Oral History Interviews with Lady Bird Johnson, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Norwood, Arlisha. "Claudia 'Lady Bird' Johnson". National Women's History Museum. 2017. In Plain Sight: Lady Bird Johnson—A podcast Lady Bird Johnson at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image \|- 1912 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American Episcopalians 20th-century American women 21st-century American Episcopalians 21st-century American women American people of Danish descent American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Welsh descent American radio executives American socialites American television executives American women in business Blind people from the United States Burials in Texas Businesspeople from Texas Congressional Gold Medal recipients First Ladies of the United States Lady Bird Moody College of Communication alumni People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy People from Harrison County, Texas Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Second Ladies of the United States Spouses of Texas politicians Texas Democrats University of Alabama alumni Women television executives Writers from Texas	[ -0.4490560293197632, 0.19062510132789612, -0.4446139335632324, -0.25055593252182007, 0.15102912485599518, 0.7657644748687744, 0.3265347182750702, 0.06405460834503174, -0.7538280487060547, 0.41697025299072266, -0.294364333152771, -0.03225189447402954, -0.9004469513893127, 0.7228780388832092, -0.4824635982513428, 0.2263445407152176, 0.265770822763443, 0.7407851219177246, -0.30417320132255554, -0.5417202115058899, -0.14162887632846832, 0.21078334748744965, 0.07663986831903458, -0.6586424708366394, 0.3700239062309265, -0.16945110261440277, -0.3399917781352997, -0.2749049663543701, 0.6091082096099854, 0.5284662246704102, 0.028893405571579933, -0.4731466472148895, 0.5490978360176086, 0.21576492488384247, -0.37023481726646423, 0.29398810863494873, 0.12550382316112518, -0.2274944931268692, -0.16924746334552765, -0.054682761430740356, -0.4068768322467804, 0.07382375001907349, 0.5716591477394104, 0.04569311439990997, -0.5690568685531616, -0.5814746618270874, -1.9451608657836914, 0.25320741534233093, 0.13909202814102173, -0.7639600038528442, -0.24841374158859253, 0.4481889605522156, 1.3675175905227661, 0.29960012435913086, -0.01675957813858986, 0.3134097754955292, -0.7695704698562622, 0.305349737405777, -0.6995580792427063, -0.7015106081962585, 0.32297375798225403, 0.16199706494808197, 0.43114811182022095, -0.4973825514316559, 0.1069401428103447, 0.38880833983421326, 0.09243406355381012, 0.039818428456783295, 0.10295660048723221, -0.05398867279291153, -0.453829824924469, 0.27439984679222107, 0.8174052238464355, 0.19193021953105927, -0.5108468532562256, -0.3185933828353882, 0.6623933911323547, 0.07742231339216232, 0.38510531187057495, -0.16623002290725708, 0.17159461975097656, 0.3138161301612854, -0.1164131760597229, 0.15606744587421417, -0.11787272244691849, 0.1042897030711174, -0.6774868369102478, 0.0991503968834877, -0.3898470103740692, 0.1732940375804901, -0.8081071376800537, 0.11159136146306992, -0.12822933495044708, -0.14663326740264893, -0.607459306716919, -1.2505807876586914, 0.6312879323959351, -0.25231802463531494, -0.07784051448106766, -0.3608779311180115, -0.7207823395729065, -0.6003667712211609, 0.5852285027503967, -0.22588330507278442, -0.43677085638046265, -0.16584190726280212, -0.5681130290031433, -0.6200882196426392, -0.22862985730171204, 0.5535398721694946, 0.06435839086771011, -0.2477211356163025, 0.02592681162059307, -0.26604437828063965, -0.5973929166793823, 1.0726277828216553, 0.015448509715497494, 0.1295076161623001, -0.1557246893644333, -0.17486052215099335, 0.16947059333324432, -0.19244855642318726, 0.00681847520172596, -0.8879529237747192, -0.5574438571929932, 0.06473308056592941, -0.047756120562553406, 0.09530364722013474, -0.7755777835845947, 0.13739559054374695, 0.36572733521461487, 0.42491626739501953, -0.5060041546821594, -0.12847864627838135, 0.08665072172880173, -0.339791864156723, 0.40156760811805725, -0.1510804146528244, 0.46902838349342346, 0.460143506526947, -0.007638813927769661, 0.6088476181030273, -0.9946531057357788, -0.14196161925792694, 1.0363348722457886, 0.2547217011451721, 0.2510143518447876, 0.5151206254959106, -0.6461861729621887, -0.19739307463169098, -0.3627832531929016, -0.16493767499923706, 0.550678551197052, -0.08819971978664398, -0.5944637656211853, 0.010965948924422264, 0.26918289065361023, -0.48626306653022766, 0.1568312793970108, 0.2855767011642456, 0.3964306712150574, 0.2562638819217682, -0.38235267996788025, 0.08752398192882538, -0.12406942248344421, 0.0107893580570817, -0.24776099622249603, 0.6165542602539062, -0.5297070741653442, 0.1697005182504654, 0.07082115113735199, 0.3877590000629425, 0.5059025287628174, -0.18040893971920013, -0.3094050884246826, 1.125488042831421, 0.3340335190296173, -0.3987117409706116, -0.11622937023639679, -0.10285640507936478, -0.600405752658844, 0.22060956060886383, -0.15124894678592682, -0.11781909316778183, 0.5967921614646912, -0.35846254229545593, 0.27429288625717163, 0.15878085792064667, 0.7692537903785706, -0.4647691547870636, -0.7191668748855591, -0.6526564955711365, -0.32427796721458435, 0.3478180170059204, 0.19197018444538116, 0.5158434510231018, -0.23859670758247375, 0.6504841446876526, -0.014845325611531734, 0.9073205590248108, -0.029923994094133377, -0.12542884051799774, -0.16294743120670319, -0.9462515115737915, 0.24622902274131775, 0.27078670263290405, 0.3870660364627838, -0.16242168843746185, 0.4604945778846741, 1.237926721572876, -0.07184828072786331, 0.0642615407705307, 0.08171127736568451, 0.4979167878627777, 0.21167169511318207, -0.4583989381790161, -0.3799632489681244, -0.359345018863678, 0.12228992581367493, -0.504473865032196, 0.25444260239601135, 1.1282440423965454, -0.46465063095092773, 0.09246166795492172, -0.42554327845573425, 0.3645954728126526, -0.7658568024635315, -0.4732280969619751, -0.35889872908592224, 0.6709340214729309, 0.017290811985731125, 0.04001909866929054, 0.057999491691589355, -0.6128960251808167, 0.11186865717172623, 0.10998095571994781, 0.29375573992729187, 0.08024459332227707, 0.32803553342819214, -0.4722967743873596, -0.17431436479091644, 0.021364282816648483, -0.4867483973503113, 0.6334255933761597, -0.5009505152702332, -0.09993690997362137, -0.040834035724401474, -0.2804372310638428, 0.06632540374994278, -0.35717740654945374, 0.04358421266078949, 0.40459421277046204, 0.7786680459976196, -0.0007339867297559977, -0.05942627042531967, -0.2562154233455658, -0.5610210299491882, 0.4819459319114685, 0.6298639178276062, 0.5475462079048157, -0.03407211974263191, 0.46693211793899536, 0.31786632537841797, 0.4662844240665436, 0.18466375768184662, -0.043116483837366104, 0.11917135864496231, -0.4318850636482239, 0.2740425169467926, -0.008692435920238495, -0.0619865357875824, -0.26786166429519653, -0.2648145854473114, 0.11841803044080734, 0.23080070316791534, 0.014354286715388298, -0.4398754835128784, 0.18530923128128052, -0.8484594821929932, -0.995176374912262, 1.4061200618743896, 0.9386484622955322, -0.2515694200992584, -0.603028416633606, -0.3152726888656616, -0.32857921719551086, -0.08727167546749115, -0.6540901064872742, -0.3852147161960602, 0.17023751139640808, -0.3918049931526184, 0.45450660586357117, -0.7070333957672119, -0.16347657144069672, -0.3053259551525116, 0.7109553217887878, -0.07668629288673401, 0.4316708743572235, 0.24338316917419434, 0.07565351575613022, -0.05500585213303566, 0.15429551899433136, -0.3857966363430023, -0.07399603724479675, 0.8988111019134521, 0.016497651115059853, 0.18964159488677979, -0.4464665651321411, -5.344598770141602, 0.7614488005638123, 0.3970717489719391, -0.5651829242706299, 0.7549604773521423, 0.19041670858860016, 0.2981381118297577, 0.14441996812820435, 0.39734357595443726, 0.07577675580978394, 0.41325777769088745, -0.046384770423173904, -0.47320932149887085, 0.3971641957759857, 0.16807833313941956, 0.7272916436195374, 0.5434818863868713, -0.36149364709854126, 0.14691506326198578, 0.973630964756012, 0.538187563419342, -0.11214973032474518, 0.1488395482301712, 0.29694876074790955, 0.4901297986507416, -0.0882224440574646, -0.24350561201572418, -0.4625847041606903, -0.9699394106864929, -0.1846490055322647, 0.17955467104911804, 0.5425320267677307, -0.42695844173431396, -0.20979924499988556, 0.16610203683376312, 0.2976042628288269, 0.20066462457180023, -0.457716166973114, 0.16338539123535156, 0.0576174333691597, -0.05416048690676689, -0.07256727665662766, -0.3478921353816986, 0.0982913002371788, -0.1552002876996994, -0.004265434108674526, -0.14006011188030243, -0.9094508290290833, 0.11890849471092224, 0.24755582213401794, -0.3902648091316223, 0.30796343088150024, 0.37247541546821594, -0.297188937664032, 0.4239579737186432, 0.23705260455608368, -0.20721685886383057, 0.33254802227020264, -0.3601005971431732, -0.4488992989063263, 0.5818668603897095, -0.4119718670845032, 0.24277332425117493, -0.19511982798576355, -0.4883487820625305, -0.7885754704475403, 0.3223835229873657, 0.6129655838012695, 0.17408257722854614, 0.1508476734161377, 0.5667243599891663, 0.3534999489784241, -0.15923509001731873, -1.0828295946121216, 0.13017836213111877, -0.6799653172492981, -0.19872042536735535, -0.07809358835220337, -0.3148731291294098, -0.20649655163288116, 0.5007408857345581, 0.2276022881269455, 0.04645763710141182, 0.6450809240341187, 0.029560362920165062, -0.7179414629936218, -0.01829550229012966, 0.1436757743358612, -0.8103494644165039, 0.1622839868068695, -0.5638259649276733, -0.7331631779670715, -0.1916385442018509, 0.3075612187385559, 0.35600584745407104, -0.031292445957660675, -0.12135669589042664, 0.39589694142341614, 0.3384670317173004, 0.3590327501296997, -0.2226024568080902, -0.256271094083786, 0.09898430109024048, -0.2682167887687683, 0.5895873308181763, -0.6555474996566772, -0.12904685735702515, -0.2557142972946167, 0.7808343172073364, 0.29119279980659485, 0.04446934908628464, 0.22798608243465424, 0.3541020154953003, -0.1964188814163208, -0.10930424928665161, 0.3210839033126831, 0.2168479710817337, 0.05463849753141403, 0.4366002678871155, -0.2142772078514099, -0.1927156001329422, 0.3122550845146179, -0.6948304772377014, 0.5102097988128662, -0.2625282108783722, 0.1375957876443863, 0.3590722680091858, -0.42401108145713806, -0.7092030644416809, 0.10508651286363602, 0.0036635189317166805, -0.23228581249713898, 0.056011151522397995, -0.058149877935647964, 0.732352077960968, -0.46830007433891296, 0.2980145215988159, -0.3841584324836731, -0.4657418429851532, -0.7012143135070801, -0.8178294897079468, -0.12697872519493103, -0.8494364023208618, -0.10954034328460693, -0.20712722837924957, -0.13598784804344177, 0.16718843579292297, -0.28522393107414246, 0.02878795936703682, 0.6493161916732788, -0.2804633378982544, -0.022225337103009224, 0.2604442536830902, -0.581749439239502, -0.5173551440238953, -0.9222508072853088, 0.3830426335334778, 0.1187238097190857, 0.1153026670217514, -0.16634705662727356, -0.5012314319610596, -0.5504673719406128, -0.720815896987915, -0.24945124983787537, -0.2718600630760193, -0.005471814889460802, 0.1446547657251358, -0.34630337357521057, -0.9708733558654785, 0.7729824185371399, 0.2294614315032959, -0.5289646983146667, 0.20346061885356903, 0.10440689325332642, 0.5679575204849243, -0.051173850893974304, 0.2395385205745697, 0.05609770119190216, -0.04681096598505974, 0.2722039520740509, -0.49584341049194336, -0.20628663897514343, -0.4865172207355499, -0.008477491326630116, -0.08040566742420197, -0.02647269144654274, -0.43527957797050476, -0.4964788258075714, -0.42234504222869873, -0.1931304782629013, 0.25591737031936646, -0.06956366449594498, 0.01946123130619526, 0.26391810178756714, -1.0022269487380981, 0.13113705813884735, -0.28136003017425537, 0.6995306015014648, -0.22658950090408325, 0.0979396253824234, -0.40630611777305603, 0.46465209126472473, -0.2673250138759613, 0.08916684240102768, 0.265929639339447, -0.6971336603164673, -0.07599841058254242, -0.0077782077714800835, 0.3150177001953125, 0.8035862445831299, 0.10241464525461197, 0.02760629914700985, 0.09102411568164825, 0.06028047576546669, -0.13704200088977814, 0.546434223651886, -0.12590503692626953, 0.3467518091201782, -0.0070166015066206455, -0.973423957824707, -0.8714451789855957, -0.966187596321106, -0.20439086854457855, -0.15651224553585052, -0.1571977138519287, 0.3934001624584198, -0.28533443808555603, -0.1034199446439743, 1.277860403060913, -0.5051763653755188, -0.29677870869636536, -0.009588138200342655, -0.11453349143266678, 0.3623037040233612, -0.4924847185611725, -0.35375306010246277, 0.5169415473937988, 0.14716780185699463, 0.13526378571987152, -0.1431403011083603, 0.6462833881378174, 0.6692764759063721, 0.0687858834862709, 0.013464231044054031, -1.023713231086731, 0.2631101906299591, 0.03088272176682949, -0.2097313106060028, 0.3364001512527466, 0.48291587829589844, -0.0670984610915184, 0.1968560516834259, -0.38702690601348877, 0.05845429003238678, -0.10889458656311035, -0.30931901931762695, 0.25664231181144714, 0.18399743735790253, 0.3391977548599243, -0.10233486443758011, 0.17571921646595, 0.43864336609840393, -0.788290798664093, 0.5425476431846619, -0.2970248758792877, 0.20090167224407196, 0.07022520899772644, 0.5731438398361206, -0.0038995486684143543, -0.531372606754303, 0.23586300015449524, 0.44646450877189636, -0.6369843482971191, 0.03287724032998085, -0.3570041358470917, 0.509751558303833, 0.4736088216304779, -0.02127133309841156, 0.1089111715555191, 0.198184072971344, -0.1948133409023285, 0.05104512721300125, -0.3130192458629608, -0.4553719162940979, 0.0133867422118783, -1.2326046228408813, 0.021580064669251442, -0.4980505108833313, -0.21393762528896332, -0.2880823612213135, -0.2626866102218628, 0.5984479188919067, 0.03530099242925644, -0.1790674328804016, -0.5412158370018005, 0.37672102451324463, -0.3336891531944275, 0.4989161491394043, 0.03072011098265648, -0.5759944915771484, -0.7563160061836243, 0.006390726659446955, 0.25497424602508545, 0.6130204796791077, 0.016095811501145363, -0.4868621230125427, 0.12491481751203537, -0.22083531320095062, -0.3908288776874542, 0.018671436235308647, 0.08950617164373398, -0.47352394461631775, 0.5200353264808655, 0.25440356135368347, -1.090783953666687, 0.20424972474575043, 0.20634770393371582, 0.14989382028579712, -0.31839409470558167, 0.15743333101272583, -0.5846877098083496, -0.7954285144805908, -0.2118127942085266, 0.012464707717299461, 0.046877484768629074, 0.7863572239875793, -0.2673322856426239, 0.5516334772109985, -0.4157034754753113, -0.2890702188014984, 0.18165068328380585, 0.08136620372533798, -0.2583205997943878, 0.4009553790092468, 0.15241654217243195, -0.7169992327690125, 0.1905348300933838, -0.5701250433921814, 0.23982100188732147, 0.8854219317436218, -0.1298973560333252, 0.716011106967926, 0.15830624103546143, 0.29608017206192017, 0.25013765692710876, 0.20388615131378174, -0.09260932356119156, 1.1506261825561523, 0.16718518733978271, -0.19900833070278168, 0.38779664039611816, 0.6752929091453552, -0.22976355254650116, -0.24189743399620056, 0.72661954164505, 0.08612605184316635, 1.3845428228378296, -0.457400918006897, -0.6555718183517456, 0.048077765852212906, -0.0014990214258432388, -0.0163514856249094, 0.9915093183517456, 0.431338906288147, 0.15082508325576782, -0.25690725445747375, -0.14674411714076996, 0.08378351479768753, 0.5124754905700684, -0.11063114553689957, 0.39767661690711975, 0.19160784780979156, -0.5668335556983948, 0.19361749291419983, 0.3901419937610626, 0.2709035277366638, 0.5229976177215576, -0.19767522811889648, 0.05104713886976242, -0.12488149851560593, -0.19525280594825745, 0.007942375726997852, 0.29546478390693665, -0.5648880004882812, -0.24928462505340576, 0.7525777220726013, 0.36741766333580017, 0.28031986951828003, 0.5751199126243591, 0.07143142819404602, 0.973520815372467, -0.5200963020324707, -0.9267406463623047, 0.1531859189271927, 0.3426005244255066, -0.04743405058979988, 0.20455127954483032, 1.0802630186080933, 0.6044731140136719, -0.1689775139093399, 0.2074233591556549, 0.5326520204544067, -0.3038809597492218, 0.3468513488769531, 0.4860451817512512, 0.1627274453639984, -0.27449831366539, -0.056012701243162155, -0.6762505769729614, 0.4276500344276428, -0.23917928338050842, -0.17412932217121124, -0.2207346260547638, 0.26408401131629944, 0.4351334571838379, 0.4839024543762207, 0.7343289852142334, 0.0021826515439897776, -0.0312272347509861, -0.47519269585609436, 0.2852250039577484, 0.12276674807071686, 0.03517758101224899, 0.4839101731777191, -0.10081252455711365, -0.11373226344585419, 0.047721557319164276, 0.00703514413908124, -0.14182718098163605, 0.21010683476924896, -0.06403953582048416, 0.0387137196958065, 0.11437614262104034, -0.19508568942546844, 0.09035554528236389, -0.5216284394264221, -0.15855823457241058, 0.6830003261566162, 0.46963775157928467, -0.25390535593032837, -0.37317320704460144, 0.1986289918422699, 0.4199182093143463, -0.283419132232666, 0.5474432706832886, -0.28655382990837097, 0.2762148082256317, -0.5434012413024902, 0.08031965047121048, 0.033628497272729874, -0.5809075832366943, 0.04641786217689514, -0.4202747344970703, -0.4138873517513275, 0.43957337737083435, -0.31275689601898193, -0.15659275650978088, -0.06835313141345978, 0.8355693817138672, 0.14188940823078156 ]
216426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Y.%20O%27Connor	C. Y. O'Connor	Charles Yelverton O'Connor, (11 January 1843 – 10 March 1902), was an Irish engineer who is best known for his work in Western Australia, especially the construction of Fremantle Harbour, thought to be impossible, and the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme. Early life O'Connor was born in Gravelmount House, a small country house in Castletown Kilpatrick, a parish located between Kells and Ardee in the north of County Meath in Ireland. He was the third and youngest son and fourth child of John O'Connor, a farmer and company secretary, and his wife Mary Elizabeth, née O'Keefe. O'Connor was home-schooled by his aunt before being educated at Waterford Endowed School (also known as Bishop Foy's School ). In 1859 he was apprenticed to John Chaloner Smith as a railway engineer. At the age of 21 he emigrated to New Zealand, and on 6 September 1866 was appointed assistant engineer for Canterbury Province under Edward Dobson. His first task was the construction of the Otira Gorge section of the road over Arthur's Pass, so that the gold fields on the West Coast became easier to access. After holding other positions, O'Connor became inspecting engineer for the mid-South Island. In 1873 he married Scottish-born Susan Laetitia Ness, and they had eight children, four girls and four boys, while in New Zealand (their fifth child, Charles Goring Yelverton O'Connor, died aged 7 months in a home accident). In 1883 O'Connor was appointed Under-Secretary of Public Works in New Zealand, and in 1890 he was appointed Marine Engineer for the colony. By 1891 O'Connor had much experience in harbour and dock construction when he resigned his position in April that year to become Engineer-in-Chief of Western Australia. His wife and children relocated with him to Australia. There he was responsible for the construction of Fremantle Harbour and the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme project, which supplied water to the Eastern Goldfields. He was the inaugural Engineer in Chief of the Public Works Department. Fremantle Harbour The construction of Fremantle Harbour was probably O'Connor's greatest personal triumph, as his proposal to build the harbour within the entrance to the Swan River was contrary to previous expert advice that this was impracticable and that the construction would require constant dredging. Work commenced in 1892 in removing a limestone bar and sand shoals at the mouth of the Swan River and was successfully completed in 1903. On 4 May 1897 the first ocean-going steamer, the Sultan, berthed at South Quay (renamed Victoria Quay on 26 July 1901 in honour of the late Queen Victoria). At age 54, O'Connor travelled to London to be inducted a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. More than 100 years of continued use of Fremantle Harbour by heavy shipping has erased all doubt concerning O'Connor's technical judgement. Railways O'Connor was engineer-in-chief and acting general manager of railways in Western Australia. Upgrades of existing lines and plans for new lines were made. The search for water for the Northam-Southern Cross route was initiated by O'Connor. He was in charge of the railway. Goldfields Water Supply Scheme O'Connor is best known for his work on the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, also known as the Goldfields Pipeline. The pipeline carries water from Perth to Kalgoorlie. A succession of gold rushes in the Yilgarn region near Southern Cross in 1887, at Coolgardie in 1892, and at Kalgoorlie in 1893 caused a population explosion in the barren and dry desert centre of Western Australia, exemplified by towns like Cunderdin and Merredin. On 16 July 1896, John Forrest introduced to Western Australian Parliament a bill to authorise the raising of a loan of £2.5 million to construct the scheme: the pipeline would pump of water per day to the Goldfields from a dam on the Helena River near Mundaring Weir in Perth, pumped in eight successive stages through 330 miles of pipe to the Mount Charlotte Reservoir in Kalgoorlie. The water is then reticulated to various mining centres in the Goldfields. The lake created by Mundaring Weir is now known as Lake O'Connor, and still provides drinking water for the towns along the pipeline to Kalgoorlie. Death O'Connor was subjected to prolonged criticism by members of the press and also many members of the Western Australian Parliament over the scheme. John Forrest, always a supporter, had left Western Australian politics to become federal defence minister; defamatory attacks by the press had wounded him. Evans describes how political machinations and individual greed led to many libellous newspaper articles about O'Connor towards the end of the pipeline project. One article in particular in The Sunday Times, 9 February 1902, by its editor, Thomas Walker, continuing a campaign against O'Connor by Walker's deceased predecessor Frederick Vosper, is thought to have contributed to his death. Accusing O'Connor of corruption, it read, in part: The government conducted an inquiry into the scheme and found no basis for the press accusations of corruption or misdemeanours on the part of O'Connor. Thomas Walker claimed vindication as the Royal Commission into the Coolgardie Water Scheme found "of the degree to which his [O'Connor's] implicit trust had been misplaced [in Thomas C. Hodgson, the Engineer in Charge of the Coolgardie Water Scheme]... unbalanced an already overstrained mind". It is claimed that local Noongar Aboriginal people, unhappy with his destruction of the limestone bar across the Swan River at Point Walter, placed a curse on O'Connor. and that "... they sang him to make him crazy", and his suicide was the end result. O'Connor took his own life on 10 March 1902, less than a year before Forrest officially commissioned the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, by shooting himself while riding his horse into the water at Robb Jetty at 4:40am, south of Fremantle. Legacy O’Connor's greatest legacies are the Fremantle Inner Harbour and the Goldfields Water supply Scheme, which ranks as one of Australia's greatest engineering achievements. The beach where O'Connor died was named after him and there is also a statue sculpted by Tony Jones, of him in the water there. The Monument to C. Y. O'Connor was built in 1911 and was designed by Pietro Porcelli. The novel The Drowner by Robert Drewe provides a fictionalised account of O'Connor and the building of the pipeline. On 7 December 1898, his daughter Eva married Sir George Julius at St John's Church, Fremantle. Julius was the first chairman of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) which later became the CSIRO. His daughter Kathleen O'Connor was a successful and respected painter. The C. Y. O'Connor College of TAFE in Western Australia bears his name. The Division of O'Connor, named after O'Connor, is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Western Australia. Originally it encircled the area around Perth, from Geraldton on the Indian Ocean coast to Albany on the Southern Ocean coast. The electoral boundary was changed dramatically in 2008 (taking effect in 2010) and it now includes the Southern Wheatbelt and most of the Goldfields of Western Australia. A bronze statue of O'Connor by Pietro Porcelli stands in front of the Fremantle Port Authority buildings, commemorating O'Connor's achievements. O'Connor has also had a school named after him called O'Connor Primary School, in Kalgoorlie-Boulder. Notes References Ayris, Cyril. C.Y.O'Connor : a brief biography West Perth, W.A. : Cyril Ayris Freelance, 2004. Drewe, Robert. The drowner Sydney: Picador, 1997. Evans, A. G. C.Y. O'Connor : his life and legacy . Crawley, W. A.: University of Western Australia Press, 2001. Hasluck, Alexandra. C.Y. O'Connor. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1965. Tauman, Merab. The chief: C.Y. O'Connor . Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1978. Webb, Martyn J. Death of a hero: the strange suicide of Charles Yelverton O'Connor. Early days Vol. 11, part 1 (1995), pp. 81–111. External links Statue Named Perth's Best Public Art The Golden Pipeline Project. A National Trust of Australia project to commemorate the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme 1843 births 1902 suicides People from County Westmeath Irish emigrants to colonial Australia Burials at Fremantle Cemetery Public servants of Western Australia Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Deaths by firearm in Western Australia Suicides by firearm in Australia Suicides in Western Australia Harbour engineers Fremantle Harbour Goldfields Water Supply Scheme 19th-century Irish engineers 19th-century Australian engineers	[ 0.14364208281040192, 0.26413199305534363, -0.2161889225244522, -0.01666174829006195, 0.363833487033844, 0.4161517322063446, 0.35550782084465027, 0.197160542011261, -0.054754942655563354, -0.463582307100296, -0.12444590032100677, 0.13009820878505707, -0.2587258219718933, 0.7162058353424072, 0.2813378870487213, 0.1691027134656906, 0.09709873050451279, 0.06392941623926163, 0.16425301134586334, 0.1597072184085846, -0.3763672709465027, 0.01503120455890894, 0.5480859875679016, 0.45798563957214355, 0.11537700891494751, -0.4550899267196655, 0.14994192123413086, 0.034527380019426346, -0.06827976554632187, 0.01637634076178074, 0.6348699927330017, 0.26508212089538574, -0.25279101729393005, -0.0595991350710392, -0.8171413540840149, 0.28779956698417664, -0.43272826075553894, -0.2547147274017334, -0.647625744342804, 0.036538854241371155, -0.3536141514778137, 0.156425341963768, -0.2164081633090973, 0.10975053161382675, -0.17593692243099213, 0.14040927588939667, -1.624138593673706, -0.36999326944351196, -0.5791266560554504, -0.40573975443840027, -0.4696328043937683, 0.159157395362854, 0.33849668502807617, -0.5553659200668335, -0.3861424922943115, 0.32547134160995483, -0.2340743988752365, 0.11237627267837524, 0.17698508501052856, -0.4089740514755249, 0.5597507953643799, 0.24242354929447174, 0.43496352434158325, 0.4074583649635315, 0.3524620234966278, 0.2649499177932739, -0.41402703523635864, -0.22459246218204498, -0.0065659754909574986, 0.5498504042625427, 0.3547511398792267, 0.23404093086719513, 0.026409616693854332, 0.3471425473690033, 0.08900120854377747, -0.01049770787358284, 0.03126959130167961, 0.1233663484454155, 0.16062119603157043, 0.5942783355712891, -0.5241976380348206, -0.00994618609547615, 0.5995897054672241, 0.1964302808046341, 0.4440368115901947, 0.10233306884765625, -0.19370853900909424, 0.26906582713127136, -0.43896323442459106, 0.28586962819099426, -0.33510956168174744, 0.3549796938896179, 0.010588386096060276, -0.22949060797691345, -0.12196061760187149, -0.19696709513664246, -0.1292387992143631, 0.4089892506599426, -0.29338204860687256, -0.433178186416626, -0.05526098236441612, -0.35408610105514526, 0.06062516197562218, 0.6414791345596313, -0.3125930428504944, 0.1396188586950302, -0.09191693365573883, -0.009612809866666794, 0.2961679995059967, -0.696470320224762, -0.15852905809879303, -0.2021869719028473, -0.05260984227061272, -0.07214578241109848, 0.04080478101968765, -0.17058596014976501, 0.22662200033664703, -0.057847410440444946, -0.33943670988082886, -0.1534975916147232, 0.35440611839294434, 0.15521113574504852, -0.4509471654891968, 0.47595611214637756, -1.0027583837509155, 0.09435905516147614, 0.3333563804626465, 0.04385814070701599, -0.5900973081588745, 0.048964884132146835, 0.4980226755142212, 1.4585239887237549, -0.42200663685798645, -0.6419115662574768, -0.7809787392616272, 0.16559703648090363, 0.021373191848397255, -0.10396447777748108, -0.23025494813919067, -0.15038703382015228, -0.5830594301223755, -0.45837220549583435, -0.7281811833381653, 0.08063501864671707, -0.09146996587514877, 0.47569790482521057, -0.006716825533658266, -0.416037917137146, 0.2515507936477661, 0.1311918944120407, -0.40164345502853394, 0.11521226167678833, -0.29530027508735657, 0.1699143797159195, -0.2255329042673111, 0.3023041784763336, 0.601105272769928, 0.4156435430049896, -0.06246349960565567, 0.09616652876138687, -0.27403420209884644, 0.599769115447998, -0.11307094246149063, -0.07839726656675339, -0.07685340940952301, 0.014136133715510368, 0.2857336103916168, -0.35635843873023987, -0.25444304943084717, -0.3100365102291107, 0.09382456541061401, 0.24144387245178223, 0.6576240658760071, -0.3079134225845337, -0.08861575275659561, -0.10090994089841843, 0.2888021469116211, 0.600797176361084, 0.04611945152282715, -0.7654929161071777, -0.5448857545852661, 0.31005561351776123, -0.013856185600161552, 0.24043110013008118, 0.3391742706298828, -0.01936200074851513, 0.2925150394439697, -0.5870007276535034, 0.19209863245487213, -0.5731077194213867, 0.23750117421150208, -1.017255187034607, -0.3903767764568329, -0.15446506440639496, 0.2763312757015228, 0.2221536934375763, -0.1561303287744522, 0.16903939843177795, 0.08603290468454361, 0.9996686577796936, -0.05427001044154167, 0.28950560092926025, -0.30319592356681824, -0.4271753132343292, -0.9416179060935974, 0.8814795613288879, 0.9620368480682373, 0.2893202006816864, -0.1538042426109314, 0.8902029991149902, 0.38026225566864014, -0.9764322638511658, -0.08726218342781067, -0.700880765914917, -0.3099867105484009, -0.5538288950920105, 0.008578798733651638, -0.436085045337677, 0.20602621138095856, -0.11658184975385666, 0.9251377582550049, 0.5314260721206665, -0.0763043463230133, 1.5304070711135864, 0.2772325277328491, 0.9007639288902283, 0.5669748783111572, -0.25781628489494324, -0.38464099168777466, -1.527763843536377, -0.030625546351075172, -0.14270123839378357, 0.19345176219940186, -0.5007078647613525, 0.3952541649341583, 0.04040529206395149, -0.09720996767282486, -0.02727421186864376, 0.10442192107439041, 0.04671145975589752, 0.11056329309940338, 0.12003640085458755, -0.09293816983699799, 0.36290600895881653, 0.15113499760627747, 0.24563884735107422, 0.13036535680294037, -0.4987659156322479, -0.4991370439529419, 0.11423346400260925, 0.34946781396865845, 0.6564128398895264, 0.5777361989021301, 0.22390304505825043, 0.105164535343647, -0.9130127429962158, 0.11268118768930435, -0.19615894556045532, -0.09058060497045517, -0.20919862389564514, -0.2872527837753296, -0.144651398062706, -0.19228975474834442, 0.3036125600337982, 0.41094499826431274, -0.12434836477041245, 0.14394603669643402, -0.6341302394866943, -0.1701909899711609, 0.20216841995716095, 0.36219722032546997, -0.4465568959712982, -0.07178888469934464, -0.47945329546928406, 0.17466773092746735, -0.40446221828460693, -0.03553960472345352, -0.09672047197818756, -0.31420841813087463, -0.25529301166534424, 0.7839754223823547, 0.7323971390724182, -0.8010342121124268, -0.21225027740001678, -0.09924697875976562, 0.31711792945861816, -0.3873167037963867, 0.10021105408668518, 0.2701640725135803, -0.3785260021686554, -0.2608882486820221, -0.22441241145133972, -0.34054431319236755, 0.4587426781654358, -0.102307990193367, 0.22117282450199127, 0.14255069196224213, -0.43871501088142395, 0.35655251145362854, -0.17058737576007843, -0.8273267149925232, 0.1605989784002304, -0.2758319079875946, 0.32630375027656555, -0.1267865151166916, 0.629704475402832, -0.28238460421562195, 0.1218489408493042, -5.548197269439697, 0.044920869171619415, 0.14491389691829681, -0.48381897807121277, 0.21984080970287323, -0.3122449219226837, 0.33960381150245667, 0.21644087135791779, 0.24894662201404572, -0.19075845181941986, 0.5779600739479065, -0.03416484594345093, -0.08036385476589203, 0.2760747969150543, 0.638390839099884, -0.11370541900396347, 0.8304947018623352, 0.088302843272686, 0.33017194271087646, -0.08465556055307388, 0.06632973253726959, -0.07885252684354782, -0.1613968014717102, -0.059147752821445465, 0.2619917392730713, 0.19370512664318085, 0.0026215051766484976, -0.09467922151088715, -0.9710714221000671, -0.43355655670166016, -0.4453663229942322, -0.40888842940330505, -0.21050229668617249, -0.04586479812860489, -0.005761845503002405, -0.44769495725631714, 0.6261705160140991, 0.7341488003730774, -0.050059929490089417, -0.27863019704818726, -0.046128518879413605, -0.10256551206111908, -0.5364025235176086, 0.05830041691660881, -0.40979957580566406, -0.933025598526001, -0.7130311727523804, 0.5589980483055115, -0.17734234035015106, 0.639371395111084, 0.3584224581718445, 0.6714301705360413, 0.4613631069660187, 0.3359067738056183, -0.2963584363460541, 0.07707562297582626, 0.9331638216972351, -0.16247878968715668, -1.123306155204773, 0.3786955773830414, 0.7401877045631409, -0.3636411428451538, 0.19454069435596466, 0.1694980412721634, -0.4383033215999603, -0.11678051948547363, 0.2079758644104004, -0.10552903264760971, -0.18370409309864044, -0.1923135668039322, 0.2607278823852539, 0.9010899662971497, 0.696374773979187, -0.6543872356414795, -0.24600625038146973, -0.3415517807006836, -0.5269683003425598, 0.3211158215999603, 0.29649341106414795, -1.065034031867981, -0.222662553191185, -0.24970340728759766, 0.2621990144252777, 1.167433500289917, 0.5426294207572937, 0.3453214168548584, -0.2594255805015564, 0.48142731189727783, -0.16565850377082825, -0.20930811762809753, 0.23440419137477875, -0.041781455278396606, 0.47397273778915405, -0.09939386695623398, 0.11080645024776459, 0.11431863903999329, -0.19377025961875916, 0.2150951623916626, 0.5773577094078064, -0.40776994824409485, -0.37308812141418457, 0.05927032604813576, -0.4089338183403015, -0.2541689872741699, -0.08042621612548828, -0.370033323764801, 0.06403837352991104, 0.37621819972991943, 0.4934917688369751, 0.36580318212509155, 0.3382159471511841, 0.14855289459228516, -0.2773829698562622, 0.11714809387922287, 0.3194183111190796, 0.2608656585216522, -0.5947003364562988, 0.07019519060850143, 1.0172818899154663, 0.19253180921077728, 0.3670603036880493, 0.3156919479370117, 0.14646309614181519, 0.07977112382650375, 0.1681169867515564, 0.045892734080553055, 0.5019708871841431, 0.21554937958717346, -0.02313379943370819, 0.061926230788230896, 0.09343157708644867, 0.36464735865592957, -0.2707478404045105, 0.06403200328350067, -0.7729368209838867, -0.5468873977661133, -0.8520045876502991, -0.568792462348938, 0.008840514346957207, 0.43001386523246765, -0.3379829227924347, -0.10542451590299606, -0.0539078414440155, -0.04453607648611069, 0.13763518631458282, 0.5352655649185181, -0.24677714705467224, 0.07855910062789917, -0.19570395350456238, 0.02568521909415722, -0.48735326528549194, -1.0274628400802612, -0.02712470293045044, -0.6631165742874146, -0.299507737159729, -0.15627893805503845, -0.35096320509910583, -0.23575659096240997, -0.1242746040225029, -0.13877637684345245, 0.2773289382457733, 0.05590367317199707, -1.0230861902236938, -0.6269010305404663, 0.33356836438179016, 0.43805745244026184, -0.21558363735675812, -0.0512869656085968, -0.5029533505439758, 0.6461448669433594, 0.3072463572025299, 0.35291236639022827, -0.734836757183075, 0.06883613020181656, 0.23502026498317719, 0.38923975825309753, -0.4952823221683502, 0.02020982652902603, 0.5581541061401367, -0.17199499905109406, 0.08548322319984436, 0.15654878318309784, -0.15423299372196198, 0.46818339824676514, 0.09230837970972061, -0.6076527833938599, -0.4644941985607147, 0.08789275586605072, 0.113026924431324, 0.32202595472335815, -0.20973004400730133, -0.08879800885915756, 0.5213999152183533, 0.8570725321769714, 0.010134618729352951, -0.17115646600723267, -0.12919378280639648, 0.3093133568763733, -0.11053518205881119, -0.4529290199279785, 0.02858147583901882, -0.12122076004743576, -0.48442018032073975, -0.39960357546806335, 0.13609132170677185, -1.1819357872009277, -0.23119613528251648, -0.02969343401491642, 0.01597716100513935, 0.6134464740753174, -0.07891728729009628, -0.3414226174354553, -0.34227123856544495, 0.3871016204357147, -0.4679730236530304, -0.2534103989601135, 0.5782989859580994, 0.1550941914319992, 0.036801669746637344, -0.596751868724823, -0.5379493832588196, -0.13336537778377533, -0.16630108654499054, -0.045706577599048615, -0.23269882798194885, -0.01767987757921219, 0.26928478479385376, -0.20158763229846954, 0.22099311649799347, 0.4091671407222748, -0.42863017320632935, -0.30766645073890686, 0.4301767945289612, 0.3711416721343994, 0.31051263213157654, 0.27318814396858215, 0.4588397145271301, 0.41853925585746765, -0.6541016101837158, 0.0013307229382917285, 0.19116131961345673, 1.404861569404602, 0.2631978690624237, -0.03766239807009697, -0.15873074531555176, -0.35115525126457214, 0.18081045150756836, 0.03289903700351715, -0.8458376526832581, 0.039952415972948074, 0.48490557074546814, 0.10388020426034927, -0.5732027292251587, 0.1335485279560089, 0.421726793050766, -0.006381907034665346, 0.4807046055793762, 0.08335678279399872, 0.598621129989624, 0.019229110330343246, -0.15955795347690582, 0.11475059390068054, 0.27639544010162354, 0.3911823630332947, 0.5098521113395691, 0.1746109277009964, -0.6269221901893616, -0.5582993030548096, 0.6513199210166931, -0.7369372844696045, -0.5227724313735962, -0.5247030854225159, -0.04429321736097336, 0.2667491137981415, 0.19116784632205963, -0.3080085217952728, -0.3357599973678589, -0.28790226578712463, 1.05991792678833, -0.7544503211975098, -0.43721461296081543, 0.5831095576286316, 0.18773914873600006, -0.11693719029426575, -0.2910264730453491, -0.1859019547700882, -0.7267798781394958, 0.2817191183567047, -0.48323532938957214, -0.4460380971431732, -0.7057192325592041, -0.2779266834259033, -0.2607938349246979, 0.24254947900772095, -0.5480698347091675, -0.041260022670030594, -0.4104313552379608, 0.32308879494667053, -0.24238617718219757, -0.1338653862476349, -0.46470406651496887, 0.33091601729393005, 0.186055526137352, -0.010644343681633472, 0.19664610922336578, 0.3729240596294403, 0.029962366446852684, -0.008662039414048195, -0.11833799630403519, -0.022304276004433632, 0.5599666833877563, -0.008689937181770802, 0.42838796973228455, 0.31635934114456177, -0.5935816764831543, -0.385055273771286, 0.6320546269416809, -0.8716356158256531, 0.18312130868434906, 0.3514033257961273, -0.1016441062092781, 0.1866118311882019, 0.14004133641719818, -0.025066496804356575, 0.7549228668212891, 0.6153901815414429, -0.1034635603427887, 0.3431687355041504, 0.5642387270927429, 0.7250478863716125, -0.7489424347877502, -0.2068403959274292, -0.49706560373306274, 0.5118101239204407, -0.1745901107788086, 0.43200626969337463, 0.4748092591762543, -0.6740444898605347, -0.39560815691947937, 0.1134558618068695, 0.6569661498069763, 1.235599398612976, -0.04370717704296112, 0.3913792371749878, 0.021169474348425865, 0.33567047119140625, 0.3907034695148468, 0.2740221917629242, -0.19282859563827515, -0.10958387702703476, 0.3614984452724457, 0.2246946394443512, 0.6859446167945862, -0.5666881203651428, -0.16710808873176575, 0.3873664438724518, 0.12020117044448853, 0.43935316801071167, 0.08580243587493896, -0.6127076148986816, -0.1897197663784027, -0.34499743580818176, 0.6974276900291443, -0.7582201957702637, 0.28792959451675415, -0.1693345606327057, 0.2873474657535553, -0.9410284757614136, -0.1380482316017151, 0.6111915707588196, 0.2440401017665863, -0.4571295380592346, 0.14027085900306702, 0.3391004204750061, 0.4588249623775482, 0.038031429052352905, 0.7374316453933716, 0.5301027894020081, 0.005954429041594267, -0.08889707177877426, 0.12314839661121368, 0.41866055130958557, -0.09347718209028244, -0.029664967209100723, -0.6674249172210693, -0.6431339979171753, -0.0726139172911644, 0.09498566389083862, -0.7319759726524353, -0.47615551948547363, -0.0956786721944809, -0.20913399755954742, -0.4235101640224457, 0.703962504863739, -0.7521972060203552, 0.020555000752210617, -0.4009842574596405, 0.7036274075508118, 0.4893281161785126, -0.3725900948047638, -0.166470006108284, -0.10135328024625778, 0.11097927391529083, 0.12697774171829224, -0.005156319588422775, 0.7028582096099854, -0.18252483010292053, 0.5799335241317749, -0.21412494778633118, 0.4057046175003052, 0.16796357929706573, 0.10284721106290817, -0.5435900688171387, 0.38789454102516174, -0.6082655787467957, 0.04405524209141731, 0.23549887537956238, -0.15852899849414825, -0.17184875905513763, -0.1876506805419922, -0.07987286150455475, -0.2510758936405182, -0.4168798625469208, -0.2912929356098175, -0.5140542984008789, 0.2356630563735962, 0.11934646219015121, -0.2996138036251068, 0.17009609937667847, 0.5910855531692505, 0.21899928152561188, -0.17002955079078674, -0.6558536291122437, 0.015711097046732903, -0.42689433693885803, -0.044968053698539734, -0.20415098965168, 0.4176962077617645, 0.33777186274528503, 0.17821535468101501, 0.5693706274032593, 0.30790525674819946, 0.11415392905473709, 0.0023591648787260056, -1.2305392026901245, -0.4000568091869354, -0.18325179815292358, -0.3567569851875305, -0.08949773013591766, 0.4945996403694153, 0.5809526443481445, -0.38943174481391907, -0.0732760950922966, -0.7022645473480225, 0.8920413255691528, -0.5660327672958374, 0.12226343899965286, -0.3289076089859009, -0.3116358518600464, 0.16768519580364227 ]
216428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental%20plant	Ornamental plant	Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects. Many if not most are flowering plants, and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that improve on the original species in qualities such as colour, shape, scent and long-lasting blooms. All the main types of plant have many ornamental varieties: trees, shrubs, aquatic plants, perennial and annual plants. Non-botanical classifications include houseplants, bedding plants, plants for cut flowers and foliage plants. The cultivation of ornamental plants comes under floriculture and tree nurseries, which is a major branch of horticulture. Commonly, ornamental garden plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features including: flowers, leaves, scent, overall foliage texture, fruit, stem and bark, and aesthetic form. In some cases, unusual features may be considered to be of interest, such as the prominent thorns of Rosa sericea and cacti. Cultivation Ornamental plants and trees are distinguished from utilitarian and crop plants, such as those used for agriculture and vegetable crops, and for forestry or as fruit trees. This does not preclude any particular type of plant being grown both for ornamental qualities in the garden, and for utilitarian purposes in other settings. Thus lavender is typically grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, but may also be grown as a crop plant for the production of lavender oil. The term The term ornamental plant is used here in the same sense that it is generally used in the horticultural trades. The term largely corresponds to 'garden plant', though the latter is much less precise, as any plant may be grown in a garden. Ornamental plants are plants which are grown for display purposes, rather than functional ones. While some plants are both ornamental and functional, people usually use the term “ornamental plants” to refer to plants which have no value beyond being attractive, although many people feel that this is value enough. Ornamental plants are the keystone of ornamental gardening, and they come in a range of shapes, sizes and colors suitable to a broad array of climates, landscapes, and gardening needs. Some ornamental plants are foliage plants grown mainly or entirely for their showy foliage; this is especially true of houseplants. Their foliage may be deciduous, turning bright orange, red, and yellow before dropping off in the fall, or evergreen, in which case it stays green year-round. Some ornamental foliage has a striking appearance created by lacy leaves or long needles, while other ornamental are grown for distinctively colored leaves, such as silvery-gray ground covers and bright red grasses, among many others. Other ornamental plants are cultivated for their blooms. Flowering ornamental plants are a key aspect of most gardens, with many flower gardeners preferring to plant a variety of flowers so that the garden is continuously in flower through the spring and summer. Depending on the types of plants being grown, the flowers may be subtle and delicate, or large and showy, with some ornamental plants producing distinctive aromas. Ornamental grasses Ornamental grasses are grasses grown as ornamental plants. Many ornamental grasses are true grasses (Poaceae), however several other families of grass-like plants are typically marketed as ornamental grasses. These include the sedges (Cyperaceae), rushes (Juncaceae), restios (Restionaceae), and cat-tails (Typhaceae). All are monocotyledons, typically with narrow leaves and parallel veins. Most are herbaceous perennials, though many are evergreen and some develop woody tissues. Ornamental grasses are popular in many countries. They bring striking linear form, texture, color, motion, and sound to the garden, throughout the year. Ornamental grasses are popular in many colder hardiness zones for their resilience to cold temperatures and aesthetic value throughout fall and winter seasons. See also Ornamental bulbous plant References External links	[ 0.643673837184906, -0.017840558663010597, -0.18069344758987427, 0.13380658626556396, 0.20854848623275757, 0.19333039224147797, 0.29448750615119934, -0.0046836333349347115, -0.34548038244247437, -0.4983060359954834, -0.766261637210846, 0.15103386342525482, -0.2572513818740845, 0.35386016964912415, -0.35824576020240784, 0.5978794097900391, 0.3874994218349457, 0.373076468706131, 0.1193772405385971, 0.31812584400177, -0.5341522097587585, -0.4068022668361664, 0.2642122805118561, -0.7710341215133667, 0.6542249917984009, -0.8052054047584534, 0.3206768035888672, 0.5033506155014038, 0.21811643242835999, -0.09212010353803635, 0.20915913581848145, 0.3056141138076782, 0.13728326559066772, -0.20838811993598938, -0.10461336374282837, -0.2817840576171875, -0.08374367654323578, -0.47819921374320984, -0.42545995116233826, -0.894996702671051, -0.0859038382768631, -0.10562307387590408, 0.39828816056251526, 0.3071366250514984, 0.12947267293930054, -0.798824667930603, -1.520762324333191, 0.559180736541748, -0.08719091862440109, 0.5036069750785828, -0.10214661806821823, 0.15035997331142426, 0.650662362575531, 0.08390624076128006, 0.39264053106307983, 1.1261297464370728, -0.6141811013221741, -0.027506813406944275, 0.02525678649544716, -1.2118386030197144, -0.5520766377449036, 0.6540606021881104, -0.13145732879638672, 0.1735919564962387, 0.5242151021957397, 0.3967339098453522, -0.10127843916416168, -0.29991626739501953, -0.44420158863067627, -0.36278390884399414, -0.10884379595518112, -0.5104010105133057, -0.11560063809156418, 0.23716220259666443, -0.13203935325145721, -0.2731868326663971, -0.3599957525730133, -0.17300942540168762, -0.009188631549477577, 0.2026764154434204, -0.3206450939178467, 0.5496305227279663, 0.06072845309972763, -0.22862619161605835, 0.34515002369880676, 0.14521470665931702, -0.5339753031730652, 0.3458777070045471, -0.34218525886535645, -0.49920257925987244, 0.3541207015514374, 0.04142560064792633, 0.7365360856056213, 0.19614972174167633, 0.3667844235897064, 0.12292679399251938, -0.14614400267601013, 0.10742121934890747, -0.3312007188796997, 0.6140100955963135, -0.005273842718452215, 0.17006954550743103, 0.06350940465927124, -0.1219736710190773, -0.5108572244644165, -0.2714678943157196, -0.3432522416114807, -0.2500140070915222, -0.09507343173027039, 0.24245470762252808, -0.29908260703086853, 0.11487676203250885, 0.01888062246143818, 0.0038677204865962267, -0.2253464162349701, 0.6800335049629211, 0.8544023036956787, 0.42376384139060974, -0.5584909915924072, 0.346808522939682, 0.6527990698814392, 0.0031391005031764507, 0.04432353004813194, -0.13411252200603485, -0.38024789094924927, 0.04846819490194321, 0.2499239444732666, 0.5980532765388489, -0.7504202723503113, -0.31744328141212463, 0.28195920586586, 0.5318131446838379, -0.48843199014663696, -0.24373842775821686, -0.08877474069595337, -0.3901894688606262, 0.23130016028881073, -0.0913534015417099, 0.48964396119117737, 0.2343577891588211, -0.9610133171081543, -0.37330251932144165, 0.102888323366642, -0.40027183294296265, -0.2704610824584961, -0.16133998334407806, 0.3699982762336731, -0.26717036962509155, -0.052321262657642365, -0.310504287481308, 0.10824256390333176, 0.46796002984046936, -0.5352537035942078, 0.35480406880378723, -0.695392906665802, -0.0870966985821724, 0.15008807182312012, 0.02721226215362549, 0.4241389334201813, -0.21854309737682343, 0.027566449716687202, -0.18174131214618683, -0.3236522972583771, 0.024615313857793808, 0.178974449634552, -0.2540246248245239, -0.0729496031999588, 0.3429185152053833, 0.039399031549692154, 0.24325460195541382, 0.03164086118340492, 0.05652477964758873, 0.038191571831703186, -0.19423773884773254, 0.33389854431152344, 0.05091635137796402, -0.12806756794452667, -0.35589319467544556, 0.32208800315856934, 0.5344977974891663, -0.5484017729759216, 0.2700691819190979, 0.20520754158496857, -0.1673879474401474, 0.1978156864643097, -0.06918785721063614, 0.16877862811088562, 0.26110970973968506, 0.5982236862182617, -0.03131455183029175, -0.706021249294281, -0.5605399012565613, -0.7479401230812073, -0.6683253049850464, 0.7882042527198792, 0.09488734602928162, -0.6864576935768127, 0.6459704041481018, -0.37666434049606323, 0.15910182893276215, 0.08433954417705536, 0.09239944070577621, -0.16678589582443237, -0.07370591163635254, -1.0593161582946777, -0.5245921611785889, 0.19100210070610046, -0.17908653616905212, 0.536436915397644, 0.09578845649957657, 0.20515801012516022, -0.5170370936393738, 0.45470717549324036, -0.672293484210968, 0.37505903840065, 0.24088317155838013, -0.7686688899993896, 0.5879555344581604, -0.5369239449501038, -0.18744027614593506, 0.6114956736564636, 0.25256553292274475, -0.5579776763916016, 0.7830199599266052, -0.39182978868484497, 0.6948163509368896, 0.0109211141243577, -0.5052037835121155, 0.4393850862979889, -0.30898576974868774, -0.045416414737701416, -0.20671100914478302, 0.27744853496551514, -0.753274142742157, -0.4280398488044739, 0.7054727673530579, 0.4312746822834015, 0.06804275512695312, 0.5750080347061157, -0.11955542862415314, -0.16651830077171326, 0.3875346779823303, -0.9119530320167542, -0.022203240543603897, 0.29078128933906555, -0.06451701372861862, -0.3179517090320587, -0.11499001085758209, 0.06370838731527328, -0.06759880483150482, 0.5358626246452332, 0.30086764693260193, 0.868483304977417, -0.2859591245651245, -0.2839958071708679, -0.2058163434267044, -0.45274069905281067, -0.12088931351900101, -0.029536191374063492, 0.24212764203548431, -0.46087953448295593, -0.1750701367855072, -0.09418024867773056, -0.3642279803752899, -0.1366111934185028, 0.29803475737571716, 0.13621358573436737, -0.505545973777771, 0.3373964726924896, 0.4785749614238739, 0.06676948070526123, 0.2498839944601059, -1.2050580978393555, -0.24934639036655426, -0.4041540324687958, -0.2878055274486542, 0.3173516094684601, -0.2778383195400238, -0.3184000849723816, -0.4114106297492981, -0.18977689743041992, 0.4058370590209961, 0.4663670063018799, -0.7778050899505615, -0.2712820768356323, -0.082329660654068, 0.002875198842957616, -0.021225685253739357, -0.4654328227043152, 0.048704903572797775, -0.29856443405151367, 0.2785562574863434, -0.2372758835554123, 0.6447956562042236, 0.3541152775287628, -0.1085064709186554, -0.41014134883880615, 0.009989786893129349, 0.4069502055644989, -0.5609133839607239, -0.30825915932655334, -0.2462696135044098, -0.1907476931810379, -0.12094704061746597, -0.3181910812854767, 0.18406371772289276, -0.0890628844499588, 0.18726405501365662, -5.667852401733398, -0.5608140826225281, -0.06861063838005066, 0.2935953140258789, -0.42892080545425415, 0.20540215075016022, 0.5232115983963013, 0.31991812586784363, 0.3325541615486145, 0.08324757218360901, 0.3230694532394409, -0.08739285916090012, 0.2558462917804718, 0.4739389419555664, 0.8070423603057861, 0.73311847448349, 0.42801815271377563, -0.4611181914806366, -0.21801850199699402, -0.21773552894592285, 0.10898488759994507, 0.11200127750635147, 0.09334959089756012, 1.0199052095413208, 0.13805261254310608, 0.052063796669244766, -0.17599396407604218, -0.13495224714279175, -0.06741314381361008, -0.03513682261109352, 0.08095225691795349, 0.2773313820362091, 0.21795903146266937, -0.41307705640792847, 0.14328275620937347, 0.39389699697494507, 0.15549767017364502, -0.16766038537025452, -0.18441934883594513, 0.38082191348075867, 0.03684915229678154, 0.2763630747795105, 0.18521100282669067, 0.6212663650512695, 0.2866027057170868, -0.6325799822807312, -0.6206246018409729, -0.4064062833786011, -0.41333767771720886, 0.804013729095459, 0.25794142484664917, 0.5941612124443054, 1.3998956680297852, -0.12905815243721008, -0.12557150423526764, 0.08610506355762482, 0.7486379146575928, 0.3176895081996918, -0.40664801001548767, -0.2901323735713959, 0.0556628555059433, -0.16147322952747345, 0.26316210627555847, -0.1531088799238205, -0.3896450996398926, 0.34720900654792786, -0.7613325119018555, -0.3609069287776947, 0.39249682426452637, 0.11923123896121979, -0.7465241551399231, 0.4032357931137085, 0.12433569878339767, -0.7984309196472168, 0.4243873953819275, -0.07115056365728378, -0.7019311785697937, -0.4492214024066925, 0.08050774037837982, -0.23416924476623535, -0.1526464968919754, -0.17793388664722443, -0.024788936600089073, 0.40714001655578613, 0.027971606701612473, -0.7903535962104797, -0.3744880259037018, -0.7338610887527466, -0.5532843470573425, 0.29521095752716064, 0.9726336598396301, 0.1370926946401596, 0.42304906249046326, 0.05360397696495056, 0.6979830265045166, 0.5176761746406555, 1.037642240524292, -0.07804432511329651, 0.5844427347183228, -0.3590846061706543, 0.5316202640533447, 0.028638163581490517, -0.14143359661102295, 0.12991100549697876, 0.10207413882017136, -0.5688700675964355, -0.1828722208738327, 0.46387535333633423, 1.2440720796585083, -0.24062247574329376, 0.37639057636260986, -0.23873698711395264, -0.5921520590782166, -0.42076554894447327, -0.323944628238678, 0.09626813977956772, -0.0677783191204071, 0.5311616659164429, 0.36273035407066345, -0.3785582482814789, 0.18573154509067535, -0.04616130143404007, 0.3729495108127594, -0.2588185966014862, -0.21122092008590698, -0.24547290802001953, -0.01693071238696575, -0.3343168795108795, -0.33268916606903076, -0.31863826513290405, 0.5087312459945679, 0.39703264832496643, -0.6436042785644531, -0.4433659017086029, -0.041997428983449936, 0.47077080607414246, 0.08050591498613358, -0.33951544761657715, -0.4810328185558319, -0.6231987476348877, -0.2496633678674698, -0.49774742126464844, -0.15245321393013, 0.07573976367712021, 0.5637685656547546, 0.4732361435890198, -0.3523132801055908, -0.44222354888916016, 0.5258577466011047, 0.8454132080078125, -0.21928313374519348, 0.07983165979385376, 0.3146325647830963, -0.252035915851593, 0.04158004745841026, -0.46010512113571167, -0.2647809386253357, -0.2609008252620697, -0.12715159356594086, -0.31726089119911194, 0.09101534634828568, 0.00712316669523716, -0.9940159320831299, -0.3191547095775604, -0.5986204147338867, 0.2841927409172058, -0.6774904727935791, -0.27116426825523376, 0.11708001047372818, 1.030118703842163, 0.5236417651176453, -0.08811984956264496, -0.5334136486053467, -0.16777367889881134, 0.09392945468425751, -0.22397825121879578, -0.0073275500908494, -0.08444038033485413, -0.25787970423698425, -0.20463699102401733, 0.3791811168193817, -0.6585455536842346, 0.0692300945520401, 0.5437383055686951, 0.9899060130119324, -0.07427417486906052, -0.254951149225235, -0.33837890625, -0.4487532079219818, 0.12662439048290253, -0.257749080657959, 0.1282173991203308, 0.5028992295265198, -0.4935944676399231, -0.1762598305940628, 0.1384715735912323, -0.1474706530570984, 0.25774866342544556, -0.47683143615722656, -0.7331300377845764, 0.06073972210288048, 0.06512674689292908, -1.1949619054794312, 0.3255930244922638, -0.36790117621421814, -0.46713361144065857, 0.6520313620567322, -0.5541926622390747, -0.09453703463077545, 0.18878954648971558, -0.2359272688627243, -0.15772075951099396, 0.3431139290332794, -0.02599201537668705, -0.3951892554759979, 0.4445037245750427, -0.3537999093532562, -0.14754618704319, -0.40465247631073, 0.036566972732543945, 0.37353020906448364, -0.30583256483078003, -0.08601139485836029, -0.07374472171068192, -0.015905942767858505, -0.05237465724349022, 0.4709382951259613, -0.5358677506446838, -0.010080249980092049, 0.03320588916540146, 0.1915593147277832, -0.368595689535141, 0.16800440847873688, -0.3399221897125244, -0.2552134096622467, -0.07036639750003815, -0.2088938057422638, -0.0385793074965477, 0.17519167065620422, 0.42406710982322693, 0.053142763674259186, 1.0701632499694824, -0.6292163729667664, 0.06174632906913757, -0.004742213524878025, 0.25219619274139404, 0.19936352968215942, -0.6211825013160706, -0.6971832513809204, -0.14862258732318878, 0.18496975302696228, -0.18473276495933533, -0.2559044659137726, -0.3618173599243164, 0.10800304263830185, -0.4521675407886505, -0.1901615709066391, 0.5346250534057617, 0.24550622701644897, 0.36031240224838257, 0.08656110614538193, 0.19592922925949097, 0.004786036908626556, 0.24796418845653534, 0.8708007335662842, -0.6451823115348816, -0.00690441532060504, -0.2803361713886261, 0.6540348529815674, -0.22396789491176605, 0.42878279089927673, 0.6150703430175781, 0.7889105081558228, 0.6466140747070312, 0.2872297465801239, 0.21470871567726135, -0.3826344609260559, -0.8453837037086487, 0.07577508687973022, -0.528535008430481, -0.381061851978302, -0.31549832224845886, 0.17194008827209473, -0.18104206025600433, -0.19521206617355347, -0.06910586357116699, -0.04717330262064934, -0.1922926902770996, -0.388192355632782, -0.6593598127365112, -0.19680050015449524, 0.10135295987129211, 0.2899526059627533, 0.3571215569972992, -0.13187144696712494, 0.39116171002388, 0.23643630743026733, -0.020166318863630295, 0.21835456788539886, 0.06471262127161026, -0.6458993554115295, 0.747406005859375, 0.40395623445510864, -0.38166049122810364, 0.6344331502914429, 0.35943174362182617, 0.5416553616523743, -0.22294792532920837, -0.3162025213241577, -0.39398837089538574, -0.1071866899728775, -0.17304246127605438, 0.27854934334754944, 0.039469074457883835, -0.07348744571208954, 0.6213546991348267, -0.04984598234295845, -0.29282307624816895, 0.7801445722579956, 0.45549044013023376, 0.6316140294075012, -0.2882313132286072, 0.16180148720741272, 0.0946023240685463, 0.06570050865411758, 0.38824430108070374, -0.12391781806945801, -0.22795364260673523, 0.47706615924835205, -0.07428717613220215, 0.526317834854126, 0.5681030750274658, -0.15358813107013702, 0.3511892557144165, 0.16120007634162903, -0.35913535952568054, 0.3123874068260193, -0.44166022539138794, -0.4625682234764099, 0.7717594504356384, 0.7578756809234619, 0.24813714623451233, 0.5822111964225769, 0.1701684147119522, 0.011028071865439415, 0.15140403807163239, 0.1635003387928009, 0.30022531747817993, -0.3228898048400879, -0.02440299466252327, 0.26164916157722473, 0.3823818862438202, 0.46265313029289246, -0.42537760734558105, -0.007416168227791786, -0.2561793327331543, 0.3958657681941986, -0.2788638770580292, 0.07073783129453659, -0.010884052142500877, 0.1504955142736435, 0.36283615231513977, -0.7193869948387146, -0.012866963632404804, -0.665619969367981, 0.432654470205307, 0.0911974310874939, -0.41350486874580383, -0.42639514803886414, 0.29078489542007446, 0.7136731147766113, 0.37296566367149353, -0.1328895092010498, 0.2865535020828247, 0.4089664816856384, 0.021284816786646843, 0.4873241186141968, 0.09074462205171585, 0.060770899057388306, 0.12948736548423767, -0.24383041262626648, 0.0233590267598629, -0.35831618309020996, -0.2574811279773712, -0.25717613101005554, -0.2260776311159134, -0.20998787879943848, 0.4030155539512634, -0.17779576778411865, -0.028424212709069252, 0.3447384238243103, -0.13836373388767242, 0.5259975790977478, 0.17157277464866638, -0.1630951464176178, 0.11931578069925308, -0.4097038805484772, 1.3607765436172485, -0.06127446889877319, -0.6777626276016235, 0.5119292736053467, 0.06596449017524719, 0.24884343147277832, 0.28946593403816223, -0.7614923715591431, 0.25333258509635925, -0.21935784816741943, -0.3115715980529785, -0.5802110433578491, 0.8202565312385559, 0.28476786613464355, -0.1071624681353569, -0.04077105224132538, -0.3932293951511383, -0.30648213624954224, -0.032680660486221313, 0.17513670027256012, -0.23719468712806702, 0.16863882541656494, -0.49562594294548035, 0.5803786516189575, -0.6771944761276245, 0.2774071991443634, 0.24964934587478638, -0.529132068157196, -0.3559461236000061, 0.41124218702316284, 0.5547364950180054, 0.27169984579086304, 0.421854704618454, -0.071219801902771, 0.5647763013839722, -0.6370041966438293, 0.5406091809272766, -0.2504004240036011, -0.009847573935985565, 0.4243391454219818, 0.3184850215911865, 0.11957869678735733, -0.3379306495189667, -0.1646554321050644, -0.2677006125450134, 0.15226392447948456, -0.47130075097084045, -0.01016189157962799, 0.17130939662456512, 0.23641005158424377, -0.24076613783836365, -0.599367618560791, -0.02950884774327278, 0.2464074194431305, -0.7183770537376404, 0.35605984926223755, 0.1173275038599968, 0.09361346811056137, 0.10581409931182861, 0.13768959045410156, -0.7781964540481567, -0.6778111457824707, 0.5446948409080505 ]
6854377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KlezKamp	KlezKamp	KlezKamp was a yearly Klezmer music and Yiddish culture festival in New York State. Produced by ethnomusicologist and award-winning record and radio producer Henry Sapoznik from 1985 - 2015, the program created an innovative and intensive environment where senior practitioners of the Yiddish folk arts—klezmer music, Yiddish song, Yiddish language, literature and poetry, the culinary and visual arts passed on their life skills to newer generations. First held every December at the Hudson Valley Resort, a hotel in New York's Catskill region, and later at the Ashokan Center in Olivebridge, NY (also in the Catskills), it attracted people from around the world to study with a veritable "Who's Who" of contemporary Yiddish life and culture.. A final year of the program was held in New York City. Similar programs, such as KlezKanada, have emerged from it and have continued to grow. References External links Living Traditions the KlezKamp website 2009 Ear Band example of program Music festivals in New York (state) Klezmer Jews and Judaism in New York (state) Yiddish culture in New York (state) Jewish music festivals	[ -0.1583331972360611, 0.16010062396526337, -0.16437281668186188, -0.28042346239089966, -0.4357154071331024, -0.23495309054851532, 0.48134756088256836, 0.5621300935745239, -0.5133876204490662, -0.01879861205816269, -0.01569756492972374, -0.39618822932243347, -0.11534962058067322, 0.6747422814369202, -0.6965245008468628, 0.0901612639427185, 0.6202571988105774, 0.033978741616010666, 0.10247121006250381, -0.7679104804992676, 0.040658459067344666, -0.22679965198040009, 0.6788906455039978, 0.3558879792690277, -0.30735352635383606, 0.024606024846434593, -0.20851361751556396, -0.15778106451034546, -0.3951306641101837, 0.4102417528629303, -0.23578520119190216, 1.011177897453308, 0.29300639033317566, -0.38724184036254883, 0.4460175037384033, 0.004691750276833773, 0.12177614122629166, -0.40600427985191345, 0.03372332081198692, -0.5594492554664612, 0.17208266258239746, 0.20137298107147217, 0.3169522285461426, 0.5422088503837585, 0.15831898152828217, -0.44774818420410156, -1.5628551244735718, 0.13259093463420868, -1.1182798147201538, -0.43881967663764954, 0.0009919680887833238, -0.06579773128032684, 0.6133834719657898, 0.8600599765777588, -0.03176325932145119, 0.46706706285476685, -1.0158900022506714, -0.03303007036447525, 0.6845925450325012, 0.49097514152526855, 0.24998223781585693, 0.38330429792404175, -0.15487097203731537, -0.6917614340782166, 0.0398733913898468, 0.21963082253932953, -0.3002336621284485, 0.8944939374923706, 0.17230884730815887, -0.6945770978927612, -0.03303573653101921, 0.1716996729373932, 0.0043545314110815525, -0.2801693081855774, 0.7332261800765991, -0.5619189143180847, 0.5157138705253601, -0.39960646629333496, -0.2839497923851013, 0.37712201476097107, -0.27761346101760864, 0.15872247517108917, 1.0389130115509033, 0.3058356046676636, 0.8113928437232971, -0.23284631967544556, -0.9920401573181152, -0.3754603862762451, -0.22722011804580688, 0.01970564015209675, -0.39402806758880615, -0.061227962374687195, 0.48804551362991333, 0.4738380014896393, -0.6497489809989929, 0.5992178916931152, 0.24374531209468842, 0.3315054774284363, 0.3693705201148987, 0.6530450582504272, 0.29832595586776733, 0.20827151834964752, 0.39987388253211975, 0.388052761554718, -0.6982542872428894, -0.04353625699877739, -0.09263467788696289, -0.35920649766921997, 0.5853455662727356, -0.621845006942749, -0.5894159078598022, 0.36722689867019653, 0.06562160700559616, -0.15355919301509857, 0.4896300733089447, 0.6862810254096985, 0.35771843791007996, -0.46063032746315, -0.5388133525848389, 0.18167522549629211, 0.10902603715658188, 0.9078600406646729, 0.08690871298313141, 0.5592923760414124, -0.2620803415775299, 0.3420509994029999, 0.30036312341690063, 1.0602335929870605, -0.08376884460449219, 0.07077278196811676, 0.19554750621318817, 0.7318506240844727, 0.328186571598053, -0.7699646353721619, -0.012513087131083012, -0.023923758417367935, 0.7400752902030945, 0.054750699549913406, -0.24400241672992706, 0.28322499990463257, -0.5720610022544861, -0.527848482131958, -1.1733629703521729, -0.3036367893218994, 0.24758955836296082, -0.43814945220947266, -0.4840473532676697, -0.5360183119773865, -0.2523571848869324, -0.09155359119176865, 0.4736715257167816, 0.05201129987835884, -0.20168229937553406, 0.16658596694469452, -0.01343463733792305, -0.10973148047924042, -0.1967618465423584, -0.3539731800556183, 1.0129687786102295, 0.28013744950294495, -0.5136604309082031, 0.12928947806358337, -0.38968783617019653, 0.07833179086446762, -0.46399956941604614, -0.07825285196304321, -0.29150456190109253, -0.21550299227237701, -0.20329084992408752, 0.4063974618911743, -0.4601091146469116, 0.660167932510376, 0.18248051404953003, 0.03373720124363899, 0.08898138999938965, 0.0737767443060875, 0.9428303241729736, 0.1281273066997528, -0.17932702600955963, -0.10071449726819992, -0.5206174254417419, 0.0984533280134201, 0.3258989155292511, -0.38646066188812256, 0.2988060712814331, 0.12484510987997055, -0.006690967362374067, -0.40184012055397034, -0.3127186894416809, -0.29842984676361084, -0.1755610704421997, -0.2571448087692261, 0.4281083345413208, -0.3417925536632538, 1.130779504776001, 0.46029186248779297, -0.12766990065574646, 0.08861615508794785, 0.02338610589504242, 0.20962662994861603, -0.24912743270397186, -0.20480819046497345, 0.816544234752655, 0.32828694581985474, -0.16355353593826294, 0.6726652979850769, -0.2753930687904358, -0.26252952218055725, 0.5609132051467896, 0.47330859303474426, 0.6095840334892273, -0.7409013509750366, 0.05885864421725273, 0.32150375843048096, -0.48051711916923523, -0.15702879428863525, -0.017037352547049522, 0.6482492089271545, -0.30167463421821594, -0.009997310116887093, 0.8938450813293457, -0.35536742210388184, 0.20817478001117706, -0.13532774150371552, -0.5012534260749817, 0.6427841186523438, -0.3567347526550293, 0.06195511296391487, 0.23943142592906952, 0.18839725852012634, -0.05615100637078285, -0.05744069442152977, 0.11962658166885376, -0.6198378801345825, -0.06701067090034485, 0.054850831627845764, -0.04445235803723335, -0.7099839448928833, 0.05446898937225342, -0.27558621764183044, 0.10828465968370438, -0.10175848007202148, -0.5231750011444092, 0.300149530172348, 0.11499892920255661, 0.18624649941921234, -0.37198352813720703, 0.38217371702194214, -0.009730364196002483, -0.6416473388671875, 0.31999316811561584, 0.5209006071090698, 0.29254671931266785, -0.6350981593132019, 0.08208117634057999, 0.26646775007247925, 0.20963811874389648, -0.578406572341919, 0.6847988963127136, -0.03228551521897316, 0.4475133717060089, 0.05225348100066185, 0.06349191814661026, 0.08662617951631546, -0.18885061144828796, -0.3529946804046631, 0.02173851989209652, -0.1665351539850235, -0.11577492207288742, 0.11193491518497467, 0.9941036701202393, 0.0926404818892479, -0.1480455845594406, -0.8564720153808594, 0.1820000261068344, -0.2720102071762085, -0.7866653800010681, -0.2261977642774582, -0.12951381504535675, -0.7803137898445129, -0.3889889717102051, 0.3750995397567749, 0.1339903473854065, -0.11183089762926102, -0.30634763836860657, 0.41543805599212646, 0.168035089969635, -0.007101738825440407, 0.09119870513677597, -0.5041285157203674, 0.06624022871255875, 0.3416934907436371, -0.7145630121231079, 0.4868054687976837, -0.21670308709144592, 0.47898587584495544, -0.5849429368972778, 0.12039461731910706, 0.25755080580711365, -0.08963914215564728, -0.19129860401153564, 0.329255074262619, -0.5790312886238098, 0.12438163161277771, -0.2694624662399292, -0.08866430073976517, -0.8234571218490601, -0.30553942918777466, -5.531979560852051, 0.5395252704620361, -0.9043618440628052, -0.19351069629192352, -0.2442205548286438, -0.045590613037347794, 0.621524453163147, -0.4975329041481018, 0.1582392156124115, 0.043925441801548004, -0.3232268989086151, -0.503957211971283, -0.47074514627456665, 0.40381401777267456, 0.7338381409645081, -0.3566046357154846, -0.010819168761372566, 0.23466286063194275, 0.2325429469347, -0.32420745491981506, 0.11958853900432587, -0.3174475133419037, -0.06256035715341568, 0.15368561446666718, 0.4806813597679138, 0.4276881814002991, -0.15981853008270264, -0.04797767475247383, -1.0740665197372437, -0.21429190039634705, -0.6121513843536377, 0.221047043800354, 0.3147818446159363, -0.49086642265319824, 0.31860190629959106, 0.3467482030391693, 0.8395424485206604, 0.18176448345184326, 0.16151556372642517, -0.31737279891967773, -0.09154848009347916, 0.5310239195823669, 0.08516240864992142, -0.006223941221833229, 1.0624147653579712, 0.26599398255348206, -0.35269081592559814, -0.23229821026325226, -0.6823917031288147, 0.3260616064071655, 0.6334241628646851, -0.4879974126815796, 0.4760967195034027, 0.5128347873687744, -0.05399678647518158, -0.684794008731842, -0.058301880955696106, -0.4292067289352417, -0.010212639346718788, 0.31061315536499023, 0.8399317264556885, -0.6761255264282227, 0.010527401231229305, -0.646934986114502, -0.5339141488075256, -0.3976775109767914, -0.08057379722595215, 0.09287410974502563, 0.32545626163482666, 0.5899789929389954, 0.23566415905952454, 0.12802964448928833, -0.4871446192264557, -0.865925669670105, 0.41340214014053345, 0.07251789420843124, -0.5339617729187012, -0.1508164256811142, 0.27526742219924927, 0.21915915608406067, 0.015934595838189125, -0.15223775804042816, -0.652036190032959, 0.1536635011434555, 0.15257322788238525, 0.015674583613872528, -0.259507417678833, 0.4399738311767578, -1.3133320808410645, -0.3781576454639435, 0.05617857351899147, 0.02384847402572632, 0.2977837324142456, 0.2835208475589752, -0.2506335973739624, -0.01268426701426506, 0.10041136294603348, 0.01923021860420704, 0.02535061538219452, -0.054266683757305145, 0.4203837811946869, -0.33946800231933594, 0.10438846796751022, -0.4320819675922394, -0.1675652414560318, -0.1536172479391098, -0.3742774724960327, 0.5079253315925598, 0.9668420553207397, -0.14232198894023895, -0.3354905843734741, 0.09016485512256622, -0.3093443214893341, -0.7671953439712524, 0.8147057294845581, -0.3001694977283478, -0.22485628724098206, 0.4590435326099396, 0.11996044963598251, 0.5791298151016235, 0.231765478849411, 0.3071591258049011, 0.17347097396850586, 0.35326144099235535, -0.10644403100013733, -0.02189042419195175, 0.26107051968574524, 0.3931713104248047, -0.08033274114131927, 0.37332406640052795, -0.2720104157924652, 0.2885574996471405, -0.1536290943622589, -0.2546065151691437, 0.22918111085891724, 0.13457512855529785, -0.736939013004303, -0.605620801448822, 0.29179292917251587, -0.2304544299840927, 0.4126390516757965, -0.11925806850194931, 0.15484124422073364, 0.34741824865341187, -0.1257157325744629, 1.040925145149231, 0.2153228521347046, -0.524470329284668, -0.9687261581420898, 0.7305606603622437, -0.33842217922210693, 0.005539042875170708, 0.5899994373321533, -0.34657540917396545, -0.12395940721035004, 0.10636637359857559, 0.6009740829467773, 0.25935178995132446, 0.4016241133213043, -0.1002374142408371, 0.5738592147827148, -0.5822936296463013, -0.7397375702857971, 0.3983301520347595, -0.12057523429393768, -0.5286678075790405, -0.35454657673835754, 0.17352360486984253, -0.34425926208496094, 0.47395089268684387, -0.1314210593700409, -0.32560449838638306, -0.24004590511322021, 0.2941132187843323, 0.4277939796447754, -0.2568414807319641, -0.06736752390861511, -0.12111429125070572, -0.12211112678050995, -0.6744734644889832, 0.16373594105243683, 0.044570840895175934, -0.5341171026229858, 0.6451744437217712, 0.5311486721038818, -0.47896403074264526, -0.054339371621608734, 0.19631697237491608, -0.5163022875785828, 0.14199860394001007, 0.060866501182317734, 0.25706174969673157, -0.040053993463516235, -0.5717653632164001, -0.5346176624298096, -0.8819440603256226, 0.08468691259622574, 0.7566606998443604, -0.5028187036514282, -0.37639397382736206, 0.7532297968864441, 0.07387670129537582, -0.1900351345539093, 0.7053971886634827, 0.4646155536174774, -0.5391455292701721, 0.0300510935485363, -0.22229547798633575, -0.40032657980918884, 0.43531426787376404, 0.010476808063685894, -0.34949028491973877, -0.1416461169719696, 0.3416202962398529, -0.3233349323272705, 0.2212289273738861, 0.26479512453079224, 0.030986187979578972, -0.02598954550921917, 0.24803394079208374, 0.06699545681476593, 0.18301668763160706, -0.9773058891296387, -0.18383564054965973, -0.9686447381973267, 0.8034165501594543, -0.3311115503311157, -0.5070911049842834, 0.03833852335810661, -0.5392981171607971, 0.48654434084892273, -0.15247830748558044, 0.0360548160970211, -0.12172502279281616, -0.27843937277793884, 0.0824553593993187, -0.19809146225452423, 0.3268074691295624, 0.22764982283115387, 0.8150081038475037, 0.8493998646736145, 0.3774576187133789, -0.0023956799414008856, -0.30883243680000305, -0.02396293543279171, 0.020843805745244026, 0.5476633906364441, 0.18169833719730377, -0.4172283411026001, 0.26608410477638245, 0.17490187287330627, -0.2843835949897766, -0.7127645015716553, -0.19004559516906738, 1.0678143501281738, -0.051900338381528854, -0.4250780940055847, 0.44870179891586304, 0.29814571142196655, -0.1151798740029335, -0.1456385999917984, 0.0399739146232605, -0.7436051368713379, 0.25560063123703003, -0.03255743533372879, 0.523540198802948, -0.2157081812620163, -0.36873582005500793, -0.2459218055009842, -0.23366063833236694, -0.5566376447677612, -0.21741585433483124, 0.6080714464187622, 0.3827512264251709, -0.16113317012786865, 0.10364428907632828, -0.09601829200983047, -1.017448902130127, 0.08648408204317093, 0.10754576325416565, 0.3815164566040039, -0.25778234004974365, -0.034427084028720856, 0.05274275690317154, 0.40808141231536865, -0.5982568264007568, -0.8172792792320251, 0.2781381607055664, 0.27291014790534973, 0.1046258732676506, -0.11598313599824905, 0.14702393114566803, 0.34841370582580566, 0.6292595863342285, -0.14777612686157227, -0.0860813707113266, 0.597995400428772, -0.10549025982618332, -0.33099231123924255, 0.11920522153377533, -0.7024355530738831, 0.08609113097190857, -0.014501553028821945, -0.31546714901924133, 0.5095632672309875, 0.2710646688938141, -0.23311299085617065, -0.1243402287364006, -0.24535825848579407, 0.1487194299697876, 0.05584798380732536, 0.08432655781507492, -0.19357070326805115, 0.649280309677124, -0.5319147109985352, 0.4321328401565552, 0.8363694548606873, -0.6316500306129456, 0.25112369656562805, -0.1957637071609497, 0.19652557373046875, -0.38223907351493835, 0.5213050842285156, 0.26483970880508423, 0.08189742267131805, 0.2947215139865875, 0.09920723736286163, -0.523457944393158, 0.30208757519721985, -0.5333413481712341, 0.629699170589447, 0.17216473817825317, -0.6090537905693054, -0.0012991399271413684, -0.4102155566215515, -0.07203681766986847, 0.014500206336379051, -0.17933474481105804, -0.9056858420372009, 0.7436631321907043, 0.018336845561861992, 0.3414730131626129, -0.4548955261707306, 0.15584750473499298, 0.2224796861410141, 0.21809080243110657, 0.369998574256897, -0.01056695356965065, 0.3062592148780823, -0.23318330943584442, 0.3562137484550476, -0.21909409761428833, -0.0817875787615776, -0.39109349250793457, 0.6907296180725098, -0.3473151624202728, 0.17217682301998138, -0.3932342529296875, 0.2403620034456253, -0.24087591469287872, 0.28049585223197937, 0.2606724202632904, 0.3095773756504059, -0.0982862189412117, -0.01125724334269762, 0.2550554871559143, -0.3017043471336365, -0.6968936324119568, 0.03380943089723587, 0.03648515045642853, 0.22485005855560303, -0.16622360050678253, -0.3936237394809723, 0.025152606889605522, 0.14657145738601685, 0.02163558639585972, 0.35412243008613586, 0.11420555412769318, 0.23449121415615082, 0.6554692387580872, -0.09244067966938019, 0.2248539924621582, -0.3878514766693115, -0.09611134976148605, 0.30816951394081116, -0.0824882984161377, -0.04121481999754906, 0.28687408566474915, -0.395484983921051, -0.49146175384521484, 0.20249859988689423, -0.13433705270290375, 0.019361818209290504, -0.041333459317684174, 0.02803412638604641, 0.09247550368309021, -0.6537327170372009, 0.7692456245422363, -0.1929086446762085, -0.017710115760564804, -0.1837308704853058, -0.10411521792411804, -0.16389095783233643, 0.31078991293907166, -0.2714845538139343, 0.6221616268157959, -0.5733217000961304, -0.41484516859054565, -0.33928796648979187, 1.325409173965454, 0.13974744081497192, 0.030471565201878548, 0.04348551109433174, 0.7394328713417053, 0.017759812995791435, 0.09120108187198639, 0.6420274376869202, -0.5901782512664795, -0.5422019362449646, -0.4415457844734192, 0.23387077450752258, -0.4162350296974182, 0.17066891491413116, 0.034556031227111816, -0.001650830265134573, -0.5633546113967896, 0.29570645093917847, -0.27807289361953735, 0.06939390301704407, 0.15056835114955902, 0.1588975191116333, -0.3109479248523712, -0.35504183173179626, -0.10999215394258499, -0.5432953238487244, 0.25533485412597656, 0.1711300015449524, 0.6007887721061707, 1.2480052709579468, -0.5338209271430969, 0.5430005788803101, -0.7858321666717529, -0.014084797352552414, 0.2060212939977646, -0.9255339503288269, 0.39747560024261475, 0.3414052128791809, -0.06075791269540787, -0.8762817978858948, 0.2001417875289917, -0.2978295087814331, -0.6528276801109314, -0.027272921055555344, -0.2598114013671875, 0.294171541929245, -0.03282715380191803, -0.15368887782096863, -0.6456667184829712, 0.11972586065530777, -0.3102629482746124 ]
216429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20justices%20of%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States	List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States	The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States. Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute a quorum. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Justices have life tenure, and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014. The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court," and was organized by the 1st United States Congress. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since. While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in the early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years. Current justices Nine justices currently serve on the Supreme Court. Listed in order of seniority, they are: All justices Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 115 people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 106 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's to James F. Byrnes's . As of , the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas's to Amy Coney Barrett's . Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge, Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan F. Stone and William Rehnquist. While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are: Notes Timeline of justices This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors, and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court, can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Additionally, the progression of U.S. presidents is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. See also Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of supreme courts by country References External links Biographies of Justices Visual Overview of US Supreme Court Justices 1789–2019 Articles which contain graphical timelines United States	[ -0.38414162397384644, 0.5522987246513367, -0.42925041913986206, 0.08071572333574295, -0.07132961601018906, 0.5749080777168274, 0.6723152995109558, 0.48436105251312256, -0.7188308835029602, -0.5314258337020874, -0.36288827657699585, 0.7119860649108887, -0.20240987837314606, 0.46735161542892456, -0.5245603919029236, 0.2358900010585785, 0.8917458653450012, -0.14351606369018555, -0.2669387459754944, -0.884621798992157, 0.05190523341298103, 0.43239790201187134, 0.559320867061615, -0.6014590263366699, 0.5534096360206604, 0.08461912721395493, -0.2000921368598938, 0.27294421195983887, -0.49398311972618103, 0.5964371562004089, -0.10453536361455917, 0.3201972544193268, -0.10050343722105026, 0.20278547704219818, -0.4788758158683777, 0.21546237170696259, 0.25787588953971863, -0.33645007014274597, 0.4381236433982849, -0.02725830301642418, -0.07188506424427032, -0.3602091372013092, 0.11028746515512466, 0.32805973291397095, -0.3409924805164337, -0.1303810477256775, -1.2808231115341187, 0.5122194290161133, -0.6340665221214294, 0.5103753209114075, -0.3706222474575043, 0.31824827194213867, -0.29912903904914856, 1.0181406736373901, 0.27037757635116577, 0.2484002411365509, -0.26109883189201355, 0.33148056268692017, -0.3924560248851776, 0.12169314175844193, -0.018936237320303917, 0.6149275898933411, 0.16909053921699524, 0.08466401696205139, 0.22509755194187164, 0.07754082977771759, 0.3675541281700134, -0.2769935429096222, -0.6413068771362305, 0.3072066605091095, -0.13901649415493011, -0.2825583517551422, 0.4393758177757263, 0.27373796701431274, -0.18024206161499023, -0.01566293276846409, 0.10215120762586594, 0.19446541368961334, 0.13631995022296906, -0.5080764889717102, 0.27912989258766174, 0.46396052837371826, 0.5833728909492493, 0.23207490146160126, -0.1260659545660019, -0.30984148383140564, -0.624215841293335, -0.5304198861122131, -0.2046230137348175, 0.18385137617588043, -0.04315599799156189, 0.8359746932983398, 0.35992318391799927, 0.9229443073272705, 0.3659611940383911, -0.5000810623168945, 0.6923955082893372, -0.3664647340774536, 0.12715043127536774, -0.06083653122186661, 0.23241065442562103, 0.2332184612751007, 1.2548085451126099, -0.23184087872505188, 0.01914420910179615, -0.10387462377548218, 0.36083030700683594, -0.18820466101169586, -0.30512356758117676, 0.578504204750061, -0.4902288317680359, 0.04075932875275612, 0.11647393554449081, 0.3106580078601837, -0.6522123217582703, 0.285416841506958, 0.15269100666046143, -0.6389415264129639, 0.11792244017124176, -0.34534674882888794, -0.29249879717826843, -0.13138636946678162, 0.30331459641456604, -0.1760496348142624, 0.31036290526390076, -0.11082654446363449, 0.5223040580749512, 0.2482622116804123, 0.21320399641990662, -0.16700753569602966, 0.461395263671875, 0.1339763104915619, 0.3602427542209625, -0.03091397136449814, -0.32841187715530396, 0.17125757038593292, -0.07782673090696335, -0.21239230036735535, 0.8309148550033569, 0.47784557938575745, -0.5713123679161072, -0.32095298171043396, -0.18992879986763, -1.0649380683898926, 0.5445884466171265, -1.0287787914276123, 0.38492918014526367, -0.34794166684150696, -1.0155137777328491, -0.13071966171264648, -0.11579469591379166, -0.05740196630358696, 0.0023060711100697517, 0.08278533071279526, 0.5398675203323364, -0.16491366922855377, 0.8503919243812561, -0.23706011474132538, -0.07264427840709686, 0.1594562828540802, -0.3327333629131317, -0.18267585337162018, 0.6309619545936584, -0.334329217672348, -0.279904305934906, -0.017817717045545578, 0.5917639136314392, -0.048702172935009, -0.6560218334197998, 0.25627779960632324, -0.6766967177391052, 0.21104370057582855, 0.7040138244628906, 0.2340788096189499, -0.29108524322509766, -0.020777354016900063, 0.744856059551239, -0.04429616779088974, 0.49060916900634766, -0.2247198075056076, -0.6049071550369263, -0.05523545667529106, 0.5918090343475342, 0.10594245046377182, -0.10960063338279724, -0.1395612508058548, 0.3497867286205292, 0.16122063994407654, 0.014663375914096832, -0.45943671464920044, -0.26400959491729736, -0.2434678077697754, -0.06579913944005966, 0.06702825427055359, 0.7490313053131104, 0.1469048112630844, -0.3248821794986725, 0.3451705873012543, -0.3443555235862732, 0.442561537027359, 0.11683857440948486, 0.033628810197114944, 0.42260539531707764, -0.16421982645988464, -0.8806908130645752, 0.3977016806602478, -0.047173839062452316, -0.05295238643884659, 0.26070865988731384, 0.2030579000711441, 0.5157164335250854, -0.27209073305130005, -0.396135538816452, -0.11857981234788895, -0.038569316267967224, 0.08288581669330597, -0.75457364320755, -0.26298320293426514, 0.3334766924381256, -0.5734981298446655, 1.0821653604507446, 0.47244372963905334, 0.9350650310516357, 0.6782926917076111, -0.4446672201156616, 0.3958907127380371, -0.6939013600349426, 0.4457744061946869, -0.08004053682088852, 0.3675847053527832, 0.18732814490795135, -0.3312312066555023, 0.3441159129142761, -0.6387566328048706, 0.06741940975189209, -0.3534541130065918, -0.1164519265294075, 0.07291742414236069, 0.738605260848999, -0.12911273539066315, -0.13828842341899872, -0.29081428050994873, -0.34259265661239624, 0.20811253786087036, -0.26497682929039, 0.008633440360426903, -0.5065690875053406, -0.44563865661621094, -0.13761793076992035, -0.09924455732107162, -0.027230745181441307, -0.14525805413722992, -0.07115884125232697, -0.26912862062454224, -0.2023966908454895, 0.07562477886676788, 0.03874155133962631, 0.20795874297618866, -0.05298204347491264, -0.26594772934913635, -0.9117411375045776, -0.23857219517230988, 0.3297678530216217, -0.5815548896789551, -0.7391518354415894, -0.879087507724762, -0.29599207639694214, -0.1647234559059143, 0.3313372731208801, 0.3509856164455414, 0.5636963248252869, 0.3039492964744568, 0.21970216929912567, -0.31546175479888916, -0.20857079327106476, -0.280464768409729, 0.3935083746910095, -0.01875186152756214, -0.8612716197967529, -0.4075906574726105, 0.59148108959198, 0.3134649693965912, 0.538552463054657, -0.2570195198059082, -0.3829093873500824, -0.7122742533683777, 0.6776590347290039, -0.9465989470481873, -0.2696615755558014, 0.711557149887085, -0.41737088561058044, 0.3096395432949066, -0.1738951951265335, -0.40565380454063416, 0.9090670943260193, 0.3916318416595459, 0.1962163746356964, 0.5208739638328552, -0.6552770137786865, -0.8815541863441467, -0.25140517950057983, -0.006220200099050999, 0.22541634738445282, -0.21659882366657257, 0.28080958127975464, 0.045395124703645706, -0.013309129513800144, 0.3254646360874176, -5.5145263671875, -0.16652804613113403, -0.930986762046814, -0.626081109046936, 0.35772407054901123, -0.17264573276042938, 0.5705773234367371, -0.22088955342769623, 0.35390445590019226, -0.4935733377933502, 0.6901428699493408, 0.14038974046707153, 0.42452603578567505, 0.46448880434036255, 0.053638264536857605, 0.09585905820131302, 0.32655394077301025, -0.1333971470594406, 0.14333298802375793, 0.30688977241516113, 0.7520332932472229, -0.6416475176811218, 0.4169328212738037, -0.09943324327468872, 0.2201506346464157, 0.9494165182113647, -0.15355463325977325, 0.007030510809272528, -0.3131590187549591, -0.5740653276443481, -0.1979101002216339, -0.01818854920566082, -0.4463154077529907, -0.7067001461982727, 0.317373126745224, -0.356437087059021, 0.5306843519210815, 0.29934224486351013, 0.147746279835701, 0.13439233601093292, -0.13167878985404968, -0.11030670255422592, -0.01698233373463154, 0.39336398243904114, 0.5614846348762512, -0.13946032524108887, -0.19981636106967926, 0.20366810262203217, 0.02601219341158867, 0.6216608881950378, -0.08198452740907669, 0.3805771768093109, 0.12569832801818848, 0.30145618319511414, -0.023416122421622276, -0.09778351336717606, -0.1232370063662529, 0.3032143712043762, -0.4274037182331085, -0.08712849766016006, 0.1933262050151825, -0.7242914438247681, -0.26422232389450073, -0.5889430046081543, 0.028750676661729813, -0.7524086236953735, -0.6844393014907837, 0.42242079973220825, 0.6865952610969543, 0.026661057025194168, 0.22832562029361725, 0.13762980699539185, 0.04146246239542961, -0.9234519600868225, 0.29297536611557007, -0.2803123891353607, 0.24191482365131378, 0.030300522223114967, 0.0039706844836473465, 0.16607913374900818, -0.17821428179740906, 0.13304418325424194, -0.4040631353855133, 0.22205179929733276, -0.2714937925338745, -0.32328101992607117, -0.7534530758857727, 0.8484072685241699, -0.3904399275779724, -0.17065797746181488, 0.022552018985152245, -0.5300160050392151, 0.19398505985736847, 0.41897672414779663, 0.5487220883369446, 0.16978289186954498, 0.3140702247619629, 0.3962933421134949, 0.4266948997974396, -0.14311502873897552, 0.31490179896354675, -0.10562053322792053, 0.3259952664375305, -0.9508165121078491, -0.5199484825134277, 0.09614502638578415, -0.3989676237106323, 0.9605488181114197, 0.7317788600921631, -0.4987901747226715, -0.34248846769332886, -0.8137155175209045, 0.365856796503067, -0.23921184241771698, 0.28347739577293396, -0.5289629697799683, -0.7433035969734192, 0.4975453019142151, -0.04817675054073334, 0.057681936770677567, -0.07299236208200455, 0.10957109928131104, -0.5475190877914429, 0.11208586394786835, -0.5381214618682861, -0.7896552085876465, -0.05581163242459297, -0.20003192126750946, -0.03563466668128967, 0.29193055629730225, 0.4286983013153076, 0.387330561876297, 0.34772008657455444, 0.5836041569709778, 0.06560145318508148, -0.17827942967414856, 0.45778247714042664, 0.2273007035255432, -0.007560068275779486, -0.6148837804794312, 0.3998287320137024, -0.011408803053200245, -0.10254684835672379, -0.2155853509902954, 0.5613278746604919, 0.153956338763237, -0.193770632147789, 0.06768981367349625, -0.2017030268907547, 0.6722074747085571, -0.35943838953971863, 0.1084032729268074, -0.4806486666202545, -0.6117662191390991, 0.009526672773063183, -0.1876320242881775, -0.14755238592624664, 0.31573963165283203, -0.13786914944648743, -0.1662037968635559, -0.3454133868217468, -0.3713739514350891, -0.1089075356721878, -0.6076776385307312, 0.18400658667087555, -0.02144181728363037, -0.4643082916736603, 0.393191933631897, -0.26644814014434814, 0.48725834488868713, 0.014425105415284634, -0.26815861463546753, -0.33390846848487854, -0.2428310662508011, 0.2591666877269745, 0.15138965845108032, 0.6006807088851929, 0.3121483027935028, -0.7118325233459473, 0.5154553651809692, -0.2361726611852646, -0.6424590945243835, -0.4201810359954834, 0.3609936237335205, -0.19551163911819458, -0.20308852195739746, 0.09037170559167862, -0.06305892020463943, 0.26444360613822937, -0.3662988841533661, -0.11436174064874649, -0.76212477684021, -0.3141833245754242, -0.19547443091869354, -0.45855382084846497, -0.06863361597061157, 0.6277496814727783, -0.2988537549972534, -0.5975536108016968, -0.4829133450984955, 0.3648022413253784, 0.3997756242752075, -0.2465568333864212, 0.2583760917186737, 0.032383497804403305, -0.8775638341903687, 0.32511937618255615, 0.16882026195526123, -0.28083163499832153, 0.2064439356327057, -0.2247086614370346, 0.30580049753189087, 0.10890161991119385, 0.9424559473991394, -0.2749318480491638, -0.7369308471679688, 0.6656187772750854, 0.09446967393159866, -0.4706595540046692, -0.4954046607017517, 0.28952041268348694, -0.7113898992538452, 0.12201900035142899, -0.10633482784032822, -0.5148890018463135, 0.21270161867141724, -0.027876241132616997, -0.375570684671402, 1.0717501640319824, -0.3711705505847931, -0.36082208156585693, 0.14775463938713074, -0.5689978003501892, 0.348751425743103, 0.16336743533611298, -0.7504637241363525, -0.005438683088868856, 0.0574764721095562, -0.23399347066879272, 0.2808981239795685, 0.20291556417942047, 1.1897897720336914, 0.2923695743083954, 0.06307071447372437, -0.20628458261489868, 0.22497743368148804, 0.5465288162231445, -0.4281754195690155, -0.380461186170578, 0.5737352967262268, 0.6365735530853271, -0.6524862051010132, -0.3285849094390869, 0.3464617133140564, 0.5568326115608215, 0.3913590908050537, -0.41469958424568176, -0.15002690255641937, -0.40109026432037354, 0.5508450865745544, -0.007484995294362307, -0.3214800953865051, -0.5920343399047852, -0.08109622448682785, 0.13387830555438995, -0.9896798729896545, -0.558520495891571, -0.6210751533508301, 0.5762757062911987, -0.5119670629501343, 0.035273466259241104, -0.2652522027492523, -0.5971822738647461, -0.20380914211273193, 0.5044258236885071, 0.7389598488807678, 0.27530068159103394, 0.20768797397613525, 0.32849887013435364, 0.37672677636146545, -0.30742183327674866, 0.15564680099487305, -0.38513511419296265, -0.7564688324928284, 0.3118284046649933, -0.9968547224998474, 0.4006408452987671, 0.2910415828227997, -0.49341529607772827, -0.39059048891067505, -0.18098518252372742, -0.020108137279748917, -0.18526694178581238, 0.5544847249984741, -0.17862236499786377, -0.2000245600938797, 0.47805503010749817, 0.6151371002197266, 0.04820768162608147, 0.16418790817260742, -0.4259171187877655, 0.4829418659210205, -0.2971438467502594, -0.3843000829219818, -0.001590713276527822, -0.01737588457763195, -0.36589282751083374, -0.04309120401740074, -0.487026572227478, -0.5012178421020508, -0.24274024367332458, 0.06803600490093231, 0.5986766815185547, 0.5184520483016968, -0.6005148887634277, -0.11018553376197815, 0.6792474389076233, -0.12163390964269638, -0.2027801275253296, 0.03810115531086922, -0.39275068044662476, 0.02162579633295536, 0.23497124016284943, -0.11547848582267761, 0.1945444792509079, 0.24048225581645966, 0.28461378812789917, -0.23521028459072113, 0.2922333776950836, 0.268140971660614, 0.7005274295806885, 0.34783703088760376, -0.1663595288991928, 0.2913673222064972, 0.018244583159685135, -0.7388050556182861, -0.2011360377073288, -0.22714780271053314, -0.19835031032562256, 0.8745756149291992, 0.7115776538848877, -0.006431000307202339, -0.3371087610721588, 0.40224552154541016, -0.15704777836799622, 0.2625899016857147, 0.16384153068065643, 0.4161612391471863, 0.051049619913101196, -0.41168203949928284, 0.4506920874118805, -0.28970882296562195, 0.961262047290802, 0.4704965651035309, 0.8988600969314575, 0.10990624874830246, 0.21817031502723694, -0.20128855109214783, -0.7055984139442444, -0.5595875978469849, -0.49370139837265015, -0.13757747411727905, 0.07539588958024979, 0.21700383722782135, -0.7560872435569763, 0.21696363389492035, 0.40447869896888733, 0.036236751824617386, -0.0196372102946043, -0.23208314180374146, -0.31131258606910706, 0.21587158739566803, -0.2946283221244812, 0.4279457926750183, 0.05793723091483116, -0.0646502822637558, 0.21113468706607819, -0.08872362226247787, 0.49852317571640015, 0.01469546090811491, 0.37181052565574646, -0.7263320088386536, -0.16338153183460236, -0.7662003040313721, 0.11684074997901917, 0.7172716856002808, -0.22158493101596832, 0.4628216326236725, -0.2636011838912964, 0.17828497290611267, -0.4811060428619385, -0.4236798882484436, -0.21800027787685394, 0.38743409514427185, -0.18276351690292358, 0.2352157086133957, 0.2619152367115021, 0.5666183233261108, 0.09459101408720016, 0.05111318826675415, 0.06392325460910797, -0.09370753914117813, -0.107323057949543, -0.11570079624652863, -0.539198100566864, -0.02681782841682434, 0.10794531553983688, -0.7872322797775269, -0.19779755175113678, -0.07838401943445206, -0.1686553806066513, -0.12358277291059494, 0.17354637384414673, 0.4876492917537689, 0.1399340033531189, 0.21672312915325165, 1.2587530612945557, 0.16064083576202393, 0.5811164379119873, -0.964357852935791, 0.24827425181865692, -0.07555849850177765, 0.06280253082513809, 1.1390868425369263, 0.10594934225082397, -0.3731507658958435, 0.4146173894405365, 0.15935036540031433, -0.6326521635055542, 0.4805774390697479, -0.379650741815567, -0.18642635643482208, -0.29554834961891174, 0.022274479269981384, 0.1880333572626114, -0.05921645835042, 0.1560470312833786, 0.7743014097213745, 0.18512821197509766, -0.9418072700500488, -0.7018264532089233, -0.16168980300426483, -0.0005533648654818535, -0.18166868388652802, 0.0930866003036499, -0.1353282481431961, -0.48726895451545715, -0.5024999976158142, -0.017772603780031204, 0.5031514763832092, -0.6036450266838074, 0.18680807948112488, 0.5476702451705933, -0.21443034708499908, 0.06222376599907875, -0.43255001306533813, 0.08994417637586594, -0.04278811439871788, 0.2946031391620636, 0.24581624567508698 ]
216430	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto%20Orko	Risto Orko	Risto Orko (born Risto Eliel William Nylund; 15 September 1899 – 29 September 2001) was a Finnish film producer and director. Orko was born in Rauma. With a career of over 60 years at the film studio Suomi-Filmi, he rose to be head of production and chief director in the 1930s. He became its CEO in 1945. In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Suomi-Filmi produced hundreds of films and numerous shorts. In the years 1933–43, Orko directed many films, including two (Aktivistit and Jääkärin Morsian), which were banned for being "overly patriotic". He had a joint cooperation with the German film industry during World War II. Orko also directed a Finnish-Soviet co-production, released into the American market with subtitles, entitled The Day the Earth Froze in 1959. Death His death in Helsinki, aged 102, was received with great sadness in his native Finland; thereafter he became known as the "last Finnish Film Tycoon". Selected filmography Sampo (1959) Onnelliset leikit (1964) Borrowing Matchsticks (1980) External links 1899 births 2001 deaths People from Rauma, Finland People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland) Finnish film directors Finnish film producers Finnish centenarians Men centenarians	[ -0.0023371849674731493, 0.4279431998729706, -0.6705463528633118, 0.1695900410413742, -0.10776354372501373, 1.1011167764663696, 0.5820180773735046, -0.3118663430213928, -0.37685754895210266, 0.41273707151412964, -0.31174370646476746, 0.46139323711395264, -0.3348967730998993, 0.2839917242527008, 0.07226108014583588, -0.18784655630588531, -0.44329604506492615, 0.325389564037323, -0.47660794854164124, -0.358984112739563, -0.7171522378921509, -0.2274244725704193, 0.6091507077217102, 0.24344894289970398, -0.516655683517456, 0.009350593201816082, -0.01977892965078354, 0.2573842704296112, 0.10486485064029694, -0.08558768779039383, 0.2545364797115326, 0.42281678318977356, 0.09549703449010849, -0.18092885613441467, -0.9075185060501099, 0.36730265617370605, -0.19461838901042938, -0.3567133843898773, -0.030856238678097725, 0.33316534757614136, -0.519368052482605, 0.6626226902008057, -0.32884934544563293, -0.307797372341156, -0.2195557802915573, -0.39958494901657104, -1.3729666471481323, 0.5219637751579285, -0.9458912014961243, -0.0072973910719156265, -0.11882126331329346, 0.008228951133787632, 0.47764724493026733, 0.18687555193901062, 0.15624992549419403, 0.5614992380142212, -0.3571217656135559, 0.18455907702445984, -0.25538572669029236, -0.12780141830444336, 0.20068003237247467, -0.4371565282344818, 0.9336742758750916, -0.2028399556875229, 0.3018449544906616, 0.6967664957046509, -0.01062015350908041, -0.23522107303142548, 0.39371949434280396, -0.41625893115997314, 0.384708046913147, 0.9463813304901123, 0.04102298244833946, -0.3463887572288513, 0.5695444345474243, -0.6373706459999084, -0.08302417397499084, 0.07420489937067032, -0.2996671795845032, -0.4823412299156189, -0.0954432412981987, -0.5200123190879822, 0.5340848565101624, 0.9270409941673279, 0.17019714415073395, -0.162565678358078, -0.08501772582530975, -0.011029783636331558, -0.20321208238601685, 0.048737216740846634, -0.44772598147392273, -0.6471922397613525, 0.0731118842959404, -0.21296411752700806, 0.028701402246952057, 0.3522748351097107, -0.42411619424819946, 1.014798879623413, -0.46608540415763855, 0.13573424518108368, 0.29108941555023193, 0.057802118360996246, -0.0455346442759037, -0.38267695903778076, -0.4908934235572815, 0.03714181110262871, 0.09158377349376678, -0.041153550148010254, -0.12096481025218964, -0.06769993156194687, -0.7309860587120056, 0.2638741433620453, 0.157667875289917, 0.05936359986662865, -0.21015141904354095, 0.1059783473610878, -0.3646785318851471, -0.18080194294452667, -0.6663935780525208, 0.39456871151924133, -0.16969315707683563, 0.11686399579048157, 0.05534394830465317, 0.3418123126029968, -0.991621196269989, 0.5293835401535034, -0.6840408444404602, 0.2134234756231308, -0.7907412648200989, 0.08227135986089706, 0.740799069404602, 0.7518122792243958, -0.8288703560829163, 0.5909837484359741, -0.22308947145938873, -0.1458693891763687, 0.44571027159690857, -0.1359352022409439, 0.16182056069374084, -0.052044015377759933, -0.42415082454681396, -0.15017737448215485, -0.7105721235275269, 0.11834168434143066, 0.19038404524326324, -0.21950991451740265, 0.1375839114189148, -0.2405717670917511, 0.12683996558189392, -0.2598150372505188, -0.1553104966878891, -0.08122274279594421, 0.37407898902893066, -0.8384354710578918, -0.19382406771183014, 0.5560467839241028, 0.4245889484882355, -0.18585056066513062, 0.2386440485715866, -0.14528511464595795, 0.40292054414749146, 0.3403160572052002, -0.2863672375679016, 0.09717194736003876, 0.21312619745731354, -0.3187410831451416, 0.45637351274490356, 0.2028641700744629, 0.04613649100065231, 0.18454119563102722, 0.05375434830784798, 0.4009140133857727, 0.6204482913017273, 0.03769385814666748, -0.5202140808105469, 0.2525708079338074, 0.3361489176750183, 0.5235633254051208, 0.08630329370498657, -0.6339578032493591, -0.734360933303833, 0.04692753031849861, -0.4054635763168335, 0.12319785356521606, 0.00423781992867589, 0.1449367254972458, 0.2656184732913971, -0.25124841928482056, 0.5939263701438904, -0.008413177914917469, -0.44347837567329407, -0.6598190665245056, 0.14817996323108673, -0.19547559320926666, 0.6662107110023499, 0.005469198804348707, -0.5777797698974609, 0.11624401062726974, 0.25211939215660095, 0.17981821298599243, -0.5345367193222046, -0.6234701871871948, 0.07051082700490952, -0.06822662055492401, -0.11084146052598953, 0.5381302237510681, 0.3389382064342499, 0.16245540976524353, 0.3624781668186188, 0.32949715852737427, -0.010032188147306442, -0.6835775971412659, 0.5699134469032288, 0.1700596809387207, 0.13615895807743073, -0.42170822620391846, -0.9469133019447327, -0.07385185360908508, 0.23669397830963135, 0.16101492941379547, 0.35347282886505127, 0.12546832859516144, -0.5887894034385681, 0.573229193687439, 0.021219544112682343, 0.6972910165786743, 0.21254777908325195, -0.08106552809476852, 0.3296850919723511, -0.45431116223335266, 0.18784862756729126, 0.42780202627182007, -0.040031418204307556, -0.06977518647909164, 0.3995812237262726, 0.10022016614675522, 0.2471572756767273, 0.3108709454536438, 0.4984254539012909, -0.39408206939697266, 0.5833516120910645, 0.5617116689682007, -0.4382893443107605, 0.09625218063592911, 1.0260322093963623, 0.3215413987636566, 0.034795742481946945, -0.03512724116444588, -0.4227200448513031, -0.006066394504159689, 0.0038154455833137035, 0.13304612040519714, 0.1511913686990738, -0.42143067717552185, -0.10330811142921448, -0.15802468359470367, 0.5697544813156128, -0.7701779007911682, 0.3351310193538666, -0.10932089388370514, 0.4051249325275421, 0.11010795086622238, 0.27846193313598633, 0.028870277106761932, 0.33950620889663696, -0.45690226554870605, 0.08742066472768784, -0.631238579750061, 0.054600369185209274, -0.07309384644031525, -0.06216314807534218, -0.013328153640031815, -0.16372020542621613, -0.021825483068823814, 0.39201435446739197, -0.25877246260643005, 0.13545440137386322, 0.05185077711939812, -0.5298036336898804, 0.14370319247245789, 0.7336530089378357, 0.4556671977043152, -0.3944058120250702, -0.15911747515201569, -0.6233673095703125, 0.32854950428009033, -0.7977956533432007, 0.2453211098909378, 0.39420273900032043, -0.4461663067340851, 0.09335120022296906, 0.6046805381774902, -0.5997060537338257, -0.10159139335155487, 0.17707139253616333, 0.25477728247642517, -0.6249043941497803, -0.10983672738075256, 0.2861999273300171, -0.03401389718055725, -0.8518686890602112, 0.49650564789772034, -0.2521806061267853, 0.11940772086381912, -0.0317712239921093, 0.8513166308403015, -0.05510900914669037, -0.5574725866317749, -5.4019036293029785, -0.038807213306427, -0.0035252550151199102, -0.27764225006103516, 0.6001641750335693, 0.0010016356827691197, 0.308704674243927, 0.09092748165130615, 0.7695057988166809, -0.42241594195365906, -0.1271054893732071, -0.11225476861000061, 0.13662882149219513, 1.2466399669647217, 0.601102888584137, 0.506330132484436, -0.01963832788169384, 0.8255940079689026, 0.10470151901245117, 0.452526718378067, -0.4023602306842804, -0.08511226624250412, 0.07179006189107895, 0.19166839122772217, -0.4673055410385132, 0.2793894112110138, -0.45025408267974854, -0.007407461758702993, -0.9000192880630493, -0.8055528998374939, -0.4468463659286499, -0.24748055636882782, -0.19597473740577698, -0.17031723260879517, 0.14972685277462006, -0.17499582469463348, 0.2404257357120514, 0.6220876574516296, -0.1794297695159912, 0.12081421911716461, -0.10498891025781631, 0.17130565643310547, -0.6163614988327026, 0.023750824853777885, 0.3742830455303192, -0.21549305319786072, -0.6073143482208252, -0.3020014464855194, -0.29189085960388184, 0.3394431173801422, 0.5130041837692261, -0.0007029038388282061, 0.2207014560699463, 0.13958740234375, 0.35408103466033936, 0.2385035753250122, 0.30024799704551697, -0.17093726992607117, -0.3061096966266632, 0.2808624804019928, 0.3707982301712036, -0.24393126368522644, -0.12074623256921768, -0.3512352406978607, -0.31012752652168274, -0.020844779908657074, 0.15933163464069366, 0.07490088045597076, 0.33460474014282227, -0.5232704281806946, -0.09878252446651459, 0.926109790802002, 0.3007308542728424, -1.3621160984039307, -0.48652616143226624, -0.030039004981517792, 0.09360597282648087, 0.2571876347064972, -0.8127028942108154, -0.09610279649496078, -0.35860782861709595, -0.5770130157470703, -0.04163625091314316, 0.5563041567802429, 0.631449818611145, 0.5811867713928223, -0.03341393545269966, 0.30779796838760376, -0.054607048630714417, -0.1524202823638916, 0.07157227396965027, -0.29428040981292725, -0.06637721508741379, 0.5585200786590576, 0.0774872899055481, -0.37802061438560486, 0.21025696396827698, 0.03508137911558151, 0.6091945171356201, -0.006179105490446091, -0.4322580099105835, -0.4673653841018677, 0.01366682630032301, -0.5823032855987549, -0.1943158507347107, 0.05057401582598686, 0.3568978011608124, 0.22472640872001648, 0.8043869137763977, -0.02289218083024025, 0.3304060995578766, 0.6089522242546082, -0.326447069644928, -0.4242532551288605, 0.4845913350582123, -0.3500387668609619, 0.001493206131272018, 0.8633677363395691, 0.3048740029335022, -0.052570633590221405, -0.24271245300769806, 0.2456790655851364, 0.41758430004119873, -0.01218611653894186, 0.3997611701488495, -0.12083964049816132, -0.12600019574165344, -0.6270808577537537, -0.3817214071750641, 0.23172393441200256, -0.45040029287338257, 0.8236355185508728, 0.1146782785654068, -0.3471429646015167, 0.4887056052684784, -0.828377902507782, -0.7482038140296936, 0.05828939750790596, -0.01848169043660164, -0.14653261005878448, -0.13483892381191254, -0.2119663804769516, 0.3552421033382416, 0.8298723697662354, -0.4154624342918396, 0.15701903402805328, -0.3933035135269165, 0.3666131794452667, -0.22922305762767792, -0.5001450777053833, -0.49167361855506897, -0.1633833795785904, 0.23506391048431396, -0.5320126414299011, -0.44447556138038635, 0.034580521285533905, -0.8989018201828003, 0.02142808958888054, -0.15299712121486664, -0.020920109003782272, 0.5188553929328918, -0.5838809609413147, -1.2769734859466553, 0.0628916397690773, 0.13088198006153107, 0.10349128395318985, -0.737582266330719, -0.45818567276000977, -0.7911625504493713, 0.950170636177063, -0.329876571893692, -0.6867294311523438, -0.20153532922267914, -0.2995781898498535, -0.21851742267608643, 0.22211048007011414, -0.48456743359565735, 0.03440554067492485, -0.4203795790672302, 0.16953200101852417, 0.0698532983660698, 0.5345471501350403, -0.8386469483375549, 0.09389320015907288, 0.18027205765247345, -0.5437003970146179, -0.8334024548530579, 0.02555278316140175, -0.7080440521240234, 0.23020991683006287, -0.4303094148635864, 0.16333875060081482, 0.5390958189964294, 0.37383294105529785, -0.28892782330513, -0.6413158178329468, -0.3380907475948334, -0.007443156559020281, -0.09514293819665909, 0.13453570008277893, 0.4020717144012451, 0.41246935725212097, -0.3346439301967621, -0.18450061976909637, 0.15574276447296143, -0.5791645646095276, 0.3812665045261383, 0.7950385212898254, -0.388802170753479, 0.9315359592437744, -1.0835880041122437, -0.8024716973304749, -0.5270818471908569, 0.24024230241775513, -0.44669944047927856, 0.5835044980049133, 1.0925555229187012, 0.17347265779972076, -0.07124046236276627, -0.6562602519989014, -0.47664013504981995, -0.6655853986740112, -0.35338571667671204, 0.08806505054235458, -0.7570160031318665, -0.42068973183631897, 0.3407132625579834, -0.3199421167373657, 0.7023769617080688, -0.11525416374206543, 0.2664714455604553, -0.27270936965942383, -0.16463956236839294, 0.017217742279171944, -0.08679290860891342, 0.21373654901981354, 0.3379404544830322, 0.3747956454753876, -0.12417690455913544, -0.16942869126796722, 0.6090459823608398, 0.8784661293029785, 0.8950513005256653, 0.6663500070571899, -0.01647043414413929, 0.6562255024909973, -0.5139481425285339, -0.39737993478775024, -0.03783088177442551, -0.09401069581508636, 0.29218342900276184, 0.22662471234798431, -0.5217005014419556, -0.41007471084594727, 0.910696804523468, -0.5718019008636475, 0.7023964524269104, 0.8166933059692383, 0.25890588760375977, 0.7112159132957458, -0.029298262670636177, 0.17053695023059845, 0.2257588803768158, -0.23053374886512756, -0.0883902758359909, 0.5893984436988831, -0.2520337998867035, -0.1154903694987297, 0.3458285629749298, -0.34013181924819946, 0.0327085480093956, -0.35995179414749146, 0.1608600914478302, 0.3128703236579895, -0.10837634652853012, 0.4649476110935211, 0.19704195857048035, -0.5799747109413147, 0.16936740279197693, -0.7612472772598267, -0.431566059589386, 0.5548511743545532, 0.304632306098938, -0.1591208428144455, -0.8754092454910278, -0.43415725231170654, -0.209445059299469, -0.10601235926151276, -0.4273472726345062, 0.3378663659095764, -0.8267095685005188, -0.020867712795734406, -0.08501572161912918, 0.18745745718479156, -0.07232068479061127, -0.186598539352417, -0.33015745878219604, 0.9106367230415344, -0.12020111083984375, 0.06265812367200851, 0.045118145644664764, -0.35507476329803467, 0.26957952976226807, 0.29056641459465027, 0.1251794397830963, 0.2357451468706131, -0.2829756438732147, -0.7911771535873413, -0.1199653372168541, 0.23809190094470978, 0.17100149393081665, 0.019985381513834, -0.0546681247651577, 0.9425455927848816, -0.13969291746616364, -0.3616757392883301, 0.625961184501648, -0.3518238365650177, -0.5417312383651733, -0.46195951104164124, 0.6863939762115479, 0.32280418276786804, 0.3684980273246765, -0.22068887948989868, 0.18133050203323364, 0.6980982422828674, 0.7292676568031311, 0.39685171842575073, -0.0465199239552021, 0.2560961842536926, -0.17800261080265045, -0.2938668727874756, 0.08361398428678513, 0.6038228869438171, -0.5100371837615967, 0.3353928327560425, 0.07289423793554306, -0.389585942029953, 0.342484712600708, 0.463685005903244, 0.019514942541718483, 0.7578743100166321, 0.14153063297271729, -0.18396908044815063, 0.5107159614562988, -0.21392302215099335, -0.009259693324565887, -0.22380346059799194, -0.35898110270500183, 0.049699679017066956, 0.37944746017456055, -0.4130447208881378, 0.1884966790676117, -0.5133240222930908, 0.12199797481298447, 0.32033199071884155, 0.44772419333457947, -0.2167600691318512, 0.6465914249420166, 0.21743103861808777, -0.34776514768600464, -0.445170521736145, 0.6784710884094238, 0.32579630613327026, 0.3231968581676483, -0.522916316986084, -0.08606815338134766, -0.7446881532669067, 0.4485858976840973, -0.07790724188089371, -0.1913686990737915, 0.13573510944843292, -0.04731136932969093, -0.10598380863666534, 0.37364330887794495, 0.6509071588516235, 0.5229204297065735, 0.20653189718723297, -0.49682876467704773, -0.015202024951577187, -0.4748378098011017, 1.0794827938079834, 0.24793094396591187, -0.34796684980392456, -0.1045694500207901, -0.7182413935661316, -0.21198606491088867, -0.38708680868148804, 0.8080624938011169, -0.3811274766921997, 0.16377265751361847, -0.6617427468299866, -0.3285176455974579, 1.006690263748169, -0.9781934022903442, -0.2555069625377655, -0.7091745734214783, 0.11415266990661621, 0.1856212317943573, 0.21226787567138672, -0.24150952696800232, 0.27387890219688416, 0.25311577320098877, 0.37255609035491943, 0.45772185921669006, 0.0812259390950203, -0.06506628543138504, 0.5196148753166199, -0.50380939245224, 0.3370669186115265, 0.07597947120666504, 0.23784658312797546, 0.23055170476436615, 0.3013879656791687, 0.06233208253979683, -0.35847556591033936, 0.8301657438278198, -0.18362872302532196, 0.32632729411125183, -0.06418288499116898, -0.1991245448589325, -0.6314051151275635, 0.11027460545301437, -0.24380184710025787, -0.4564261734485626, -0.06559769064188004, 0.08675561100244522, -0.026036426424980164, 0.09609714150428772, 0.06739192456007004, -0.6580149531364441, 0.4016035795211792, -0.3019261360168457, -0.4485214054584503, -0.5185185670852661, -0.696641743183136, 0.23057733476161957, 0.58758145570755, 0.977641224861145, -0.9227408766746521, 0.18428538739681244, 0.31733524799346924, 0.09154870361089706, -0.31833305954933167, 0.19383612275123596, 0.07232403755187988, -0.4222559928894043, -0.17114707827568054, 0.06743237376213074, 0.10914923995733261, -0.3704131841659546, -1.031601905822754, 0.7798726558685303, -0.4573953151702881, -0.3252369463443756, 0.5851537585258484, -0.03968173265457153, -0.4023568332195282, 0.26473721861839294, -0.07190651446580887 ]
216432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit%20arts%20organization	Not-for-profit arts organization	A not-for-profit arts organization, also known as a nonprofit arts organization, usually takes the form of a not-for-profit organization, association, or foundation. Such organizations are formed for the purpose of developing and promoting the work of artists in various visual and performing art forms such as film, sculpture, dance, painting, multimedia, poetry, and performance art. History Although museums and performing arts societies have existed for centuries, they have proliferated since the end of World War II. In particular, government sponsored organisations such as the Arts Council of Great Britain, the Canada Council, the New York State Council on the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts, have been created to fund award grants to help promote the development of art and culture. There are also not-for-profit legal service organizations providing services to artists and arts and cultural organizations. Philadelphia Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts (PVLA) is one such organization. Through its volunteer attorneys PVLA provides non-criminal legal assistance to artists and arts and cultural organizations on arts related issues. Canadian artist-run centres In Canada, a series of artist-run organizations often known as "parallel galleries" or artist-run centres (ARCs) have developed in cities across the country since the 1960s to encourage the exhibition of contemporary works by Canadian and international artists. The purpose is often to provide alternative spaces for exhibition for emerging artists and contemporary artists outside the commercial gallery system. Canadian ARCs usually pay a fee and de-emphasize the selling of work, although this will vary from gallery to gallery. A recommended schedule of payment is provided by the Canadian Artists' Representation (CARFAC), an artists' advocacy group. See also Association without lucrative purpose Artist-run initiative Artist-run space Artist cooperative Arts centre Canadian artist-run centres Community arts References Arts organizations Artist-run initiative Types of art museums and galleries	[ 0.9420784711837769, 0.32234248518943787, -0.6469591856002808, 0.2616414725780487, -0.2154664844274521, -0.12704014778137207, 0.521435022354126, 0.8134354948997498, -0.6402872204780579, -0.2701694667339325, -0.6637109518051147, 0.14670966565608978, -0.03697143867611885, 0.1721409261226654, -0.5529313683509827, 0.11296804249286652, 0.7664488554000854, 0.5007588267326355, -0.1464235633611679, -0.10303568094968796, -0.8543111681938171, -0.13655425608158112, 0.23113848268985748, -0.09436145424842834, 0.13774804770946503, -0.06660061329603195, 0.6344686150550842, -0.05346781015396118, -0.23688173294067383, -0.07004605233669281, 0.44260263442993164, 0.457378089427948, 0.7470105886459351, -0.28913748264312744, 0.08051282167434692, 0.38285455107688904, 0.36510664224624634, -0.2528732419013977, -0.09619510173797607, -0.8942283391952515, 0.09089559316635132, -0.3050418496131897, 0.2673335671424866, 0.19530850648880005, -0.20883893966674805, -0.35443952679634094, -1.2074322700500488, 0.7648943066596985, -0.8748929500579834, 0.7601434588432312, -0.6566520929336548, 0.04060882702469826, 0.28280678391456604, 0.745313823223114, -0.005278953351080418, 0.6497807502746582, -0.3365771770477295, 0.09173990041017532, -0.2591850459575653, -0.26585057377815247, 0.33010610938072205, 0.17388541996479034, -0.13310568034648895, -0.11727795749902725, 0.19432945549488068, 0.04891536384820938, 0.21331490576267242, 0.2519076466560364, -0.5037447214126587, -0.793483555316925, -0.5367118120193481, -0.6284827589988708, -0.00622030021622777, 0.1206071525812149, -0.3776814937591553, -0.16547593474388123, 0.4921781122684479, -0.3237289488315582, 0.06569856405258179, -0.4545186758041382, -0.2888959050178528, 0.7558370232582092, 0.331155002117157, 0.23394683003425598, -0.027927137911319733, -0.125355526804924, -0.7768554091453552, 0.06391119956970215, -0.3933278024196625, 0.27077722549438477, 0.07397720217704773, 0.18173645436763763, 0.7862368226051331, 0.2123652547597885, 0.31255629658699036, 0.5782044529914856, 0.4475891888141632, -0.2858648896217346, 0.3273085653781891, 0.4158046245574951, -0.06363637000322342, -0.332765132188797, 0.1198514997959137, 0.09915268421173096, -0.3406144678592682, 0.4240645170211792, 0.267225980758667, -0.1425796002149582, 0.2635529637336731, -0.28695929050445557, 0.1433648020029068, 0.5713638067245483, -0.45030051469802856, 0.12393498420715332, -0.05927564203739166, 0.2845737040042877, 0.18630410730838776, 0.0007006866508163512, -0.4450538754463196, -0.34476104378700256, 0.3281737267971039, 0.6814160943031311, -0.15848158299922943, -0.06862971931695938, -0.2341710329055786, 0.5061574578285217, 0.248406782746315, 0.6818633675575256, -0.38286396861076355, -0.37995097041130066, 0.3118717670440674, 0.2234952300786972, -0.13331225514411926, -0.32055801153182983, -0.22264422476291656, -0.10598394274711609, 0.3894023895263672, 0.11553400754928589, 0.4951306879520416, 0.39576256275177, -0.8255187273025513, -0.2221786230802536, -0.658281683921814, -0.30522292852401733, 0.756036639213562, -0.27419012784957886, 0.3536871671676636, -0.4064181447029114, -0.737564206123352, 0.19311155378818512, 0.0472368448972702, 0.06887725740671158, -0.42366141080856323, 0.21023397147655487, 0.10838471353054047, 0.18730580806732178, 0.7347232103347778, -0.33520013093948364, 0.5108356475830078, 0.7514672875404358, 0.20590971410274506, 0.11019810289144516, -0.3332440257072449, -0.49055904150009155, 0.1280706524848938, 0.027541713789105415, -0.3261646032333374, 0.4270206093788147, -0.37367451190948486, 0.12433166801929474, -0.6886352896690369, 0.22983931005001068, 0.04286782070994377, -0.34923726320266724, 0.26071903109550476, -0.06996151804924011, -0.028153639286756516, -0.2754121720790863, 0.4603603482246399, 0.23945298790931702, -0.8806828260421753, 0.6336817741394043, 0.42744386196136475, -0.38095512986183167, -0.007487415336072445, -0.4856094717979431, 0.11569187045097351, -0.12050939351320267, 0.016643991693854332, 0.139274001121521, -0.14341990649700165, -0.4867866635322571, 0.16785895824432373, -0.733786940574646, 1.2659672498703003, -0.16979749500751495, -0.6059824824333191, 0.8736756443977356, -0.01747419498860836, -0.0838695839047432, -0.11289943754673004, 0.05817446485161781, -0.0802915170788765, -0.47134119272232056, -0.7041916251182556, 0.6783642172813416, 0.9484871029853821, 0.15700314939022064, -0.17889228463172913, -0.5141112804412842, 0.4724626839160919, -0.42119094729423523, 0.8219809532165527, -0.11001668125391006, 0.40313172340393066, 0.07521358132362366, -0.5513308644294739, 0.3260279595851898, -0.3201790153980255, -0.036178603768348694, 0.9155176281929016, -0.39386487007141113, -0.18512071669101715, 0.2688662111759186, -0.4090588688850403, 0.4795476794242859, -0.13801263272762299, -0.18632657825946808, 0.6502805948257446, -0.1954890638589859, 0.2880259156227112, 0.2320224940776825, 0.06505652517080307, -0.7639909982681274, -0.19907692074775696, 0.08602537214756012, 0.09645429998636246, -0.333853542804718, 0.42723339796066284, -0.03949043154716492, -0.3172771632671356, 0.0416552908718586, -0.5730102062225342, -0.033856045454740524, -0.14018464088439941, 0.11785433441400528, -0.4454909563064575, 0.1633189618587494, 0.13238884508609772, 0.4928291141986847, 0.14749635756015778, 0.09777496755123138, 0.27857083082199097, -0.5275560021400452, -0.173582062125206, 0.03274756297469139, -0.39199912548065186, -0.4794730544090271, -0.13627909123897552, -0.6744133234024048, -0.4571603536605835, -0.13740581274032593, 0.23849591612815857, 0.16526354849338531, -0.10631976276636124, -0.40653303265571594, -0.1639670878648758, -0.14139196276664734, 0.11380179971456528, 0.33993765711784363, 0.7717748284339905, 0.2756454348564148, -0.4505411386489868, -0.4943683445453644, -0.027538562193512917, 0.37476977705955505, 0.19228488206863403, 0.3204818069934845, -0.5586757063865662, -0.5784274339675903, -0.060128021985292435, 0.6269042491912842, 0.2131984680891037, -0.6917190551757812, -0.4879252314567566, 0.0927993431687355, 0.4604690968990326, 0.1545400172472, -0.424847275018692, 0.11198808252811432, -0.150018572807312, 0.15060512721538544, 0.2324611395597458, -0.17949077486991882, 0.6790784597396851, 0.20360195636749268, -0.129524827003479, 0.35980623960494995, -0.535071074962616, -0.18172749876976013, -0.41857612133026123, 0.005477717146277428, -0.2964076101779938, -0.22946785390377045, 0.019921060651540756, 0.35096120834350586, 0.12297404557466507, -0.27811887860298157, -5.685724258422852, 0.20715247094631195, -0.92766273021698, -0.22457878291606903, -0.24171887338161469, -0.20941734313964844, 0.35407936573028564, -0.3506261110305786, -0.5027186870574951, -0.08369673043489456, -0.23405469954013824, 0.043008144944906235, -0.0022940891794860363, 0.869116485118866, 0.6194549202919006, 0.3446715772151947, 0.33108243346214294, 0.12956544756889343, -0.21994242072105408, 0.16321609914302826, -0.2545720934867859, 0.3773827850818634, -0.0046699512749910355, 0.7281129956245422, 0.34456825256347656, -0.28395533561706543, -0.3175305128097534, 0.23089440166950226, -0.08169688284397125, -0.2653059959411621, 0.3800492584705353, 0.06755311042070389, -0.3737597167491913, -0.3472878634929657, -0.05230267718434334, -0.05769900977611542, 0.6896205544471741, -0.047848328948020935, -0.15333840250968933, -0.4329815208911896, -0.4899507462978363, 0.10090161114931107, -0.1735421121120453, 0.0371396504342556, 0.08806759119033813, -0.005001506302505732, -0.47589224576950073, -0.385563462972641, -0.5418633818626404, 0.4452415406703949, 0.1957523226737976, 0.19029845297336578, 0.5692247152328491, 0.02371634542942047, -0.1125263124704361, -0.433146208524704, 0.30054962635040283, 0.43008410930633545, -0.17928965389728546, 0.06841592490673065, 0.009372029453516006, -0.06506966054439545, 0.30607709288597107, -0.33266621828079224, -0.14068523049354553, -0.23415997624397278, -0.5415478944778442, -0.6013458371162415, 0.8381384015083313, 0.2127552479505539, -0.44594722986221313, 0.7021190524101257, -0.008348466828465462, -0.8370198011398315, 0.5431461930274963, -0.7173870205879211, 0.18054024875164032, 0.0024512421805411577, 0.6016229391098022, 0.4024323523044586, -0.23521307110786438, 0.2641453742980957, -0.34246107935905457, 0.13998498022556305, -0.17276279628276825, -0.06079145148396492, 0.4899853467941284, 0.4382716417312622, -0.46972236037254333, -0.22251640260219574, 0.9317536950111389, 0.6757457256317139, 0.5292102098464966, 0.5143548846244812, 0.2264242172241211, 0.18113891780376434, 0.5948784947395325, -0.47018709778785706, 0.0706116184592247, -0.25934091210365295, 0.5239911079406738, -0.3790576756000519, -0.549229621887207, -0.4388372004032135, -0.02439463697373867, -0.24840761721134186, -0.5552350878715515, 0.253329873085022, 1.1310917139053345, -0.1730228215456009, -0.048403020948171616, -0.16238974034786224, -0.2546164095401764, -0.6626266241073608, 0.07081593573093414, -0.40238168835639954, -0.18409141898155212, 0.6710497140884399, -0.19927746057510376, 0.11595311015844345, 0.32583341002464294, 0.3044421672821045, 0.25006911158561707, -0.42749685049057007, -0.28471073508262634, -0.3712947368621826, -0.12917935848236084, -0.39059552550315857, 0.10730231553316116, -0.1691257655620575, 0.6333795189857483, 0.47084417939186096, -0.5753724575042725, -0.10421457886695862, 0.1889447271823883, 0.2705683708190918, -0.20578981935977936, -0.04929327219724655, -0.1788206696510315, -0.2870611548423767, 0.5971934199333191, -0.1141527071595192, -0.5096266269683838, 0.26721692085266113, 0.569758415222168, 0.5391477346420288, -0.4276978671550751, 0.21667896211147308, -0.10200797766447067, 0.49503791332244873, -0.15058475732803345, 0.09945359081029892, -0.05488327890634537, -0.06860476732254028, 0.5317038893699646, -0.2943974435329437, 0.1886797845363617, -0.5155686736106873, -0.04803140088915825, -0.44732919335365295, -0.3149131238460541, -0.08691543340682983, -1.2582298517227173, -0.0402391143143177, 0.1343429535627365, -0.6797165870666504, -0.7150193452835083, 0.1836826056241989, -0.22527481615543365, 0.5911407470703125, -0.032377466559410095, -0.1368437260389328, 0.017789144068956375, -0.36576274037361145, 0.3251723647117615, -0.17608754336833954, 0.17846740782260895, 0.22811654210090637, -0.24425947666168213, -0.12727612257003784, 0.5742993354797363, -0.42017385363578796, -0.3408035933971405, -0.4080934524536133, 0.49386101961135864, -0.3951869308948517, -0.3886760175228119, 0.15717363357543945, -0.4249606132507324, 0.0989103764295578, -0.2723124623298645, -0.2575128674507141, 0.4480873644351959, 0.12646141648292542, 0.0906546488404274, -0.5274583697319031, 0.19000490009784698, 0.19935768842697144, 0.054203566163778305, -0.6154574155807495, 0.6555196642875671, 0.164894238114357, -0.9443133473396301, -0.03135821968317032, -0.22347679734230042, -0.49865126609802246, 0.020930366590619087, -0.34515881538391113, -0.2065718173980713, 0.3181997537612915, -0.46694934368133545, 0.1839340180158615, 0.21726438403129578, 0.2634066045284271, -0.2540442943572998, -0.09285447001457214, 0.031133299693465233, -0.38016244769096375, -0.14292608201503754, -0.20836883783340454, 0.7447342276573181, -0.18886755406856537, -0.30557185411453247, 0.18209056556224823, -0.2351868450641632, 0.4522627890110016, 0.4274325668811798, -0.516399621963501, 0.08339013904333115, -0.6612066626548767, 0.12292163074016571, 0.048293814063072205, -0.5397402048110962, -0.4773869812488556, -0.2322012037038803, -0.1390845626592636, -0.12671607732772827, 0.1543295681476593, 0.10502687096595764, -0.06926123797893524, -0.07509500533342361, 1.2108973264694214, -0.045347049832344055, -0.5986395478248596, 0.05772737041115761, 0.5880593061447144, 0.017735635861754417, -0.4765506386756897, -0.5328423380851746, 0.22865533828735352, 0.7426576018333435, -0.7094981074333191, -0.22197702527046204, -0.30447062849998474, 0.2964309751987457, 0.09537428617477417, -0.5443072319030762, 0.18245483934879303, 0.06407991796731949, 0.6339255571365356, 0.2521626353263855, -0.5932942032814026, -0.3774103820323944, -0.13241392374038696, 0.05275224149227142, -0.3226172626018524, -0.024278145283460617, -0.3515672981739044, 0.04107197746634483, -0.6559000015258789, 0.30473893880844116, 0.36237832903862, 0.4948708713054657, 0.5297111868858337, 0.9063460826873779, -0.36287721991539, -0.01546390075236559, -0.6709756851196289, -0.1762300431728363, 0.09127766638994217, 0.29258376359939575, -0.013337315991520882, 0.0038786365184932947, -0.3102216422557831, 0.1926523596048355, -0.9490066766738892, 0.26180300116539, 0.6266132593154907, -1.0887925624847412, -0.21722817420959473, -0.46230223774909973, -0.24569842219352722, 0.36933979392051697, 0.21053752303123474, -0.04010035842657089, -0.17098255455493927, 0.41681143641471863, 0.004829105921089649, 0.592602550983429, 0.5312925577163696, -0.8902664184570312, 0.4780404567718506, 0.38689133524894714, -0.803689181804657, 0.3851826786994934, 0.2608458697795868, -0.26112210750579834, -0.6479656100273132, -0.013662390410900116, -0.0767611563205719, 0.03539910912513733, -0.5390847325325012, 0.30848750472068787, 0.6147332787513733, -0.31989946961402893, -0.22104142606258392, -0.17046764492988586, -0.9603039026260376, 0.790746808052063, 0.11539220809936523, -0.3176901936531067, -0.15344233810901642, 0.7057391405105591, 0.35030311346054077, 0.39067280292510986, -0.10230103880167007, 0.2468036413192749, -0.24596352875232697, 0.2607692778110504, 0.2056698054075241, 0.7707782983779907, 0.16849689185619354, -0.12652410566806793, 0.2369210422039032, -0.31741437315940857, -0.24095548689365387, -0.3059801161289215, -0.4870574176311493, -0.8853392004966736, 0.576928436756134, 0.39001625776290894, -0.2180463820695877, 0.4924467206001282, 0.29665008187294006, -0.06537599861621857, -0.04004156216979027, 0.27217525243759155, 0.2186671942472458, -0.6149373650550842, 0.2758820652961731, 0.6297658085823059, -0.36049598455429077, 0.17512139678001404, 0.2933310568332672, 0.1466996818780899, -0.43527936935424805, 0.4962906539440155, 0.3689897954463959, 0.3006141781806946, -0.32861223816871643, -0.03149249404668808, 0.28368377685546875, 0.10280032455921173, 0.13020607829093933, 0.17173007130622864, -0.5505382418632507, 0.2867388129234314, -0.34691768884658813, -0.2532273530960083, 0.1250586062669754, 0.09641262143850327, 0.740352988243103, -0.40978145599365234, 0.7428439855575562, 0.3566291630268097, -0.06901922821998596, 0.42155441641807556, -0.04728396609425545, 0.18695078790187836, -0.04967029392719269, 0.11190570890903473, -0.06073864549398422, -0.4425547420978546, -0.4195701777935028, 0.26454469561576843, -0.2821181118488312, 0.21918419003486633, 0.41395431756973267, -0.15381580591201782, -0.04697023332118988, 0.02632923796772957, -0.26230505108833313, 0.7120341062545776, 0.04315760359168053, -0.41043421626091003, 0.64433753490448, -0.38949623703956604, 0.8025345206260681, 0.24683283269405365, -0.2139798253774643, -0.5332440137863159, 0.5478564500808716, 0.2819201946258545, -0.1472950577735901, -0.20372283458709717, -0.23300063610076904, -0.18178239464759827, -0.3005015254020691, -0.15657013654708862, 0.6496215462684631, 0.20055700838565826, -0.049263034015893936, 0.2601795792579651, 0.45259982347488403, 0.25762301683425903, 0.637633204460144, 0.7513312101364136, -0.217609241604805, -0.2895858585834503, -0.33083853125572205, 0.4564964175224304, 0.2667795717716217, 0.2981829047203064, 0.45435285568237305, -0.03125511482357979, -0.46062105894088745, -0.11027932167053223, -0.08092225342988968, -0.0053625102154910564, 0.2636917233467102, -0.702602744102478, -0.06553760915994644, -0.49630507826805115, 0.8230636715888977, -0.33100777864456177, -0.14332786202430725, 0.3442304730415344, 0.5096856951713562, 0.8022879958152771, -0.5058437585830688, -0.43834540247917175, -0.6285873651504517, 0.26649001240730286, -0.15546812117099762, -0.7474410533905029, 0.5466123223304749, 0.06867795437574387, 0.1413011997938156, -0.6527537703514099, 0.15008853375911713, -0.08147274702787399, -0.9646580815315247, 0.3604150116443634, 0.06509086489677429, -0.5827067494392395, 0.147944375872612, 0.4874670207500458, -0.6001764535903931, -0.2686285376548767, 0.49302276968955994 ]
216434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat	Tugboat	A tugboat or tug is a marine vessel that manoeuvres other vessels by pushing or pulling them, with direct contact or a tow line. These boats typically tug ships that cannot move well on their own, such as those in crowded harbours or narrow canals, or those that cannot move at all, such as barges, disabled ships, log rafts, or oil platforms. Some are ocean-going, some are icebreakers or salvage tugs. Early models had steam engines, and modern ones have diesel engines. Many have deluge guns, which help in firefighting, especially in harbours. Types Seagoing Seagoing tugs (deep-sea tugs or ocean tugboats) fall into four basic categories: The standard seagoing tug with model bow that tows almost exclusively by way of a wire cable. In some rare cases, such as some USN fleet tugs, a synthetic rope hawser may be used for the tow in the belief that the line can be pulled aboard a disabled ship by the crew owing to its lightness compared to wire cable. The "notch tug" can be secured by way of cables, or more commonly in recent times, synthetic lines that run from the stern to the tug to the stern of the barge. This configuration is generally used in inland waters where sea and swell are minimal because of the danger of parting the push wires. Often, this configuration is employed even without a "notch" on the barge, but in those cases it is preferable to have "push knees" on the tug to stabilize its position. Model bow tugs employing this method of pushing nearly always have a towing winch that can be used if sea conditions render pushing inadvisable. With this configuration, the barge being pushed might approach the size of a small ship, with the interaction of the water flow allowing a higher speed with a minimal increase in power required or fuel consumption. The "integral unit", or "integrated tug and barge" (ITB), comprises specially designed vessels that lock together in such a rigid and strong method as to be certified as such by authorities (classification societies) such as the American Bureau of Shipping, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Indian Register of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas or several others. These units stay combined under virtually any sea conditions and the tugs usually have poor sea-keeping designs for navigation without their barges attached. Vessels in this category are legally considered to be ships rather than tugboats and barges must be staffed accordingly. These vessels must show navigation lights compliant with those required of ships rather than those required of tugboats and vessels undertow. "Articulated tug and barge" (ATB) units also utilize mechanical means to connect to their barges. The tug slips into a notch in the stern and is attached by a hinged connection, becoming an articulated vehicle. ATBs generally utilize Intercon and Bludworth connecting systems. ATBs are generally staffed as a large tugboat, with between seven and nine crew members. The typical American ATB displays navigational lights of a towing vessel pushing ahead, as described in the 1972 ColRegs. Harbour Compared with seagoing tugboats, harbour tugboats that are employed exclusively as ship assist vessels are generally smaller and their width-to-length ratio is often higher, due to the need for the tugs' wheelhouse to avoid contact with the hull of a ship, which may have a pronounced rake at the bow and stern. In some ports there is a requirement for certain numbers and sizes of tugboats for port operations with gas tankers).. Also, in many ports, tankers are required to have tug escorts when transiting in harbors to render assistance in the event of mechanical failure. The port generally mandates a minimum horsepower or bollard pull, determined by the size of the escorted vessel. Most ports will have a number of tugs that are used for other purposes than ship assist, such as dredging operations, bunkering ships, transferring liquid products between berths, and cargo ops. These tugs may also be used for ship assist as needed. Modern ship assist tugs are "tractor tugs" that employ azimuthing stern drives (ASD), propellers that can rotate 360 degrees without a rudder, or cycloidal drives (as described below). River River tugs are also referred to as towboats or pushboats. Their hull designs would make open ocean operations dangerous. River tugs usually do not have any significant hawser or winch. Their hulls feature a flat front or bow to line up with the rectangular stern of the barge, often with large pushing knees. Propulsion The first tugboat, Charlotte Dundas, was built by William Symington in 1801. She had a steam engine and paddle wheels and was used on rivers in Scotland. Paddle tugs proliferated thereafter and were a common sight for a century. In the 1870s schooner hulls were converted to screw tugs. Compound steam engines and scotch boilers provided 300 Indicated Horse Power. Steam tugs were put to use in every harbour of the world towing and ship berthing. Tugboat diesel engines typically produce 500 to 2,500 kW (~ 680 to 3,400 hp), but larger boats (used in deep waters) can have power ratings up to 20,000 kW (~ 27,200 hp). Tugboats usually have an extreme power:tonnage-ratio; normal cargo and passenger ships have a P:T-ratio (in kW:GRT) of 0.35 to 1.20, whereas large tugs typically are 2.20 to 4.50 and small harbour-tugs 4.0 to 9.5. The engines are often the same as those used in railroad locomotives, but typically drive the propeller mechanically instead of converting the engine output to power electric motors, as is common for diesel-electric locomotives. For safety, tugboat engines often feature two of each critical part for redundancy. A tugboat is typically rated by its engine's power output and its overall bollard pull. The largest commercial harbour tugboats in the 2000s–2010s, used for towing container ships or similar, had around of bollard pull, which is described as above "normal" tugboats. Tugboats are highly manoeuvrable, and various propulsion systems have been developed to increase manoeuvrability and increase safety. The earliest tugs were fitted with paddle wheels, but these were soon replaced by propeller-driven tugs. Kort nozzles (see below) have been added to increase thrust-to-power ratio. This was followed by the nozzle-rudder, which omitted the need for a conventional rudder. The cycloidal propeller (see below) was developed prior to World War II and was occasionally used in tugs because of its maneuverability. After World War II it was also linked to safety due to the development of the Voith Water Tractor, a tugboat configuration that could not be pulled over by its tow. In the late 1950s, the Z-drive or (azimuth thruster) was developed. Although sometimes referred to as the Aquamaster or Schottel system, many brands exist: Steerprop, Wärtsilä, Berg Propulsion, etc. These propulsion systems are used on tugboats designed for tasks such as ship docking and marine construction. Conventional propeller/rudder configurations are more efficient for port-to-port towing. Kort nozzle The Kort nozzle is a sturdy cylindrical structure around a special propeller having minimum clearance between the propeller blades and the inner wall of the Kort nozzle. The thrust-to-power ratio is enhanced because the water approaches the propeller in a linear configuration and exits the nozzle the same way. The Kort nozzle is named after its inventor, but many brands exist. Cyclorotor The cycloidal propeller is a circular plate mounted on the underside of the hull, rotating around a vertical axis with a circular array of vertical blades (in the shape of hydrofoils) that protrude out of the bottom of the ship. Each blade can rotate itself around a vertical axis. The internal mechanism changes the angle of attack of the blades in sync with the rotation of the plate, so that each blade can provide thrust in any direction, similar to the collective pitch control and cyclic in a helicopter. Fenders Tugboat fenders are made of high-abrasion-resistance rubber with good resilience properties. They are very popular with small port craft owners and tug owners. These fenders are generally made from cut pieces of vehicle tires strung together. Often the rendering on the sides of the tug is composed of large heavy equipment or aircraft tires attached to or hung on the side of the tug. Some rendering is compression moulded in high-pressure thermic-fluid-heated moulds and have excellent seawater resistance, but are not widely used owing to the cost. Tugboat bow fenders are also called beards or bow puds. In the past they were made of rope for padding to protect the bow, but rope rendering is almost never seen in recent times. Other types of tugboat fender include Tug cylindrical fender, W fender, M fender, D fender, and others. Carousel A recent Dutch innovation is the carousel tug, winner of the Maritime Innovation Award at the Dutch Maritime Innovation Awards Gala in 2006. It adds a pair of interlocking rings to the body of the tug, the inner on the boat, the outer on the ship by winch or towing hook. Since the towing point rotates freely, the tug is very difficult to capsize. Races Vintage tugboat races have been held annually in Olympia, Washington since 1974 during the Olympia Harbor Days Maritime Festival. Tugboat races are held annually on Elliott Bay in Seattle, on the Hudson River at the New York Tugboat Race, the Detroit River, and the Great Tugboat Race and Parade on the St. Mary's River. Ballet Since 1980, an annual tugboat ballet has been held in Hamburg harbour on the occasion of the festival commemorating the anniversary of the establishment of a port in Hamburg. On a weekend in May, eight tugboats perform choreographed movements for about an hour to the tunes of waltz and other sorts of dance music. Roundups The Tugboat Roundup is a gathering of tugboats and other vessels in celebration of maritime industry. The Waterford Tugboat Roundup is held in the late summer at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers in Waterford, New York. The tugs featured are river tugs and other tugs re-purposed to serve on the New York State Canal System. In popular culture Tugboat Annie was the subject of a series of Saturday Evening Post magazine stories featuring the female captain of the tugboat Narcissus in Puget Sound, later featured in the films Tugboat Annie (1933), Tugboat Annie Sails Again (1940) and Captain Tugboat Annie (1945). The Canadian television series The Adventures of Tugboat Annie was filmed in 1957. Film and television To date, there have been four children's shows revolving around anthropomorphic tugboats. In the late 1980s, 13 episodes were made of TUGS, a series depicting the life of tugboats in the 1920s. An American adaptation using edited footage from Tugs followed: Salty's Lighthouse. In the 1975's Soviet short animation musical film В порту/ In the sea port a tugboat sang a song: "Through a harbour area" One of the creators of Tugs went on to direct Theodore Tugboat. Animated preschool series Toot the Tiny Tugboat started broadcasting on Channel 5 Milkshake! in 2014 and on Cartoonito in 2015, with a Welsh-language version airing on S4C Cyw. "Tugger" is a tugboat in the animated series South Park. He appears in the episode "The New Terrance and Phillip Movie Trailer" as a sidekick for Russell Crowe in a fictitious television series entitled Fightin' Round The World with Russell Crowe. Tugger follows Crowe as he engages various people in physical conflicts, providing emotional support and comic relief. At one point Tugger even attempts to commit suicide, upon being forced to hear Russell Crowe's new musical composition. Literature (Alphabetical by author) The children's book Scuffy the Tugboat, written by Gertrude Crampton and illustrated by Tibor Gergely and first published in 1946 as part of the Little Golden Books series, follows the adventures of a young toy tugboat who seeks a life beyond the confines of a tub inside his owner's toy store. The Dutch writer Jan de Hartog wrote numerous nautical novels, first in Dutch, then in English. The novel Hollands Glorie, written prior to World War II, was made into a Dutch miniseries in 1978 and concerned the dangers faced by the crews of Dutch salvage tugs. The novella Stella, concerning the dangers faced by the captains of rescue tugs in the English Channel during World War II, was made into a film entitled The Key in 1958. The novel The Captain (1967), about the captain of a rescue tug during a Murmansk Convoy, sold over a million copies. Its 1986 sequel, The Commodore, features the narrator captaining a fleet of tugs in peace-time. Little Toot (1939), written and illustrated by Hardie Gramatky, is a children's story of an anthropomorphic tugboat child, who wants to help tow ships in a harbour near Hoboken. He's rejected by the tugboat community and dejectedly drifts out to sea, where he accidentally discovers a shipwrecked liner and a chance to prove his worth. This story was animated as part of the Disney movie Melody Time. Farley Mowat's book The Grey Seas Under tells the tale of a legendary North Atlantic salvage tug, the Foundation Franklin. He later wrote The Serpent's Coil, which also deals with salvage tugs in the North Atlantic. Gallery See also Admiralty tug American Waterways Operators Azipod Charlotte Dundas E3 Tug Project Fish tug HydroTug Maritime pilot PS Comet Pusher (boat) Switcher, rail analog Tugboats in New York City Type V ship Notes References Jane's Ocean Technology 1979–80 / Jane's Yearbooks, 1979 – . On Tugboats: Stories of Work and Life Aboard / Virginia Thorndike – Down East Books, 2004. Under Tow: A Canadian History of Tugs and Towing / Donal Baird – Vanwell Publishing, 277 p., 2003 – Pacific Tugboats: / Gordon Newell – Superior Publishing Company 1957, Seattle Washington.Primer of Towing / George H. Reid – Cornell Maritime Press, 1992. Further reading Nautical terminology specific to towboating on inland waterways. External links A site for boatmen. At the Port of Felixstowe Beacon Finland Ltd JAK®-ATB Coupling System Compagnie Maritime Chambon "Docking The World's Great Liners" Popular Mechanics'', May 1930, article on docking large ships in the first half of the 20th century using tugboats Intercon ATB Couplers NYC's Annual Tugboat Races Tugboat Enthusiasts Society University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Historic Steamboat Photographs Voith-Schneider Propeller Waterford Tugboat Roundup Boat types Port infrastructure Ship types	[ 0.15330858528614044, -0.16655293107032776, 0.3723435401916504, 0.26297295093536377, 0.0011367341503500938, 0.24469389021396637, -0.04456521198153496, -0.09281742572784424, -0.7077307105064392, -0.37817251682281494, -0.3894141614437103, 0.5246456861495972, -0.3010725975036621, 0.45294472575187683, -0.4891909062862396, 0.8149323463439941, -0.04442402347922325, 0.2121669352054596, 0.12312531471252441, -0.005551041103899479, -0.7258355617523193, -0.40224984288215637, 0.46348658204078674, -0.1467391401529312, 0.4704848527908325, -0.0017607726622372866, 0.2900752127170563, 0.4747019410133362, -0.43658536672592163, 0.031130805611610413, 0.36353304982185364, 0.32327887415885925, 0.10967519879341125, 0.17799565196037292, 0.0036520727444440126, -0.11189771443605423, -0.05576386675238609, -0.2877436876296997, -0.22217999398708344, -0.5702219605445862, -0.4717051684856415, 0.07581794261932373, 0.3537670075893402, 0.5931605100631714, 0.01703203096985817, 0.2080899029970169, -1.1994105577468872, -0.020744340494275093, -0.16855522990226746, 0.23837977647781372, -0.9685226082801819, 0.1155649945139885, 0.49376577138900757, 0.42050373554229736, 0.18132197856903076, 0.2308129221200943, 0.08388801664113998, 0.12819182872772217, 0.015777215361595154, -1.0094830989837646, 0.1436103731393814, 0.5047471523284912, 0.2830962836742401, 0.2805229425430298, 0.4978499710559845, -0.3765091300010681, -0.17206637561321259, -0.04931272193789482, -0.702273964881897, -0.45955890417099, -0.021717771887779236, -0.055584616959095, -0.24791118502616882, 0.0960228219628334, -0.06499886512756348, -0.09584295004606247, 0.17479068040847778, -0.5758676528930664, 0.05238894000649452, 0.26132214069366455, 0.3048451244831085, 0.8071860074996948, 0.5647398829460144, 0.3141670823097229, -0.03498316928744316, 0.30048099160194397, -0.6480873227119446, 0.595344066619873, -0.21044129133224487, 0.39490875601768494, 0.2867756485939026, -0.03632988780736923, 0.21518157422542572, 0.0410652719438076, 0.06079108640551567, 0.09021145850419998, 0.35712727904319763, 0.2320450246334076, 0.32465529441833496, 0.21032965183258057, 0.18181562423706055, -0.719771146774292, 0.8435767889022827, -0.005263304337859154, -0.11517792195081711, -0.09496831893920898, -0.2903446853160858, -0.037433791905641556, -0.00573853449895978, 0.40312233567237854, -0.20558097958564758, 0.3081933557987213, -0.07648111879825592, 0.02339128591120243, 0.46907079219818115, -0.014633029699325562, -0.06191899999976158, -0.1775568127632141, -0.391448438167572, -0.47075608372688293, 0.586918830871582, 0.000521149835549295, -0.12222989648580551, -0.35382190346717834, -0.08697794377803802, 0.29023584723472595, 0.24331368505954742, 0.7581268548965454, -0.847053587436676, -0.7225637435913086, 0.7002678513526917, 1.039522409439087, -0.5669557452201843, 0.25667721033096313, -0.7185437083244324, 0.2700658440589905, 0.3612256944179535, 0.013379795476794243, 0.6346455812454224, 0.05210451781749725, -1.366994023323059, -0.2252938151359558, -0.3897099494934082, -0.7306761145591736, 0.0912470668554306, -0.14576563239097595, 0.529961347579956, -0.5528621673583984, -0.7941376566886902, -0.06482967734336853, -0.31085023283958435, 0.06694097071886063, -0.7690295577049255, 0.3423125147819519, -0.1988675445318222, -0.3949945867061615, 0.3546806275844574, -0.6467055082321167, 0.22676588594913483, 0.12343863397836685, -0.35927361249923706, 0.02929481863975525, -0.7302029728889465, 0.48557135462760925, 0.21103309094905853, -0.2621300220489502, 0.14811016619205475, 0.14164793491363525, 0.02383834309875965, 0.12641383707523346, -0.021660685539245605, 0.17735695838928223, 0.3761657774448395, 0.01613379642367363, -0.11678618937730789, -0.30222266912460327, 0.3596779406070709, -0.35203710198402405, 0.9422460794448853, -0.3429751396179199, -0.7133130431175232, 0.8613646030426025, 0.7981364130973816, 0.039259690791368484, -0.36689919233322144, -0.18094292283058167, 0.02726917527616024, -0.19340205192565918, -0.003695249790325761, -0.543429970741272, -0.16234686970710754, -0.6808264851570129, 0.09342236816883087, -0.6111686825752258, 1.0310211181640625, -0.12070997804403305, -0.6501805782318115, 1.1013566255569458, -0.3194156885147095, 0.4888674318790436, 0.2088349163532257, 0.4268917441368103, 0.17638929188251495, -0.7003974914550781, -0.6383239030838013, 0.13824601471424103, 0.7980884909629822, 0.2223084717988968, -0.1881829798221588, 0.2010805755853653, 0.07327810674905777, -0.6253445744514465, 0.26505282521247864, -0.653889000415802, 0.09714556485414505, 0.023765549063682556, -0.1791754812002182, 0.1404351145029068, -0.12905168533325195, -0.11165626347064972, 1.1118682622909546, 0.1975879669189453, -0.8460026979446411, 0.4820000231266022, -0.1031198799610138, 0.16701307892799377, -0.14036783576011658, 0.11363917589187622, 0.18056173622608185, -0.24332979321479797, 0.1769268959760666, 0.2342277318239212, -0.3750375509262085, -0.2867801785469055, -0.2670497000217438, 0.28542792797088623, 0.4071786105632782, 0.18962009251117706, 0.6546095013618469, -0.16845013201236725, 0.06759121268987656, 0.21516916155815125, -0.7004885673522949, 0.3593066930770874, 0.5160597562789917, -0.38218438625335693, -0.0833820253610611, 0.22723838686943054, -0.025420330464839935, -0.36597248911857605, 0.32950666546821594, 0.08676759153604507, 0.8888196349143982, -0.19333352148532867, 0.127127543091774, -0.2164120078086853, -0.71586674451828, 0.03605048358440399, 0.1443406045436859, 0.09528959542512894, -0.43882450461387634, 0.06171293184161186, -0.337915301322937, -0.2905713617801666, -0.15683764219284058, -0.26242896914482117, -0.1886163055896759, -0.29258716106414795, -0.006460200063884258, 0.8987366557121277, 0.3982888460159302, 0.2627639174461365, -0.0653880387544632, -0.4589824378490448, -0.2320890575647354, 0.07135892659425735, 0.602432906627655, -0.0236284788697958, -0.4105638861656189, -0.464687317609787, 0.38415148854255676, 0.23661388456821442, 0.27558547258377075, -0.9236149787902832, 0.059655219316482544, -0.7844141125679016, 0.08803240209817886, 0.0339527353644371, -0.2113899141550064, -0.39150577783584595, -0.33096593618392944, -0.12908005714416504, 0.025799866765737534, 0.6227563619613647, 0.27125683426856995, 0.4938789904117584, -0.18866437673568726, 0.09018747508525848, 0.2896939218044281, -0.2650999426841736, -0.5059197545051575, 0.16913582384586334, -0.03721431642770767, -0.418764591217041, -0.12564526498317719, 0.06623627245426178, -0.26314446330070496, -0.05948864296078682, -5.611943244934082, -0.2792455554008484, -0.6507386565208435, -0.30990496277809143, 0.3028371334075928, -0.00965954177081585, 0.6327568292617798, 0.08435851335525513, 0.03348279371857643, 0.0706079751253128, -0.18088996410369873, 0.34683457016944885, 0.029006460681557655, -0.1300574094057083, 0.7146444916725159, 0.3929119408130646, 1.1976313591003418, 0.1014527827501297, 0.04767180234193802, -0.05634292587637901, -0.1371028870344162, 0.10066774487495422, 0.15107710659503937, 0.10604352504014969, 0.14069129526615143, -0.48586758971214294, -0.2524039149284363, -0.47217267751693726, -0.39567992091178894, -0.08635659515857697, -0.4066867232322693, 0.31989383697509766, -0.07211753726005554, -0.4947167634963989, 0.8116621971130371, -0.3075503706932068, 0.5242720246315002, 0.1519574224948883, 0.28958815336227417, -0.7156236171722412, -0.6813909411430359, 0.06645244359970093, -0.005387817043811083, -0.3226168751716614, 0.40865689516067505, -0.506364107131958, 0.20259833335876465, -0.588606059551239, -0.40711694955825806, 0.9141414165496826, -0.11777708679437637, 0.20385533571243286, 0.7978001832962036, -0.3148818016052246, 0.7804438471794128, -0.3632503151893616, 0.18016530573368073, -0.299880713224411, -0.44939133524894714, -0.029873035848140717, 0.1430494338274002, -0.301259309053421, -0.32033371925354004, -0.3555573523044586, -0.770225465297699, 0.30043867230415344, -0.37554484605789185, -0.7494691014289856, 0.7360717058181763, 0.09559784084558487, -0.7189081907272339, 0.8622509241104126, 0.01766115427017212, -0.6610859632492065, 0.622639000415802, -0.7385858297348022, 0.05672461539506912, 0.058014534413814545, 0.14714181423187256, -0.34649062156677246, -0.9095398187637329, -0.22457747161388397, -0.7335882186889648, 0.32087504863739014, 0.19262290000915527, -0.4384180009365082, -0.08130532503128052, -0.367415189743042, -0.05404236912727356, -0.060824356973171234, 1.137199878692627, 0.3078891932964325, 0.245904803276062, 0.14192824065685272, 0.49919360876083374, -0.22847872972488403, 0.18540869653224945, -0.06590838730335236, 0.559844970703125, -0.6731780767440796, 0.47681736946105957, 0.10413982719182968, 0.05724368989467621, 0.23393681645393372, 0.6325005292892456, -0.4109395444393158, -0.2566715180873871, 0.518940269947052, 1.380056381225586, 0.4175946116447449, 0.22928324341773987, 0.2843688726425171, -0.19433748722076416, -0.36290672421455383, -0.2087177038192749, 0.3706803321838379, -0.36578673124313354, 0.7585223317146301, 0.5646753907203674, -0.3262708783149719, 0.17874880135059357, 0.2624987065792084, 0.17351220548152924, -0.6455551981925964, -0.013336441479623318, -0.36638858914375305, 0.29989391565322876, 0.22989371418952942, 0.14379388093948364, 0.045982230454683304, 0.7886530160903931, 0.5347512364387512, 0.36920344829559326, -0.19841526448726654, -0.13299725949764252, -0.09921201318502426, -0.39644941687583923, -0.3018011450767517, 0.09541743993759155, -0.3735615313053131, -0.2956356406211853, -0.4768001139163971, -0.3407731056213379, -0.43028363585472107, 0.5777510404586792, 0.5364370346069336, -0.029617689549922943, 0.824536144733429, 0.1516687273979187, 0.677704930305481, -0.6561328172683716, -0.3478389382362366, -0.1928369104862213, -0.789040207862854, 0.7064401507377625, -0.4934886395931244, 0.3013777434825897, 0.09381114691495895, 0.06759116053581238, -0.5790549516677856, -0.034027423709630966, 0.07156847417354584, -0.38146698474884033, -0.5156357288360596, -0.4955075681209564, 0.39347031712532043, -0.8839266300201416, -0.06404754519462585, 0.4693022072315216, 0.22999176383018494, 0.07821115851402283, -0.6955089569091797, -0.8367756009101868, -0.19131705164909363, 0.44708549976348877, 0.20997142791748047, -0.36942848563194275, 0.27609410881996155, -0.2788054943084717, -0.3001651167869568, 0.18125297129154205, -0.2100265622138977, -0.02478712424635887, 0.13823339343070984, 0.39897334575653076, -0.13918881118297577, -0.1321679651737213, 0.08153259009122849, -0.16324074566364288, 0.3473348021507263, 0.06613992154598236, 0.20733486115932465, 0.3470425307750702, 0.2834146320819855, -0.026815863326191902, 0.05738260596990585, 0.10510779917240143, 0.561984658241272, -0.08180104196071625, -0.48600074648857117, -0.08382949233055115, 0.4828563630580902, -0.9003055691719055, -0.16660919785499573, -0.26488181948661804, -0.04987351968884468, 0.18406246602535248, -0.6036289930343628, -0.017228012904524803, 0.26718515157699585, -0.4862831234931946, -0.1450112909078598, 0.19083571434020996, 0.7967320084571838, -1.0705965757369995, 0.012290982529520988, 0.12002702057361603, -0.35682201385498047, -0.004343440290540457, -0.2345130294561386, 0.24754449725151062, -0.0008497433154843748, -0.37955397367477417, 0.005748629104346037, -0.23717978596687317, 0.7257823348045349, -0.056501246988773346, -0.21217088401317596, 0.3746706247329712, -0.09415825456380844, -0.08509182184934616, -0.40648388862609863, -0.3563455045223236, -0.26632407307624817, 0.42371392250061035, 0.06716454774141312, -0.15898075699806213, -0.010835415683686733, -0.011256815865635872, -0.10711295902729034, 0.8741907477378845, 1.5756267309188843, -0.04495345428586006, -0.4738177955150604, 0.2697916328907013, 0.20602980256080627, 0.3604710102081299, -0.6846217513084412, -0.5973814725875854, -0.11271204799413681, 0.6362518668174744, -0.11792679131031036, -0.7943232655525208, -0.25035855174064636, 0.12791112065315247, 0.09380266815423965, -0.37642067670822144, -0.09676216542720795, 0.10796299576759338, 0.6355463266372681, 0.27516138553619385, 0.37913957238197327, -0.2645518481731415, -0.43094998598098755, 0.317269891500473, 0.19588087499141693, -0.836306095123291, -0.10581213235855103, 0.1876392960548401, -0.3514851927757263, 0.2051416039466858, 0.4293976128101349, 0.7445337772369385, 0.39999520778656006, 0.5956066846847534, 0.17541369795799255, 0.10138516873121262, -0.38995808362960815, 0.33021292090415955, 0.27806946635246277, -0.3802424669265747, 0.27177855372428894, -0.043056193739175797, -0.5555628538131714, -0.0951181948184967, -0.14517685770988464, 0.45409536361694336, 0.14376671612262726, -0.3900684118270874, -0.37045755982398987, -0.03504081070423126, -0.2301941215991974, -0.25124838948249817, 0.5775891542434692, -0.2598268389701843, 0.42359283566474915, 0.28972259163856506, 0.5451616644859314, -0.05015971511602402, 0.659635066986084, -0.9283110499382019, 0.37577024102211, -0.24725154042243958, -1.2846547365188599, 0.5810889601707458, -0.179690420627594, -0.06507527828216553, -0.5268774628639221, 0.5697277784347534, -0.2010934054851532, -0.020169587805867195, -0.17471539974212646, -0.29103317856788635, 0.9866372346878052, -0.033462781459093094, -0.3271098732948303, 0.585319995880127, -0.30650216341018677, -0.15917544066905975, 0.34658607840538025, 0.10594918578863144, -0.2673296332359314, -0.30060014128685, 0.06316900998353958, 0.09305518865585327, 0.26695698499679565, -0.2606961131095886, -0.47904351353645325, 0.044346559792757034, 0.6094773411750793, 0.4675026535987854, 0.18080584704875946, -0.10758396238088608, 0.16043345630168915, -0.24590429663658142, -0.046812694519758224, 0.33708932995796204, 0.0065381708554923534, -0.6095262169837952, 0.6732020974159241, -0.1313973367214203, 0.10913556069135666, 0.05578472092747688, -0.21803821623325348, -0.02769274078309536, 0.647148847579956, 0.12284768372774124, 0.34617239236831665, -0.32358893752098083, 0.25091519951820374, 0.3569880425930023, -0.13099436461925507, 0.3158426880836487, -0.4070855975151062, -0.33099618554115295, -0.4441404342651367, 0.5563516020774841, -0.5564060807228088, -0.04024519398808479, 0.04645870253443718, -0.006831300910562277, 0.20661209523677826, 0.35826462507247925, -0.41118425130844116, 0.3888493776321411, -0.010304246097803116, 0.7524402141571045, -0.9117051959037781, -0.05006245896220207, 0.24103830754756927, 0.16610023379325867, 0.5953837633132935, -0.5872918963432312, 0.519604504108429, 0.1708114892244339, 0.2987492084503174, 0.5738767385482788, 0.7240225076675415, -0.16086512804031372, -0.2867337763309479, -0.3307749330997467, 0.21581274271011353, -0.08653455227613449, -0.6261298060417175, -0.4157942533493042, -0.24179913103580475, -0.08017293363809586, -0.0782313197851181, 0.4205594062805176, 0.6282415986061096, 0.09449457377195358, -0.5391340851783752, -0.18172785639762878, -0.19769519567489624, -0.5458489060401917, -0.15599431097507477, -0.20942676067352295, 0.6669736504554749, 0.053245335817337036, 0.03555829077959061, -0.5463408827781677, 0.4170542061328888, 0.2325114756822586, -0.20249700546264648, -0.28590261936187744, -0.18297667801380157, -0.37194573879241943, 0.07759520411491394, -0.07756074517965317, 0.719174861907959, 0.4222525358200073, -0.24699662625789642, -0.17154701054096222, -0.10072991997003555, 0.13116733729839325, 0.11246766149997711, 0.5594410300254822, -0.7058833241462708, 0.12531399726867676, -0.6203681230545044, -0.019733229652047157, 0.245877206325531, -0.10231029987335205, 0.3051796555519104, -0.058943577110767365, -0.3833847641944885, -0.4929908215999603, -0.25262877345085144, -0.5690069198608398, 0.14543874561786652, -0.23687458038330078, 0.864956796169281, -0.7827321290969849, 0.2847282588481903, -0.11854977905750275, -0.12311144918203354, 0.1228453516960144, 0.003607040736824274, 0.6501123905181885, -0.171136274933815, 0.3836483657360077, -0.1790328025817871, -0.1732853204011917, 0.03214553743600845, 0.06427165865898132, -0.21021246910095215, -0.06967432051897049, 0.19536232948303223, -0.6829468011856079, -0.01431962102651596, 0.4031067192554474, -0.5991331934928894, 0.22695262730121613, 0.0013367444043979049, 0.16972249746322632, 0.31244006752967834, 0.4285697042942047, -1.1426894664764404, -0.5810079574584961, 0.18701140582561493 ]
216437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo%20%28disambiguation%29	Dynamo (disambiguation)	A dynamo is a magnetic device originally used as an electric generator. Dynamo or Dinamo may also refer to: Places Dinamo (Moscow Metro), a station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia People Dynamo (magician), stage name of English magician Steven Frayne Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities Dynamo (Fox Feature Syndicate), a 1940s comic book character Dynamo, a character from the Mega Man X series Dynamo, a comic book character and member of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Dynamo, one of the "stalkers" from the movie The Running Man Captain Dynamo (comics), a fictional comic book superhero Crimson Dynamo, the name of several fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe, most of whom have been supervillains Dynamo 5, a fictional superhero team appearing in the comic book of the same name Dynamo Duck, the main character in the children's television series The Adventures of Dynamo Duck Dynamo Joe, a 1980s comic book series DynaMo, a 1998 BBC educational character Music Albums Dynamo (Avengers in Sci-Fi album), a 2010 album by Japanese electro-rock band Avengers in Sci-Fi Dynamo (Soda Stereo album), a 1992 album by Argentine rock band Soda Stereo Other music Dynamo, a collaboration project of Muriel Moreno and Marc Collin of Nouvelle Vague Dynamo Open Air, an annual heavy metal music festival held in the Netherlands Other arts, entertainment, and media DynaMo, a 1998 British educational programme and website Dynamo (play), a 1929 play by Eugene O'Neill Captain Dynamo (video game), a platform game developed by Codemasters and released for the Commodore Amiga and other platforms in 1993 Brands and enterprises Dynamo, a brand of laundry detergent, owned by Colgate-Palmolive Dynamo Corporation, American manufacturer of pool and air hockey tables Science, engineering, and technology Astrophysics Dynamo theory, a theory relating to magnetic fields of celestial bodies Solar dynamo, the physical process that generates the Sun's magnetic field Software DYNAMO (programming language), a simulation language Dynamo (storage system), a distributed data store Amazon DynamoDB, a storage system Sports Association football clubs Dinamo Zagreb, a Croatian football club Dynamo FC (disambiguation) FC Dinamo București, a Romanian football club FC Dynamo Kyiv, a Ukrainian football club Houston Dynamo FC, an American soccer club Basketball teams BC Dynamo Moscow, a Russian basketball team BC Dynamo Saint Petersburg, a Russian basketball team BC Dinamo Tbilisi, a Georgian basketball team Dinamo Basket Sassari, an Italian basketball team CS Dinamo București (basketball), a Romanian basketball team Ice hockey teams Dinamo Riga, an ice hockey team HC Dynamo Minsk, an ice hockey team HC Dinamo Moscow, an ice hockey team HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg, an ice hockey team Multi-sports clubs Dynamo Sports Club, a multi-sports club of the Soviet Union SC Dynamo Berlin, a multi-sportsclub in East Berlin, affiliated to SV Dynamo SV Dynamo, a multi-sports association of the German Democratic Republic CS Dinamo București, a multi-sports association of Ministry of Internal Affairs from Romania Other sports Durham Dynamos, the limited overs team of Durham County Cricket Club Dynamo Kazan Bandy Club Dynamo Moscow (bandy club) Dynamo Moscow (women's volleyball) Dynamo Leningrad (bandy club) Futsal Dinamo, a Croatian futsal team CS Dinamo București (men's handball), a Romanian handball team Stadiums Belarus Dinamo Stadium (Minsk), Belarus Romania Dinamo Stadium (Bucharest), Romania Russia Dynamo Sports Palace, an indoor sporting arena in Moscow Dynamo Stadium (Moscow) Dynamo Stadium (Bryansk) Dynamo Stadium (Vladivostok) Ukraine Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium, Kyiv, Ukraine Uzbekistan Dynamo Samarkand Stadium, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Other uses Dynamo (typeface), a typeface designed by K. Sommer for Ludwig & Mayer in 1930 Dunwich Dynamo, an annual bicycle ride from London to Dunwich, England Jugendkulturhaus Dynamo, a cultural center for youth in Zürich Operation Dynamo, the World War II mass evacuation of Allied soldiers from Dunkirk	[ 0.018683765083551407, -0.1544099897146225, 0.16759467124938965, 0.5835391283035278, -0.3592955470085144, -0.07767040282487869, -0.015130998566746712, -0.45235195755958557, -0.321782648563385, 0.10809580981731415, -0.07204657793045044, 0.3020656704902649, -0.5039096474647522, 0.9085862636566162, -0.28752943873405457, 0.33057332038879395, 0.07153796404600143, 0.3325076699256897, -0.5202651619911194, -0.1032615602016449, -0.04590829834342003, 0.1978025734424591, 0.47342294454574585, -0.038247089833021164, -0.127536341547966, -0.22350813448429108, -0.1977013349533081, -0.22162441909313202, -0.029709042981266975, 0.624871551990509, -0.19598527252674103, 0.689376711845398, 0.3034726083278656, 0.12353241443634033, 0.2018968164920807, 0.09017292410135269, -0.17320705950260162, -0.2075975388288498, -0.31624042987823486, -0.865577757358551, 0.1615840196609497, -0.08978934586048126, 0.027144240215420723, 0.25451892614364624, -0.17943347990512848, -0.030228106305003166, -1.3531651496887207, 0.031231116503477097, -0.4956235885620117, -0.40932342410087585, -0.41787639260292053, 0.024432964622974396, 0.5032616257667542, 0.6498498916625977, -0.46635887026786804, 0.5850541591644287, -0.6744946837425232, -0.015739157795906067, 0.35495391488075256, -0.0550195686519146, 0.11797289550304413, 0.07990162074565887, 0.021202407777309418, 0.47837772965431213, 0.5435976386070251, -0.24955038726329803, -0.19438065588474274, 0.5391019582748413, -0.43470096588134766, -0.498841255903244, -0.3303750455379486, 0.04543245956301689, -0.07063271105289459, -0.1958433985710144, -0.5516916513442993, -0.17959415912628174, 0.2152470350265503, -0.3317158818244934, 0.02626059576869011, 0.18211758136749268, -0.48869064450263977, 0.5365694761276245, 0.45623478293418884, -0.2996038496494293, 0.43804705142974854, 0.14208897948265076, -0.5255957841873169, 0.5858756303787231, 0.11760465800762177, 0.5553539991378784, 0.23169146478176117, -0.22095003724098206, 0.6129645109176636, 0.14947611093521118, -0.5460405945777893, 0.19791391491889954, 0.2115776240825653, -0.2622852921485901, -0.11354710161685944, -0.4380760192871094, 0.16066941618919373, 0.10720446705818176, 0.191234290599823, -0.2739337384700775, 0.20683716237545013, -0.9911071062088013, 0.12379080802202225, -0.07381846010684967, 0.1803438812494278, -0.45429572463035583, -1.0121617317199707, 0.21276099979877472, -0.05800497159361839, -0.030566435307264328, -0.03892229497432709, 0.11320868879556656, 0.22385776042938232, 0.5873709321022034, 0.21630758047103882, 0.24422070384025574, 0.6864683628082275, 0.7097095251083374, -0.20025260746479034, 0.03361442685127258, -0.18963506817817688, 0.3377157151699066, 0.5200853943824768, 0.9119543433189392, -0.8275328278541565, -0.35540086030960083, -0.15845005214214325, 1.1214617490768433, -0.06547311693429947, 0.11054367572069168, -0.06654030084609985, -0.1369694471359253, 0.3780103623867035, 0.1795332133769989, -0.1584758460521698, 0.2529255747795105, -0.5238921642303467, 0.24348627030849457, -0.6596763134002686, 0.044488728046417236, -0.1348898708820343, -0.029694972559809685, -0.25448694825172424, -0.14544837176799774, 0.08733632415533066, 0.13869619369506836, -0.42958906292915344, 0.31998106837272644, 0.0025071417912840843, 0.37953561544418335, -0.5933364629745483, -0.5264094471931458, -0.08241736888885498, -0.24239979684352875, 0.09483599662780762, 0.02479277364909649, -0.04226464033126831, -0.15599583089351654, -0.20335371792316437, 0.40474334359169006, -0.40491724014282227, -0.5638151168823242, 0.7902277112007141, 0.14067351818084717, -0.14142268896102905, -0.09682196378707886, -0.28136253356933594, -0.14459288120269775, -0.014432313852012157, 0.5439665913581848, -0.07715585827827454, 0.31453391909599304, 0.18411335349082947, 0.32137349247932434, 0.7357119917869568, -0.06870528310537338, -0.9077349305152893, 0.012833924032747746, 0.10155987739562988, -0.19555294513702393, 0.5882694125175476, 0.30052894353866577, -0.06916215270757675, 0.21779343485832214, 0.08508827537298203, -0.31304600834846497, -0.16616883873939514, 0.06917718052864075, -0.38814517855644226, -0.6094350218772888, 1.16636323928833, 0.012358192354440689, -0.25514012575149536, -0.13828954100608826, 0.008127858862280846, 0.06688439100980759, -0.01095736026763916, -0.1566350758075714, -0.3507836163043976, 0.08562449365854263, -0.09572422504425049, 0.9035310745239258, 0.028600387275218964, 0.32696080207824707, -0.05495410040020943, 0.013073439709842205, 0.18008489906787872, -0.718822717666626, 0.878652811050415, -0.2929794490337372, -0.17225372791290283, 0.234949991106987, -0.8411339521408081, 0.19254693388938904, 0.11651771515607834, 0.04013197124004364, 0.7587738633155823, 0.058518245816230774, -0.3175981044769287, 0.45358315110206604, 0.14934705197811127, 0.6961038112640381, 0.6086422801017761, 0.047243598848581314, 0.23667722940444946, -0.7750510573387146, 0.01761612482368946, 0.1986755132675171, 0.03433499112725258, -0.14962075650691986, -0.17179319262504578, 0.1298702210187912, 0.021981950849294662, -0.4251200556755066, 0.30909717082977295, -0.2578805685043335, 0.4210110306739807, 0.4153965711593628, -0.143221914768219, 0.5012180805206299, 0.5865280032157898, 0.021162506192922592, -0.1209154948592186, 0.11884755641222, -0.014891170896589756, -0.2101532518863678, -0.05671167001128197, 0.46107959747314453, 0.8578682541847229, -0.28695812821388245, -0.35268542170524597, -0.10645994544029236, -0.08851569890975952, -0.15003599226474762, 0.41412875056266785, 0.4960154592990875, 0.16876067221164703, 0.004799585323780775, -0.4780624210834503, -0.7515450119972229, -0.046582940965890884, -0.5726781487464905, -0.493150919675827, 0.26421621441841125, 0.049438588321208954, -0.04205384477972984, 0.4900819957256317, 0.0986572727560997, -0.30356165766716003, -0.8162540793418884, -0.4611164927482605, -0.7522565722465515, 0.08706336468458176, 0.3666762709617615, -0.25160762667655945, -0.460330069065094, -0.03914615511894226, 0.4346538484096527, 0.06511835008859634, -0.5356001257896423, -0.08865176141262054, -0.0996527299284935, -0.21316121518611908, -0.2174234241247177, 0.2650004029273987, -0.9944113492965698, -0.38893336057662964, 0.06803982704877853, -0.286805659532547, 0.16748008131980896, -0.19069832563400269, 0.6672979593276978, -0.05855230987071991, -0.1294609159231186, 0.18194375932216644, -0.11920837312936783, -0.7805277705192566, -0.012226035818457603, -0.10761509835720062, -0.5664241909980774, -0.33237606287002563, -0.6206943392753601, 0.16800563037395477, 0.10306233912706375, -5.79591703414917, 0.1136627346277237, -0.3361697793006897, -0.29359447956085205, -0.007828449830412865, 0.18335272371768951, 0.5061022043228149, 0.5793313384056091, -0.49905526638031006, 0.10035350918769836, -0.38928496837615967, -0.06308108568191528, -0.3661407232284546, 0.18903224170207977, 0.5187148451805115, 0.29746749997138977, 0.7976459860801697, 0.1327793151140213, 0.300258070230484, -0.2612418830394745, 0.010084598325192928, 0.29063209891319275, -0.275875985622406, 0.6086268424987793, 0.09159957617521286, 0.00081438641063869, -0.1962958425283432, 0.17140735685825348, -0.5754457712173462, 0.016465431079268456, -0.4240911900997162, -0.1104593351483345, -0.39344242215156555, -0.20774328708648682, 0.27341723442077637, 0.07504566758871078, 0.49716082215309143, 0.08568106591701508, -0.031436946243047714, -0.19955770671367645, -0.23548777401447296, 0.7160620093345642, 0.20852923393249512, 0.3320692181587219, 0.2910582423210144, -0.20282618701457977, -0.09595569223165512, -0.24008212983608246, -0.6491336822509766, 0.6763427257537842, -0.25547677278518677, -0.01860193908214569, 0.57908034324646, -0.7883263230323792, 0.4002334475517273, 0.05092926323413849, 0.7249926328659058, 0.2693890929222107, -0.44831788539886475, 0.3549545705318451, 0.22521205246448517, -0.07194999605417252, -0.022905578836798668, -0.4209771156311035, -0.340889036655426, 0.24795469641685486, -0.6768403649330139, -0.40889906883239746, 0.8347565531730652, 0.152309387922287, -0.5630396008491516, 1.049085259437561, 0.05416211113333702, -0.6642093062400818, -0.08171883970499039, 0.34764137864112854, 0.1825009435415268, 0.09034045785665512, 0.44140905141830444, 0.29857274889945984, -0.6148238778114319, -0.4148712754249573, -0.2977489233016968, 0.27599576115608215, 0.23981957137584686, 0.10918673872947693, -0.3983975052833557, 0.028469465672969818, -0.10484056919813156, 0.4048508107662201, 1.077028512954712, 0.17332488298416138, 0.46490058302879333, 0.08220767974853516, 0.3983612060546875, 0.5373868346214294, 0.039353836327791214, -0.2090834528207779, 0.11395498365163803, -0.487583726644516, -0.07416560500860214, -0.42267459630966187, 0.2730960547924042, -0.2648630738258362, 0.030280739068984985, -0.11196047812700272, -0.615424394607544, 0.2713143825531006, 0.590948760509491, 0.05334268882870674, 0.5273174047470093, 0.23342560231685638, -0.2988698482513428, -0.6601090431213379, 0.4918893575668335, 0.32158634066581726, -0.08254226297140121, 0.5408510565757751, 0.7518958449363708, -0.20927731692790985, 0.32917165756225586, 0.30405861139297485, -0.393539160490036, -0.6529907584190369, -0.3341795802116394, -0.12036118656396866, 0.11302383989095688, 0.3017616271972656, 0.12877896428108215, -0.13353970646858215, 0.31574034690856934, 0.5317118167877197, 0.00009627452527638525, -0.4061819016933441, 0.10664709657430649, -0.23292680084705353, 0.10082314163446426, 0.18765439093112946, -0.2990044057369232, -0.5730947256088257, 0.2201365828514099, -0.2332007884979248, -0.22725893557071686, -0.09678936004638672, 0.47390106320381165, 0.16906589269638062, 0.05287227779626846, -0.06423289328813553, 0.28375932574272156, 0.5516451597213745, 0.439877986907959, -0.772940456867218, 0.46636924147605896, -0.12496186792850494, 0.12274255603551865, 0.3832745850086212, 0.33560609817504883, -0.27146294713020325, 0.4236714243888855, -0.14539074897766113, -0.08587547391653061, -0.009572199545800686, -0.8601640462875366, -0.37753528356552124, 0.4799400269985199, 0.044281188398599625, -0.803801417350769, -0.5140572190284729, 0.5412338376045227, 0.8567133545875549, -0.17115886509418488, -0.65007084608078, -0.7993366718292236, -0.4438117444515228, 0.6103699207305908, 0.4280101954936981, 0.32711097598075867, 0.09430740028619766, -0.09428422898054123, -0.580445408821106, 0.632574200630188, -0.15539471805095673, -0.24622155725955963, 0.6713645458221436, 0.3784967064857483, -0.6313042640686035, -0.35584625601768494, 0.3159449100494385, -0.3838617503643036, 0.18798519670963287, 0.04400923103094101, 0.2966122031211853, 0.18046565353870392, -0.11181055009365082, -0.1271197646856308, -0.07427237182855606, -0.2596399188041687, 0.35067424178123474, 0.05164886638522148, -0.4931662082672119, -0.16320279240608215, 0.3983464241027832, -0.33010971546173096, -0.19140565395355225, 0.1465427726507187, -0.5213815569877625, 0.13050366938114166, -0.19352401793003082, -0.3254806399345398, 0.1620670109987259, -0.15262830257415771, -0.38518503308296204, -0.7749472260475159, 0.058208998292684555, -0.2194378823041916, 0.061830662190914154, 0.14761559665203094, -0.30394965410232544, -0.3603176772594452, -0.41933920979499817, -0.09992227703332901, 0.5425559878349304, 0.06525307148694992, 0.07757110893726349, 0.4956861734390259, -0.10437438637018204, 0.1702081710100174, 0.04858529195189476, 0.2023434042930603, 0.010882264003157616, -0.790506899356842, -0.19620776176452637, -0.41500842571258545, -0.5073650479316711, 0.11689512431621552, -0.026950495317578316, 0.05397503823041916, 0.24135935306549072, -0.4591544270515442, -0.26072168350219727, 0.6003831028938293, 0.6228734850883484, 0.013158457353711128, -0.109848752617836, 0.20513656735420227, -0.3462790846824646, 0.3944242000579834, -0.4573761522769928, -0.5662283897399902, 0.1799534559249878, 0.06656923145055771, -0.19307121634483337, -1.2929197549819946, -0.6943572759628296, 0.743104100227356, 0.13364779949188232, 0.23624011874198914, -0.4344801604747772, 0.6608117818832397, 0.2024320662021637, -0.18791739642620087, -0.10118752717971802, -0.4090963304042816, -0.3624500334262848, -0.08328945189714432, 0.636492908000946, -0.46103575825691223, -0.14449679851531982, 0.5418787002563477, -0.9312668442726135, 0.6018558144569397, 0.19990508258342743, 0.2799561321735382, 0.4633473753929138, 0.46077388525009155, 0.3256080448627472, 0.05101882666349411, -0.2804555892944336, -0.09840879589319229, -0.15072882175445557, 0.0415826290845871, 0.0674964189529419, 0.5748387575149536, -0.007634999696165323, 0.28510311245918274, 0.2708421051502228, 0.008290217258036137, -0.5554169416427612, -0.2982325255870819, -0.17064057290554047, -0.37585973739624023, -0.1446160525083542, 0.1927272230386734, 0.049965567886829376, -0.10010651499032974, 0.019231176003813744, -0.10281676054000854, 0.07743223756551743, 0.12092670798301697, 0.18701547384262085, -0.8168132901191711, 0.5483120679855347, 0.13879702985286713, -0.7622423768043518, 0.7183120846748352, -0.15601679682731628, 0.08896242827177048, -0.21346163749694824, -0.18267333507537842, -0.49004316329956055, 0.3686069846153259, -0.014450407586991787, -0.5049675107002258, 0.5746580362319946, -0.21632328629493713, -0.3364352583885193, 0.6093221306800842, 0.05741589888930321, 0.24735596776008606, 0.09246578812599182, 0.030109604820609093, 0.217307910323143, 0.4521997570991516, -0.33937710523605347, -0.24469564855098724, 0.19433341920375824, -0.6768367886543274, -0.19988994300365448, 0.0037486732471734285, 0.12038280814886093, 0.87666916847229, 0.5342164039611816, -0.5266009569168091, 0.7847095131874084, 0.022331520915031433, -0.21400205790996552, 0.5032442212104797, -0.42337045073509216, -0.48285403847694397, 0.952033519744873, 0.20924708247184753, 0.5416155457496643, 0.29687368869781494, 0.39617976546287537, -0.2735441029071808, 0.4813244044780731, 0.07529010623693466, 0.3810618221759796, -0.6005744934082031, 0.09143228083848953, 0.2248886227607727, -0.19826403260231018, 0.1445692628622055, -0.5955904722213745, -0.27541518211364746, -0.2528657019138336, 0.7303089499473572, -0.14703382551670074, 0.4063510000705719, -0.4668298363685608, -0.05998419597744942, 0.606583833694458, -0.07849829643964767, -0.2053922563791275, 0.40134280920028687, 0.2560936510562897, 0.25345584750175476, -0.9086284637451172, 0.03146376833319664, 0.08503329008817673, 0.5893205404281616, 0.2177179455757141, -0.15606848895549774, 0.5836297273635864, -0.04351070895791054, 0.04400242865085602, 0.49283578991889954, 0.5728264451026917, -0.3280484676361084, -0.299370139837265, -0.2630736529827118, 0.8176486492156982, -0.4274307191371918, -0.5451968312263489, -0.07375075668096542, -0.3595724403858185, 0.10301121324300766, -0.044359926134347916, 0.43139830231666565, 0.2105359584093094, 0.1092652752995491, -0.5073622465133667, 0.05107121542096138, -0.45055532455444336, -0.05320863053202629, -0.08760657906532288, -0.4709905982017517, 0.20974357426166534, -0.10566630959510803, 0.28393733501434326, -0.17731474339962006, -0.1374942660331726, 0.05789469927549362, 0.046831805258989334, -0.456257700920105, 0.04998662695288658, -0.06975986808538437, 0.46758249402046204, -0.6244401931762695, 0.39985373616218567, 0.37416255474090576, -0.7233737707138062, 0.2089175134897232, 0.140359565615654, 0.057764362543821335, -0.19926074147224426, 0.4190518260002136, -0.35503581166267395, -0.18373394012451172, -0.23554277420043945, -0.3654772937297821, -0.3681173324584961, 0.40655091404914856, 0.07025868445634842, -0.4884493350982666, -0.3003549575805664, 0.607856273651123, -0.1877046376466751, -0.30808329582214355, 0.20802931487560272, -0.39087313413619995, 0.4901379346847534, -0.840632438659668, 0.1569344401359558, -0.38248366117477417, -0.0480436310172081, 0.06641189754009247, 0.3785655200481415, 0.06225360557436943, -0.12038800120353699, 0.48326998949050903, 0.24032972753047943, -0.28338566422462463, 0.414170503616333, -1.4968132972717285, 0.13135406374931335, -0.23360981047153473, 0.08686729520559311, -0.2777841091156006, 0.45984628796577454, 0.45359134674072266, -0.3518964946269989, -0.3326038122177124, -0.39114639163017273, 0.10977684706449509, -0.01979830116033554, 0.1683017611503601, -0.9494776129722595, -0.4568873941898346, 0.631995439529419 ]
216440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Mosaddegh	Mohammad Mosaddegh	Mohammad Mosaddegh (, ; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician who served as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran, holding office from 1951 until 1953, when his government was overthrown in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état orchestrated by the United Kingdom's MI6 and the American CIA, led by Kermit Roosevelt Jr. An author, administrator, lawyer and parliamentarian, his administration introduced a range of social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes including the introduction of taxation on the rent of land. His government's most significant policy, however, was the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been built by the British on Persian lands since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/), later known as British Petroleum (BP). Many Iranians regard Mosaddegh as the leading champion of secular democracy and resistance to foreign domination in Iran's modern history. Following an initial failed coup by the CIA/MI6-backed General Fazlollah Zahedi, the CIA field agent in charge, Kermit Roosevelt, nonetheless defied orders and attempted a second overthrow. By paying mobs to demonstrate, tricking Mossadegh into urging his supporters to stay home, and bribing and mobilizing officers against Mossadegh, he was able to force a military confrontation outside Mossadegh's home. With loyalist troops overwhelmed, Mossadegh was pulled out by aides (though he stated his wish of dying in the house instead of fleeing) into hiding. He surrendered himself to the Officers' Club when Zahedi announced an order for his arrest on the radio. Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death and was buried in his own home so as to prevent a political furor. In 2013, the U.S. government formally acknowledged the U.S. role in the coup, as a part of its foreign policy initiatives. Early life Mosaddegh was born to a prominent Persian family of high officials in Tehran on 16 June 1882; his father, Mirza Hideyatu'llah Ashtiani, was the finance minister under the Qajar dynasty, and his mother, Princess Malek Taj Najm-es-Saltaneh, was the granddaughter of the reformist Qajar prince Abbas Mirza, and a great-granddaughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. When Mosaddegh's father died in 1892, his uncle was appointed the tax collector of the Khorasan province and was bestowed with the title of Mosaddegh-os-Saltaneh by Nasser al-Din Shah. Mosaddegh himself later bore the same title, by which he was still known to some long after titles were abolished. In 1901, Mosaddegh married Zahra Emami (1879–1965), a granddaughter of Nasser al-Din Shah through her mother Zi'a es-Saltaneh. Education In 1909, Mosaddegh pursued education abroad in Paris, France where he studied at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). He studied there for 2 years, returning to Iran because of illness in 1911. After 5 months, Mosaddegh returned to Europe to study a Doctorate of Laws (doctorate en Droit) at the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. In June 1913, Mosaddegh received his doctorate and in doing so became the first Iranian to receive a PhD in Law from a European university. Mosaddegh taught at the Tehran School of Political Science at the start of World War I before beginning his political career. Early political career Mosaddegh started his political career with the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–07. At the age of 24, he was elected from Isfahan to the newly inaugurated Persian Parliament, the Majlis of Iran. However, he was unable to assume his seat, because he had not reached the legal age of 30. During this period he also served as deputy leader of the Society of Humanity, under Mostowfi ol-Mamalek. In protest at the Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1919, he relocated to Switzerland, from where he returned the following year after being invited by the new Iranian prime minister, Hassan Pirnia (Moshir-ed-Dowleh), to become his minister of justice. While en route to Tehran, he was asked by the people of Shiraz to become the governor of the Fars Province. He was later appointed finance minister, in the government of Ahmad Qavam (Qavam os-Saltaneh) in 1921, and then foreign minister in the government of Moshir-ed-Dowleh in June 1923. He then became governor of the Azerbaijan Province. In 1923, he was re-elected to the Majlis. In 1925, the supporters of Reza Khan in the Majlis proposed legislation to dissolve the Qajar dynasty and appoint Reza Khan the new Shah. Mossadegh voted against such a move, arguing that such an act was a subversion of the 1906 Iranian constitution. He gave a speech in the Majlis, praising Reza Khan's achievements as prime minister while encouraging him to respect the constitution and stay as the prime minister. On 12 December 1925, the Majlis deposed the young Shah Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia, and the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. Mosaddegh then retired from politics, due to disagreements with the new regime. In 1941, Reza Shah Pahlavi was forced by the British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1944, Mosaddegh was once again elected to parliament. This time he took the lead of Jebhe Melli (National Front of Iran, created in 1949), an organization he had founded with nineteen others such as Hossein Fatemi, Ahmad Zirakzadeh, Ali Shayegan and Karim Sanjabi, aiming to establish democracy and end the foreign presence in Iranian politics, especially by nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's (AIOC) operations in Iran. In 1947 Mossadegh once again announced retirement, after an electoral-reform bill he had proposed failed to pass through Majlis. Prime Minister of Iran Appointment as Prime Minister On 28 April 1951, the Shah appointed Mosaddegh as Prime Minister after the Majlis (Parliament of Iran) nominated Mosaddegh by a vote of 79–12. The Shah was aware of Mosaddegh's rising popularity and political power, after a period of assassinations by Fada'iyan-e Islam and political unrest by the National Front. Demonstrations erupted in Tehran after Mosaddegh's appointment, with crowds further invigorated by the speeches of members from the National Front. There was a special focus on the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the heavy involvement of foreign actors and influences in Iranian affairs. Although Iran was not officially a colony or a protectorate, it was still heavily controlled by foreign powers beginning with concessions provided by the Qajar Shahs, and leading up to the oil agreement signed by Reza Shah in 1933. The new administration introduced a wide range of social reforms: unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords' estates. In 1952, Mossadegh passed the Land Reform Act which forced landlords to place 20% of their revenue into a development fund. This development fund paid for various projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control. On 1 May, Mosaddegh nationalised the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, canceling its oil concession, which was otherwise set to expire in 1993, and expropriating its assets. Mossadegh saw the AIOC as an arm of the British government controlling much of the oil in Iran, pushing him to seize what the British had built in Iran. The next month, a committee of five majlis deputies was sent to Khuzistan to enforce the nationalization. Mosaddegh justified his nationalisation policy by claiming Iran was "the rightful owner..." of all the oil in Iran, and also pointing out Iran could use the money, in a 21 June 1951 speech: The confrontation between Iran and Britain escalated as Mosaddegh's government refused to allow the British any involvement in their former enterprise, and Britain made sure Iran could sell no oil, which it considered stolen. In July, Mosaddegh broke off negotiations with AIOC after it threatened to "pull out its employees" and told owners of oil tanker ships that "receipts from the Iranian government would not be accepted on the world market." Two months later the AIOC evacuated its technicians and closed down the oil installations. Under nationalized management, many refineries lacked the trained technicians that were needed to continue production. The British government announced a de facto blockade, reinforced its naval force in the Persian Gulf and lodged complaints against Iran before the United Nations Security Council. The British government also threatened legal action against purchasers of oil produced in the Iranian refineries and obtained an agreement with its sister international oil companies not to fill in where the AIOC was boycotting Iran. The entire Iranian oil industry came to a virtual standstill, oil production dropping from in 1950 to in 1952. This Abadan Crisis reduced Iran's oil income to almost nothing, putting a severe strain on the implementation of Mosaddegh's promised domestic reforms. At the same time, BP and Aramco doubled their production in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq, to make up for lost production in Iran so that no hardship was felt in Britain. Still enormously popular in late 1951, Mosaddegh called elections. His base of support was in urban areas and not in the provinces. This fact was reflected in the rejection of Mosaddegh's bill for electoral reform (which no longer disqualified illiterates from electoral participation) by the conservative bloc, on the grounds that it would "unjustly discriminate patriots who had been voting for the last forty years". According to historian Ervand Abrahamian: "Realizing that the opposition would take the vast majority of the provincial seats, Mosaddegh stopped the voting as soon as 79 deputies – just enough to form a parliamentary quorum—had been elected." An alternative account is offered by journalist Stephen Kinzer: Beginning in the early 1950s under the guidance of C.M. Woodhouse, chief of the British intelligence station in Tehran, Britain's covert operations network had funneled roughly £10,000 per month to the Rashidian brothers (two of Iran's most influential royalists) in the hope of buying off, according to CIA estimates, "the armed forces, the Majlis (Iranian parliament), religious leaders, the press, street gangs, politicians and other influential figures". Thus, in his statement asserting electoral manipulation by "foreign agents", Mosaddegh suspended the elections. His National Front party had made up 30 of the 79 deputies elected. Yet none of those present vetoed the statement, and the elections were postponed indefinitely. The 17th Majlis convened in February 1952. Throughout Mossadegh's career, he strove to increase the power the people held versus the power of the crown. In 1952, he was granted emergency powers by the Majlis which he used to diminish the amount of power the Shah held at the time. He used these powers to place the control of the armed forces under the government, to decrease the size of the armed forces, and introduce land reforms with a more socialist approach. Tension soon began to escalate in the Majlis. Conservative opponents refused to grant Mosaddegh special powers to deal with the economic crisis caused by the sharp drop in revenue and voiced regional grievances against the capital Tehran, while the National Front waged "a propaganda war against the landed upper class". Resignation and uprising On 16 July 1952, during the royal approval of his new cabinet, Mosaddegh insisted on the constitutional prerogative of the Prime Minister to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff, something the Shah had done up to that point. The Shah refused, seeing it as a means for Mosaddegh to consolidate his power over the government at the expense of the monarchy. In response, Mosaddegh announced his resignation appealing directly to the public for support, pronouncing that "in the present situation, the struggle started by the Iranian people cannot be brought to a victorious conclusion". Veteran politician Ahmad Qavam (also known as Ghavam os-Saltaneh) was appointed as Iran's new Prime Minister. On the day of his appointment, he announced his intention to resume negotiations with the British to end the oil dispute, a reversal of Mosaddegh's policy. The National Front—along with various Nationalist, Islamist, and socialist parties and groups—including Tudeh—responded by calling for protests, assassinations of the Shah and other royalists, strikes and mass demonstrations in favor of Mosaddegh. Major strikes broke out in all of Iran's major towns, with the Bazaar closing down in Tehran. Over 250 demonstrators in Tehran, Hamadan, Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Kermanshah were killed or suffered serious injuries. After five days of mass demonstrations on Si-ye Tir (the 30th of Tir on the Iranian calendar), military commanders ordered their troops back to barracks, fearful of overstraining the enlisted men's loyalty, and left Tehran in the hands of the protesters. Frightened by the unrest, Shah dismissed Qavam and re-appointed Mosaddegh, granting him the full control of the military he had previously demanded. Reinstatement and emergency powers More popular than ever, a greatly strengthened Mosaddegh convinced parliament to grant him emergency powers for six months to "decree any law he felt necessary for obtaining not only financial solvency, but also electoral, judicial, and educational reforms". Majlis deputies elected Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani as House Speaker. Kashani's Islamic scholars, as well as the Tudeh Party, proved to be two of Mosaddegh's key political allies, although relations with both were often strained. With his emergency powers, Mosaddegh tried to limit the monarchy's powers, cutting the Shah's personal budget, forbidding him to communicate directly with foreign diplomats, transferring royal lands back to the state and expelling the Shah's politically active sister Ashraf Pahlavi. In January 1953, Mosaddegh successfully pressed Parliament to extend his emergency powers for another 12 months. With these powers, he decreed a land reform law that established village councils and increased the peasants' share of production. This weakened the landed aristocracy, abolishing Iran's centuries-old feudal agriculture sector, replacing it with a system of collective farming and government land ownership, which centralized power in his government. Mosaddegh saw these reforms as a means of checking the power of the Tudeh Party, which had been agitating for general land reform among the peasants. However, during this time Iranians were "becoming poorer and unhappier by the day" thanks to the British boycott. As Mosaddegh's political coalition began to fray, his enemies increased in number. Partly through the efforts of Iranians sympathizing with the British, and partly in fear of the growing dictatorial powers of the Prime Minister, several former members of Mosaddegh's coalition turned against him, fearing arrest. They included Mozzafar Baghai, head of the worker-based Toilers party; Hossein Makki, who had helped lead the takeover of the Abadan refinery and was at one point considered Mosaddegh's heir apparent; and most outspokenly Ayatollah Kashani, who damned Mosaddegh with the "vitriol he had once reserved for the British". The reason for difference of opinion among Makki and Mosaddegh was the sharp response of Mosaddegh to Kashani, who was an inoffensive scholar who attracted public support. Hossein Makki strongly opposed the dissolution of the parliament by Mossadegh and evaluated in the long run at his loss because with the closure of the parliament, the right to dismiss the Prime minister was made by the Shah. Overthrow of Mosaddegh Plot to depose Mosaddegh The British government had grown increasingly distressed over Mosaddegh's policies and were especially bitter over the loss of their control of the Iranian oil industry. Repeated attempts to reach a settlement had failed, and, in October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy and cut all diplomatic relations. Since 1935, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company had the exclusive rights to Iranian oil. Earlier in 1914, the British government had purchased 51% of its shares and became the majority shareholder. After the British Royal Navy converted its ships to use oil as fuel, the corporation was considered vital to British national security, and the company's profits partially alleviated Britain's budget deficit. Many Iranians resented the company's privileges and demanded a fair share of its takings. Engulfed in a variety of problems following World War II, Britain was unable to resolve the issue single-handedly and looked towards the United States to settle the matter. Initially, the USA had opposed British policies. After mediation had failed several times to bring about a settlement, American Secretary of State Dean Acheson concluded that the British were "destructive, and determined on a rule-or-ruin policy in Iran." The American position shifted in late 1952 when Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected U.S. president. In November and December, British intelligence officials suggested to American intelligence that the prime minister should be ousted. British prime minister Winston Churchill suggested to the incoming Eisenhower administration that Mossadegh, despite his open disgust with communism, was, or would become, dependent on the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party, resulting in Iran "increasingly turning towards communism" and towards the Soviet sphere at a time of high Cold War fears. After the Eisenhower administration had entered office in early 1953, the United States and the United Kingdom agreed to work together toward Mosaddegh's removal and began to publicly denounce Mosaddegh's policies for Iran as harmful to the country. In the meantime, the already precarious alliance between Mosaddegh and Kashani was severed in January 1953, when Kashani opposed Mosaddegh's demand that his increased powers be extended for a period of one year. Finally, to eliminate Mossadegh's threat to disrupt the cheap oil supply to the West and the withdrawal of profitable oil reserves from the hands of Western companies, the US made an attempt to depose him. Operation Ajax In March 1953, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was headed by his younger brother Allen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Mossadegh. On 4 April 1953, Allen Dulles approved $1 million to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mosaddegh". Soon the CIA's Tehran station started to launch a propaganda campaign against Mossadegh. Finally, according to The New York Times, in early June, American and British intelligence officials met again, this time in Beirut, and put the finishing touches on the strategy. Soon afterward, according to his later published accounts, the chief of the CIA's Near East and Africa division, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. the grandson of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, arrived in Tehran to direct it. In 2000, The New York Times made partial publication of a leaked CIA document titled Clandestine Service History – Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh of Iran – November 1952 – August 1953. The plot, known as Operation Ajax, centered on convincing Iran's monarch to issue a decree to dismiss Mosaddegh from office, as he had attempted some months earlier. But the Shah was terrified to attempt such a dangerously unpopular and risky move against Mosaddegh. It would take much persuasion and many U.S. funded meetings, which included bribing his sister Ashraf with a mink coat and money, to successfully change his mind. Mosaddegh became aware of the plots against him and grew increasingly wary of conspirators acting within his government. According to Dr. Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in the plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, Iranian CIA operatives pretending to be socialists and nationalists threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent earlier than planned, and stirring anti-Mossadegh sentiments within the religious community. A referendum to dissolve parliament and give the prime minister power to make law was submitted to voters, and it passed with 99 percent approval, 2,043,300 votes to 1300 votes against. According to Mark J. Gasiorowski, "There were separate polling stations for yes and no votes, producing sharp criticism of Mosaddeq" and that the "controversial referendum...gave the CIA's precoup propaganda campaign to show up Mosaddeq as an anti-democratic dictator an easy target". On or around 16 August, Parliament was suspended indefinitely, and Mosaddeq's emergency powers were extended. Declassified documents released by the CIA in 2017 revealed that – after the Shah had fled to Italy – CIA headquarters believed the coup to have failed. They sent a cable calling off operations to Roosevelt on 18 August 1953, but Roosevelt ignored it. Overthrow In August 1953, the Shah finally agreed to Mossadegh's overthrow, after Roosevelt said that the United States would proceed with or without him, and formally dismissed the prime minister in a written decree, an act that had been made part of the constitution during the Constitution Assembly of 1949, convened under martial law, at which time the power of the monarchy was increased in various ways by the Shah himself. As a precautionary measure, he flew to Baghdad and from there hid safely in Rome. He actually signed two decrees, one dismissing Mosaddegh and the other nominating the CIA's choice, General Fazlollah Zahedi, as Prime Minister. These decrees, called Farmāns, were specifically written as dictated by Donald Wilber, the CIA architect of the plan, and were designed as a major part of Wilber's strategy to give legitimacy to the coup, as can be read in the declassified plan itself, which bears his name. Soon, massive popular protests, aided by Roosevelt's team, took place across the city and elsewhere with tribesmen at the ready to assist the coup. Anti- and pro-monarchy protesters, both paid by Roosevelt, violently clashed in the streets, looting and burning mosques and newspapers, leaving almost 300 dead. The pro-monarchy leadership, chosen, hidden and finally unleashed at the right moment by the CIA team, led by retired army General and former Minister of Interior in Mosaddegh's cabinet, Fazlollah Zahedi joined with underground figures such as the Rashidian brothers and local strongman Shaban Jafari, to gain the upper hand on 19 August 1953 (28 Mordad). The military joined on cue: pro-Shah tank regiments stormed the capital and bombarded the prime minister's official residence, on Roosevelt's cue, according to his book. Mosaddegh managed to flee from the mob that set in to ransack his house, and, the following day, surrendered to General Zahedi, who was meanwhile set up by the CIA with makeshift headquarters at the Officers' Club. Mosaddegh was arrested at the Officers' Club and transferred to a military jail shortly after. On 22 August, the Shah returned from Rome. Zahedi's new government soon reached an agreement with foreign oil companies to form a consortium and "restore the flow of Iranian oil to world markets in substantial quantities", giving the United States and Great Britain the lion's share of the restored British holdings. In return, the US massively funded the Shah's resulting government, until the Shah's overthrow in 1979. As soon as the coup succeeded, many of Mosaddegh's former associates and supporters were tried, imprisoned, and tortured. Some were sentenced to death and executed. The minister of foreign affairs and the closest associate of Mosaddegh, Hossein Fatemi, was executed by order of the Shah's military court. The order was carried out by firing squad on 10 November 1954. Trial, final years and death On 21 December 1953, Mossadegh was sentenced to three years' solitary confinement in a military prison, well short of the death sentence requested by prosecutors. After hearing the sentence, Mossadegh was reported to have said with a calm voice of sarcasm: "The verdict of this court has increased my historical glories. I am extremely grateful you convicted me. Truly tonight the Iranian nation understood the meaning of constitutionalism." Mossadegh was kept under house arrest at his Ahmadabad residence, until his death on 5 March 1967. He was denied a funeral and was buried in his living room, despite his request to be buried in the public graveyard, beside the victims of the political violence on 30 Tir 1331 (21 July 1952). Electoral history Legacy Iran The secret U.S. overthrow of Mosaddegh served as a rallying point in anti-US protests during the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and to this day he is one of the most popular figures in Iranian history. The withdrawal of support for Mosaddegh by the powerful Shia clergy has been regarded as having been motivated by their fear of a communist takeover. Some argue that while many elements of Mosaddegh's coalition abandoned him, it was the loss of support from Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani and another cleric that was fatal to his cause, reflective of the dominance of the Ulema in Iranian society and a portent of the Islamic Revolution to come. The loss of the political clerics effectively cut Mosaddegh's connections with the lower middle classes and the Iranian masses which are crucial to any popular movement in Iran. U.S. The US role in Mosaddegh's overthrow was not formally acknowledged for many years, although the Eisenhower administration vehemently opposed Mossadegh's policies. President Eisenhower wrote angrily about Mosaddegh in his memoirs, describing him as impractical and naive. Eventually, the CIA's involvement with the coup was exposed. This caused controversy within the organization and the CIA congressional hearings of the 1970s. CIA supporters maintained that the coup was strategically necessary, and praised the efficiency of the agents responsible. Critics say the scheme was paranoid, colonial, illegal, and immoral—and truly caused the "blowback" suggested in the pre-coup analysis. The extent of this "blowback," over time, was not completely clear to the CIA, as they had an inaccurate picture of the stability of the Shah's regime. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 caught the CIA and the US very much off guard (as CIA reporting a mere month earlier predicted no imminent insurrectionary turbulence whatsoever for the Shah's regime), and resulted in the overthrow of the Shah by a fundamentalist faction opposed to the US, headed by Ayatollah Khomeini. In retrospect, not only did the CIA and the US underestimate the extent of popular discontent for the Shah, but much of that discontent historically stemmed from the removal of Mosaddegh and the subsequent clientelism of the Shah. In March 2000, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated her regret that Mosaddegh was ousted: "The Eisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons. But the coup was clearly a setback for Iran's political development and it is easy to see now why many Iranians continue to resent this intervention by America." In the same year, The New York Times published a detailed report about the coup based on declassified CIA documents. British Mosaddegh's overthrow had a direct relationship with the creation of an Islamic revolution and the collapse of the Pahlavi government. America's close relationship with the Shah and the subsequent hostility of the United States to the Islamic Republic and Britain's profitable interventions caused pessimism for Iranians, stirring nationalism and suspicion of foreign interference. Mosaddegh in the media Mosaddegh was named man of the year in 1951 by Time. Others considered for that year's title included Dean Acheson, General (and future President) Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur. The figure of Mosaddegh was an important element in the 2003 French TV production Soraya, which deals with the life of the Shah's second wife and former Queen of Iran, Princess Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari. Mosaddegh's role was played by the French actor Claude Brasseur. In Argo, Malick (Victor McCay) references Mosaddegh and the coup as he and Bates (Titus Welliver) try to deal with the situation at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. A short 24-minute film named Mosaddegh, directed by Roozbeh Dadvand, was released in 2011. The role of Mosaddegh was played by Iranian-American actor David Diaan. An independent video game called The Cat and the Coup was released in 2011. It features the player playing as Mosaddegh's cat reversing Mosaddegh's life to the beginning. In the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Senator Bernie Sanders, during debates, interviews, and speeches, repeatedly praised Mosaddegh's "secular, democratic government", while commenting on the 1953 CIA-backed coup, stating that it is a "bad example of U.S. foreign policy", resulting in "negative unintended consequences and dictatorships". Another candidate, Governor Martin O'Malley, said similar things. In Coup 53, a 2021 documentary, co-writers Taghi Amirani and Walter Murch assess new archive material about the 1953 CIA-backed coup of Mossadegh. The documentary's primary contribution is to uncover the extent of MI6 involvement, particularly that of Norman Darbyshire, the operative who led MI6's involvement in the coup. According to the newly-discovered archive material, Darbyshire was involved in the kidnapping, torture, and assassination of General Mahmoud Afshartous, Mossadegh's chief of police, and the bribing of Princess Ashraf, the twin sister of Shah Reza Pahlavi, to obtain the Shah's approval for the coup. The British government has never acknowledged its involvement in the overthrow of Mossadegh. In neighboring Afghanistan, support and sympathy for Mossadegh was evident in 1953 article in Kabul based Pamir Newspaper under the title "A friendly suggestion to the great nation of Iran", urging the authorities of the time to use best judgement during the trial regarding a man like Mossadegh. See also The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement Coup 53 Notes References Further reading Yves Bomati et Houchang Nahavandi: Mohammad Réza Pahlavi, le dernier shah – 1919–1980. Editions Perrin, 2013. Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism: essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, c 1993. 0-520-08173-0 Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, By Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982 Amir Taheri, The Persian Night: Iran under the Khomeinist Revolution. Encounter Books, 2009, Farhad Diba, Mohammad Mossadegh; A Political Biography. London: Croom Helm, 1986, Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994, Mark Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran, Cornell University Press, 1991, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954, Columbia University Press,1997, Sattareh Farman Farmaian & Dona Munker, Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Harem through the Islamic Revolution. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. Stephen Kinzer, All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq, Times Books, 2006, Nikki R. Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2003, Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, I B Tauris & Co, 1991, Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, edited by Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne. Translated into Persian as Mosaddegh va Coup de Etat by Ali Morshedizad, Ghasidehsara Pub. Co. Tom Gabbay The Tehran Conviction. William Morrow, 2009 . Christopher de Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia, . External links Mohammad Mosaddeq biography, Iran Chamber Society Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran—Book and declassified documents from the National Security Archive, 22 June 2004 \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- Commanders-in-Chief of Iran 1882 births 1967 deaths 20th-century Iranian people Finance ministers of Iran Iranian democracy activists Iranian expatriates in France Iranian expatriates in Switzerland Iranian governors Iranian nationalists Iranian social democrats Iranian secularists Leaders ousted by a coup Liberalism in Iran Asian social liberals Democrat Party (Persia) politicians Moderate Socialists Party politicians National Front (Iran) MPs Leaders of the National Front (Iran) Politicians from Tehran Prime Ministers of Iran Qajar dynasty Sciences Po alumni University of Neuchâtel alumni Deputies of Tehran for National Consultative Assembly People who have been placed under house arrest in Iran Iranian elected officials who did not take office Members of the 5th Iranian Majlis Members of the 6th Iranian Majlis Members of the 14th Iranian Majlis Members of the 16th Iranian Majlis Mostowfian Ashtiani family Time Person of the Year Foreign ministers of Iran Defence ministers of Iran	[ -0.8805596828460693, 0.34340015053749084, -0.8625535368919373, 0.07438265532255173, -0.5800901055335999, 0.09918705374002457, 0.44522398710250854, 0.10672669112682343, -0.15017572045326233, 0.055875014513731, -0.5753393173217773, 0.4835667014122009, -1.003404140472412, 0.45344066619873047, 0.13741198182106018, -0.32201650738716125, 0.3354122042655945, -0.2346116602420807, -0.4901338517665863, -0.2302173674106598, -0.035903722047805786, 0.2444564551115036, 0.41391491889953613, 0.09606865793466568, 0.023740267381072044, -0.10845601558685303, 0.1694575697183609, -0.48521530628204346, 0.030498700216412544, 0.1603657454252243, 0.24019457399845123, 0.14741654694080353, 0.16079598665237427, -0.0996340662240982, -0.37477558851242065, 0.09853265434503555, 0.14121100306510925, 0.06344311684370041, -0.11884657293558121, 0.2980145215988159, -0.28904229402542114, 0.01395412441343069, 0.14123602211475372, 0.29552099108695984, -0.1773347556591034, -1.0805001258850098, -0.6500856280326843, 0.5867111086845398, -0.20334024727344513, -0.381770521402359, -0.08053016662597656, 0.38178178668022156, 0.9509276151657104, 0.04020168259739876, 0.17006045579910278, -0.05145513638854027, -0.527155339717865, -0.028487859293818474, -0.24035976827144623, -0.6670742630958557, 0.33790192008018494, 0.40183505415916443, 0.4976721405982971, -0.28083935379981995, -0.12303221970796585, 0.2091696560382843, 0.38777703046798706, -0.3029167056083679, 0.019987085834145546, 0.32752808928489685, -0.30615466833114624, 0.12977835536003113, 0.2062404751777649, 0.019648360088467598, 0.8139358162879944, -0.917565643787384, 0.01845952868461609, 0.38784274458885193, -0.07139734923839569, -0.10634706169366837, 0.048050783574581146, -0.29287225008010864, 0.6320662498474121, 0.18783816695213318, -0.20022934675216675, -0.25518447160720825, -0.0012669787975028157, 0.7478878498077393, -0.44107964634895325, -0.37104520201683044, -0.25215283036231995, -0.2617526650428772, 0.4660893976688385, -0.059713173657655716, -0.7633951306343079, -0.11261676996946335, 0.2516757845878601, 0.19993856549263, -0.5176188349723816, -0.0032931186724454165, 0.14396660029888153, 0.6426347494125366, 0.3616700768470764, -0.43640846014022827, -0.46908965706825256, 0.06787493824958801, 0.14383701980113983, -0.14119139313697815, -0.4724462628364563, 0.09892839938402176, -0.631236732006073, 0.4323016405105591, -0.2790663242340088, -0.2381463348865509, -0.25298842787742615, -0.09698081016540527, -0.30681970715522766, -0.5501835346221924, 0.103758305311203, 0.2202744036912918, -0.6747667193412781, 0.6142607927322388, -0.10647322237491608, 0.3350110650062561, -0.13407482206821442, -0.4053378999233246, 0.08049530535936356, -0.1811482161283493, -0.08452383428812027, 0.6315486431121826, 0.901599645614624, 0.7950018048286438, -0.6636069416999817, 0.11980561912059784, 0.014589197002351284, -0.2700093686580658, 0.7249325513839722, -0.17147023975849152, 0.15561316907405853, 0.7324563264846802, -0.11570054292678833, -0.3423522412776947, -0.23472481966018677, 0.11168023943901062, -0.0200925525277853, -0.18126703798770905, 0.033740896731615067, -0.07530142366886139, -0.19360551238059998, -0.13929471373558044, -0.03860625997185707, -0.6468635201454163, -0.1284707933664322, -0.47616609930992126, -0.24688935279846191, 0.7255873084068298, -0.12536467611789703, 0.31710085272789, 0.2389756739139557, -0.24187561869621277, 0.4979690909385681, -0.019068457186222076, 0.15350231528282166, 0.06580039113759995, -0.2851116359233856, 0.05334552749991417, 0.061643216758966446, 0.21477997303009033, -0.3406164348125458, -0.025140322744846344, -0.5590649843215942, 0.1800912767648697, 0.27636420726776123, -0.38099393248558044, 0.40129077434539795, 1.0567511320114136, 0.45402878522872925, -0.7123438119888306, 0.18958966434001923, -0.11047813296318054, -0.5251806378364563, -0.5803606510162354, 0.04064600169658661, 0.13462376594543457, 0.37856611609458923, 0.18211819231510162, 0.7080628871917725, -0.6851896047592163, 0.8069860935211182, -0.6386330127716064, -0.32598578929901123, -0.5115358829498291, 0.09065215289592743, -0.5950452089309692, 0.6144689917564392, 0.3726349472999573, -0.3425869047641754, 0.4438769817352295, 0.14676335453987122, 1.0322341918945312, 0.17777062952518463, -0.7166708707809448, 0.504075288772583, -0.5270536541938782, -0.04053301736712456, 0.8874987959861755, 0.29706692695617676, 0.39855441451072693, 0.1232290118932724, 0.5855404138565063, 0.5541097521781921, -0.7448363304138184, -0.4576563835144043, 0.3182249665260315, -0.22210828959941864, -0.7206025123596191, -0.5516548752784729, 0.11651024222373962, -0.021145297214388847, 0.13032902777194977, 0.8899694681167603, 0.16335338354110718, -0.05371405556797981, 1.0802273750305176, -0.089824378490448, 0.855366051197052, 0.4551655650138855, 0.06003686785697937, -0.3318620026111603, 0.08247701823711395, 0.20680275559425354, 0.2360132336616516, 0.5075916647911072, -0.29045024514198303, 0.33842983841896057, -0.015472008846700191, 0.1796744167804718, 0.0007135883206501603, 0.1761689931154251, -0.8247926831245422, 0.29264387488365173, 0.3713296055793762, 0.1440708488225937, 0.13085734844207764, 0.1537856012582779, 0.5272997617721558, -0.5329239368438721, 0.20568452775478363, -0.17729194462299347, 0.49434131383895874, -0.22578442096710205, 0.33861660957336426, 0.581679105758667, -0.47162455320358276, -0.21749484539031982, -0.09420859813690186, 0.2317688763141632, 0.274608850479126, -0.22801771759986877, 0.5787454843521118, -0.21092364192008972, -0.18419700860977173, 0.26526352763175964, 0.47716790437698364, 0.154111847281456, -0.05861726775765419, 0.21632234752178192, -0.44981127977371216, 0.44829633831977844, -0.028525032103061676, 0.32014113664627075, -0.3161296546459198, -0.2583278715610504, 0.31697362661361694, 0.10139774531126022, -0.1402505487203598, -1.0277338027954102, 0.6159482598304749, -0.5915335416793823, -0.8128209710121155, 0.8015764355659485, 0.9805722236633301, -0.11867880821228027, 0.2976674735546112, -0.33170467615127563, -0.0961475595831871, -0.5499609112739563, -0.8442806005477905, 0.11158835142850876, -0.06527291983366013, -0.7571863532066345, 0.3581857979297638, -0.5182693600654602, -0.4793303608894348, -0.46128180623054504, 0.549568772315979, 0.10154735296964645, -0.20685401558876038, 0.2782331109046936, -0.011524965986609459, -0.32538989186286926, 0.09418158233165741, -0.3972817659378052, 0.5598809123039246, 0.7478650808334351, 0.3418605923652649, -0.01986473798751831, -0.2085556983947754, -5.530704498291016, 0.17370575666427612, 0.277648389339447, -0.6240720152854919, 0.3960254490375519, 0.10742848366498947, 0.39324235916137695, -0.6156479120254517, 0.09364388138055801, -0.7332209348678589, -0.07576388865709305, -0.1544651985168457, 0.16466179490089417, 0.8284494280815125, 0.4902842938899994, 0.36051544547080994, 0.7002918124198914, -0.5629358887672424, 0.20490990579128265, 0.02967178076505661, 0.4065636694431305, -0.18728972971439362, 0.16754725575447083, 0.48136767745018005, 0.5814518928527832, 0.20923040807247162, -0.08368497341871262, 0.20458492636680603, -0.9416436553001404, 0.0967119038105011, -0.04995700344443321, -0.2645004689693451, -0.032735101878643036, 0.08626676350831985, -0.23262400925159454, -0.7993994951248169, 0.7176544666290283, 0.15514934062957764, 0.17742902040481567, 0.27353954315185547, -0.15780875086784363, -0.23098456859588623, -0.31184878945350647, -0.10335113853216171, 0.3828018307685852, 0.34540146589279175, -0.43006032705307007, 0.0936698392033577, -0.17910398542881012, 0.1412697285413742, 0.222624734044075, 0.5072482228279114, 0.29280099272727966, 0.3699393570423126, 0.26138851046562195, 0.3633928894996643, -0.24012523889541626, -0.0060493056662380695, -0.6366183161735535, 0.5146266222000122, 0.1608930081129074, 0.08755499869585037, -0.33480286598205566, -0.4176602065563202, 0.13645583391189575, -0.09361079335212708, 0.23418878018856049, -0.29332149028778076, 0.6291590332984924, 0.18278302252292633, -0.333237886428833, 0.07695028185844421, 0.09470804035663605, -0.8383364081382751, 0.13983994722366333, -0.43308109045028687, -0.08143202215433121, 0.4300920069217682, -0.3396114408969879, 0.06837409734725952, -0.10879328101873398, -0.37775909900665283, -0.0773419514298439, 0.02740667201578617, 0.329378217458725, 0.002465089550241828, 0.005421387031674385, 0.2465517520904541, 0.2830229699611664, 0.5309869647026062, 0.38722002506256104, -1.263962745666504, 0.4429507255554199, -0.45357269048690796, 0.5826101899147034, 0.314607173204422, -0.5774942636489868, 0.5107144713401794, 0.8272022604942322, 0.15684151649475098, -0.4709942936897278, -0.35616686940193176, 0.4599374234676361, -0.12408533692359924, 0.1766604781150818, -0.12177924066781998, 0.12964017689228058, 0.15940427780151367, 0.5950847268104553, 0.049755554646253586, -0.19772271811962128, -0.056157682090997696, -0.7935987114906311, -0.2930203378200531, 0.3957412540912628, -0.6616826057434082, 0.25296711921691895, 0.0001190854818560183, 0.3972891867160797, 0.2552138566970825, -0.1637757271528244, -0.1477036029100418, -0.4394944906234741, 0.24321196973323822, -0.5226453542709351, -0.03592552989721298, -0.14453302323818207, -0.11838184297084808, 0.2879244387149811, -0.5180104374885559, -0.13778777420520782, 0.5342682003974915, 0.09565561264753342, 0.0890902578830719, 0.7505184412002563, -0.628513514995575, -0.34097781777381897, -0.20512042939662933, -0.2574653923511505, 0.038942668586969376, -0.3346293568611145, -0.564873456954956, -0.3308772146701813, -0.21395888924598694, -0.051378730684518814, 0.13585473597049713, -0.14367486536502838, 0.40176212787628174, 0.24765761196613312, 0.6103559732437134, -0.036298029124736786, 0.15786553919315338, 0.6485755443572998, 0.10814026743173599, -0.6861186623573303, 0.3319334089756012, 0.025521906092762947, -0.0190172977745533, -0.9559544920921326, -0.1996723711490631, 0.18627111613750458, -0.7778205275535583, -1.1070536375045776, 0.11247238516807556, 0.2737213373184204, 0.8645676374435425, 0.04536161571741104, -0.1641324907541275, -0.10048636049032211, 0.9967021346092224, 0.45608949661254883, -0.5086409449577332, -0.31480348110198975, -0.29419437050819397, 0.15321408212184906, -0.3871050179004669, 0.3867635428905487, -0.22067634761333466, 0.24874185025691986, 0.4021338224411011, -0.5415891408920288, 0.1524754911661148, -0.18175454437732697, 0.42192625999450684, 0.25053316354751587, -0.5297571420669556, -0.7741324305534363, -0.5840276479721069, -0.4225003123283386, 0.04606536775827408, 0.6840437054634094, -0.04853302612900734, -0.14785507321357727, 0.20293232798576355, 0.280385822057724, -0.27937260270118713, -0.1891566812992096, 0.4208024740219116, -0.10908368229866028, -0.001257167081348598, 0.13215841352939606, -0.16352711617946625, 0.09324228018522263, -0.0944858118891716, 0.028543395921587944, -0.6602928042411804, 0.1056838259100914, -0.14877760410308838, 0.556524395942688, 0.7873658537864685, -0.10319580882787704, -1.1370904445648193, -0.1185908168554306, 0.4450540244579315, -0.0942113995552063, 0.1279759407043457, -0.07992663979530334, 0.2669583261013031, -0.41612085700035095, -0.6796000003814697, -0.27296894788742065, -0.35498425364494324, -0.19444230198860168, -0.2767829895019531, -0.5645451545715332, -0.16756191849708557, -0.2537963390350342, -0.015352257527410984, 0.2479817271232605, 0.1570238620042801, -0.319443941116333, 0.06597883999347687, 0.6011110544204712, 0.6396849155426025, -0.17809325456619263, -0.42993277311325073, 0.6195710301399231, 0.28152674436569214, -0.9838310480117798, -0.03591955825686455, 0.3970249593257904, 0.49283626675605774, 0.4509575366973877, -0.22802983224391937, -0.2512286901473999, 0.08566034585237503, 0.084785595536232, -0.09574056416749954, 0.41288670897483826, -0.003128988202661276, -0.023233335465192795, 0.32089483737945557, -0.9825952649116516, -0.13490325212478638, 0.7358894348144531, -0.6545869708061218, 0.0872378721833229, -0.020999034866690636, 0.1487632393836975, 0.7154974937438965, -0.4837018549442291, 0.12407615780830383, -0.03306155279278755, 0.05108325183391571, 0.33851349353790283, -0.30535081028938293, -0.19862470030784607, -0.5463526248931885, 0.05168161913752556, -0.6651763319969177, -0.684762716293335, -0.3464610278606415, -0.5840212106704712, 0.2804364562034607, -0.1777738481760025, 0.10877478122711182, 0.003472164273262024, 0.20903414487838745, 0.19922125339508057, -0.27671414613723755, -1.261392593383789, -0.4020722210407257, -0.3461448848247528, -0.4401891529560089, -0.43985116481781006, -1.3756415843963623, 0.2485499382019043, -0.23603445291519165, -0.38581663370132446, -0.2025761604309082, -0.44808369874954224, -0.03520146384835243, -0.03408793732523918, 0.3528459966182709, -0.2692740261554718, 0.3144899308681488, -0.19757743179798126, 0.9598485827445984, -0.16986605525016785, -0.5599537491798401, -0.057919811457395554, -0.1872173696756363, 0.309765487909317, -0.008919022046029568, -0.22616977989673615, -0.2532299757003784, 0.05630239099264145, -0.42515891790390015, -0.318017840385437, -0.17787660658359528, 0.2841917872428894, 0.059841156005859375, 0.25531551241874695, -0.0528966560959816, -0.8089508414268494, -0.2255961149930954, 0.6736937761306763, -0.5927314162254333, -0.36747637391090393, 0.02638714760541916, 0.7192858457565308, 0.28237470984458923, -0.1603119671344757, -0.10130161046981812, 0.6147226691246033, 0.4964238107204437, 0.3978951573371887, 0.36314791440963745, -0.09587842971086502, 0.12044644355773926, -0.003909319173544645, -0.16894258558750153, -0.6350297927856445, 0.01503747422248125, -0.02324659377336502, -0.6717941164970398, -0.3147605359554291, -0.35349592566490173, 0.5393468141555786, 0.5357901453971863, 0.8585378527641296, 0.9613847136497498, -0.2477293759584427, 0.1661054641008377, 0.267174631357193, -0.053108327090740204, 0.20463591814041138, 0.1846393346786499, -0.1514386683702469, -0.026140637695789337, 0.27342677116394043, 0.333479642868042, 0.4557088017463684, -1.1903154850006104, 0.4069954752922058, 0.29321393370628357, 0.2630762457847595, 0.22348542511463165, -0.04711257293820381, 0.08715436607599258, 0.14300592243671417, -0.41166621446609497, 0.677209198474884, 0.3626822829246521, 0.8368999361991882, 0.5177327394485474, -0.48024141788482666, -0.26548993587493896, -0.10988915711641312, 0.07869617640972137, -0.14164522290229797, -0.7337841391563416, -0.544851541519165, -0.2836551070213318, -0.4397677481174469, 0.20007957518100739, 0.24259954690933228, -0.44622641801834106, 0.48327410221099854, 0.02915961854159832, 0.03517664223909378, -0.1403369903564453, -0.005504715722054243, -0.0055114589631557465, 0.18829931318759918, 0.3518824875354767, 0.3062609136104584, 0.4902217984199524, -0.6701933741569519, 0.050060998648405075, 0.3210221529006958, -0.3553977906703949, -0.49089309573173523, 0.7131822109222412, 0.6396009922027588, 0.030015740543603897, -0.3014216125011444, 0.49477043747901917, 0.8579721450805664, -0.2795126736164093, 0.40548595786094666, 0.35295605659484863, -0.42691880464553833, -0.008417777717113495, -0.6957080960273743, 0.07579770684242249, -0.3737633526325226, -0.4955996870994568, -0.7837095260620117, 0.3003482222557068, -0.4966583549976349, 0.34070250391960144, -0.39876723289489746, 0.0827062577009201, -0.39616838097572327, 0.27054405212402344, 0.47835254669189453, -0.5152190923690796, -0.10251728445291519, -0.16227670013904572, 0.1478436440229416, -0.1179988831281662, 0.01876167207956314, 0.18638302385807037, 0.20567218959331512, 0.27035778760910034, 0.9075024127960205, 0.2678058445453644, 0.14135226607322693, 0.39138659834861755, -0.24577082693576813, -0.4528828561306, 0.1676136553287506, -0.21441908180713654, -0.2516334652900696, 0.19266635179519653, 0.4580960273742676, 0.5142660737037659, 0.15258243680000305, -0.39108729362487793, 0.08331145346164703, 0.1637575775384903, 0.5355911254882812, -0.3374049663543701, -0.06024843826889992, -0.5438719987869263, -0.8086384534835815, -0.40176185965538025, 0.127650648355484, 0.25410881638526917, 0.6265018582344055, -0.162031888961792, 0.6191496849060059, -0.6925861835479736, 0.7720786333084106, -0.39643415808677673, -0.4683067202568054, -0.4894149601459503, 0.26042649149894714, -0.31827887892723083 ]
216454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPAQ	IPAQ	The iPAQ is a Pocket PC and personal digital assistant, first unveiled by Compaq in April 2000; the name was borrowed from Compaq's earlier iPAQ Desktop Personal Computers. Since Hewlett-Packard's acquisition of Compaq, the product has been marketed by HP. The devices use a Windows Mobile interface. In addition to this, there are several Linux distributions that will also operate on some of these devices. Earlier units were modular. "Sleeve" accessories, technically called jackets, which slide around the unit and add functionality such as a card reader, wireless networking, GPS, and even extra batteries were used. Later versions of iPAQs have most of these features integrated into the base device itself, some including GPRS mobile-telephony (sim-card slot and radio). HP's line-up of iPAQ devices includes PDA-devices, smartphones and GPS-navigators. A substantial number of current and past devices are outsourced from Taiwanese HTC corporation. History The iPAQ was developed by Compaq based on the SA-1110 "Assabet" and SA-1111 "Neponset" reference boards that were engineered by a StrongARM development group located at Digital Equipment Corporation's Hudson Massachusetts facility. At the time when these boards were in development, this facility was acquired by Intel. When the "Assabet" board is combined with the "Neponset" companion processor board they provide support for 32 megabytes of SDRAM in addition to CompactFlash and PCMCIA slots along with an I2S or AC-Link serial audio bus, PS/2 mouse and trackpad interfaces, a USB host controller and 18 additional GPIO pins. Software drivers for a CompactFlash ethernet device, IDE storage devices such as the IBM Microdrive and the Lucent WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11 Wifi device were also available. An earlier StrongARM SA-1100 based research handheld device call the "Itsy" had been developed at Digital Equipment Corporation's Western Research Laboratory (later to become the Compaq Western Research Laboratory). The first iPAQ Pocket PC was the H3600 series, released in 2000. It ran Microsoft's Pocket PC 2000 operating system, and featured a 240 x 320 pixel 4096-color LCD, 32 MB of RAM, and 16 MB of ROM. Compaq released a similarly-designed H3100 series Pocket PC in January, 2001. It was a lower-priced model with a 15-greyscale monochrome LCD, 16 MB of RAM, and a dark grey D-pad instead of the chrome D-pad of its predecessor. The H3600 series was succeeded by the H3800 and H3900 series, which retained the same form factor, but had a different button layout. Soon after HP's merger with Compaq in 2002, HP discontinued its Jornada line of Microsoft Windows powered Pocket PCs, and continued the iPAQ line that started under Compaq. In June 2003, HP retired the h3xxx line of iPAQs and introduced the h1xxx line of iPAQs targeted at price conscious buyers, the h2xxx consumer line, and the h5xxx line, targeted at business customers. They were sold pre-installed with the Windows Mobile for Pocket PC 2003 Operating System. The h63xx series of iPAQs running the Phone Edition of Windows Mobile 2003, the hx47xx series and the rz17xx series, both running the Second Edition of Windows Mobile 2003 were introduced in August 2004. In August 2004, HP released the rz17xx and rx3xxx series of Mobile Media Companions. These devices were aimed at consumers, rather than the traditional corporate audience. Emphasis was placed on media features, like NEVO TV Remote and Mobile Media. They ran on Windows Mobile 2003SE. In February 2005, the iPAQ Mobile Messenger hw6500 series was introduced to selected media at the 3GSM conference in Cannes, France. It was replaced a year later by the hw6900 series, running on Windows Mobile 5. In 2007, the iPAQ rx4000 Mobile Media Companion PDA/media devices and rx5000 Travel Companion PDA/GPS devices were released. Both series of iPAQs work on the Windows Mobile 5 Operating System (WM5), as do the hx2000 and hw6900 series. The first HP Windows Mobile 6 device, the iPAQ 500 Series Voice Messenger, with the Windows Mobile 6 Standard Operating System (WM6), and numeric pad, was released in the same year. The entire iPAQ line was completely revamped by the introduction of five new iPAQ series to complement the introduction of the iPAQ 500 Series Voice Messenger earlier in the year. The models announced were the 100 Series Classic Handheld, the 200 Series Enterprise Handheld, the 300 Series Travel Companion, the 600 Series Business Navigator and the 900 Series Business Messenger. The 100 and 200 Series are regular touchscreen PDAs without phone functionality running WM6. The 300 Series Travel Companion is not a PDA; marketed as a Personal Navigation Device, it is a handheld GPS unit operating on the Windows CE 5.0 core Operating System with a custom user interface. The 600 and 900 series are phones with integrated GPS and 3G capabilities, running the WM6 Professional. The 600 series possesses a numeric pad and the 900 series features a full QWERTY keyboard. Hewlett-Packard introduced a smartphone iPAQ Pocket PC that looks like a regular cell phone and has VoIP capability. The series is the HP iPAQ 500 Series Voice Messenger. In December 2009, HP released the iPAQ Glisten, running on Windows Mobile 6.5. As of April 2011, no new models have been announced. HP continues to advertise the 111 series and the Glisten on its website, however. As such, the status and fate of the iPAQ line is unclear. In mid-August 2011, HP announced that they are discontinuing all webOS devices, and possibly mobile devices. It is unclear if this move will affect the iPAQ line, although they are producing several new iPAQs for Nederlandse Spoorwegen as of November 2011 (11/11). Model list Jacket-compatible These older models are compatible with the iPAQ Jacket which can accept 1× CompactFlash, 1× PC Card or 2× PC Card slots. iPAQ jacket PN 173396-001 PCMCIA (PC port) 1× internal Li-ion battery PN 167648 3.7 V 1500 mAh (upgradable). Newer models SDIO can support up to 2GB. Alternative operating systems for the iPAQ OpenEmbedded The OpenEmbedded distribution is (as of 2016) the only actively maintained Linux distribution for the iPAQ models, by way of the meta-handheld layer. Familiar Linux An alternative Linux-based OS available for the iPAQ was Familiar. It stopped being actively maintained in 2007. It was available with the Opie or GPE GUI environment, or as a base Linux system with no GUI if preferred. Both Opie and GPE provided the usual PIM suite (calendar, contacts, to do list, and notes) as well as a long list of other applications. Support for handwriting recognition, on-screen keyboard, bluetooth, IrDA and add-on hardware such as keyboards are standard in both environments. The v0.8.4 (2006-08-20) version supports HP iPAQ H3xxx and H5xxx series of handhelds, and introduced initial support for the HP iPAQ H2200, Hx4700, and H6300 series. Intimate Linux On devices with added storage (primarily microdrives) there is a modified port of Debian called Intimate. In addition to a standard X11 desktop, Intimate also offered the Opie, GPE and Qtopia suites. (Qtopia was a QT-based PIM suite with an optional commercial license.) NetBSD NetBSD will install and run on iPAQ. Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 from Bell Labs runs on some iPAQs. The nickname of the architecture is "bitsy," after the name of the ARM-based chipsets used in many of the machines. The "Installation on Ipaq" part of the wiki states: "These instructions are for a Compaq Ipaq and have been tested only on models H3630 and H3650 with 32MB of RAM." In regards to iPAQs, the page on the wiki titled "Supported PDAs" only mentions that the "H3630 and H3650 are known to work." Ångström distribution See Ångström distribution Upgrades The hx2000 series and some later models are upgradeable to newer versions of Windows Mobile. These upgrades could be purchased from HP. Windows Mobile 2003 could be installed on the H3950, H3970, h5450 models and possibly other models of the H3xxx series with sufficient ROM capacity. Other "cooked" (ready to run) roms have been provided by the group known as the xda-developers and are available for the hx2000 series, the hx4700 and others. The upgradeable versions for the hx2000 and hx4700 include Windows Mobile 6.0, 6.1 and 6.5 which are the newest releases of the Windows Mobile platform. Internal Li-ion battery iPAQ models 3100–3700 are fitted with internal Li-ion battery PN 167648 3.7 V 1500 mAh which can be replaced with a 2200 mAh unit. The same battery is used in the iPAQ jacket PN 173396-001 PCMCIA (PC port), which may also be upgraded to a 2200 mAh unit. The 3800/3900 series are fitted with a 1700 mAh cell as standard, also upgradeable to 2200 mAh. Compaq presumably upgraded the battery to cope with the faster CPU's power requirements. RAM upgrades It is possible to have the internal RAM of an iPAQ H3970 and hx4700 upgraded to 128 MB by using a specialist service to replace the surface-mount BGA RAM chips. See also HP Touchpad HP Slate Personal digital assistant Windows Mobile Hewlett-Packard Jornada (PDA) – The predecessor of sorts to the iPAQ line. HTC HD2 SuperWaba – Free and open software development kit for Pocket PC and Linux iPAQs Pocket PC imageon References HP PDAs Windows Mobile Classic devices Windows Mobile Professional devices Windows Mobile Standard devices Mobile computers Embedded Linux Windows CE devices Compaq PDAs	[ -0.40567654371261597, 0.10438564419746399, 0.5860960483551025, 0.2734130918979645, 0.22438475489616394, 0.6358855366706848, -0.435881644487381, 0.02942841127514839, 0.015359103679656982, -0.06465048342943192, -0.027354810386896133, 0.173741415143013, -0.35253459215164185, 0.054520122706890106, 0.30962705612182617, -0.37475013732910156, 0.046152323484420776, 0.46269527077674866, -0.2646395266056061, -0.008427290245890617, -0.2819494605064392, -0.36188915371894836, 0.2693546712398529, -0.3564736247062683, -0.00725192716345191, -0.11902967095375061, 0.29357779026031494, -0.41786351799964905, -0.052175141870975494, 0.693248987197876, 0.256366103887558, 0.3898243308067322, 0.26651209592819214, -0.5095809698104858, -0.23214077949523926, -0.18354643881320953, -0.12411542236804962, 0.5244537591934204, -0.2036612182855606, -0.37761691212654114, -0.26114654541015625, -0.08751724660396576, 0.12298348546028137, 0.14204628765583038, -0.20790664851665497, -0.005808830726891756, -1.899997591972351, 0.08711438626050949, -0.5967788696289062, 0.6011000871658325, -0.7077715992927551, 0.3469771146774292, 0.10732963681221008, 0.16019731760025024, 0.21402546763420105, 0.8946747779846191, 0.16545090079307556, -0.19941771030426025, -0.43219807744026184, -0.17358526587486267, 0.2231893390417099, 0.054608605802059174, 0.10112418234348297, -0.4477999210357666, 0.3645629584789276, 0.1073034331202507, 0.24657240509986877, -0.0002503749565221369, -0.4304945766925812, -0.3217012584209442, 0.2548726499080658, -0.38577818870544434, -0.29761940240859985, 0.003911443054676056, -0.10034598410129547, -0.2339339256286621, 0.24816377460956573, 0.35937732458114624, 0.9003965854644775, 0.6969437599182129, 0.22420386970043182, 0.48528969287872314, 0.6567816138267517, 0.09211579710245132, -0.07392287254333496, 0.2622111439704895, -0.020717376843094826, -0.1311391144990921, -0.3567557632923126, 0.036179546266794205, -0.12377837300300598, -0.7047697305679321, 0.7734224200248718, 0.3631686270236969, -0.045806389302015305, -0.9316291213035583, -0.23998413980007172, -0.08801829814910889, 0.009525652974843979, -0.33597463369369507, -0.0060357265174388885, 0.24712343513965607, 0.41137027740478516, -0.24598608911037445, 0.20946064591407776, -0.26840654015541077, -0.23892472684383392, -0.7841827869415283, 0.2972477376461029, -0.29503771662712097, -0.31892260909080505, 0.024199310690164566, 0.3301814794540405, 0.40053313970565796, -0.2029770165681839, 0.7510695457458496, 0.2633543312549591, -0.24399521946907043, -0.06678508222103119, 0.03696473315358162, 0.42328110337257385, 0.669248640537262, 0.24952691793441772, -0.2580621540546417, -0.20566539466381073, 0.21364142000675201, 0.8734228014945984, 0.5770478248596191, -0.5490513443946838, -0.1754751354455948, 0.0669330507516861, 0.18043115735054016, 0.2143501490354538, -0.03708096221089363, 0.47884416580200195, -0.02460671402513981, 0.3624700903892517, -0.5382773280143738, 0.2584370970726013, 0.5502135157585144, 0.35897400975227356, -0.09425317496061325, -0.3687812089920044, -0.7486061453819275, 0.11902546882629395, 0.2301357388496399, 0.18974073231220245, -0.14281675219535828, -0.7441770434379578, -0.5632824301719666, -0.08149760216474533, -0.41253361105918884, 0.37658876180648804, -0.13532651960849762, 0.1579001098871231, -0.4197755753993988, 0.11200425773859024, -0.1143355593085289, 0.22355635464191437, -0.2208981066942215, 0.2960623502731323, 0.4432370662689209, -0.6013744473457336, -0.4485204517841339, -0.15618857741355896, 0.237732395529747, 0.2908077836036682, 0.5873005390167236, 0.6407740116119385, -0.06672759354114532, 0.45009666681289673, -0.12144113332033157, 0.42009982466697693, 0.42683425545692444, -0.1622602641582489, 0.4264749586582184, 0.27419131994247437, 0.3059958219528198, 0.06460394710302353, 0.3547728657722473, -0.7802316546440125, 0.22652725875377655, -0.14069822430610657, -0.30897581577301025, 0.1350024789571762, 0.09863738715648651, 0.619154155254364, 0.5503148436546326, -0.048370201140642166, -0.33861497044563293, -0.677757978439331, -0.8246669769287109, 0.1784462332725525, -0.1337950974702835, 0.4193280041217804, -0.31494826078414917, -0.9623522758483887, 0.8416666388511658, 0.19929996132850647, 0.8057137131690979, -0.3129090368747711, 0.3101726770401001, 0.818366289138794, -0.37309566140174866, -0.2478727549314499, -0.3749482035636902, -0.3514341115951538, 0.28119418025016785, -0.3922075927257538, 0.38631299138069153, -0.023673733696341515, -0.7481499910354614, 0.5320405960083008, 0.3888789713382721, -0.12820284068584442, 0.24764329195022583, -0.6486203670501709, 0.01969974674284458, -0.4129922091960907, -0.30923697352409363, 0.7091994285583496, 0.2983883023262024, -0.00833244901150465, 0.5335060358047485, -0.15886510908603668, 0.89039146900177, 0.6450087428092957, -0.6362585425376892, 0.2957911491394043, 0.03486168384552002, -0.27398160099983215, -0.11004903167486191, 0.03974984958767891, -0.7414210438728333, -0.04070108011364937, 0.09037867188453674, 0.28252243995666504, -0.48388710618019104, 0.7693911194801331, 0.10604309290647507, 0.47428297996520996, -0.0791374146938324, -0.401715487241745, 0.12973767518997192, 0.9857934713363647, -0.1417306512594223, -0.2606290280818939, 0.13191521167755127, 0.44474083185195923, -0.3119080662727356, -0.324271023273468, 0.21087542176246643, -0.3076511323451996, 0.3065333366394043, -0.181895911693573, 0.32962167263031006, 0.21646246314048767, 0.15039454400539398, 0.35988032817840576, 0.8397467136383057, -0.09083463996648788, 0.3820686936378479, 0.05282895639538765, 0.3053160607814789, 0.29489681124687195, -0.7905321717262268, -0.1311327964067459, -0.4503943622112274, 0.33094891905784607, 0.6493483781814575, 0.1886943280696869, -0.21334552764892578, -0.2688528597354889, 0.09837537258863449, -0.46209916472435, -0.9950867295265198, -0.26780933141708374, 0.3268658220767975, -0.28418073058128357, -0.8632674813270569, 0.6024906635284424, 0.15737298130989075, 0.5084895491600037, -0.4926854372024536, -0.2233736515045166, -0.15893764793872833, 0.19493241608142853, -0.4998895227909088, -0.46162188053131104, 0.0684177577495575, -0.12191401422023773, 0.4494847059249878, -0.3248280882835388, -0.16188758611679077, 0.2216053009033203, 0.2291758805513382, 0.5759474635124207, -0.03243078663945198, 0.27040424942970276, -0.3107256293296814, -0.0009212071308866143, -0.06074421480298042, 0.22072672843933105, -0.5341349840164185, -0.021181026473641396, -0.28741636872291565, 0.4930170178413391, -1.0957310199737549, -5.893314361572266, -0.12711864709854126, -0.1318768411874771, -0.3354012370109558, -0.5783758163452148, 0.43637511134147644, 0.6789486408233643, -0.06435476243495941, 0.021268481388688087, -0.2815450429916382, 0.23839564621448517, 0.17241975665092468, -0.23265376687049866, 0.09729598462581635, -0.01712217554450035, 0.8304267525672913, 0.1164415180683136, 0.26519978046417236, 0.08264604210853577, -0.3099718391895294, 0.11956768482923508, -0.4159487783908844, -0.04477541148662567, -0.23529262840747833, 0.5689905881881714, -0.1880272924900055, -0.7487841844558716, 0.27661043405532837, -0.12278380990028381, -0.01688346453011036, 0.08986320346593857, 0.2810257077217102, -0.22687439620494843, -0.02800186723470688, -0.07679607719182968, -0.3081483542919159, 0.6182476878166199, -0.4243758022785187, 0.31316691637039185, -0.4789668917655945, 0.29095324873924255, 0.5594233274459839, 0.39144039154052734, -0.35934755206108093, 0.27035099267959595, -0.25136056542396545, -0.014880897477269173, 0.3647332191467285, -0.07777170836925507, 0.05654143542051315, 0.10741212218999863, -0.026026498526334763, -0.16148829460144043, 0.2919161021709442, 0.010244257748126984, -0.16573797166347504, 0.24962975084781647, -0.019783316180109978, -0.3669840395450592, 0.3446165919303894, 0.2932862639427185, -0.26298704743385315, -0.31810325384140015, -0.6380401253700256, -0.42697104811668396, -0.23755723237991333, -0.3676944077014923, -0.3035559058189392, 0.4478623867034912, 0.029629439115524292, 0.1598154455423355, -0.07563073188066483, 0.04597362130880356, -0.763934314250946, -0.33463963866233826, -0.7758185863494873, 0.28486257791519165, 0.37644466757774353, -0.5320547819137573, 0.10896771401166916, 0.0917186290025711, -0.564189076423645, -0.24824365973472595, 0.25507062673568726, -0.15865735709667206, -0.800554633140564, -0.7144171595573425, 0.4733887314796448, 0.15761983394622803, 0.654463529586792, 1.0135602951049805, -0.7045022249221802, 0.3210955858230591, -0.11629324406385422, 0.20814013481140137, -0.4349943995475769, 0.34518104791641235, -0.16458171606063843, 0.2629765272140503, 0.14751358330249786, 0.037292659282684326, 0.5150404572486877, -0.22309353947639465, -0.48625290393829346, -0.10771762579679489, 0.1015273928642273, -0.9053385853767395, -0.3161449432373047, 0.7740128040313721, 0.18205603957176208, -0.4445616602897644, -0.510604202747345, -0.11020426452159882, -0.31501680612564087, -0.18776032328605652, -0.10174978524446487, -0.09654851257801056, -0.027075713500380516, 0.20286200940608978, -0.45253145694732666, -0.37195277214050293, -0.044168636202812195, -0.08944619446992874, -0.1173236072063446, -0.819742739200592, -0.08349917829036713, -0.22462515532970428, 0.29943111538887024, 0.1275525689125061, 0.25506657361984253, 0.6900564432144165, 0.1333695352077484, 0.17977957427501678, -0.20929396152496338, 0.46000489592552185, 0.15357336401939392, -0.1512439101934433, -0.23125390708446503, 0.19402875006198883, -0.0762353464961052, -0.3473704159259796, -0.09330088645219803, 0.5344233512878418, -0.1876451075077057, 0.6801218390464783, 0.23635102808475494, 0.5756773352622986, -0.4539475739002228, -0.5226173996925354, 0.3405633270740509, 0.13983896374702454, -0.2651895582675934, 0.251952588558197, 0.2468545287847519, -0.4983570873737335, 0.0632091835141182, 0.18313536047935486, -0.06494085490703583, -0.9313572645187378, -0.10104188323020935, 0.4741549789905548, -0.0813443511724472, -0.7962481379508972, -0.41604694724082947, 0.28098928928375244, -0.024575958028435707, -0.5657649040222168, -0.27721482515335083, -0.466514527797699, -0.043429967015981674, 1.0494197607040405, -0.5037806034088135, -0.18276821076869965, -0.3356257677078247, 0.7065616846084595, 0.18055512011051178, 0.026363296434283257, -0.11092928051948547, -0.6192659735679626, -0.009497045539319515, 0.029545169323682785, -0.40883082151412964, -0.6060802340507507, 0.13513804972171783, 0.25105786323547363, -0.6253482103347778, -0.33356472849845886, -0.2925158441066742, 0.09000927209854126, -0.4727993905544281, -0.19159308075904846, 0.29990360140800476, 0.04326702654361725, 0.24449552595615387, -0.5550644993782043, -0.501238226890564, -0.31276142597198486, 0.5320205092430115, 0.05760182812809944, -0.2539026439189911, -0.49796149134635925, 0.38988515734672546, -0.029241511598229408, 0.375718355178833, 0.10018642991781235, -0.33528587222099304, -0.04820087179541588, -0.3011334240436554, -0.04133831337094307, 0.30091848969459534, -0.30882054567337036, -0.44730377197265625, 0.6820662617683411, -0.04542703554034233, -0.46834731101989746, 1.2280598878860474, -0.1645619422197342, -0.0005697184824384749, -0.27452659606933594, -0.5714085102081299, -0.19581420719623566, -0.13101746141910553, -0.590339183807373, -0.6926031708717346, -0.5720487236976624, 0.7171235680580139, 0.4346061646938324, 0.19257216155529022, 0.17742066085338593, -0.3224988877773285, 0.1059189960360527, -0.04390355944633484, -0.2771046459674835, -0.3414364755153656, 0.15577927231788635, 0.44591793417930603, -0.5021562576293945, 0.017031323164701462, 0.2287493199110031, 0.6403456926345825, -0.1469321846961975, 0.2827172577381134, -0.06717637181282043, -0.4901736378669739, -0.7766173481941223, 0.8383933305740356, -0.07621162384748459, -0.43258360028266907, -0.8665483593940735, 0.8800618052482605, -0.224180206656456, -0.3415554165840149, -0.274901419878006, -0.07721567153930664, 0.5259631872177124, 0.5678200125694275, 0.05311653017997742, 0.4113391637802124, -0.48382920026779175, -0.0062672458589077, 0.24091193079948425, 0.029665222391486168, -0.49586614966392517, 0.40735146403312683, 0.1490095853805542, 0.47672218084335327, -0.1498723030090332, -0.6011164784431458, 0.2584340572357178, -0.18124273419380188, 0.05005617439746857, 0.019636377692222595, 0.2721998393535614, 0.34674668312072754, 0.2624773383140564, -0.23730184137821198, 0.16054363548755646, 0.6145559549331665, -0.22603148221969604, 0.16812199354171753, -0.22452278435230255, 0.34467706084251404, 0.520928680896759, -0.3969022333621979, -0.10778157413005829, -0.29759523272514343, 0.2907407581806183, -0.003927312325686216, -0.22130845487117767, -0.1897577941417694, -0.05413724109530449, 0.4084157645702362, 0.06765461713075638, 0.6050882339477539, -0.3935769498348236, 0.16910462081432343, 0.4110255837440491, 0.48874136805534363, 0.014449282549321651, -0.23315539956092834, -0.2048305720090866, 0.2836206555366516, 0.5427715182304382, -0.02860082872211933, 0.040156248956918716, 0.303709477186203, 0.3449452817440033, 0.06741908937692642, -0.3909941017627716, -0.21254797279834747, 0.00412248820066452, -0.1866106241941452, -0.034109387546777725, 0.1260184645652771, -0.2553170323371887, 0.10435433685779572, 0.3973148465156555, 0.19818614423274994, 0.14154770970344543, 0.20274695754051208, 0.3084392547607422, 0.04706934466958046, -0.2925521433353424, 0.3130031228065491, -0.5044263005256653, -0.03463146463036537, -0.26756349205970764, 0.37796053290367126, 0.08888491243124008, 0.44073230028152466, 0.5414233207702637, 0.21438875794410706, -0.012458449229598045, 0.03336077928543091, -0.0059188781306147575, -0.27683591842651367, -0.22751913964748383, -0.5647687315940857, -0.5537452101707458, 0.4633333086967468, 0.8020210266113281, 0.5257647037506104, -0.059763599187135696, -0.20014451444149017, -0.34504446387290955, 0.2571987211704254, 0.21187420189380646, 0.3499717712402344, 0.439546138048172, 0.29963013529777527, 0.015232617035508156, 0.07828287035226822, -0.17633472383022308, 0.40965211391448975, -0.27522778511047363, -0.39715129137039185, 0.20562563836574554, -0.09655871242284775, 0.5753992199897766, 0.07584235072135925, -0.29267194867134094, 0.3754322826862335, 0.4905130863189697, 0.08937710523605347, -1.0767085552215576, 0.4619280695915222, -0.03694922849535942, -0.8434297442436218, 0.525361955165863, -0.11303043365478516, -0.19686168432235718, 0.8485278487205505, 0.23437465727329254, 0.467680424451828, -0.16920986771583557, 0.11186026781797409, 0.5257270932197571, 0.12122376263141632, 0.26722240447998047, 0.26959964632987976, -0.7185618877410889, -0.6073045134544373, 0.04689072072505951, -0.2504563331604004, -0.1537160873413086, 0.4203493595123291, -0.062235236167907715, 0.20396867394447327, 0.34031176567077637, 0.13779044151306152, -0.2066550999879837, -0.6291447281837463, 0.025020048022270203, -0.08382431417703629, -0.21689988672733307, 0.13311327993869781, 0.2365054339170456, 0.08984245359897614, -0.3018116056919098, 0.5127413272857666, -0.1648373305797577, -0.2721808850765228, 0.379935622215271, -0.06735589355230331, 0.23766393959522247, 0.5543257594108582, -0.6220949292182922, -0.23444202542304993, -0.5767446756362915, -0.041621726006269455, 0.07757019251585007, -0.04815654456615448, 0.07949331402778625, -0.13747599720954895, -0.08223864436149597, 0.08396470546722412, -0.04931902885437012, 0.302015483379364, -0.053055159747600555, 0.06522954255342484, 0.06003403663635254, -0.37022483348846436, -0.0070761810056865215, -0.26408329606056213, 0.3200860321521759, -0.2285737544298172, 0.013288794085383415, -0.016825707629323006, 0.049031488597393036, 0.4326251745223999, -0.24694348871707916, 0.4278580844402313, 0.21083208918571472, 0.11476492881774902, 0.0007997858338057995, -0.2360628992319107, -0.2890378534793854, 0.22320064902305603, 0.29876333475112915, 0.00032318849116563797, -0.2885447144508362, 0.10188908874988556, 0.007675559725612402, 0.34807541966438293, 0.16934086382389069, -0.009748922660946846, -0.6542729139328003, -0.8763940930366516, -0.9412952661514282, -0.049845729023218155, -0.450053870677948, -0.198526531457901, 0.07561036199331284, -0.14908882975578308, -0.06720354408025742, 0.020388435572385788, 0.2763453722000122, -0.49112021923065186, 0.04014447703957558, 0.31386539340019226 ]
216464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument%20of%20Government%20%281809%29	Instrument of Government (1809)	The Instrument of Government () adopted on 6 June 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII was one of the fundamental laws that made up the constitution of Sweden from 1809 to the end of 1974. The law came about after the Coup of 1809, when the disastrous outcome in the Finnish War led Swedish nobles and parts of the Army to revolt, forcing King Gustav IV Adolf to involuntarily abdicate and go into exile. It was thus the constitution which saw Sweden transition from an absolute monarchy of the Gustavian era (established by a previous coup in 1772) into a stable, constitutional democracy adhering to the rule of law and significant civil liberties. Although initially coexistent with the old Riksdag of the Estates, roughly corresponding to the French Estates-General (but with four houses, the peasants being a separate estate in Sweden), it saw the advent of a United States-style bicameral legislature in 1866 which lasted until 1971. Although the 1809 Act only curtailed the powers of the king significantly, but not severely, it eventually evolved into a system largely comparable to the US Constitution, albeit with the powers of the monarchy roughly corresponding to those of the presidency, the key differences being the absence of federalism and a codified bill of rights, introduced only in the 1970s. The Act was finally replaced by the Instrument of Government of 1974, which formally enshrined democracy and the will and equality of the people, exercised through a unicameral parliament. In this regard, the 1809 Act more closely adhered to the principles of separation of powers and dualism and remains, with 55 year between the enactment of women's suffrage in 1919 and its abolition of 1974, the most prolific constitutional arrangement of Swedish democracy. History For half a century, starting with the Instrument of Government (1719), often referred to as the Age of Liberty, Sweden had enjoyed parliamentary rule under the Riksdag of the Estates, but in 1772 that was ended by a coup d'état perpetrated by Gustav III: the Revolution of 1772. The coup enabled Gustav III to rule as an enlightened despot. Gustav III's son, Gustav IV Adolf, succeeded him but proved a less charismatic ruler, and the change of sides of Russia in the Napoleonic wars prompted the disastrous Finnish War and the loss of Finland, settled in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. This provided momentum for the Swedish nobility and other forces to depose the king and restore political power to the Estates. The aged and childless brother of Gustav III, Charles XIII was made king in 1809, but he was a mere puppet in the hands of the Estates and the question of his successor had to be solved. The election, by the Riksdag of the Estates, of the French Marshal and Prince of Pontecorvo Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte in 1810, provided not only a successor, but also a vital regent and a new dynasty. The rights of Bernadotte's successors to accede to the Swedish throne were codified in an amendment to the constitution in the form of the Act of Succession (1810). Reforms The Instrument of Government of 1809 replaced the Instrument of Government of 1772. It established a separation of powers between the executive branch (the king) and the legislative branch (the Riksdag of the Estates). The King and Riksdag possessed joint power over legislation (article 87, constitutional law in articles 81-86), while the Riksdag had sole power over the budget and state incomes and expenses (articles 57-77) including military burdens (article 73). While the king's power was somewhat reduced compared to the enlightened absolutism of Gustav III, the new document enabled the king to take a more active role in politics than during the Age of Liberty. Originally, ministers were politically responsible solely to the king, who appointed and dismissed them. However, they were legally responsible to the Riksdag and a special court (Riksrätten) according to a special statute and to law in general if they committed legal offences (articles 106 and 101-102). As the Riksdag's authority grew, it became increasingly difficult for a government to stay in office solely with the Crown's support. This culminated in 1907, when a government was chosen that was dependent more on the confidence of the Riksdag than on that of the king. However, in 1914, when Gustaf V made a speech opposing the program of the incumbent liberal government, it resigned, and the king appointed a conservative government of civil servants responsible to him. The liberals won a decisive victory in 1917, but Gustaf tried to appoint another conservative ministry. However, it could not garner nearly enough support in the Riksdag. It was now obvious that the king could no longer pick a government entirely of his choosing, nor could he keep it in office against the will of the Riksdag. Gustaf yielded and appointed a liberal-social democratic coalition that effectively arrogated most of the crown's political powers to itself. At that time, it was definitively established that ministers were both politically and legally responsible to the Riksdag. From then on, while ministers were still formally appointed by the king, convention required him to ensure they had the support of a majority in the Riksdag. Although the Instrument's statement that "the King alone shall govern the realm" (article 4) remained unchanged, it was understood that he was to exercise his powers through the ministers and act on their advice. As a result, the ministers did most of the actual work of governing, making Sweden a de facto parliamentary monarchy. During the period when it was in force several important reforms took place without affecting its status. In 1866 the Four Estates were replaced by a bicameral parliament, and in 1876 the office of the Prime Minister of Sweden was introduced. In the early 20th century universal suffrage was introduced. In 1970 the parliament was transformed from a bicameral legislature to a unicameral one. In 1975, it was replaced by a new Instrument of Government, which stripped the king of even nominal political power and made Sweden a de facto crowned republic. See also History of Sweden Politics of Sweden Constitution of Sweden King in Council (Sweden) Privy Council of Sweden Gustavian Party References External links Regeringsform 1809 (Instrument of Government 1809) - at Wikisource (in Swedish) Historiska dokument (Swedish historical documents) - at Wikisource (in Swedish) 1809 in law Constitution of Sweden Defunct constitutions 1809 in Sweden 1809 in politics June 1809 events	[ 0.15004819631576538, 0.053808197379112244, 0.32804518938064575, -0.029185449704527855, -0.1723315715789795, 0.1653587520122528, 0.23999138176441193, -0.026322035118937492, -0.2248707413673401, -0.29097381234169006, 0.16721583902835846, 0.5547611117362976, 0.0783596783876419, 0.2636886537075043, -0.7486670613288879, 0.1566397249698639, 0.5509239435195923, 0.473916232585907, 0.3528214395046234, -0.41693130135536194, -0.416358083486557, 0.2550064027309418, 0.16224001348018646, 0.40403422713279724, 0.2796660363674164, -0.2337186187505722, 0.7409932613372803, -0.21249356865882874, -0.22322970628738403, 0.05891557037830353, 0.10806409269571304, 0.18130874633789062, -0.15474046766757965, -0.15375079214572906, -0.2296598255634308, -0.1192842498421669, -0.2572709619998932, -0.17888352274894714, -0.46192777156829834, -0.05392597243189812, -0.17003047466278076, -0.36640968918800354, 0.1017044335603714, -0.08366819471120834, -0.3569527864456177, -1.0692092180252075, -0.7759109735488892, 0.3565193712711334, -0.3479812443256378, 0.6311950087547302, -0.5597976446151733, 0.30380624532699585, 0.13434986770153046, 0.4932926893234253, 0.11538885533809662, -0.5287169814109802, -0.4583021104335785, -0.0045170956291258335, -0.14257681369781494, 0.04087742418050766, 0.23830106854438782, 0.12217546254396439, 0.3386319875717163, -0.21801675856113434, 0.21014688909053802, 0.26964640617370605, 0.16507679224014282, 0.12212678790092468, -0.04602193459868431, -0.2301367223262787, -0.5568395853042603, -0.034006036818027496, -0.015994183719158173, -0.3238431215286255, -0.04394767805933952, -0.5845440626144409, 0.4943138062953949, 0.2953875958919525, 0.6051871180534363, 0.1832941174507141, 0.4902816712856293, -0.005801231600344181, 0.6419797539710999, -0.3784335255622864, -0.017649713903665543, 0.4319150447845459, -0.4255834221839905, -0.11476955562829971, -0.4022313952445984, -0.13098156452178955, 0.511210024356842, 0.1448824405670166, 0.2457965761423111, -0.28176793456077576, -0.7720133066177368, -0.15166084468364716, -0.09608921408653259, 0.10204145312309265, -0.3603774309158325, 0.554955780506134, 0.22980304062366486, 0.5305294990539551, 0.3544501066207886, 0.07404805719852448, -0.004631457384675741, -0.20568248629570007, -0.16159231960773468, -0.2723776698112488, -0.13580971956253052, -0.06785222887992859, -0.15385429561138153, 0.34701380133628845, -0.17137497663497925, 0.29896971583366394, -0.2857649624347687, 0.3734736144542694, 0.3100472390651703, -0.1988324224948883, 0.4315394163131714, 0.6534741520881653, 0.04815811291337013, 0.749029278755188, 0.2861808240413666, 0.05322038754820824, 0.5195308327674866, 0.05071745067834854, 0.5553746819496155, 0.24293039739131927, -0.7185434103012085, -0.012005586177110672, 0.35013431310653687, 0.8699129819869995, -0.1681356132030487, 0.012693151831626892, -0.19294321537017822, -0.22615711390972137, 0.19810758531093597, -0.09020442515611649, 0.36324238777160645, 0.19963635504245758, -0.5470589995384216, -0.5111415982246399, -0.33820393681526184, -0.23386599123477936, -0.15958331525325775, -0.3411652445793152, 0.10107222199440002, -0.4233345091342926, -0.7368380427360535, 0.294756680727005, 0.30617234110832214, -0.005139987915754318, -0.038896359503269196, -0.04353811964392662, -0.09227000921964645, 0.36839303374290466, -0.2759975492954254, 0.3908950686454773, -0.19144344329833984, 0.5949525833129883, 0.7396853566169739, 0.6212987899780273, -0.26157355308532715, -0.3328583836555481, 0.11758139729499817, -0.15389268100261688, -0.04866237938404083, 0.7346082329750061, 0.5649222731590271, -0.2884669601917267, -0.0840095654129982, -0.06038946658372879, 0.0704939067363739, -0.5121894478797913, 0.18171972036361694, 0.2415100634098053, -0.034234896302223206, -0.14733631908893585, 0.1969868242740631, 0.016417749226093292, -0.3171440362930298, -0.22530274093151093, 0.48031967878341675, -0.3147119879722595, -0.04322618991136551, 0.5257239937782288, 0.5135477781295776, 0.3422757685184479, 0.007244205567985773, -0.055192746222019196, -0.5892918109893799, -0.45271793007850647, 0.5062809586524963, -0.47238239645957947, 0.8563753962516785, -0.016655035316944122, -1.1297321319580078, 0.9640859961509705, -0.3488028943538666, 0.748832106590271, -0.09506869316101074, -0.33408012986183167, 0.8331968784332275, 0.02035696804523468, 0.9139636754989624, 0.26114916801452637, -0.13566435873508453, 0.2178632915019989, 0.34435269236564636, 0.5644619464874268, 0.14057432115077972, -0.40259861946105957, 0.13056449592113495, -0.30976954102516174, 0.16287323832511902, -0.22713641822338104, -0.5614835619926453, -0.04084010049700737, 0.2377239316701889, 0.09237290918827057, 0.26514843106269836, -0.05080687254667282, -0.5023406744003296, 0.9503728151321411, -0.12288074195384979, -0.06957276910543442, -0.005320297554135323, 0.20903895795345306, 0.09426693618297577, -0.778785765171051, -0.04501340538263321, -0.3717500865459442, 0.0811365619301796, -0.2835933268070221, 0.6316232681274414, -0.17502735555171967, -0.7590574622154236, 0.3964228332042694, -0.02417851984500885, -0.16559259593486786, 0.754030704498291, -0.22202588617801666, -0.1441747099161148, 0.3484624922275543, 0.09940877556800842, 0.7266674041748047, -0.7526843547821045, 0.07869553565979004, -0.19845950603485107, 0.06016819551587105, -0.20285551249980927, 0.3597955107688904, -0.03699221834540367, -0.4525206387042999, -0.075323686003685, -0.18169687688350677, 0.17868497967720032, -0.16824474930763245, -0.18873560428619385, 0.2832285165786743, -0.17928145825862885, -0.36323896050453186, 0.35437577962875366, 0.25962355732917786, 0.46513432264328003, -0.19428429007530212, -0.2075549066066742, -0.20302806794643402, -0.16186024248600006, 0.7868841290473938, 0.44266408681869507, -0.5262845158576965, -0.3666881024837494, 0.2790009677410126, -0.012201830744743347, -0.7054887413978577, 0.0884302482008934, 0.42985838651657104, -0.9489266872406006, -0.8078859448432922, 0.15158270299434662, 0.6408795118331909, 0.033389996737241745, -0.8168031573295593, -0.12737047672271729, -0.3408055007457733, 0.37324392795562744, -0.20124350488185883, 0.030950549989938736, 0.1887768805027008, -0.2039337456226349, 0.2798213064670563, -0.3946649134159088, -0.8558395504951477, 0.05434690788388252, -0.06902314722537994, -0.302777498960495, 0.03395861014723778, 0.4009886384010315, -0.09683939069509506, -0.4991661012172699, -0.06929727643728256, 0.1813773214817047, 0.14360874891281128, 0.17547298967838287, -0.09786387532949448, 0.14696474373340607, 0.38043680787086487, -5.693087100982666, -0.34671148657798767, 0.012189511209726334, -0.7005056738853455, 0.4469606876373291, 0.7290156483650208, 0.9653637409210205, -0.37223783135414124, 0.5274597406387329, -0.0756610631942749, 0.30409398674964905, 0.20211371779441833, 0.4815738797187805, 0.7721507549285889, 0.2435794323682785, 0.38348737359046936, 0.25406360626220703, 0.15583989024162292, -0.06846608966588974, 0.4724671244621277, 0.1879023164510727, -0.6971029043197632, -0.11018124222755432, 0.23138470947742462, 0.4044021964073181, -0.44194111227989197, -0.09487592428922653, 0.3724428713321686, -0.5036252737045288, 0.14270880818367004, -0.17416799068450928, 0.16020537912845612, 0.2863805294036865, -0.9015955924987793, 0.19565412402153015, -0.002379861893132329, 0.45257797837257385, 0.9597856402397156, -0.7787295579910278, -0.7041546106338501, -0.10156787931919098, 0.2773098647594452, 0.0009910776279866695, 0.01912868767976761, -0.15881095826625824, 0.12316321581602097, -0.2147487998008728, 0.5541378259658813, -1.0164778232574463, 0.8394758701324463, 0.18891897797584534, 0.16238471865653992, 0.12737351655960083, -0.29509738087654114, -0.11412452161312103, 0.33612731099128723, 0.05432744324207306, -0.0490269772708416, -0.48365139961242676, 0.3139241635799408, 0.9082933068275452, -0.2615091800689697, -0.12262751162052155, -0.62530916929245, -0.26920512318611145, -0.4774845838546753, -1.009080410003662, -0.3484329581260681, 0.9052839875221252, 0.9350892901420593, 0.2190849483013153, 0.18376515805721283, -0.07323463261127472, -0.9464357495307922, 0.30999863147735596, -0.995233952999115, 0.08280855417251587, -0.18462656438350677, 0.17680305242538452, 0.2970345914363861, 0.15470284223556519, 0.17664825916290283, 0.09697972983121872, 0.5530194640159607, 0.334977924823761, 0.3817014992237091, -0.1567494422197342, -0.0554373599588871, -0.43336841464042664, -0.36689451336860657, 0.5183848738670349, -0.8069602251052856, -0.542925238609314, 0.04815037176012993, -0.1698613464832306, -0.05286908522248268, 0.013890529982745647, -0.2852591872215271, 0.06686244904994965, -0.36702120304107666, 0.02972707711160183, 0.29173949360847473, 0.16380518674850464, -0.14396429061889648, 0.08607881516218185, -0.27790743112564087, -0.6366703510284424, 0.30269214510917664, -0.0915161669254303, -0.23751290142536163, -0.6073271036148071, -0.016859320923686028, -0.021578093990683556, -0.6765552759170532, 0.2022000402212143, -0.358029842376709, -0.11849796026945114, 0.5922579765319824, 0.2570503056049347, -0.6107285618782043, -0.2855914831161499, 0.23550420999526978, 0.1799037903547287, 0.17166471481323242, -0.7135384678840637, -0.05454041808843613, -0.024729430675506592, 0.2327912151813507, -0.3496255576610565, 0.11358369141817093, 0.3471629321575165, 0.06867395341396332, -0.25207510590553284, -0.052363861352205276, 0.1823156625032425, -0.16273711621761322, -0.23564444482326508, 0.34213557839393616, 0.32209914922714233, -0.17199043929576874, -0.11274276673793793, -0.7000417113304138, 0.19318747520446777, -0.3488970994949341, 0.26173439621925354, -0.10065159201622009, 0.10795572400093079, -0.06293877214193344, -0.4894810914993286, 0.5666583776473999, 0.075310617685318, 0.14616645872592926, 0.6684921979904175, 0.06195109710097313, -0.2840002775192261, -0.21674741804599762, 0.44943252205848694, 0.05986067280173302, -0.08497311919927597, -0.8356519341468811, -0.019357096403837204, -0.29490146040916443, -0.8819909691810608, -0.6033822894096375, 0.160675048828125, -0.336007684469223, -1.2134958505630493, 0.19139859080314636, 0.4104340970516205, 0.6834334135055542, -0.22675268352031708, -0.7224341034889221, -0.5756552815437317, 0.14498114585876465, 0.19193005561828613, -0.011940499767661095, -0.16779865324497223, 0.4999546706676483, -0.2741832435131073, -0.007026180159300566, 0.39660826325416565, -0.3468053936958313, -0.010737243108451366, -0.17134808003902435, 0.21123994886875153, -0.0058990102261304855, 0.15708741545677185, -0.04877709224820137, 0.4537413418292999, -0.29370051622390747, 0.31385520100593567, 0.07322914898395538, 0.7503833770751953, -0.2930491268634796, -0.5991258025169373, -0.5386636257171631, -0.16557621955871582, 0.19916698336601257, 0.10657140612602234, -0.13772527873516083, 0.5043960809707642, 0.44345521926879883, -0.06625792384147644, -0.2042582482099533, 0.06282676011323929, -0.22872689366340637, -0.07474132627248764, -0.1193314790725708, -0.32855144143104553, 0.39434823393821716, -0.45918747782707214, -0.6399856805801392, -0.9073747396469116, 0.43581169843673706, -0.4335653781890869, -0.43223679065704346, 0.18677784502506256, -0.6975914239883423, -0.15911363065242767, -0.5412625670433044, -0.13077624142169952, 0.04052690416574478, -0.6522051095962524, 0.37840837240219116, -0.27388688921928406, 0.38388824462890625, 0.30892476439476013, -0.10235974937677383, 0.8671156167984009, 0.01578175462782383, -0.03692327067255974, 0.5287754535675049, 0.2327728420495987, 0.2313413918018341, -0.7750969529151917, 0.03916195034980774, -0.4075990319252014, 0.12619514763355255, 0.03405345603823662, 1.157146692276001, -0.07311121374368668, 1.5005395412445068, 0.36278319358825684, -0.46535664796829224, 0.12322190403938293, 0.15549133718013763, -0.0038929034490138292, -0.01831693761050701, -0.0020590052008628845, 0.35921546816825867, -0.14460639655590057, -0.004989058244973421, -0.2327566295862198, -0.2306547611951828, 0.6280713081359863, -0.5181018114089966, 0.18517056107521057, 0.6698344945907593, 0.04382345452904701, -0.06889572739601135, -0.29664146900177, -0.234575554728508, -0.6985355019569397, -0.23098541796207428, 0.8741118907928467, -0.12517447769641876, -0.5349448323249817, -0.05282091721892357, 0.4578133821487427, -0.5808237195014954, -0.08219762146472931, -0.9288213849067688, -0.16766288876533508, 0.09989751130342484, 0.4583798050880432, -0.5242709517478943, -0.33965039253234863, -0.12572336196899414, 0.5874618887901306, -0.21942800283432007, -0.9156977534294128, 0.40495729446411133, 0.15359944105148315, -0.3710287809371948, -0.18636229634284973, -0.8422787189483643, -0.8108407258987427, -0.15498946607112885, -0.6383526921272278, -0.6092368364334106, -0.25074639916419983, 0.03765140101313591, -0.048912402242422104, 0.30214884877204895, -0.2807713449001312, 0.8039696216583252, -0.253561407327652, 0.4473455250263214, 0.5332903861999512, 0.2527759075164795, 0.4465475380420685, -0.1059635654091835, 0.2119036465883255, -0.2349456250667572, -0.4277842342853546, 0.14876428246498108, 0.014487940818071365, -0.11427328735589981, -0.23073838651180267, 0.22089041769504547, 0.2553982436656952, 0.2213529348373413, -0.18696005642414093, 0.028630703687667847, -0.7665920257568359, -0.5323048233985901, 0.3354141414165497, -0.476433128118515, -0.08317352831363678, 0.47291526198387146, -0.017076263204216957, 0.2583511769771576, -0.129501074552536, -0.0650261789560318, -0.1481785923242569, 0.4566061496734619, 0.18545161187648773, 0.6229528784751892, -0.27800890803337097, -0.13031870126724243, 0.47808021306991577, 0.1829506754875183, -0.24316628277301788, 0.30995994806289673, -0.28659871220588684, 0.23826995491981506, 0.050754379481077194, -0.9034448266029358, 0.2695358097553253, 0.1079280823469162, -0.01643134467303753, 0.5695403814315796, -0.39062607288360596, -0.07284199446439743, 0.8308389186859131, 0.0443449467420578, -0.3118499517440796, -0.475881427526474, 0.17912904918193817, 0.08965258300304413, 0.4649781584739685, -0.372372031211853, 0.7555357813835144, -0.7645999193191528, 0.21091224253177643, -0.02434341236948967, -0.46598318219184875, 0.09059488773345947, -0.19497829675674438, 0.022582141682505608, -0.4294510781764984, -0.11632238328456879, 0.16140851378440857, 0.12488747388124466, -0.23178601264953613, 0.28495481610298157, 0.48865261673927307, 0.47632887959480286, 0.06271113455295563, -0.19489087164402008, 0.346665620803833, -0.1076122298836708, -0.09317518025636673, -0.348885178565979, -0.24450692534446716, 0.03126954287290573, 1.0409563779830933, 0.5430010557174683, 0.937333345413208, -0.33123570680618286, 0.09992925822734833, 0.1776195466518402, 0.28945785760879517, -1.0532745122909546, -0.623907208442688, 0.3178504407405853, -0.20224104821681976, 0.032927948981523514, 0.6390419006347656, -0.5236105918884277, -0.3854687809944153, -0.6751172542572021, 0.25215405225753784, 0.017623351886868477, -0.71787428855896, 0.38960665464401245, -0.0655284896492958, 0.6552425026893616, 0.44552329182624817, -0.7990559935569763, -0.11293540149927139, 0.6074798703193665, -0.25213703513145447, -0.3127036392688751, 0.5122135281562805, 0.618689775466919, -0.4964442849159241, 0.5211027264595032, 0.024570534005761147, 0.7840056419372559, 0.11490224301815033, 0.025263307616114616, 0.22565047442913055, 0.2001284807920456, -0.424786776304245, -0.30273717641830444, 0.8906651139259338, -0.4168185591697693, -0.15191422402858734, -0.27202391624450684, -0.33416396379470825, 0.248036727309227, 0.06410624086856842, 0.06141561642289162, -0.007821372710168362, -0.5136308073997498, 0.5326534509658813, 0.0485730804502964, 0.11744467169046402, 0.22743955254554749, -0.4099684953689575, -0.28759825229644775, -0.0035932627506554127, 0.16849488019943237, -0.2200256735086441, 0.6221056580543518, 0.1462991088628769, 0.811535656452179, 0.1345805525779724, -0.3053309917449951, -0.16213788092136383, -0.010254977270960808, 0.47994062304496765, 0.0035121708642691374, 0.07343868166208267, -0.11095888912677765, -0.06598030775785446, 0.24836871027946472, -0.7651203870773315, 0.13864542543888092, 0.424601286649704, -0.4269055724143982, 0.44429904222488403, -0.6575311422348022, 0.3222568929195404, -1.0831917524337769, 0.444857120513916, -0.5160467028617859, -0.49842458963394165, 0.15872448682785034 ]
216465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument%20of%20Government%20%281634%29	Instrument of Government (1634)	The Instrument of Government of 1634 was Sweden's first constitution adopted on 29 July 1634. It regulated some of the administration, judiciary and the military. It was never accepted by the monarch but was nonetheless in use until Charles XI formally established an absolute monarchy in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden effectively nullifying the constitution. Notes References External links Text of the Constitution Constitution of Sweden 1634 in law 1634 in Sweden 1634 in politics	[ -0.06270948052406311, 0.13823774456977844, 0.36350539326667786, 0.013739570043981075, -0.5281075835227966, 0.2432505339384079, 0.6257510185241699, -0.41280117630958557, -0.4001297652721405, -0.22320513427257538, 0.33197054266929626, 0.4168425500392914, -0.12829725444316864, -0.04825294017791748, -0.6480376124382019, -0.15170687437057495, 0.6242181658744812, 0.17362309992313385, 0.35754403471946716, -0.27663159370422363, -0.15818984806537628, 0.4487118124961853, 0.17913158237934113, 0.5642530918121338, 0.4529993236064911, -0.22566571831703186, 1.07633638381958, -0.2757677137851715, -0.2157028615474701, -0.24088935554027557, 0.1524232178926468, -0.033686839044094086, 0.06224662438035011, -0.18179050087928772, -0.42673805356025696, -0.10937280207872391, -0.2655175030231476, 0.05321970209479332, -0.48732462525367737, 0.024539722129702568, -0.42590564489364624, -0.2006797343492508, 0.07280182093381882, 0.007349210791289806, -0.13102293014526367, -1.0445529222488403, -1.018960952758789, 0.44154807925224304, -0.33872881531715393, 0.7648488283157349, -0.5042259097099304, 0.41381508111953735, -0.155172199010849, 0.9526749849319458, 0.04501623660326004, -0.2983333170413971, -0.5195859670639038, -0.23009617626667023, -0.01869812235236168, 0.03566622734069824, 0.31197690963745117, 0.1512429416179657, 0.12631388008594513, -0.22184227406978607, -0.317064493894577, 0.28758570551872253, 0.3039883077144623, 0.1537891924381256, 0.07374995201826096, -0.3459751307964325, -0.5027690529823303, -0.15777459740638733, -0.39767205715179443, -0.23324307799339294, 0.2800460755825043, -0.8714278936386108, 0.29242709279060364, 0.4293370544910431, 0.1498970240354538, -0.16899637877941132, 0.20673500001430511, 0.07744879275560379, 0.4034745693206787, -0.4609113037586212, 0.07494515925645828, 0.17233777046203613, -0.41465461254119873, -0.3009953200817108, -0.564429521560669, -0.04594655707478523, 0.6265069246292114, 0.21467766165733337, 0.20804882049560547, -0.10517074167728424, -0.4675765633583069, -0.2604391872882843, -0.4791005849838257, 0.16293714940547943, -0.15147283673286438, 0.9133239388465881, 0.21408630907535553, 0.5016306638717651, 0.49641647934913635, 0.2802219092845917, 0.11103396117687225, 0.10653118789196014, -0.03054204210639, -0.19559702277183533, -0.12412088364362717, 0.20855800807476044, 0.16522139310836792, 0.021852530539035797, -0.1828821748495102, 0.18039023876190186, -0.3823324143886566, 0.42935582995414734, 0.3623522222042084, -0.575332522392273, 0.20059193670749664, 0.5558956265449524, 0.0797068327665329, 0.9818151593208313, 0.24131332337856293, 0.3221277594566345, 0.38770923018455505, 0.1680152714252472, 0.1744554489850998, 0.47398120164871216, -0.7259983420372009, 0.22874706983566284, 0.022880353033542633, 0.897534966468811, -0.1332731992006302, 0.08617042750120163, -0.44602248072624207, 0.17286260426044464, -0.12217801809310913, 0.25623849034309387, -0.020541232079267502, 0.07615459710359573, -0.8378947973251343, -0.6163566708564758, -0.12887625396251678, 0.0016665862640365958, -0.0037856525741517544, -0.22024719417095184, 0.2663026750087738, -0.46662747859954834, -0.9334593415260315, 0.31900379061698914, 0.08775851130485535, 0.021848203614354134, -0.18841372430324554, 0.09164739400148392, 0.37672099471092224, 0.8366208076477051, -0.020177919417619705, 0.3552328944206238, -0.08247968554496765, 0.6733255982398987, 0.7570732235908508, 0.8139605522155762, -0.6173123717308044, -0.2894671559333801, -0.22954411804676056, 0.1300656497478485, 0.18075741827487946, 0.5060451626777649, 0.6535696387290955, -0.40306857228279114, -0.08690216392278671, -0.24756915867328644, 0.02069150097668171, -0.5996958613395691, 0.09928153455257416, 0.045000284910202026, 0.3976365625858307, -0.1803871989250183, -0.046904247254133224, 0.21416878700256348, -0.19737109541893005, -0.06198662891983986, 0.43997135758399963, -0.4647689759731293, 0.35679489374160767, 0.5687695145606995, 0.29377323389053345, 0.23146213591098785, -0.05567268282175064, -0.15931378304958344, -0.38395410776138306, -0.39608633518218994, 0.7404627203941345, -0.31468465924263, 1.207229733467102, 0.08749475330114365, -1.1302706003189087, 1.2939088344573975, -0.3874514400959015, 0.8995224237442017, -0.147959366440773, -0.11564592272043228, 0.7249443531036377, 0.4215279221534729, 0.6753168106079102, 0.300110399723053, -0.04625258222222328, 0.5982068777084351, 0.4654666483402252, 0.3918851315975189, 0.05949881672859192, -0.3632548451423645, -0.05576001852750778, -0.8956895470619202, 0.17879346013069153, -0.23382915556430817, -0.3050595223903656, -0.0008354390156455338, -0.039290908724069595, 0.0895991250872612, 1.1217068433761597, -0.13683827221393585, -0.48781800270080566, 0.9105573892593384, 0.12012042105197906, 0.21125976741313934, 0.10340060293674469, 0.39242738485336304, 0.02134927362203598, -0.6967921257019043, 0.08491641283035278, -0.17100562155246735, 0.2202550768852234, -0.24558131396770477, 0.32818496227264404, -0.24935120344161987, -0.525973916053772, 0.2658542990684509, -0.09313078224658966, -0.04548794403672218, 0.7473452687263489, 0.1832645833492279, -0.30641672015190125, 0.1757037490606308, 0.0016712616197764874, 0.36399906873703003, -0.6187157034873962, -0.27660244703292847, 0.049222152680158615, -0.0441412590444088, 0.11723528057336807, 0.3027002215385437, -0.06110803782939911, -0.16033358871936798, 0.20446810126304626, 0.22090458869934082, -0.007000771351158619, -0.5157673358917236, -0.029842203482985497, 0.359890341758728, -0.037624701857566833, -0.5033458471298218, 0.34371790289878845, 0.4277856945991516, 0.5653728246688843, -0.12004530429840088, -0.13105487823486328, -0.2162444144487381, 0.20121942460536957, 0.8598098158836365, 0.07024548202753067, -0.8476637005805969, -0.6194114685058594, 0.28672587871551514, 0.21196353435516357, -0.39780759811401367, 0.3292299509048462, 0.0586479976773262, -0.6585859656333923, -0.31844741106033325, -0.3873462378978729, 0.2522537112236023, 0.015215377323329449, -0.9794402718544006, 0.07168367505073547, 0.07494423538446426, 0.35983702540397644, -0.08681315928697586, -0.015764812007546425, -0.16126997768878937, -0.15066835284233093, 0.309231698513031, -0.4120587110519409, -0.8837422728538513, 0.4711284637451172, 0.263282835483551, -0.07085490971803665, 0.006765306927263737, 0.36748090386390686, -0.2747390866279602, -0.11568526923656464, -0.21423491835594177, -0.03661894053220749, 0.21749018132686615, 0.2752254903316498, -0.10376695543527603, 0.2337086945772171, 0.4106999635696411, -5.500823020935059, -0.30018681287765503, -0.35291823744773865, -0.8158637881278992, 0.41404402256011963, 0.3688417375087738, 0.8431881070137024, -0.4363239109516144, 0.7659929990768433, -0.2502928376197815, 0.3322290778160095, -0.06620123982429504, 0.22530284523963928, 0.7609674334526062, 0.08492719382047653, 0.7845812439918518, 0.07744582742452621, 0.17709513008594513, -0.13504081964492798, 0.14883394539356232, 0.38290801644325256, -0.5844013690948486, -0.3933594524860382, 0.12133907526731491, 0.4852736294269562, -0.4510142207145691, -0.19711410999298096, 0.3262822926044464, -0.22461935877799988, 0.28634822368621826, -0.13135124742984772, -0.0010901781497523189, 0.19225656986236572, -1.132353663444519, -0.3812759816646576, 0.0688094049692154, 0.7618874907493591, 0.959253191947937, -0.3382660448551178, -0.5124179124832153, -0.20883780717849731, 0.33023425936698914, 0.14920249581336975, 0.533808708190918, -0.062053654342889786, -0.4134741723537445, -0.5131656527519226, 0.7109184265136719, -1.2327467203140259, 0.8625855445861816, 0.1314018815755844, 0.3709389865398407, 0.3918483555316925, 0.02577648125588894, 0.049392130225896835, 0.11743905395269394, -0.2929721176624298, 0.16838622093200684, -0.6150820851325989, 0.15968619287014008, 0.6788361072540283, -0.5263963341712952, -0.256073534488678, -0.4963875114917755, -0.2596251666545868, -0.7479258179664612, -0.922690749168396, -0.37412458658218384, 0.7772137522697449, 0.6539496779441833, 0.18119212985038757, 0.30316147208213806, -0.039765335619449615, -1.0568034648895264, 0.5810624361038208, -0.9526885151863098, -0.031245307996869087, -0.237564817070961, 0.11559177190065384, 0.14857129752635956, 0.32630494236946106, 0.0012578696478158236, -0.035817090421915054, 0.5783169269561768, 0.4948079288005829, 0.6753045916557312, -0.1897917091846466, -0.20786279439926147, -0.8032630681991577, -0.3268986642360687, 0.7613112926483154, -0.958896815776825, -0.5990356206893921, 0.08172763139009476, 0.11227153986692429, -0.004512186162173748, -0.06009530648589134, -0.4403737187385559, 0.22124791145324707, -0.2423095554113388, -0.002712300280109048, 0.4711994230747223, -0.26657894253730774, -0.19120217859745026, -0.06501562148332596, -0.2925703227519989, -0.7189509272575378, 0.44744575023651123, -0.024827904999256134, 0.05371934920549393, -0.41085684299468994, -0.23223139345645905, -0.26591646671295166, -0.3157697021961212, 0.30464527010917664, -0.2899593114852905, 0.010954536497592926, 0.5619248151779175, 0.12350580096244812, -0.347912460565567, -0.015072176232933998, 0.16384205222129822, 0.21743200719356537, 0.24794767796993256, -0.9158718585968018, 0.10544741898775101, -0.19591225683689117, 0.17152942717075348, -0.15956397354602814, -0.182640939950943, 0.19578805565834045, -0.07451801002025604, -0.4608045220375061, 0.15911467373371124, -0.05765385925769806, -0.13329540193080902, -0.38561174273490906, 0.2662245035171509, 0.3370996415615082, -0.5276708602905273, -0.022401554509997368, -0.7370863556861877, 0.3007492423057556, -0.4668455123901367, 0.09381857514381409, -0.11098042875528336, 0.32058265805244446, 0.05828806012868881, -0.3228144347667694, 0.3522111773490906, -0.35217219591140747, 0.060808826237916946, 0.5342521667480469, 0.06656362861394882, -0.5794568657875061, -0.17519830167293549, 0.5979360342025757, 0.2641693651676178, -0.20878538489341736, -0.6549059152603149, 0.1405094563961029, -0.30100205540657043, -0.7288100719451904, -0.6913891434669495, 0.013856455683708191, -0.3593907952308655, -0.8452608585357666, -0.11718123406171799, 0.35217463970184326, 0.6738286018371582, -0.16100461781024933, -0.5274867415428162, -0.5438245534896851, -0.03629744425415993, 0.3685683012008667, -0.020210571587085724, 0.16938279569149017, 0.29688140749931335, -0.2953212857246399, 0.21533973515033722, 0.12919487059116364, -0.6327266693115234, -0.004865767899900675, -0.0353366956114769, 0.5216857194900513, -0.23629643023014069, 0.17479375004768372, -0.2979661822319031, 0.6117779612541199, -0.6900686025619507, 0.06914360076189041, 0.07554414123296738, 0.9747467041015625, -0.5599779486656189, -0.6694093942642212, -0.6684697270393372, 0.1788502186536789, 0.13125695288181305, 0.21596093475818634, -0.32784274220466614, 0.28348878026008606, 0.5093607902526855, -0.23920030891895294, -0.29293251037597656, 0.26678013801574707, -0.36230289936065674, 0.2140108197927475, -0.17206522822380066, -0.3012232184410095, 0.11068286746740341, -0.3198792338371277, -0.8474677205085754, -0.7965843081474304, 0.6984021663665771, -0.38847020268440247, -0.5550665855407715, -0.12936857342720032, -0.4341808557510376, -0.7877540588378906, -0.33797553181648254, -0.4998815059661865, 0.030565595254302025, -0.7411141991615295, -0.12789379060268402, -0.5860909223556519, 0.4681721329689026, -0.10945514589548111, -0.19316060841083527, 0.6332230567932129, 0.09151533991098404, 0.0041243149898946285, 0.1856490969657898, -0.014426643028855324, 0.2417929768562317, -0.8933897614479065, -0.09214286506175995, -0.590833842754364, 0.15729199349880219, 0.04125169664621353, 1.2038596868515015, -0.13530981540679932, 1.4947912693023682, 0.5849249958992004, -0.4341135025024414, 0.27248677611351013, 0.07538969069719315, -0.3726215362548828, -0.028472328558564186, -0.0912201851606369, 0.28492292761802673, -0.22706976532936096, -0.06818115711212158, -0.1779366433620453, -0.061485279351472855, 0.9087320566177368, -0.24918389320373535, 0.3227733075618744, 0.5305898189544678, -0.10524401068687439, -0.16186274588108063, -0.20336498320102692, 0.1857357919216156, -0.7758632898330688, -0.30788493156433105, 0.6820878386497498, -0.42860713601112366, -0.4972147047519684, -0.44697457551956177, 0.5655887722969055, -0.460477352142334, -0.11395470798015594, -0.9424899220466614, -0.41981005668640137, 0.05055094510316849, 0.41149914264678955, -0.20070184767246246, -0.2861420214176178, -0.4224190413951874, 0.9036707878112793, -0.04898699000477791, -1.0092507600784302, 0.3681531846523285, -0.05088400840759277, -0.2690129578113556, -0.07578860968351364, -0.5995903015136719, -0.6919471621513367, -0.023461461067199707, -0.3119678497314453, -0.3306433856487274, -0.2888328731060028, -0.1480785310268402, -0.2383226901292801, 0.5032187700271606, -0.33093300461769104, 0.7309361696243286, -0.004499523434787989, 0.33147719502449036, 0.2032671570777893, 0.24163202941417694, 0.44331851601600647, 0.22909045219421387, 0.2636987566947937, -0.40991076827049255, -0.4023158550262451, 0.10083981603384018, -0.5547319650650024, -0.13749009370803833, -0.16723307967185974, 0.13327962160110474, 0.40579721331596375, 0.11548709869384766, 0.09790284186601639, -0.4214784502983093, -0.5864896178245544, -0.4755345284938812, -0.014157790690660477, -0.6967330574989319, -0.2558709979057312, 0.33630988001823425, 0.4136107861995697, 0.15149511396884918, -0.3329598009586334, -0.09909508377313614, 0.14225497841835022, 0.41808199882507324, 0.09360761940479279, 0.46623238921165466, -0.6535018682479858, -0.03254280984401703, 0.7384012937545776, -0.1188138946890831, -0.13297037780284882, 0.09371371567249298, -0.24004319310188293, 0.22164875268936157, 0.41667675971984863, -0.9323884844779968, 0.11498410999774933, 0.3060559928417206, -0.040811214596033096, 0.7510542273521423, -0.6391857862472534, -0.24753665924072266, 0.41562217473983765, -0.1477254033088684, -0.26610371470451355, -0.33154425024986267, -0.06766989827156067, 0.13305656611919403, 0.5734128355979919, -0.31589221954345703, 0.8282302618026733, -0.776030421257019, 0.27640295028686523, -0.12169059365987778, -0.22596007585525513, 0.08493679016828537, -0.1781553477048874, -0.03084954246878624, -0.15552164614200592, -0.059623852372169495, 0.36685052514076233, 0.4500149190425873, -0.3299245536327362, 0.6558459997177124, 0.18651671707630157, 0.666423499584198, 0.10525186359882355, -0.38204309344291687, 0.05651068687438965, -0.1414172649383545, -0.1928030103445053, -0.20661064982414246, -0.38098227977752686, 0.28551632165908813, 0.7090786099433899, 0.3721647560596466, 0.9088279604911804, -0.24969801306724548, -0.09063263982534409, -0.07248928397893906, 0.0312972292304039, -0.8652649521827698, -0.6381554007530212, 0.22757932543754578, -0.14158804714679718, 0.18160314857959747, 0.46221572160720825, -0.7257275581359863, -0.6852534413337708, -0.7573389410972595, 0.5821957588195801, 0.2841643691062927, -0.7253466844558716, 0.5646552443504333, 0.15376700460910797, 0.8692541718482971, 0.5794565677642822, -0.3639030158519745, -0.023024769499897957, 0.48593661189079285, -0.2603361904621124, -0.09644520282745361, 0.1470458209514618, 0.8589438796043396, -0.3603793680667877, 0.4780961275100708, 0.3240410089492798, 0.6202206015586853, 0.17861151695251465, 0.0729137659072876, 0.3024333119392395, -0.09749791771173477, -0.09605538100004196, 0.2156101018190384, 0.8869250416755676, -0.4371470808982849, -0.004136913921684027, 0.19184306263923645, -0.4514969289302826, 0.2768464982509613, 0.11858293414115906, 0.10802710056304932, 0.11434315145015717, -0.5302878618240356, 0.7261701226234436, -0.0019273655489087105, -0.05836494639515877, 0.010140391066670418, -0.06087107956409454, -0.5505697727203369, -0.07361972332000732, 0.4529975354671478, -0.18646240234375, 0.722891628742218, 0.34868115186691284, 0.52711421251297, -0.004246461670845747, 0.024347389116883278, -0.006909485906362534, -0.08414442092180252, 0.49250441789627075, 0.02553941123187542, 0.0005081547424197197, -0.0294390469789505, 0.0006277869106270373, -0.09085528552532196, -0.7242264151573181, 0.2572736442089081, 0.5835700631141663, -0.46822160482406616, 0.31037887930870056, -0.6091959476470947, 0.4709073007106781, -0.5828895568847656, 0.28207042813301086, -0.5704254508018494, -0.5897594690322876, 0.10232134163379669 ]
216471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnentius	Magnentius	Magnus Magnentius (c. 303 – 11 August 353) was a Roman general and usurper against Constantius II from 350 to 353. Of Germanic descent, Magnentius served with distinction in Gaul under the Western emperor Constans. On 18 January 350 Magnentius was acclaimed augustus, and he quickly overthrew and killed Constans. The Eastern emperor Constantius II, the brother of Constans, refused to acknowledge Magnentius' legitimacy and led a successful campaign against Magnentius in the Roman Civil war of 350-353. Ultimately, Magnentius was defeated at the Battle of Mons Seleucus and later committed suicide on 11 August 353. Most of Magnentius' short reign was concerned with asserting his legitimacy. Unrelated to Constantine the Great, Magnentius had no dynastic claim to imperium; thus, Magnentius sought popular support by modeling himself as a liberator who had freed Rome from the tyranny of Constans. The few public and religious reforms Magnentius enacted were quickly repealed by Constantius. Perhaps the most important consequence of Magnentius' revolt was the severe depletion of the Empire's military forces in civil war: The Battle of Mursa left so many Roman soldiers dead that, according to Zosimus, Constantius feared that Rome would no longer be able to effectively hold off barbarian invasion. Early life and ascension Born in Samarobriva (Amiens), Gaul, Magnentius was the son of a British father and a Frankish mother. He served in the protectores, a prestigious bodyguard corps attached to the imperial retinue, and was promoted to comes of the Herculians and Jovians, the Imperial guard units. Magnentius seems to have been effective in his post and to have been well-liked by other important court officials, notably Marcellinus, the comes rerum privatarum, who supported his rebellion. Magnentius' early popularity stands in contrast to Constans, who is derided in the ancient sources as licentious, incompetent, and homosexual. Court officials eventually hatched a plot to overthrow Constans. There is confusion as to the details, but in Augustulum (Autun) Magnentius announced his bid for power by attending a dinner party, stepping out for a moment, and re-entering the room in a purple toga. The party-goers, either all or in part his supporters, hailed him Augustus on 18 January 350. In the day or days following, Magnentius bribed the city guard to secure their loyalty and barred residents of Augustulum from leaving the city to prevent the spread of the news. Anxious to eliminate Constans—who was then hunting near the Pyrenees away from his forces—Magnentius sent a contingent to run him down, and Constans was killed at Helena (near Perpignan). Zosimus claims this force was headed by Gaiso, who was rewarded with the consulship in 351. Magnentius may also have executed a purge of Constans' supporters by forging letters from Constans purportedly summoning them to court; when these supporters arrived, they were killed on the spot. Usurper Magnentius quickly attracted the loyalty of the provinces in Britannia, Gaul, and Hispania, and immediately moved to control Italy, doing so within a month of his ascension and appointing Fabius Titianus to the position of praefectus urbis. He seems to have secured Africa quickly as well, thus inheriting all of Constans' former territory except Illyria. Magnentius' early reign is marked by a series of bids for political legitimacy. Lacking a connection to the Constantinian dynasty, Magnentius married Justina, great-grandaughter of Constantine (and future wife of Valentinian). Magnentius aimed to position himself as a liberator in the public eye, and minted coins with such inscriptions as 'liberator of the Roman world.' Further, Magnentius seems to have initially pursued a policy of diplomacy with Constantius, hoping to have the emperor recognize him officially: for the first 6 months of his reign, Magnentius spoke of Constantius as a senior augustus and minted coins bearing his image. Magnentius also appealed to the controversial bishop Athanasius—who in the end chose to side with Constantius—and repealed some of Constans' restrictions on pagan sacrifice in Italy. This latter decision, aimed at winning the support of wealthy Italian pagans, proved to be a rather crude political maneuver, and earned Magnentius a reputation as a pagan himself. Despite his efforts, however, Magnentius remained politically vulnerable. Constantius reasoned that legitimizing the man who murdered his brother would set an unacceptable precedent, and so prepared to march West. In Italy, Magnentius' hold over Rome proved tenuous, and Julius Nepotianus, Constantine's nephew, took and held the city for 27 days. Magnentius dispatched Marcellinus (now promoted to magister officiorum) to retake the city. In Illyria, Vetranio was acclaimed emperor with the support of Constantus' sister Constantina on 1 March 350. Though he publicly allied with Magnentius, many modern scholars contend that Vetranio was working for Constantius from the beginning, preventing Magnentius from threatening Constantinople until Constantius could march West. Civil war By the Summer of 350 it had become clear that war was inevitable between Constantius and Magnentius. Magnentius had already moved East over the Spring, and appointed his brother Decentius as caesar to control Gaul during Magnentius' absence. In the East, Constantius was tied down for most of 350 in his War against the Persians. However, in the Fall of 350 Constantius successfully lifted the Persian siege of Nisibis and forged a nominal piece with the Sasanids. Appointing Constantius Gallus caesar and entrusting command of the Eastern legions to Lucillianus, Constantius moved West. On 25 December 350 he accepted Vetriano's resignation in Illyria. Modern scholars see the event as planned, but ancient sources describe Constantius as conquering by rhetorical ability alone. Constantius and Magnentius Wintered far apart, and in the early months of 351, both parties flirted with the idea of peace. Constantius offered Magnentius control of Gaul, which Magnentius rejected. Magnentius' force may have been slowly deserting him, for he seems to have pushed for a battle: either the night before the battle or long before (accounts conflict) the important commander Silvanus defected to Constantius. After failing to take the city of Mursa, Magnentius' force was approached by Constantius', and the Battle of Mursa Major ensued. Constantius won a Pyrrhic victory in one of the largest battles ever fought among Romans: low estimates suggest there were over 50,000 deaths. The sight of the field is reported to have reduced Constantius to tears, and to have made him fear that Rome would be unable to resist Barbarian invasion. Later commentators like Eutropius lament the loss, noting that enough men for an entire foreign invasion were lost. Demise Magnentius retreated across the Alps, perhaps after being prevented from entering Italy by the erection of garrisons loyal to Constantius. Magnentius blocked the passages West, and Constantius engaged in skirmishes with the barbarians to the Northeast for the rest of the year. 352 is marked by Magnentius' failed attempts to broker a peace with Constantius: Magnentius sent an embassy to Constantius who, worried about espionage, prevented their reaching him. Magnentius sent an assembly of bishops bearing an offer to step down and take a soldiers posting under Constantius. Constantius rejected this offer as well. Magnentius then attempted to assassinate Constantius Gallus, Constantus' Caesar in the East, but the plot was foiled. Legions along the Rhine began defecting en masse, access to northern Gaul and Spain was blocked, and Magnentius was unable to effectively prevent defection even in his camp. Finally, Constantius crossed the Alps in 353, and Magnentius made a final stand in 353 at the Battle of Mons Seleucus, after which he fled to Lugdunum (Lyon). There, some sources report that his home was surrounded by the forces of Constantius and that he lashed out against his brother Desiderius. However, most sources agree that, on 10 or 11 August 353, he committed suicide by falling on his sword. His brother Decentius hanged himself when he received the news. Following the suppression of Magnentius' rebellion, Constantius began to root out his followers. The most notorious agent he employed in this search was the primicerius notariorum Paulus Catena ("Paul the Chain"). Religion Magnentius' religious beliefs remain a point of contention among intellectuals. Many scholars argue that Magnentius was, at least nominally, a Christian. However, some sources hint at a pagan restoration during his short reign. Epigraphic evidence suggests that he allowed pagans to perform sacrifices at night, a practice that had been banned by Constans. Philostorgius describes Magnentius as a demon worshiper, and Zonaras recounts a story of him using black magic. Numismatically, Magnentius' coinage is neither distinctively pagan nor Christian, with the exception of a series of coins bearing a Christogram. This symbol has come to be associated solely with Christianity, but this may not reflect attitudes at the time: MacMullen argues that Magnentius was a Pagan, and that the Chi-Rho had been so de-Christianized by the mid 4th century that he could use it freely. Notes References Sources , Le Monnayage de Magnence (350 – 353), Wetteren (Belgium), Édition numismatique romaine, 1983 External links 300s births 353 deaths 4th-century Roman usurpers Ancient Romans who committed suicide Comites rei militaris Flavii Generals of Constans Imperial Roman consuls People from Amiens Suicides by sharp instrument in France	[ -0.45454707741737366, -0.21940699219703674, -0.2542649805545807, 0.09173856675624847, -0.7131024599075317, 0.5058634877204895, 0.7115747928619385, 0.6999645233154297, -0.5903161764144897, -0.5168595910072327, 0.6534170508384705, 0.16595548391342163, -0.5005249977111816, 0.002452862448990345, 0.5451255440711975, 0.1323661208152771, -0.425393283367157, 0.6433950662612915, -0.04773320257663727, -0.43684399127960205, 0.8091935515403748, -0.5494258999824524, 0.28472840785980225, -0.49946942925453186, -0.0451730452477932, -0.003422033740207553, -0.08965124189853668, -0.1309126764535904, -0.6377285122871399, -0.05223758518695831, 0.07183380424976349, 0.6709151864051819, 0.27276909351348877, 0.07337777316570282, -0.7039708495140076, -0.28158578276634216, 0.6204285621643066, 0.1523575484752655, 0.8528105616569519, -0.2183084338903427, 0.029647165909409523, 0.23814159631729126, 0.0652187243103981, -0.2531315088272095, -0.10392950475215912, 0.11887411773204803, -1.7927658557891846, -0.16539111733436584, -0.8409809470176697, -0.2391076534986496, 0.5873554348945618, -0.22796012461185455, -0.491489440202713, 0.9571433663368225, 0.18604391813278198, 0.5767771601676941, -0.7169955968856812, 0.0571763776242733, 0.42866209149360657, 0.6148933172225952, 0.3684542775154114, -0.16135551035404205, -0.25898653268814087, 0.4717996120452881, 0.7100486159324646, 0.4897279739379883, 0.21809160709381104, 1.2654461860656738, -0.0803225189447403, -0.21956120431423187, -0.3537188172340393, -0.09082698076963425, 0.135231152176857, 0.5322102308273315, 0.21071335673332214, -0.37992215156555176, -0.3407517671585083, -0.1457734853029251, 0.12353897839784622, -0.5170690417289734, 0.08419244736433029, -0.4475181996822357, 0.7395884394645691, 0.227657288312912, 0.22192823886871338, 0.7155537605285645, -0.1921471804380417, -0.4501856863498688, -0.15841853618621826, 0.02665363997220993, -0.1336822658777237, 0.03404132276773453, 0.20904895663261414, 0.8859778642654419, -0.35922420024871826, -0.26275715231895447, -0.7764780521392822, -0.17969924211502075, -0.1445213258266449, -0.3078429698944092, -0.29416128993034363, 0.6968806982040405, -0.06218342110514641, -0.5014577507972717, -0.2613966166973114, 0.22051088511943817, -0.12647826969623566, -0.31010591983795166, -0.04077587276697159, -0.9271190762519836, 0.24131442606449127, 0.08958258479833603, -0.4634847044944763, -0.2722162902355194, -0.48700740933418274, 0.47802022099494934, 0.6653804183006287, -0.6504406332969666, -0.2715487480163574, -0.45527786016464233, -0.14370331168174744, 0.6851328015327454, -0.26089441776275635, 0.14108970761299133, -0.5024386644363403, 0.5770696997642517, 0.22728513181209564, 0.2992258369922638, 0.3735853135585785, 0.4679192304611206, 0.3927993178367615, 1.0174002647399902, -0.5001099705696106, 0.14318570494651794, 0.24602177739143372, -0.22899647057056427, 0.41999736428260803, 0.5563642978668213, -0.48191261291503906, 0.19911620020866394, -0.47355934977531433, -0.29228511452674866, -1.9015369415283203, 0.41464972496032715, 0.4613570272922516, 0.4385838210582733, 0.24422775208950043, -0.06733829528093338, 0.14532651007175446, 0.43592944741249084, -0.09739872813224792, -0.19365699589252472, 0.40272635221481323, 0.6219422221183777, -0.6232612729072571, 0.1522374451160431, 0.6654571890830994, 0.20689651370048523, 0.28275591135025024, 0.6488553881645203, -0.09102693200111389, 0.4319790005683899, -0.7667092084884644, 0.27615880966186523, -0.09646391123533249, 0.17226213216781616, 0.15400421619415283, -0.07692010700702667, -0.06507372856140137, -0.3491203188896179, -1.0516802072525024, 0.420328825712204, -0.03271379694342613, -0.2732650935649872, 0.16523532569408417, 0.33578023314476013, 0.7046254277229309, 0.5028491616249084, -0.30585983395576477, -0.714504063129425, -0.3550037145614624, 0.11446943879127502, 0.1036221832036972, -0.13142544031143188, 0.3428792953491211, 0.3196623623371124, 0.6471365690231323, -0.22689710557460785, -0.40449419617652893, -0.38729017972946167, -0.4398399293422699, 0.145401731133461, -0.2458866983652115, -0.3505394756793976, 0.43402817845344543, 0.08377868682146072, -0.49901866912841797, 0.29760244488716125, -0.08049603551626205, 0.8034844398498535, -0.6131370067596436, -0.8280116319656372, 0.296051949262619, 0.04638547822833061, -0.20783919095993042, 2.2581379413604736, 0.5378440618515015, -0.07263656705617905, 0.7643080353736877, 1.0565476417541504, 0.7243059277534485, -0.27420032024383545, -0.21120719611644745, -0.0884471982717514, -0.7419831156730652, 0.11501877754926682, -0.4108695983886719, 0.014483237639069557, 0.06577318906784058, -0.3098701536655426, 0.600618302822113, -0.666853666305542, 0.22522062063217163, -0.09599195420742035, -0.6135414242744446, 0.992958664894104, 0.004093028139322996, 0.198256254196167, -0.8393412232398987, -1.218010425567627, 0.5650604963302612, 0.5573379993438721, -0.25889644026756287, 0.16472066938877106, -0.22538436949253082, -0.14918532967567444, -0.05738193541765213, -0.5236115455627441, 0.014867872931063175, -0.09841727465391159, 0.18698056042194366, 0.3153378665447235, -0.01754777692258358, 0.44908061623573303, -0.09789571911096573, 0.6333523392677307, 0.40696871280670166, 0.2744414806365967, 0.3770507574081421, -0.33417901396751404, 0.4293696880340576, -0.10589255392551422, -0.3240654170513153, -1.007859706878662, 0.7086803317070007, 0.09866820275783539, 0.48974186182022095, -0.1649651825428009, -0.264108270406723, 0.028345884755253792, -0.32928866147994995, -0.046768613159656525, 0.34787335991859436, 0.23922133445739746, 0.11952263861894608, -0.562267005443573, -0.12763889133930206, -0.5467991828918457, 0.005685610696673393, -0.48800361156463623, -0.1846141815185547, 0.332478791475296, -0.40850675106048584, -2.416456460952759, 0.3685177266597748, -0.0831848755478859, -0.7695525884628296, 0.5807971358299255, -0.4104865789413452, -0.07858117669820786, -0.1129559800028801, 0.52772057056427, -0.4581289291381836, -0.049770429730415344, -0.5366487503051758, 0.09990905225276947, 0.2759803831577301, -0.5832054615020752, 0.41558781266212463, -0.7820211052894592, 0.40892401337623596, -0.08697199076414108, -0.8553695678710938, 1.0232219696044922, -0.13222767412662506, 0.24139365553855896, 0.1541154384613037, -0.43816420435905457, 0.1634836494922638, -0.6576603651046753, -0.8480685949325562, 0.5567406415939331, -0.5115964412689209, 0.06589526683092117, -0.014257953502237797, -0.5891583561897278, 0.14892452955245972, -0.357162207365036, -4.271764755249023, 0.3493032455444336, 0.0002030443138210103, 0.2450188845396042, 0.36165061593055725, -0.08158892393112183, 0.6557661890983582, 0.008435143157839775, 0.16361339390277863, 0.03428565710783005, 0.42228806018829346, 0.007730590645223856, -0.5173398852348328, 0.860741913318634, 1.0253574848175049, 0.1333123743534088, 0.5642684698104858, -0.135192409157753, 0.13758249580860138, -0.20837059617042542, 0.007763158995658159, 0.3768751919269562, -0.20583339035511017, -0.3132255971431732, 0.2165215164422989, -0.4007166028022766, -0.38855472207069397, 0.4585631489753723, -1.0299441814422607, 0.38259249925613403, 0.0044929455034434795, 0.208003968000412, -0.08097150176763535, -0.4893907606601715, -0.9676119685173035, -0.1795937716960907, 0.9462084174156189, 0.9688194394111633, 0.5489426255226135, 0.059214748442173004, -0.09510248899459839, 0.38243991136550903, -0.11946938931941986, 0.6624037027359009, 0.6361238956451416, 0.377719521522522, -0.8683754205703735, 0.32304978370666504, -0.18018795549869537, 0.6623468399047852, 0.09935221821069717, -0.5965405702590942, 0.7039344310760498, 0.4588128328323364, 0.23916290700435638, -0.4591483771800995, 0.2460489571094513, 0.008446183986961842, -0.6578516960144043, 0.18252375721931458, 0.6662106513977051, -0.3899719715118408, -0.06953451782464981, -0.26153358817100525, 0.7250738739967346, -0.8531385660171509, -0.06445617228746414, -0.3685334622859955, 0.07169300317764282, -0.1370978057384491, -0.6583145260810852, 0.9752723574638367, 0.22048503160476685, -0.6141640543937683, 0.39171913266181946, -0.1424412578344345, -0.9512885212898254, 0.44691523909568787, 0.09138220548629761, 0.10858152061700821, -0.17348404228687286, -0.44216489791870117, -0.29826581478118896, 0.4656413197517395, 0.7597971558570862, 0.6804175972938538, 0.06375036388635635, 0.10145397484302521, -0.3902081549167633, -0.6334006786346436, -0.0889190137386322, -0.2940000295639038, 0.07208997011184692, 0.485100656747818, -0.3128286898136139, 0.278593510389328, -0.27118951082229614, -0.6696434617042542, 1.0188894271850586, 0.29079610109329224, -0.1729336380958557, -0.031240936368703842, -0.33267658948898315, -0.15615926682949066, -0.48176655173301697, -0.8928781747817993, -0.6018531918525696, 0.4871087074279785, -0.2835938334465027, -0.0142569150775671, 0.6610308885574341, -0.4360954761505127, -0.35343649983406067, 0.4774435758590698, 0.3735012412071228, -0.6480279564857483, -0.17258287966251373, 0.4324277639389038, 0.8270537853240967, -0.21254082024097443, 0.26554855704307556, 0.1940932273864746, -0.1892552226781845, -0.3206218183040619, -0.46244707703590393, -0.19611622393131256, -0.33445149660110474, 0.19363385438919067, -0.2613954544067383, -0.010700779035687447, -0.36927542090415955, -0.26793617010116577, -0.338631808757782, -0.3017241060733795, -0.17352531850337982, -0.9643924832344055, -0.30087289214134216, 0.08144711703062057, 0.12556050717830658, -0.1598273515701294, 0.07462006062269211, -0.1260380893945694, -0.5025153160095215, 0.43155843019485474, 0.2540604770183563, 0.5905953645706177, 0.7782577872276306, 0.07221566140651703, -0.7545651793479919, 0.277812123298645, -0.10706324130296707, -0.9576124548912048, 0.6978573799133301, -0.8289350271224976, -0.22499896585941315, -0.09229879081249237, 0.6750743389129639, 0.4282601773738861, -0.11100494861602783, -0.17298126220703125, -0.505157470703125, 0.3556152582168579, -0.3166247308254242, 0.4990813136100769, 0.5245784521102905, 0.024033447727560997, 0.24181583523750305, -1.0170958042144775, -0.5567832589149475, 1.1412144899368286, -0.07886327058076859, 0.18082363903522491, -0.5604045391082764, -0.27235913276672363, 0.26420217752456665, 0.04553657025098801, 0.26302793622016907, -0.24721677601337433, 0.5089170336723328, 0.1294056922197342, -0.07658424228429794, 0.37713199853897095, -0.03766373172402382, 0.04897977039217949, 0.521790087223053, -0.6469582915306091, -0.22265857458114624, -0.9509679079055786, -0.6085410714149475, -0.3246321678161621, -0.10198041796684265, 0.44316089153289795, 0.4363921582698822, 0.07198701798915863, -0.05670323595404625, -0.655093789100647, -0.13387900590896606, 0.36026066541671753, 0.1273922473192215, 0.0684787705540657, -0.11953169107437134, 0.7901662588119507, -0.042014673352241516, 0.2871365249156952, -0.4684583842754364, -0.3988991975784302, 0.23721401393413544, -0.09732237458229065, -0.9947676062583923, 0.4779335558414459, 0.029024213552474976, -0.9618386030197144, -0.39713767170906067, 1.0048034191131592, -0.3075193464756012, -0.13406887650489807, -0.004595944657921791, 0.16828234493732452, -0.24830292165279388, -0.4394451677799225, -0.31157734990119934, -0.5430662035942078, -0.7108207941055298, -0.523758053779602, -0.22288364171981812, 0.5736849904060364, 0.05570383369922638, -0.43892255425453186, 0.6843377351760864, -0.5598210096359253, 0.41139960289001465, 0.24432221055030823, 0.5934667587280273, -0.4307768642902374, -0.14273956418037415, -0.17230787873268127, -0.09553269296884537, 0.35009077191352844, -0.5270283818244934, -0.058028221130371094, 0.575901448726654, 0.8652806282043457, 0.422357976436615, -0.25848573446273804, 0.06404787302017212, -0.314850777387619, -0.0858183354139328, 0.03335694968700409, 0.11720055341720581, -0.2755330204963684, -0.23518896102905273, -0.2931489050388336, -0.6841772198677063, -0.13898485898971558, 0.9440951347351074, -0.37797772884368896, 0.32284441590309143, 0.31598901748657227, -0.08979373425245285, 0.04234761744737625, -0.15477588772773743, 0.35895460844039917, 0.2010061889886856, 0.5976983904838562, -0.1634543389081955, 0.459809273481369, 0.05373459309339523, -0.2721601724624634, 0.45639902353286743, -0.640784740447998, -1.3516323566436768, -0.6783016920089722, -0.3092096149921417, 0.15284284949302673, -0.03697843849658966, 0.040156830102205276, 0.7071096301078796, -0.08595722168684006, 0.5282498002052307, -0.1275414377450943, 0.2537037432193756, 0.44184809923171997, 0.2945035696029663, -0.4231647551059723, 0.04758373647928238, -0.2710646390914917, -0.5687147974967957, 0.39019280672073364, -0.17358249425888062, 0.33302077651023865, -0.7317794561386108, -0.4330288767814636, 0.3220789432525635, 0.5553448796272278, 0.30960366129875183, 0.521220862865448, -0.8243920207023621, 0.07463204115629196, -0.32466062903404236, -0.014941344037652016, -1.066454291343689, 0.625929594039917, 0.785709023475647, -0.4259616434574127, 0.6264102458953857, 0.530119776725769, -0.034083254635334015, -0.7769074440002441, -0.16241611540317535, 0.06665614247322083, 0.003120505018159747, -0.08020458370447159, 0.28337499499320984, 0.21516555547714233, -0.1358177661895752, -0.6474016904830933, 0.34934720396995544, -0.43951308727264404, -0.19701170921325684, 0.08619251102209091, 0.43726328015327454, 0.0667700245976448, 0.7980068325996399, 0.200374037027359, 0.05415228381752968, 0.44553816318511963, -0.4341481029987335, -0.03602926433086395, -0.2201661467552185, -0.03576802834868431, 0.028598951175808907, -0.4740194082260132, -1.2808630466461182, 0.9739375710487366, -0.425674170255661, -0.4737153947353363, 0.430695503950119, -0.534725546836853, -0.024693110957741737, 0.10488387197256088, 0.14977306127548218, 0.9978155493736267, 0.018620021641254425, 0.13911452889442444, -0.3875027000904083, 0.2665724456310272, -0.625504732131958, -0.5675420761108398, 0.6159498691558838, -0.11988694965839386, 0.2947787046432495, -0.2647634744644165, -0.22310198843479156, 0.1190083920955658, 0.26058873534202576, -0.09058845788240433, 0.620844304561615, 0.0625188946723938, -0.6470910310745239, -2.383735418319702, 0.26503002643585205, -0.48230990767478943, 0.80165696144104, -0.05426667630672455, -0.39200159907341003, -0.20622645318508148, 0.1992822289466858, 0.2610573172569275, -0.9200569987297058, 0.10099954903125763, 0.07394334673881531, -0.5026244521141052, 0.3709963858127594, 0.6368783116340637, 0.8107597827911377, -0.2423240840435028, 0.5266430377960205, 0.025386840105056763, 0.08396877348423004, -0.6335889101028442, -0.8436735272407532, 0.29309916496276855, -0.04561329260468483, -0.08400886505842209, -0.14393657445907593, -0.24582061171531677, 0.1689552366733551, -0.17622092366218567, 0.3808569014072418, -0.10980529338121414, -0.046501193195581436, 0.6488077044487, 0.5352572798728943, 0.27383342385292053, -0.8226104378700256, -0.030901217833161354, -0.13141760230064392, 0.550724446773529, 0.03570689260959625, -0.16899186372756958, 0.06694158166646957, 0.4529224634170532, -0.3936847150325775, 0.464992493391037, 0.4429377317428589, 0.11818766593933105, -0.30185529589653015, 1.0827875137329102, -0.45170557498931885, 0.6503180861473083, 0.35727477073669434, 0.30204758048057556, -0.37807515263557434, 0.4782598614692688, -0.16254660487174988, -0.35231831669807434, 0.2366832196712494, -0.22930419445037842, -0.2764214873313904, 0.5283864736557007, 0.32584843039512634, 0.2502375841140747, 0.33653146028518677, 0.18226341903209686, -0.15930001437664032, -0.43208348751068115, 0.2245858758687973, 0.08376696705818176, -0.17137302458286285, 0.6692742109298706, -0.158953458070755, 0.16525891423225403, -0.32864290475845337, -0.5482977628707886, -0.18237659335136414, -0.043218862265348434, 0.17403684556484222, 0.13608376681804657, 0.06755415350198746, -0.01438463106751442, 0.4952576458454132, 0.01630423404276371, 0.5403986573219299, -0.13574054837226868, -3.383945941925049, -0.2432800829410553, -0.11866363137960434, -0.43430590629577637, 0.15945647656917572, 0.4661681354045868, 0.18942591547966003, 0.2691519558429718, 0.8941482305526733, 0.14028504490852356, 0.3232370615005493, 0.012274496257305145, -0.315398246049881, -0.15213850140571594, 0.3735315799713135, 0.4611997604370117 ]
216472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Ray	Sugar Ray	Sugar Ray is an American rock band formed in Newport Beach, California, in 1986. Originally playing heavier nu metal style music, the band achieved mainstream popularity in 1997 with their more pop-influenced single "Fly". The song's success led the band to shift its style dramatically to the more radio-friendly pop sound with their subsequent releases. Their best-selling album, 14:59, was released in 1999, and featured popular singles "Every Morning", "Someday", followed by a self-titled album in 2001 featuring the single "When It's Over". The band would release two further albums, In the Pursuit of Leisure (2003) and Music for Cougars (2009), though the albums and respective singles generally sold far less. The band continued to tour into the 2010s. In 2019, ten years after the band's last album, they announced their seventh studio album, Little Yachty, in June 2019. The lead single, "Make It Easy", was released the same month. History Formation and Lemonade and Brownies (1986–96) The band members grew up in Orange County. Rodney Sheppard played in a number of reggae bands, including working with future Good Charlotte drummer Dean Butterworth. In the late 1980s, prior to Sugar Ray, Sheppard and Stan Frazier played together in a band under the name The Tories. Later additions Murphy Karges and Mark McGrath changed the band's name to Shrinky Dinx – they were initially named Shrinky Dinks. After signing with Atlantic Records, the name was changed to Sugar Ray upon threat of a lawsuit from the Milton Bradley Company, maker of the Shrinky Dinks toy. The band's debut album, Lemonade and Brownies, was released in 1995 and though it failed to produce a major hit single it did earn them recognition in alternative circles. After they gained fame with the 1997 album Floored in 1998, the single "Speed Home California" and "Mean Machine" from Lemonade and Brownies was featured in the PlayStation game Road Rash 3D, and its Nintendo 64 counterpart Road Rash 64, respectively. Floored (1997–98) Sugar Ray's first mainstream hit came in the summer of 1997 with their song "Fly", which was released from the album Floored and featured reggae musician Super Cat. "Fly" did not sound anything at all like the rest of the tracks on the album and received frequent radio play, resulting in a number one rank on the Billboard's Airplay List. As a result of the success of "Fly", Floored sold well and was certified double platinum. However, by the end of 1997, critics were skeptical that Sugar Ray could put out another successful song and labeled them a one-hit wonder. The same year, Sugar Ray was featured in the movie Father's Day, starring Billy Crystal and Robin Williams. 14:59 (1999–2000) Their 1999 album 14:59 was the band's reply to suggestions that they were a one-hit wonder, with the title implying that their 15 minutes of fame were not quite up — their "fame clock" read 14:59. "Every Morning", which was widely compared to "Fly", had similar success during the spring of 1999, reaching number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Their follow-up single "Someday" also enjoyed extensive airplay later that year and reached number 7 in the U.S. The next follow-up single "Falls Apart (Run Away)" reached number 29 in early 2000. 14:59 outsold its predecessor and was certified triple platinum. The band toured in support of the album, and were scheduled to perform at Woodstock 99. However, Mark fell ill and they had to cancel. After 14:59 in 2000, Sugar Ray teamed up with The Alkaholiks to contribute the track "Make Room" on the Rap Rock collaboration album, Loud Rocks, with other artists with a similar style such as Crazy Town and Incubus. In 2000, Sugar Ray did a cover version of John Cale and Brian Eno's song "Spinning Away" for the soundtrack to the film The Beach. Sugar Ray (2001–02) Their 2001 self-titled album Sugar Ray produced another hit with "When It's Over", which, although it failed to achieve the same level of success as their previous singles, still reached number 13 in the U.S. Other singles such as "Answer the Phone", "Under the Sun" and "Words to Me" gained some popularity as well. Sugar Ray also made several movie appearances, including Scooby-Doo in 2002. In the Pursuit of Leisure (2003–05) Sugar Ray's 2003 effort In the Pursuit of Leisure, and the first single from the album, "Mr. Bartender (It's So Easy)", received a lukewarm reception. The album also contained the band's cover of Joe Jackson's famous "Is She Really Going Out With Him?". ProHoeZak guested live with the band in 2003 having appeared on "Mr. Bartender (It's So Easy)". In 2005, Sugar Ray released a greatest hits album, with three new songs, "Shot of Laughter", "Time After Time", and "Psychedelic Bee". Inactivity and Music for Cougars (2006–09) After releasing their greatest hits album – The Best of Sugar Ray, in 2005, the band went into a period of relative inactivity for a number of years, with Mark McGrath starting a new job as an anchor on the television show Extra. In January 2006, Sugar Ray was released from their recording contract with Atlantic Records. In mid-2007, their previously unreleased song "Into Yesterday" was used on the Surf's Up movie soundtrack, and the band made brief tour in Asia in August 2007 where they headlined SingFest, Singapore's first international music festival. Sugar Ray appeared on the May 18, 2008, season 3 finale of American Dad!, titled "Spring Break-Up", as themselves, playing "Fly" at a Spring Break party. On May 19, 2008, the band announced they would be entering the studio to record their first album of new material since 2003. Jason Bernard, a friend of the band (who also happened to be a music producer) brought them a deal to sign with his label. It was announced that the band signed Pulse Recordings and that the new album should be released in the summer of 2009. On March 6, 2009, Mark McGrath announced that the new album would be titled Music for Cougars. It was released on July 21, 2009. The first single was "Boardwalk". Some critics noted that McGrath aimed to lower people's expectations for the album during its promotion by saying things like: "I know people aren't sitting on the edge of their seats waiting for a Sugar Ray album, but that wasn't the point." In another interview, Murphy Karges, bassist said, "We've never had any credibility. Nobody ever gave us any so how could we lose any?" Lineup changes and 1990s nostalgia touring (2010–2017) On August 22, 2010, Sugar Ray's Twitter page announced that Craig "DJ Homicide" Bullock had left the band. In 2011, the band had what McGrath described as not "the highest-grossing year for Sugar Ray". Murphy Karges and Stan Frazier also left, one not wanting to tour anymore, and the other taking a job with Aaron Rodgers. This left Rodney Sheppard and McGrath as the remaining original members. The band recruited replacements in percussionist Al Keith, bassist Justin Bivona and drummer Jesse Bivona, the latter two being touring support members in the past. In 2012, McGrath worked with Art Alexakis, frontman and vocalist of the band Everclear, on starting up a 1990s nostalgia tour, something they had discussed in the past but had always felt was too soon to be successful. The result was the "Summerland" tour, featuring a line-up of alternative rock bands that "at least had a big hit or two" in the 1990s, containing McGrath and Alexakis's own bands along with Marcy Playground, Gin Blossoms, and Lit. Percussionist Al Keith (Khalil Al-Rashad) injured his foot on July 2, 2012 at Del Mar Fairgrounds in Del Mar, California, during the song "Fly." He was absent from shows until August 2012. The tour was deemed a success, and McGrath initially spoke of the possibility of it becoming a yearly event. Initial plans to expand the nostalgia touring into 2013 faced issues. McGrath announced a "Mark McGrath & Friends" tour, in which the band would perform alongside other 1990s alternative rock bands Smash Mouth, Spin Doctors, and Vertical Horizon, on a cruise ship. though the plans were cancelled, with the idea losing support after the Carnival Triumph cruise ship disaster. Additionally, McGrath and Alexakis did not see eye to eye on the future direction for the "Summerland" tour, leading to Sugar Ray leaving its 2013 incarnation in favor of starting their own rival nostalgia tour called "Under the Sun" instead. The tour ran three separate years – 2013, 2014, and 2015. As early as 2013, McGrath spoke of recording and releasing an EP, though at the time, he was unsure if it would be released as a band release or a solo release. On April 9, 2013, Mark McGrath announced via Twitter that he would be "heading to Pulse Recording Studios" to record the new material, he stated July to be a hopeful release date. For the tour, and drummer Jesse Bivona and bassist Justin Bivona were temporarily replaced by drummer Dean Butterworth and bassist Serg Dimitrijevic, as the Bivona brothers' band The Interrupters are opening for Rancid. On September 9, 2013, former members Stan Frazier (drums, percussion, programming, backing vocals) and Murphy Karges (bass guitar, backing vocals) performed with Scott Foster (lead vocals, guitar), Lewis Richards (guitar, backing vocals), and Damon Tucker (guitar, backing vocals) during Keep Calm and Beat H.E.A.T. Rocking & Rally. They performed some of Foster's solo material, and some Sugar Ray classics. They performed from 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at Twila Reid Park, 3100 West Orange Avenue, Anaheim. On November 9, 2013, Sugar Ray was to play a benefit for the Greater Los Angeles Fisher House at West LA's Wadsworth Theater. The band continued its "Under the Sun" tour through 2014. However, in June 2014, McGrath revealed that the band had been struggling with legal wranglings with Karges and Frazier since their departure in 2012, and that because of it, he felt there would never be another Sugar Ray album. McGrath would later release the EP as a solo EP entitled Summertime's Coming in 2015. As of the fall of 2014, drummer Jesse Bivona and bassist Justin Bivona are no longer in Sugar Ray (leaving officially in 2016); drummer Dean Butterworth became a full member in fall 2014, while bassist Kristian Attard became a full member in 2016. In August 2017, McGrath spoke of writing and recording another album, of which he hoped he would be able to release within the next year. Little Yachty (2019–present) In June 2019, ten years after the band last released music, Sugar Ray signed with BMG Rights Management and announced a new album, Little Yachty; with the lead single "Make it Easy" debuting on June 7, 2019. The album title is a reference to both the rapper Lil Yachty and the fact that McGrath views Sugar Ray as a "yacht rock" band. The album was released on July 26, 2019. Musical style Sugar Ray originally began their career as a hardcore punk band, before introducing a DJ into the band's musical composition, resulting in their first shift in style. This new sound fused glam metal and hardcore punk with funk, sample-based hip-hop, new wave, disco, dub, reggae, R&B and soul music. This sound has been predominately categorized as nu metal and funk metal, as well as alternative metal, hard rock, punk rock and rap metal. Regarding the band's early music, singer Mark McGrath stated, "we were the Chili Peppers with zero talent. [...] Out of necessity we kind of became known as a metal band, a little pre nu-metal type rap rock thing before there was rap rock." After achieving mainstream success with the crossover hit "Fly", Sugar Ray shifted to a pop rock sound, beginning with the album 14:59. The band's later music has also been categorized as skate punk, pop, and alternative pop. The band's new sound occasionally incorporated elements of genres such as power pop and disco. The band's overall sound, throughout its shifts in style, has been characterized as alternative rock. The band's music is generally tongue-in-cheek. Band members Current members Rodney Sheppard – lead guitar, backing vocals, ukulele (1986–present) Mark McGrath – lead vocals, rap, additional guitar, additional percussion (1986–present) Dean Butterworth – drums, percussion, programming, backing vocals (touring substitute 2013–2014; 2014–present) Kristian Attard – bass guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (touring substitute 2014–2016; 2016–present) Touring substitutes Nic Edwards Stewart – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1996) Serg Dimitrijevic – bass guitar, backing vocals (2013–2014) Tim Hutton – bass guitar, backing vocals (2015, 2018) Jason Ganberg – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2016, 2017, 2018) Former members Stan Frazier – drums, percussion, additional guitar, programming, backing vocals (1986–2012) Murphy Karges – bass guitar, backing vocals, additional guitar (1986–2012) Craig "DJ Homicide" Bullock – turntables, samples, programming, keyboards, backing vocals, DJ, rap, scratches, sound effects (1995–2010) Al Keith – percussion, vibes (2010–2013) Jesse Bivona – drums, percussion, programming, backing vocals (touring substitute 2011, 2018; 2012–2016) Justin Bivona – bass guitar, backing vocals (touring substitute 2011; 2012–2016) Touring guests ProHoeZak – vocals (2003) Timeline Discography Lemonade and Brownies (1995) Floored (1997) 14:59 (1999) Sugar Ray (2001) In the Pursuit of Leisure (2003) Music for Cougars (2009) Little Yachty (2019) References External links Alternative rock groups from California Musical groups from Orange County, California Atlantic Records artists American pop rock music groups American funk metal musical groups American alternative metal musical groups Nu metal musical groups from California Punk rock groups from California	[ 0.32775992155075073, 0.17567144334316254, 0.02979607693850994, 0.3384765386581421, 0.19889657199382782, 0.22118934988975525, 0.32379648089408875, 0.25058895349502563, -0.12413561344146729, -0.23361660540103912, 0.20783883333206177, 0.5249648690223694, -0.39251548051834106, 0.4717254042625427, -0.2638757824897766, 0.3871704638004303, 0.20666325092315674, 0.4326561689376831, -0.24811628460884094, -0.0533859059214592, -0.23905017971992493, 0.3141529858112335, 0.4236747622489929, -0.4867757260799408, -0.0669473260641098, 0.0913887619972229, -0.4434046447277069, 0.449520468711853, 0.6155035495758057, -0.06786063313484192, 0.42719534039497375, 0.17623165249824524, 0.6810575723648071, -0.15750369429588318, 0.20543630421161652, 0.5982204079627991, -0.33396703004837036, 0.09481107443571091, -0.015377837233245373, -0.5399050712585449, 0.15830980241298676, -0.19961987435817719, 0.10700786113739014, -0.07236748933792114, 0.05583256855607033, -0.030687717720866203, -1.3053127527236938, 0.32278287410736084, -0.7809457778930664, 0.002171555534005165, 0.1619185209274292, 0.49600958824157715, -0.41176578402519226, -0.03411462530493736, 0.5890402793884277, 0.14664778113365173, -0.5129144787788391, 0.5536336898803711, -0.10520516335964203, 0.13964156806468964, 0.09404308348894119, 0.019137239083647728, 0.3791221082210541, -0.4757390022277832, -0.6832603216171265, -0.030781801789999008, 0.6031246185302734, 0.6540012359619141, -0.19321072101593018, -0.7975554466247559, 0.17514748871326447, -0.333090603351593, -0.052671872079372406, -0.54167240858078, 0.27006766200065613, -0.326636403799057, -0.04398135095834732, -0.2840920388698578, 0.25597503781318665, 0.5603031516075134, -0.10302293300628662, 0.4849485754966736, 0.9143022298812866, 0.43572068214416504, -0.17324134707450867, 0.14107392728328705, 0.15412484109401703, 0.614889919757843, -0.7779554128646851, 0.4129517078399658, -0.6865299344062805, -0.1075165644288063, 0.616490364074707, 0.6595932841300964, -0.256446897983551, -0.9340357184410095, -0.18483014404773712, 0.23929421603679657, 0.49367043375968933, 0.18107198178768158, -0.1705968827009201, 0.20804381370544434, -0.17106236517429352, 0.467367023229599, -0.7197330594062805, 0.5421145558357239, -0.13032160699367523, -0.36622852087020874, -0.6049359440803528, -0.17897574603557587, 0.4279700815677643, 0.37978556752204895, -0.33467286825180054, 0.011831507086753845, 0.08257648348808289, -0.10904743522405624, 0.36372989416122437, -0.42886778712272644, -0.21083711087703705, -0.07121483981609344, 0.22865337133407593, 0.07532310485839844, 0.1735190451145172, 0.27165085077285767, -0.39257580041885376, 0.34590944647789, 0.07944303005933762, 0.35594886541366577, -0.08444687724113464, 0.2789299190044403, 0.08524829149246216, -0.06346508115530014, 0.32410892844200134, -0.16584613919258118, 0.08897829800844193, -0.1998567134141922, 0.34125280380249023, 0.1218869760632515, 0.023106493055820465, -0.20192351937294006, -0.8547388911247253, -0.11242309212684631, -0.49918290972709656, -0.3135285973548889, 0.05977842956781387, -0.35676875710487366, 0.11565631628036499, 0.014370321296155453, -0.681476354598999, -0.008208413608372211, 0.09753067791461945, -0.025353005155920982, -0.26456618309020996, -0.1760607659816742, -0.5105887651443481, 0.14109306037425995, 0.07923153042793274, -0.13849006593227386, 0.03000297211110592, 0.22876137495040894, -0.5620809197425842, -0.07509467750787735, 0.05471282824873924, 0.19303195178508759, 0.05418122559785843, -0.211329847574234, -0.012356164865195751, 0.21320825815200806, 0.4474431276321411, 0.4145487844944, -0.5267239212989807, 0.07611151039600372, -0.15310871601104736, 0.17200075089931488, 0.02359841950237751, -0.3843812644481659, 1.1990339756011963, 0.38202598690986633, 0.10511931031942368, -0.029341064393520355, -0.41257625818252563, 0.24925677478313446, 0.4844437837600708, 0.22425247728824615, -0.5272769927978516, -0.009380088187754154, 0.5492845773696899, -0.03820917382836342, 0.4125502109527588, -0.5303000211715698, -0.0930183008313179, -0.119424968957901, 0.31221798062324524, -0.463457852602005, 0.6327303647994995, 0.18601226806640625, -0.7914701104164124, 0.13471189141273499, 0.0032534676138311625, 0.23224981129169464, -0.01691802218556404, 0.11608438938856125, 0.20464879274368286, -0.5139079689979553, -0.5484164953231812, 0.03764599934220314, 0.6103553175926208, -0.46539974212646484, -0.016600854694843292, 0.5513434410095215, -0.33806824684143066, -0.6046705842018127, 0.47597065567970276, -0.28888213634490967, -0.3866397738456726, -0.00795944407582283, -0.7088173031806946, 0.1679365485906601, 0.4050583839416504, -0.40990787744522095, 0.3573579490184784, 0.3298645317554474, -0.15510006248950958, 0.08447740226984024, 0.40219247341156006, 1.155111312866211, 0.20595334470272064, 0.017805958166718483, 0.42314887046813965, 0.05545608326792717, -0.0498838797211647, 0.29186344146728516, 0.24173079431056976, -0.475504606962204, 0.33376288414001465, 0.5855429768562317, 0.21437685191631317, -0.24692916870117188, -0.04544718936085701, -0.39751532673835754, 0.2558812201023102, -0.3839036226272583, -0.27827149629592896, -0.0228583887219429, 0.11117500811815262, -0.011396164074540138, 0.1323672980070114, -0.3595573604106903, -0.5803402066230774, 0.1806362420320511, 0.12434711307287216, 0.5442435145378113, -0.06504788249731064, 0.4140000343322754, -0.08902142196893692, 0.5256588459014893, -0.40035247802734375, -0.19021758437156677, 0.4048219323158264, 0.3516780734062195, -0.552242636680603, -0.1413896679878235, 0.4070628583431244, 0.16910572350025177, 0.023740114644169807, -0.4823594391345978, -0.11954817920923233, 0.0354524701833725, 0.6623799204826355, -0.11758644133806229, 0.4701727330684662, 0.2860542833805084, -0.4480777680873871, 0.4641602039337158, -0.4925779402256012, -0.1045473963022232, 0.08907907456159592, 0.07551603764295578, -0.17507584393024445, -0.9169997572898865, 0.3410145342350006, 0.859606146812439, 0.3101881742477417, -0.6660289168357849, -0.4084588885307312, -0.013606643304228783, 0.29053163528442383, -0.7160758376121521, -0.06159647926688194, -0.6221011281013489, -0.2790934145450592, 0.022126922383904457, -0.6947019696235657, 0.23223084211349487, -0.22401215136051178, -0.2521402835845947, 0.5644271373748779, 0.3495570421218872, 0.10728588700294495, 0.148906871676445, 0.02479548379778862, -0.15391816198825836, -0.6421423554420471, 0.013964835554361343, 0.6052555441856384, 0.05325957015156746, 0.11170348525047302, 0.23132875561714172, -5.877532482147217, 0.3701944649219513, 0.03171326592564583, 0.12149694561958313, 0.9648712277412415, -0.20041769742965698, 0.4314638376235962, -0.5584614276885986, 0.2134733945131302, -0.4105554223060608, -0.6651476621627808, 0.2162889689207077, -0.303825706243515, -0.1995648741722107, 0.24763937294483185, 0.23828953504562378, 0.40164241194725037, -0.8801246285438538, 0.15609343349933624, 0.35556700825691223, -0.5339694023132324, -0.13849188387393951, -0.006217709742486477, 0.6875332593917847, -0.5066864490509033, 0.8353016972541809, -0.1635149121284485, 0.0002959079865831882, -0.29278284311294556, 0.0840226411819458, -0.5085963010787964, -0.2850635349750519, -0.10535560548305511, -0.7877296209335327, 0.14488834142684937, 0.12503905594348907, 0.5265808701515198, -0.20595936477184296, -0.12323211133480072, -0.22748064994812012, -0.19309519231319427, 0.35647961497306824, -0.5647217035293579, -0.6830331683158875, 0.19917479157447815, -0.0017256548162549734, -0.5154628753662109, -0.2749837338924408, -0.31293877959251404, 1.0473355054855347, 0.46868473291397095, -0.25345802307128906, -0.03797677159309387, -0.06557659059762955, 0.3651596009731293, -0.332550972700119, 0.04590722918510437, 0.320468008518219, 0.06308738887310028, 0.4196814298629761, 0.6292895674705505, -0.3674948811531067, -0.0140959732234478, 0.1333891749382019, 0.1676391214132309, 0.18174691498279572, 0.5843595862388611, 0.23270364105701447, 0.17063751816749573, -0.04921536147594452, 0.00849294662475586, -0.16920895874500275, -0.194534033536911, -1.311266303062439, -0.2595127820968628, 0.27421891689300537, -0.08591705560684204, -0.4854252338409424, -0.5312888622283936, 0.691205620765686, 0.0908772349357605, -0.028657209128141403, 0.09285037219524384, -0.04839888960123062, -0.47075438499450684, -0.9829853773117065, -0.4139242172241211, 0.18282419443130493, -0.7151816487312317, -0.32442209124565125, -0.013238221406936646, -0.5964941382408142, -0.08329062163829803, -0.1904987096786499, 0.41729411482810974, 0.4350084960460663, 0.5397383570671082, 0.7020469307899475, -0.18885566294193268, -0.02295020967721939, 0.3463270664215088, 0.23897720873355865, 0.4315167963504791, -0.39500921964645386, 0.3779947757720947, -0.48998090624809265, -0.09580328315496445, -0.07055056095123291, -0.035516321659088135, -0.49830687046051025, 0.26301270723342896, 0.11462467163801193, -0.6389696598052979, -0.3014189600944519, 0.5109262466430664, -0.04052446410059929, -0.3470193147659302, 0.09517958760261536, -0.17212387919425964, 0.1429506093263626, -0.04960170388221741, 0.2511422336101532, -0.43386170268058777, -0.1522253453731537, -0.7848343849182129, 0.013266563415527344, -0.1557767689228058, 0.4485915005207062, 0.3118414282798767, 0.23257359862327576, -0.18553286790847778, -0.19198369979858398, -0.15799489617347717, 0.21583794057369232, -0.3929991126060486, -0.49699920415878296, -0.4206904470920563, -0.5167431235313416, -0.4261559545993805, 0.06999850273132324, 0.10481631010770798, -0.07511670142412186, -0.031013252213597298, 0.09638611972332001, 0.8314028382301331, 0.2562762200832367, -0.1377338021993637, -0.3239705264568329, -0.19071578979492188, 0.10624879598617554, 0.18497204780578613, 0.23286162316799164, 0.5475168228149414, -0.5312461256980896, -0.1112678050994873, 0.2697685658931732, 0.13473963737487793, -0.6056386232376099, 0.19076640903949738, -0.5025357604026794, 0.1751754730939865, -0.8219870328903198, -1.0693409442901611, -0.18805447220802307, -0.19006742537021637, 0.5502632856369019, 0.0854748860001564, -0.04681519791483879, 0.09376809000968933, -0.17090179026126862, -0.16735774278640747, -0.3390461802482605, -0.20136182010173798, -0.24256008863449097, 0.08506150543689728, 0.8319438695907593, -0.10302054136991501, -0.4737388789653778, 0.27709177136421204, -0.3750549256801605, -0.3369300961494446, -0.06293121725320816, -0.23470287024974823, -0.27474918961524963, 0.254559725522995, -0.7065497636795044, -0.5992465019226074, -0.43668386340141296, -0.3007577955722809, 0.5072634220123291, -0.36658260226249695, 0.4430796205997467, 0.35631051659584045, 0.1512736678123474, -0.5001852512359619, -0.9933961033821106, -0.14464792609214783, 0.7229803800582886, 0.1074165478348732, -0.25641772150993347, 0.15294930338859558, -0.24303609132766724, -0.2023620903491974, 0.05018596723675728, 0.5042160749435425, -0.7177726626396179, 0.08844762295484543, 0.3538145124912262, -0.4257535934448242, 0.23789899051189423, -0.3172031044960022, -0.2806742489337921, -0.01463934127241373, -0.04927295818924904, 0.5304200649261475, -0.012535705231130123, -0.010528956539928913, 0.19832855463027954, 0.060124970972537994, -0.7997816801071167, -0.2793974280357361, 0.20848678052425385, -0.3071734309196472, -0.10128699243068695, -0.4295618534088135, 0.3267004191875458, 0.7198433876037598, -0.34410759806632996, -0.2853621542453766, 0.29642826318740845, 0.020841974765062332, 0.263857901096344, -0.23110467195510864, 0.059418462216854095, -0.5179622173309326, 0.7412871718406677, 0.054639317095279694, 0.7283088564872742, 0.29301801323890686, 0.0006485508638434112, 0.395222544670105, 0.4859718382358551, -0.2760048508644104, -0.08265578746795654, 0.6397878527641296, -0.04841924086213112, 0.4706897437572479, -0.03365795686841011, -0.7454912662506104, 0.1326317936182022, -0.06069241464138031, -0.4751758277416229, -0.030437493696808815, 0.10313395410776138, 0.46373337507247925, -0.7529391050338745, -0.09589266777038574, -0.40675783157348633, 0.14979104697704315, -0.11633648723363876, 0.11669433116912842, 0.26108691096305847, -0.5424555540084839, 0.11764463037252426, -0.30687060952186584, -0.2680448591709137, -0.17150503396987915, -0.6849619150161743, -0.031542498618364334, -0.4409419298171997, 0.5475090146064758, 0.03640211001038551, -0.11879948526620865, 0.5274038910865784, -0.4644893407821655, 0.13996347784996033, -0.05851319804787636, -0.9831104278564453, -0.29259639978408813, 0.4927026927471161, -0.7035970687866211, 0.23030947148799896, -0.523588240146637, -0.2625442147254944, 0.053606290370225906, -0.5804083347320557, -0.18404725193977356, -0.4311918020248413, -0.2000274509191513, -0.008740827441215515, 0.2772819697856903, 0.37328341603279114, 0.278899610042572, -0.43245866894721985, -0.0449213832616806, 0.008947047404944897, -0.3143668472766876, 0.02071869932115078, -0.10014650225639343, -0.061128005385398865, 0.5297548770904541, 0.5140109062194824, 0.060059599578380585, -0.4274633526802063, 0.13852035999298096, -0.49053317308425903, 0.01815156824886799, 0.23341834545135498, -0.04064134135842323, 0.27456414699554443, 0.21788395941257477, 0.14237354695796967, -0.5296365022659302, 0.47690874338150024, -0.6884905695915222, 0.5765538215637207, 1.047890305519104, -0.20018641650676727, 0.25889939069747925, 0.3188696503639221, 0.15709134936332703, 0.3729808032512665, 0.09708420187234879, 0.03671679273247719, 0.02308081090450287, 0.08415542542934418, -0.11981464177370071, 0.12964126467704773, 0.3434427082538605, 0.3319552540779114, 0.7286127209663391, -0.3133297264575958, -0.14480163156986237, 0.6223430633544922, 0.27817675471305847, -0.5648360252380371, -0.20985834300518036, 0.2371082752943039, -0.47549760341644287, 0.6634697914123535, -0.2920796573162079, 0.07333026826381683, 0.2977878749370575, 0.00021499302238225937, 0.3671887516975403, 0.26037320494651794, -0.07364945113658905, -0.035827137529850006, 0.10164561122655869, -0.05524659529328346, 0.17177486419677734, -0.04073082655668259, 0.26395711302757263, 0.14670102298259735, 0.5779577493667603, -0.2985946536064148, 0.09862589091062546, -0.15313872694969177, -0.7661004662513733, 0.13707156479358673, -0.2493084818124771, -0.0010424833744764328, 0.5315266251564026, 0.41693416237831116, -0.3342428207397461, 0.149373397231102, 0.05053756386041641, -0.22498153150081635, -0.21561528742313385, 0.2145538330078125, 0.5104662179946899, 0.07692501693964005, 0.20347477495670319, 0.8325991034507751, 0.05919846519827843, 0.749828040599823, 0.26471057534217834, 0.44153088331222534, -0.464240700006485, 0.28040578961372375, -0.4540252685546875, -0.016653966158628464, -0.39178213477134705, 0.2126944661140442, -0.1699114292860031, 0.2113044410943985, -0.022877348586916924, 0.6290877461433411, 0.04602634906768799, -0.3142012059688568, 0.17087113857269287, -0.5376936197280884, -0.29338526725769043, -0.049565888941287994, -0.1211216077208519, 0.6956148743629456, 0.0946987196803093, 0.7600752115249634, -0.2363150417804718, -0.030420858412981033, 0.039172638207674026, 0.12666262686252594, 0.09856018424034119, 0.20389793813228607, -0.8335884213447571, 0.5083714723587036, -0.7640582919120789, -0.2930748760700226, -0.3998606503009796, 0.9131239056587219, 0.4540416896343231, -0.031183283776044846, 0.05466977879405022, -0.2666957676410675, 0.16938064992427826, -0.07997938990592957, 0.7765081524848938, 0.16886991262435913, -0.15169943869113922, -0.18215075135231018, 0.03377240151166916, 0.6389119029045105, -0.3030868172645569, 0.6819073557853699, 0.16724370419979095, 0.2155967354774475, -0.22844529151916504, 0.1408037543296814, -0.5758082270622253, 0.29426828026771545, 0.2523954510688782, -0.43109607696533203, -0.18419292569160461, 0.09331099689006805, -0.5992553234100342, -0.9177361726760864, -0.013589374721050262, 0.49035850167274475, 0.26984527707099915, -0.35201266407966614, 0.7041724324226379, -0.2701662480831146, -0.06524430960416794, -0.5680968761444092, 0.0024398094974458218, -0.2421126514673233, 0.37039700150489807, -0.05769815668463707, -0.4651673436164856, 0.6743024587631226, 0.18828655779361725, -0.44654223322868347, -0.4750078022480011, -0.10058138519525528, -0.009437419474124908, 0.20467382669448853, 0.3933844268321991, 0.43972301483154297, 0.21978767216205597, -0.6341137886047363 ]
216474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20options%20valuation	Real options valuation	Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. A real option itself, is the right—but not the obligation—to undertake certain business initiatives, such as deferring, abandoning, expanding, staging, or contracting a capital investment project. For example, real options valuation could examine the opportunity to invest in the expansion of a firm's factory and the alternative option to sell the factory. Real options are generally distinguished from conventional financial options in that they are not typically traded as securities, and do not usually involve decisions on an underlying asset that is traded as a financial security. A further distinction is that option holders here, i.e. management, can directly influence the value of the option's underlying project; whereas this is not a consideration as regards the underlying security of a financial option. Moreover, management cannot measure uncertainty in terms of volatility, and must instead rely on their perceptions of uncertainty. Unlike financial options, management also have to create or discover real options, and such creation and discovery process comprises an entrepreneurial or business task. Real options are most valuable when uncertainty is high; management has significant flexibility to change the course of the project in a favorable direction and is willing to exercise the options. Real options analysis, as a discipline, extends from its application in corporate finance, to decision making under uncertainty in general, adapting the techniques developed for financial options to "real-life" decisions. For example, R&D managers can use Real Options Valuation to help them deal with various uncertainties in making decisions about the allocation of resources among R&D projects. A non business example might be the decision to join the work force, or rather, to forgo several years of income to attend graduate school. It, thus, forces decision makers to be explicit about the assumptions underlying their projections, and for this reason ROV is increasingly employed as a tool in business strategy formulation. This extension of real options to real-world projects often requires customized decision support systems, because otherwise the complex compound real options will become too intractable to handle. Types of real options The flexibility available to management – i.e. the actual "real options" – generically, will relate to project size, project timing, and the operation of the project once established. In all cases, any (non-recoverable) upfront expenditure related to this flexibility is the option premium. Real options are also commonly applied to stock valuation - see - as well as to various other "Applications" referenced below. Options relating to project size Where the project's scope is uncertain, flexibility as to the size of the relevant facilities is valuable, and constitutes optionality. Option to expand: Here the project is built with capacity in excess of the expected level of output so that it can produce at higher rate if needed. Management then has the option (but not the obligation) to expand – i.e. exercise the option – should conditions turn out to be favourable. A project with the option to expand will cost more to establish, the excess being the option premium, but is worth more than the same without the possibility of expansion. This is equivalent to a call option. Option to contract : The project is engineered such that output can be contracted in future should conditions turn out to be unfavourable. Forgoing these future expenditures constitutes option exercise. This is the equivalent to a put option, and again, the excess upfront expenditure is the option premium. Option to expand or contract: Here the project is designed such that its operation can be dynamically turned on and off. Management may shut down part or all of the operation when conditions are unfavorable (a put option), and may restart operations when conditions improve (a call option). A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a good example of this type of option. This option is also known as a Switching option. Options relating to project life and timing Where there is uncertainty as to when, and how, business or other conditions will eventuate, flexibility as to the timing of the relevant project(s) is valuable, and constitutes optionality. Growth options are perhaps the most generic in this category – these entail the option to exercise only those projects that appear to be profitable at the time of initiation. Initiation or deferment options: Here management has flexibility as to when to start a project. For example, in natural resource exploration a firm can delay mining a deposit until market conditions are favorable. This constitutes an American styled call option. Delay option with a product patent: A firm with a patent right on a product has a right to develop and market the product exclusively until the expiration of the patent. The firm will market and develop the product only if the present value of the expected cash flows from the product sales exceeds the cost of development. If this does not occur, the firm can shelve the patent and not incur any further costs. Option to abandon: Management may have the option to cease a project during its life, and, possibly, to realise its salvage value. Here, when the present value of the remaining cash flows falls below the liquidation value, the asset may be sold, and this act is effectively the exercising of a put option. This option is also known as a Termination option. Abandonment options are American styled. Sequencing options: This option is related to the initiation option above, although entails flexibility as to the timing of more than one inter-related projects: the analysis here is as to whether it is advantageous to implement these sequentially or in parallel. Here, observing the outcomes relating to the first project, the firm can resolve some of the uncertainty relating to the venture overall. Once resolved, management has the option to proceed or not with the development of the other projects. If taken in parallel, management would have already spent the resources and the value of the option not to spend them is lost. The sequencing of projects is an important issue in corporate strategy. Related here is also the notion of Intraproject vs. Interproject options. Option to prototype: New energy generation and storage systems are continuously being developed due to climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental laws. Some systems are incremental innovations of existing systems while others are radical innovations. Radical innovation systems are risky investments due to their relevant technical and economic uncertainties. Prototyping can hedge these risks by spending a fraction of the cost of a full-scale system and in return receiving economic and technical information regarding the system. In economic terms, prototyping is an option to hedge risk coming at a cost that needs to be properly assessed. Options relating to project operation Management may have flexibility relating to the product produced and /or the process used in manufacture. This flexibility constitutes optionality. Output mix options: The option to produce different outputs from the same facility is known as an output mix option or product flexibility. These options are particularly valuable in industries where demand is volatile or where quantities demanded in total for a particular good are typically low, and management would wish to change to a different product quickly if required. Input mix options: An input mix option – process flexibility – allows management to use different inputs to produce the same output as appropriate. For example, a farmer will value the option to switch between various feed sources, preferring to use the cheapest acceptable alternative. An electric utility, for example, may have the option to switch between various fuel sources to produce electricity, and therefore a flexible plant, although more expensive may actually be more valuable. Operating scale options: Management may have the option to change the output rate per unit of time or to change the total length of production run time, for example in response to market conditions. These options are also known as Intensity options. Valuation Given the above, it is clear that there is an analogy between real options and financial options, and we would therefore expect options-based modelling and analysis to be applied here. At the same time, it is nevertheless important to understand why the more standard valuation techniques may not be applicable for ROV. Applicability of standard techniques ROV is often contrasted with more standard techniques of capital budgeting, such as discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis / net present value (NPV). Under this "standard" NPV approach, future expected cash flows are present valued under the empirical probability measure at a discount rate that reflects the embedded risk in the project; see CAPM, APT, WACC. Here, only the expected cash flows are considered, and the "flexibility" to alter corporate strategy in view of actual market realizations is "ignored"; see below as well as . The NPV framework (implicitly) assumes that management is "passive" with regard to their Capital Investment once committed. Some analysts account for this uncertainty by (i) adjusting the discount rate, e.g. by increasing the cost of capital, or (ii) adjusting the cash flows, e.g. using certainty equivalents, or (iii) applying (subjective) "haircuts" to the forecast numbers, or (iv) via probability-weighting these as in rNPV. Even when employed, however, these latter methods do not normally properly account for changes in risk over the project's lifecycle and hence fail to appropriately adapt the risk adjustment. By contrast, ROV assumes that management is "active" and can "continuously" respond to market changes. Real options consider "all" scenarios (or "states") and indicate the best corporate action in each of these contingent events. Because management adapts to each negative outcome by decreasing its exposure and to positive scenarios by scaling up, the firm benefits from uncertainty in the underlying market, achieving a lower variability of profits than under the commitment/NPV stance. The contingent nature of future profits in real option models is captured by employing the techniques developed for financial options in the literature on contingent claims analysis. Here the approach, known as risk-neutral valuation, consists in adjusting the probability distribution for risk consideration, while discounting at the risk-free rate. This technique is also known as the "martingale" approach, and uses a risk-neutral measure. For technical considerations here, see below. Given these different treatments, the real options value of a project is typically higher than the NPV – and the difference will be most marked in projects with major flexibility, contingency, and volatility. As for financial options higher volatility of the underlying leads to higher value. (An application of Real Options Valuation in the Philippine banking industry exhibited that increased levels of income volatility may adversely affect option values on the loan portfolio, when the presence of information asymmetry is considered. In this case, increased volatility may limit the value of an option.) Part of the criticism (and subsequently slow adoption) of Real Options Valuation in practice and academe stems from the generally higher values for underlying assets these functions generate. However, studies have shown that these models are reliable estimators of underlying asset value, when input values are properly identified. Options based valuation Although there is much similarity between the modelling of real options and financial options, ROV is distinguished from the latter, in that it takes into account uncertainty about the future evolution of the parameters that determine the value of the project, coupled with management's ability to respond to the evolution of these parameters. It is the combined effect of these that makes ROV technically more challenging than its alternatives. When valuing the real option, the analyst must therefore consider the inputs to the valuation, the valuation method employed, and whether any technical limitations may apply. Conceptually, valuing a real option looks at the premium between inflows and outlays for a particular project. Inputs to the value of a real option (time, discount rates, volatility, cash inflows and outflows) are each affected by the terms of business, and external environmental factors that a project exists in. Terms of business as information regarding ownership, data collection costs, and patents, are formed in relation to political, environmental, socio-cultural, technological, environmental and legal factors that affect an industry. Just as terms of business are affected by external environmental factors, these same circumstances affect the volatility of returns, as well as the discount rate (as firm or project specific risk). Furthermore, the external environmental influences that affect an industry affect projections on expected inflows and outlays. Valuation inputs Given the similarity in valuation approach, the inputs required for modelling the real option correspond, generically, to those required for a financial option valuation. The specific application, though, is as follows: The option's underlying is the project in question – it is modelled in terms of: Spot price: the starting or current value of the project is required: this is usually based on management's "best guess" as to the gross value of the project's cash flows and resultant NPV; Volatility: a measure for uncertainty as to the change in value over time is required: the volatility in project value is generally used, usually derived via monte carlo simulation; sometimes the volatility of the first period's cash flows are preferred; see further under Corporate finance for a discussion relating to the estimation of NPV and project volatility. some analysts substitute a listed security as a proxy, using either its price volatility (historical volatility), or, if options exist on this security, their implied volatility. Dividends generated by the underlying asset: As part of a project, the dividend equates to any income which could be derived from the real assets and paid to the owner. These reduce the appreciation of the asset. Option characteristics: Strike price: this corresponds to any (non-recoverable) investment outlays, typically the prospective costs of the project. In general, management would proceed (i.e. the option would be in the money) given that the present value of expected cash flows exceeds this amount; Option term: the time during which management may decide to act, or not act, corresponds to the life of the option. As above, examples include the time to expiry of a patent, or of the mineral rights for a new mine. See Option time value. Note though that given the flexibility related to timing as described, caution must be applied here. Option style and option exercise. Management's ability to respond to changes in value is modeled at each decision point as a series of options, as above these may comprise, i.a.: the option to contract the project (an American styled put option); the option to abandon the project (also an American put); the option to expand or extend the project (both American styled call options); switching options or composite options which may also apply to the project. Valuation methods The valuation methods usually employed, likewise, are adapted from techniques developed for valuing financial options. Note though that, in general, while most "real" problems allow for American style exercise at any point (many points) in the project's life and are impacted by multiple underlying variables, the standard methods are limited either with regard to dimensionality, to early exercise, or to both. In selecting a model, therefore, analysts must make a trade off between these considerations; see . The model must also be flexible enough to allow for the relevant decision rule to be coded appropriately at each decision point. Closed form, Black–Scholes-like solutions are sometimes employed. These are applicable only for European styled options or perpetual American options. Note that this application of Black–Scholes assumes constant — i.e. deterministic — costs: in cases where the project's costs, like its revenue, are also assumed stochastic, then Margrabe's formula can (should) be applied instead, here valuing the option to "exchange" expenses for revenue. (Relatedly, where the project is exposed to two (or more) uncertainties — e.g. for natural resources, price and quantity — some analysts attempt to use an overall volatility; this, though, is more correctly treated as a rainbow option, typically valued using simulation as below.) The most commonly employed methods are binomial lattices. These are more widely used given that most real options are American styled. Additionally, and particularly, lattice-based models allow for flexibility as to exercise, where the relevant, and differing, rules may be encoded at each node. Note that lattices cannot readily handle high-dimensional problems; treating the project's costs as stochastic would add (at least) one dimension to the lattice, increasing the number of ending-nodes by the square (the exponent here, corresponding to the number of sources of uncertainty). Specialised Monte Carlo Methods have also been developed and are increasingly, and especially, applied to high-dimensional problems. Note that for American styled real options, this application is somewhat more complex; although recent research combines a least squares approach with simulation, allowing for the valuation of real options which are both multidimensional and American styled; see . When the Real Option can be modelled using a partial differential equation, then Finite difference methods for option pricing are sometimes applied. Although many of the early ROV articles discussed this method, its use is relatively uncommon today—particularly amongst practitioners—due to the required mathematical sophistication; these too cannot readily be used for high-dimensional problems. Various other methods, aimed mainly at practitioners, have been developed for real option valuation. These typically use cash-flow scenarios for the projection of the future pay-off distribution, and are not based on restricting assumptions similar to those that underlie the closed form (or even numeric) solutions discussed. The most recent additions include the Datar–Mathews method, fuzzy pay-off method, the simulation with optimised exercise thresholds method. Limitations The relevance of Real options, even as a thought framework, may be limited due to market, organizational and / or technical considerations. When the framework is employed, therefore, the analyst must first ensure that ROV is relevant to the project in question. These considerations are as follows. Market characteristics As discussed above, the market and environment underlying the project must be one where "change is most evident", and the "source, trends and evolution" in product demand and supply, create the "flexibility, contingency, and volatility" which result in optionality. Without this, the NPV framework would be more relevant. Organizational considerations Real options are "particularly important for businesses with a few key characteristics", and may be less relevant otherwise. In overview, it is important to consider the following in determining that the RO framework is applicable: Corporate strategy has to be adaptive to contingent events. Some corporations face organizational rigidities and are unable to react to market changes; in this case, the NPV approach is appropriate. Practically, the business must be positioned such that it has appropriate information flow, and opportunities to act. This will often be a market leader and / or a firm enjoying economies of scale and scope. Management must understand options, be able to identify and create them, and appropriately exercise them. This contrasts with business leaders focused on maintaining the status quo and / or near-term accounting earnings. The financial position of the business must be such that it has the ability to fund the project as, and when, required (i.e. issue shares, absorb further debt and / or use internally generated cash flow); see Financial statement analysis. Management must, correspondingly, have appropriate access to this capital. Management must be in the position to exercise, in so far as some real options are proprietary (owned or exercisable by a single individual or a company) while others are shared (can (only) be exercised by many parties). Technical considerations Limitations as to the use of these models arise due to the contrast between Real Options and financial options, for which these were originally developed. The main difference is that the underlying is often not tradable – e.g. the factory owner cannot easily sell the factory upon which he has the option. Additionally, the real option itself may also not be tradeable – e.g. the factory owner cannot sell the right to extend his factory to another party, only he can make this decision (some real options, however, can be sold, e.g., ownership of a vacant lot of land is a real option to develop that land in the future). Even where a market exists – for the underlying or for the option – in most cases there is limited (or no) market liquidity. Finally, even if the firm can actively adapt to market changes, it remains to determine the right paradigm to discount future claims The difficulties, are then: As above, data issues arise as far as estimating key model inputs. Here, since the value or price of the underlying cannot be (directly) observed, there will always be some (much) uncertainty as to its value (i.e. spot price) and volatility (further complicated by uncertainty as to management's actions in the future). It is often difficult to capture the rules relating to exercise, and consequent actions by management. Further, a project may have a portfolio of embedded real options, some of which may be mutually exclusive. Theoretical difficulties, which are more serious, may also arise. Option pricing models are built on rational pricing logic. Here, essentially: (a) it is presupposed that one can create a "hedged portfolio" comprising one option and "delta" shares of the underlying. (b) Arbitrage arguments then allow for the option's price to be estimated today; see . (c) When hedging of this sort is possible, since delta hedging and risk neutral pricing are mathematically identical, then risk neutral valuation may be applied, as is the case with most option pricing models. (d) Under ROV however, the option and (usually) its underlying are clearly not traded, and forming a hedging portfolio would be difficult, if not impossible. Standard option models: (a) Assume that the risk characteristics of the underlying do not change over the life of the option, usually expressed via a constant volatility assumption. (b) Hence a standard, risk free rate may be applied as the discount rate at each decision point, allowing for risk neutral valuation. Under ROV, however: (a) managements' actions actually change the risk characteristics of the project in question, and hence (b) the Required rate of return could differ depending on what state was realised, and a premium over risk free would be required, invalidating (technically) the risk neutrality assumption. These issues are addressed via several interrelated assumptions: As discussed above, the data issues are usually addressed using a simulation of the project, or a listed proxy. Various new methods – see for example those described above – also address these issues. Also as above, specific exercise rules can often be accommodated by coding these in a bespoke binomial tree; see:. The theoretical issues: To use standard option pricing models here, despite the difficulties relating to rational pricing, practitioners adopt the "fiction" that the real option and the underlying project are both traded: the so called, Marketed Asset Disclaimer (MAD) approach. Although this is a strong assumption, it is pointed out that a similar fiction in fact underpins standard NPV / DCF valuation (and using simulation as above). See: and. To address the fact that changing characteristics invalidate the use of a constant discount rate, some analysts use the "replicating portfolio approach", as opposed to Risk neutral valuation, and modify their models correspondingly. Under this approach, (a) we "replicate" the cash flows on the option by holding a risk free bond and the underlying in the correct proportions. Then, (b) since the cash flows of the option and the portfolio will always be identical, by arbitrage arguments their values may (must) be equated today, and (c) no discounting is required. (For an alternative, modifying Black-Scholes, see: .) History Whereas business managers have been making capital investment decisions for centuries, the term "real option" is relatively new, and was coined by Professor Stewart Myers of the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1977. In 1930, Irving Fisher wrote explicitly of the "options" available to a business owner (The Theory of Interest, II.VIII). The description of such opportunities as "real options", however, followed on the development of analytical techniques for financial options, such as Black–Scholes in 1973. As such, the term "real option" is closely tied to these option methods. Real options are today an active field of academic research. Professor Lenos Trigeorgis has been a leading name for many years, publishing several influential books and academic articles. Other pioneering academics in the field include Professors Michael Brennan, Eduardo Schwartz, Graham Davis, Gonzalo Cortazar, Han Smit, Avinash Dixit and Robert Pindyck (the latter two, authoring the pioneering text in the discipline). An academic conference on real options is organized yearly (Annual International Conference on Real Options). Amongst others, the concept was "popularized" by Michael J. Mauboussin, then chief U.S. investment strategist for Credit Suisse First Boston. He uses real options to explain the gap between how the stock market prices some businesses and the "intrinsic value" for those businesses. Trigeorgis also has broadened exposure to real options through layman articles in publications such as The Wall Street Journal. This popularization is such that ROV is now a standard offering in postgraduate finance degrees, and often, even in MBA curricula at many Business Schools. Recently, real options have been employed in business strategy, both for valuation purposes and as a conceptual framework. The idea of treating strategic investments as options was popularized by Timothy Luehrman in two HBR articles: "In financial terms, a business strategy is much more like a series of options, than a series of static cash flows". Investment opportunities are plotted in an "option space" with dimensions "volatility" & value-to-cost ("NPVq"). Luehrman also co-authored with William Teichner a Harvard Business School case study, Arundel Partners: The Sequel Project, in 1992, which may have been the first business school case study to teach ROV. Reflecting the "mainstreaming" of ROV, Professor Robert C. Merton discussed the essential points of Arundel in his Nobel Prize Lecture in 1997. Arundel involves a group of investors that is considering acquiring the sequel rights to a portfolio of yet-to-be released feature films. In particular, the investors must determine the value of the sequel rights before any of the first films are produced. Here, the investors face two main choices. They can produce an original movie and sequel at the same time or they can wait to decide on a sequel after the original film is released. The second approach, he states, provides the option not to make a sequel in the event the original movie is not successful. This real option has economic worth and can be valued monetarily using an option-pricing model. See Option (filmmaking). See also Option contract Opportunity cost Monte Carlo methods in finance Contingent claim valuation Fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation Contingent value rights References Further reading Standard texts: Kodukula, P., & Papudesu, C. (2006). Project valuation using real options: a practitioner's guide. J. Ross Publishing. ISBN 978-1932159431 Applications: Grenadier, Steven R. & Weiss, Allen M., 1997. "Investment in technological innovations: An option pricing approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 397-416, June. The Impact of Real Options in Agency Problems G. Siller-Pagaza, G. Otalora, E. Cobas-Flores (2006). External links Theory Intro to Real Option Valuation as a Modelling Problem, Mikael Collan The Promise and Peril of Real Options, Prof. Aswath Damodaran, Stern School of Business Real Options Tutorial, Prof. Marco Dias, PUC-Rio Valuing Real Options: Frequently Made Errors, Prof. Pablo Fernandez, IESE Business School, University of Navarra Identifying real options, Prof. Campbell R. Harvey. Duke University, Fuqua School of Business An introduction to real options (Investment Analysts Society of Southern Africa), Prof E. Gilbert, University of Cape Town Decision Making Under Uncertainty—Real Options to the Rescue?, Prof. Luke Miller & Chan Park, Auburn University Real Options Whitepapers and Case-studies, Dr. Jonathan Mun Real Options – Introduction, Portfolion Group How Do You Assess The Value of A Company's "Real Options"?, Prof. Alfred Rappaport Columbia University and Michael Mauboussin Some Important Issues Involving Real Options: An Overview, Gordon Sick and Andrea Gamba (2005). Real Power of Real Options, Leslie and Michaels (1997), Keith Leslie and Max Michaels McKinsey Quarterly, 1997 (3) pages 4–22. Cited by Robert Merton in his Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech in 1997. McKinsey classic - Reprinted in McKinsey Anthology 2000 - On Strategy. Cited in McKinsey Anthology 2011 - Have You Tested Your Strategy Lately. Journals Journal of Real Options Journal of Real Options and Strategy Calculation resources ROV Spreadsheet Models, Prof. Aswath Damodaran, Stern School of Business Real Options Calculator, Prof. Steven T. Hackman, Georgia Institute of Technology Corporate finance Options (finance) Capital budgeting	[ -0.009139496833086014, -0.24239307641983032, -0.23679620027542114, -0.12608180940151215, 0.4570297300815582, 0.3954346477985382, -0.6285737752914429, 0.18275757133960724, -0.4566080868244171, -0.3971341550350189, -0.3574027121067047, 1.16679847240448, 0.03087078034877777, -0.24974122643470764, 0.1604820191860199, 0.5410529971122742, 0.07377683371305466, -0.2166702002286911, 0.22444254159927368, -0.40184304118156433, -0.2706461250782013, 0.2114672213792801, 0.060557376593351364, -0.417738676071167, -0.011093005537986755, -0.3792172968387604, 0.3096669018268585, 0.12481620162725449, -0.29227712750434875, 0.0006555969011969864, -0.16278864443302155, 0.9286718964576721, -0.4693685472011566, -0.11666944622993469, -0.00905163399875164, -0.14022190868854523, -0.21910376846790314, -0.4523230195045471, -0.5749707221984863, -0.014781719073653221, 0.2110014110803604, 0.03232971578836441, 0.5794520378112793, 0.39269009232521057, -0.15214399993419647, -0.48838672041893005, -1.3749197721481323, -0.6103751063346863, -0.23391558229923248, 0.07363305240869522, -0.11185743659734726, 1.089980125427246, -0.34826791286468506, 0.46833109855651855, -0.1675594598054886, 0.5798377394676208, -0.11277999728918076, -0.33219820261001587, 0.3047829568386078, -0.5018548965454102, 0.4965071380138397, 0.342001736164093, -0.2645258903503418, 0.5916107892990112, -0.2034279704093933, -0.1288037896156311, -0.18507681787014008, 0.21903789043426514, -0.7049981355667114, -0.3981987535953522, -0.3640781342983246, -0.3109201490879059, -0.3954540491104126, 0.04594903439283371, -0.3684312701225281, 0.36822637915611267, 0.13044822216033936, 0.1977788656949997, -0.4842018485069275, 0.2875855565071106, 0.4569323658943176, 0.5366455316543579, 0.7517962455749512, -0.2983081638813019, 0.5184262990951538, -0.2521839141845703, -0.2738364338874817, 0.42381003499031067, -0.14508122205734253, 0.705338180065155, 0.5032377243041992, -0.24492399394512177, 0.7063196897506714, -0.0500163808465004, -0.03643367812037468, 0.20391148328781128, 0.0985683873295784, -0.0508577898144722, -0.10066881775856018, 0.41557738184928894, -0.3208065629005432, -0.1020607054233551, 0.0921555757522583, 0.03219681233167648, -0.021955227479338646, -0.018831877037882805, -0.5600524544715881, -0.5147562623023987, -0.06551438570022583, 0.30571436882019043, -1.016959309577942, 0.6602697372436523, 0.07311677932739258, -0.38572850823402405, -0.7650466561317444, 0.10430923849344254, -0.1509689837694168, 0.36639806628227234, -0.5369769930839539, 0.3380783796310425, 0.6442129611968994, 0.9247423410415649, -0.0002983002341352403, 0.20539352297782898, 0.10745350271463394, -0.04177151620388031, 0.8301463723182678, 0.6204748749732971, -0.19858264923095703, -0.298203706741333, 0.32064104080200195, 0.45115742087364197, -0.3529951870441437, 0.1416298747062683, -0.4804920256137848, -0.10597135126590729, 0.1302429586648941, -0.41034960746765137, 0.807374119758606, -0.23569509387016296, -0.756554901599884, -0.8791634440422058, -0.06031817942857742, -0.1809290200471878, 0.22164535522460938, 0.08520422130823135, 0.3179415464401245, -0.4655016362667084, -0.2672828733921051, -0.2233092337846756, -0.0157606340944767, -0.30018723011016846, -0.3618238568305969, 0.08001593500375748, -0.20635120570659637, 0.22932001948356628, 0.29712945222854614, -0.41902318596839905, -0.34069183468818665, 0.5791314244270325, -0.020298289135098457, -0.07308214902877808, -0.1999748796224594, 0.06175516918301582, 0.16043142974376678, -0.3619857728481293, 0.31513893604278564, 0.2022254317998886, -0.1092318445444107, -0.06142162159085274, -0.3199300765991211, 0.3090067207813263, 0.87646484375, -0.5465067028999329, 0.03607252612709999, 0.49228060245513916, 0.1759459674358368, 0.48927563428878784, 1.0429929494857788, 0.08087855577468872, -0.32015901803970337, -0.17982807755470276, 0.5539144277572632, -0.3549952208995819, 0.18626421689987183, -0.40458932518959045, 0.7556425333023071, -0.3835308253765106, 0.7694792747497559, -0.0414632149040699, -0.6724044680595398, -0.15130892395973206, 0.0688529834151268, -0.840688169002533, 0.851958155632019, -0.3030817210674286, -0.658215343952179, 0.8494647145271301, -0.1360660344362259, 0.2113810032606125, -0.17843757569789886, -0.340729683637619, 0.24416117370128632, 0.12798374891281128, -0.5416035056114197, -0.053485024720430374, 0.4262005388736725, -0.08189773559570312, -0.26096174120903015, 0.716343343257904, 0.4750075936317444, -0.14011749625205994, -0.1412188857793808, -0.6047179102897644, 0.46319231390953064, -0.06696990877389908, -0.45801249146461487, 0.5376911163330078, -0.7080143690109253, -0.055217549204826355, 1.0766946077346802, -0.07005283236503601, 0.29929137229919434, 0.5982188582420349, -0.28413450717926025, -0.018640834838151932, 0.48126673698425293, -0.060306355357170105, 0.6035799980163574, -0.5384701490402222, 0.2203976809978485, -0.04353989288210869, 0.08350454270839691, -0.7890180945396423, 0.314352810382843, 0.24798589944839478, -0.2802557647228241, -0.2798551321029663, 0.016392694786190987, -0.0169124286621809, 0.03410908207297325, 0.10250919312238693, -0.4440365433692932, -0.03808974474668503, 0.024371180683374405, 0.07985096424818039, -0.3115050494670868, 0.4337318241596222, -0.4841018617153168, 0.23880687355995178, -0.05812351033091545, 0.46195799112319946, 0.25542816519737244, -0.05745966359972954, -0.11116442084312439, 0.013761334121227264, 0.08891790360212326, -0.0046398816630244255, 0.3200039565563202, -0.354953408241272, 0.05838639661669731, 0.4755082428455353, 0.2794429063796997, -0.010477702133357525, 0.36792004108428955, -0.10057657212018967, -0.37485817074775696, 0.2609011232852936, -0.0741361677646637, 0.6733227372169495, 0.4207155704498291, -0.04219634458422661, -0.6652023792266846, 0.31875813007354736, -0.2682267427444458, -0.7410013675689697, 0.38644662499427795, 0.35773634910583496, -1.077887773513794, -0.05024084076285362, 0.445995032787323, -0.021810613572597504, 0.3924451470375061, -0.6247653961181641, -0.1793610155582428, -0.24056720733642578, 0.06844906508922577, 0.2587975561618805, -0.22072651982307434, 0.0014330396661534905, -0.47510090470314026, -0.010995367541909218, -0.43671736121177673, 0.20993342995643616, 0.3122533857822418, -0.019215403124690056, -0.1529896855354309, 0.40145471692085266, 0.4106616973876953, 0.009997098706662655, 0.003073078813031316, 0.0023230479564517736, 0.25591468811035156, -0.22554801404476166, 0.16969409584999084, -0.10890184342861176, -0.36381328105926514, 0.22697147727012634, -5.6721649169921875, -0.594278872013092, -0.6978834271430969, -0.06249874457716942, -0.4823578894138336, -0.0009632441215217113, 0.549852192401886, -0.44600269198417664, 0.022179730236530304, -0.1711818128824234, -0.17778143286705017, -0.28441765904426575, -0.2100515216588974, 0.7217034101486206, 0.5842415690422058, 0.8209105134010315, 0.7192906737327576, 0.20904751121997833, 0.029032249003648758, 0.5936447381973267, 0.004249081946909428, -0.7133128643035889, -0.5051347017288208, 0.6096466779708862, -0.27367347478866577, 0.7680296897888184, -0.11223491281270981, 0.13911689817905426, -0.24698522686958313, -0.5541815161705017, -0.12768273055553436, -0.48507630825042725, -0.08581427484750748, -0.2505742013454437, 0.3602480888366699, 0.036633338779211044, 0.16517822444438934, 0.060798436403274536, 0.34340980648994446, -0.0787811204791069, -0.00014080169785302132, 0.3169989287853241, -0.07512528449296951, 0.29001128673553467, 0.33796048164367676, 0.012410541996359825, -0.119256891310215, 0.42734193801879883, -0.39259782433509827, 0.16299951076507568, -0.13137991726398468, 0.525634765625, 0.2995755076408386, 0.08814303576946259, -0.17628873884677887, 0.05030746012926102, 0.015690725296735764, 0.01685277372598648, 0.028679117560386658, 0.7920573949813843, 0.7531688213348389, -0.6594266891479492, -0.00251038302667439, -0.12248566001653671, -0.9261005520820618, -0.18904994428157806, -0.26364609599113464, -0.5027505159378052, 0.5875865817070007, 0.4500940442085266, -0.13869719207286835, 0.3468213379383087, 0.29593753814697266, -0.8523878455162048, 0.1571461707353592, 0.10574398189783096, 0.34709861874580383, 0.13751037418842316, 0.09650791436433792, 0.09477152675390244, -0.21407020092010498, -0.40964475274086, -0.014749739319086075, -0.261683851480484, -0.14799849689006805, -0.2200508415699005, -0.26607221364974976, 0.5848045349121094, -0.7940099239349365, -0.11517051607370377, 0.1668601781129837, -0.2539767920970917, 0.5618826150894165, -0.13542525470256805, 0.2447206974029541, 0.42256247997283936, 0.7006953358650208, 0.03766185790300369, 0.27827370166778564, 0.1191423162817955, 0.33801257610321045, -0.16412274539470673, -0.08210396021604538, -0.6284143328666687, -0.4681335687637329, 0.4162061810493469, -0.43684691190719604, 0.23459571599960327, 0.7998829483985901, -0.30753186345100403, -0.36171841621398926, 0.2693081796169281, -0.11280996352434158, -0.006391364615410566, 0.20928636193275452, 0.3283797800540924, -0.6008521914482117, 0.5511437654495239, 0.16106736660003662, -0.07220204174518585, 0.03852517902851105, -0.6726478338241577, -0.13133515417575836, -0.7201386094093323, -0.6026835441589355, -0.42015188932418823, 0.15926551818847656, 0.11070220917463303, -0.4260287284851074, 0.48465028405189514, 0.5542999505996704, 0.6925613880157471, -0.49755629897117615, 0.46300214529037476, 0.07322220504283905, -0.5895781517028809, 0.0438123419880867, 0.3060327172279358, 0.5268865823745728, -0.0824030265212059, 0.30737051367759705, -0.4373798966407776, 0.7965859770774841, -0.3423725664615631, 0.3149798512458801, 0.3188248574733734, -0.033445097506046295, -0.5062209963798523, -0.24037545919418335, 0.49159136414527893, -0.530641496181488, -0.2856388986110687, 0.2735190689563751, -0.4905294179916382, 0.08379964530467987, -0.4084318280220032, -0.3235838711261749, -0.3559887409210205, 0.043381232768297195, -0.5890313386917114, 0.6364243626594543, 0.008391179144382477, -0.9969460368156433, -0.34153541922569275, -0.04315436631441116, 0.2768675982952118, -0.8815486431121826, -0.18654602766036987, -0.3213641047477722, 0.9282185435295105, -0.23429422080516815, -0.8071786165237427, -0.15992076694965363, -0.7664438486099243, 0.15986481308937073, -0.21488849818706512, 0.0854068472981453, -0.17456510663032532, -0.19053982198238373, -0.4625752866268158, 0.3386443257331848, -0.34490466117858887, -0.3449166417121887, 0.01749870553612709, 0.44882670044898987, -0.42653194069862366, 0.005891835782676935, 0.8051223754882812, -0.20637530088424683, -0.2869998514652252, -0.2110893726348877, 0.3360004425048828, 0.5061224102973938, 0.029870353639125824, -0.1950734406709671, -0.32161158323287964, 0.3833600878715515, 0.23380480706691742, -0.8415300250053406, -0.4859931170940399, 0.07452674955129623, -0.04252980649471283, -0.3979690968990326, 0.19160403311252594, 0.10004305094480515, 0.004371346440166235, 0.07902658730745316, 0.2866307497024536, -0.20597441494464874, 0.530766487121582, -1.013798475265503, -1.0252892971038818, -0.5992396473884583, 0.0025264453142881393, -0.008018624037504196, 0.584526538848877, 0.1660393923521042, -0.5074706673622131, -0.7227867841720581, -0.0724717527627945, 0.2644575238227844, -0.8248355984687805, -0.32059812545776367, -0.04989500716328621, -0.16323630511760712, 0.08395810425281525, 0.11858061701059341, -0.30424922704696655, 0.17783589661121368, 0.0752621665596962, -0.4665973484516144, -0.6649199724197388, 0.01255777571350336, 0.4975206255912781, 0.2609717845916748, 0.2878938913345337, -0.6816662549972534, 0.2624762952327728, -0.35129594802856445, -0.25387758016586304, -0.39955011010169983, 0.8835553526878357, -0.03971850499510765, -0.4226153790950775, 0.15641118586063385, 0.1544104516506195, 0.4374651610851288, -0.41708022356033325, -0.5002288222312927, 0.3614119291305542, 0.16174116730690002, -0.5650137066841125, -0.5791892409324646, -0.1387561857700348, 0.43855178356170654, -0.387038916349411, -0.1973716914653778, -0.5104053020477295, -0.6680001616477966, 0.4870290160179138, 0.1830446869134903, -0.5523616075515747, -0.28365305066108704, -0.24270303547382355, 0.9096789360046387, -0.06527383625507355, 0.10042695701122284, -0.26919957995414734, 0.5768887996673584, -0.4363178014755249, 0.7340559959411621, 0.0007354264380410314, 0.5232639312744141, 1.2017121315002441, 0.3763601779937744, -0.1583816260099411, 0.06660418957471848, -0.6629640460014343, 0.31725427508354187, -0.1902536302804947, -0.7486493587493896, 0.2502387762069702, 0.38941678404808044, -0.42141151428222656, 0.2782323360443115, -0.23394650220870972, 0.18464723229408264, 0.12983711063861847, -0.4596041440963745, 0.014641007408499718, -0.358559250831604, -0.12853990495204926, -0.5498166680335999, 0.17011916637420654, -0.48948800563812256, 0.4173707664012909, 0.6180897355079651, 0.006108494475483894, -0.1720254272222519, -0.1732199639081955, 0.060557298362255096, 1.0856702327728271, 0.2777131199836731, -0.07048897445201874, 0.28876355290412903, 0.06665237247943878, -0.07252809405326843, -0.10737299174070358, 0.1613297015428543, -0.20469672977924347, 0.14432533085346222, 0.017534397542476654, -0.09693190455436707, 0.6886588931083679, -0.20742884278297424, 0.0607975535094738, 0.2589886486530304, -0.12502546608448029, 0.4227038025856018, 0.3986662030220032, -0.17520771920681, 0.622511088848114, 0.46571996808052063, -0.7520244717597961, -0.4100506007671356, 0.24458636343479156, -0.3238973021507263, 0.2747967839241028, 0.4580543041229248, 0.19669178128242493, 0.7194882035255432, 0.5722649693489075, 0.03208635747432709, 0.47831279039382935, -0.2956402003765106, -0.3853876292705536, 0.3574942946434021, -1.2520989179611206, 0.31572088599205017, 0.11173635721206665, 1.133771538734436, 0.20523543655872345, 0.10120772570371628, 0.318462610244751, -0.6423325538635254, 0.5055440068244934, 0.43773236870765686, 0.2093496471643448, -0.7813418507575989, 0.37267234921455383, 0.15831592679023743, -0.289201945066452, 0.6075751185417175, -0.5483860969543457, 0.2572162449359894, -0.11208090931177139, -0.20709607005119324, -0.15599356591701508, 0.20872317254543304, 0.2263024002313614, 0.00475441524758935, 0.727494478225708, 0.015918351709842682, -0.6997902989387512, -0.09125522524118423, -0.2542271912097931, 0.5157937407493591, -0.25811535120010376, -0.003336104331538081, 0.25540485978126526, 0.25355595350265503, 0.8083435893058777, -0.05783156305551529, 0.46477174758911133, 0.2350899577140808, 0.008579730987548828, 0.04532196372747421, 0.565395176410675, -0.011545846238732338, 0.6545459032058716, 0.11213677376508713, -0.3205447196960449, -0.1594034731388092, 0.022234853357076645, -0.10209054499864578, -0.27588576078414917, -0.08164992183446884, 0.403731107711792, 0.2861221432685852, -0.26378732919692993, 0.014301321469247341, -0.4822608232498169, -0.2180473357439041, 0.14474524557590485, 0.02866501919925213, -0.31129443645477295, -0.35985347628593445, 0.7404562830924988, 0.1118873581290245, 0.1572078913450241, 0.16812939941883087, 0.02375982142984867, 0.00862948875874281, 0.12511160969734192, -0.7478112578392029, 0.25437408685684204, -0.4623023271560669, 0.4892076849937439, -0.7769347429275513, 0.22389262914657593, 0.3910321593284607, -0.25905072689056396, -0.2392863631248474, 0.6750621795654297, -0.303493469953537, 0.2706283628940582, 0.6782909035682678, 0.004823256283998489, 0.42264941334724426, -0.3277350962162018, -0.2508731782436371, -0.264020711183548, 0.03494768962264061, -0.31532466411590576, -0.3379967212677002, 0.22393012046813965, 0.013871042989194393, 0.25083380937576294, -0.1513352245092392, 0.17239980399608612, -0.22288723289966583, -0.32139313220977783, -0.6482335925102234, 0.4945983588695526, -0.45680224895477295, -0.0014194999821484089, 0.5557799339294434, 0.7366998791694641, 0.17489737272262573, -0.46706512570381165, -0.12425054609775543, 0.11698636412620544, -0.3530339300632477, 0.2101350575685501, -0.3326162099838257, 0.35126233100891113, -0.45846742391586304, -0.7669075131416321, -0.09967130422592163, 0.803196132183075, 0.20210981369018555, -0.3864648640155792, -0.04312603548169136, 0.24662846326828003, -0.5097793936729431, -0.11216666549444199, 0.09176275134086609, -0.4917066693305969, -0.2199113965034485, -0.2556817829608917 ]
216475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake	Mistake	Mistake(s) may refer to: An error Law Mistake (contract law), an erroneous belief, at contracting, that certain facts are true Mistake in English contract law, a specific type of mistake, pertaining to England Mistake (criminal law), or mistake of fact, a defense to criminal charges on the grounds of ignorance of a fact Mistake of law, a defense to criminal charges on the grounds of ignorance of law Error (law) Places Mistake Bay, a bay in Canada Mistake Crag, a crag in Antarctica Mistake Creek, Queensland, an Australian locality Mistake Peak, a mountain in Antarctica Mistake Peak (Arizona), a mountain in the U.S. state of Arizona Mistake River, a river in New Zealand Music Mistake (album), a 2002 album by D+ "Mistake" (Moby song), 2009 "Mistake" (Stephanie McIntosh song), 2006 "Mistake" (Mike Oldfield song), 1982 "Mistakes" (Brian McFadden song), a 2010 song featuring Delta Goodrem "Mistakes" (Tove Styrke song), 2017 "Mistakes" (Don Williams song), 1982 "Mistake", by Big Wreck from the album The Pleasure and the Greed "Mistake", by Demi Lovato from her album Unbroken "Mistake", by Girls' Generation from the 2010 EP Hoot "Mistake", by Shinhwa from Winter Story, 2003 "Mistake", a 2016 single by Drug Restaurant "Mistakes", by Blue October UK from Preaching Lies to the Righteous, 2001 "Mistakes", by Godsmack from Awake, 2000 "Mistakes", by Kutless from Hearts of the Innocent, 2006 Others Mistake (1953 film), an Iranian film Mistake (2013 film), a Bengali drama film The Mistake (film), a 1913 American silent drama film "The Mistake" (House), an episode of the TV series House See also The Mistake (disambiguation) Mistaken (disambiguation) Mistake Mistake Mistake Mistake, a 2006 album by James Figurine MST3K (Mystery Science Theater 3000), an American television comedy series Error (disambiguation)	[ 0.29432788491249084, 0.49291396141052246, -0.5260010361671448, 0.12274371087551117, 0.36177265644073486, 0.4663226008415222, 0.6789016127586365, 0.18153692781925201, -0.42018595337867737, -0.2295922487974167, -0.2799902558326721, 0.11323494464159012, 0.04089926928281784, 0.20845121145248413, -0.5041269063949585, 0.5628941059112549, 0.15973597764968872, 0.34352776408195496, 0.1724761575460434, 0.08644597977399826, -0.164068341255188, 0.22928516566753387, 0.025965599343180656, -0.7638214230537415, 0.0421094186604023, -0.037050485610961914, 0.4332476258277893, 0.1380477249622345, -0.7573114037513733, 0.261892169713974, -0.028455905616283417, 0.5410385131835938, -0.022371860221028328, 0.09363064914941788, -0.08361856639385223, 0.0407504178583622, 0.10837796330451965, -0.5257248878479004, -0.36940181255340576, -0.3595794141292572, 0.8253694772720337, -0.41325876116752625, 0.16137197613716125, 0.4146479070186615, -0.3813278377056122, -0.16016219556331635, -1.7731997966766357, 0.6324681043624878, -0.013369457796216011, 0.1273982971906662, 0.03871237859129906, 0.3091859519481659, -0.5695934295654297, 0.4698731601238251, 0.00444891769438982, 0.6627728343009949, -0.16036155819892883, -0.3007906973361969, 0.7335931658744812, -0.5391581058502197, 0.3352258503437042, 0.17181824147701263, 0.03879416361451149, 0.2835588753223419, 0.11499728262424469, 0.5233189463615417, 0.384250670671463, 0.4035381078720093, -0.397306889295578, -0.41470086574554443, -0.2882308065891266, -0.16250845789909363, -0.3166288733482361, 0.2950863540172577, -0.4783300757408142, 0.353936105966568, -0.08717892318964005, 0.11294998228549957, 0.0145069295540452, -0.029076330363750458, 0.04782060533761978, 0.1678304225206375, 0.04219117388129234, -0.5529123544692993, 0.39281779527664185, -0.2960568964481354, -0.42969152331352234, 0.4676097631454468, -0.17893484234809875, 0.4170832633972168, 0.6655517816543579, -0.025819633156061172, -0.07999639958143234, 0.1074221283197403, -0.18964700400829315, -0.06777619570493698, 0.2514830231666565, 0.031211968511343002, 0.4510478973388672, -0.11607808619737625, -0.5366389155387878, -0.2765680253505707, 0.6687878370285034, 0.29506170749664307, 0.24346071481704712, -0.04247809574007988, -0.10620570182800293, -0.03388477489352226, 0.15864214301109314, -0.06931896507740021, 0.03928887099027634, 0.2750158905982971, 0.3295532763004303, 0.17497561872005463, -0.8618520498275757, -0.49304112792015076, -0.033241238445043564, 0.04355042055249214, -0.21238310635089874, -0.35675668716430664, 0.5161539316177368, -0.08154024928808212, -0.11315307021141052, 0.021198326721787453, 0.8083146214485168, -0.015239086002111435, 0.5261165499687195, 0.550654947757721, -0.7279556393623352, 0.06896284222602844, 0.23486870527267456, 0.6516342163085938, -0.014002230949699879, 0.19732069969177246, 0.3011492192745209, 0.2625179886817932, -0.0032701485324651003, -0.19456705451011658, 0.14444516599178314, -0.07552994787693024, -0.7625670433044434, -0.29117122292518616, -0.5708312392234802, 0.20506183803081512, 0.48336169123649597, 0.1260971575975418, 0.16500742733478546, -0.25630316138267517, -0.2821715474128723, 0.12690803408622742, 0.17056412994861603, 0.059993840754032135, -0.27326953411102295, -0.10665995627641678, -0.10242586582899094, 0.37064918875694275, 0.39572787284851074, -0.5775611996650696, -0.6659723520278931, 0.439400851726532, 0.01972244866192341, 0.34512168169021606, -0.6240622401237488, -0.18773874640464783, -0.06611857563257217, -0.4252352714538574, -0.03353758528828621, 0.3145858645439148, -0.38109174370765686, 0.3698071241378784, -0.4354220926761627, 0.4973788857460022, 0.46126461029052734, -0.27103981375694275, -0.31374630331993103, 0.6107302308082581, -0.1834276169538498, -0.030985981225967407, 1.0280333757400513, 0.08876549452543259, -0.33754751086235046, 0.1328347772359848, -0.047964856028556824, -0.1599050760269165, -0.08468180149793625, 0.22507412731647491, 0.5420841574668884, -0.2460402101278305, -0.37594643235206604, 0.007513879332691431, -0.72380131483078, -0.23896639049053192, -0.012574649415910244, -0.6531887650489807, 0.985495388507843, 0.05128125846385956, -0.7182450890541077, 1.1512279510498047, 0.029921021312475204, 0.7598816156387329, -0.3557147681713104, 0.5162373781204224, 0.15938925743103027, -0.11489026993513107, -0.28883910179138184, 0.6348660588264465, 0.35599082708358765, 0.08860814571380615, 0.07478384673595428, 0.0638992115855217, 0.6758877038955688, -0.5632666945457458, -0.22262300550937653, -0.5253720879554749, -0.1974831223487854, 0.44432565569877625, -0.3908560276031494, -0.07829099148511887, 0.2458695024251938, -0.3397323191165924, 0.23335108160972595, 0.056147314608097076, 0.21831528842449188, 0.003852823982015252, 0.11712823063135147, 0.40800490975379944, -0.29580429196357727, 0.6020486354827881, 0.6972191333770752, -1.1679747104644775, -0.05407765135169029, -0.1223195493221283, 0.6206262707710266, -0.08754535019397736, 0.19128082692623138, -0.16476210951805115, 0.40018343925476074, 0.14876043796539307, 0.39202895760536194, 0.5116763710975647, -0.43180182576179504, 0.32138535380363464, -0.22268760204315186, 0.40202096104621887, 0.013770612888038158, -0.08460520952939987, -0.1260211318731308, -0.1461326777935028, -0.11061510443687439, 0.4639289081096649, 0.1849987655878067, 0.37260422110557556, -0.26172518730163574, 0.29123255610466003, 0.144810289144516, -0.18634840846061707, -0.09058909118175507, -0.3134697675704956, -0.21414940059185028, -0.3848404586315155, -0.40413838624954224, 0.35497620701789856, 0.2675045132637024, 0.16934596002101898, -0.27438482642173767, -0.2376912236213684, -0.6311255097389221, 0.07590719312429428, 0.18631671369075775, 0.48725560307502747, 0.3357997536659241, 0.2371666133403778, -0.9279177188873291, 0.34365013241767883, -0.13575631380081177, 0.20118185877799988, 0.09781301021575928, 0.3559377193450928, -0.3528614640235901, -0.2670910358428955, -0.2372375726699829, 0.2993401885032654, 0.41601982712745667, -0.7523840665817261, 0.11780072748661041, -0.08655384927988052, -0.12238968908786774, 0.07863172888755798, -0.6664912104606628, 0.10353695601224899, -0.42813074588775635, 0.24555231630802155, 0.06226606294512749, -0.1353507786989212, 0.625248372554779, 0.020580431446433067, 0.03495992720127106, -0.043099891394376755, 0.6949642896652222, -0.05488734692335129, -0.31385698914527893, 0.5936807990074158, -0.6413488388061523, -0.3559361696243286, 0.2150588482618332, 0.28434789180755615, -0.42852267622947693, -0.0439278706908226, -5.896770000457764, -0.20379385352134705, -0.17041975259780884, -0.3303014039993286, -0.0440216027200222, 0.12235748767852783, 1.0708324909210205, -0.10604454576969147, -0.403195858001709, -0.06769292801618576, 0.6761184930801392, -0.026652410626411438, 0.657230019569397, 0.23667095601558685, 0.572569727897644, -0.5318475365638733, 0.7995511889457703, 0.21733780205249786, -0.22728335857391357, 0.7194118499755859, 0.21133340895175934, 0.18004339933395386, 0.037542082369327545, 0.16881181299686432, -0.03351449966430664, 0.5320990681648254, -0.5085728168487549, 0.22020088136196136, -0.4001334309577942, -0.4856237769126892, 0.1802641898393631, -0.12854139506816864, 0.1291068196296692, -0.055759627372026443, -0.22954505681991577, -0.14990375936031342, 0.21134594082832336, -0.29683995246887207, 0.0012332065962255, 0.15238209068775177, -0.5964455008506775, 0.33032500743865967, 0.4007200300693512, 0.09562971442937851, 0.2444790005683899, -0.3822730779647827, -0.16976095736026764, 0.6329060792922974, -0.0018739860970526934, 0.4108894467353821, -0.02176680974662304, 0.312682181596756, 0.41619056463241577, 0.1977453976869583, -0.4226472079753876, -0.16656619310379028, 0.3942781090736389, 0.32907354831695557, -0.6014817953109741, 0.3728318512439728, 0.7067468762397766, -0.5012656450271606, -0.15580137073993683, -0.46885064244270325, -0.12715189158916473, -0.6723964810371399, -0.29446786642074585, -0.45114168524742126, 0.5474292039871216, 0.08554655313491821, -0.38598355650901794, 0.1240847259759903, 0.25318852066993713, -0.8455546498298645, 0.11275431513786316, -0.5227546691894531, -0.2805030345916748, -0.38942772150039673, 0.18815724551677704, 0.06539663672447205, -0.07538090646266937, 0.3881218731403351, -0.31136178970336914, -0.006852081045508385, 0.13314837217330933, -0.09318586438894272, 0.07093643397092819, 0.8160876035690308, -0.0414620079100132, -0.24399539828300476, 0.6083093881607056, 0.22114314138889313, 0.238920658826828, 0.10042407363653183, -0.3190326690673828, 0.8500820398330688, 0.17786183953285217, -0.14955203235149384, 0.2915639877319336, -0.026983482763171196, 0.28398990631103516, -1.0282354354858398, 0.5835839509963989, -0.46354979276657104, -0.4461961090564728, -0.5089011788368225, -0.5598287582397461, 0.1718481481075287, 0.46533486247062683, -0.15578360855579376, 0.256951242685318, 0.242648646235466, -0.3063461482524872, 0.186602383852005, -0.01228216104209423, -0.2644314467906952, -0.1231766864657402, -0.09910417348146439, 0.09145914018154144, -0.08390156924724579, 0.33960986137390137, -0.3040515184402466, -0.6099498867988586, -0.027196219190955162, -0.037528686225414276, -0.5852499008178711, -0.1854039877653122, 0.00013186973228584975, -0.10282840579748154, 0.12858617305755615, -0.11391154676675797, 0.6342055797576904, 0.18848226964473724, 0.09522579610347748, -0.043804679065942764, -0.07432524859905243, 0.03813416510820389, 0.39922162890434265, 0.12079742550849915, -0.4653816223144531, 0.5444120168685913, -0.5984823107719421, -0.2961916923522949, 0.24245738983154297, 0.6612183451652527, 0.1687694638967514, -0.19769330322742462, -0.0986500233411789, 0.17689064145088196, 0.6396302580833435, -0.2068895548582077, -0.08684863895177841, 0.18979184329509735, -0.4559790790081024, 0.10127750039100647, -0.03727119415998459, -0.2359110563993454, 0.28837525844573975, -0.018122322857379913, -0.31710994243621826, -0.02073587477207184, -0.03896923363208771, -1.0364075899124146, -0.6767296195030212, 0.12349237501621246, -0.2803351581096649, -0.6147933602333069, -0.5219930410385132, 0.03048345446586609, 0.9138984680175781, -0.029183829203248024, -0.4676021337509155, -0.5715602040290833, -0.2146570086479187, 0.003622328396886587, 0.2954193353652954, -0.08226891607046127, -0.10926008224487305, -0.0701221153140068, -0.20413395762443542, 0.029381150379776955, 0.25143343210220337, 0.22391186654567719, 0.44863370060920715, -0.04700348153710365, -0.6660619378089905, 0.027384130284190178, 0.4203518033027649, -0.038632310926914215, -0.5856466293334961, -0.468293160200119, 0.0010858806781470776, 0.6506260633468628, 0.22152285277843475, 0.20503705739974976, 0.23720015585422516, 0.3516819477081299, 0.4332059323787689, -0.4200308322906494, 0.1428462564945221, 0.044709913432598114, 0.2582288980484009, -0.6426945924758911, -0.2800930440425873, 0.6117108464241028, -0.749383807182312, 0.27435562014579773, 0.10283965617418289, -0.4221838116645813, 0.0707748681306839, -0.6260143518447876, -0.5951297283172607, -0.38093504309654236, 0.45740818977355957, 0.11928259581327438, -0.6906992793083191, 0.39520135521888733, -0.1392309069633484, -0.4993510842323303, -0.11414843797683716, 0.17097774147987366, -0.23051881790161133, -0.22460278868675232, 0.07097405940294266, -0.06016256660223007, 0.02206963300704956, -0.16423273086547852, -0.14822480082511902, 0.9424195289611816, 0.3913262188434601, 0.03176230564713478, -0.2331468015909195, 0.22951453924179077, -0.04574614390730858, -0.15398567914962769, 0.10430248081684113, 0.10355056077241898, -0.22308726608753204, 0.4251253604888916, 0.10174619406461716, 0.5106315612792969, 1.0046099424362183, 0.3217391073703766, -0.6522127985954285, -0.2543976902961731, -0.02266179770231247, 0.23756571114063263, -0.39298075437545776, -0.6218297481536865, 0.7259986400604248, -0.08325931429862976, -0.17285721004009247, -0.16543929278850555, -0.11599931865930557, 0.3189857304096222, -0.0037162238731980324, -0.02024383842945099, -0.5358678102493286, 0.2063284069299698, 0.4316085875034332, 0.48843875527381897, -0.42589065432548523, 0.12004260718822479, -0.302919864654541, -0.11146187782287598, -0.46998700499534607, -0.08797916024923325, -0.13335083425045013, -0.12604649364948273, -0.7074112892150879, 0.16053682565689087, -0.32391172647476196, 0.3037126362323761, 0.3444112539291382, 0.10632540285587311, -0.2084365338087082, -0.5692502856254578, -0.4808809161186218, 0.534355640411377, -0.1759025603532791, -0.27113285660743713, -0.04421615973114967, -0.3249149024486542, -0.8440712094306946, -0.3871499300003052, -0.06523101031780243, 0.1967679262161255, 0.13781413435935974, -1.1115810871124268, -0.5970417857170105, -0.6745983362197876, 0.21357659995555878, -0.13096244633197784, 0.4494647681713104, -0.09643994271755219, -0.4575173258781433, -0.10863187164068222, 0.3714201748371124, 0.050828952342271805, 0.11569266766309738, -0.5846814513206482, 0.22480838000774384, -0.032567474991083145, -1.086276888847351, 0.20138682425022125, 0.37258777022361755, -0.5096867084503174, -0.320756196975708, 0.40662625432014465, -0.5772677063941956, 0.11768591403961182, -0.33938828110694885, -0.117787204682827, 0.2149946540594101, 0.4254702925682068, -0.345009446144104, 0.15614095330238342, -0.7589147686958313, 0.06331244111061096, 0.7285746335983276, 0.004514663480222225, -0.1826886236667633, 1.0391544103622437, -0.29273757338523865, 0.17318080365657806, 0.39395302534103394, -0.29436856508255005, -0.04389810562133789, 0.34015756845474243, 0.562783420085907, 0.04355382174253464, -0.29626765847206116, -0.019895309582352638, -0.3524031937122345, -0.2528653144836426, -0.40090200304985046, 0.3456410765647888, -0.779705286026001, -0.24436622858047485, 0.07461941242218018, 0.09959322959184647, -0.2678481340408325, 0.30969950556755066, 0.16913463175296783, -0.33677244186401367, 0.3747919499874115, 0.46949565410614014, -0.1491679549217224, -0.24630776047706604, 0.31633496284484863, 0.16362161934375763, -0.20662589371204376, 0.6289753317832947, -0.2555488646030426, 0.16949735581874847, 0.064723901450634, 0.04247100278735161, -0.19830849766731262, -0.9927936792373657, -0.15827393531799316, 0.1732911616563797, -0.04702252894639969, 0.3156432509422302, -0.16832652688026428, -0.0992525964975357, -0.6129070520401001, 0.6318314075469971, 0.1329280585050583, -0.04540600627660751, -0.060923513025045395, 0.2822308838367462, 0.3566370904445648, -0.488776832818985, 0.37938621640205383, 0.19695769250392914, -0.46116793155670166, 0.7316041588783264, 0.7516592741012573, 0.21352963149547577, 0.06733464449644089, 0.0537901297211647, -0.07634065300226212, -0.2734970450401306, -0.2548358142375946, -0.004633011296391487, -0.5189777612686157, 0.3721020817756653, 0.41151297092437744, -0.06876561790704727, -0.06109117716550827, 0.358340859413147, -0.45370593667030334, -0.5137566924095154, 0.6590974926948547, -0.23800897598266602, -0.1882418990135193, 0.1222229152917862, 0.4729717969894409, -0.07626490294933319, 0.0926118865609169, 0.16529202461242676, -0.08298302441835403, 0.02905460260808468, 0.15397347509860992, -1.0051918029785156, 0.10087471455335617, -0.039964593946933746, 0.7217111587524414, -0.2708187401294708, 0.03330594301223755, 0.3634796142578125, -0.04938744381070137, -0.0006965140928514302, -0.22623266279697418, -0.10154538601636887, -0.5171701312065125, 0.6574199199676514, 0.03965964540839195, 0.26336243748664856, -0.3057425916194916, -0.3100161552429199, -0.18905849754810333, 0.5841946601867676, 0.002012930577620864, -0.25899794697761536, -0.3741724491119385, 0.5956997871398926, 0.31048059463500977, -0.34675759077072144, 0.6277905702590942, -0.5564226508140564, -0.2955303192138672, -0.5569789409637451, 0.8577592372894287, 0.056358810514211655, -0.5754142999649048, 0.24644125998020172, 0.7154332995414734, -0.2504812777042389, -0.5158119201660156, 0.10224143415689468, -0.39710018038749695, -0.6964594125747681, -0.2697652578353882, -0.5085458755493164, 0.44369328022003174, -0.20721064507961273, -0.2182333767414093, 0.03858719766139984, 0.6284252405166626, 0.5404137372970581, -0.39762020111083984, -0.01084890216588974, -0.5445703268051147, -0.021514063701033592, -0.36996784806251526, 0.3254687488079071, -0.31700968742370605, -0.21886798739433289, 0.3532138466835022 ]
216476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20value%20added	Economic value added	In corporate finance, as part of fundamental analysis, economic value added is an estimate of a firm's economic profit, or the value created in excess of the required return of the company's shareholders. EVA is the net profit less the capital charge ($) for raising the firm's capital. The idea is that value is created when the return on the firm's economic capital employed exceeds the cost of that capital. This amount can be determined by making adjustments to GAAP accounting. There are potentially over 160 adjustments but in practice only several key ones are made, depending on the company and its industry. Calculation EVA is net operating profit after taxes (or NOPAT) less a capital charge, the latter being the product of the cost of capital and the economic capital. The basic formula is: where: is the return on invested capital; is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC); is the economic capital employed (total assets − current liability); NOPAT is the net operating profit after tax, with adjustments and translations, generally for the amortization of goodwill, the capitalization of brand advertising and other non-cash items. EVA calculation: EVA = net operating profit after taxes – a capital charge [the residual income method] therefore EVA = NOPAT – (c × capital), or alternatively EVA = (r × capital) – (c × capital) so that EVA = (r − c) × capital [the spread method, or excess return method] where r = rate of return, and c = cost of capital, or the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). NOPAT is profits derived from a company's operations after cash taxes but before financing costs and non-cash bookkeeping entries. It is the total pool of profits available to provide a cash return to those who provide capital to the firm. Capital is the amount of cash invested in the business, net of depreciation. It can be calculated as the sum of interest-bearing debt and equity or as the sum of net assets less non-interest-bearing current liabilities (NIBCLs). The capital charge is the cash flow required to compensate investors for the riskiness of the business given the amount of economic capital invested. The cost of capital is the minimum rate of return on capital required to compensate investors (debt and equity) for bearing risk, their opportunity cost. Another perspective on EVA can be gained by looking at a firm's return on net assets (RONA). RONA is a ratio that is calculated by dividing a firm's NOPAT by the amount of capital it employs (RONA = NOPAT/Capital) after making the necessary adjustments of the data reported by a conventional financial accounting system. EVA = (RONA – required minimum return) × net investments If RONA is above the threshold rate, EVA is positive. Comparison with other approaches Other approaches along similar lines include residual income valuation (RI) and residual cash flow. Although EVA is similar to residual income, under some definitions there may be minor technical differences between EVA and RI (for example, adjustments that might be made to NOPAT before it is suitable for the formula below). Residual cash flow is another, much older term for economic profit. In all three cases, money cost of capital'' refers to the amount of money rather than the proportional cost (% cost of capital); at the same time, the adjustments to NOPAT are unique to EVA. Although in concept, these approaches are in a sense nothing more than the traditional, commonsense idea of "profit", the utility of having a more precise term such as EVA is that it makes a clear separation from dubious accounting adjustments that have enabled businesses such as Enron to report profits while actually approaching insolvency. Other measures of shareholder value include: Added value Market value added Total shareholder return Market value added The firm's market value added, is the added value an investment creates for its shareholders over the total capital invested by them. MVA is the discounted sum (present value) of all future expected economic value added: Note that MVA = PV of EVA. More enlightening is that since MVA = NPV of free cash flow (FCF) it follows therefore that the NPV of FCF = PV of EVA; since after all, EVA is simply the re-arrangement of the FCF formula. Process-based costing In 2012, Mocciaro Li Destri, Picone and Minà proposed a performance and cost measurement system that integrates the EVA criteria with process-based costing (PBC). The EVA-PBC methodology allows us to implement the EVA management logic not only at the firm level, but also at lower levels of the organization. EVA-PBC methodology plays an interesting role in bringing strategy back into financial performance measures. See also Business valuation Enterprise value Opportunity cost Value added References Further reading External links Stern Value Management Proprietary Tools A Reading List on EVA/Value Based Management from Robert Korajczyk Economic Value Added (EVA), Prof. Aswath Damodaran EVA-WACC Tree Model Infographic Visual.ly Economic Value Added: A simulation analysis of the trendy, owner-oriented management tool, Timo Salmi and Ilkka Virtanen, 2001 The Origins of EVA Chicago-Booth magazine New Media video, by Florencia Roca: Interview to Joel Stern What is EVA? EVA Calculator Fundamental analysis Investment indicators Valuation (finance)	[ -0.05867438018321991, 0.18259422481060028, 0.00906605739146471, 0.07723978906869888, 0.10915616899728775, 0.07912829518318176, -0.3537209928035736, 0.4297448992729187, -0.2947806417942047, -0.07414504140615463, -0.33379238843917847, 0.8061442971229553, 0.31700026988983154, 0.43634483218193054, -0.18187609314918518, 0.1886415034532547, 0.28571921586990356, 0.4474343955516815, 0.25249457359313965, -0.440387099981308, -0.7608352303504944, -0.0817316472530365, 0.30639585852622986, -0.38011255860328674, 0.6062260866165161, -0.28350314497947693, 0.3937770128250122, -0.0027221045456826687, -0.3043866753578186, -0.2782728970050812, -0.18571360409259796, 0.5923188924789429, -0.1988600790500641, 0.03286002576351166, -0.316946417093277, 0.19428959488868713, -0.14048944413661957, -0.5691020488739014, -0.7909232974052429, -0.6894662976264954, -0.0883621945977211, -0.05030947923660278, 0.2049170583486557, 0.7303795218467712, -0.5798556208610535, -0.3856874108314514, -1.6179442405700684, -0.08265220373868942, -0.6168774962425232, 0.14797735214233398, -0.37804919481277466, 0.5041266679763794, -0.21577580273151398, -0.00755710992962122, -0.4363291263580322, 0.9663917422294617, -0.30289426445961, 0.089800626039505, -0.1441020369529724, -1.1273771524429321, 0.7012301087379456, -0.04036630317568779, 0.18858328461647034, 0.09692201018333435, 0.26352399587631226, -0.05694340541958809, 0.04745882749557495, 0.1881074756383896, -0.5231810808181763, -0.3603602647781372, -0.5208401679992676, -0.5978254079818726, -0.5189928412437439, 0.26527199149131775, -0.534298837184906, 0.013408245518803596, -0.05839058384299278, -0.23933540284633636, -0.38900476694107056, -0.37507164478302, -0.0004971020971424878, 0.26830774545669556, 0.4335269033908844, -0.4275725483894348, 0.6946117281913757, -0.15043282508850098, -0.32489150762557983, 0.30995795130729675, -0.4959084689617157, 0.8327894806861877, 0.2316301316022873, -0.20758448541164398, 0.5890593528747559, -0.05485304445028305, -0.02781456708908081, 0.24322955310344696, 0.6153335571289062, -0.22800777852535248, -0.10299649089574814, 0.6163719892501831, -0.11885925382375717, -0.19879654049873352, 0.1971219778060913, -0.2651790976524353, -0.1305776834487915, -0.13781775534152985, 0.08549772948026657, -0.5235855579376221, 0.26733359694480896, -0.5319485068321228, -0.5392871499061584, 0.20402312278747559, -0.2626055181026459, 0.3576446771621704, -0.19513849914073944, 0.12322019785642624, -0.18320484459400177, 0.3920610845088959, -0.6747655868530273, 0.01866389997303486, 0.062338121235370636, 0.6110760569572449, -0.3073289394378662, -0.5073643326759338, 0.2687082886695862, -0.07718906551599503, 0.4163636565208435, 0.7394244074821472, -0.3048096299171448, -0.26513803005218506, 0.4132528305053711, 0.24179638922214508, -0.15221673250198364, 0.03296583145856857, -0.42588773369789124, -0.12784388661384583, 0.2803747057914734, 0.007392666302621365, 0.3549000024795532, -0.4441539943218231, -0.4379933178424835, -0.5140200853347778, -0.3862192928791046, -0.13187222182750702, 0.4384782314300537, -0.271854966878891, -0.17408794164657593, -0.4317958652973175, 0.09216346591711044, 0.22938519716262817, 0.38260599970817566, 0.4351191520690918, -0.7364253401756287, 0.2779306173324585, 0.28052055835723877, 0.23416346311569214, 0.4417051672935486, -0.4648852050304413, -0.40196704864501953, 0.773102343082428, 0.2975159287452698, 0.17437691986560822, -0.08363396674394608, -0.2659688889980316, -0.07264677435159683, -0.4497159719467163, 0.569606602191925, 0.4375562369823456, -0.27353620529174805, 0.010312807746231556, -0.3368017375469208, 0.264784574508667, 0.4573192298412323, 0.06529796868562698, 0.20662260055541992, 0.5085443258285522, 0.03384868800640106, 0.35953518748283386, 0.848281979560852, 0.09368399530649185, -0.5353601574897766, 0.1697189211845398, 0.5309392213821411, -0.4098743796348572, 0.1924891471862793, -0.09162973612546921, 0.2106337696313858, -0.30975082516670227, 0.4405089318752289, -0.09385264664888382, -0.662925124168396, -0.2900109589099884, -0.09887484461069107, -1.2905622720718384, 0.6551788449287415, -0.08860790729522705, -0.22053870558738708, 0.481456458568573, -0.04343455657362938, -0.42971017956733704, -0.41060376167297363, -0.011433442123234272, -0.005271881818771362, -0.03856140002608299, -0.17614899575710297, 0.4079611599445343, 0.30352598428726196, 0.2414109706878662, 0.05581240728497505, 0.6078212857246399, 0.41464394330978394, 0.336457222700119, 0.41440802812576294, -0.9797044396400452, 0.12134231626987457, 0.10769838839769363, -0.4479530453681946, 0.7551953792572021, -0.32852625846862793, 0.3249155282974243, 0.7951143383979797, 0.31479448080062866, 0.2637939453125, 0.4132036864757538, -0.3124266564846039, 0.3090386986732483, 0.3736881911754608, -0.12582185864448547, 0.6855708956718445, -0.35042133927345276, 0.4813082218170166, 0.2503092885017395, 0.004522832576185465, -0.40171483159065247, -0.08719716221094131, 0.22742271423339844, -0.2560984790325165, -0.21638239920139313, -0.014328033663332462, 0.13389852643013, -0.25107669830322266, 0.34396880865097046, -0.46611732244491577, 0.3228108286857605, 0.07878044992685318, 0.44120803475379944, -0.14962464570999146, 0.4952150285243988, -0.6683680415153503, 0.05235988274216652, 0.39119797945022583, 0.17415310442447662, 0.7953431010246277, -0.4801666736602783, -0.09300362318754196, -0.09473136067390442, -0.48123088479042053, 0.08512913435697556, 0.1443939208984375, -0.20035329461097717, 0.12078983336687088, -0.001155426842160523, 0.0012469388311728835, 0.26795437932014465, 0.12229635566473007, 0.05757831782102585, -0.25839963555336, -0.12484657764434814, -0.18987470865249634, 0.34912794828414917, 0.18671247363090515, -0.024760644882917404, -0.7084038257598877, 0.18535082042217255, -0.16862651705741882, -0.5921729207038879, 0.5683642625808716, 0.06901489198207855, -0.968731164932251, -0.5512812733650208, 0.07227050513029099, 0.7745579481124878, 0.11515343934297562, -0.9305377006530762, 0.2344246655702591, -0.5671846866607666, -0.2782118618488312, 0.13846150040626526, 0.25528061389923096, 0.07324569672346115, -0.4028750956058502, -0.23351649940013885, -0.17891336977481842, 0.0506683886051178, 0.4957975745201111, 0.37706467509269714, -0.06925554573535919, 0.5688028335571289, 0.3267192542552948, -0.020320875570178032, -0.29733678698539734, -0.5723363161087036, 0.006115753669291735, -0.250901997089386, -0.23902763426303864, -0.3325643539428711, -0.2615036070346832, 0.1693509817123413, -5.719949245452881, -0.14875681698322296, -0.2701127529144287, -0.3091290295124054, -0.019215838983654976, -0.31444332003593445, 0.5427016019821167, -0.13216599822044373, -0.37023892998695374, 0.1271466761827469, -0.27990856766700745, -0.4800770878791809, 0.17913702130317688, 0.8287051320075989, 0.4915294647216797, 0.1515175998210907, 1.2693065404891968, 0.12656009197235107, 0.34546127915382385, 0.41821837425231934, -0.13912929594516754, -0.19465161859989166, -0.31865429878234863, 0.6002799272537231, 0.04994267597794533, 0.22881262004375458, -0.10912630707025528, 0.296827107667923, -1.0381544828414917, 0.06741267442703247, -0.07158289849758148, -0.23117013275623322, 0.17840218544006348, -0.20079900324344635, 0.20765183866024017, 0.2546115517616272, 0.10293318331241608, 0.34011825919151306, 0.07199854403734207, -0.2641102373600006, 0.11614371836185455, 0.5760509371757507, -0.22770105302333832, 0.1678808629512787, 0.47793418169021606, -0.32271942496299744, -0.4322490990161896, -0.014465618878602982, -0.3462286591529846, 0.2087753713130951, -0.29739686846733093, 0.4947933852672577, 0.5255878567695618, -0.2917906641960144, -0.13997973501682281, -0.3565926253795624, 0.5388621687889099, 0.0783262550830841, -0.3205109238624573, 0.6389735341072083, 0.6062341332435608, -0.36583390831947327, 0.43544715642929077, -0.1154380515217781, -0.5024892091751099, 0.056557733565568924, -0.3775815963745117, -0.7146724462509155, 0.3286499083042145, 0.21218305826187134, -0.21987414360046387, 0.6893865466117859, 0.47788766026496887, -0.8045462369918823, -0.15794050693511963, -0.4064922630786896, 0.02746027708053589, 0.6435468196868896, 0.40793105959892273, 0.114030621945858, 0.24956344068050385, -0.38938742876052856, -0.33990466594696045, -0.03342060372233391, -0.20448780059814453, -0.22303348779678345, 0.06916896253824234, 0.5793079137802124, -0.5936998128890991, 0.0934111699461937, 0.29376134276390076, -0.33624035120010376, 0.6383168697357178, 0.05386219173669815, -0.1776541918516159, 0.3399592638015747, 0.26278984546661377, 0.033658217638731, 0.15307584404945374, -0.6165140271186829, 0.17036794126033783, 0.03371824324131012, -0.04037964344024658, -0.46322694420814514, 0.010015095584094524, -0.37975242733955383, -0.23277577757835388, 0.3074140250682831, 0.5760002136230469, -0.3879410922527313, 0.200617253780365, 0.423928439617157, -0.6108193397521973, 0.03466183319687843, 0.22169926762580872, 0.8068228363990784, -1.0371416807174683, 0.05031976103782654, 0.24659037590026855, -0.05169855058193207, 0.4089827239513397, -0.590913712978363, -0.3698650300502777, -0.34589534997940063, -0.6432809829711914, -0.6597781181335449, -0.2483508288860321, 0.5900171399116516, -0.21868810057640076, 0.03268105164170265, 0.8973299264907837, 0.6797255873680115, -0.3698299527168274, -0.08954617381095886, 0.26518121361732483, -0.4993376135826111, 0.6894562244415283, 0.4380376636981964, -0.35727155208587646, -0.5684317350387573, 0.6607832312583923, 0.07042461633682251, 0.15898217260837555, -0.13041187822818756, 0.32405486702919006, 0.2833877205848694, -0.3395328223705292, -0.13617387413978577, -0.11091714352369308, 0.1370433121919632, -0.29304662346839905, 0.02592495083808899, 0.1885567456483841, -0.2046930193901062, 0.005206337198615074, -0.28024545311927795, 0.09985309094190598, -0.3683236539363861, -0.16457092761993408, -0.4725397229194641, 0.7167004942893982, 0.15235380828380585, -1.0621979236602783, -0.1640777885913849, 0.30483150482177734, 0.1587563455104828, -0.8078052997589111, -0.2687709927558899, 0.18275682628154755, 1.0355478525161743, 0.04964209347963333, -0.4668317139148712, -0.8223992586135864, -0.6014110445976257, 0.4072827994823456, -0.28073111176490784, 0.3667741119861603, 0.0044317469000816345, 0.3773769438266754, -0.05872846394777298, 0.42207756638526917, -0.5763428807258606, -0.7629818320274353, 0.09193001687526703, 0.7355379462242126, 0.05058610066771507, -0.3655257821083069, 0.995363175868988, -0.3527083396911621, -0.4919642508029938, -0.2691877782344818, -0.3690042793750763, 0.37674301862716675, 0.07278057187795639, 0.5032819509506226, -0.33432626724243164, -0.0018971411045640707, 0.2605009377002716, -0.7097846865653992, -0.3771870732307434, 0.3236611783504486, 0.2354101538658142, -0.4648994207382202, 0.1105344370007515, 0.05695648863911629, -0.2661193907260895, 0.08734716475009918, 0.2422296553850174, -0.3583376109600067, 0.7237083911895752, -0.5743314623832703, -0.8452346324920654, -1.0526280403137207, -0.15121956169605255, 0.46008649468421936, 0.05214504152536392, 0.23436225950717926, -0.23304128646850586, -0.4611729085445404, -0.4154947102069855, 0.6144813299179077, -0.15569975972175598, -0.38956284523010254, 0.25701823830604553, -0.2905920147895813, -0.45428019762039185, 0.6449273824691772, 0.16598939895629883, 0.1192387193441391, -0.29274702072143555, 0.09287545830011368, -0.24180206656455994, 0.07759295403957367, 0.17568184435367584, 0.1451205015182495, 0.005174203775823116, -0.16123896837234497, 0.5279541611671448, -0.42137470841407776, -0.6432214379310608, -0.6082099080085754, 0.7029238939285278, 0.023226210847496986, -0.5290637612342834, -0.036617472767829895, 0.15138615667819977, 0.06667416542768478, -0.7848002910614014, -0.21431118249893188, 0.3335244059562683, 0.2423492819070816, -0.3656291663646698, -0.8868829607963562, 0.18363609910011292, 0.3372558653354645, -0.2858143448829651, -0.10213425755500793, -0.5558897852897644, -0.4113178551197052, 0.2561277747154236, 0.1844644695520401, -0.31149834394454956, -0.21994300186634064, 0.3667781352996826, 0.8085559606552124, 0.3445589542388916, -0.2627507746219635, 0.01556643471121788, 0.4364911913871765, -0.4675446152687073, 0.704888641834259, 0.3562873601913452, 0.2293567657470703, 0.9470883011817932, 0.682403564453125, 0.08042746037244797, -0.02515563741326332, -0.3846442401409149, -0.22204452753067017, -0.32119089365005493, 0.1339222490787506, -0.20203906297683716, 0.6148949861526489, -0.22057940065860748, 0.06520440429449081, -0.6283547878265381, 0.3599802553653717, -0.18048733472824097, -0.5014170408248901, 0.14853718876838684, -0.8047208189964294, 0.4995439350605011, -0.24774372577667236, -0.03749936446547508, -0.5666273236274719, -0.08787385374307632, 0.4974801540374756, -0.3417757749557495, -0.1073254942893982, 0.4390715956687927, -0.1446143537759781, 0.43220841884613037, 0.10761100798845291, -0.4765720069408417, 0.3638865351676941, 0.24648888409137726, -0.09002289921045303, -0.3019479215145111, -0.19132500886917114, -0.057790834456682205, 0.2152230441570282, -0.041258372366428375, -0.13602112233638763, 0.6551399827003479, -0.052586037665605545, -0.2487621307373047, 0.29826486110687256, -0.4064619839191437, 0.23503290116786957, 0.3362516760826111, -0.5098506808280945, -0.06635786592960358, 0.5881925225257874, -0.4033252000808716, 0.03283413499593735, 0.08459799736738205, -0.18644382059574127, -0.14543499052524567, -0.10409430414438248, 0.4510844945907593, 0.5394722819328308, 0.7402319312095642, -0.29068198800086975, 0.38855457305908203, -0.3621043562889099, -0.4813997745513916, 0.7119001150131226, -0.6312258243560791, -0.10652878135442734, 0.5755391120910645, 0.7355096936225891, 0.10503799468278885, 0.2237480878829956, 0.4442419111728668, -0.27215510606765747, 0.181508868932724, -0.1173388734459877, -0.030935799703001976, -0.43140968680381775, 0.7598332762718201, 0.08261481672525406, -0.2432939112186432, 0.34422776103019714, -0.7843470573425293, -0.10729478299617767, -0.2032281905412674, 0.5787338614463806, 0.12182562798261642, 0.34846416115760803, 0.021439028903841972, 0.0804930254817009, 0.6941301822662354, 0.2873503565788269, -0.30546140670776367, 0.3321470618247986, -0.466111421585083, 0.46509647369384766, 0.07364591956138611, -0.20745906233787537, 0.6236342787742615, -0.021277105435729027, 0.4810226857662201, -0.027348797768354416, 0.07735761255025864, 0.7176589369773865, 0.19898025691509247, 0.2407371997833252, 0.7002200484275818, -0.0512213259935379, 0.32510799169540405, -0.13810822367668152, 0.16199228167533875, -0.5269190073013306, 0.1735018491744995, -0.28648480772972107, 0.127395361661911, -0.147257000207901, 0.5002586841583252, -0.314758837223053, -0.345812052488327, 0.40423962473869324, -0.9120432138442993, 0.08727794140577316, 0.4030595123767853, -0.13194890320301056, -0.11001013219356537, -0.20682592689990997, 0.6738896369934082, 0.33207687735557556, -0.00005825842890772037, -0.07502573728561401, -0.11957301944494247, -0.2998107075691223, 0.47596853971481323, -0.28251150250434875, 0.14150139689445496, -0.7327800989151001, 0.04125091806054115, -0.4314678907394409, 0.1283244639635086, 0.394004762172699, -0.6960534453392029, -0.15447412431240082, 0.5006105303764343, 0.19638995826244354, 0.1881539225578308, 0.3850235641002655, 0.045869775116443634, -0.12282401323318481, -0.38762086629867554, -0.2059595286846161, 0.35223424434661865, 0.39156293869018555, -0.3668256103992462, -0.16781771183013916, 0.5488046407699585, -0.20541450381278992, 0.16181272268295288, -0.15630465745925903, 0.0021363201085478067, -0.5355526208877563, -0.01704290509223938, -0.790926456451416, 0.7187795042991638, -0.5832262635231018, 0.056243784725666046, 0.6890891790390015, 0.05718864127993584, 0.2988269031047821, -0.03514401614665985, -0.42559975385665894, -0.1375809609889984, 0.26891228556632996, -0.12168215960264206, -1.1688642501831055, 0.5625097155570984, -0.19915585219860077, -0.24350599944591522, -0.6057001948356628, 0.5616876482963562, -0.008287178352475166, -0.28881093859672546, 0.2606326937675476, 0.46902996301651, -0.1326744258403778, -0.02266455814242363, -0.3081355094909668, -0.5666367411613464, 0.021341990679502487, 0.16539821028709412 ]
216480	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobey%20Baker	Hobey Baker	Hobart Amory Hare "Hobey" Baker (January 15, 1892 – December 21, 1918) was an American amateur athlete of the early twentieth century. Considered the first American star in ice hockey by the Hockey Hall of Fame, he was also an accomplished American football player. Born into a prominent family from the Philadelphia area, he enrolled at Princeton University in 1910. Baker excelled on the university's hockey and football teams, and became a noted amateur hockey player for the St. Nicholas Hockey Club in New York City. He was a member of three national championship teams, for football in 1911 and hockey in 1912 and 1914, and helped the St. Nicholas Club win a national amateur championship in 1915. Baker graduated from Princeton in 1914 and worked for J.P. Morgan Bank until he enlisted in the United States Army Air Service. During World War I he served with the 103rd and the 13th Aero Squadrons before being promoted to captain and named commander of the 141st Aero Squadron. Baker died in December 1918 after a plane he was test-piloting crashed, hours before he was due to leave France and return to America. Baker was widely regarded by his contemporaries as one of the best athletes of his time and is considered one of the best early American hockey players. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was founded in 1945, Baker was named one of the first nine inductees, the only American among them. In 1973, he became one of the initial inductees in the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975, and is the only person to be in both the hockey and college football halls of fame. F. Scott Fitzgerald idolized Baker and based Allenby, a minor character in the 1920 novel This Side of Paradise, on him. In 1921, Princeton named its new hockey arena the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink. The Hobey Baker Award was introduced in 1980, awarded annually to the best collegiate hockey player. Early life Baker was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, the second son of Alfred Thornton Baker, a wealthy upholsterer, and Mary Augusta Pemberton, a socialite. Alfred, known as Bobby to his friends, had played halfback while a student at Princeton University in the 1880s, the same school his father had attended. One of Baker's ancestors was Francis Rawle, a Quaker who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1688 and became one of the wealthiest members of the city. Baker was named after his uncle, Dr. Hobart Amory Hare, who was the obstetrician at his birth and president of the Jefferson Medical Hospital in Philadelphia. At the age of eleven, Baker and his twelve-year-old brother Thornton were sent to St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. Baker's parents divorced in 1907 and both remarried. While at St. Paul's, Baker was introduced to ice hockey. Malcolm Gordon, one of the first people to help develop hockey in the United States, was the coach of the school team and recognized Baker's skill. Baker was known by his classmates to be an exceptionally fast and agile skater. He spent nights skating on frozen ponds to improve his ability to move with the puck while not looking down. Baker was named to the school's varsity team at the age of fourteen and helped St. Paul's defeat some of the best prep schools and universities in the United States. In every sport he attempted, Baker soon demonstrated proficiency. His cousin said that Baker swam through water "like some sort of engine". After his first attempt at golf he was able to score in the low 40s on the school's nine-hole course; after using roller skates for the first time, he was able to perform one-legged stunts within minutes. He once entered St. Paul's annual cross-country race for fun and won, defeating some of the school's most proficient runners. At the age of fifteen he was named the school's best athlete for his skill in hockey, football, baseball, tennis, swimming, and track. Most of his former classmates recalled their time at St. Paul's with Baker solely by his athletic achievements. Alfred Baker lost much of his savings in the Panic of 1907 and could only afford to send one of his sons to college. Thornton agreed to let his talented younger brother continue his education, a sacrifice that Hobey Baker never forgot. Although an above-average student, Baker stayed an extra year at St. Paul's in 1909 to allow his father another year to save money. By the time Baker left St. Paul's, his sporting achievements had helped make him one of the school's most popular students. Princeton In 1910, Baker enrolled at Princeton University as a member of the Class of 1914. Along with six other classmates from St. Paul's, he lived in a house at 82 Nassau Street in Princeton. He joined the school's hockey, football, and baseball teams in his freshman year. The university's rules stated that students could only play two varsity sports, so Baker played outfield for the freshman baseball team before he gave up that sport to focus on hockey and football. In one of his first games with the football team, he helped defeat rival Yale when he faked a drop-kick field goal and instead ran the ball for a touchdown. Easily recognizable on the field because he wore no helmet, Baker was referred to as "the blond Adonis of the gridiron" by Philadelphia sportswriters. Princeton finished the 1911 season with a record of eight wins and two ties in ten games and won the national championship. During a game against Yale on November 18, 1911, Baker set a school record that still stands when he had 13 punt returns for 63 yards. During the 1911 football season Baker scored 92 points, a school record that lasted until 1974. Princeton finished the 1912 season with seven wins, one loss, and one tie in nine games. As the Princeton hockey team did not have its own ice rink, most of their home games were played in New York City at the St. Nicholas Rink, one of the few facilities in the world with artificial ice at the time. The team finished the 1911–12 hockey season with a record of eight wins and two losses in ten games. During his sophomore year, Baker was invited to join the Ivy Club, the oldest and most prestigious of the eating clubs that were at the center of social life at the university. Baker was named captain of the football team in 1913, his senior year. Princeton finished with a record of five wins, two losses, and one tie. Over his three-year football career with the Tigers, Baker scored 180 points, a school record that lasted until 1964 when Cosmo Iacavazzi broke it in the final quarter of his last college game. Baker caught over 900 punts in his career, and averaged 300 yards in punt returns per season. He was awarded a varsity letter in football five times; combined with the three letters he earned in hockey, his total was the most that could be earned at Princeton at the time. It was during the 1913–14 hockey season, Baker's senior year, that his most famous game with Princeton took place. On January 24, they played Harvard at the Boston Arena. Initially the favorite to win, Princeton had a setback as one of its star players was injured and unable to play, and another was suspended. Baker was repeatedly called offside, as he was too fast for the two replacement Princeton players (players were required to stay behind the puck-carrier at the time). In the "sudden death" overtime, after sixty minutes of play, Baker was not even breathing heavily. The game was the longest college hockey game played up to that point. The final hockey game of Baker's Princeton career was at Ottawa's Dey's Arena against the University of Ottawa on February 28, 1914, for the Intercollegiate Hockey Championship of America. Ottawa defeated Princeton by a 3–2 score. Princeton won the 1914 national championship after they finished with a record of ten wins and three losses. Statistics were not kept of his time at Princeton, but biographer Emil Salvini estimated Baker to have scored over 120 goals and 100 assists in three years, an average of three goals and three assists per game. As well as skill, Baker was known for his sportsmanship. In a hockey game against Harvard on January 22, 1913, Baker recorded the only penalty of his collegiate career, for slashing; Princeton lost the game 5–4 in overtime. He visited the dressing rooms of opponents after every game to shake hands with each player. In early 1914, Baker graduated from Princeton, majoring in history, politics, and economics, and finished with above-average grades. He was named the school's best football player, hockey player, and all-round athlete and the man who had done the most for Princeton. The football team had posted a record of twenty wins, three losses, and four ties in Baker's three seasons as a member; the hockey team fared equally well with a record of twenty wins and seven losses. By the end of his football career at Princeton, he had two notable achievements: he had never fumbled a punt, and had never lost to Yale. Post-university years The summer after graduation, Baker toured Europe as a celebrity correspondent for The New York Times, where he wrote about events like the Henley Royal Regatta. Through his Princeton classmates, he was hired by Wall Street insurance firm Johnson & Higgins upon his return to the United States. Soon after, another Princeton graduate offered him a job at J.P. Morgan Bank. Hired onto a two-year trainee program, Baker earned about $20 per week. Baker befriended a rich New York socialite, Percy R. Pyne II, who had also attended St. Paul's and Princeton. Though ten years older than Baker, they quickly became friends and Pyne allowed Baker to stay at his house at 263 Madison Avenue. Pyne later introduced Baker to Jeanne Marie Scott, a socialite known as Mimi, to whom Baker was briefly engaged late in 1918. A quiet individual, Baker was embarrassed when bank executives brought important clients by his office to see him. He quickly tired of working in an office job, and looked for ways to alleviate his boredom. Baker found enjoyment outside the office through sports. He joined the St. Nicholas Club, an amateur hockey team in New York, soon after he arrived in the city. Pyne introduced Baker to both polo and auto racing, sports he quickly mastered. Baker remained well known from his time at Princeton; marquees at his home arena, which was shared with Princeton, often said "Hobey Baker Plays Tonight". This made Baker uncomfortable and he eventually asked the building manager to take down the sign. Preferring a life out of the public eye, he once told a reporter that he would rather have nothing written about him. In order to leave the arena quickly after hockey games without having to deal with the public, Baker often borrowed Pyne's valet and car. During the two years that Baker played hockey with St. Nicholas, he was recognized as one of the best players in the American Amateur Hockey League and named to the post-season All-Star Teams both years. While still with the St. Nicholas Club, Baker was offered a contract by the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey Association. He turned down an offer of $20,000 to play three seasons as social conventions prohibited a person of his standing from playing sports for money. On March 24, 1917, Baker played his last hockey game at the Winter Garden at Exposition Hall in Pittsburgh. The game pitted an amateur all-star team from Philadelphia, led by Baker, against an all-star team from Pittsburgh's amateur leagues. The Philadelphia team defeated Pittsburgh in overtime by a score of 3–2. Baker scored all three Philadelphia goals to net a hat trick. Baker began to tire of playing hockey after 1915; the constant physical play of opposing players on the ice had taken its toll, and the growing professionalism of the sport went against his belief that sports should be played for the love of the game. World War I Looking for new adventures, in 1916 he joined a civilian aviation corps led by New York City attorney Phillip A. Carroll on Governors Island, off the coast of Manhattan, a privately funded program to train civilians to pass the Reserve Military Aviator flying test and receive commissions in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps. He often went to the island late in the afternoon after he finished work for the day. Baker found the same enjoyment in flying that he had in sports, but with a more serious aspect. Prior to the annual Yale–Princeton football game on November 18, 1916, Baker in a Curtiss "Jenny" flown by fellow Governors Island student Cord Meyer (a Yalie), joined a squadron of New York National Guard Jennies led by Captain Raynal Bolling, the most to have ever flown in military formation, and flew to Palmer Stadium, home of the Princeton football team. The planes performed several maneuvers, to the delight of the crowd, and Baker landed on the field, becoming the first person to reach a football game by air. The entry of the United States into World War I excited Baker, as it finally gave him a purpose in life and allowed him to make good use of his pilot training. He left the United States for Europe in the summer of 1917, among the first group of Americans to do so. Though eager to join the front immediately, Baker was told that he had to be certified by the French. Success in the courses was dependent on how quickly the pilots learned French, the predominant language of instruction. Though he managed to complete all the courses easily, a lack of qualified teachers meant that Baker was first sent to a school in England for more training and then back to France to teach Americans what he had learned in England, in an attempt to create pilots as quickly as possible. This discouraged Baker, who was eager to get into the front lines and fight. Owing to a lack of aircraft supplies, Baker was stuck in Paris, and doubted he would ever get to the front. While in Paris, he was happy to continue seeing Scott, who had enlisted as a nurse and worked at a hospital in France. Baker was finally sent to the front in April and assigned to the 103d Aero Squadron, formed from former members of the Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps in January 1918. Baker helped to bring down an enemy plane for the first time in his career on May 21, but due to a complicated system of confirming kills, he was not given credit for it. In a letter home describing the battle, Baker said it was the "biggest thrill I ever had in my life", and compared it to the feeling after a big sports game. Throughout the spring of 1918 Baker continued to lead planes over the front, and continued to see Scott, although he began to have reservations over their future together due to the financial disparity between them. After his first confirmed kill on May 21, 1918, the French government awarded him the Croix de Guerre. During the summer, Baker was transferred to the 13th Aero Squadron after its commander, Captain Charles Biddle, requested that he join the squadron as a flight commander. Though reluctant to leave the 103rd, Baker felt that Biddle would not have requested him without confidence in his abilities. On July 20, the 13th Squadron recorded its first confirmed kill during a flight led by Baker; he and two other men shot down a German plane. In August, Baker and another pilot were promoted and given command of their own squadron; Baker was given charge of the 141st Aero Squadron, composed of 26 pilots and 180 enlisted men stationed behind the front line, where they had to wait for equipment to arrive before leaving for the front. Various delays in the arrival of planes and equipment meant that Baker's squadron was unable to participate in the final major offensives of the war. In September, Baker became engaged to Scott. He asked Pyne to sell a bond to pay for an engagement ring, and the newspapers in the United States carried headlines that announced the engagement. Early in October, Baker was promoted again and given the rank of captain. The planes and equipment arrived for his squadron soon after. Baker had the planes painted in Princeton's black and orange and adopted a tiger for the squadron insignia. He recorded two more kills on October 28 and November 5, the last of his career (despite reports at the time of his death, Baker was not an ace, as that required five confirmed kills). Around the time of the armistice which ended the war, Baker's engagement with Scott was broken off; Scott then began a relationship with an American diplomat in Paris, Philander Cable. Missing his fiancée and the excitement of the war, he felt directionless; he dreaded going back to work in an office and considered himself a sportsman rather than a businessman. Though he was scheduled to return to the United States in December, Baker requested and was refused an extension of his time in France. Death On December 21, 1918, Baker received orders to return to the United States. Reluctant to leave France and return to his life in America, he decided to take a final flight at his squadron's airfield in Toul. As he went for his own plane, the mechanic brought out a recently repaired one instead, in need of a test flight. The other pilots remonstrated with Baker, but he maintained that as commanding officer he could not let anyone else test the aircraft. In heavy rain, Baker took off and began to level off at 600 feet. A quarter of a mile into the flight, the engine failed. The plane was generally easy to crash-land if necessary, something he had done previously at the cost of a few broken ribs. A few hundred yards from the airfield, his plane crashed nose first into the ground. He was quickly freed from the aircraft by his men, but died in an ambulance minutes later; his orders to return home were found in his jacket pocket. Baker was buried in a small military cemetery near Toul; in 1921, his mother had his remains moved to her family plot in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Though newspapers reported that Baker had died as a result of engine failure, unsubstantiated rumors began to circulate that his death was not accidental. Those who knew him were aware of his reluctance to return to civilian life and his feelings over the loss of Scott. He could have returned to America and played professional sport, where he could have earned far more money than from a job in finance, but his upbringing made that impossible for him. A career in business held no appeal; during a weekend vacation with a fellow Princeton graduate, Baker revealed that he felt his life was over, and he would never again experience the thrills of football or hockey. In 1966, author John D. Davies published a biography of Baker, in which he noted that a relative of Baker's could not see a future for him in the post-war world. However, Davies refused to elaborate on what he called the "suicide theory of [Baker's] enigmatic death", as he feared that "some of the old guard would be furious if they thought I was trying to prove it". Legacy Baker is considered one of the greatest ice hockey players of his era, and the first great American hockey player. He was one of the first nine players inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame upon its founding in 1945, the first American so honored, and was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame as one of its charter members in 1973. Baker was posthumously awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy by the National Hockey League and USA Hockey in 1987 for his contributions to hockey in the United States. In 1975, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and is the only person in both the College Football and Hockey Halls of Fame. Baker was also inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2010. His popularity was such that, after he enlisted in the military, so many of his fellow Princeton athletes followed his lead that the school had to cancel its hockey team for the 1917–18 season; all five starting players enlisted in the armed forces. Of the eleven players on the team the previous season, nine enlisted shortly after Baker. Baker was also the inspiration for literary works. In 1913 F. Scott Fitzgerald enrolled at Princeton as a freshman, when Baker was a senior. Though he only spoke to Baker once during their time at Princeton, Fitzgerald idolized him. His first novel, This Side of Paradise, has several references to Baker: the main character is named Amory Blaine after Baker's middle name, and the minor character Allenby is Baker himself. Mark Goodman's 1985 novel Hurrah for the Next Man Who Dies is a fictionalized account of Baker's life. Baker's honors included a citation on March 27, 1919, by General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, for exceptional bravery on May 21, 1918, when he brought down his first plane. The Hobey Baker Award was established in 1981 and is awarded annually to the best player in NCAA hockey. The Hobey Baker Legends of College Hockey Award was also created that year and is given to the "all-time great contributors to the game of college hockey" each year. Since 1950, Princeton has awarded the Hobey Baker Trophy to the "freshman hockey player who, among his classmates, in play, sportsmanship and influence has contributed most to the sport." When Princeton opened their hockey arena in 1921, it was named the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink. At St. Paul's, hockey players compete for an award known as "Hobey's Stick". Inside the bar of the Nassau Inn in Princeton is a photo of Baker flanked by two other famous Princeton athletes, Bill Bradley and Dick Kazmaier. The Ivy Club, of which Baker was a member, has had a painting of him in the living room. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Amateur statistics from Total Hockey, ‡ Assists were not officially recorded as a statistic. The numbers here reflect only the assists that Baker was credited with. The actual total is likely higher. Awards AAHL NHL See also List of ice hockey players who died during their playing career Notes References External links Hobey Baker's biography at the US Hockey Hall of Fame Official website of the Hobey Baker Memorial Foundation John D. Davies Collection on Hobey Baker at Princeton University 1892 births 1918 deaths American football drop kickers American football placekickers American men's ice hockey forwards Aviators from Pennsylvania Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in France Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery Burials in Pennsylvania College Football Hall of Fame inductees Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey players from Pennsylvania JPMorgan Chase people Lester Patrick Trophy recipients People from Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania Players of American football from Pennsylvania Princeton Tigers football players Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey players Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni United States Army Air Service pilots of World War I United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1918 American military personnel killed in World War I Military personnel from Pennsylvania	[ -0.1531875729560852, 0.38640573620796204, -1.1532078981399536, -0.2739817798137665, -0.012536637485027313, -0.06760042160749435, 1.2880600690841675, -0.26072585582733154, -0.7992780208587646, -0.13522383570671082, 0.23933951556682587, 0.6600307822227478, -0.9183635115623474, -0.3159154951572418, -0.22036226093769073, 0.31890806555747986, 0.5682253241539001, -0.17956091463565826, -0.3132847249507904, -0.12231266498565674, -0.15813817083835602, -0.1262625753879547, 0.27114591002464294, -0.4913688600063324, -0.2169654220342636, 0.6413106322288513, -0.24723663926124573, 0.37288573384284973, -0.050718750804662704, 0.06562073528766632, 0.13006167113780975, -0.4635232388973236, 0.5750525593757629, -0.6542664766311646, -0.3949187099933624, 0.15515360236167908, -0.36990073323249817, -0.7365238666534424, -0.033230315893888474, 0.3172454833984375, -0.25699159502983093, 0.04405717924237251, 0.014340990222990513, 0.3536067605018616, -0.4238923192024231, 0.19736182689666748, -1.5927058458328247, -0.1325521320104599, -0.42818817496299744, -0.37084823846817017, -0.48261162638664246, -0.08104103058576584, 0.2883024215698242, 0.34662190079689026, 0.5335999131202698, 0.1573595553636551, 0.4204513728618622, -0.08075425773859024, -0.5577070116996765, -0.39163076877593994, -0.06636260449886322, -0.14870403707027435, 0.727990448474884, -0.5482999086380005, -0.4820239543914795, 0.7786480188369751, 0.16420437395572662, -0.008028369396924973, 0.42851394414901733, 0.8078423142433167, 0.2357412427663803, 0.5112413167953491, 0.22814030945301056, 0.019944900646805763, 0.4344925582408905, -0.6937694549560547, 0.4147946238517761, -0.10542638599872589, 0.2418237030506134, 0.09982283413410187, -0.045872971415519714, -0.297738641500473, 0.44876420497894287, 0.21319615840911865, -0.48534780740737915, 0.4846622049808502, -0.6266690492630005, 0.31499210000038147, -0.6120869517326355, 0.060634270310401917, -0.17028246819972992, -0.39401429891586304, 0.1640975922346115, 0.21528485417366028, -0.511432945728302, -0.7120246887207031, -0.05668361112475395, -0.017829356715083122, 0.20803490281105042, -0.059692226350307465, 0.4843170642852783, -0.04357456788420677, 0.6654273271560669, 0.2566967308521271, 0.08541008085012436, -0.05727635696530342, -0.16906629502773285, -0.6707123517990112, -0.28097131848335266, 0.4412788450717926, 0.010108261369168758, -0.14823046326637268, 0.31573018431663513, -0.49320143461227417, 0.4148567020893097, 0.4477183520793915, 0.5660510063171387, -0.24219807982444763, -0.41888320446014404, -0.16719765961170197, -0.13971298933029175, 0.018071137368679047, 0.28984251618385315, -0.23667100071907043, -1.1296064853668213, -0.09025530517101288, -0.030569912865757942, 0.45807942748069763, -0.01455630362033844, 0.3326314687728882, 0.13820107281208038, 0.7433969378471375, -0.35410210490226746, -0.12485001981258392, -0.06488625705242157, 0.29441753029823303, 0.1397000104188919, -0.07404991239309311, -0.41564157605171204, 0.1519356071949005, -0.3757515549659729, -0.24333485960960388, -0.5405063629150391, -0.24924270808696747, -0.04791788011789322, -0.48613807559013367, 0.18358179926872253, 0.023844843730330467, 0.37599098682403564, 0.017210396006703377, -0.16414523124694824, 0.13567396998405457, 0.39686310291290283, 0.2931755781173706, -0.6724175214767456, 0.19442406296730042, 0.3007212281227112, 0.3317997455596924, 0.2550726532936096, 0.011718986555933952, -0.08044439554214478, -0.007280498277395964, -0.5226051211357117, 0.19906996190547943, 0.3848136067390442, 0.18617363274097443, -0.050911568105220795, -0.205026313662529, 0.02411462552845478, 0.06883846968412399, 0.09347797930240631, 0.10529108345508575, 0.6014154553413391, -0.3821737766265869, -0.26871249079704285, 0.4804398715496063, 0.8587945103645325, 0.020346498116850853, 0.17246787250041962, -0.6301482319831848, -0.6978400945663452, -0.8124371767044067, 0.29291772842407227, 0.05694194138050079, 0.8734951615333557, 0.1666649729013443, 0.5511253476142883, -0.0034749433398246765, 0.02072349190711975, -0.6280500292778015, -0.0952208861708641, -0.1474960893392563, 0.2780311703681946, -0.3067464232444763, 0.8274873495101929, 0.04155316576361656, -0.3377322554588318, 0.05373881384730339, 0.2934540808200836, 0.7140575051307678, 0.3407577574253082, -0.22738823294639587, -0.20656947791576385, -0.4070875942707062, -0.131245955824852, 0.06145327910780907, 0.6380923390388489, 0.17718276381492615, 0.4456716775894165, 1.0025707483291626, 0.462978333234787, -0.7699928283691406, -0.04750719666481018, 0.4844651520252228, -0.674113929271698, -0.1854897290468216, -0.4749944508075714, 0.3032263517379761, 0.27618977427482605, -0.3697984218597412, 0.1857113093137741, 0.6638950109481812, -0.5212728381156921, 0.8834851384162903, -0.0008051483891904354, 0.7897035479545593, -0.44710034132003784, 0.033371444791555405, 0.04459559544920921, -0.15637531876564026, 0.6236407160758972, 0.2629380226135254, 0.343000203371048, -0.5106016397476196, 0.18618018925189972, -0.0009352579363621771, 0.15766428411006927, -0.7182133793830872, 0.3792975842952728, -0.6255188584327698, -0.331108957529068, 0.08653350174427032, -0.2998236119747162, 0.220860093832016, 0.31836381554603577, -0.10504945367574692, 0.22361285984516144, 0.4711948037147522, -0.5872908234596252, -0.4731292426586151, 0.30320391058921814, 0.3334655463695526, 0.7120413780212402, 0.0645017996430397, -0.08226735889911652, -0.17911894619464874, -0.09312089532613754, 0.10541718453168869, 0.5593154430389404, -0.18492285907268524, 0.4235818386077881, 0.4608283042907715, 0.22551850974559784, 0.054146166890859604, -0.19482988119125366, -0.40184134244918823, -0.5655277967453003, -0.6108399033546448, -0.030826274305582047, -0.27481338381767273, 0.5959369540214539, 0.37894681096076965, -0.5849980115890503, 0.40357717871665955, 0.2817560136318207, 1.0661450624465942, 0.03145953640341759, 0.14761357009410858, -0.5639697909355164, -0.5650831460952759, -0.15220774710178375, 0.959030032157898, -0.21795931458473206, -0.2679288685321808, -0.2644794285297394, -0.6638253927230835, -0.6215258836746216, -0.7339406609535217, -0.00039501601713709533, 0.20410753786563873, -0.38971370458602905, 1.274860143661499, -0.41096583008766174, 0.7934523224830627, -0.2589554488658905, -0.12371586263179779, -0.3521495759487152, -0.5061386823654175, -0.01337421964854002, -0.3854202628135681, -0.07634852081537247, -0.12518392503261566, -0.34076789021492004, -0.07326369732618332, 0.03287200257182121, -0.2567434012889862, -0.4931730628013611, -0.1749316155910492, -5.298379421234131, 0.2697819173336029, 0.2801677882671356, -0.7059986591339111, 0.012089789845049381, 0.34741130471229553, 0.2765892744064331, -0.16999436914920807, -0.13629204034805298, 0.11464980989694595, 0.0321769155561924, -0.21245747804641724, 0.7350985407829285, 0.369284987449646, 0.37185046076774597, 0.1626458615064621, 0.7397279739379883, -0.6653808355331421, -0.16985319554805756, 0.1991405040025711, 0.3687599301338196, -0.3312290906906128, 0.3270658552646637, -0.5904971361160278, -0.3125951588153839, -0.29595163464546204, -0.21049101650714874, -0.11087232083082199, -0.02075169049203396, -0.4028257727622986, 0.5981784462928772, 0.4285317063331604, -0.35939574241638184, -0.5699304938316345, 0.6156014800071716, 0.3447946012020111, 0.9072156548500061, 0.6754573583602905, 0.15562187135219574, -0.16154423356056213, 0.5148903727531433, -0.14190606772899628, -0.3976592719554901, 0.3014732003211975, 0.7405399680137634, 0.32927852869033813, -0.25380250811576843, 0.040053557604551315, -0.26047754287719727, 0.17654521763324738, 0.8552995324134827, 0.5128670334815979, 0.4604681432247162, 0.2885216474533081, 0.22791118919849396, -0.360268235206604, 0.0006303032278083265, -0.7767113447189331, -0.5750796794891357, -0.00997666735202074, 0.14927569031715393, -0.3846716582775116, 0.22929733991622925, -0.1816803216934204, -0.06325679272413254, -0.4732286334037781, 0.3384590744972229, 0.3792475461959839, 0.32183054089546204, -0.06718641519546509, -0.1503010243177414, 0.5562232136726379, 0.1897621750831604, -1.4537369012832642, 0.3066233694553375, 0.21084316074848175, 0.12914130091667175, -0.06448516249656677, -0.5453581809997559, -0.437755286693573, 0.23281915485858917, -0.37181246280670166, -0.4275722801685333, 0.9296205043792725, 0.7428877353668213, -0.5798953771591187, -0.2137032449245453, 0.39803117513656616, -0.7021151781082153, -0.7008957862854004, 0.5074558854103088, 0.40887290239334106, 0.0515570230782032, 0.21734659373760223, 0.42930611968040466, 0.46859490871429443, 0.07044174522161484, 0.6070263385772705, 0.6624369025230408, 0.2914787530899048, -0.5836679935455322, -0.09319332987070084, 0.3474653959274292, -0.7206183075904846, -0.008563256822526455, -0.39007726311683655, -0.4358488917350769, -0.10429199784994125, 0.7783904075622559, 0.007901642471551895, -0.48821860551834106, -0.4414188861846924, -1.0925583839416504, 0.41797110438346863, 0.03727899491786957, -0.6101405024528503, 0.16996099054813385, 0.21183376014232635, 0.27858901023864746, 0.2003193348646164, -0.30053091049194336, 0.9838457107543945, 0.5975774526596069, -0.3565061092376709, -0.18259446322917938, -0.2534019947052002, -0.20890580117702484, -0.521072268486023, -0.5151515603065491, -0.13835833966732025, -0.19680453836917877, 0.9181289076805115, -0.25179407000541687, 0.21991325914859772, -0.42538172006607056, 0.142142653465271, -0.7490981817245483, -0.14660094678401947, -0.31964361667633057, -0.28475409746170044, 0.0021045436151325703, -0.6906726956367493, 0.35871025919914246, 0.5166624188423157, 0.556415319442749, -0.038104426115751266, 0.4418222904205322, -0.42954277992248535, -0.6364819407463074, 0.8523346781730652, -0.7372637391090393, -0.7927181720733643, 0.5788297057151794, -0.8021447658538818, -0.2926490902900696, 0.14942030608654022, -0.22652782499790192, 0.035538166761398315, -0.4074576497077942, -0.18952852487564087, -0.29248619079589844, -0.3358190357685089, -0.6616058349609375, 0.059983618557453156, -0.12242771685123444, 0.49556395411491394, -0.5779457688331604, -0.21143776178359985, -0.39737462997436523, 0.07038946449756622, -0.021049125120043755, -0.6340686082839966, -0.467144638299942, -0.01876141130924225, 0.04157575964927673, 0.05672037973999977, -0.1622058004140854, -0.16852761805057526, -0.4163971245288849, -0.5138351917266846, -0.005232156254351139, -0.023860519751906395, -0.40157994627952576, -0.3303065001964569, 1.1197832822799683, -0.7820431590080261, -0.0008392015006393194, -0.46751588582992554, -0.03552592545747757, 0.21450670063495636, 0.794922411441803, 0.0510106086730957, 0.3529248833656311, 0.7394165992736816, -0.18205752968788147, -0.32148510217666626, 0.40063220262527466, 0.3693622648715973, -0.5559947490692139, -0.17861099541187286, 0.20998217165470123, -0.7102303504943848, -0.5836778879165649, -0.13134033977985382, -0.2049548625946045, -1.0796564817428589, 0.020011750981211662, 0.031119929626584053, -0.37167924642562866, 0.40641459822654724, 0.2758953869342804, -0.49061936140060425, 0.2684592008590698, 0.22431693971157074, -0.4070330858230591, 0.5495933890342712, -0.12088963389396667, 1.1297684907913208, -0.4270007014274597, -0.8351393938064575, -0.6828649640083313, -0.3101796805858612, -0.32311469316482544, 0.11017387360334396, -0.3020937442779541, -0.052953366190195084, 0.2241237759590149, 0.5927593111991882, 0.2479248344898224, 0.1427343338727951, -0.23062445223331451, 0.0641973614692688, 0.12429575622081757, -0.19967295229434967, 0.1342717707157135, -0.10959894955158234, 0.07805920392274857, 0.37870970368385315, -0.16211126744747162, 0.4403471350669861, 0.6058639883995056, 1.1950395107269287, 0.26885339617729187, 0.17151015996932983, -0.6317253708839417, 0.018204452469944954, 0.3506006896495819, -0.15244533121585846, 0.07973957806825638, 0.12973754107952118, 0.28413593769073486, 0.2422102689743042, -0.29436254501342773, 0.5566762685775757, 0.6009823083877563, 0.010953843593597412, -0.005291097331792116, 0.5172705054283142, -0.06203765422105789, 0.18119478225708008, -0.2534676790237427, 0.9384958148002625, -0.037549883127212524, 0.12489248067140579, -0.2145613580942154, 0.041229479014873505, -0.3814272880554199, -0.32632577419281006, 0.12971414625644684, -0.23290924727916718, -0.5101544260978699, -0.4914608895778656, 0.35135412216186523, 0.7221068143844604, -0.3737775385379791, 0.1963268369436264, 0.30189111828804016, -0.41302621364593506, 0.040558043867349625, 0.02196168527007103, -0.895575225353241, -0.24285519123077393, -0.7610877752304077, -0.38729459047317505, -0.46041202545166016, -0.7997134923934937, -0.13445091247558594, -0.3939383029937744, -0.02380969002842903, -0.29865720868110657, -0.45104941725730896, 0.27290332317352295, -0.25293123722076416, 0.4397144913673401, 0.019197221845388412, 0.16571146249771118, -0.186439648270607, 0.762043833732605, -0.02007223665714264, 0.027072496712207794, -0.29930853843688965, 0.4689561426639557, 0.38984549045562744, -0.17374908924102783, 0.02499634400010109, -0.033809736371040344, 0.3682423532009125, -0.4909108579158783, -0.7195824384689331, -0.008970201015472412, -0.0045975586399436, -0.06824314594268799, 0.07219080626964569, 0.7907174229621887, -1.1015548706054688, -0.1977338194847107, 0.8687397241592407, -0.10162679851055145, -0.4877663850784302, 0.18271291255950928, 0.13230310380458832, -0.3848957121372223, 0.2267790138721466, 0.10829198360443115, -0.12507610023021698, 0.4470515549182892, 0.06274630129337311, -0.17476460337638855, 0.2722766399383545, 0.3181189298629761, 0.12222908437252045, -0.8395953178405762, -0.09894127398729324, 0.8196961879730225, -0.061676859855651855, -0.2094740867614746, -0.10019749402999878, -0.28335416316986084, -0.6395741701126099, 0.6631729602813721, 0.1822081357240677, 0.7014498114585876, -0.1625421792268753, 0.047285646200180054, 0.3189523220062256, -0.24594885110855103, 0.33527836203575134, 0.43277034163475037, 0.025461969897150993, 0.14046552777290344, 0.12228251248598099, 0.20664308965206146, 0.790520966053009, -0.05959458649158478, -0.13715365529060364, -0.27175936102867126, 0.1378796547651291, -0.3245231509208679, -0.3567611873149872, -0.0971694365143776, -0.053705208003520966, -0.4864600896835327, 1.6088576316833496, -0.18995678424835205, -0.2877020537853241, -0.1686512976884842, -0.4807986617088318, 0.09799262881278992, 0.314200222492218, 0.8713303208351135, -0.24717958271503448, -0.06755178421735764, 0.04062201455235481, 0.2640927731990814, -0.26206374168395996, 0.44073686003685, 0.4715340733528137, -0.2589564621448517, -0.045524757355451584, -0.09697198867797852, -0.24428912997245789, 0.4601808488368988, -0.497191846370697, -0.49688249826431274, -0.3277312219142914, -0.026642272248864174, -0.14530618488788605, 0.6077261567115784, 0.000025229417587979697, -0.536408007144928, 0.37302443385124207, -0.4652889370918274, -0.9127339720726013, 0.10522673279047012, 0.10761084407567978, -0.2955891788005829, 0.1707465648651123, 0.6529606580734253, 0.758903980255127, -0.32281914353370667, -0.015490783378481865, 0.2058718204498291, 0.5594907999038696, -0.6319986581802368, -0.29387006163597107, 0.6178126931190491, -0.28743141889572144, -0.08420741558074951, -0.4743081033229828, 0.4657750725746155, 0.1661917120218277, 0.7462553977966309, -0.23268866539001465, -0.020272744819521904, 0.14044052362442017, -0.07384234666824341, 0.3421289324760437, -0.6189759969711304, -0.31548163294792175, -0.4324401021003723, 0.6798465847969055, -0.2815539538860321, 0.09355586022138596, -0.050877030938863754, -0.0736849308013916, -0.2760666608810425, 0.2420049011707306, -0.7957357168197632, 0.3460994362831116, 0.4898580312728882, 0.4652342200279236, -1.2236043214797974, -0.2940441966056824, -0.46141424775123596, -0.24990028142929077, -0.8812958002090454, 0.6128523945808411, 0.923177182674408, 0.7220100164413452, -0.8061658143997192, 0.8449770212173462, 0.4380995035171509, 0.2237699329853058, 0.07552000135183334, 0.04034223034977913, 0.07576911896467209, 0.22664961218833923, -0.15077747404575348, 0.38672587275505066, 0.3575589954853058, 0.17320463061332703, -0.9673111438751221, 0.28863397240638733, -0.5294264554977417, 0.6532056331634521, -0.2798733115196228, 0.5314976572990417, 0.28113701939582825, 0.6555306911468506, -0.027238057926297188 ]
216481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxication%20defense	Intoxication defense	In criminal law, the intoxication defense is a defense by which a defendant may claim diminished responsibility on the basis of substance intoxication. Where a crime requires a certain mental state (mens rea) to break the law, those under the influence of an intoxicating substance may be considered to have reduced liability for their actions. With regard to punishment, intoxication may be a mitigating factor that decreases a prison or jail sentence. Numerous factors affect the applicability of the defense. Variation Societies have varied in their attitudes and cultural standards regarding public intoxication, historically based on the relationship between religion and drugs in general, and religion and alcohol in particular. In some instances, consumption of a mind-altering substance has formed the basis of religious or other socially approved ceremonies and festivals. In others, intoxication has been stigmatized as a sign of human weakness, of immorality, or as a sin. Secular approaches may also vary, having less inherent opposition to drugs but acknowledging that these may affect the inhibitions that help to keep socialized individuals from breaking prevailing social taboos which may or may not have been expressly criminalized. The attitude of a legal system to intoxicating substances can affect the applicability of intoxication as a defense under its laws: a system strongly opposed to a substance may even view intoxication as an aggravating factor rather than a mitigating one. The effect of intoxication on criminal responsibility varies by jurisdiction and offense. The criminal code in question may require proof of various levels of intent. This may range from premeditation, through various degrees of intent or willingness to commit a crime, general recklessness, and finally no intent at all in some instances of strict liability. Intoxication may serve as a defense against proving more specific forms of intent. If so, its potential effectiveness will sometimes hinge on whether the defendant's intoxication was voluntary or involuntary: the defense would be denied defendants who had voluntarily disabled themselves by knowingly consuming an intoxicating substances, but allowed to those who had consumed it unknowingly or against their will. Voluntary and involuntary consumption A distinction may be made based on whether the defendant chose to become intoxicated, and is thus responsible for their diminished control or not. As an example, in the Dutch courage defense (see the Gallagher case in English law on intoxication), the accused hates his spouse but fears to take action. The accused therefore buys a bottle of brandy and a sharp knife. In the morning, the bottle is empty and the knife is in the spouse's heart. Because the accused had a plan and weakening the inhibitions by drunkenness was a part of that plan, an intoxication defense is not feasible. But if, at a party, a bowl of fruit punch is "spiked" by someone who secretly adds gin, the resulting drunkenness is not voluntary and might be considered a possible defense. A sharper distinction is drawn in Islamic law, where involuntary intoxication may remove criminal if not financial responsibility, while voluntary intoxication has no effect and the accused is treated as if sober. Foreseeability test The presence or absence of liability may hang on a foreseeability test. The fact that the consumption of alcohol or the ingestion of drugs may cause a loss of control is well known. Thus, anyone who knowingly consumes is, at the very least, reckless as to the possibility of losing control. If they did not wish to lose control, they would not consume, so loss of control must be within the scope of their intention by continuing to consume. But, loss of control is not instantaneous and without symptoms. The issue of involuntary consumption is therefore contentious. In most legal systems, involuntary loss of control is limited to cases where there is no real loss of control with noticeable symptoms. Thus, for example, in many states, the blood alcohol level for the commission of the offence of driving under the influence is set sufficiently low that people might exceed the limit without realising that they had consumed enough alcohol to do so. Leaving aside the issue that, in some states, this is a strict liability offense excluding drunkenness as a defense, there is usually a requirement that the person who "spiked" the drinks be prosecuted in place of the driver. This reflects the fact that the commission of a crime has been procured by the actions of secretly adding the alcohol and the practical fact that without this rule, too many accused who are only marginally over the limit, might be encouraged to blame others for their intoxication. In the US, the Model Penal Code also includes the possibility of "pathological intoxication" whereby a medical condition allows a small amount of alcohol to causes disproportionate intoxication that the drinker could not foresee. More generally, the defense would be denied to people experiencing symptoms of intoxication who continued to consume the spiked drink because they ought to have known what was happening to them. Equally, if no further consumption occurred but they ought to have recognized that they were affected by an unknown substance, beginning an activity such as driving would not fall within the defense. In other words, the policy underpinning the operation of the law favors the protection of the public as against the interests of an individual who recklessly or with wilful blindness exposes the public to danger. Offenses of basic and of specific intent In some states, a distinction is based on the nature of the mens rea requirement. While voluntary intoxication may not be a defense to an offense of basic (sometimes termed "general") intent, it is allowed as a defense to offenses requiring a specific intent. This term refers to two separate types of offense: A limited number of offenses require a further element of intent beyond the basic intent (where the mens rea is no more than the intentional or reckless commission of the actus reus). This additional element is termed specific intent. The inchoate offenses such as attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy require specific intent in a slightly different sense. The test for the existence of mens rea may be: (a) subjective where the court must be satisfied that the accused actually had the requisite mental element present in his or her mind at the relevant time (see concurrence); (b) objective where the requisite mens rea element is imputed to the accused on the basis that the reasonable person would have had the mental element in the same circumstances; (c) hybrid where the test is both subjective and objective. The rationale for the existence of criminal laws is as a deterrent to those who represent a danger to society. If an accused has actually committed the full offence, the reality of the danger has been demonstrated. For where the commission of the actus reus is in the future, a clear subjective intention to cause the actus reus of the full offense must be demonstrated. Without this "specific intent", there is insufficient evidence that the accused is the clear danger as feared because, at any time before the commission of the full offense, the accused may change his or her mind and not continue. If a "specific intent" in either sense is required and there is clear evidence that the accused was too intoxicated to form the element subjectively, this fact is recognised as a defense unless the loss of control was part of the plan. This, however, is of little value to defendants since there are almost always offenses of basic intent that can be charged and/or the basic intent offenses are usually lesser included offenses and an alternative verdict can be delivered by judge or jury without the need for a separate charge. In English law, note the controversial Jaggard v Dickinson [1980] 3 All ER 716 which held that, for the purposes of the statutory defense of lawful excuse under s5 Criminal Damage Act 1971, a drunken belief will found the defense even though this allows drunkenness to negate basic intent. This is limited authority and does not affect the generality of the defense. Examples of specific intent crimes include first degree murder based on premeditation and deliberation, attempts, burglary (intent to commit larceny), larceny (intent to steal), possession of or receiving stolen property (intent to steal), and robbery (intent to steal). General intent crimes include arson, rape, common law murder, and voluntary manslaughter. See also Settled insanity References Criminal defenses Drug policy	[ 0.01626736670732498, 0.41174423694610596, -0.24252285063266754, -0.35236915946006775, 0.22776268422603607, 0.03938095644116402, 0.32573026418685913, -0.3800433278083801, -0.2535494267940521, 0.11818494647741318, 0.3309135138988495, 0.7304835915565491, -0.3516981899738312, 0.46946802735328674, -0.2855684757232666, 0.951730489730835, 0.507344126701355, 0.714527428150177, 0.1955406218767166, -0.4559057354927063, -0.10799819976091385, -0.16503775119781494, 0.1133396252989769, -0.6506786346435547, 0.3975864350795746, 0.07305082678794861, 0.2743883728981018, 0.27650144696235657, -0.5635359287261963, 0.181207075715065, 0.2101997584104538, 0.8323561549186707, 0.011297387070953846, -0.2419459968805313, -0.046093523502349854, 0.3473331034183502, -0.043770886957645416, -0.7568661570549011, -0.17110119760036469, -0.10470683872699738, 0.23904164135456085, 0.041261158883571625, -0.4263719916343689, 0.23323974013328552, 0.26324987411499023, -0.021114123985171318, -1.5541794300079346, -0.2714290916919708, -0.10523166507482529, -0.1482658088207245, -0.1359650045633316, 0.06875115633010864, -0.35554879903793335, 0.33707985281944275, 0.2613130509853363, 0.39598801732063293, -0.8658192157745361, -0.5352070927619934, 0.636831521987915, -0.3190184533596039, 0.6250801086425781, 0.5109463334083557, 0.4015323519706726, -0.23918882012367249, -0.03098822385072708, 0.013429764658212662, -0.20454511046409607, 0.9896358847618103, -0.8448502421379089, -0.35495254397392273, -0.49936696887016296, -0.18936550617218018, -0.09405674040317535, 0.01270295586436987, -0.3840733468532562, 0.5715322494506836, 0.458821177482605, -0.6598477959632874, -0.23738615214824677, 0.1992996633052826, 0.38350459933280945, 0.481581449508667, 0.20732951164245605, -0.40120917558670044, 0.3565521538257599, 0.20298893749713898, -0.17201635241508484, 0.5837620496749878, 0.018090149387717247, 0.4554537534713745, 0.23099978268146515, 0.8946461081504822, 0.1787230670452118, 0.23160713911056519, -0.05692538619041443, 0.20998060703277588, 0.529569685459137, -0.13439232110977173, 0.11789683997631073, 0.5771832466125488, 0.43283501267433167, -0.18495415151119232, 0.2642807066440582, -0.1414376050233841, 0.20743408799171448, -0.08881543576717377, -0.23257067799568176, -0.39318156242370605, -0.13821722567081451, -0.5718058943748474, -0.12130706757307053, 0.5009621977806091, -0.5470800995826721, 0.17360620200634003, -0.5632185339927673, 0.5020442008972168, 0.43178653717041016, 0.2370091825723648, 0.0001504403044236824, -0.04313133656978607, 0.3556535840034485, 0.026638956740498543, -0.5272428393363953, 0.2182164490222931, 0.05403326079249382, -0.04749579727649689, 0.42960044741630554, 0.5919879078865051, -0.5185919404029846, -0.32386553287506104, 0.11746089905500412, -0.09089319407939911, 0.14748157560825348, -0.17750442028045654, -0.018267778679728508, 0.32231271266937256, 0.6202272176742554, 0.07023924589157104, 0.6104605793952942, -0.37983885407447815, -0.5496613383293152, -0.6131150722503662, -0.7822103500366211, -0.804341733455658, 0.21915946900844574, -0.5759055614471436, 0.372144490480423, 0.3689182996749878, -0.5228670239448547, 0.33315956592559814, 0.41756606101989746, 0.1920861154794693, -0.2837703227996826, 0.12887217104434967, 0.14290159940719604, 0.26316434144973755, 0.04774407297372818, -0.05642133206129074, -0.5651472806930542, -0.09555570036172867, 0.04628606513142586, -0.30667170882225037, -0.7628009915351868, 0.12303440272808075, 0.2572803497314453, -0.1195518970489502, -0.5011401772499084, -0.0017837687628343701, -0.19659405946731567, -0.37688153982162476, -0.5519574880599976, 0.4863907992839813, 0.12468189001083374, -0.954151451587677, 0.24765613675117493, 0.459520161151886, -0.014726439490914345, 0.19597843289375305, 0.6036508083343506, -0.3749918043613434, -0.33826208114624023, -0.06807433068752289, 0.1602354496717453, -0.47614240646362305, -0.2053695023059845, 0.04514867439866066, 0.47433534264564514, -0.4795975983142853, 0.04591882973909378, -0.5808403491973877, -0.2351478785276413, -0.27540409564971924, 0.43768686056137085, -0.4740517735481262, 1.1956018209457397, 0.29622748494148254, -0.5716311931610107, 0.9032377600669861, 0.24927367269992828, -0.019842369481921196, 0.09911002963781357, 0.5643640160560608, 0.4458085596561432, 0.05487830936908722, -1.1461957693099976, 0.3138183355331421, -0.0277640949934721, -0.23807565867900848, -0.1187298521399498, 0.6928571462631226, 0.6673364639282227, -0.09351880848407745, 0.041844531893730164, -0.7263972759246826, 0.0005826476262882352, 0.022258441895246506, -0.17523527145385742, 0.863088071346283, 0.01776684820652008, -0.2772868275642395, 0.21604081988334656, -0.077993243932724, -0.32414811849594116, 0.33520132303237915, -0.12827683985233307, 0.40998128056526184, -0.14777876436710358, 0.5363936424255371, 0.20063768327236176, -0.7547922134399414, 0.7638853192329407, 0.23849421739578247, 0.2910100221633911, -0.3850104510784149, -0.34606486558914185, 0.3344411849975586, -0.2067689299583435, 0.03487210348248482, -0.17108702659606934, -0.33488431572914124, 0.42011189460754395, 0.3927368223667145, -0.5115185976028442, 0.45472341775894165, -0.4587533175945282, -0.19861078262329102, -0.23643408715724945, 0.5113815069198608, -0.19420713186264038, 0.32498934864997864, -0.00608729338273406, 0.35257720947265625, 0.45583415031433105, -0.5467477440834045, 0.5710744857788086, -0.24602563679218292, -0.3561594784259796, -0.033309102058410645, -0.25570082664489746, -0.6495846509933472, -0.07240595668554306, 0.5183374881744385, 0.3963563144207001, 0.23650333285331726, -0.5726298093795776, -0.18811602890491486, -0.14262224733829498, 0.34845998883247375, -0.4654161334037781, 0.3209850788116455, 0.5244666934013367, -0.37213626503944397, -0.8269312381744385, 0.049185194075107574, -0.5023176074028015, 0.3444635570049286, 0.1622292846441269, 0.849197268486023, -0.6657267212867737, 0.11619322001934052, 0.24116359651088715, 0.44484743475914, 0.5275613069534302, -0.5714191794395447, -0.12681879103183746, -0.40738847851753235, 0.04587779939174652, -0.29706287384033203, -0.18736673891544342, 0.2580110728740692, -0.33152392506599426, -0.3382263481616974, 0.15014247596263885, 0.24779699742794037, 0.23600390553474426, 0.19518889486789703, 0.09059777110815048, 0.8873971700668335, 0.5234900116920471, -0.09792584925889969, -0.32053378224372864, -0.12635700404644012, -1.1531051397323608, -0.06436894834041595, 0.1335139274597168, -0.18965278565883636, -0.8125432729721069, 0.1824733018875122, -5.5117268562316895, -0.2897182106971741, -0.8570473194122314, -0.15009574592113495, -0.29626327753067017, 0.37509629130363464, 0.3761061429977417, -0.474172979593277, -0.7910009622573853, 0.26642781496047974, -0.026305189356207848, -0.21010266244411469, 0.6668100357055664, 0.19494973123073578, 0.18710368871688843, -0.4948231279850006, 0.5488321185112, -0.45834463834762573, -0.05001416802406311, 0.2094111144542694, -0.20094449818134308, 0.05646335333585739, -0.29253292083740234, 0.20877283811569214, -0.09905019402503967, 0.1928117275238037, -0.016767827793955803, 0.19053153693675995, -0.4648757576942444, 0.0769260972738266, 0.030784713104367256, 0.08689559996128082, -0.18292492628097534, -0.1966060996055603, -0.6547504663467407, 0.6966351270675659, 0.18439479172229767, -0.7169782519340515, -0.24117213487625122, -0.4373769760131836, -0.6089487671852112, -0.1209547370672226, -0.058159567415714264, 0.5214169025421143, 0.45265987515449524, -0.27285879850387573, -0.5759777426719666, -0.5153985023498535, -0.30547550320625305, 0.5085081458091736, -0.3629053831100464, 0.265783429145813, 0.40669161081314087, 0.4963086247444153, -0.02465490996837616, -0.057894233614206314, 0.30935919284820557, -0.6990048885345459, -0.040385179221630096, -0.11741472035646439, 0.5101520419120789, -0.6766186952590942, -0.17732688784599304, 0.02540171518921852, -0.22875292599201202, -0.23925215005874634, -0.19365482032299042, -0.8854441046714783, 0.8920543789863586, 0.3410162031650543, -0.26639795303344727, 1.0669410228729248, 0.17468968033790588, -0.9360902309417725, -0.010866387747228146, -0.008725441992282867, -0.007702989969402552, -0.20206975936889648, 0.12472324818372726, -0.00149868696462363, -0.14609338343143463, 0.7045108079910278, -0.5147599577903748, 0.5694029331207275, -0.03870163485407829, -0.6459763646125793, 0.1059994176030159, 0.39419081807136536, -0.2698184549808502, 0.08602311462163925, -0.045966558158397675, 0.13173161447048187, -0.27173247933387756, 0.46221113204956055, -0.8170795440673828, 1.4302928447723389, 0.14902804791927338, 0.294527143239975, 0.5537095665931702, -0.4187379479408264, 0.6149685382843018, -0.42406538128852844, 0.5677787065505981, -0.5132921934127808, -0.08712797611951828, -0.4179397523403168, -0.2625342309474945, -0.14571723341941833, 0.3751545250415802, -0.4249145984649658, 0.022212550044059753, 0.3496831953525543, 0.14514169096946716, 0.10119964927434921, 0.27984821796417236, -0.30804798007011414, -0.3339892029762268, 0.49559417366981506, 0.058585070073604584, -0.10711294412612915, 0.4543829560279846, 0.16470131278038025, -0.1850404590368271, -0.2207498401403427, -0.9697816371917725, -0.5485770106315613, 0.23839956521987915, 0.3849240243434906, -0.5663207769393921, 0.23213335871696472, 0.13114456832408905, 0.5898040533065796, 0.07550033181905746, 0.11404885351657867, 0.18441472947597504, -0.5367868542671204, 0.17922578752040863, 0.1396646946668625, -0.18598555028438568, -0.2982625663280487, 0.39788416028022766, -0.5150363445281982, -0.19051264226436615, -0.3886443078517914, 0.7331047654151917, -0.12037958204746246, 0.10909085720777512, 0.10774235427379608, -0.19338472187519073, 0.715214192867279, 0.1472940295934677, -0.5499743819236755, 0.20709961652755737, -0.2193591296672821, -0.06627976149320602, -0.16699348390102386, 0.015072537586092949, 0.17033718526363373, -0.03483867645263672, -0.5503355860710144, 0.1768791377544403, -0.41462376713752747, -1.0138964653015137, -0.4659624993801117, 0.01816684752702713, 0.002358450787141919, -0.5934596061706543, -0.3971272110939026, -0.33077505230903625, 1.0134308338165283, -0.42115506529808044, -0.4485664367675781, -1.0563968420028687, 0.1483718752861023, 0.8800538182258606, 0.03890003263950348, -0.08553166687488556, 0.5193377733230591, -0.3908734917640686, -0.17277567088603973, 0.07623529434204102, -0.2779219150543213, -0.7140504121780396, 0.13528203964233398, 0.5324984788894653, -0.4552322328090668, -0.028248758986592293, -0.15685255825519562, -0.34198418259620667, -0.7391308546066284, -0.09640667587518692, -0.5773950219154358, 0.33083242177963257, -0.2747357487678528, -0.026922160759568214, -0.42971739172935486, -0.4432324171066284, 0.3976042568683624, -0.01784232072532177, 0.09683521091938019, 0.35652104020118713, 0.9116860628128052, -0.173911452293396, 0.35559889674186707, 0.259782075881958, -0.6877942085266113, 0.200818732380867, 0.12405755370855331, -0.9288347363471985, 1.1996536254882812, -0.12395686656236649, -0.25129082798957825, -0.2085292488336563, 0.7581189870834351, 0.1631905734539032, -0.3690323233604431, 0.4974555969238281, -0.24529212713241577, -0.35974955558776855, -0.3597138524055481, 0.45972853899002075, -0.5325347185134888, -0.582633912563324, 0.037467941641807556, -0.8321105241775513, 0.35917413234710693, 0.1794072836637497, -0.29733583331108093, 0.8852902054786682, 0.2371658980846405, -0.2818799614906311, -0.014333040453493595, 0.6963064670562744, 0.05364013463258743, -0.2428760677576065, -0.5322474837303162, 0.14032666385173798, 0.4886038601398468, 0.06225337088108063, 0.4503268003463745, 0.28456878662109375, 1.1429524421691895, 0.09064752608537674, -0.48309117555618286, 0.26978936791419983, 0.008253106847405434, 0.5080140829086304, -0.8730077743530273, -0.3055877685546875, 0.7884049415588379, -0.2302587330341339, -0.1491931974887848, -0.43249592185020447, -0.2647460699081421, 0.9773399829864502, -0.3903167247772217, -0.09288406372070312, -0.18540813028812408, 0.185511514544487, 0.48899227380752563, 0.06470252573490143, 0.0020466861315071583, -0.8659137487411499, 0.009297634474933147, 0.03802421689033508, -0.48067593574523926, -0.04768881946802139, -0.22699619829654694, 0.2498624175786972, -0.48642677068710327, -0.0023602640721946955, -0.34131884574890137, 0.39102694392204285, 0.8100785613059998, 0.23602373898029327, 0.28153306245803833, 0.14812937378883362, -0.5358520746231079, 0.28723999857902527, 0.29705798625946045, -0.06743124127388, -0.08049043267965317, 0.21312983334064484, -0.5999445915222168, 0.21946607530117035, -0.2996711730957031, -0.08789478242397308, -0.04607813432812691, -0.7028288245201111, -0.9864209294319153, -0.5487366914749146, 0.18331854045391083, -0.25183653831481934, 0.473861426115036, -0.5641207098960876, 0.39382848143577576, -0.19676771759986877, 0.31904205679893494, 0.038919005542993546, -0.20731723308563232, -0.48803097009658813, 0.36705952882766724, -0.15724338591098785, -1.0739765167236328, 0.055060286074876785, -0.10384760797023773, 0.436223566532135, -0.6105399131774902, 0.02004922926425934, -0.2421513944864273, 0.38852354884147644, -0.28519755601882935, 0.3425026535987854, 0.7193620204925537, 0.03230372443795204, 0.29974785447120667, 0.5284256339073181, -0.5795096158981323, -0.06834743171930313, 0.15522654354572296, 0.001851391396485269, -0.14851707220077515, 0.8370621800422668, -0.2771340012550354, 0.5265820622444153, 0.4616343080997467, -0.19773966073989868, 0.39242202043533325, 0.5461844801902771, 0.5191113352775574, 0.6418792605400085, -0.4344295859336853, -0.013436960987746716, 0.6319383978843689, -0.04635244235396385, -0.17139314115047455, 0.3235158920288086, -0.8347363471984863, -0.9335007667541504, -0.016007129102945328, 0.48021167516708374, 0.21755973994731903, 0.41095617413520813, -0.09609043598175049, 0.011440549977123737, 0.7747474908828735, 0.4925963580608368, 0.3266562521457672, 0.1150268092751503, 0.10030237585306168, 0.675557553768158, -0.03691050410270691, 0.8507086038589478, -0.20719291269779205, 0.42293021082878113, 0.027284352108836174, 0.431118905544281, -0.5054854154586792, -0.9739435911178589, 0.1473875492811203, 0.0912083089351654, 0.19478118419647217, 0.7386839985847473, 0.1842968910932541, 0.44784247875213623, -0.40934890508651733, 0.1131223738193512, -0.12548835575580597, -0.2999776601791382, -0.09865838289260864, 0.03923455625772476, -0.2950586974620819, -0.23949706554412842, -0.10707634687423706, 0.5607101917266846, -0.45358818769454956, 0.581861674785614, 0.11580017954111099, 0.29719558358192444, 0.0031194742769002914, 0.007862737402319908, -0.04077882692217827, -0.4413455128669739, -0.7406724095344543, -0.1419481486082077, 0.024761391803622246, 0.060628924518823624, 0.7163843512535095, 0.5378537178039551, -0.34229525923728943, 0.0028315591625869274, 0.2697991728782654, -0.2659098207950592, 0.3051453232765198, -0.07151362299919128, 0.2300683557987213, 0.16428318619728088, 0.7359473705291748, -0.11977064609527588, -0.5948334336280823, -0.04565997049212456, 0.39778873324394226, -0.3327811062335968, 0.1799844205379486, -0.4743398427963257, 0.5139333009719849, -0.5309670567512512, 0.3037932813167572, -0.41478151082992554, 0.47435975074768066, -0.3739668130874634, -0.15247635543346405, -0.6116361021995544, 0.21204300224781036, -0.11254354566335678, 0.0015943493926897645, 0.7273918390274048, -0.35913392901420593, 0.3760046362876892, -0.671276330947876, 0.29307976365089417, 0.9378476738929749, 0.38922789692878723, -0.04289214685559273, -0.9684252142906189, 0.23994269967079163, 0.6357675194740295, -0.35232099890708923, 0.09478318691253662, 0.44407451152801514, -0.36743247509002686, -0.3185829818248749, -0.4384486675262451, 0.3235569894313812, -0.08738498389720917, -0.5768864750862122, 0.4476706385612488, 0.2025979459285736, 0.13982945680618286, 0.1068955734372139, 0.010866299271583557, -0.4061262905597687, 0.31141531467437744, 0.11098330467939377, -0.26893123984336853, -0.005515900440514088, -0.2012825459241867, -0.5499003529548645, 0.34845420718193054, -0.08369239419698715, -0.15626607835292816, -0.5703349709510803, 0.03136444091796875, 0.00928613729774952, -0.484455943107605, -0.14105890691280365, 0.25488659739494324, -0.5858771204948425, -0.20826455950737, 0.0070764124393463135 ]
216484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provocation%20%28legal%29	Provocation (legal)	In law, provocation is when a person is considered to have committed a criminal act partly because of a preceding set of events that might cause a reasonable individual to lose self control. This makes them less morally culpable than if the act was premeditated (pre-planned) and done out of pure malice (malice aforethought). It "affects the quality of the actor's state of mind as an indicator of moral blameworthiness." Provocation is often a mitigating factor in sentencing. It rarely serves as a legal defense, meaning it does not stop the defendant from being guilty of the crime. It may however, lead to a lesser punishment. In some common law legal systems, provocation is a "partial defense" for murder charges, which can result in the offense being classified as the lesser offense of manslaughter, specifically voluntary manslaughter. Provocation is distinct from self-defense in that self-defense is a legal defense, and refers to a justifiable action to protect oneself from imminent violence. Definition If a crime is caused by provocation, it is said to be committed in the heat of passion, under an irresistible urge incited by the provoking events, and without being entirely determined by reason. "'Malice aforethought' implies a mind under the sway of reason, whereas 'passion' whilst it does not imply a dethronement of reason, is the furor brevis, which renders a man deaf to the voice of reason so that, although the act was intentional to death, it was not the result of malignity of heart, but imputable to human infirmity. Passion and malice are, therefore, inconsistent motive powers, and hence an act which proceeds from the one, cannot also proceed from the other." (Hannah v. Commonwealth, Supreme Court of Virginia 1929) Establishing Provocation can reduce a murder charge to a voluntary manslaughter charge. Provocation may be defined by statutory law, by common law, or some combination. It is a possible defense for the person provoked, or a possible criminal act by the one who caused the provocation. It may be a defense by excuse or exculpation alleging a sudden or temporary loss of control (a permanent loss of control is regarded as insanity) as a response to another's provocative conduct sufficient to justify an acquittal, a mitigated sentence or a conviction for a lesser charge. Provocation can be a relevant factor in a court's assessment of a defendant's mens rea, intention, or state of mind, at the time of an act which the defendant is accused of. In common law, provocation is established by establishing events that would be "adequate" to create a heat of passion in a reasonable person, and by establishing that the heat of passion was created in the accused. History The defense of provocation was first developed in English courts in the 16th and 17th centuries. During that period, a conviction of murder carried a mandatory death sentence. Because of that, the need for a lesser offense was inspired. At that time, not only was it seen as acceptable, but it was socially required that a man respond with controlled violence if his honor or dignity were insulted or threatened. It was therefore considered understandable that sometimes the violence might be excessive and end with a killing. During the 19th century, as social norms started to change, the idea that it was desirable for dignified men to respond with violence when they were insulted or ridiculed started to lose traction and was replaced with the view that while those responses may not be ideal, that they were a normal human reaction resulting from a loss of self-control, and, as such, they deserved to be considered as a mitigating circumstance. During the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the defense of provocation, and the situations in which it should apply, have led to significant controversies, with many condemning the concept as an anachronism, arguing that it contradicts contemporary social norms where people are expected to control their behavior, even when angry. Present day Today, the use of provocation as a legal defense is generally controversial, because it appears to enable defendants to receive more lenient treatment because they allowed themselves to be provoked. Judging whether an individual should be held responsible for their actions depends on an assessment of their culpability. This is usually tested by reference to a reasonable person: that is, a universal standard to determine whether an ordinary person would have been provoked and, if so, would have done as the defendant did; if the predominant view of social behavior would be that, when provoked, it would be acceptable to respond verbally and, if the provocation persists, to walk away, that will set the threshold for the defense. Furor brevis or "heat of passion", is the term used in criminal law to describe the emotional state of mind following a provocation, in which acts are considered to be at least partially caused by loss of self-control, so the acts are not entirely governed by reason or expressed "[It's the heat of passion] which renders a man deaf to the voice of reason". In common law, "passion usually means rage, but it also includes fear or any violent and intense emotion sufficient to dethrone reason". Another controversial factor of this defense, especially in UK law, is that the provoked must have carried out their act immediately after the provocation occurred, otherwise known as a "sudden loss of self control", with the controversy surrounding the definition of "sudden". This argument on the grounds of time still occurs and has caused many defendants, particularly women, to lose their cases on this ground, as they will often wait (in wife-battering cases) until the husband is asleep, as shown in R v Ahluwalia 1992. This led to the enactment of a new defense of "loss of control" (see Dennis J. Baker, Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2012) at Chapter 22.) The new defense removed the "sudden" requirement, as it wanted to cover battered women who lose control over a long period, but, as Baker Ibid points out, it will probably not succeed in achieving that aim. The new loss of control defense found in ss. 54-55 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 also removed sexual infidelity as a qualifying form of provocation, but in a recent controversial decision by Lord Judge in R v Clinton [2012] 1 Cr App R 26 in the Court of Appeal, Lord Judge interpreted the new offense as allowing for sexual infidelity to count under the third prong of the new defense (see Baker & Zhao 2012). R v Clinton [2012] 1 Cr App R 26 has received heavy criticism from academics, see Baker & Zhao, "Contributory Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Triggers in the Loss of Control Defence: A Wrong Turn on Sexual Infidelity," Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 76, pp. 254, 2012, available at SSRN: As a partial defense for murder In some common law jurisdictions such as the UK, Canada, and several Australian states, the defense of provocation is only available against a charge of murder and only acts to reduce the conviction to manslaughter. This is known as "voluntary manslaughter", which is considered more serious than "involuntary manslaughter", and comprises both manslaughter by "unlawful act" and manslaughter by criminal negligence. In the United States, the Model Penal Code substitutes the broader standard of extreme emotional or mental distress for the comparatively narrower standard of provocation. Criminal law in the United States, however, falls mostly within the jurisdiction of the individual states, and not all states have adopted the Model Penal Code. Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines for federal courts, "If the victim's wrongful conduct contributed significantly to provoking the offense behavior, the court may reduce the sentence below the guideline range to reflect the nature and circumstances of the offense." Provocation as a partial defence for murder came into spotlight in New Zealand during 2009 following the trial of 33-year-old university tutor Clayton Weatherston, with calls for its abolition except during sentencing. On 9 January 2008, Weatherston stabbed to death university student and girlfriend Sophie Elliott in her Dunedin home. During his trial, Weatherston used provocation as a defense to murder and claimed it was manslaughter. He was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with a 17 years non-parole period. In response, the New Zealand Parliament introduced the Crimes (Provocation Repeal) Amendment Bill, which repealed Sections 169 and 170 of the Crimes Act 1961 and therefore abolishing the partial defense of provocation. The bill passed its third reading 116–5, with only ACT New Zealand opposing the bill, and became law effective 8 December 2009. Although the defense was removed, it could still be used for cases prior to 2009. In May 2010 Moliga Tatupu-Tinoa'i was convicted of murdering his wife at a service station in Wellington. Mr Tatupu-Tinoa'i's lawyer Mike Antunovic unsuccessfully attempted to use the partial defense of provocation. In 2015, Canada reformed the provocation defense restricting its use. Article 232(2) of the Criminal Code states that provocation is: "Conduct of the victim that would constitute an indictable offense under this Act that is punishable by five or more years of imprisonment and that is of such a nature as to be sufficient to deprive an ordinary person of the power of self-control is provocation for the purposes of this section, if the accused acted on it on the sudden and before there was time for their passion to cool." Prior to the amendment, the law required only that the provoking act be a "wrongful act or insult", not a serious indictable offence. In Australia, Tasmania became the first state to abolish the partial defence of provocation in case of murder which acted by converting what would otherwise have been murder into manslaughter. The next state to abolish it was Victoria, in 2005, however it was replaced by a new defensive homicide law. The 2005 defensive homicide laws were subsequently repealed in 2014. Western Australia abolished the partial defence of provocation in 2008. The ACT and the Northern Territory amended the law in 2004 and 2006 respectively to exclude a non-violent sexual advance as a sufficient basis for a defence of provocation in itself; such conduct must be taken into account with other conduct of the deceased to determine whether the defence has been established. By contrast in New South Wales, the law of provocation was amended in 2014 to assert that a non-violent sexual advance to the accused does not constitute extreme provocation. The new provocation law of New South Wales was amended to the defence of extreme provocation; the provocative conduct of the deceased must also have constituted a serious indictable offence, and the loss of self-control test must be measured by the objective test of the "ordinary person". It was also made clear in the amendments that the conduct of the deceased may constitute extreme provocation, even if the conduct did not occur immediately before the act causing death. This was done in order to provide protection for victims of long-term abuse, or "slow burn" situations. In Queensland the partial defence of provocation in section 304(1) of the Criminal Code was amended in 2011, in order to "reduce the scope of the defence being available to those who kill out of sexual possessiveness or jealousy". South Australia abolished provocation in 2020. In cases of assault and battery In the United States, provocation is rarely accepted as a complete defense, but state courts have ruled that it is still a mitigating factor in matters of assault and/or battery where the sentence can be reduced or the crime lowered to a lesser charge. In extremely rare cases, adequate provocation has resulted in the defendant never being charged with a crime. In one famous example, prosecutors in California refused to charge astronaut Buzz Aldrin with assault after he punched conspiracy theorist Bart Sibrel in the face for aggressively confronting him and calling him a "a coward, and a liar, and a thief." In England and Wales, provocation is similarly considered a partial defense and only reduces the penalty. Ironically, English law considers the act of intentionally provoking another person to be crime in and of itself under the charge of Fear or provocation of violence. Controversy General concerns The concept of provocation is controversial, and there are many debates related to it. Critics bring several arguments against it, such as: people in contemporary society are expected to control their behavior, even when angry, and to not act on any impulse they may have provocation creates a culture of blaming the victim what is considered provocation is subjective provocation laws are very difficult to enforce since, in cases involving murder, the victim is dead and cannot present their version of facts Selective use of the laws Some people accept provocation as a valid legal concept, but express serious concerns about the context in which it is used. Data from Australia shows that the partial defense of provocation that converts murder into manslaughter has been used successfully primarily in two circumstances: sexual infidelity where a male kills his female partner or her lover; and non-violent homosexual advances. Feminist groups and LGBT groups have been highly critical of this situation. They argue that this legitimizes or trivializes male violence against women; undermines campaigns that seek to stop violence against women; reinforces the view of women as men's property; and maintains and justifies homophobia and discrimination against gays. Objective vs subjective test There has been controversy on whether the objective or the subjective standard should be used when deciding on whether the behavior of the victim has constituted sufficient provocation. The objective 'ordinary person' test has been criticised for ignoring characteristics such as ethnicity and culture which affect a person's capacity to lose self-control, whereas the subjective standard that focuses on ones' personal and cultural background has been criticized for opening the door for mitigation in cases of honor killings, homophobic or racist violence and bringing in justifications for crimes that may be acceptable in the family and subculture of the accused but are rejected by wider society. A compromise can be a combination of objective and subjective analysis, as was ruled in 2020 by the Supreme Court of Ireland (replacing what was considered to be a purely subjective test that was in existence since the 1970s). References External links Reid Griffith Fontaine, Adequate (Non)Provocation and Heat of Passion as Excuse Not Justification, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2008. Reid Griffith Fontaine, The Wrongfulness of Wrongly Interpreting Wrongfulness: Provocation Interpretational Bias and Heat of Passion Homicide, New Criminal Law Review New Zealand Law Commission: The Partial Defence of Provocation: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission: 2007: See also Fighting words Gay panic defense Imperfect self-defense Self control theory in crime Manslaughter in English law Criminal defenses Criminal law	[ 0.22635753452777863, 0.14843471348285675, -0.3237358033657074, -0.28823819756507874, -0.11817329376935959, -0.034380435943603516, 0.7222259044647217, -0.20519259572029114, -0.22559231519699097, -0.0132119907066226, -0.2653307020664215, 0.3590301275253296, -0.39145058393478394, -0.014537258073687553, -0.29858261346817017, 0.8307540416717529, 0.07448470592498779, 0.10707516223192215, 0.267636239528656, -0.4867275357246399, -0.0870431661605835, -0.01528186071664095, -0.31426599621772766, -0.48332783579826355, 0.7161421775817871, -0.0006142722559161484, 0.31623145937919617, 0.22704187035560608, -0.5339066386222839, 0.1454312801361084, 0.32486456632614136, 0.7221556901931763, -0.20872893929481506, -0.0711931511759758, 0.001278173876926303, 0.256954163312912, 0.1087186262011528, -0.4164920151233673, -0.13916656374931335, -0.7064542174339294, 0.0972449854016304, -0.14873942732810974, -0.42674171924591064, -0.08069329708814621, 0.0432564839720726, -0.5044769048690796, -1.2462435960769653, 0.04858805611729622, -0.3046526312828064, -0.1385393738746643, -0.2215237319469452, 0.29911407828330994, -0.3007076382637024, 0.22329846024513245, 0.1532798856496811, 0.37203720211982727, -0.9840145707130432, -0.5060957670211792, 0.42663198709487915, -0.7558434009552002, 0.601729154586792, 0.28380799293518066, 0.13061629235744476, -0.1828838288784027, 0.38985756039619446, 0.39925098419189453, -0.011772261932492256, 0.5591735243797302, -0.5369954705238342, -0.8103771209716797, -0.5256474018096924, -0.1818094700574875, -0.08983731269836426, 0.2626665234565735, -0.6423824429512024, -0.11372514814138412, 0.3608282804489136, -0.4497821629047394, -0.08979053050279617, 0.17560352385044098, 0.495937705039978, 0.29436683654785156, 0.26139938831329346, -0.2732493281364441, 0.47766393423080444, -0.13839727640151978, -0.3593966066837311, 0.37488311529159546, 0.03261714428663254, 0.08269327133893967, 0.5873691439628601, 0.6567534804344177, 0.016352249309420586, 0.16835981607437134, -0.08845808357000351, 0.3987827003002167, 0.1171429380774498, 0.06497146189212799, 0.27998968958854675, 0.2861992120742798, 0.27997392416000366, -0.4493938386440277, 0.6034475564956665, -0.2363053411245346, 0.1533852219581604, -0.2540610134601593, -0.10337143391370773, -0.47961103916168213, 0.10060089081525803, -0.6671940684318542, -0.17044050991535187, 0.46539953351020813, -0.17037974298000336, 0.0980321541428566, -0.6667870283126831, 0.2727070748806, 0.21999968588352203, 0.21756955981254578, -0.15660689771175385, -0.40488338470458984, 0.3787151575088501, 0.018295664340257645, -0.30278638005256653, 0.3838082551956177, 0.15520977973937988, -0.26307982206344604, 0.18151617050170898, 0.7733263373374939, -0.6780533194541931, -0.13333381712436676, 0.26061108708381653, 0.7087501287460327, 0.18636827170848846, -0.08473505824804306, -0.11061947792768478, 0.48567619919776917, 0.35804733633995056, 0.22614826261997223, 0.38009393215179443, -0.23739971220493317, -0.4127250015735626, -0.8248223662376404, -0.4277792274951935, -0.3659701645374298, 0.6976271271705627, -0.4925534427165985, 0.5350406765937805, -0.27678099274635315, -0.19871187210083008, 0.08977904170751572, 0.11042363196611404, 0.47497615218162537, -0.625518798828125, 0.38826295733451843, -0.038900021463632584, 0.16972611844539642, 0.7648313641548157, -0.3409312963485718, -0.6096922159194946, 0.5571363568305969, 0.11970709264278412, -0.004673918709158897, -0.3299969434738159, -0.12478848546743393, 0.3617469370365143, -0.24156516790390015, -0.06299608945846558, -0.07801075279712677, -0.020877959206700325, -0.11754599213600159, -0.7898775339126587, 0.4561409056186676, 0.1707497090101242, -0.603052020072937, 0.39054110646247864, 0.19415923953056335, 0.07440610229969025, -0.22303467988967896, 0.8473027348518372, -0.03190571814775467, -0.15200167894363403, 0.4704391658306122, 0.2563282251358032, -0.13664834201335907, -0.1081232875585556, -0.1310153603553772, 0.3259735107421875, -0.35871273279190063, 0.1253223568201065, -0.32321295142173767, -0.1287776231765747, -0.14835114777088165, 0.019498469308018684, -0.45349380373954773, 1.0986264944076538, -0.0686420425772667, -0.3665187358856201, 1.067855954170227, 0.11396663635969162, 0.6094852089881897, 0.008876929990947247, 0.3781073987483978, 0.20441508293151855, -0.05530781298875809, -0.6118587851524353, 0.5647655725479126, 0.3580721616744995, 0.24774450063705444, -0.12570954859256744, 0.6113271117210388, 0.4558177888393402, -0.1812649965286255, -0.15706223249435425, -0.7332043051719666, 0.22868134081363678, 0.2159777283668518, -0.364126980304718, 0.3917228579521179, 0.1671465039253235, -0.38451868295669556, 0.16985778510570526, -0.22119732201099396, -0.04868246614933014, 0.4859763979911804, -0.1309552788734436, 0.3549472391605377, -0.13252376019954681, 0.45514994859695435, 0.19264079630374908, -1.2283906936645508, 0.595101535320282, 0.6926479339599609, 0.11045527458190918, -0.3062605857849121, -0.741946280002594, -0.06784030050039291, -0.07869695127010345, -0.02019057609140873, 0.013595081865787506, -0.11319950222969055, 0.2307342141866684, 0.6268110275268555, -0.2242218405008316, 0.3897072672843933, -0.35307496786117554, -0.08880247175693512, 0.0757550373673439, 0.23787446320056915, 0.09941842406988144, 0.21109090745449066, 0.04782639443874359, 0.329216867685318, 0.47088462114334106, -0.8424152731895447, 0.4838605225086212, -0.02002771571278572, -0.5580404996871948, 0.1306856870651245, -0.07627148181200027, -0.4997594952583313, -0.39695602655410767, 0.17312060296535492, 0.14776642620563507, 0.21607697010040283, -0.5339176058769226, -0.0009857056429609656, -0.22619864344596863, 0.3629795014858246, -0.18381267786026, 0.6658343076705933, 0.21777287125587463, 0.020916150882840157, -0.8818764686584473, -0.2939904034137726, -0.4518764317035675, -0.0955497995018959, 0.26473450660705566, 0.7275497317314148, -0.5090746283531189, -0.05986308678984642, -0.14754799008369446, 0.3376767337322235, 0.4478573799133301, -0.8418613076210022, 0.12735755741596222, -0.41018229722976685, 0.21815505623817444, -0.11626607924699783, -0.48190006613731384, 0.0774751827120781, -0.2851399779319763, -0.2857266664505005, -0.03991818055510521, 0.1329280585050583, 0.390877366065979, 0.15581963956356049, 0.022866981104016304, 0.5690472722053528, -0.018610753118991852, -0.2046857327222824, -0.29739221930503845, 0.05067324638366699, -0.5263834595680237, -0.0587007962167263, 0.08816352486610413, -0.14059922099113464, -0.5023621916770935, 0.4070238471031189, -5.828219890594482, -0.16518747806549072, -0.32802295684814453, 0.0018930828664451838, -0.31434106826782227, 0.1529620885848999, 0.8753033876419067, -0.10344856232404709, -0.09870296716690063, 0.1066131740808487, -0.11183870583772659, 0.0236776415258646, 0.3804120123386383, 0.16119736433029175, 0.5056857466697693, -0.30911123752593994, 0.7369560599327087, -0.2737722098827362, -0.06118980422616005, 0.36080026626586914, 0.10875654220581055, 0.26820287108421326, -0.03809727355837822, 0.022504214197397232, 0.06275153905153275, -0.11657104641199112, -0.1418023705482483, 0.4079168438911438, -0.19542613625526428, -0.10486837476491928, 0.2708783745765686, -0.02691040374338627, -0.11087725311517715, -0.30840885639190674, -0.26219040155410767, 0.36406293511390686, 0.6451656222343445, -0.5545963644981384, -0.5676214098930359, -0.30365243554115295, -0.42287731170654297, -0.25596049427986145, 0.19781847298145294, 0.3902098834514618, 0.32611504197120667, -0.23787808418273926, -0.21748566627502441, -0.1099008247256279, -0.32872873544692993, 0.33403417468070984, -0.35204124450683594, 0.08308335393667221, 0.37201815843582153, 0.5523350834846497, 0.20570515096187592, -0.27521756291389465, 0.5276594758033752, -0.43344974517822266, -0.19992120563983917, 0.010205344296991825, 0.44652414321899414, -0.9563049674034119, 0.020069152116775513, -0.20193883776664734, 0.2135179489850998, -0.4360620677471161, -0.28160858154296875, -0.9567737579345703, 1.1244159936904907, 0.22073906660079956, -0.09935809671878815, 0.4623373746871948, 0.35461288690567017, -0.8249699473381042, 0.18668469786643982, -0.30933308601379395, 0.07348708063364029, -0.11411706358194351, 0.4018894135951996, -0.09915105253458023, -0.4090990424156189, 0.25758105516433716, -0.8534723520278931, 0.034594058990478516, 0.3829093873500824, -0.15044783055782318, 0.178924560546875, 0.49256014823913574, -0.5454002022743225, 0.024753915145993233, 0.6016446352005005, 0.2797473073005676, 0.020881691947579384, 0.29284217953681946, -0.42940303683280945, 0.9692410230636597, 0.16503041982650757, -0.46203336119651794, 0.30918166041374207, -0.2398015260696411, 0.16241732239723206, -0.5407493114471436, 0.17300991714000702, -0.7113189101219177, 0.03301738575100899, -0.24133768677711487, -0.37819704413414, 0.6871002316474915, 0.4734601676464081, -0.17898736894130707, 0.3679264485836029, 0.07899777591228485, -0.16228458285331726, -0.07123187929391861, 0.18569961190223694, 0.166555717587471, -0.4402335584163666, 0.29336902499198914, 0.12481124699115753, -0.08886437863111496, -0.2029695063829422, 0.0377645343542099, -0.7319386601448059, 0.12005267292261124, -0.7337489724159241, -0.6158609986305237, 0.06944388151168823, 0.25352221727371216, -0.30856937170028687, 0.027203142642974854, -0.0012184737715870142, 0.5187696218490601, -0.04037050902843475, 0.09803173691034317, 0.06558182835578918, -0.4681089520454407, 0.2055222988128662, 0.22093120217323303, -0.22964543104171753, -0.6746596097946167, 0.22776637971401215, -0.4338483512401581, -0.0905623808503151, -0.0250568650662899, 0.30149948596954346, 0.034851718693971634, 0.08147586137056351, 0.24551059305667877, -0.0642915740609169, 0.9464586973190308, 0.14809149503707886, -0.04227951914072037, 0.29770782589912415, -0.5486113429069519, -0.025904782116413116, -0.014085975475609303, 0.2619973421096802, 0.012291752733290195, 0.23128068447113037, -0.2108340561389923, -0.1075994074344635, -0.15817373991012573, -0.7355508208274841, -0.7922553420066833, -0.049911756068468094, -0.4142392575740814, -0.8714044690132141, -0.34993183612823486, -0.19737659394741058, 0.5987829566001892, -0.28832143545150757, -0.7395515441894531, -0.7895011901855469, -0.1710253357887268, 0.7622722387313843, -0.13479988276958466, -0.10892090946435928, 0.3210281729698181, -0.06260713934898376, -0.07106155902147293, 0.26476770639419556, -0.35118982195854187, -0.21958018839359283, 0.5358085632324219, 0.6204125285148621, -0.48538511991500854, 0.10990994423627853, -0.1605919748544693, -0.4564131796360016, -0.8328104019165039, -0.13163678348064423, -0.1268606334924698, 0.9026563167572021, -0.21284382045269012, 0.3781355619430542, -0.08031974732875824, -0.1322847306728363, 0.7317198514938354, -0.380849689245224, -0.3983846604824066, 0.43235641717910767, 0.7991265058517456, -0.40562713146209717, 0.1241687461733818, 0.058271829038858414, -0.44644060730934143, 0.41008394956588745, -0.08979209512472153, -0.4180273413658142, 0.6619121432304382, -0.1101885512471199, -0.4977521002292633, 0.06519005447626114, 0.6651222705841064, -0.2957153618335724, -0.5905613303184509, 0.22200116515159607, -0.34726130962371826, -0.430755078792572, -0.07608716189861298, 0.4180487394332886, -0.43259134888648987, -0.2786730229854584, 0.27032241225242615, -0.5612847208976746, 0.4290042817592621, -0.04810389131307602, -0.6825987696647644, 1.0275654792785645, 0.1126527190208435, 0.033734969794750214, -0.26033201813697815, 0.3909960687160492, 0.013849074952304363, -0.15448933839797974, -0.28669223189353943, -0.015109356492757797, 0.16281770169734955, -0.2874845564365387, 0.19419720768928528, 0.31899020075798035, 1.1619377136230469, 0.23087787628173828, -0.4478455185890198, 0.04475047066807747, 0.0353899747133255, 0.4294392466545105, -0.6588312387466431, -0.6957822442054749, 0.43883028626441956, 0.052115652710199356, 0.314299076795578, -0.3963705897331238, 0.11273752152919769, 0.40789613127708435, -0.25788477063179016, -0.2632814347743988, -0.16129925847053528, 0.20992258191108704, 0.9088068008422852, 0.34726211428642273, -0.2977307140827179, -0.5949632525444031, -0.5989665389060974, 0.15226314961910248, -0.26842793822288513, -0.18873345851898193, 0.1895374059677124, 0.0904652401804924, -0.43160519003868103, -0.1089971661567688, -0.4603806436061859, 0.1925250142812729, 0.7687354683876038, 0.4846755862236023, -0.13111069798469543, -0.09051050245761871, -0.3597424030303955, -0.022642217576503754, -0.046277958899736404, 0.12572820484638214, -0.23409578204154968, 0.15663225948810577, -0.9835737347602844, 0.10069051384925842, -0.36788511276245117, 0.5060510039329529, 0.06334751099348068, -0.529584527015686, -0.7881009578704834, -0.6062396168708801, 0.21434791386127472, -0.1266447901725769, 0.5538626313209534, -0.3149331510066986, 0.17653483152389526, -0.01216141227632761, 0.15344637632369995, 0.09170936793088913, -0.30936235189437866, -0.6908511519432068, 0.1933131068944931, -0.4413359463214874, -0.9974634051322937, 0.23931396007537842, -0.04185163602232933, 0.23330265283584595, -0.5237457752227783, 0.23288364708423615, -0.21701286733150482, 0.2632753849029541, -0.19413413107395172, 0.568513810634613, 0.39732760190963745, -0.023673225194215775, 0.3896368145942688, 0.17843124270439148, -0.6365214586257935, -0.06180337443947792, 0.31237393617630005, 0.1779579371213913, -0.14121270179748535, 0.8429521322250366, -0.3845950663089752, 0.5032380223274231, 0.5140128135681152, -0.2581062614917755, 0.1589105874300003, 0.1583590805530548, 0.008681520819664001, 0.6783519983291626, -0.16437895596027374, -0.007382061332464218, 0.2590857446193695, -0.3804282546043396, -0.3038251996040344, 0.43071651458740234, -0.3224623203277588, -0.4680260419845581, 0.192229226231575, 0.6760968565940857, 0.264981746673584, 0.1077442392706871, -0.011431392282247543, -0.2533838152885437, 0.10291656851768494, 0.9372368454933167, 0.3841491937637329, -0.27880460023880005, 0.3180118799209595, 0.41546905040740967, -0.2097800076007843, 0.42976751923561096, -0.46238335967063904, 0.5331496000289917, -0.7518497109413147, 0.27836874127388, -0.2963978350162506, -0.39957648515701294, -0.5418254137039185, 0.2606489658355713, 0.06427737325429916, 0.516508936882019, 0.01200807373970747, 0.34076717495918274, -0.2572788894176483, 0.6324225664138794, 0.2224469929933548, -0.3124071955680847, 0.2589130103588104, 0.24095378816127777, -0.03626362606883049, -0.21511037647724152, 0.44742870330810547, 0.4857657253742218, -0.51487797498703, 0.8107132315635681, 0.24620451033115387, 0.11829163134098053, -0.7419248819351196, -0.05539762228727341, 0.01678302511572838, -0.40322214365005493, -0.42328348755836487, 0.12105226516723633, -0.1286068558692932, -0.06584232300519943, 0.3452795147895813, -0.19812710583209991, -0.22155264019966125, -0.09959758818149567, -0.12792512774467468, -0.31979435682296753, 0.5126919150352478, -0.1660863608121872, -0.021150212734937668, 0.0744064599275589, 0.8745368719100952, -0.03552639111876488, -0.225698783993721, 0.14042653143405914, 0.38973739743232727, -0.26984676718711853, -0.10323580354452133, -0.2839981019496918, 0.23083975911140442, -0.5403028130531311, 0.27069810032844543, -0.5511270761489868, 0.46509256958961487, 0.4285012185573578, -0.2211603969335556, -0.3815484344959259, 0.3887934684753418, 0.09007006883621216, 0.0010679662227630615, 0.38726508617401123, -0.6610885858535767, 0.43162110447883606, -0.42926743626594543, 0.17659686505794525, 0.5356048345565796, 0.41925907135009766, 0.29983043670654297, -0.7021626830101013, -0.25350406765937805, 0.66147381067276, 0.08486195653676987, -0.10565164685249329, 0.20892919600009918, -0.25186052918434143, 0.2638382613658905, -0.28111323714256287, 0.8212094902992249, 0.023627879098057747, -0.344333291053772, 0.3833158314228058, 0.6548046469688416, 0.3438093066215515, -0.03114783950150013, 0.22963851690292358, -0.35537251830101013, 0.45543619990348816, 0.06379398703575134, -1.1453245878219604, 0.0056308056227862835, -0.42290541529655457, -0.22875121235847473, 0.039785802364349365, 0.21384376287460327, 0.09592608362436295, -0.3935607671737671, 0.352527379989624, 0.21021857857704163, -0.5009019374847412, -0.12498883903026581, 0.04022359102964401, -0.4663568139076233, -0.6673033237457275, 0.2732219099998474 ]
216485	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%20P.%20Benjamin	Judah P. Benjamin	Judah Philip Benjamin, QC (August 6, 1811 – May 6, 1884) was a United States Senator from Louisiana, a Cabinet officer of the Confederate States and, after his escape to the United Kingdom at the end of the American Civil War, an English barrister. Benjamin was the first Jew to hold a Cabinet position in North America and the first to be elected to the United States Senate who had not renounced his faith. Benjamin was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from London, who had moved to St. Croix in the Danish West Indies when it was occupied by Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. Seeking greater opportunities, his family immigrated to the United States, eventually settling in Charleston, South Carolina. Judah Benjamin attended Yale College but left without graduating. He moved to New Orleans, where he read law and passed the bar. Benjamin rose rapidly both at the bar and in politics. He became a wealthy planter and slaveowner and was elected to and served in both houses of the Louisiana legislature prior to his election by the legislature to the US Senate in 1852. There, he was an eloquent supporter of slavery. After Louisiana seceded in 1861, Benjamin resigned as senator and returned to New Orleans. He soon moved to Richmond after Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him as Attorney General. Benjamin had little to do in that position, but Davis was impressed by his competence and appointed him as Secretary of War. Benjamin firmly supported Davis, and the President reciprocated the loyalty by promoting him to Secretary of State in March 1862, while Benjamin was being criticized for the rebel defeat at the Battle of Roanoke Island. As Secretary of State, Benjamin attempted to gain official recognition for the Confederacy by France and the United Kingdom, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. To preserve the Confederacy as military defeats made its situation increasingly desperate, he advocated freeing and arming the slaves late in the war, but his proposals were only partially accepted in the closing month of the war. When Davis fled the Confederate capital of Richmond in early 1865, Benjamin went with him. He left the presidential party and was successful in escaping from the mainland United States, but Davis was captured by Union troops. Benjamin sailed to Great Britain, where he settled and became a barrister, again rising to the top of his profession before retiring in 1883. He died in Paris the following year. Early and personal life Judah Philip Benjamin was born on August 6, 1811, in St. Croix of the Danish West Indies (today the United States Virgin Islands), a colony then occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars. His parents were Sephardi Jews who married in London, Philip Benjamin (who had been born on the British colony of Nevis) and the former Rebecca de Mendes. Philip and Rebecca had been shopkeepers and migrated to the West Indies in search of better opportunities. Judah, the third of seven children, was given the same name as an older brother who died in infancy. Following a tradition adhered to by some Sephardi, he was named for his paternal grandfather, who performed the brit milah, or circumcision ceremony. The Benjamins encountered hard times in the Danish West Indies, as normal trade was blocked by the British occupation. In 1813 the Benjamin family moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina, where they had relatives. Philip Benjamin was not financially successful there, and around 1821 moved with his family to Charleston, South Carolina. That city had the largest Jewish community in the United States and a reputation for religious tolerance. Benjamin was learned in his faith but not a successful businessman; Rebecca earned money for the family by operating a fruit stand near the harbor. Phillip Benjamin was a first cousin and business partner of Moses Elias Levy from the West Indies. Levy also immigrated to the United States, in the early 1820s. Judah and two siblings were boarded with relatives in Fayetteville for about 18 months after the rest of the family moved to Charleston. He attended the Fayetteville Academy, a well-regarded school where his intelligence was recognized. In Charleston, his father was among the founders of the first Reform congregation in the United States. It developed practices that included shorter services conducted in English rather than in Hebrew. Benjamin was ultimately expelled from that community, as he did not keep the Sabbath. The extent of Judah's religious education is uncertain. The boy's intelligence was noted by others in Charleston, one of whom offered to finance his education. At the age of 14, in 1825, Benjamin entered Yale College, an institution popular among white Southerners; Vice President John C. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, was among its alumni. Although Benjamin was successful as a student at Yale, he left abruptly in 1827 without completing his course of study. The reasons for this are uncertain: In 1861, when Louisiana left the Union and Benjamin resigned as a U.S. senator, an abolitionist newspaper alleged that he had been caught as a thief at Yale. He considered bringing suit for libel but litigation was impractical. In 1901, his sole surviving classmate wrote that Benjamin had been expelled for gambling. One of his biographers, Robert Meade, considered the evidence of wrongdoing by Benjamin to be "too strong to be ignored", but noted that at the time Benjamin left Yale, he was only 16 years old. After a brief return to Charleston, Benjamin moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. According to Rabbi Bertram W. Korn's volume on that city's Jews, he "arrived in New Orleans in 1828, with no visible assets other than the wit, charm, omnivorous mind and boundless energy with which he would find his place in the sun". After working in a mercantile business, he became a clerk for a law firm, where he began to read law, studying as an apprentice. Knowledge of French was important in practicing law in Louisiana, as the state's code was (and is still) based on French and Spanish law. To earn money, he tutored French Creoles in English; he taught the language to Natalie Bauché de St. Martin on the condition that she teach him French. In late 1832, at age 21, he was admitted to the bar. Early the following year, Benjamin married Natalie, who was Catholic and from a wealthy French Creole family. As part of her dowry, she brought with her $3,000 and two female slaves, aged 11 and 16 (together worth about $1,000). Even before the marriage, Natalie St. Martin had scandalized New Orleans society by her conduct. William De Ville, in his journal article on the Benjamin marriage contract, suggests that the "St. Martin family was not terribly distraught to be rid of their young daughter" and that "Benjamin was virtually suborned to marry [Natalie], and did so without hesitation in order to further his ambitions". The marriage was not a success. By the 1840s, Natalie Benjamin was living in Paris with the couple's only child, Ninette, whom she raised as a Catholic. Benjamin would visit them annually. While a senator, in the late 1850s he persuaded Natalie to rejoin him and expensively furnished a home in Washington for all three to live in. Natalie and their daughter soon embarked again for France. Benjamin, publicly humiliated by his failure to keep Natalie, consigned the household goods to auction. There were rumors, never substantiated, that Benjamin was impotent and that Natalie was unfaithful. Benjamin's troubled married life has led to speculation that he was gay. Daniel Brook, in a 2012 article about Benjamin, suggests that early biographies read as though "historians are presenting him as an almost farcically stereotypical gay man and yet wear such impervious heteronormative blinders that they themselves know not what they write". These conjectures were not given scholarly weight until 2001, when in an introduction to a reprinting of Meade's biography of Benjamin, Civil War historian William C. Davis acknowledged "cloaked suggestions that he [Benjamin] was a homosexual". Louisiana lawyer Within months of his admission to the bar, Benjamin argued his first case before the Supreme Court of Louisiana and won. Still, clients were slow to come in his first years in practice. He had enough free time to compile and publish, with Thomas Slidell, the Digest of the Reported Decisions of the Superior Court of the Late Territory of Orleans and the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana in 1834, which required the analysis of 6,000 cases. The book was an immediate success and helped launch Benjamin's career. When Slidell published a revised edition in 1840, he did so alone, as Benjamin was too busy litigating cases to participate. Benjamin became a specialist in commercial law, of which there was a great deal in New Orleans' busy river port—a center of international commerce and the domestic slave trade. By 1840, the city had become the fourth largest in the United States and among the wealthiest. Many of the best lawyers in the country practiced commercial law there, and Benjamin successfully competed with them. In one case, he successfully represented the seller of a slave against allegations that the seller knew the slave had incurable tuberculosis. Although Benjamin tried some jury cases, he preferred bench trials in commercial cases and was an expert at appeals. In 1842, Benjamin had a group of cases with international implications. He represented insurance companies being sued for the value of slaves who had revolted aboard the ship Creole in 1841, as they were being transported in the coastwise slave trade from Virginia to New Orleans. The rebels had sailed the ship to Nassau in the Bahamas, a British colony, where those who came ashore were freed, as Britain had abolished slavery in 1834. The owners of the slaves brought suit for $150,000 against their insurers, who declined to pay. Benjamin made several arguments, the most prominent of which was that the slaveowners had brought the revolt on themselves by packing the slaves in overcrowded conditions. Benjamin said in his brief to the court: The court ruled for Benjamin's clients, although on other grounds. Benjamin's brief was widely reprinted, including by abolitionist groups. Historian Eli Evans, Benjamin's biographer, does not believe that the argument in the Creole case represented Benjamin's personal view; rather, he was an advocate for his clients in an era when it was usual to write dramatically to distract attention from the weaker points of a case. Evans finds it remarkable and a testament to Benjamin that he could be elected to office in antebellum Louisiana, a slave society, after writing such words. Electoral career State politician Benjamin was a supporter of the Whig Party from the time of its formation in the early 1830s. He became increasingly involved in the party, and in 1841 ran unsuccessfully for the New Orleans Board of Aldermen. The following year, he was nominated for the Louisiana House of Representatives. He was elected, though the Democrats alleged fraud: Whig supporters, to obtain the vote at a time when the state had a restrictive property qualification for suffrage, acquired licenses for carriages. A voter did not have to demonstrate that the carriage existed, but his license had to be accepted as evidence of ownership by election officials. The Democratic press blamed Benjamin as the strategist behind this maneuver. In 1844, the legislature voted to hold a constitutional convention, and Benjamin was chosen as a delegate from New Orleans. At the convention, Benjamin successfully opposed counting a slave as three-fifths of a human being for purposes of representation in state elections, as was done in federal elections. His position prevailed, and slaves were not counted at all for electoral purposes in Louisiana state elections. According to Evans, his "tact, courtesy, and ability to find compromises impressed the political elders in all corners of the state". Rabbi Myron Berman, in his history of Jews in Richmond, describes the attitude of antebellum white Southerners toward Jews: By the early 1840s, Benjamin was wealthy from his law practice and, with a partner, bought a sugar cane plantation, Bellechasse. This purchase, and the subsequent construction of a grand house there, advanced Benjamin's ambitions; the planter class controlled Louisiana politics and would trust only a man who also owned substantial land and slaves. The Benjamin marriage was by then failing, and he hoped in vain that his wife would be content at the plantation. Benjamin threw his energy into improving Bellechasse, importing new varieties of sugar cane and adopting up-to-date methods and equipment to extract and process the sugar. He purchased 140 slaves to work the plantation, and had a reputation as a humane slaveowner. Benjamin scaled back his involvement in politics in the late 1840s, distracted by his plantation and law practice. His mother Rebecca, whom he had brought to New Orleans, died in 1847 during a yellow fever epidemic. In 1848, Benjamin was a Whig member of the Electoral College; he voted for fellow Louisiana planter, General Zachary Taylor, who was elected U.S. President. He and other Louisianans accompanied President-elect Taylor to Washington for his inauguration, and Benjamin attended a state dinner given by outgoing president James K. Polk. In 1850, Millard Fillmore, who succeeded Taylor after his death earlier that year, appointed Benjamin as judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. He was confirmed by the Senate, but he declined the appointment as the salary of $3,500 was too small. The following year, Benjamin assisted the United States Attorney in New Orleans in prosecuting American adventurers who had tried to spark a rebellion against Spanish rule in Cuba, but two trials both ended in hung juries. Mexican railroad Benjamin became interested in strengthening trade connections between New Orleans and California, and promoted an infrastructure project to build a railroad across the Mexican isthmus near Oaxaca; this would speed passenger traffic and cargo shipments. According to The New York Times, in an 1852 speech to a railroad builders' convention, Benjamin said this trade route "belongs to New Orleans. Its commerce makes empires of the countries to which it flows." Benjamin lobbied fellow lawmakers about the project, gained funds from private New York bankers, and even helped organize construction crews. In private correspondence he warned backers of problems; project workers suffered yellow fever, shipments of construction materials hit rough seas, and actions or inaction by both U.S. and Mexican officials caused delays and increases in construction costs. Backers had invested several hundred thousand dollars by the time the project died after the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Election to the Senate Benjamin spent the summer of 1851 abroad, including a visit to Paris to see Natalie and Ninette. He was still away in October 1851, when the Whigs nominated him for the state Senate. Despite his absence, he was easily elected. When the new legislature met in January 1852, Benjamin emerged as one of the leading Whig candidates for election to the U.S. Senate seat that would become vacant on March 4, 1853. As the Louisiana legislature, responsible for electing the state's senators, met once in two years under the 1845 constitution, it was not scheduled to meet again before the seat became vacant. Some Whig newspapers thought Benjamin too young and inexperienced at forty, despite his undoubted talent, but the Whig legislative caucus selected him on the second ballot, and he was elected by the two houses over Democrat Solomon W. Downs. The outgoing president, Fillmore, offered to nominate Benjamin, a fellow Whig, to fill a Supreme Court vacancy after the Senate Democrats had defeated Fillmore's other nominees for the post. The New York Times reported on February 15, 1853, that "if the President nominates Benjamin, the Democrats are determined to confirm him." The new president, Franklin Pierce, a Democrat, also offered Benjamin a place on the Supreme Court. Pierce Butler suggested in his 1908 biography of Benjamin that the newly elected senator likely declined these offers not only because he preferred active politics, but because he could maintain his law practice and substantial income as a senator, but could not as a justice. As an advocate before the U.S. Supreme Court, Benjamin won 13 of his first 18 cases. Judah Benjamin was sworn in as senator from Louisiana on March 4, 1853, at a brief meeting called just prior to President Pierce's inauguration. These new colleagues included Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia, and Sam Houston of Texas. The slavery issue was in a brief remission as much of the country wished to accept the Compromise of 1850 as a final settlement. When the Senate was not in session, Benjamin remained in Washington, D.C., conducting a lucrative practice including many cases before the Supreme Court, then conveniently located in a room of the Capitol. His law partners in New Orleans took care of his firm's affairs there. About this time Benjamin sold his interest in Bellechasse, lacking the time to deal with plantation business. Spokesman for slavery Benjamin's view that slavery should continue was based in his belief that citizens had a right to their property as guaranteed by the Constitution. As Butler put it, "he could no more see that it was right for Northern people to rob him of his slave than it would be for him to connive at horse stealing". He avoided the arguments of some that the slaves were inferior beings, and that their position was ordained by God: Evans ascribes this to Benjamin not being raised as a slaveowner, but coming to it later in life. Benjamin joined in a widespread view of white Southerners that the African American would not be ready for emancipation for many years, if ever. They feared that freeing the slaves would ruin many and lead to murders and rapes by the newly liberated of their former masters and mistresses. Such a massacre had been feared by Southerners since the Haitian Revolution, the violent revolt known as "Santo Domingo" in the South, in which the slaves of what became Haiti killed many whites and mulattoes in 1804 while gaining independence from French control. When the anti-slavery book Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in 1852, Benjamin spoke out against Harriet Beecher Stowe's portrayal. He said that slaves were for the most part well treated, and plantation punishments, such as whipping or branding, were more merciful than sentences of imprisonment that a white man might receive in the North for similar conduct. In early 1854, Senator Douglas introduced his Kansas–Nebraska Bill, calling for popular sovereignty to determine whether the Kansas and Nebraska territories should enter the Union as slave or free states. Depending on the outcome of such elections, slavery might spread to territories closed to it under the Missouri Compromise of 1820. In the debate over the bill, Benjamin defended this change as returning to "the traditions of the fathers", that the federal government not legislate on the subject of slavery. He said that the South merely wished to be left alone. The bill passed, but its passage had drastic political effects, as the differences between North and South that had been thought settled by both the 1820 and 1850 compromises were reopened. The Whig Party was torn apart North from South, with many Northern Whigs joining the new Republican Party, a group pledged to oppose the spread of slavery. Benjamin continued to caucus with the remains of the Whig Party through 1854 and 1855, but as a member of a legislative minority, he had little influence on legislation, and received no important committee assignments. In May 1856 Benjamin joined the Democrats, stating they had the principles of the old-time Whig Party. He indicated, in a letter to constituents, that as Northern Whigs had failed to vote to uphold the rights granted to Southern states in the Constitution, the Whigs, as a national party, were no more. At a state dinner given by Pierce, Benjamin first met Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, whose wife Varina described the Louisiana senator as having "rather the air of a witty bon vivant than of a great senator". The two men, both ambitious for leadership in the South and the nation, formed a relationship that Evans describes as "respectful but wary". The two had occasional differences; when in 1858, Davis, by then a Mississippi senator, was irritated by Benjamin's questioning him on a military bill and suggested that Benjamin was acting as a paid attorney, the Louisianan challenged him to a duel. Davis apologized. Benjamin, in his speeches in the Senate, took the position that the Union was a compact by the states from which any of them could secede. Nevertheless, he understood that any dissolution would not be peaceful, stating in 1856 that "dreadful will be the internecine war that must ensue". In 1859, Benjamin was elected to a second term, but allegations of involvement in land scandals and the fact that upstate legislators objected to both of Louisiana's senators being from New Orleans stretched the contest to 42 ballots before he prevailed. Secession crisis Benjamin worked to deny Douglas the 1860 Democratic presidential nomination, feeling he had turned against the South. Douglas contended that although the Supreme Court, in Dred Scott v. Sandford, had stated Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, the people of each territory could pass legislation to bar it. This position was anathema to the South. Benjamin praised Douglas's opponent in his re-election bid, former congressman Abraham Lincoln, for at least being true to his principles as an opponent of the expansion of slavery, whereas the senator considered Douglas to be a hypocrite. Benjamin was joined in his opposition to Douglas by Senator Davis; the two were so successful that the 1860 convention was not able to nominate anyone and split into Northern and Southern factions. The Northerners backed Douglas while Southern delegates chose Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Despite their agreement in opposing Douglas, Benjamin and Davis differed on some race issues: in May, Benjamin voted for a bill to aid Africans liberated by U.S. naval vessels from illegal slave ships, in order to return them to their native continent from Key West. Davis and many other Southerners opposed the bill. Between June and December 1860 Benjamin was almost entirely absorbed in the case of United States v. Castillero that was tried in San Francisco during the latter part of that period. The case concerned a land grant by the former Mexican government of California. Castillero had leased part of his land to British mining companies, and when American authorities ruled the grant invalid, they hired Benjamin; he spent four months in San Francisco working on the case. The trial began in October, and Benjamin gave an address lasting six days. The local correspondent for The New York Times wrote that Benjamin, "a distinguished stranger", drew the largest crowds to the courtroom and "the Senator is making this terribly tedious case interesting". Benjamin sailed for New York once the case was submitted for decision in early November. The court's ruling, rendered in January 1861, was substantially for the company but, not satisfied, it appealed. It lost the case entirely to an adverse decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, three justices dissenting, the following year. Benjamin was by then a Confederate Cabinet officer, and could not argue the case. His co-counsel filed his brief with the court. By the time Benjamin returned to the East Coast, the Republican candidate, Lincoln, had been elected president, and there was talk, in Louisiana and elsewhere, of secession from the Union. The New Orleans Picayune reported that Benjamin favored secession only in the last resort. On December 23, 1860, another Louisiana periodical, the Delta, printed a letter from Benjamin dated the eighth stating that, as the people of the North were of unalterable hostility to their Southern brethren, the latter should depart from the government common to them. He also signed a joint letter from Southern congressmen to their constituents, urging the formation of a confederation of the seceding states. According to a letter reportedly written by Benjamin during the crisis, he saw secession as a means of obtaining more favorable terms in a reformed Union. With Southern opinion turning in favor of secession, Benjamin made a farewell speech in the Senate on December 31, 1860, to a packed gallery, desirous of hearing one of the South's most eloquent voices. They were not disappointed; Evans writes that "historians consider Benjamin's farewell ... one of the great speeches in American history". Benjamin foresaw that the South's departure would lead to civil war: According to Geoffrey D. Cunningham in his article on Benjamin's role in secession, "Swept up in the popular cries for independence, Benjamin willingly went out with the Southern tide." He and his Louisiana colleague, John Slidell, resigned from the U.S. Senate on February 4, 1861, nine days after their state voted to secede from the Union. Confederate statesman Attorney General Fearful of arrest as a rebel once he left the Senate, Benjamin quickly departed Washington for New Orleans. On the day of Benjamin's resignation, the Provisional Confederate States Congress gathered in Montgomery, Alabama, and soon chose Davis as president. Davis was sworn in as provisional Confederate States President on February 18, 1861. At home in New Orleans for, it would prove, the last time, Benjamin addressed a rally on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1861. On February 25, Davis appointed Benjamin, still in New Orleans, as attorney general; the Louisianan was approved immediately and unanimously by the provisional Congress. Davis thus became the first chief executive in North America to appoint a Jew to his Cabinet. Davis, in his memoirs, remarked that he chose Benjamin because he "had a very high reputation as a lawyer, and my acquaintance with him in the Senate had impressed me with the lucidity of his intellect, his systematic habits, and capacity for labor". Meade suggested that Davis wanted to have a Louisianan in his Cabinet, but that a smarter course of action would have been to send Benjamin abroad to win over the European governments. Butler called Benjamin's appointment "a waste of good material". Historian William C. Davis, in his volume on the formation of the Confederate government, notes, "For some there was next to nothing to do, none more so than Benjamin." The role of the attorney general in a Confederacy that did not yet have federal courts or marshals was so minimal that initial layouts for the building housing the government in Montgomery allotted no space to the Justice Department. Meade found the time that Benjamin spent as attorney general to be fruitful, as it allowed him the opportunity to judge Davis's character and to ingratiate himself with the president. Benjamin served as a host, entertaining dignitaries and others Davis had no time to see. At the first Cabinet meeting, Benjamin counseled Davis to have the government buy 150,000 bales of cotton for shipment to the United Kingdom, with the proceeds used to buy arms and for future needs. His advice was not taken, as the Cabinet believed the war would be short and successful. Benjamin was called upon from time to time to render legal opinions, writing on April 1 to assure Treasury Secretary Christopher Memminger that lemons and oranges could enter the Confederacy duty-free, but walnuts could not. Once Virginia joined the Confederacy, the capital was moved to Richmond, though against Benjamin's advice—he believed that the city was too close to the North. Nevertheless, he traveled there with his brother-in-law, Jules St. Martin; the two lived in the same house throughout the war, and Benjamin probably procured the young man's job at the War Department. Although Alabama's Leroy Walker was Secretary of War, Davis—a war hero and former U.S. War Secretary—considered himself more qualified and gave many orders himself. When the Confederates were unable to follow up their victory at the First Battle of Manassas by threatening Washington, Walker was criticized in the press. In September, Walker resigned to join the army as a brigadier general, and Davis appointed Benjamin in his place. Butler wrote that Davis had found the cheerfully competent Benjamin "a most useful member of the official family, and thought him suited for almost any post in it." In addition to his appointment as War Secretary, Benjamin continued to act as Attorney General until November 15, 1861. Secretary of War As War Secretary, Benjamin was responsible for a territory stretching from Virginia to Texas. It was his job, with Davis looking over his shoulder, to supervise the Confederate Army and to feed, supply, and arm it in a nascent country with almost no arms manufacturers. Accordingly, Benjamin saw his job as closely tied to foreign affairs, as the Confederacy was dependent on imports to supply its troops. Davis had chosen a "defensive war" strategy: the Confederacy would await invasion by the Union and then seek to defeat its armies until Lincoln tired of sending them. Davis and Benjamin worked together closely, and as Davis came to realize that his subordinate was loyal to the Confederacy and to Davis personally, he returned complete trust in Benjamin. Varina Davis wrote, "It was to me a curious spectacle, the steady approximation to a thorough friendliness of the President and his War Minister. It was a very gradual rapprochement, but all the more solid for that reason." In his months as War Secretary, Benjamin sent thousands of communications. According to Evans, Benjamin initially "turn[ed] prejudice to his favor and play[ed] on the Southerner's instinctive respect for the Jewish mind with a brilliant performance." Nevertheless, Benjamin faced difficulties that he could do little to solve. The Confederacy lacked sufficient soldiers, trained officers to command them, naval and civilian ships, manufacturing capacity to make ships and many weapons, and powder for guns and cannon. The Union had those things and moved to block the South's access to European supplies, both by blockades and by buying up supplies that the South might have secured. Other problems included drunkenness among the men and their officers and uncertainty as to when and where the expected Northern invasion would begin. Also, Benjamin had no experience of the military or of the executive branch of the government, placing him in a poor position to contradict Davis. An insurgency against the Confederacy developed in staunchly pro-Union East Tennessee in late 1861, and at Davis's order, Benjamin sent troops to crush it. Once it was put down, Benjamin and Davis were in a quandary about what to do about its leader, William "Parson" Brownlow, who had been captured, and eventually allowed him to cross to Union-controlled territory in the hope that it would cause Lincoln to release Confederate prisoners. While Brownlow was in Southern custody, he stated that he expected, "no more mercy from Benjamin than was shown by his illustrious predecessors towards Jesus Christ". Benjamin had difficulty in managing the Confederacy's generals. He quarreled with General P.G.T. Beauregard, a war hero since his victory at First Manassas. Beauregard sought to add a rocket battery to his command, an action that Benjamin stated was not authorized by law. He was most likely relaying Davis's views, and when challenged by Beauregard, Davis backed Benjamin, advising the general to "dismiss this small matter from your mind. In the hostile masses before you, you have a subject more worthy of your contemplation". In January 1862, Stonewall Jackson's forces had advanced in western Virginia, leaving troops under William W. Loring at the small town of Romney. Distant from Jackson's other forces and ill-supplied, Loring and other officers petitioned the War Department to be recalled, and Benjamin, after consulting Davis, so ordered after he used the pretext of rumored Union troop movements in the area. Jackson complied but, in a letter to Benjamin, asked to be removed from the front or to resign. High-ranking Confederates soothed Jackson into withdrawing his request. The power of state governments was another flaw in the Confederacy and a problem for Benjamin. Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown repeatedly demanded arms and the return of Georgian troops to defend his state. North Carolina Governor Henry T. Clark also wanted troops returned to him to defend his coastline. After Cape Hatteras, on the North Carolina's coast, was captured, Confederate forces fell back to Roanoke Island. If it fell, a number of ports in that area of the coast would be at risk, and Norfolk, Virginia, might be threatened by land. General Henry A. Wise, commanding Roanoke, also demanded troops and supplies. He received little from Benjamin's War Department that had no arms to send, as the Union blockade was preventing supplies from being imported. That Confederate armories were empty was a fact not publicly known at the time. Benjamin and Davis hoped that the island's defenses could hold off the Union forces, but an overwhelming number of troops were landed in February 1862 at an undefended point, and the Confederates were quickly defeated. Combined with Union General Ulysses S. Grant's capture of Fort Henry, the site of the Battle of Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, it was the most severe military blow yet to the Confederacy, and there was a public outcry against Benjamin, led by General Wise. It was revealed a quarter-century after the war that Benjamin and Davis had agreed for Benjamin to act as a scapegoat, rather than to reveal the shortage of arms. Not knowing it, the Richmond Examiner accused Benjamin of "stupid complacency." Diarist Mary Chestnut recorded that "the mob calls him Mr. Davis's pet Jew." The Wise family never forgave Benjamin, to the detriment of his memory in Southern eyes. Wise's son, Captain Jennings Wise, fell at Roanoke Island, and Henry's grandson John Wise, interviewed in 1936, told Meade that "the fat Jew sitting at his desk" was to blame. Another of the general's sons, also named John Wise, wrote a highly-popular book about the South in the Civil War, The End of an Era (1899) in which he said that Benjamin "had more brains and less heart than any other civic leader in the South.... The Confederacy and its collapse were no more to Judah P. Benjamin than last year's birds nest." The Confederate States Congress established a special committee to investigate the military losses, and Benjamin testified before it. The Secretary of State, Virginia's Robert M. T. Hunter, had quarreled with Davis and resigned, and in March 1862, Benjamin was appointed as his replacement. Varina Davis noted that some in Congress had sought Benjamin's ouster "because of reverses which no one could have averted, [so] the President promoted him to the State Department with a personal and aggrieved sense of injustice done to the man who had now become his friend and right hand." Richmond diarist Sallie Ann Brock Putnam wrote, "Mr. Benjamin was not forgiven... this act on the part of the President [in promoting Benjamin], in defiance of public opinion, was considered as unwise, arbitrary, and a reckless risking of his reputation and popularity... [Benjamin] was ever afterwards unpopular in the Confederacy, and particularly in Virginia." Despite the promotion, the committee reported that any blame for the defeat at Roanoke Island should attach to Wise's superior, Major General Benjamin Huger, "and the late secretary of war, J.P. Benjamin." Confederate Secretary of State Throughout his time as Secretary of State, Benjamin tried to induce Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy—no other nation was likely to do so unless these powerful states led the way. The protection this would bring to the Confederacy and its foreign trade was hoped to be enough to save it. Basis of Confederate foreign policy By the 1850s, cheap Southern cotton fueled the industries of Europe. The mills of Britain, developed during the first half of the 19th century, by 1860 used more cotton than the rest of the industrialized world combined. Cotton imports to Britain came almost entirely from the American South. According to an article in The Economist in 1853, "let any great social or physical convulsion visit the United States, and England would feel the shock from Land's End to John O'Groat's. The lives of nearly two million of our countrymen ... hang upon a thread." In 1855, an Ohioan, David Christy, published Cotton Is King: or Slavery in the Light of Political Economy. Christy argued that the flow of cotton was so important to the industrialized world that cutting it off would be devastating—not least to the Northern United States, as cotton was by far the largest U.S. export. This became known as the "King Cotton" theory, to which Davis was an enthusiastic subscriber. Benjamin also spoke in favor of the theory, though Butler suspected he may have "known better", based on his firsthand knowledge of Europe. When war came, Davis, against Benjamin's advice, imposed an embargo on exports of cotton to nations that had not recognized the Confederate government, hoping to force such relations, especially with Britain and France. As the Union was attempting to prevent cotton from being exported from Confederate ports by a blockade and other means, this played to a certain extent into the hands of Lincoln and his Secretary of State, William H. Seward. Additionally, when the war began, Britain had a large surplus of cotton in warehouses, enough to keep the mills running at least part-time for a year or so. Although many prominent Britons believed the South would prevail, there was a reluctance to recognize Richmond until it had gained the military victories to put its foe at bay. Much of this was due to hatred of slavery, though part of it stemmed from a desire to remain on good terms with the U.S. government—due to a drought in 1862, Britain was forced to import large quantities of wheat and flour from the United States. Also, Britain feared the expansionist Americans might invade the vulnerable Canadian colonies, as Seward hinted they might. Appointment Davis appointed Benjamin as Secretary of State on March 17, 1862. He was promptly confirmed by the Confederate Senate. A motion to reconsider the confirmation was lost, 13–8. According to Butler, the appointment of Benjamin brought Davis little political support, as the average white Southerner did not understand Benjamin and somewhat disliked him. As there was not much open opposition to Davis in the South at the time, Benjamin's appointment was not criticized, but was not given much praise either. Meade noted, "the silence of many influential newspapers was ominous. [Benjamin's] promotion in the face of such bitter criticism of his conduct in the war office caused the first serious lack of confidence in the Davis government." Meade wrote that, since the Secretary of State would have to work closely with Jefferson Davis, Benjamin was likely the person best suited to the position. In addition to his relationship with the President, Benjamin was very close to the Confederate First Lady, Varina Davis, with whom he exchanged confidences regarding war events and the President's health. "Together, and by turns, they could help him over the most difficult days." For recreation, Benjamin frequented Richmond's gambling dens, playing poker and faro. He was incensed when British correspondent William Howard Russell publicized his gambling, feeling that it was an invasion of his private affairs. He was also displeased that Russell depicted him as a losing gambler, when his reputation was the opposite. Early days (1862–1863) The Trent Affair had taken place before Benjamin took office as Secretary of State: a U.S. warship had in October 1861 removed Confederate diplomats James Mason and James Slidell (Benjamin's former Louisiana colleague in the U.S. Senate) and their private secretaries from a British-flagged vessel. The crisis brought the U.S. and Britain near war, and was resolved by their release. By the time of Benjamin's appointment, Mason and Slidell were at their posts in London and Paris as putative ministers from the Confederacy, seeking recognition by the governments of Britain and France. With difficult communications between the South and Europe (dispatches were often lost or intercepted), Benjamin was initially reluctant to change the instructions given the agents by Secretary Hunter. Communications improved by 1863, with Benjamin ordering that dispatches be sent to Bermuda or the Bahamas, from where they reached the Confederacy by blockade runner. As a practical matter, Benjamin's chances of gaining European recognition rose and fell with the military fortunes of the Confederacy. When, at the end of June 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee turned back Union General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles, ending the immediate threat to Richmond, Emperor Napoleon III of France favorably received proposals from Benjamin, through Slidell, for the French to intervene on the Confederacy's behalf in exchange for trade concessions. Nevertheless, the Emperor proved unwilling to act without Britain. In August 1862, Mason, angered by the refusal of British government ministers to meet with him, threatened to resign his post. Benjamin soothed him, stating that while Mason should not submit to insulting treatment, resignation should not take place without discussion. The bloody standoff at Antietam in September 1862 that ended Lee's first major incursion into the North gave Lincoln the confidence in Union arms he needed to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. British newspapers mocked Lincoln for hypocrisy in freeing slaves only in Confederate-held areas, where he could exercise no authority. British officials had been shocked by the outcome of Antietam—they had expected Lee to deliver another brilliant victory—and now considered an additional reason for intervening in the conflict. Antietam, the bloodiest day of the war, had been a stalemate; they read this as presaging an overall deadlock in the war, with North and South at each other's throats for years as Britain's mills sat empty and its people starved. France agreed with this assessment. The final few months of 1862 saw a high water mark for Benjamin's diplomacy. In October, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Gladstone, expressed confidence in Confederate victory, stating in Newcastle, "There is no doubt that Jefferson Davis and other leaders of the South have made an army. They are making, it appears, a navy, and they have made what is more than either—they have made a nation." Later that month, Napoleon proposed to the British and Russians (a U.S. ally) that they combine to require a six months' armistice for mediation, and an end to the blockade; if they did so, it would likely lead to Southern independence. The proposal divided the British Cabinet. In mid-November, at the urgings of Palmerston and War Secretary George Cornewall Lewis, members decided to continue to wait for the South to defeat Lincoln's forces before recognizing it. Although proponents of intervention were prepared to await another opportunity, growing realization among the British public that the Emancipation Proclamation meant that Union victory would be slavery's end made succoring the South politically infeasible. Benjamin had not been allowed to offer the inducement for intervention that might have succeeded—abolition of slavery in the Confederacy, and because of that, Meade deemed his diplomacy "seriously, perhaps fatally handicapped". The Secretary of State blamed Napoleon for the failure, believing the Emperor had betrayed the Confederacy to get the ruler the French had installed in Mexico, Maximilian, accepted by the United States. In Paris, Slidell had been approached by the banking firm Erlanger et Cie. The company offered to float a loan to benefit the Confederacy. The proposed terms provided a large commission to Erlanger and would entitle the bondholder to cotton at a discounted price once the South won the war. Baron Frederic Emile d'Erlanger, head of the firm, journeyed to Richmond in early 1863, and negotiated with Benjamin, although the transaction properly fell within the jurisdiction of Treasury Secretary Memminger. The banker softened the terms somewhat, though they were still lucrative for his firm. Benjamin felt the deal was worth it, as it would provide the Confederacy with badly needed funds to pay its agents in Europe. Increasing desperation (1863–1865) The twin rebel defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in early July 1863 made it unlikely that Britain, or any other nation, would recognize a slaveholding Confederacy staggering towards oblivion. Accordingly, in August, Benjamin wrote to Mason telling him that as Davis believed the British unwilling to recognize the South, he was free to leave the country. In October, with Davis absent on a trip to Tennessee, Benjamin heard that the British consul in Savannah had forbidden British subjects in the Confederate Army from being used against the United States. The Secretary of State convened a Cabinet meeting, that expelled the remaining British consuls in Confederate-controlled territory, then notified Davis by letter. Evans suggests that Benjamin's actions made him the Confederacy's acting president—the first Jewish president. Benjamin supervised the Confederate Secret Service, responsible for covert operations in the North, and financed former federal Interior Secretary Jacob Thompson to work behind the scenes financing operations that might undermine Lincoln politically. Although efforts were made to boost Peace Democrats, the most prominent actions proved to be the St. Albans Raid (an attack on a Vermont town from Canada) and an unsuccessful attempt to burn New York City. In the aftermath of the war, these activities led to accusations that Benjamin and Davis were involved in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as one Confederate courier, John H. Surratt, who had received money from Benjamin, was tried for involvement in the conspiracy, though Surratt was acquitted. As the Confederacy's military fortunes flagged, there was increasing consideration of what would have been unthinkable in 1861—enlisting male slaves in the army and emancipating them for their service. In August 1863, B. H. Micou, a relative of a former law partner, wrote to Benjamin proposing the use of black soldiers. Benjamin responded that this was not feasible, principally for legal and financial reasons, and that the slaves were performing valuable services for the Confederacy where they were. According to Meade, "Benjamin did not offer any objections to Micou's plan except on practical grounds—he was not repelled by the radical nature of the proposal". A British financial agent for the Confederacy, James Spence, also urged emancipation as a means of gaining British recognition. Benjamin allowed Spence to remain in his position for almost a year despite the differences with Confederate policy, before finally dismissing him in late 1863. Despite official neutrality, tens of thousands from British-ruled Ireland were enlisting in the Union cause; Benjamin sent an agent to Ireland hoping to impede those efforts and Dudley Mann to Rome to urge Pope Pius IX to forbid Catholic Irish from enlisting. The Pope did not do so, though he responded sympathetically. In January 1864, Confederate General Patrick Cleburne, of the Army of Tennessee, proposed emancipating and arming the slaves. Davis, when he heard of it, turned it down and ordered it kept secret. Evans notes that Benjamin "had been thinking in similar terms for much longer, and perhaps the recommendation of so respected an officer was just the impetus he needed." The year 1864 was a disastrous one for the Confederacy, with Lee forced within siege lines at Petersburg and Union General William T. Sherman sacking Atlanta and devastating Georgia on his march to the sea. Benjamin urged Davis to send the secretary's fellow Louisianan, Duncan Kenner, to Paris and London, with an offer of emancipation in exchange for recognition. Davis was only willing to offer gradual emancipation, and both Napoleon and Palmerston rejected the proposal. Benjamin continued to press the matter, addressing a mass meeting in Richmond in February 1865 in support of arming the slaves and emancipating them. A bill eventually emerged from the Confederate Congress in March, but it had many restrictions, and it was too late to affect the outcome of the war. In January 1865, Lincoln, who had been re-elected the previous November, sent Francis Blair as an emissary to Richmond, hoping to secure reunion without further bloodshed. Both sides agreed to a meeting at Fort Monroe, Virginia. Benjamin drafted vague instructions for the Southern delegation, led by Vice President Alexander Stephens, but Davis insisted on modifying them to refer to North and South as "two nations". This was the point that scuttled the Hampton Roads Conference; Lincoln would not consider the South a separate entity, insisting on union and emancipation. Escape By March 1865, the Confederate military situation was desperate. Most major population centers had fallen, and General Lee's defense of Richmond was faltering against massive Union forces. Nevertheless, Benjamin retained his usual good humor; on the evening of April 1, with evacuation likely, he was at the State Department offices, singing a silly ballad of his own composition, "The Exit from Shocko Hill", a graveyard district located in Richmond. On April 2, Lee sent word that he could only keep Union troops away from the line of the Richmond and Danville Railroad—the only railroad still running out of Richmond—for a short time. Those who did not leave Richmond would be trapped. At 11:00 pm that night, the Confederate President and Cabinet left aboard a Danville-bound train. Navy Secretary Stephen R. Mallory recorded that Benjamin's "hope and good humor [was] inexhaustible ... with a 'never-give-up-the-ship' sort of air, referred to other great national causes which had been redeemed from far gloomier reverses than ours". In Danville, Benjamin shared a room with another refugee, in the home of a banker. For a week, Danville served as capital of the Confederacy, until word came of Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. With no army to shield the Confederate government, it would be captured by Union forces within days, so Davis and his Cabinet, including Benjamin, fled south to Greensboro, North Carolina. Five minutes after the train passed over the Haw River, Union cavalry raiders burned the bridge, trapping the trains that followed Davis's. Greensboro, fearing wrathful reprisal from the Union, gave the fugitives little hospitality, forcing Benjamin and the other Cabinet members to bunk in a railroad boxcar. Davis hoped to reach Texas, where rumor had it large Confederate forces remained active. The Cabinet met in Greensboro, and Generals Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston sketched the bleak military situation. Davis, backed as usual by Benjamin, was determined to continue to fight. The refugee government moved south on April 15. With the train tracks cut, most Cabinet members rode on horseback, but the heavyset Benjamin declared he would not ride on one until he had to, and shared an ambulance with Jules St. Martin and others. For the entertainment of his companions, Benjamin recited Tennyson's "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington". In Charlotte, Benjamin stayed in the home of a Jewish merchant as surrender negotiations dragged. Here, Benjamin abandoned Davis's plan to fight on, telling him and the Cabinet that the cause was hopeless. When negotiations failed, Benjamin was part of the shrunken remnant of associates that moved on with Davis. The party reached Abbeville, South Carolina on May 2, and Benjamin told Davis that he wanted to separate from the presidential party temporarily, and go to the Bahamas to be able to send instructions to foreign agents before rejoining Davis in Texas. According to historian William C. Davis, "the pragmatic Secretary of State almost certainly never had any intention of returning to the South once gone". When he bade John Reagan goodbye, the postmaster general asked where Benjamin was going. "To the farthest place from the United States, if it takes me to the middle of China." With one companion, Benjamin travelled south in a poor carriage, pretending to be a Frenchman who spoke no English. He had some gold with him, and left much of it for the support of relatives. He was traveling in the same general direction as the Davis party, but evaded capture whereas Davis was taken by Union troops. Benjamin reached Monticello, Florida, on May 13 to learn Union troops were in nearby Madison. Benjamin decided to continue alone on horseback, east and south along Florida's Gulf Coast, pretending to be a South Carolina farmer. John T. Lesley, James McKay, and C. J. Munnerlyn assisted in hiding Benjamin in a swamp, before eventually transporting him to Gamble Mansion in Ellenton, on the southwest coast of Florida. From there, assisted by the blockade runner Captain Frederick Tresca, he reached Bimini in the Bahamas. His escape from Florida to England was not without hardship: at one point he pretended to be a Jewish cook on Tresca's vessel, to deceive American soldiers who inspected it—one of whom stated it was the first time he had seen a Jew do menial labor. The small sponge-carrying vessel on which he left Bimini bound for Nassau exploded on the way, and he and the three black crewmen eventually managed to return to Bimini. Tresca's ship was still there, and he chartered it to take him to Nassau. From there, he took a ship for Havana, and on August 6, 1865, left there for Britain. He was not yet done with disaster; his ship caught fire after departing St. Thomas, and the crew put out the flames only with difficulty. On August 30, 1865, Judah Benjamin arrived at Southampton, in Britain. Career in England Benjamin spent a week in London assisting Mason in winding up Confederate affairs. He then went to Paris to visit his wife and daughter for the first time since before the war. Friends in Paris urged him to join a mercantile firm there, but Benjamin felt that such a career would be subject to interference by Seward and the United States. Accordingly, Benjamin sought to shape his old course in a new country, resuming his legal career as an English barrister. Most of Benjamin's property had been destroyed or confiscated, and he needed to make a living for himself and his relatives. He had money in the United Kingdom as he had, during the war, purchased cotton for transport to Liverpool by blockade runner. On January 13, 1866, Benjamin enrolled at Lincoln's Inn, and soon thereafter was admitted to read law under Charles Pollock, son of Chief Baron Charles Edward Pollock, who took him as a pupil at his father's direction. Benjamin, despite his age of 54, was initially required, like his thirty-years-younger peers, to attend for twelve terms, that is, three years. According to Benjamin's obituary in The Times, though, "the secretary of the Confederacy was dispensed from the regular three years of unprofitable dining, and called to the bar" on June 6, 1866. Once qualified as a barrister, Benjamin chose to join the Northern Circuit, as it included Liverpool, where his connections in New Orleans and knowledge of mercantile affairs would do him the most good. In an early case, he defended two former Confederate agents against a suit by the United States to gain assets said to belong to that nation. Although he lost that case (United States v Wagner) on appeal, he was successful against his former enemies in United States v McRae (1869). He had need of rapid success, as most of his remaining assets were lost in the collapse of the firm of Overend, Gurney and Company. He was reduced to penning columns on international affairs for The Daily Telegraph. According to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, "repeating his Louisiana progress, Benjamin made his reputation among his new peers by publication". In an early representation, he wrote a complex governing document for an insurance firm that other counsel had declined despite the substantial fee, due to the early deadline. After brief study, Benjamin wrote out the document, never making a correction or erasure. In 1868, Benjamin published A Treatise on the Law of Sale of Personal Property, With Reference to the American Decisions, to the French Code, and Civil Law. This work, known for short as Benjamin on Sales, became a classic in both Britain and America, and launched his career as a barrister. It went through three editions prior to Benjamin's death in 1884; an eighth edition was published in 2010. Today Benjamin's Sale of Goods forms part of the "common law library" of key practitioner texts on English civil law. In 1867, Benjamin had been indicted in Richmond, along with Davis, Lee, and others, for waging war against the United States. The indictment was soon quashed. Davis visited London in 1868, free on bail, and Benjamin advised him not to take legal action against the author of a book that had angered Davis, as it would only give the book publicity. Benjamin corresponded with Davis, and met with him on the former rebel president's visits to Europe during Benjamin's lifetime, though the two were never as close as they had been during the war. Benjamin was created a "Palatine silk", entitled to the precedence of a Queen's Counsel within Lancashire, in July 1869. There was a large creation of Queen's Counsel in early 1872, but Benjamin was not included; it was stated in his Times obituary that he had put his name forward. Later that year, he argued the case of Potter v Rankin before the House of Lords and so impressed Lord Hatherley that a patent of precedence was soon made out, giving Benjamin the privileges of a Queen's Counsel. As he became prominent as a barrister, he discontinued practice before juries (at which he was less successful) in favor of trials or appeals before judges. In his last years in practice, he demanded an additional fee of 100 guineas (£105) to appear in any court besides the House of Lords and the Privy Council. In 1875, he was made a bencher of Lincoln's Inn. In 1881, Benjamin represented Arthur Orton, the Tichborne claimant, before the House of Lords. Orton, a butcher from Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, had claimed to be Sir Roger Tichborne, a baronet who had vanished some years previously, and Orton had perjured himself in the course of defending his claim. Benjamin sought to overturn the sentence of 14 years passed on Orton, but was not successful. In his final years, Benjamin suffered from health issues. In 1880, he was badly injured in a fall from a tram in Paris. He also developed diabetes. He suffered a heart attack in Paris at the end of 1882, and his doctor ordered him to retire. His health improved enough to allow him to travel to London in June 1883 for a dinner in his honor attended by the English bench and bar. He returned to Paris and suffered a relapse of his heart trouble in early 1884. Natalie Benjamin had the last rites of the Catholic Church administered to her Jewish husband before his death in Paris on May 6, 1884, and funeral services were held in a church prior to Judah Benjamin's interment at Père Lachaise Cemetery in the St. Martin family crypt. His grave did not bear his name until 1938, when a plaque was placed by the Paris chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Appraisal Benjamin was the first U.S. senator to profess the Jewish faith. In 1845, David Yulee, born David Levy, the first cousin of Judah Benjamin’s father, had been sworn in for Florida, but he renounced Judaism and eventually formally converted to Christianity. As an adult, Benjamin married a non-Jew, was not a member of a synagogue, and took no part in communal affairs. He rarely spoke of his Jewish background publicly, but was not ashamed of it. Some of the stories told of Benjamin that touch on this subject come from Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, who referred to an address Benjamin delivered in a San Francisco synagogue on Yom Kippur in 1860, though whether this occurred is open to question as Wise was not there and it was not reported in the city's Jewish newspaper. One quote from Senate debate that remains "part of the Benjamin legend", according to Evans, followed an allusion to Moses as a freer of slaves by a Northern senator, hinting that Benjamin was an "Israelite in Egyptian clothing". Benjamin is supposed to have replied, "It is true that I am a Jew, and when my ancestors were receiving their Ten Commandments from the immediate hand of deity, amidst the thunderings and lightnings of Mount Sinai, the ancestors of my opponent were herding swine in the forests of Great Britain." However, this anecdote is likely apocryphal as the same exchange between British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (a converted Jew) and Daniel O'Connell took place in the House of Commons in 1835. Edgar M. Kahn, in his journal article on the 1860 California sojourn, wrote, "Benjamin's life is an example of a man's determination to overcome almost insurmountable barriers by industry, perseverance, and intelligent use of a remarkable brain." This brilliance was recognized by contemporaries; Salomon de Rothschild, in 1861, deemed Benjamin "the greatest mind" in North America. Nevertheless, according to Meade, "he was given to quixotic enthusiasms and was sometimes too cocksure of his knowledge." Ginsburg said of Benjamin, "he rose to the top of the legal profession twice in one lifetime, on two continents, beginning his first ascent as a raw youth and his second as a fugitive minister of a vanquished power." Davis, after Benjamin's death, deemed him the most able member of his Cabinet, and said that the lawyer's postwar career had fully vindicated his confidence in him. According to Brook, "in every age, a heroic sage struggles to rescue Benjamin from obscurity—and invariably fails." Benjamin left no memoir and destroyed his personal papers, by which "the task of future researchers and historians was made exceedingly difficult and laborious". After his death, Benjamin was rarely written about, in contrast to Davis and other Confederate leaders. Part of this was due to Benjamin depriving his potential biographers of source material, but even Davis, in his two-volume war memoir, mentions him only twice. Evans suggests that as Davis wrote the books in part to defend and memorialize his place in history, it would not have been characteristic of him to give much credit to Benjamin. Davis, in the midst of postwar business struggles, may have resented Benjamin's success as a barrister, or may have feared that allegations of involvement in Lincoln's assassination would again be made against the two men. Brook concurs that Benjamin's postwar success, that began as Davis lay in prison and other Confederates struggled for survival, may have soured Southerners towards the former secretary, but that anti-Semitism was also likely a factor. "For the guardians of Confederate memory after Reconstruction, Benjamin became a kind of pet Jew, generally ignored, but then trotted out at opportune moments to defend the segregated South against charges of bigotry." Those writing on Jewish history were reluctant to glorify a slaveowner, and reacted to Benjamin's story with "embarrassed dismay". This was especially so in the two generations following 1865 when the question of the Civil War remained an active issue in American politics. It was not until the 1930s that Benjamin began to be mentioned as a significant figure in the history of the United States, and in the chronicle of the Jews there. Nevertheless, Tom Mountain, in his 2009 article on Benjamin, points out that Benjamin was respected in the South as a leader of the rebel cause for a century after the Civil War, and that Southern schoolchildren who could not name the current Secretary of State in Washington knew about Benjamin. Reform Rabbi Daniel Polish noted in 1988 that Benjamin "represent[ed] a significant dilemma [in] my years growing up as a Jew both proud of his people and with an intense commitment to the ideals of liberalism and human solidarity that I found embodied in the civil rights movement." Berman recounts a story that during the Civil War, Benjamin was called to the Torah at Beth Ahabah synagogue in Richmond. However, there is no proof of this, nor does Benjamin's name appear in any surviving record of the Jews of that city. "But whether or not Benjamin practiced Judaism overtly or contributed to Jewish causes, to the Jews of the South, he was a symbol of a coreligionist who was a man among men". According to Evans, "Benjamin survives, as he willed it: a shadowy figure in Civil War history". Kahn noted that Benjamin "is epitomized as a foremost orator, lawyer, and statesman, without a peer at the bars of two of the world's greatest nations". Meade questioned whether Benjamin's character can ever be fully understood: See also Oscar Straus (politician), the first Jewish member of the United States Cabinet List of United States senators born outside the United States List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress List of Jewish members of the United States Congress Mordecai Manuel Noah Notes Publications References Bibliography Further reading Traub, James (2021). Judah Benjamin. New Haven: Yale University Press Reviewed at: Cole, Diane (September 25–26, 2021). "The Ultimate Outsider," Wall Street Journal, p. C9. External links "Judah P. Benjamin", Jewish Virtual Library Judah P. Benjamin, Queen's Counsel: Original Letter, 1873 Shapell Manuscript Foundation Guide to the Collection of Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884) at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York. Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park, Ellenton, Florida Judah Philip Benjamin Papers at The Historic New Orleans Collection 1811 births 1884 deaths 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century Sephardi Jews American emigrants to England American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law American people of Spanish-Jewish descent American people of British-Jewish descent American proslavery activists American Sephardic Jews American white supremacists British barristers British emigrants to the United States British Jews British people of Spanish-Jewish descent British people of American-Jewish descent British Queen's Counsel Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Confederate expatriates Confederate States Executive Cabinet members Jewish-American military history Jewish American state legislators in Louisiana Jewish Confederates Jewish United States senators Louisiana Democrats Louisiana lawyers Louisiana Whigs Members of Lincoln's Inn Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives People from New Orleans People from Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Queen's Counsel 1801–1900 Secession crisis of 1860–61 United States senators from Louisiana United States Virgin Islands Jews Whig Party United States senators Yale University 1820s alumni 1848 United States presidential electors	[ -0.12920674681663513, 0.5204225182533264, -0.9191576242446899, -0.24060991406440735, 0.4991571605205536, 0.7112345099449158, 0.4106431305408478, -0.3579716980457306, -0.04022112116217613, -0.10683073103427887, -0.11733084917068481, 0.09870480746030807, -0.5539722442626953, 0.41679060459136963, -0.21041680872440338, 0.4331825375556946, 0.23767748475074768, -0.06567882001399994, -0.19786407053470612, -0.5292679071426392, 0.15949028730392456, 0.10413028299808502, 0.5037036538124084, 0.3433450758457184, 0.17326223850250244, 0.15485753118991852, -0.2071865350008011, -0.6170668601989746, -0.19052176177501678, 0.08821148425340652, -0.2685219347476959, 0.008638688363134861, 0.2890562117099762, -0.25216254591941833, -0.8920164704322815, 0.2979166507720947, -0.4387919306755066, -0.11226561665534973, 0.44232913851737976, 0.3824487328529358, 0.038000330328941345, 0.19487319886684418, 0.08564862608909607, 0.07315736263990402, -0.462532639503479, -0.4741066098213196, -1.7801942825317383, 0.4301999807357788, -0.4534091353416443, -0.8624743223190308, 0.3653339743614197, 0.11442583054304123, 0.35681089758872986, 0.3485885262489319, -0.3539960980415344, 0.591876745223999, -0.6202974915504456, -0.7526081800460815, 0.6089608669281006, -0.06218311935663223, 0.6660434007644653, 0.3092294931411743, 1.2662274837493896, -0.37969842553138733, 0.33156660199165344, -0.12963613867759705, -0.05235101282596588, 0.32594364881515503, -0.376944899559021, 0.2229771912097931, 0.07660775631666183, 0.061202529817819595, 0.6090087890625, 0.10435760766267776, 0.4570787250995636, -0.023927785456180573, 0.4222443997859955, 0.2193373590707779, -0.01216878928244114, 0.5953762531280518, -0.005694265477359295, -0.20077145099639893, 0.6285884380340576, 0.4072597622871399, -0.04572385177016258, 0.22928160429000854, -0.7435029745101929, -0.02243521250784397, 0.06221463531255722, -0.7293386459350586, -0.2518974244594574, 0.548279345035553, -0.22071680426597595, 0.1160690113902092, -0.0824689269065857, -0.09158497303724289, 0.3412671387195587, 0.17120233178138733, 0.05557261407375336, -0.1748075634241104, 0.10194558650255203, -0.10163316130638123, 0.7682579159736633, 0.2408038079738617, 0.18428774178028107, 0.7949168086051941, 0.18178755044937134, 0.0670020654797554, -0.0339154452085495, 0.03821108490228653, 0.12339475750923157, -0.01682387664914131, -0.15308253467082977, 0.11071915179491043, -0.662316083908081, 0.029022952541708946, 0.19221444427967072, -1.077028751373291, -0.36919310688972473, -0.29328998923301697, -0.47335386276245117, 0.3735288381576538, -0.12825271487236023, 0.5080199837684631, -0.22902436554431915, -0.38467901945114136, 0.27100056409835815, 0.38818299770355225, -0.04790449142456055, 0.37165847420692444, 0.784263014793396, 0.7934460639953613, 0.14561127126216888, -0.01728186011314392, -0.853760302066803, -0.35521742701530457, -0.07540592551231384, -0.15636909008026123, 0.13590049743652344, -0.23643498122692108, -0.33108407258987427, -0.2686816453933716, 0.07474818080663681, -0.022129856050014496, 0.06305035203695297, -0.3747677206993103, 0.22094683349132538, -0.011101176962256432, -0.22960259020328522, -0.09302470833063126, -0.09075047075748444, 0.557771623134613, 0.17144212126731873, -0.3901773691177368, 0.0014307264937087893, 0.31877389550209045, 0.6574643850326538, -0.28196340799331665, -0.05622376874089241, 0.5259242057800293, -0.5006435513496399, -0.44753217697143555, 0.2796213626861572, 0.20756447315216064, 0.13624514639377594, 0.265220046043396, 0.36958813667297363, -0.8000712990760803, -0.7051341533660889, 0.13312651216983795, -0.4497435688972473, -0.02395087666809559, 0.546637237071991, -0.5689719319343567, -0.35742777585983276, 1.0127419233322144, 0.5595606565475464, 0.3668314516544342, 0.38645321130752563, -1.112959384918213, -0.610455334186554, -0.042849842458963394, 0.09082707017660141, -0.5780918002128601, 0.376223087310791, 0.4661942422389984, 0.19100421667099, -0.5230938792228699, 0.5514310002326965, -0.42406702041625977, -0.4041726291179657, -0.2033814638853073, -0.2857334613800049, -0.28625476360321045, 0.6266536116600037, 0.46744081377983093, 0.08057805150747299, 0.5173038840293884, 0.19729577004909515, 0.5758896470069885, 0.10346001386642456, 0.09507627040147781, -0.10161034017801285, -0.23754620552062988, 0.06039272993803024, 0.7559739947319031, 0.7169440984725952, 0.31200698018074036, 0.1604180485010147, 0.721328616142273, 0.744070291519165, -0.18573467433452606, -0.08683567494153976, -0.15917685627937317, -0.2692759931087494, -0.4972304701805115, 0.11919090151786804, -0.3576299250125885, 0.39035454392433167, -0.05008980631828308, 0.747410774230957, 0.2890247702598572, 0.18847128748893738, 0.6453160643577576, -0.1990213245153427, 0.9027242064476013, -0.3602983355522156, -0.1158694326877594, -0.7699275016784668, -0.36022165417671204, -0.41294530034065247, -0.1695883870124817, 0.3525615334510803, -1.0568678379058838, 0.4059116244316101, -0.11119577288627625, -0.35364073514938354, -0.2736511826515198, 0.5624910593032837, 0.29077255725860596, 0.21827375888824463, 0.29017844796180725, -0.24936112761497498, -0.4064429998397827, -0.2528042197227478, 0.5272166132926941, -0.14532160758972168, -0.5632768869400024, 0.04753286391496658, 0.11901794373989105, 0.16469410061836243, 0.38179272413253784, 0.24517200887203217, 0.1263062059879303, 0.7059735059738159, -0.18084502220153809, 0.049751438200473785, 0.11154840886592865, 0.2943645715713501, 0.03880120813846588, -0.14676667749881744, -0.14500240981578827, -0.05869147181510925, -0.09175820648670197, -0.12267523258924484, 0.3758479952812195, -0.46066299080848694, -0.2793639600276947, 0.22748377919197083, 0.12592795491218567, 0.9203705787658691, -0.39990121126174927, 0.11156532913446426, 0.35793858766555786, 0.36612772941589355, -0.006548076402395964, 0.06434333324432373, -0.009743520058691502, -0.2509361803531647, -0.5638104677200317, 0.31187695264816284, 0.522799015045166, -0.09544729441404343, -0.04239344596862793, 0.039485376328229904, -0.7003625631332397, -0.06589660793542862, -0.788681149482727, 0.23883797228336334, 0.1131599023938179, -0.061323415488004684, 0.5013954639434814, -0.580661952495575, 0.12690763175487518, 0.2652268409729004, 0.6508595943450928, -0.021666521206498146, -0.04797792807221413, -0.16592815518379211, -0.4964718520641327, -0.5382280349731445, 0.174594447016716, -0.4473375380039215, 0.34422844648361206, 1.1272691488265991, 0.038927339017391205, -0.295536607503891, 0.21433167159557343, -5.5569748878479, 0.7141844034194946, -0.5549464225769043, -0.24177415668964386, 0.6362667679786682, -0.15671707689762115, 0.5001299381256104, -0.2215334177017212, 0.210688516497612, -0.378339022397995, 0.6289620399475098, -0.17173582315444946, 0.15812617540359497, 0.2885418236255646, 0.18483150005340576, 0.570919394493103, 0.32177919149398804, 0.06349334120750427, 0.4620939791202545, 0.38474783301353455, 0.5000149011611938, -0.44811514019966125, -0.3287786841392517, -0.18365375697612762, 0.5662052035331726, -0.18838410079479218, -0.4073638617992401, 0.17605291306972504, -0.5516629815101624, -0.27354151010513306, -0.20111316442489624, 0.12153592705726624, -0.05979202687740326, -0.27971506118774414, -0.12443450838327408, -0.24183674156665802, 0.3835952579975128, -0.2563900649547577, 0.25416702032089233, 0.40638622641563416, -0.28681468963623047, 0.25855398178100586, -0.9215571284294128, 0.12272008508443832, -0.47812458872795105, -0.40006735920906067, -0.47484180331230164, -0.08061196655035019, -0.0997631773352623, 0.09073813259601593, 0.04125874862074852, 0.34988585114479065, -0.44035181403160095, -0.041033267974853516, -0.008139386773109436, 0.2804877460002899, 0.05646464228630066, -0.2972315847873688, -0.8095676898956299, 0.06615538895130157, 0.31984391808509827, -0.7984033823013306, 0.05265737324953079, 0.18256600201129913, -0.13971853256225586, -0.6343206763267517, 0.02259749174118042, -0.31969061493873596, 0.5132246017456055, -0.12385033816099167, 0.2319103330373764, 0.8472871780395508, 0.5016632676124573, -1.0689622163772583, -0.0070632221177220345, -0.05697079375386238, -0.19640246033668518, -0.012474723160266876, -0.9568162560462952, -0.2089029848575592, 0.28235921263694763, -0.2788031995296478, -0.06738529354333878, 0.8823665976524353, 0.16414198279380798, 0.21179218590259552, -0.33570581674575806, 0.5269599556922913, -0.8862280249595642, -0.14750728011131287, -0.6815447807312012, -0.2810794413089752, -0.1604057401418686, 0.39912739396095276, 0.23729208111763, 0.4339853823184967, -0.21965104341506958, 0.8825732469558716, 0.5407997965812683, 0.20994050800800323, -0.1812630295753479, 0.010816500522196293, -0.11360754817724228, -1.1183648109436035, 0.5326428413391113, -0.10238184779882431, -0.46556589007377625, 0.8726719617843628, 0.3511902391910553, 0.7283415794372559, -0.41630369424819946, -0.02621864154934883, -0.1809137612581253, 0.09613193571567535, 0.43376776576042175, -0.7141655087471008, -0.01333160512149334, -0.0022765418980270624, 0.7126028537750244, 0.32545748353004456, -0.188295379281044, 0.4676715135574341, -0.29147443175315857, 0.015323208644986153, -0.7340160012245178, -0.5049969553947449, 0.17633411288261414, -0.14839084446430206, -0.5027022957801819, 0.08931732922792435, -0.023020494729280472, 0.5315791368484497, -0.4567660391330719, 0.30622318387031555, 0.18167345225811005, -0.37335100769996643, -0.2542302906513214, -0.6025726795196533, -0.25311699509620667, 0.12655214965343475, -0.2872883975505829, -0.5679187774658203, 0.14056344330310822, -0.016096115112304688, 0.5125758647918701, -0.0049079908058047295, -0.09778570383787155, -0.12099099159240723, -0.42360731959342957, 0.2227550595998764, -0.25643232464790344, -0.23822973668575287, 0.45622268319129944, -0.18627946078777313, 0.1769212782382965, -0.22540508210659027, 0.0895911455154419, 0.1364586055278778, 0.1107276976108551, -0.09492501616477966, -0.04186167195439339, 0.00929554458707571, -0.7142609357833862, -0.3887167274951935, 0.2366315871477127, -0.23645542562007904, -0.6110936999320984, 0.049455173313617706, -0.6590698957443237, 0.5741162896156311, 0.11437276750802994, -0.4179578125476837, -0.08155857771635056, -0.010619007050991058, 0.12690462172031403, 0.26414433121681213, 0.1177089735865593, -0.03209367394447327, -0.3948904275894165, 0.07855876535177231, 0.050463102757930756, -0.21052922308444977, -0.6267955303192139, 0.32991698384284973, 0.5256361961364746, 0.003775815013796091, 0.006038237828761339, -0.5098149180412292, -0.48228469491004944, -0.4228433072566986, 0.2138136625289917, -1.1127904653549194, 0.04289557412266731, 0.8589863777160645, 0.004496547859162092, -0.2088720202445984, 0.5911323428153992, -0.38670817017555237, -0.35945364832878113, -0.5309140682220459, -0.2185351848602295, 0.28015708923339844, -0.07639721781015396, 0.028669480234384537, -0.34849846363067627, -1.0221803188323975, -0.43454840779304504, -0.04762580990791321, -0.026456288993358612, 0.7704063653945923, 0.10823763906955719, -0.14459840953350067, 0.16277839243412018, 0.35541439056396484, 0.3432602882385254, 0.07080518454313278, 1.0330026149749756, 0.574396550655365, -0.2352323979139328, -0.4446679949760437, -0.07208124548196793, -0.5406873822212219, -0.43029892444610596, -0.043647803366184235, -0.10867445915937424, 0.7000269889831543, -0.1848766952753067, -0.33696579933166504, 0.7952048182487488, 0.0958988219499588, -0.6407512426376343, -0.4798975884914398, 0.2222776710987091, 0.6027202010154724, -0.22321651875972748, -0.3380804657936096, -0.03434068709611893, 0.39130184054374695, -0.8772549629211426, -0.02005995251238346, 0.24340540170669556, 0.5928892493247986, 0.38048243522644043, -0.2783714234828949, -0.3467322587966919, 0.16163310408592224, 0.25445684790611267, 0.004687567241489887, -0.5844571590423584, 0.10778561234474182, 0.09997875243425369, 0.29191896319389343, -0.5392214059829712, 0.1468619555234909, 0.8084142804145813, 0.0003269881708547473, 0.2183523178100586, -0.18534550070762634, 0.007606019265949726, -0.0005747179966419935, -0.04804078862071037, 0.08915456384420395, -0.4893236756324768, 0.26873937249183655, -0.04261137172579765, 0.06123967841267586, 0.05171174928545952, -0.003786314046010375, 0.10843190550804138, -0.31735488772392273, -0.8576159477233887, -0.10047271102666855, 0.025630636140704155, 0.4330306053161621, -0.39228707551956177, 0.513922929763794, 0.5297004580497742, -0.15651395916938782, 0.062443673610687256, 0.1932724267244339, -1.0227965116500854, -0.3075196444988251, -0.2352473884820938, -0.36378422379493713, -0.37533751130104065, -0.5313461422920227, -0.3528672754764557, 0.4602421522140503, -0.07762172818183899, -0.6533612608909607, -0.7838545441627502, 0.29543694853782654, -0.4546315670013428, -0.4020298719406128, -0.6551395058631897, -0.18846499919891357, -0.3370552361011505, 0.9713176488876343, 0.27584633231163025, -0.3432263731956482, -0.6188786029815674, 0.43880146741867065, 0.2815708518028259, -0.11802554875612259, 0.34013861417770386, 0.09587790817022324, -0.11793776601552963, 0.1640920490026474, -0.41057631373405457, -0.5600998997688293, 0.31747034192085266, -0.5353363752365112, 0.5370975732803345, -0.10277189314365387, -0.456894189119339, -0.31774044036865234, 0.8851500153541565, -0.2802082300186157, -0.6153370141983032, -0.02906758524477482, 0.019284578040242195, 0.20558078587055206, 0.864285945892334, -0.47241687774658203, 0.6035141348838806, 0.463331401348114, 0.40939804911613464, 0.03406535089015961, -0.39663422107696533, 0.1995581090450287, 0.32048138976097107, 0.02222900651395321, -0.6552960276603699, -0.010007429867982864, 0.2628905773162842, -0.020260045304894447, -0.10725145787000656, -0.7816500067710876, 0.059266988188028336, 0.7814083099365234, 0.23897168040275574, 0.8939513564109802, -0.2877119183540344, 0.4394635558128357, -0.1442575454711914, 0.5238702297210693, 0.2597602605819702, -0.01841224543750286, -0.10209252685308456, 0.07641273736953735, 0.19711695611476898, 0.723401665687561, 0.34964418411254883, -0.26169553399086, 0.39446496963500977, 0.20296527445316315, 0.4440625011920929, -0.2162737101316452, -0.7875228524208069, -0.10100052505731583, 0.4697403907775879, -0.1125589907169342, 1.4931496381759644, -0.6415796875953674, -0.7169494032859802, 0.10594384372234344, 0.16329190135002136, -0.42664021253585815, -0.1522684097290039, -0.001431685988791287, 0.32214558124542236, -0.8972642421722412, -0.32025593519210815, 0.369753897190094, 0.5156485438346863, 0.08055876195430756, 0.6685757040977478, -0.42981913685798645, -0.18378877639770508, 0.2804903984069824, 0.4124751687049866, -0.5590903162956238, -0.2597692012786865, -0.34396934509277344, 0.012952703982591629, -0.08767709136009216, -0.0779673233628273, -0.4704820513725281, -0.5346620678901672, -0.4104214012622833, -0.1400015950202942, -0.9202841520309448, -0.12459050863981247, 0.5997763872146606, -0.1760946661233902, 0.36219459772109985, -0.12316334992647171, 1.1506257057189941, 0.18018153309822083, -0.1966283768415451, 0.09524032473564148, 0.20658820867538452, 0.14616961777210236, -0.546229362487793, -0.13936783373355865, 0.6986821293830872, -0.2880859673023224, 0.14103369414806366, -0.7537544369697571, 0.3721024692058563, -0.06320375204086304, 0.19155074656009674, -0.7965378165245056, 0.14950796961784363, 0.1563069224357605, 0.2709650695323944, 0.6950246691703796, 0.36244669556617737, -0.06367821991443634, -0.4022425413131714, 0.2616521418094635, 0.17987863719463348, -0.16900452971458435, -0.16087469458580017, -0.2568686902523041, 0.18190120160579681, 0.6739193797111511, -0.08096762746572495, -0.08696499466896057, 0.287054181098938, 0.2699129283428192, -0.7549105882644653, -0.13418129086494446, -0.09998967498540878, -0.07698342949151993, -0.5653954148292542, 0.23176293075084686, 0.47689443826675415, 0.0036130526568740606, -0.4650937020778656, -0.09252576529979706, -0.06599128991365433, -0.05493079870939255, -0.17358674108982086, 0.07096730917692184, 0.060563236474990845, -0.29483097791671753, -0.49018824100494385, 0.3201231360435486, 0.5075236558914185, -0.31358906626701355, -0.08321410417556763, 0.16392600536346436, -0.36427783966064453, 0.6091123819351196, 0.1930975466966629, -0.33368420600891113, 0.042496420443058014, 0.6021966338157654, -0.5182750225067139 ]
216488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan%20number	Catalan number	In combinatorial mathematics, the Catalan numbers are a sequence of natural numbers that occur in various counting problems, often involving recursively defined objects. They are named after the French-Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan (1814–1894). The nth Catalan number can be expressed directly in terms of binomial coefficients by The first Catalan numbers for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... are 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796, 58786, ... . Properties An alternative expression for Cn is for which is equivalent to the expression given above because . This expression shows that Cn is an integer, which is not immediately obvious from the first formula given. This expression forms the basis for a proof of the correctness of the formula. The Catalan numbers satisfy the recurrence relations and Asymptotically, the Catalan numbers grow as in the sense that the quotient of the nth Catalan number and the expression on the right tends towards 1 as n approaches infinity. This can be proved by using the asymptotic growth of the central binomial coefficients, by Stirling's approximation for , or via generating functions. The only Catalan numbers Cn that are odd are those for which n = 2k − 1; all others are even. The only prime Catalan numbers are C2 = 2 and C3 = 5. The Catalan numbers have the integral representations The latter representation is closely connected to Wigner's semicircle law for eigenvalue distribution of random symmetric matrices. Applications in combinatorics There are many counting problems in combinatorics whose solution is given by the Catalan numbers. The book Enumerative Combinatorics: Volume 2 by combinatorialist Richard P. Stanley contains a set of exercises which describe 66 different interpretations of the Catalan numbers. Following are some examples, with illustrations of the cases C3 = 5 and C4 = 14. Cn is the number of Dyck words of length 2n. A Dyck word is a string consisting of n X's and n Y's such that no initial segment of the string has more Y's than X's. For example, the following are the Dyck words of length 6: XXXYYY XYXXYY XYXYXY XXYYXY XXYXYY. Re-interpreting the symbol X as an open parenthesis and Y as a close parenthesis, Cn counts the number of expressions containing n pairs of parentheses which are correctly matched: ((())) ()(()) ()()() (())() (()()) Cn is the number of different ways n + 1 factors can be completely parenthesized (or the number of ways of associating n applications of a binary operator, as in the matrix chain multiplication problem). For n = 3, for example, we have the following five different parenthesizations of four factors: ((ab)c)d (a(bc))d (ab)(cd) a((bc)d) a(b(cd)) Successive applications of a binary operator can be represented in terms of a full binary tree, with each correctly matched bracketing describing an internal node. It follows that Cn is the number of full binary trees with n + 1 leaves, or, equivalently, with a total of n internal nodes: Also, the interior of the correctly matching closing Y for the first X of a Dyck word contains the description of the left subtree, with the exterior describing the right subtree. Cn is the number of non-isomorphic ordered (or plane) trees with vertices. See encoding general trees as binary trees. Cn is the number of monotonic lattice paths along the edges of a grid with n × n square cells, which do not pass above the diagonal. A monotonic path is one which starts in the lower left corner, finishes in the upper right corner, and consists entirely of edges pointing rightwards or upwards. Counting such paths is equivalent to counting Dyck words: X stands for "move right" and Y stands for "move up". The following diagrams show the case n = 4: This can be represented by listing the Catalan elements by column height: [0,0,0,0] [0,0,0,1] [0,0,0,2] [0,0,1,1] [0,1,1,1] [0,0,1,2] [0,0,0,3] [0,1,1,2] [0,0,2,2] [0,0,1,3] [0,0,2,3] [0,1,1,3] [0,1,2,2] [0,1,2,3] A convex polygon with n + 2 sides can be cut into triangles by connecting vertices with non-crossing line segments (a form of polygon triangulation). The number of triangles formed is n and the number of different ways that this can be achieved is Cn. The following hexagons illustrate the case n = 4: Cn is the number of stack-sortable permutations of {1, ..., n}. A permutation w is called stack-sortable if S(w) = (1, ..., n), where S(w) is defined recursively as follows: write w = unv where n is the largest element in w and u and v are shorter sequences, and set S(w) = S(u)S(v)n, with S being the identity for one-element sequences. Cn is the number of permutations of {1, ..., n} that avoid the permutation pattern 123 (or, alternatively, any of the other patterns of length 3); that is, the number of permutations with no three-term increasing subsequence. For n = 3, these permutations are 132, 213, 231, 312 and 321. For n = 4, they are 1432, 2143, 2413, 2431, 3142, 3214, 3241, 3412, 3421, 4132, 4213, 4231, 4312 and 4321. Cn is the number of noncrossing partitions of the set {1, ..., n}. A fortiori, Cn never exceeds the nth Bell number. Cn is also the number of noncrossing partitions of the set {1, ..., 2n} in which every block is of size 2. The conjunction of these two facts may be used in a proof by mathematical induction that all of the free cumulants of degree more than 2 of the Wigner semicircle law are zero. This law is important in free probability theory and the theory of random matrices. Cn is the number of ways to tile a stairstep shape of height n with n rectangles. Cutting across the anti-diagonal and looking at only the edges gives full binary trees. The following figure illustrates the case n = 4: Cn is the number of ways to form a "mountain range" with n upstrokes and n downstrokes that all stay above a horizontal line. The mountain range interpretation is that the mountains will never go below the horizon. Cn is the number of standard Young tableaux whose diagram is a 2-by-n rectangle. In other words, it is the number of ways the numbers 1, 2, ..., 2n can be arranged in a 2-by-n rectangle so that each row and each column is increasing. As such, the formula can be derived as a special case of the hook-length formula. Cn is the number of semiorders on n unlabeled items. Given an infinite perfect binary decision tree and n − 1 votes, is the number of possible voting outcomes, given that at any node you can split your votes anyway you want. is the number of length sequences that start with , and can increase by either or , or decrease by any number (to at least ). For these are . From a Dyck path, start a counter at 0. An X increases the counter by 1 and a Y decreases it by 1. Record the values at only the X's. Compared to the similar representation of the Bell numbers, only is missing. is the number of Dyck -words that have equality of X 's and Y 's only at the last step. This is proved by adding an XY around each Dyck -word and proving that these are the only ones. Proof of the formula There are several ways of explaining why the formula solves the combinatorial problems listed above. The first proof below uses a generating function. The other proofs are examples of bijective proofs; they involve literally counting a collection of some kind of object to arrive at the correct formula. First proof We first observe that all of the combinatorial problems listed above satisfy Segner's recurrence relation For example, every Dyck word w of length ≥ 2 can be written in a unique way in the form w = Xw1Yw2 with (possibly empty) Dyck words w1 and w2. The generating function for the Catalan numbers is defined by The recurrence relation given above can then be summarized in generating function form by the relation in other words, this equation follows from the recurrence relation by expanding both sides into power series. On the one hand, the recurrence relation uniquely determines the Catalan numbers; on the other hand, interpreting as a quadratic equation of c and using the quadratic formula, the generating function relation can be algebraically solved to yield two solution possibilities or . From the two possibilities, the second must be chosen because only the choice of the second gives The square root term can be expanded as a power series using the identity This is a special case of Newton's generalized binomial theorem; as with the general theorem, it can be proved by computing derivatives to produce its Taylor series. Setting y = −4x gives and substituting this power series into the expression for c(x) and shifting the summation index n by 1, the expansion simplifies to Let , so that and because (see 'proof of recurrence' above) we have Second proof We count the number of paths which start and end on the diagonal of a n × n grid. All such paths have n right and n up steps. Since we can choose which of the 2n steps are up or right, there are in total monotonic paths of this type. A bad path crosses the main diagonal and touches the next higher diagonal (red in the illustration). The part of the path after the higher diagonal is flipped about that diagonal, as illustrated with the red dotted line. This swaps all the right steps to up steps and vice versa. In the section of the path that is not reflected, there is one more up step than right steps, so therefore the remaining section of the bad path has one more right step than up steps. When this portion of the path is reflected, it will have one more up step than right steps. Since there are still 2n steps, there are now n + 1 up steps and n − 1 right steps. So, instead of reaching (n,n), all bad paths after reflection end at (n − 1, n + 1). Because every monotonic path in the (n − 1) × (n + 1) grid meets the higher diagonal, and because the reflection process is reversible, the reflection is therefore a bijection between bad paths in the original grid and monotonic paths in the new grid. The number of bad paths is therefore: and the number of Catalan paths (i.e. good paths) is obtained by removing the number of bad paths from the total number of monotonic paths of the original grid, In terms of Dyck words, we start with a (non-Dyck) sequence of n X's and n Y's and interchange all X's and Y's after the first Y that violates the Dyck condition. After this Y, note that there is exactly one more Y than there are Xs. Third proof This bijective proof provides a natural explanation for the term n + 1 appearing in the denominator of the formula for Cn. A generalized version of this proof can be found in a paper of Rukavicka Josef (2011). Given a monotonic path, the exceedance of the path is defined to be the number of vertical edges above the diagonal. For example, in Figure 2, the edges above the diagonal are marked in red, so the exceedance of this path is 5. Given a monotonic path whose exceedance is not zero, we apply the following algorithm to construct a new path whose exceedance is 1 less than the one we started with. Starting from the bottom left, follow the path until it first travels above the diagonal. Continue to follow the path until it touches the diagonal again. Denote by X the first such edge that is reached. Swap the portion of the path occurring before X with the portion occurring after X. In Figure 3, the black dot indicates the point where the path first crosses the diagonal. The black edge is X, and we place the last lattice point of the red portion in the top-right corner, and the first lattice point of the green portion in the bottom-left corner, and place X accordingly, to make a new path, shown in the second diagram. The exceedance has dropped from 3 to 2. In fact, the algorithm causes the exceedance to decrease by 1 for any path that we feed it, because the first vertical step starting on the diagonal (at the point marked with a black dot) is the unique vertical edge that passes from above the diagonal to below it - all the other vertical edges stay on the same side of the diagonal. It is also not difficult to see that this process is reversible: given any path P whose exceedance is less than n, there is exactly one path which yields P when the algorithm is applied to it. Indeed, the (black) edge X, which originally was the first horizontal step ending on the diagonal, has become the last horizontal step starting on the diagonal. Alternatively, reverse the original algorithm to look for the first edge that passes below the diagonal. This implies that the number of paths of exceedance n is equal to the number of paths of exceedance n − 1, which is equal to the number of paths of exceedance n − 2, and so on, down to zero. In other words, we have split up the set of all monotonic paths into n + 1 equally sized classes, corresponding to the possible exceedances between 0 and n. Since there are monotonic paths, we obtain the desired formula Figure 4 illustrates the situation for n = 3. Each of the 20 possible monotonic paths appears somewhere in the table. The first column shows all paths of exceedance three, which lie entirely above the diagonal. The columns to the right show the result of successive applications of the algorithm, with the exceedance decreasing one unit at a time. There are five rows, that is, C3 = 5, and the last column displays all paths no higher than the diagonal. Using Dyck words, start with a sequence from . Let be the first that brings an initial subsequence to equality, and configure the sequence as . The new sequence is . Fourth proof This proof uses the triangulation definition of Catalan numbers to establish a relation between Cn and Cn+1. Given a polygon P with n + 2 sides and a triangulation, mark one of its sides as the base, and also orient one of its 2n + 1 total edges. There are (4n + 2)Cn such marked triangulations for a given base. Given a polygon Q with n + 3 sides and a (different) triangulation, again mark one of its sides as the base. Mark one of the sides other than the base side (and not an inner triangle edge). There are (n + 2)Cn + 1 such marked triangulations for a given base. There is a simple bijection between these two marked triangulations: We can either collapse the triangle in Q whose side is marked (in two ways, and subtract the two that cannot collapse the base), or, in reverse, expand the oriented edge in P to a triangle and mark its new side. Thus . Write Because then Applying the recursion with gives the result. Fifth proof This proof is based on the Dyck words interpretation of the Catalan numbers, so Cn is the number of ways to correctly match n pairs of brackets. We denote a (possibly empty) correct string with c and its inverse (where "[" and "]" are exchanged) with c'. Since any c can be uniquely decomposed into c = [ c1 ] c2, summing over the possible spots to place the closing bracket immediately gives the recursive definition Let b stand for a balanced string of length 2n—that is, containing an equal number of "[" and "]", so . As before, any balanced string can be uniquely decomposed into either [ c ] b or ] c' [ b, so Any incorrect balanced string starts with c ], and the remaining string has one more [ than ], so Also, from the definitions, we have: Therefore Sixth proof This proof is based on the Dyck words interpretation of the Catalan numbers and uses the cycle lemma of Dvoretzky and Motzkin. We call a sequence of X's and Y's dominating if, reading from left to right, the number of X's is always strictly greater than the number of Y's. The cycle lemma states that any sequence of X's and Y's, where , has precisely dominating cyclic permutations. To see this, arrange the given sequence of X's and Y's in a circle. Repeatedly removing XY pairs leaves exactly X's. Each of these X's was the start of a dominating cyclic permutation before anything was removed. For example, consider . This is dominating, but none of its cyclic permutations , , and are. In particular, when , there is exactly one dominating cyclic permutation. Removing the leading X from it (a dominating sequence must begin with X) leaves a Dyck sequence. Since there are in total, and each one belongs to an equivalence class of size 2n+1 (because n, m and 2n+1 are pairwise coprime), we have distinct cycles of X's and Y's, each of which corresponds to exactly one Dyck sequence, hence counts Dyck sequences. Hankel matrix The n×n Hankel matrix whose (i, j) entry is the Catalan number Ci+j−2 has determinant 1, regardless of the value of n. For example, for n = 4 we have Moreover, if the indexing is "shifted" so that the (i, j) entry is filled with the Catalan number Ci+j−1 then the determinant is still 1, regardless of the value of n. For example, for n = 4 we have Taken together, these two conditions uniquely define the Catalan numbers. Another feature unique to the Catalan–Hankel matrix is the determinant of the n×n submatrix starting at 2 has determinant n + 1. et cetera. History The Catalan sequence was described in the 18th century by Leonhard Euler, who was interested in the number of different ways of dividing a polygon into triangles. The sequence is named after Eugène Charles Catalan, who discovered the connection to parenthesized expressions during his exploration of the Towers of Hanoi puzzle. The reflection counting trick (second proof) for Dyck words was found by Désiré André in 1887. The name “Catalan numbers” originated from John Riordan. In 1988, it came to light that the Catalan number sequence had been used in China by the Mongolian mathematician Mingantu by 1730. That is when he started to write his book Ge Yuan Mi Lu Jie Fa [The Quick Method for Obtaining the Precise Ratio of Division of a Circle], which was completed by his student Chen Jixin in 1774 but published sixty years later. Peter J. Larcombe (1999) sketched some of the features of the work of Mingantu, including the stimulus of Pierre Jartoux, who brought three infinite series to China early in the 1700s. For instance, Ming used the Catalan sequence to express series expansions of sin(2α) and sin(4α) in terms of sin(α). Generalizations The two-parameter sequence of non-negative integers is a generalization of the Catalan numbers. These are named super-Catalan numbers, per Ira Gessel. These should not confused with the Schröder–Hipparchus numbers, which sometimes are also called super-Catalan numbers. For , this is just two times the ordinary Catalan numbers, and for , the numbers have an easy combinatorial description. However, other combinatorial descriptions are only known for and , and it is an open problem to find a general combinatorial interpretation. Sergey Fomin and Nathan Reading have given a generalized Catalan number associated to any finite crystallographic Coxeter group, namely the number of fully commutative elements of the group; in terms of the associated root system, it is the number of anti-chains (or order ideals) in the poset of positive roots. The classical Catalan number corresponds to the root system of type . The classical recurrence relation generalizes: the Catalan number of a Coxeter diagram is equal to the sum of the Catalan numbers of all its maximal proper sub-diagrams. The Catalan k-fold convolution is: The Catalan numbers are a solution of a version of the Hausdorff moment problem. See also Associahedron Bertrand's ballot theorem Binomial transform Catalan's triangle Catalan–Mersenne number Fuss–Catalan number List of factorial and binomial topics Lobb numbers Narayana number Schröder–Hipparchus number Tamari lattice Wedderburn–Etherington number Notes References Stanley, Richard P. (2015), Catalan numbers. Cambridge University Press, . Conway and Guy (1996) The Book of Numbers. New York: Copernicus, pp. 96–106. Koshy, Thomas & Zhenguang Gao (2011) "Some divisibility properties of Catalan numbers", Mathematical Gazette 95:96–102. External links Davis, Tom: Catalan numbers. Still more examples. "Equivalence of Three Catalan Number Interpretations" from The Wolfram Demonstrations Project Integer sequences Factorial and binomial topics Enumerative combinatorics Articles containing proofs	[ -0.26837190985679626, 0.16818028688430786, -0.1311698853969574, 0.14829328656196594, -0.2314673513174057, 0.46254780888557434, -0.18463024497032166, 0.22686795890331268, -0.3574865460395813, -0.34282633662223816, -0.7316340804100037, -0.02898700162768364, -0.30120885372161865, 0.1981806457042694, 0.17630714178085327, 0.24701027572155, 0.65593421459198, 0.2626868486404419, -0.3047502934932709, -0.5873332619667053, 0.044752590358257294, 0.23156799376010895, 0.11666981130838394, -0.4657198488712311, 0.23842912912368774, -0.13387519121170044, -0.4854646325111389, 0.21208688616752625, 0.3416825234889984, 0.44510456919670105, -0.17985162138938904, 0.8563564419746399, -0.21153053641319275, 0.04046863317489624, 0.06712459027767181, -0.22042785584926605, 0.3128001391887665, -0.31782811880111694, -0.007290315814316273, -0.28308185935020447, 0.7901808619499207, -0.26423579454421997, 0.22224539518356323, 0.044301532208919525, -0.43649065494537354, -0.36126866936683655, -1.3797551393508911, -0.01703735627233982, -0.09748293459415436, -0.39199650287628174, -0.4224225580692291, -0.22103428840637207, 0.25294142961502075, 0.549850583076477, -0.26582953333854675, 0.43449777364730835, -0.4715520143508911, -0.25690075755119324, 0.5204988718032837, -0.5167444348335266, -0.09875324368476868, 0.3108392357826233, 0.06486734002828598, -0.08040889352560043, -0.2081567496061325, 0.6187083125114441, 0.34471383690834045, 0.0025114030577242374, -0.46788835525512695, -0.5783755779266357, -0.16378521919250488, -0.06962776929140091, -0.47859400510787964, 0.2911553382873535, -0.5049780011177063, -0.11038761585950851, -0.33699944615364075, 0.03938455507159233, -0.217862069606781, 0.12361044436693192, -0.3539673984050751, 0.6648751497268677, 1.1836005449295044, -0.37514254450798035, 0.4132207930088043, 0.1661956012248993, -0.8078896403312683, 0.5060083270072937, -0.6716153025627136, 0.15824063122272491, 0.089045949280262, -0.2968321442604065, 0.5084403157234192, -0.17888125777244568, -0.24314439296722412, 0.6166743040084839, 0.3320307731628418, -0.2789746820926666, 0.28842324018478394, 0.4877142906188965, -0.3092617392539978, -0.43970948457717896, -0.08695286512374878, -0.8497990965843201, -0.8473383188247681, -0.05752432718873024, -0.24880695343017578, -0.07716744393110275, -0.39216986298561096, 0.2682916522026062, -1.1693003177642822, 0.3959398567676544, 0.621914803981781, -0.08271005004644394, -0.2807859182357788, -0.569908618927002, 0.31035709381103516, 0.5879226326942444, -0.034917961806058884, 0.12034734338521957, -0.062266550958156586, 0.07155539095401764, -0.05961110070347786, 0.5637022852897644, 0.17472794651985168, 0.22068190574645996, 0.5874552130699158, 0.8420580625534058, -0.4181061387062073, -0.3913106620311737, 0.1136285737156868, 0.6824770569801331, 0.2775201201438904, -0.184015691280365, 0.24828913807868958, -0.809058427810669, -0.8861897587776184, -0.3431466221809387, -0.34452128410339355, 0.1304880678653717, -0.6446760296821594, -0.1945830136537552, -0.22939877212047577, -0.09337185323238373, 0.5170174837112427, -0.13803701102733612, -0.017668992280960083, -0.0543791800737381, 0.3055680990219116, 0.14260540902614594, 0.038172975182533264, -0.1279025673866272, -0.6141446828842163, 0.028267962858080864, -0.3477068245410919, -0.08653976768255234, 0.31378355622291565, 0.010978677310049534, -0.014332232065498829, 0.18024002015590668, 0.3230566680431366, -0.03203119337558746, -0.3252919018268585, -0.2629741430282593, -0.08255370706319809, -0.5647073984146118, 0.5630092024803162, 0.4807031750679016, -0.0948941633105278, 0.8388582468032837, -0.3714064955711365, -0.2680453062057495, 0.26859402656555176, 0.026233389973640442, -0.896917462348938, -0.11280903220176697, 0.3488331735134125, -0.3833436071872711, 0.7254487872123718, 0.12866628170013428, -1.0172920227050781, 0.012592008337378502, 0.3282661437988281, -0.08163465559482574, 0.28921931982040405, 0.040649689733982086, 0.23777882754802704, -0.2189382016658783, 0.5698847770690918, -0.37473049759864807, -0.4925176501274109, 0.2949850559234619, -0.030132243409752846, -0.4791252911090851, 0.6673749685287476, -0.07237836718559265, -1.0500773191452026, 0.41153112053871155, -0.10921166092157364, 0.4215235114097595, -0.31743550300598145, -0.1932411640882492, 0.7070498466491699, 0.06059790030121803, -0.2507748305797577, 0.4923569858074188, -0.3726622760295868, 0.17443738877773285, -0.5934986472129822, 0.7033628821372986, -0.11129724234342575, -0.07698436826467514, 0.4170381724834442, -0.2658710777759552, 0.03802134469151497, 0.15249015390872955, -0.3999921381473541, 0.15336760878562927, -0.11290009319782257, 0.22000636160373688, 1.0488439798355103, -0.44490846991539, 0.070973239839077, 0.1255417913198471, -0.3132796585559845, 0.948989987373352, 0.5520293712615967, 0.6422739028930664, 0.6523621678352356, -0.2578371465206146, -0.1509392261505127, -0.36783334612846375, 0.45019957423210144, -0.004880575928837061, 0.028848521411418915, 0.5539732575416565, 0.35303571820259094, -0.6161232590675354, 0.0858079344034195, -0.9792899489402771, 0.1006242036819458, 0.41593000292778015, -0.29631125926971436, 0.08285964280366898, 0.10116127133369446, 0.0063967653550207615, -0.5961653590202332, -0.042076051235198975, 0.0047322665341198444, -0.2185101956129074, -0.6446289420127869, 0.16248738765716553, -0.21539324522018433, -0.04986044391989708, -0.31871795654296875, -0.05340234935283661, 0.5480268001556396, -0.15863288938999176, 0.7435228824615479, 0.2681962549686432, -0.19558167457580566, -0.18064598739147186, 0.3720751702785492, -0.17043349146842957, -0.2568802833557129, -0.3161006569862366, -0.32763174176216125, -0.40067651867866516, 1.0668706893920898, 0.3149712085723877, 0.23929660022258759, -0.6281931400299072, -0.652551531791687, 0.23421552777290344, -0.8209359049797058, -0.7880087494850159, -0.4295434355735779, 0.07231590151786804, -1.034786581993103, -0.3245313763618469, -0.1366795301437378, 0.1346808671951294, 0.24161770939826965, -0.38526594638824463, -0.30555838346481323, 0.031115839257836342, -0.3163365125656128, -0.39188748598098755, 0.12395219504833221, -0.49436601996421814, -0.27340424060821533, -0.31645601987838745, -0.4920870065689087, -0.3442566692829132, 0.36192068457603455, -0.11033818870782852, -0.1043449193239212, -0.23913978040218353, 0.08095289766788483, -0.6355031728744507, -0.5989352464675903, 0.37311944365501404, -0.08736439794301987, 0.0003952381666749716, 0.229996919631958, 0.2642139196395874, -0.1872231662273407, 0.509706437587738, -5.607846736907959, 0.3462684452533722, -0.28666064143180847, 0.11758920550346375, -0.5200077891349792, 0.4776211082935333, 0.5324154496192932, -0.09338098019361496, -0.02808506228029728, -0.5770335793495178, -0.11322192847728729, -0.3499678075313568, -0.7992672920227051, 1.0308057069778442, 0.41284334659576416, 0.3918057680130005, -0.08576568961143494, 0.044885531067848206, 0.4686950743198395, 0.6221228241920471, 0.16007938981056213, 0.05702773109078407, -0.32747045159339905, 0.3501211702823639, 0.027610912919044495, 0.04028259590268135, -0.2546559274196625, 0.22344201803207397, -0.6867179274559021, -0.12564128637313843, -0.3091537356376648, -0.21918675303459167, -0.2500816285610199, -0.17429737746715546, -0.49479007720947266, 0.46130508184432983, 0.7739840149879456, -0.43565481901168823, 0.1751321256160736, -0.470333069562912, -0.318659245967865, 0.7475868463516235, 0.3524814546108246, 0.08151869475841522, 0.39094701409339905, -0.12020992487668991, -0.2360529601573944, -0.0343848280608654, -0.3808214068412781, 0.19059890508651733, -0.3384624123573303, 0.2034706026315689, -0.0398828461766243, 0.017103593796491623, 0.1333879679441452, 0.1736903041601181, 0.13812582194805145, -0.2801603078842163, -0.22009588778018951, 1.0167126655578613, 0.8705524206161499, -0.40006667375564575, 0.5752829909324646, -0.4355520009994507, -0.4855799376964569, 0.17212022840976715, -0.8779646754264832, -0.06857577711343765, 0.23665133118629456, 0.06372418999671936, -0.1058579832315445, -0.09708432108163834, -0.12175807356834412, -0.5316446423530579, 0.40613463521003723, -0.3109855055809021, 0.09291715174913406, 0.42346635460853577, 0.19124245643615723, 0.381777286529541, -0.2231980413198471, -0.5916464924812317, -0.5724453330039978, -0.13918466866016388, 0.1018347516655922, -0.006716485600918531, -0.4683429002761841, -0.053420696407556534, -0.4626868963241577, -0.04809178411960602, 1.1162012815475464, -0.3006289005279541, 0.7638853788375854, 0.5541260838508606, 0.3878183662891388, 0.5679288506507874, 0.47393158078193665, 0.1451127678155899, 0.5129338502883911, 0.07104731351137161, 0.11065816879272461, -0.570545494556427, 0.22649046778678894, 0.20081353187561035, 0.034268803894519806, -0.11137986928224564, -0.49589744210243225, 0.8935334086418152, 0.7198955416679382, -0.19915145635604858, -0.13276921212673187, 0.142502099275589, -0.3888227939605713, -0.4808212220668793, 0.4240611493587494, 0.19138923287391663, -0.15696550905704498, 0.431230366230011, 0.7939911484718323, -0.2565135955810547, -0.2540491223335266, 0.4998384118080139, -0.15714512765407562, -0.24359577894210815, -0.3232176899909973, -0.3626643419265747, 0.012234502471983433, 0.18718136847019196, 0.18791912496089935, -0.498935341835022, -0.6021913886070251, 0.769483208656311, 0.26064732670783997, 0.2944106459617615, 0.25603559613227844, -0.05319512262940407, -0.12137226015329361, -0.2795766592025757, 0.27514737844467163, -0.554358720779419, 0.8620734214782715, 0.32222819328308105, -0.4631250500679016, -0.2555621862411499, 0.6784541010856628, 0.3200741410255432, 0.11085621267557144, -0.520603597164154, -0.5779789686203003, 0.7315396070480347, -0.11836136132478714, -0.43010157346725464, 1.0817941427230835, -0.10974794626235962, 0.42151087522506714, 0.004636653233319521, -0.27153927087783813, 0.3756246566772461, 0.051000796258449554, 0.02545802854001522, 0.584386944770813, -0.48404809832572937, -0.38939177989959717, -0.349338173866272, 0.25313568115234375, -0.275266170501709, -0.43736445903778076, -0.22856906056404114, -0.4574994742870331, 0.9138404130935669, 0.2515365779399872, 0.24181349575519562, 0.13539409637451172, -0.1808619201183319, 0.06340473145246506, -0.2302536964416504, -0.09171601384878159, 0.2942606806755066, -0.51155024766922, -0.26270022988319397, -0.0014662626199424267, -0.3996974229812622, -0.03211641311645508, 0.3061695396900177, 0.876855731010437, -0.008709249086678028, -0.1988752782344818, 0.2156098335981369, -0.3502591848373413, -0.06991598755121231, 0.12605495750904083, -0.07341951876878738, -0.08698152005672455, -0.3007826507091522, -0.22801807522773743, -0.11031677573919296, 0.2808278501033783, 0.32926642894744873, -0.025466198101639748, -0.5338857769966125, -0.3916309177875519, -0.15825384855270386, -0.29996079206466675, 0.4351324439048767, 0.5422664880752563, -0.3955634534358978, 0.10761625319719315, -0.48657429218292236, -0.3365972340106964, 0.0604451559484005, -0.5132779479026794, -0.5835598111152649, -0.4200051426887512, -0.4611915647983551, -0.08130015432834625, 0.43203336000442505, -0.05557180196046829, -0.3967089056968689, -0.6258818507194519, -0.7048953175544739, 0.28633955121040344, -0.4400845766067505, 0.11609776318073273, -0.056739579886198044, 0.00899063516408205, -0.0018237802432850003, -0.02232605405151844, -0.6989224553108215, 0.864955484867096, 0.13937628269195557, 0.11926799267530441, -0.07104003429412842, -0.48960185050964355, 0.01126507855951786, -0.27903488278388977, -0.45639273524284363, -0.29563575983047485, 0.30328264832496643, -0.5209546089172363, -0.0726747214794159, 0.029284760355949402, 0.1992628574371338, 0.14882232248783112, -0.4219052493572235, 0.3198124170303345, -0.0929722711443901, 0.33119112253189087, -0.3606084883213043, -0.07664959877729416, 0.16094970703125, 0.08931101858615875, 0.14120396971702576, -0.0592162199318409, -0.2133953869342804, 0.47190067172050476, 0.4392714202404022, -0.13207323849201202, -0.7292953729629517, 0.5782217979431152, 0.4622914791107178, 0.2920628488063812, -0.6960975527763367, -0.20308418571949005, 0.253583699464798, 0.04176094010472298, 0.37601080536842346, -0.18469785153865814, 0.24562478065490723, 0.7324479222297668, 0.0868949368596077, 0.21647994220256805, -0.30810976028442383, 0.4998585283756256, 0.4738411605358124, -0.015933996066451073, 0.3969208598136902, 0.1305873692035675, 0.44803595542907715, -0.3156305253505707, -0.22835639119148254, -0.5907555222511292, 0.12023437023162842, 0.09431981295347214, -0.570688009262085, -0.21070605516433716, -0.1380307376384735, 0.20493823289871216, 0.6389788389205933, -0.17098629474639893, 0.7991987466812134, -0.7251355051994324, 0.06282494217157364, -0.15427282452583313, 0.48875007033348083, 0.03700064867734909, 0.4372631311416626, 0.39124637842178345, 0.5593602657318115, 0.0013729649363085628, -0.18082952499389648, -0.5033889412879944, -0.09247702360153198, 0.24535402655601501, -0.29094719886779785, -0.7216997742652893, 0.3228771984577179, 0.21159934997558594, -0.5039836764335632, -0.5756626129150391, -0.14322508871555328, 0.20380446314811707, 0.09272648394107819, 0.20030388236045837, 0.15663722157478333, -0.36476126313209534, 0.13576951622962952, 0.7099021673202515, -0.4855140447616577, 0.22815534472465515, 0.5758192539215088, 0.11512560397386551, 0.07188930362462997, 0.22670921683311462, -0.4408837556838989, -0.9789599776268005, 0.544503390789032, -0.3040264844894409, 0.19894085824489594, -0.17483657598495483, 0.15159210562705994, 0.6003251075744629, -0.023592865094542503, -0.4637163579463959, 0.6391367316246033, -0.08302514255046844, -0.5953638553619385, 0.21232514083385468, -0.353208065032959, 0.44245752692222595, 0.24414709210395813, 1.4518563747406006, 0.5963576436042786, -0.36837419867515564, 0.25415393710136414, -0.18289370834827423, 0.3427896499633789, 0.10583466291427612, 0.10057755559682846, -0.43643566966056824, 0.32019731402397156, 0.3834405541419983, 0.15393313765525818, 0.20164111256599426, 0.041802819818258286, 0.15745386481285095, 0.4942851662635803, 0.08484581112861633, -0.04867839813232422, 0.12771117687225342, 0.19500677287578583, 0.04978609085083008, 0.46627601981163025, 0.30632442235946655, 0.0729956179857254, -0.6601303815841675, 0.4728696942329407, 0.5220000147819519, -0.016135763376951218, 0.10787514597177505, -0.25487545132637024, -0.10896646231412888, 0.4084428548812866, -0.31108808517456055, 0.6331496238708496, 0.28595033288002014, -0.39824235439300537, -0.3132186532020569, 0.5406308770179749, -0.2396746277809143, -0.21739861369132996, 0.04383706673979759, -0.19304171204566956, -0.4445645213127136, -0.30958300828933716, -0.23665830492973328, -0.332782119512558, 0.041843436658382416, 0.06005445122718811, -0.44028618931770325, 0.8724213242530823, 0.5848771929740906, -0.23472659289836884, 0.18672871589660645, 0.17954523861408234, 0.22999759018421173, 0.3373554050922394, -0.6992457509040833, 1.290168285369873, 0.5409013628959656, -0.5908614993095398, 0.08316861093044281, -0.4113003611564636, 0.7436565160751343, -0.14287838339805603, -0.5875223278999329, -0.24875569343566895, -0.30878692865371704, -0.12369910627603531, -0.2653058171272278, 0.46338653564453125, 0.4526907503604889, -0.14678548276424408, 0.02741987258195877, 0.32285642623901367, 0.031149355694651604, -0.2892354428768158, 0.4897039830684662, 0.0823943018913269, -0.19949865341186523, -0.3887070119380951, -0.2078356146812439, -0.4367486536502838, 0.16676296293735504, 0.5358887314796448, 0.10035689175128937, 0.07738300412893295, 0.1912752389907837, -0.16960789263248444, -0.093910813331604, 0.3878990411758423, -0.032983604818582535, 0.25683340430259705, -0.6699825525283813, 0.5033299326896667, -0.5441114902496338, -0.7589821219444275, 0.8905228972434998, 0.1495620310306549, 0.38105493783950806, -0.3131371736526489, -0.6284730434417725, 0.06618945300579071, -0.429462730884552, 0.53931725025177, 0.26293516159057617, 0.5769978761672974, -0.25824427604675293, -0.6461023092269897, -0.7879920601844788, 0.05803649127483368, 0.44529861211776733, 0.004899489227682352, 0.16424773633480072, -0.22282825410366058, -0.3795352876186371, -0.11429470032453537, 0.7917713522911072, -0.6642987132072449, -0.24621808528900146, 0.608350396156311 ]
216489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick%20Doctrine	Kirkpatrick Doctrine	The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was the doctrine expounded by United States Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick in the early 1980s based on her 1979 essay, "Dictatorships and Double Standards". The doctrine was used to justify the U.S. foreign policy of supporting Third World anti-communist dictatorships during the Cold War. Doctrine Kirkpatrick claimed that states in the Soviet bloc and other Communist states were totalitarian regimes, while pro-Western dictatorships were merely "authoritarian" ones. According to Kirkpatrick, totalitarian regimes were more stable and self-perpetuating than authoritarian regimes, and thus had a greater propensity to influence neighboring states. The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was particularly influential during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. The Reagan administration gave varying degrees of support to several militaristic anti-Communist dictatorships, including those in Guatemala (to 1985), the Philippines (to 1986), and Argentina (to 1983), and armed the mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War, UNITA during the Angolan Civil War, and the Contras during the Nicaraguan Revolution as a means of toppling governments, or crushing revolutionary movements, in those countries that did not support the aims of the US. Kirkpatrick's tenet that totalitarian regimes are more stable than authoritarian regimes has come under criticism since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, particularly as Kirkpatrick predicted that the Soviet system would persist for decades. According to Kirkpatrick, authoritarian regimes merely try to control and/or punish their subjects' behaviors, while totalitarian regimes moved beyond that into attempting to control the thoughts of their subjects, using not only propaganda, but brainwashing, re-education, widespread domestic espionage, and mass political repression based on state ideology. Totalitarian regimes also often attempt to undermine or destroy community institutions deemed ideologically tainted (e.g., religious ones, or even the nuclear family), while authoritarian regimes by and large leave these alone. For this reason, she argues that the process of restoring democracy is easier in formerly authoritarian than in formerly totalitarian states, and that authoritarian states are more amenable to gradual reform in a democratic direction than are totalitarian states. Criticism Ted Galen Carpenter of the Cato Institute has also disputed the doctrine, noting that while Communist movements tend to depose rival authoritarians, the traditional authoritarian regimes supported by the US came to power by overthrowing democracies. He thus concludes that while Communist regimes are more difficult to eradicate, traditional autocratic regimes "pose the more lethal threat to functioning democracies." See also Jeane Kirkpatrick Big stick Diplomacy The Heritage Foundation Reagan Doctrine Realpolitik Rollback References Foreign policy doctrines of the United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan	[ 0.20023755729198456, 0.3025379776954651, -0.589457631111145, -0.0047457157634198666, 0.02635565958917141, -0.09643135964870453, 0.5133765339851379, -0.23956404626369476, 0.08616774529218674, 0.42554202675819397, -0.19727468490600586, 0.599480152130127, -0.43684807419776917, 0.5833925008773804, -0.2067910134792328, 0.37360522150993347, 0.31779104471206665, -0.02087397873401642, -0.10253307968378067, -0.1468944102525711, -0.2234123945236206, -0.07678666710853577, 0.16368292272090912, -0.0014768567634746432, -0.09841673076152802, 0.11041916906833649, 0.8083485960960388, -0.7018188238143921, -0.011282841674983501, 0.41466403007507324, 0.7126051187515259, -0.24888257682323456, -0.17630988359451294, -0.24363499879837036, -0.2710299491882324, 0.24512921273708344, -0.0019010653486475348, 0.22352808713912964, -0.20025824010372162, -0.32585716247558594, 0.45856916904449463, -0.061088453978300095, 0.39905038475990295, 0.00021521969756577164, -0.10739682614803314, 0.07557838410139084, -1.498440146446228, 0.21377651393413544, -0.3020053207874298, -0.20956920087337494, -0.48246076703071594, 0.6708484292030334, 0.6759494543075562, 0.34095266461372375, -0.03957230597734451, 0.2352306842803955, -0.601926863193512, -0.317023903131485, 0.2784664034843445, -0.944729745388031, 0.05874952673912048, 0.3461107909679413, 0.6687058806419373, -0.10280230641365051, -0.07238730788230896, 0.33910703659057617, -0.20698946714401245, 0.20423735678195953, -0.19293087720870972, -0.6097847819328308, -0.45524609088897705, -0.177610382437706, -0.04410729929804802, -0.06322647631168365, -0.011194797232747078, -0.3117034137248993, 0.17956629395484924, 0.14381438493728638, 0.4845152497291565, 0.19655713438987732, -0.2567952275276184, 0.012557274661958218, 0.021361645311117172, -0.3328143358230591, 0.4044078588485718, -0.36109498143196106, 0.21840719878673553, 0.7751537561416626, -0.4451669156551361, 0.30680862069129944, 0.10501731187105179, 0.027493897825479507, 0.5855517983436584, 0.18240323662757874, -0.28061166405677795, -0.23914077877998352, 0.5027927160263062, -0.19330143928527832, -0.08720170706510544, 0.3227402865886688, 0.032476574182510376, 0.05522635206580162, 0.20606307685375214, -0.2671196162700653, -0.2658618986606598, -0.21423952281475067, -0.10125571489334106, -0.4669199287891388, -0.24972248077392578, 0.1123841255903244, -0.39247506856918335, 0.0995301827788353, 0.3580467998981476, -0.08757176250219345, -0.3356972634792328, 0.3542139232158661, -0.09070546925067902, -0.30086204409599304, 0.13465529680252075, 0.059279754757881165, 0.01605038531124592, 0.818208634853363, -0.42405974864959717, 0.2653139531612396, 0.2498529851436615, -0.29806381464004517, 0.00930696725845337, 0.6350448131561279, -1.097758173942566, 0.15011774003505707, 0.02297399379312992, 0.606940507888794, 0.09890004992485046, 0.3170067369937897, -0.45706111192703247, -0.30938610434532166, 1.0459355115890503, -0.36610808968544006, 0.008085490204393864, 0.8270292282104492, 0.1515958160161972, -0.29869914054870605, -0.23208704590797424, 0.01525090541690588, 0.5463764667510986, -0.14509209990501404, 0.2211092710494995, 0.06248748302459717, 0.0950591117143631, -0.05925092473626137, -0.011823223903775215, 0.08241654187440872, 0.04920130595564842, 0.0870194137096405, 0.13241919875144958, 0.09397729486227036, 0.34871625900268555, -0.1965865194797516, 0.02637620083987713, 0.22653944790363312, -0.12188661843538284, 0.1448582410812378, -0.4108922779560089, -0.07635848224163055, 0.606792151927948, -0.2874499559402466, -0.4564637243747711, 0.40154367685317993, 0.21216699481010437, 0.44422343373298645, -0.11924409121274948, 0.4892875850200653, 0.1310560405254364, -0.12385498732328415, 0.10420580953359604, 0.8660631775856018, 0.14928703010082245, 0.031160440295934677, 0.33500808477401733, 0.10072963684797287, -0.6313319802284241, -0.10823846608400345, -0.1950128823518753, -0.18920773267745972, -0.037802986800670624, 0.06336404383182526, 0.4511173665523529, 0.02531500905752182, -0.14230895042419434, 0.009866026230156422, -0.3490736782550812, -0.7014690637588501, 0.40910103917121887, -0.7180924415588379, 1.6765601634979248, -0.039472803473472595, -0.27206066250801086, 0.9842866063117981, 0.3521275520324707, 0.5845713019371033, 0.1995515525341034, -0.25896167755126953, -0.12984904646873474, 0.06819523125886917, -0.17745226621627808, 0.4890129268169403, 0.03169526159763336, -0.046477124094963074, -0.11773048341274261, 0.5397847890853882, 0.035930827260017395, -0.5088095664978027, 0.26658400893211365, 0.07596742361783981, -0.36261704564094543, -0.04940643161535263, -0.43688303232192993, 0.10282900929450989, 0.4348180294036865, 0.060194309800863266, 0.12990139424800873, 0.10877157002687454, -0.13309678435325623, 0.4331507682800293, 0.12643836438655853, -0.2953137159347534, -0.03430169075727463, 0.2579119801521301, 0.13242202997207642, -0.33368980884552, -0.2676624059677124, 0.5672842860221863, 0.32657670974731445, -0.5974057912826538, 0.7289910316467285, -0.15370047092437744, -0.3100222647190094, -0.015132538974285126, -0.18207377195358276, -0.19572745263576508, 0.05568944662809372, -0.200247660279274, -0.3028234541416168, 0.5053861141204834, -0.45623430609703064, -0.04279586672782898, 0.0023371106944978237, 0.2660178542137146, -0.001925181015394628, 0.5624274611473083, -0.25852054357528687, 0.7338862419128418, 0.42225509881973267, -0.10510368645191193, -0.10169607400894165, 0.22184865176677704, -0.05246729403734207, 0.034348808228969574, -0.1802375316619873, -0.2702511250972748, -0.008102335035800934, 0.30694690346717834, -0.6253759264945984, 0.01613100804388523, 0.5594412684440613, -0.3107428550720215, -0.2921311855316162, -0.39354920387268066, 0.33758994936943054, -0.29092270135879517, -0.2268913984298706, -0.46152591705322266, -0.6603979468345642, 0.21929556131362915, -0.5999550223350525, -0.18652412295341492, -0.16798682510852814, 0.3183017373085022, -0.5492737889289856, -0.5251051783561707, 0.006535384804010391, 0.5016366243362427, 0.17359310388565063, -0.5951587557792664, -0.1607530117034912, -0.5131638646125793, -0.3282112777233124, -1.077954888343811, 0.3191703259944916, -0.05175912752747536, -0.04689481109380722, 0.35038939118385315, 0.09838493168354034, -0.49343302845954895, -0.7043982744216919, 0.5311102271080017, -0.17003262042999268, -0.09122741222381592, 0.05613953620195389, 0.5459994673728943, -0.13091373443603516, 0.5335997939109802, -0.049791160970926285, 0.12970834970474243, 0.8456037044525146, 0.2942761778831482, -0.13546518981456757, -0.2581443786621094, -6.136773586273193, 0.14902472496032715, 0.05733224004507065, -0.3853943347930908, 0.36530759930610657, 0.567680835723877, 0.8193750977516174, -0.20353835821151733, -0.38248029351234436, -0.3388512432575226, -0.4827079772949219, 0.14817805588245392, -0.0740988478064537, 0.3328194320201874, 0.4732353389263153, -0.16355323791503906, 0.3947899341583252, -0.7663195729255676, 0.1623985916376114, 0.2619156241416931, -0.05352276191115379, -0.10704243183135986, 0.04594815894961357, 0.1544671356678009, 0.24919496476650238, 0.36205339431762695, -0.10572993755340576, 0.38398879766464233, -0.44923028349876404, 0.4039362072944641, 0.06481127440929413, -0.08938963711261749, -0.326908141374588, -0.26438745856285095, -0.3141025900840759, 0.36480608582496643, 0.43479254841804504, -0.16012334823608398, -0.40448468923568726, -0.13710665702819824, -0.43044841289520264, 0.20440272986888885, -0.18049661815166473, -0.004009172786027193, 0.11039838939905167, 0.13289035856723785, -0.022459032014012337, -0.09104952216148376, -0.4583533704280853, 0.45584210753440857, -0.5018022656440735, 0.3365132510662079, 0.6534497737884521, -0.195293590426445, -0.20916923880577087, -0.2381623089313507, 0.4816622734069824, -0.2676788568496704, -0.6184226870536804, 0.06545891612768173, 0.32023856043815613, -0.429545134305954, 0.044398631900548935, 0.028256390243768692, -0.08555082976818085, -0.6123979687690735, -0.41003912687301636, 0.10568848997354507, -0.028326960280537605, 0.1303119659423828, -0.3779977560043335, 0.4890614151954651, -0.11042094230651855, -1.245300054550171, 0.07704245299100876, -0.2527623176574707, -0.41021227836608887, -0.03913654014468193, 0.6579605340957642, 0.3623638153076172, 0.4070022404193878, 0.039000868797302246, -0.3103317618370056, 0.38023343682289124, 0.2029140442609787, -0.14982236921787262, 0.18990659713745117, 0.6596769690513611, -0.4325796067714691, 0.07831604033708572, -0.3083893954753876, -0.057328302413225174, 0.01721843145787716, 0.11923249065876007, 0.24736765027046204, 0.4767054617404938, -0.10397353768348694, 0.24292297661304474, 0.3136279284954071, 0.4601285457611084, -0.1635906994342804, -0.39683783054351807, 0.24520404636859894, -0.24421192705631256, 0.10833700746297836, -0.3148093521595001, -0.3177769184112549, 0.34544482827186584, -0.1114693358540535, -0.0841129720211029, -0.3839961290359497, 0.2246702015399933, -0.25563791394233704, 0.20358680188655853, 0.00008280906331492588, 0.02427865006029606, 0.09148498624563217, -0.0837758481502533, 0.23375138640403748, 0.27502351999282837, 0.24403348565101624, 0.18666870892047882, -0.2178007960319519, 0.3079669177532196, -0.450597882270813, -0.19871938228607178, -0.192055344581604, 0.06094670295715332, -0.3537365794181824, 0.10415034741163254, 0.05478076636791229, 0.2500169277191162, 0.1812303215265274, -0.05906299501657486, 0.39834466576576233, -0.0629941076040268, -0.30794861912727356, 0.09749056398868561, -0.2681446671485901, 0.13352712988853455, -0.1387220323085785, -0.23479615151882172, -0.04349983111023903, 0.37265294790267944, 0.08661580085754395, 0.00682626711204648, 0.23883384466171265, -0.06268664449453354, 0.10411322861909866, 0.6183613538742065, 0.43644484877586365, -0.059948086738586426, 0.9626408219337463, -0.5742124915122986, 0.20979361236095428, 0.1782112866640091, 0.4949723184108734, 0.20897281169891357, -0.13861148059368134, -0.33682742714881897, -0.40293923020362854, 0.09180732071399689, -0.9624840021133423, -0.6478262543678284, 0.5826674699783325, -0.08731348067522049, -0.3328983783721924, -0.670185923576355, -0.3284083306789398, -0.04817339405417442, 0.15166521072387695, -0.3118455708026886, -0.1571441888809204, -0.09664922207593918, 0.16017697751522064, 0.4989898204803467, -0.006479667499661446, -0.1543194055557251, -0.2354615032672882, -0.19143351912498474, 0.2635781168937683, -0.03514350950717926, -0.4808514416217804, 0.584061324596405, 0.3000231087207794, -0.5094059705734253, -0.3439638912677765, -0.2182750254869461, -0.06404073536396027, 0.15904657542705536, 0.682310938835144, 0.11868521571159363, 0.34595420956611633, 0.3220711052417755, -0.5502875447273254, -0.17099741101264954, -0.23537904024124146, 0.08501207828521729, -0.3744160830974579, -0.2615324556827545, 0.07808156311511993, 0.5126095414161682, 0.020108267664909363, -0.03589515760540962, 0.03254275023937225, -0.41746461391448975, 0.058134958148002625, -0.2937464416027069, -0.3061178922653198, 0.6295638680458069, -0.408681720495224, -0.2928098142147064, -0.7929450273513794, 0.009248828515410423, -0.21669863164424896, -0.39120417833328247, -0.09699208289384842, -0.5820545554161072, -0.9144523739814758, 0.03924598917365074, 0.07588662952184677, -0.4098905622959137, -0.028789088129997253, -0.20897121727466583, -0.30524495244026184, 0.013955246657133102, 0.04776601493358612, -0.08827072381973267, 0.19232694804668427, 0.01802763342857361, -0.4008547067642212, -0.2590073049068451, 0.023012083023786545, 0.36933633685112, -0.32846179604530334, 0.242231547832489, -0.24574914574623108, 0.6202581524848938, -0.39532312750816345, -0.09613947570323944, -0.031113125383853912, 0.4268563389778137, 0.3654811680316925, -0.271709680557251, -0.34004509449005127, -0.20070454478263855, 0.18073348701000214, -0.30444926023483276, -0.2045050859451294, 0.08520495891571045, -0.499335378408432, 0.12250317633152008, -0.22344575822353363, -0.5618675947189331, 0.6572558283805847, -0.5370200872421265, 0.1664765179157257, -0.3271767795085907, 0.31058406829833984, -0.21665525436401367, -0.34144333004951477, -0.3087911009788513, -0.813393771648407, -0.14491716027259827, -0.21305400133132935, 0.022917570546269417, 0.6353235244750977, -0.27934131026268005, -0.28860244154930115, -0.8392242789268494, 0.21508760750293732, -0.6050226092338562, 0.17946551740169525, 0.32832789421081543, 0.004035567864775658, -0.3077734112739563, -0.3300526440143585, 0.1366303712129593, 0.2196037769317627, 0.04670009762048721, -0.4212600588798523, -0.09109888970851898, -0.2383909821510315, -0.5336591601371765, -0.321433424949646, -0.5301496386528015, 0.30997130274772644, -0.4465169310569763, -0.15536294877529144, -0.5530009865760803, -0.8499661684036255, 0.16134028136730194, 0.19271869957447052, -0.13782458007335663, -0.5025333166122437, 0.029666971415281296, -0.312319815158844, 0.041140392422676086, -0.20300979912281036, -0.26470041275024414, -0.1069733276963234, 0.12229995429515839, -0.10783419013023376, -0.4244941473007202, -0.021748235449194908, -0.19298385083675385, -0.23712410032749176, -0.024904673919081688, 0.3330504298210144, 0.3209654688835144, -0.20369639992713928, 0.3464292585849762, -0.11410313844680786, 0.2571561634540558, -0.33520153164863586, -0.08660832047462463, 0.33161598443984985, -0.08973859250545502, 0.018551917746663094, 0.0913885235786438, 0.2405805140733719, 0.21380305290222168, 0.29969659447669983, -0.3324122130870819, 0.3772985637187958, 0.1177353709936142, -0.046956732869148254, 0.1349300742149353, -0.3727983832359314, 0.16053332388401031, 0.33306244015693665, 0.5523866415023804, -0.21922634541988373, -0.019172396510839462, -0.12403497844934464, -0.34638676047325134, 0.0867399275302887, -0.32045456767082214, 0.25110742449760437, 0.6681685447692871, -0.001584195881150663, 0.15856055915355682, 0.017444144934415817, 0.002432982437312603, -0.13825242221355438, 0.03452567011117935, 0.35150671005249023, 0.091737300157547, 0.098429374396801, 0.6495980024337769, 0.31070852279663086, 0.1603868454694748, 0.20877625048160553, -0.6467565298080444, 0.27625638246536255, -0.8151739239692688, 0.19082537293434143, 0.08191577345132828, -0.42152276635169983, -0.46349361538887024, -0.1506693959236145, -0.09161172062158585, -0.057318009436130524, 0.26186299324035645, 0.5396538972854614, 0.47388404607772827, 0.3984200954437256, -0.40270063281059265, 0.4126657545566559, 0.09039759635925293, 0.7269637584686279, -0.635077178478241, -0.07295199483633041, 0.2815840542316437, 0.381253719329834, -0.45056068897247314, 0.7339509725570679, 0.2855142056941986, 0.24773111939430237, 0.44440534710884094, -0.0008177355630323291, 0.3231090009212494, -0.01616702601313591, 0.014743279665708542, 0.28867194056510925, 0.387338250875473, 0.36183446645736694, 0.5413668751716614, -0.37771743535995483, -0.0422811321914196, 0.17559973895549774, -0.3586430251598358, -0.4337584376335144, 0.6277204751968384, -0.4094676375389099, 0.38174474239349365, 0.048518259078264236, 0.4434691071510315, 0.22542349994182587, 0.15195593237876892, -0.37411439418792725, 0.1833219826221466, 0.17269086837768555, -0.011206491850316525, -0.26735541224479675, -0.09327774494886398, -0.2569738030433655, 0.21367321908473969, -0.5332105755805969, -0.020273344591259956, 0.2916509211063385, 0.3219318389892578, 0.29576370120048523, 0.489291250705719, -0.441617488861084, 0.1523950695991516, 0.6342053413391113, -0.2249366044998169, 0.07737857103347778, -0.02558770403265953, -0.1369020938873291, -0.1378447413444519, -0.2709335386753082, 0.3888748586177826, -0.022689037024974823, 0.3165210485458374, 1.0187174081802368, 0.014424508437514305, 0.06294490396976471, 0.4198979437351227, -0.0011767883552238345, -0.4472680985927582, 0.22625765204429626, 0.08090991526842117, -0.006856179796159267, -0.39009448885917664, 0.03481026738882065, 0.7068889141082764, 0.1035497784614563, -0.5707312822341919, 0.3554590940475464, -0.0358513742685318, -0.3073987364768982, -0.2560728192329407, -0.09834200143814087, 0.1378549486398697, 0.05280480161309242, -0.3298366069793701, 0.40110012888908386, 0.37626948952674866, 0.19896622002124786, 0.08930061012506485, -0.44024062156677246, -1.1196881532669067, 0.3198264539241791, -0.41907256841659546, 0.3709118068218231, -0.18855351209640503, 0.28855741024017334, 0.2201376110315323 ]
216492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20College	Yale College	Yale College is the undergraduate college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the original school of the university. Although other Yale schools were founded as early as 1810, all of Yale was officially known as Yale College until 1887, when its schools were confederated and the institution was renamed Yale University. It is ranked as one of the top colleges in the United States. Originally established to train Congregationalist ministers, the college began teaching humanities and natural sciences by the late 18th century. At the same time, students began organizing extracurricular organizations: first literary societies, and later publications, sports teams, and singing groups. By the middle of the 19th century, it was the largest college in the United States. In 1847, it was joined by another undergraduate school at Yale, the Sheffield Scientific School, which was absorbed into the college in 1956. These merged curricula became the basis of the modern-day liberal arts curriculum, which requires students to take courses in a broad range of subjects, including foreign language, composition, sciences, and quantitative reasoning, in addition to electing a departmental major in their sophomore year. The most distinctive feature of undergraduate life is the school's system of residential colleges, established in 1932 and modeled after the constituent colleges of English universities. Undergraduates live in these colleges after their freshman year, when most live on the school's Old Campus. History The Collegiate School was founded in 1701 by a charter drawn by ten Congregationalist ministers led by James Pierpont and approved by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut. Originally situated in Abraham Pierson's home in Killingworth, Connecticut, the college moved to New Haven in 1718 and was renamed for Elihu Yale, an early benefactor, merchant, and slave-trader. Founded as a school to train ministers, original curriculum included only coursework in theology and sacred languages. Although early faculty, including Jonathan Edwards and Elisha Williams, maintained strict Congregational orthodoxy, by the time of the American Revolution subsequent rectors, especially Ezra Stiles, relaxed the curriculum to include humanities and limited natural science education. Scientific courses introduced by chemist Benjamin Silliman in 1801 made the college an early hub of scientific education, a curriculum which was grafted into Yale's Sheffield Scientific School in 1847. As in many of Yale's sister institutions, debates about the expansiveness of the undergraduate curriculum were waged throughout the early 19th century, with statements like the Yale Report of 1828 re-asserting Yale's conservative theological heritage and faculty. Later in the century, William Graham Sumner, the first professor of sociology in the United States, introduced studies in the social sciences. These expanding fields of study were integrated with graduate schools of the university and amalgamated into a course of liberal arts education, which presaged the advent of divisional majors in the twentieth century. The relaxation of curriculum came with expansion of the extracurriculum. Student literary societies emerged as early as 1750, singing groups and student publications in the early 1800s, fraternities and secret societies in the mid-nineteenth century, and intercollegiate athletics by the century's end. Participation and leadership in these groups was an important social signifier and a route to induction into prestigious senior societies. Thus extracurricular participation became central to student life and social advancement, an ethos that became a template for collegiate life across the United States. By 1870, Yale was the largest undergraduate institution in the country. The growth of the student body prompted major growth in the college's physical campus, the greatest expansion of which occurred in 1933, when a gift of Edward S. Harkness created and endowed eight residential colleges. Modeled after the college system of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, the colleges were intended to be the social and residential centers of undergraduate life while leaving academic programs under the oversight of university's departments. Two additional colleges were built by 1940, and two more in the 1960s. Admission and exclusion For most of its history, study at Yale was almost exclusively restricted to white Protestant men, often the children of alumni. Documented exceptions to this paradigm include Hawaiian native Henry ʻŌpūkahaʻia, who became a student of Yale President Timothy Dwight in 1809, and black abolitionist James W. C. Pennington, who was allowed to audit theology courses in 1837. Moses Simons, a descendant of a slave-holding South Carolinian family, has been suggested to be the first Jew to graduate from Yale. Though his maternal ancestry is disputed, he may have also been the first person of African-American descent to graduate from any American college. In 1854, Yung Wing graduated from the college and became the first student from China to graduate from an American university, and in 1857, Richard Henry Green became the first African-American man to receive a degree from the college. Until the rediscovery of Green's ethnic descent in 2014, physicist Edward Bouchet, who stayed at Yale to become the first African-American PhD recipient, was believed to also be the first African-American graduate of Yale College. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians"—a group later called WASPs. By the 1970s, it was much more diverse. Enrollment at Yale only became competitive in the early 20th century, requiring the college to set up an admissions process. As late as the 1950s, tests and demographic questionnaires for admission to the college worked to exclude non-Christian men, especially Jews, as well as non-white men. By the mid-1960s, these processes were becoming more meritocratic, allowing for the recruitment of a racially, economically, and geographically diverse student body. This meritocratic transition encouraged the university to establish the first need-blind admissions policy in the United States. After several decades of debate about coeducation, Yale College admitted its first class of women in 1969. In recent years, the college has focused on international recruitment, quadrupling the fraction of international students admitted between 1993 and 2013. Organization Yale College is a constituent school of Yale University and contains a dependent system of residential colleges. Its executive officer is the Dean of Yale College, who is appointed to a five-year term by the Yale Corporation. The dean oversees undergraduate academic curriculum, extracurricular activities, and student discipline, but does not have direct control over the residential colleges. The position is currently held by Marvin Chun, professor of neuroscience. All of the college's faculty are members of the Yale Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are thereby jointly affiliated with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Tenured members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences constitute the Board of Permanent Officers, who govern the school's curriculum and programs. Most undergraduate courses and majors are offered under the purview of academic departments, divisions of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences which offer undergraduate and graduate curricula. In addition, the faculties of three Yale professional schools, the School of Art, School of Architecture and School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, also offer undergraduate programs. Residential colleges, which are funded and controlled by the university, have separate administration and limited self-governance. The Heads of College (before 2006 called Masters), usually tenured faculty members, are appointed to renewable, five-year terms by the Yale Corporation to oversee the affairs of each college. Residential college deans, who are supervised by the Dean of Yale College, are in charge of undergraduate academic oversight. Each residential college is governed by its Head of College, Dean, and Fellows, and has a college council of students with limited jurisdiction over student affairs. Issues affecting multiple colleges are governed by the Council of the Heads of College, composed of the Heads of College of the fourteen colleges. Residential colleges The most distinctive feature of Yale College undergraduate life is the residential college system. The system was established in 1933 through a gift by Yale graduate Edward S. Harkness, who admired the college systems at Oxford University and Cambridge University. Each college consists of dormitory buildings surrounding an enclosed courtyard, and features a dining hall, library, and student facilities ranging from printing presses to darkrooms. Each is led by a Head of College, a faculty member who serves as its chief administrator, and a Dean, who oversees student academic affairs. University faculty and distinguished affiliates are associated with the colleges as fellows. Unlike their English forerunners, the colleges do not administer academic degree programs or courses of study, but they do sponsor academic seminars that fall outside the normal departmental structure of the university, and the Heads of College host lectures and teas for the colleges that attract high-profile visitors. Harkness' gift built and endowed eight colleges, completed from 1932 to 1934. Additional colleges were opened in 1935 (Timothy Dwight College), 1940 (Silliman College), 1962 (Morse College and Ezra Stiles College), and 2017 (Pauli Murray College and Benjamin Franklin College), bringing the present-day number to fourteen. The first ten colleges were designed in Collegiate Gothic and Georgian Revival styles; the two colleges built in the 1960s are Modernist reinventions of the college plan. In 2007, Yale announced the construction of two additional Collegiate Gothic residential colleges near Science Hill, which opened in 2017. List of residential colleges Residential colleges are named for important figures or places in university history or notable alumni; they are deliberately not named for benefactors. Benjamin Franklin College – named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. Berkeley College – named for George Berkeley (1685–1753), early benefactor of Yale. Branford College – named for Branford, Connecticut, the town in which Yale was founded. Davenport College – named for John Davenport, the founder of New Haven. Often called "D'port." Ezra Stiles College – named for Ezra Stiles, a president of Yale. Designed by Eero Saarinen. Jonathan Edwards College – named for theologian and Princeton University co-founder Jonathan Edwards. Grace Hopper College – named for Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, Yale Ph.D. and computer pioneer. Until 2017, this college was named for John C. Calhoun, Vice President of the United States. The smallest college. Morse College – named for Samuel Morse, inventor of Morse Code. Also designed by Eero Saarinen. Pauli Murray College – named for civil rights activist, legal scholar and religious pioneer Pauli Murray. Pierson College – named for Yale's first rector, Abraham Pierson. Saybrook College – named for Old Saybrook, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly located. Silliman College – named for noted scientist and Yale professor Benjamin Silliman. About half of its structures were originally part of the Sheffield Scientific School. Timothy Dwight College – named for the two Yale presidents of that name, Timothy Dwight IV and Timothy Dwight V. Usually called "T.D." Trumbull College – named for Jonathan Trumbull, 18th-century governor of Connecticut. Student organizations Singing groups Yale College has been called "the epicenter of college singing," both for its long history of singing groups and its centrality in establishing collegiate a cappella in the United States. The earliest choral group, the Beethoven Society, dates to 1812 and emerged in the mid-nineteenth century as the Yale Glee Club. Although glee clubs around the country had spawned small collegiate ensembles since that time, the all-senior, all-male Whiffenpoofs, formed in 1909, are often considered to be the oldest collegiate a cappella society in the United States. Formalizing a style pioneered by black barbershop groups in New Haven, their repertoire was amplified by the founding of similar groups across the country. Coeducation in 1969 made possible all-women's groups and mixed groups. In all, there are now at least eighteen undergraduate a cappella groups in Yale College, ranging from a Slavic chorus to Christian a cappella. Publications Student publications at Yale date back as far as 1806, but the earliest still in print, the Yale Literary Magazine, was founded in 1836 and is believed to be the oldest surviving literary review in the United States. Undergraduate publications like the Yale Banner, a yearbook, and The Yale Record, a humor magazine, followed suit, often around the same time similar publications were established at Harvard and Princeton. The Yale Daily News, established in 1878, was a relative latecomer but became the flagship campus daily, and continues to publish during every weekday of the undergraduate academic term. These publications have been joined by many 20th-century debuts, including The Yale Herald and The New Journal. Secret societies In 1832, a rift over Phi Beta Kappa inductions between the college's two debating societies, Linonia and Brothers in Unity, caused seniors to establish the first secret society at the university, Skull and Bones. Skull and Bones "tapped" select juniors for membership as seniors, a ritual later adopted by all undergraduate senior societies. Since then, senior societies have proliferated at Yale, with recent estimates of 41 existing societies and senior class membership ranging from ten to fifty percent of each class. Although once carefully guarded, the "secrecy" of these senior societies is dubious; their existence is widely known and membership rolls for most are published yearly. Ten present-day societies—Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key, Book and Snake, Wolf's Head, Elihu, Berzelius, St. Elmo, Manuscript, Shabtai, and Mace and Chain—have private buildings near campus; many other societies have a fixed on-campus meeting space where they meet twice a week. Some of the oldest society buildings are enclosed and windowless; members refer to them as "tombs." Their activities have varied over time and across societies, but most societies meet for dinners, discussion, drinking, and long-form disclosure of members' life history. Despite a long history of social exclusion—of Jews and women in particular—many of these societies have prioritized membership diversity in the last several decades. The semi-secrecy and influential membership of Yale's older senior societies has attracted wide interest and scrutiny, particularly when both 2004 U.S. presidential candidates were members of Skull and Bones. In popular culture The anti-Tom novel Aunt Phillis's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman is partially set in Yale College in the 1850s. In the American TV series Gilmore Girls, Rory Gilmore attends Yale College, choosing it over Harvard. References Further reading External links The Yung Wing Project hosts the memoir of the first Chinese-American graduate of an American university (Yale 1854). College Educational institutions established in 1701 1701 establishments in Connecticut	[ 0.26710304617881775, 0.3222270905971527, -0.21816834807395935, -0.3738359212875366, 0.47262299060821533, 0.0713195875287056, 0.516376256942749, 0.8007539510726929, -0.1810399740934372, -0.18297913670539856, -0.1732744574546814, 0.20154425501823425, 0.15798230469226837, 0.22940076887607574, -0.3934680223464966, -0.5667590498924255, 0.5121380686759949, 0.42292630672454834, 0.08510379493236542, -0.8689306974411011, -0.603459358215332, 0.6614018678665161, 0.44716840982437134, -0.20339542627334595, -0.4545484185218811, 0.5186364650726318, 0.604617178440094, 0.12989693880081177, 0.10724606364965439, -0.26675286889076233, -0.2799132466316223, -0.4776541292667389, 0.22293604910373688, -0.44162118434906006, 0.18602940440177917, -0.16110754013061523, -0.0922706127166748, -0.2035972774028778, 0.1370943784713745, -0.4917309284210205, -0.20648311078548431, -0.4199577867984772, 0.22768785059452057, 0.6149858236312866, -0.8475115895271301, -0.0582086481153965, -1.4463372230529785, -0.0376000702381134, -0.8947292566299438, -0.05858863890171051, 0.16508042812347412, 0.40653446316719055, 0.5988745093345642, 0.1950489729642868, -0.00362415611743927, 0.010786356404423714, -0.5074881911277771, 0.06678967922925949, 0.09906002134084702, -0.020404772832989693, -0.1897573173046112, 0.48137664794921875, -0.0917614996433258, 0.2511945068836212, -0.20927540957927704, 0.1546238660812378, -0.1866636574268341, -0.3200733959674835, -0.40550851821899414, 0.010281178168952465, 0.03499471768736839, 0.10211260616779327, -0.22189682722091675, -0.10386665910482407, -0.3825048506259918, -0.3868038058280945, 0.1964045763015747, 0.2150937169790268, 0.2579056918621063, -0.24001923203468323, 0.09527856856584549, 0.04477997124195099, 0.7202308773994446, 0.4140136241912842, 0.6782538294792175, 0.8807523250579834, -0.6827152967453003, -0.10350851714611053, -0.05636852979660034, 0.7313594818115234, -0.2650209963321686, 0.02353985793888569, 0.3013843595981598, 0.5399146676063538, -0.06487970799207687, -0.25059768557548523, -0.04632766544818878, -0.16347704827785492, 0.03639993071556091, -0.33316802978515625, -0.4898117184638977, 0.884276270866394, 0.7678346633911133, -0.034444261342287064, -0.3177453279495239, 0.2810044586658478, -0.3781197667121887, -0.3692016005516052, -0.3948535919189453, -0.9384210109710693, -0.475420206785202, -0.12227435410022736, -0.2911762297153473, 0.2578946352005005, -0.16827110946178436, 0.6140979528427124, 0.5665217638015747, -0.6556743383407593, -0.25391849875450134, -0.025115417316555977, -0.015554089099168777, 0.9657605886459351, 0.08079566061496735, -0.26108431816101074, 0.3272915780544281, 0.4576423764228821, 0.07829789817333221, 0.20063923299312592, -0.31878378987312317, -0.3419899344444275, 0.07695252448320389, 0.7122688293457031, 0.285983681678772, 0.33142125606536865, 0.05664755776524544, -0.291726678609848, 0.05210542678833008, -0.2818889617919922, 0.06815493851900101, 0.34195300936698914, -0.6951982378959656, -0.34383922815322876, -1.0703356266021729, -0.4316122829914093, 0.18904918432235718, -0.4566079378128052, -0.11010511964559555, -0.18008793890476227, 0.2141447216272354, 0.3606662452220917, 0.1716235727071762, 0.09184989333152771, -0.1968703418970108, -0.13355746865272522, -0.6727606654167175, -0.5213009119033813, 0.4976499676704407, -0.08368159085512161, 0.5120633840560913, 0.46871012449264526, -0.784224271774292, -0.24947424232959747, 0.3634594678878784, -0.06855343282222748, -0.38146069645881653, -0.05698617175221443, 0.5702072381973267, -0.2809920012950897, -0.5821462273597717, 0.2613355815410614, -0.7265836596488953, -0.010687092319130898, 0.6254977583885193, -0.44261300563812256, -0.3783525824546814, -0.40213343501091003, 0.4944491386413574, 0.4103519916534424, 0.4615461230278015, -0.8587682843208313, -0.5384584665298462, 0.446725994348526, 0.14311768114566803, -0.4600111246109009, 0.03542543947696686, -0.35607150197029114, -0.09740641713142395, 0.46431535482406616, -0.0885075256228447, 0.2614651620388031, -0.2909906804561615, 0.12342579662799835, -0.01919241063296795, -0.08912281692028046, 0.8787619471549988, -0.47692251205444336, -1.0652271509170532, 1.0082916021347046, -0.29630330204963684, 0.6365282535552979, -0.2543448209762573, 0.03527834638953209, -0.2930300235748291, -0.12466579675674438, -0.04381165653467178, 1.2024792432785034, 0.5588144659996033, 0.4354577362537384, 0.9131812453269958, -0.11082878708839417, 0.6031851172447205, -0.3738139569759369, 0.1235259622335434, 0.417059987783432, 0.2812154293060303, -0.6107919216156006, -0.7022802233695984, -0.04966329410672188, 0.027413515374064445, -0.2646268606185913, 1.2343670129776, -0.311078280210495, 0.7745195627212524, 0.5884389281272888, 0.15571057796478271, 0.37086114287376404, -0.3901353180408478, 0.27782317996025085, 0.15381057560443878, -0.23420873284339905, 0.5213789343833923, -0.24293988943099976, -0.3876813054084778, 0.3704889416694641, -0.18580077588558197, -0.27124515175819397, -0.4401307702064514, -0.6175513863563538, 0.6941753029823303, -0.03293517976999283, -0.03893024101853371, -0.5475698113441467, -0.9315974116325378, 0.43935635685920715, 0.0231101643294096, 0.07625818997621536, -0.165838360786438, 0.2808760702610016, -0.5071706771850586, -0.41934865713119507, 0.44998735189437866, -0.4055604934692383, -0.04632582515478134, 0.02761147730052471, -0.007501130923628807, -0.13148850202560425, 0.0414021760225296, 0.534849226474762, 0.319643497467041, 0.249214768409729, -0.43681663274765015, 0.6993446946144104, 0.37284499406814575, -0.007190664764493704, -0.2230435162782669, -0.18279890716075897, -0.16817790269851685, -0.7100614309310913, 0.17600610852241516, -0.10872495174407959, 0.09381448477506638, -0.19376620650291443, -0.22534535825252533, -1.269834280014038, -0.19914095103740692, 0.13798542320728302, 0.39295533299446106, -0.12632310390472412, -0.9473220705986023, 0.2548004388809204, 0.10946183651685715, 0.6007245779037476, -0.6435339450836182, -0.07090018689632416, 0.04648436978459358, -0.13911771774291992, 0.05122436210513115, -0.5216547250747681, 0.0804152563214302, 0.08420988917350769, 0.0165773406624794, 0.2544553279876709, 0.6051493883132935, 0.14753861725330353, 0.15183782577514648, 0.18093940615653992, 0.5833662748336792, -0.5652683973312378, -0.013214466162025928, -0.26958903670310974, -0.3113105595111847, 0.14595235884189606, -0.3158590793609619, 0.21003840863704681, 0.05219365283846855, -0.3228971064090729, -0.0674709752202034, -0.06810297816991806, -5.413328170776367, 0.38741040229797363, -0.2144257128238678, 0.37642502784729004, 1.0233553647994995, -1.0021839141845703, 0.33204883337020874, -0.5052841305732727, -0.3853816092014313, -0.26760202646255493, -0.6349325776100159, -0.5151760578155518, 0.09646803140640259, 0.4744407534599304, 0.5380786061286926, 0.23224502801895142, 0.46282967925071716, -0.21064245700836182, -0.46038126945495605, 0.5884057283401489, -0.11954326927661896, 0.3413144648075104, 0.21590901911258698, 0.4738277196884155, 0.26118025183677673, 0.5027855634689331, -0.2677873969078064, 0.45116791129112244, -0.23469962179660797, 0.2515277564525604, -0.08844450861215591, -0.07488135993480682, 0.16310735046863556, -0.3329835534095764, -0.11114055663347244, 0.04163944721221924, 0.6020177006721497, 0.2628241181373596, 0.3317984938621521, 0.15660229325294495, 0.7868973016738892, 0.5563163757324219, -0.17879222333431244, -0.030734889209270477, 0.21521839499473572, -0.23462873697280884, -0.5350308418273926, 0.05538953095674515, 0.011315416544675827, -0.18141859769821167, -0.20059552788734436, 0.46608230471611023, 0.7475522756576538, 0.029995087534189224, -0.14285898208618164, -0.29326796531677246, 0.08642436563968658, -0.33534204959869385, -0.024657342582941055, -0.2559185028076172, 0.5126417875289917, 0.0014159209094941616, 0.251464307308197, -0.38580119609832764, -0.1309160739183426, -1.106449007987976, -0.06821049749851227, 0.6279850602149963, 0.36992403864860535, 0.18275436758995056, 0.33285316824913025, -0.15225940942764282, -0.10089799016714096, -0.8751655220985413, -0.6944231986999512, -0.34853994846343994, -0.25031623244285583, -0.479000061750412, 0.32394862174987793, -0.06902386248111725, 0.030387859791517258, -0.034313175827264786, 0.07898573577404022, 0.9760711193084717, 0.20682789385318756, -0.837646484375, 0.13799741864204407, 0.7874661087989807, -0.9200136661529541, -0.5234841108322144, -0.0024541467428207397, -0.009297288954257965, 0.04910987615585327, 0.16274212300777435, 0.6698101758956909, 0.3210535943508148, -0.08386576175689697, 0.05327845364809036, 0.23914866149425507, 0.14211209118366241, 0.5482290983200073, -0.05733323097229004, 0.0937497466802597, -0.45691946148872375, 0.12340114265680313, -0.46929726004600525, -0.37926673889160156, 0.6320834159851074, 0.35006019473075867, 0.42741063237190247, -0.6401904821395874, -0.26794737577438354, -0.09934564679861069, -0.3316256105899811, 0.44266265630722046, -0.22210493683815002, -0.26029980182647705, 0.36446020007133484, -0.2304479479789734, 0.25189629197120667, -0.0760040283203125, 0.44049859046936035, 0.3184201717376709, -0.004528045188635588, -0.3870629370212555, -0.8470958471298218, 0.08687788248062134, -0.17726023495197296, -0.3672064542770386, -0.18252770602703094, 0.4132421612739563, -0.004812012426555157, -0.16064453125, 0.2108369618654251, 0.22536548972129822, 0.07130647450685501, -0.0831751599907875, -0.46992602944374084, -0.62380450963974, 0.09328053146600723, 0.10937268286943436, -0.24102768301963806, 0.09213867038488388, 0.4489108920097351, 0.48848819732666016, 0.19692562520503998, -0.07372944056987762, 0.18070678412914276, -0.5884490013122559, 0.2960350513458252, 0.042560726404190063, -0.9465361833572388, 0.3741612136363983, 0.4379662275314331, 0.40204712748527527, -0.1605282872915268, -0.6339713931083679, 0.03582215681672096, 0.38430705666542053, 0.1666020005941391, -0.3245563805103302, -0.06300974637269974, -0.5340284705162048, -0.24418970942497253, 0.3487325608730316, -0.11934849619865417, -0.06114397197961807, -0.349619060754776, -0.8253982663154602, 0.38483113050460815, 0.2417028397321701, 0.03763188421726227, -0.3566381633281708, -0.7831050753593445, 0.5114666223526001, 0.4738364815711975, -0.11639641970396042, -0.16895657777786255, 0.0050900583155453205, -0.13815535604953766, 0.8197419047355652, -0.5370100140571594, 0.08967575430870056, 0.3836570084095001, 0.5988447666168213, -0.6028332710266113, 0.2723548710346222, -0.49881643056869507, -0.4752601981163025, -0.2853015959262848, -0.06185975298285484, -0.40986403822898865, 0.38554641604423523, 0.3324657678604126, -1.1267143487930298, -0.267567902803421, 0.058431047946214676, 0.049155429005622864, -0.49525442719459534, 0.3644889295101166, 0.2225944697856903, 1.009142279624939, -0.8126962780952454, 0.43096432089805603, 0.2946622371673584, -0.4449613690376282, 0.06815806776285172, 0.08544417470693588, 0.194159597158432, 0.7105693221092224, 0.05744686722755432, -0.0906067043542862, 0.2548210620880127, -0.055837053805589676, -0.47003841400146484, -0.3408227264881134, -0.04291454330086708, -0.401711106300354, 0.0731239765882492, -0.48499903082847595, 0.20406116545200348, 0.298566609621048, -0.05270092189311981, -0.21232342720031738, -0.5630128383636475, -0.06779252737760544, 0.038816187530756, 0.16453112661838531, 0.07992085814476013, -0.3464350402355194, 0.22728104889392853, -0.4579829275608063, -0.16051559150218964, -0.03008071891963482, 0.4479292929172516, -0.23969027400016785, 0.24788951873779297, 0.2514972984790802, -0.05968211963772774, -0.12851552665233612, 0.07238863408565521, 0.43799176812171936, -0.3687809109687805, -0.49104052782058716, -0.45910075306892395, 0.7013102173805237, 0.38335609436035156, -0.07176728546619415, -0.7074728012084961, 0.4053756594657898, 0.8134238719940186, -0.6112610101699829, -0.40314728021621704, 0.007820086553692818, -0.1177327036857605, 0.2121885120868683, 0.16003777086734772, 0.3104512095451355, -0.02206052839756012, -0.18072405457496643, -0.23860833048820496, -0.2618275582790375, -0.9462829232215881, 0.3302513062953949, -0.48456913232803345, -0.2653317451477051, -0.3730745315551758, -0.371072381734848, 0.27867165207862854, -0.32954758405685425, 0.14158527553081512, -0.6195552349090576, -0.18245887756347656, 0.3112133741378784, -0.02919379062950611, 0.5073063969612122, 0.06530305743217468, -0.6161219477653503, 0.41162991523742676, 0.018547214567661285, 0.1858581006526947, 0.41760411858558655, -0.5867046117782593, -0.47059985995292664, 0.06258129328489304, -0.6866210103034973, -0.02716377004981041, 0.3377600908279419, -0.058492403477430344, 0.688347339630127, -0.7465491890907288, -0.27830925583839417, 0.22451484203338623, -0.2786177694797516, -0.25315746665000916, 0.28548896312713623, 0.08348254859447479, 0.41964808106422424, 1.1229475736618042, 0.0748639777302742, -0.6340254545211792, 0.5819541215896606, 0.772272527217865, 0.18441824615001678, 0.32643499970436096, -0.002321327803656459, -0.37483006715774536, -0.012292392551898956, -0.22131721675395966, -0.14871639013290405, -0.017527764663100243, 0.1999387890100479, 0.36577045917510986, 0.9255613088607788, -0.06746367365121841, -0.18195703625679016, 0.7597208619117737, -0.5134496092796326, 0.16577620804309845, 0.4444178342819214, -0.5080661773681641, 0.07816849648952484, 0.2510981559753418, 0.12668588757514954, 0.0010505839018151164, 0.49490198493003845, -0.3925420045852661, -0.5081808567047119, -0.0328102670609951, -0.16826395690441132, 0.39432939887046814, 0.2719772756099701, -0.27026045322418213, 0.4868098795413971, -0.19880200922489166, -0.37827426195144653, -0.24849578738212585, -1.2206335067749023, -0.8479562401771545, 0.5005733966827393, 0.5873655080795288, 0.9721929430961609, 0.39293360710144043, 0.07892099022865295, -0.4690277576446533, 0.26024118065834045, 0.2954404056072235, 0.0029183903243392706, -0.13996529579162598, 0.2229381799697876, 0.37055662274360657, 0.21053446829319, 0.5194810628890991, -0.2852932810783386, 0.3124426603317261, -0.226845845580101, 0.27658843994140625, 0.544500470161438, 0.15592128038406372, -1.2265422344207764, -0.3184633255004883, 0.5722154378890991, 0.20331613719463348, -0.4889720380306244, -0.20045337080955505, -0.08262023329734802, 0.8856441974639893, -0.06921006739139557, -0.25770506262779236, 0.6587877869606018, -0.23646606504917145, 0.36287298798561096, -0.04620013386011124, -0.8403739333152771, 0.272335410118103, 0.23300530016422272, 0.3893468379974365, 0.6201876401901245, 0.08286073803901672, 0.11616896837949753, 0.07362451404333115, -0.3363516926765442, 0.2240532636642456, -0.027885690331459045, -0.3092975616455078, -0.19720609486103058, -0.6384105086326599, 0.5073077082633972, -0.663261353969574, -0.3157191276550293, -0.03236018121242523, -0.05595073476433754, 0.16050845384597778, 0.32778578996658325, 0.11028178781270981, 0.03335655480623245, 0.09788340330123901, 0.38034775853157043, 0.2310805320739746, 0.0042387014254927635, -0.3526248335838318, 0.1360313445329666, -0.26560866832733154, -0.10857529193162918, -0.45549315214157104, 0.06846113502979279, -0.1555481255054474, 0.4889918863773346, -0.8716903924942017, 0.3505295217037201, 0.41479355096817017, 0.034100331366062164, 0.020439496263861656, 0.5978918671607971, -0.002058981452137232, 0.7759189009666443, 0.8953332901000977, 0.08347093313932419, -0.8519471287727356, 0.060798510909080505, 0.08601149916648865, 0.626499593257904, -0.12886376678943634, 0.6822202801704407, -0.0851321667432785, -0.10130269825458527, -0.26648637652397156, 0.009412841871380806, -0.5714551210403442, 0.09317577630281448, 0.08642662316560745, -0.33488211035728455, -0.02689935639500618, 0.36426877975463867, -0.00730128213763237, -0.07965321838855743, 0.4303104281425476, 0.519757091999054, 0.7210156917572021, -1.0253539085388184, -0.1424414962530136, 0.05040077865123749, -0.03408798575401306, 0.2685566842556, -2.321937084197998, -0.05826248228549957, -0.022739173844456673, -0.004467677790671587, -0.6028770804405212, 0.17346735298633575, 0.28570395708084106, -0.7790347933769226, 0.6111395359039307, 0.2703186571598053, 0.028363866731524467, -0.04194976016879082, -0.05876181647181511, 0.16411092877388, 0.6040733456611633, 0.48648861050605774 ]
216494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treecreeper	Treecreeper	The treecreepers are a family, Certhiidae, of small passerine birds, widespread in wooded regions of the Northern Hemisphere and sub-Saharan Africa. The family contains ten species in two genera, Certhia and Salpornis. Their plumage is dull-coloured, and as their name implies, they climb over the surface of trees in search of food. Taxonomy and systematics The family consists of two subfamilies, each with one genus. Their distinctive anatomical and behavioural characteristics are discussed in their respective articles. Subfamily Certhiinae, genus Certhia, is the typical treecreepers, with seven species found in Europe and Asia, and one, the brown creeper, in North America. Subfamily Salpornithinae, genus Salpornis, contains only the Indian spotted creeper and African spotted creeper. Some taxonomists place the nuthatches and treecreepers in a larger grouping with the wrens and gnatcatchers. This superfamily, the Certhioidea, was based on phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and was created to cover a clade of four families removed from a larger grouping of passerine birds, the Sylvioidea. The fossil record for this group appears to be restricted to a foot bone of an early Miocene bird from Bavaria which has been identified as an extinct representative of the climbing Certhioidea, a clade comprising the treecreepers, wallcreeper and nuthatches. It has been described as Certhiops rummeli. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek kerthios, a small tree-dwelling bird described by Aristotle and others. There are two other small bird families with treecreeper or creeper in their name, which are not closely related: the Australian treecreepers (Climacteridae) the Philippine creepers (Rhabdornithidae) The wallcreeper was originally described in the family Certhiidae but is now considered as more closely related to the nuthatches. The woodcreepers (subfamily Dendrocolaptinae) also have a similar name. Species in taxonomic order Genus Certhia Eurasian treecreeper or common treecreeper, Certhia familiaris Hodgson's treecreeper, Certhia hodgsoni Brown creeper, Certhia americana Short-toed treecreeper, Certhia brachydactyla Bar-tailed treecreeper or Himalayan treecreeper, Certhia himalayana Sichuan treecreeper, Certhia tianquanensis Rusty-flanked treecreeper or Nepal treecreeper, Certhia nipalensis Sikkim treecreeper or brown-throated treecreeper, Certhia discolor Hume's treecreeper, Certhia manipurensis Genus Salpornis Indian spotted creeper, Salpornis spilonotus African spotted creeper, Salpornis salvadori An extinct treecreeper, Certhia rummeli, was described from a fossilized right tarsometatarsus found in karstic fissure fillings in Petersbuch, Bavaria by German paleornithologist Albrecht Manegold. This specimen implies the branching of Certhioidea occurred 20 MYA, and represents the oldest fossil passerine assignable to an extant subordinated clade of oscines in the Northern Hemisphere. Description Treecreepers measure from 12 to 18 centimetres in length. Their bills are gently down-curved and rather long, used for probing bark for insects and spiders. They often climb up tree trunks in a helical path, hopping with their feet together; their toes are long and tipped with strongly curved claws for gripping. The longer tails of the Certhia treecreepers are stiffened to use as a prop while climbing, but those of the spotted creeper are shorter and not stiffened. Their songs and calls are thin and high-pitched. Distribution and habitat Most species of treecreeper occur in the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms, from Western Europe to Japan and India. One species occurs in North America from Alaska to Nicaragua and another has a discontinuous distribution in sub-Saharan Africa and India. All species of treecreeper are found in forest and woodland habitats. The more northerly species are partly migratory, and those found in warmer climates are thought to be resident, although information is lacking for many species. Behaviour and ecology Treecreepers are generally unobtrusive and are often indifferent to humans. They occur as singles or in pairs, sometimes in small family groups after fledging. Communal roosting has been observed in three species (and may occur in more), with as many as 20 birds sharing a roosting hole in order to conserve warmth. Treecreepers forage on the trunks of large trees. They move up the trunk in a progression of small hops. They fly to the bottom of a tree, then climb in a spiral fashion searching for prey. The majority of their diet is composed of small invertebrates, including insects and their larvae, spiders, and pseudoscorpions. In hard times seeds and fruits may be taken, and a few species will also visit birdfeeders. Species in both genera have been recorded joining mixed-species feeding flocks. The treecreepers are monogamous and territorial. Nests and eggs vary between the genera: the Certhia treecreepers usually nest in a gap between the tree bark and the tree, whereas the nest of the spotted creeper is placed in the fork of a branch. Incubation lasts 14 to 15 days, and young fledge after 15 to 16 days. References External links Treecreeper videos on the Internet Bird Collection	[ -0.23812559247016907, 0.12941238284111023, -0.7546411156654358, -0.3846651017665863, 0.10041261464357376, 0.7022919654846191, 0.27952879667282104, 0.5559878945350647, -0.6302831172943115, -0.20378339290618896, -0.37167659401893616, 0.04367993026971817, -0.35537269711494446, -0.10102622956037521, -0.10788282752037048, 0.3190993070602417, 0.5073702931404114, 0.5525962114334106, 0.18733292818069458, -0.3322151303291321, -0.5862308740615845, -0.6303490400314331, 0.6186237931251526, -0.36522984504699707, 0.9443249106407166, -0.3048645555973053, 0.3594426214694977, 0.4839331805706024, 0.44829365611076355, -0.1125272735953331, -0.23917804658412933, 0.9100109934806824, 0.5233554840087891, -0.16006381809711456, 0.15238632261753082, -0.31758812069892883, -0.8931143879890442, -0.7607808113098145, 0.4236999452114105, -0.6183956265449524, 0.5902583003044128, -0.2708936631679535, 0.17747865617275238, 0.21699289977550507, -0.16583053767681122, -0.21937768161296844, -1.2902129888534546, 0.7136379480361938, -0.26905494928359985, 0.2377345710992813, -0.31577226519584656, 0.6001908183097839, 0.29130107164382935, 0.5708881616592407, 0.3755255937576294, 0.5596587061882019, -0.8243265151977539, 0.2639354169368744, 0.32784587144851685, -0.3044887185096741, -0.7865411043167114, 0.13988609611988068, 0.09900928288698196, 0.031005123630166054, -0.2001984566450119, 0.41041454672813416, 0.5533128380775452, 0.06546693295240402, -0.4264064133167267, 0.43970030546188354, -0.26173698902130127, -0.9862744808197021, 0.10210330039262772, 0.6222109794616699, -0.3747921288013458, -0.18426746129989624, 0.43991851806640625, -0.04418880119919777, 0.928829550743103, 0.10328692942857742, 0.6097545623779297, 0.8644543290138245, 0.4952085614204407, 0.06392647325992584, -0.08191394805908203, 0.18293175101280212, -0.8135046362876892, 0.277964323759079, -0.6837350726127625, 0.20304621756076813, -0.42372363805770874, 0.1643989533185959, 0.2872118651866913, 0.06731242686510086, -0.36120158433914185, -0.5035132765769958, -0.18800771236419678, -0.022995242848992348, 0.44795358180999756, 0.11233724653720856, -0.2291751503944397, 0.17953555285930634, 0.6518726944923401, -0.10229221731424332, -0.6650877594947815, 0.3084334433078766, -0.1567051261663437, -0.039475198835134506, -0.2896294891834259, 0.26372501254081726, -0.6584227681159973, 0.5948750972747803, -0.07377354800701141, 0.2727338373661041, 0.17718659341335297, 0.8753691911697388, 0.21533401310443878, -0.26303762197494507, -0.4857954680919647, -0.17357103526592255, 0.0906524658203125, 0.18714065849781036, -0.14115619659423828, 0.747901201248169, -0.29196929931640625, 0.342568039894104, 0.28049466013908386, 0.36431100964546204, -0.6585228443145752, 0.21159818768501282, 0.5829803347587585, 0.8521617650985718, -0.43951767683029175, -0.169525146484375, 0.00014530411863233894, -0.37111178040504456, -0.21141861379146576, -0.049527257680892944, 0.8644630312919617, 0.7156007885932922, -0.9905264973640442, -0.2925797700881958, -0.22017814218997955, -0.08672446012496948, 0.14062725007534027, 0.434400349855423, -0.04194105789065361, -0.675468921661377, -0.41594332456588745, -0.7114696502685547, 0.6475136876106262, 0.10489461570978165, 0.07872363179922104, -0.49731701612472534, -0.8015406727790833, -0.10319853574037552, 0.33600184321403503, -0.285731703042984, 0.6755470633506775, -0.28178027272224426, -0.19200991094112396, -0.0922660380601883, -0.6167981028556824, -0.38826221227645874, 0.0981152206659317, 0.17823642492294312, 0.05300821736454964, 0.3537556529045105, -0.2582269608974457, 0.3286069929599762, -0.09728454798460007, 0.07512062042951584, 0.37212589383125305, -0.1965811550617218, -0.38241270184516907, -0.3826606571674347, -0.02325611747801304, 0.17823199927806854, 0.5014333724975586, 0.08750569820404053, -0.7814788818359375, 0.5100056529045105, 0.13160903751850128, -0.7659822702407837, -0.40874966979026794, -0.038301777094602585, 0.18193450570106506, -0.0005122707225382328, 0.16036836802959442, -0.5891404151916504, -0.5770086646080017, -0.17953021824359894, 0.3441985249519348, -0.05361194536089897, 0.49696800112724304, 0.15520547330379486, -0.2730853259563446, -0.10836691409349442, 0.1493145227432251, -0.17208744585514069, -0.03807973861694336, -0.3209511935710907, 0.1283680945634842, -0.11012133210897446, -1.6966798305511475, 0.24504642188549042, -0.3153121769428253, 0.07015647739171982, 0.09892057627439499, -0.13672448694705963, 0.008997080847620964, -0.1305583119392395, 0.33348342776298523, 0.3514714539051056, 0.15429991483688354, -0.24857169389724731, -0.43851912021636963, 0.3488923907279968, 0.3942989408969879, -0.5485859513282776, 0.3408551514148712, 0.002301821717992425, 0.05768624320626259, 0.5218585729598999, -0.10686896741390228, 0.5922210216522217, 1.0754601955413818, -0.24849724769592285, 0.5389000773429871, -0.264401376247406, -0.38822031021118164, -0.027936026453971863, -0.05016933009028435, -0.8310123085975647, -0.22661349177360535, 0.16014930605888367, 0.07889565080404282, -1.0097980499267578, 0.3736972212791443, -0.002539679640904069, 0.07039689272642136, -0.3888023793697357, -0.21152113378047943, -0.08373852074146271, 0.3177661597728729, -0.3333604335784912, -0.2174926996231079, 0.20291204750537872, -0.03854474797844887, 0.26180970668792725, -0.05912307649850845, 1.1771492958068848, 0.30614331364631653, -0.4370531737804413, -0.0769258588552475, 0.1847102791070938, 0.5367170572280884, 0.5668849945068359, 0.3779599070549011, 0.08299476653337479, -0.25167980790138245, 0.4254494309425354, -0.1893572211265564, 0.3784560561180115, -0.19717855751514435, -0.7940484285354614, -0.16770383715629578, -0.14861342310905457, 0.7118014097213745, 0.05211009830236435, 0.7700839638710022, -0.4301309585571289, -0.6905011534690857, 0.41606593132019043, -0.11259251087903976, -0.730252742767334, -0.11197471618652344, -0.5433226227760315, -0.4714125692844391, -0.6941878795623779, 0.08775556087493896, 0.44891542196273804, 0.11394300311803818, -0.06242967024445534, 0.2719230353832245, -0.2039826512336731, 0.7725775837898254, -0.5034868121147156, 0.17024625837802887, -0.5951899886131287, 0.09017277508974075, 0.12950967252254486, 0.3076765537261963, 0.70476233959198, -0.20191290974617004, 0.2928498387336731, -0.2020573765039444, 0.6642528772354126, 0.1807498335838318, -0.774118959903717, -0.14323075115680695, 0.015602231957018375, 0.13137055933475494, -0.10257777571678162, -0.14878760278224945, -0.07237831503152847, 0.3642254173755646, -0.14241339266300201, -5.424537658691406, 0.04698845371603966, 0.33628666400909424, -0.367292582988739, 0.12002328038215637, 0.6855036020278931, 0.01203716266900301, -0.6442595720291138, -0.09301114827394485, -0.13217531144618988, 0.26930397748947144, 0.09360431134700775, -0.13675767183303833, -0.16679948568344116, 0.6525688171386719, 0.10999580472707748, -0.4024302363395691, 0.0005045153666287661, 0.12933342158794403, -0.4363338053226471, 0.03811436519026756, 0.08539073169231415, 0.343323290348053, 0.007592125795781612, -0.42622628808021545, -0.4525849521160126, 0.27382344007492065, -0.7250054478645325, -0.514870822429657, -0.15608258545398712, -0.004238429944962263, -0.5156391263008118, 0.06684539467096329, 0.24328114092350006, -0.3097499907016754, -0.0701463520526886, 0.20876137912273407, 0.6197106242179871, 0.2355092316865921, -0.27566981315612793, -0.46789154410362244, -0.09652434289455414, 0.36549657583236694, 0.055077530443668365, 0.38679075241088867, 0.05328884348273277, -0.22358255088329315, -0.6769417524337769, 0.10285034030675888, 0.9763402938842773, 0.15782198309898376, 0.170640766620636, 0.7053977847099304, 0.5621080994606018, 0.232725128531456, 0.10609958320856094, 0.1711304485797882, -0.25956040620803833, -0.434832900762558, 0.2291562855243683, 0.9251618981361389, 0.2053098976612091, -0.00478209275752306, -0.7715373635292053, 0.30994173884391785, 0.2614220082759857, -0.821845293045044, 0.278220534324646, 0.39349591732025146, -0.20435002446174622, 0.10489901155233383, -0.22368085384368896, -0.11473075300455093, -0.8819466233253479, 0.13909386098384857, -0.5133114457130432, -0.17269225418567657, -0.09794134646654129, 0.12412060052156448, 0.4360007643699646, 0.44417575001716614, -0.569305419921875, 0.07704158872365952, -0.19082094728946686, -0.14099912345409393, -0.6597164869308472, -1.1999388933181763, 0.0033852767664939165, -0.12928801774978638, -0.16303065419197083, 0.390631765127182, -0.20321112871170044, 0.16346777975559235, 0.3534524738788605, 0.9700654149055481, 0.8711504340171814, 0.4295775294303894, 0.09181276708841324, 0.7118453979492188, -0.09797622263431549, 0.7380748391151428, 0.16190093755722046, -0.39554059505462646, 0.0025999131612479687, -0.16274239122867584, -0.9784892797470093, 0.05119461938738823, 0.1424519419670105, 0.6549805402755737, -0.4422038793563843, 1.0166133642196655, -0.5833791494369507, -0.2118084728717804, -0.5978187322616577, -0.0377747118473053, 0.023137785494327545, 0.10566546022891998, 0.26770496368408203, 0.6963689923286438, -0.032406337559223175, -0.14421086013317108, -0.05160395801067352, 0.18898777663707733, 0.08853625506162643, -0.4254656136035919, -0.012465814128518105, 0.058653928339481354, -0.2320375293493271, -0.9080806374549866, -0.8833309412002563, -0.24825170636177063, -0.15352503955364227, -0.10047995299100876, -0.2973978519439697, -0.46686068177223206, 0.07676919549703598, -0.09561102092266083, 0.22752590477466583, 0.5514495968818665, 0.237161323428154, -0.6340054869651794, -0.3587054908275604, -0.22679778933525085, -0.024527601897716522, 0.9421347379684448, 0.1861143559217453, -0.8168444037437439, -0.8413795232772827, -0.19277209043502808, 0.689728856086731, 0.1974489688873291, -0.1667802929878235, 0.2884773910045624, -0.31178128719329834, -0.1593862920999527, -0.6180989742279053, 0.32481756806373596, 0.07307463139295578, 0.0970589742064476, -0.6021152138710022, 0.22186195850372314, -0.5435636639595032, -0.7893012762069702, 0.153067484498024, 0.2235734611749649, 0.2774318754673004, 0.06249084696173668, -0.4666811227798462, -0.18454767763614655, 0.048633601516485214, 0.2158328741788864, -0.07430766522884369, -0.6948119401931763, 0.41013336181640625, 0.07998692244291306, -0.2225072681903839, -0.43428951501846313, 0.06269119679927826, -0.22031570971012115, -0.14855726063251495, -0.8895183801651001, 0.1538832038640976, -0.2869586646556854, -0.2788533866405487, 0.7689835429191589, -0.6748805046081543, 0.31511634588241577, -0.20398639142513275, -0.22612982988357544, 0.07170727849006653, 0.5096355676651001, 0.0707700178027153, 0.20267373323440552, 0.3728385865688324, -0.456699937582016, 0.19896022975444794, 0.006952000316232443, 0.04563036188483238, -0.17437690496444702, -0.8793284893035889, -0.23871755599975586, -0.07716193795204163, -0.09428928047418594, -0.009864424355328083, 0.1704217940568924, -0.38754695653915405, 0.7361483573913574, -0.12372224032878876, -0.7339469790458679, 0.4569549560546875, -0.16147124767303467, -0.2852719724178314, -0.17082709074020386, 0.7441763281822205, -0.23793916404247284, 0.19577956199645996, -0.31023481488227844, 0.44249850511550903, -0.6355536580085754, -0.012462128885090351, -0.09031768143177032, -0.2601970136165619, -0.0065101077780127525, -0.21353091299533844, -0.6140670776367188, 0.43365615606307983, 0.02373010478913784, 0.1515945941209793, 0.6077947616577148, -0.30047231912612915, -0.5026442408561707, -0.06262334436178207, 0.4482409358024597, -0.48362448811531067, -0.11034505814313889, -0.2973950505256653, -0.3576563596725464, -0.16049796342849731, 0.22503440082073212, 0.5818380117416382, 0.5158339142799377, 0.8555719256401062, 0.29153183102607727, -0.2492922991514206, -0.05191823095083237, 0.47731083631515503, 0.2912725508213043, -0.3248458802700043, -0.9412827491760254, -0.5649355053901672, 0.18351075053215027, 0.10984539985656738, 0.2274574190378189, 0.5705448389053345, 0.7177789211273193, -0.45417606830596924, -0.551365315914154, 0.3675221800804138, 0.10685832798480988, 0.4412514269351959, 0.24765127897262573, -0.4665013253688812, -0.25578930974006653, 0.4538969397544861, 0.40669822692871094, -0.5521989464759827, -0.8546525239944458, 0.33054277300834656, -0.004838665947318077, -0.016404787078499794, 0.4483305811882019, 0.22190572321414948, -0.10411150008440018, -0.06972389668226242, 0.4618288576602936, 0.6666244268417358, -0.08674923330545425, -0.6241209506988525, 0.1479129046201706, -0.02719014696776867, -0.5698885321617126, -0.13448643684387207, 0.3055576980113983, 0.10211671888828278, 0.26616203784942627, 0.10522034764289856, -0.28303733468055725, -0.37432533502578735, 0.30565309524536133, -0.7474798560142517, -0.29332661628723145, 0.024188866838812828, -0.30271637439727783, 0.2790813744068146, 0.5997838377952576, 0.22951264679431915, 0.29404106736183167, 0.3371366560459137, -0.010651499964296818, 0.017521658912301064, -0.9620565176010132, 0.13565471768379211, -0.037077002227306366, -0.7157293558120728, 0.1875138282775879, -0.1621432602405548, -0.08384029567241669, -0.14482726156711578, -0.8202744126319885, -0.12398789077997208, 0.7790617942810059, -0.23124505579471588, 0.048470184206962585, 0.511111319065094, -0.21599385142326355, 0.7122085690498352, 0.2941938638687134, -0.5918372869491577, 0.548212468624115, 0.9534268379211426, 0.5058780908584595, -0.0032505709677934647, 0.2251707911491394, 0.25109246373176575, -0.5170725584030151, 0.6474190950393677, -0.8548163771629333, 0.07894453406333923, 0.6081423163414001, 0.45711463689804077, 0.747903048992157, -0.04535903036594391, -0.3360498547554016, 0.3843567967414856, -0.013813496567308903, -0.3945866823196411, -0.16623182594776154, -0.5839249491691589, -0.4899025857448578, 0.9749709367752075, 1.3040128946304321, -0.2587255835533142, 0.3064376413822174, 0.21816356480121613, 0.0008329854463227093, 0.3213740289211273, -0.17342263460159302, -0.0660017877817154, 0.1353532075881958, 0.029407594352960587, 0.34292760491371155, 0.16065436601638794, 0.6219485402107239, -0.167968288064003, 0.24548552930355072, 0.35922515392303467, -0.04746206849813461, 0.5045191645622253, -0.04239833354949951, 0.025486698374152184, 0.293107271194458, 0.05430889502167702, -0.5441355109214783, -0.025089189410209656, -1.1505078077316284, 0.12681397795677185, -0.4904577434062958, 0.3075924217700958, -0.5958991050720215, 0.061921656131744385, 0.07124371826648712, 0.2779541015625, -0.10132354497909546, -0.2526099681854248, -0.1219293400645256, 0.06868302077054977, -0.14944031834602356, 0.6059759855270386, 0.7510161399841309, -0.15264344215393066, -0.24407242238521576, -0.5620406270027161, 0.6752012968063354, -0.5272127389907837, 0.24090416729450226, -0.25168901681900024, -0.28360632061958313, -0.4391460716724396, -0.24192166328430176, -0.11938788741827011, -0.31945672631263733, -0.8191497325897217, -0.42268604040145874, 0.2589411735534668, 0.07411056011915207, -0.06623540818691254, 0.38700562715530396, 1.0729914903640747, 0.06298211216926575, -0.1309669315814972, 0.45649510622024536, 0.03070181980729103, -0.37289801239967346, -0.29886147379875183, 0.20570266246795654, 0.1526733636856079, -0.12044122815132141, -0.22868819534778595, -0.8623409271240234, 0.8606994152069092, 0.6675391793251038, 0.7298529148101807, 0.10161115229129791, -0.07034488022327423, 0.2515653967857361, 0.11810432374477386, 0.4542699456214905, 0.22641605138778687, -0.11108194291591644, -0.6568149924278259, 0.308015376329422, -0.34527552127838135, 0.3666742146015167, -0.05919135361909866, 0.7688532471656799, 0.17732615768909454, -0.10642911493778229, -0.19105282425880432, -0.5973982810974121, 0.6398412585258484, -0.13316994905471802, 0.16797210276126862, -0.333623468875885, -0.019561657682061195, -0.20438189804553986, -0.37519606947898865, 0.6400763392448425, 0.4923965632915497, 0.2497408390045166, -0.30715495347976685, 0.0592663548886776, -0.41110697388648987, 0.44550883769989014, -0.5794663429260254, 0.09395476430654526, 0.10731694102287292, 0.2008008062839508, -0.6775695085525513, -0.7957395315170288, -0.08474500477313995, -0.08750972151756287, -0.5386296510696411, 0.16623549163341522, -0.3027580976486206, -0.5184988379478455, 0.24043875932693481, 0.0002796803310047835, 0.14349950850009918, 0.09729622304439545, -0.10953950881958008 ]
216496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20creeper	Philippine creeper	The Philippine creepers or rhabdornises are small passerine birds and form the genus Rhabdornis. They are endemic to the Philippines. They do not migrate, other than to make local movements. Taxonomy The genus Rhabdornis was introduced in 1853 by German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach to accommodate the stripe-headed rhabdornis. The name combines the Ancient Greek rhabdos meaning "stripe" with ornis meaning "bird." The relationship of the Philippine creepers to other bird species was formerly uncertain and the genus Rhabdornis was placed in its own family Rhabdornithinae. Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that the Philippine creepers are aberrant members of the starling family Sturnidae. The genus contains four species: Stripe-headed rhabdornis, stripe-headed rhabdornis or stripe-sided rhabdornis, Rhabdornis mystacalis Grand rhabdornis, long-billed rhabdornis or grand rhabdornis, Rhabdornis grandis Stripe-breasted rhabdornis, plain-headed creeper or stripe-breasted rhabdornis, Rhabdornis inornatus Visayan rhabdornis, Rhabdornis rabori Description The Philippine creepers are similar in appearance to treecreepers (Certhiidae). They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they can use to extricate insects from bark, but they have brush-like tongues, which enable them to also feed on nectar. References External links Don Robertson's Bird Families of the World: Rhabornises. Contains photos of all 3 species. Version of 2006-JAN-25. Retrieved 2007-JUL-20. Flickr Field Guide: Birds of the World: Photo of Rhabdornis mystacalis. Retrieved 2007-JUL-19. Sturnidae Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach hu:Barkósfakuszfélék	[ -0.4788029193878174, 0.06497026234865189, -0.6310850381851196, 0.004342411179095507, -0.21917885541915894, 0.2207370400428772, 0.27562636137008667, 1.0510181188583374, -0.6771541237831116, -0.016211600974202156, -0.14948420226573944, 0.05288290977478027, -0.41662028431892395, 0.11163346469402313, -0.2632891535758972, 0.8199527263641357, 0.5810701251029968, 0.5110859870910645, 0.21630001068115234, -0.4777280390262604, -0.5907936692237854, -0.6258453726768494, 0.08290549367666245, -0.4243369400501251, 0.41255953907966614, 0.14446096122264862, 0.45610320568084717, 0.834251880645752, 0.3661162853240967, -0.09537017345428467, -0.5286089777946472, 0.7340037226676941, 0.4199347198009491, 0.20152299106121063, 0.12950292229652405, -0.26955363154411316, -0.25912681221961975, -0.36170676350593567, 0.41866400837898254, -0.3296741843223572, 0.5348701477050781, -0.13975676894187927, -0.02144775539636612, 0.22514839470386505, -0.1619844287633896, -0.5594642162322998, -1.4508285522460938, -0.040649812668561935, -0.7290831804275513, 0.1460292786359787, 0.14943334460258484, 0.483924001455307, 0.4872971177101135, 0.37525615096092224, 0.3788771331310272, 0.3955944776535034, -0.6477600932121277, 0.32114550471305847, 0.22221042215824127, -0.09115026891231537, -0.7666355967521667, 0.39790788292884827, -0.03905828669667244, 0.1041058823466301, -0.0741698145866394, 0.39495939016342163, 0.41546866297721863, 0.09322972595691681, -0.39170125126838684, -0.030707724392414093, -0.0820058062672615, -0.266452431678772, 0.05615871399641037, 0.5165875554084778, -0.6320634484291077, -0.5098214745521545, 0.15926425158977509, 0.3683207929134369, -0.00543677294626832, -0.18878202140331268, 0.05444735661149025, 0.7872920036315918, 0.9908214211463928, 0.06649638712406158, -0.10971639305353165, 0.05903620272874832, -0.51201993227005, 0.13989485800266266, -0.00821338314563036, -0.011554981581866741, -0.6071556806564331, 0.14978735148906708, 0.11456841230392456, 0.5384953618049622, -0.38119882345199585, -0.5513049960136414, -0.6839073896408081, 0.07146929204463959, 0.6967343091964722, 0.80401611328125, -0.31839901208877563, 0.44482868909835815, 0.9227464199066162, 0.432172030210495, -0.47307002544403076, 0.006553974933922291, -0.40096810460090637, 0.13867738842964172, -0.7487532496452332, 0.0049131703563034534, -0.9540790915489197, 0.6056063175201416, 0.24372535943984985, 0.0766167938709259, 0.38091203570365906, 1.2068243026733398, 0.4355561435222626, -0.7436569929122925, -0.5513822436332703, -0.14460304379463196, 0.2691000699996948, 0.14398986101150513, -0.2779519259929657, 0.5677185654640198, 0.20398588478565216, 0.7658483982086182, 0.46940234303474426, 0.5829635858535767, -0.3122656047344208, 0.8513567447662354, 0.5673092603683472, 1.1639231443405151, -0.6522403359413147, 0.2651405930519104, 0.18965138494968414, -1.081060767173767, 0.18495617806911469, 0.661551296710968, 0.5143654346466064, 0.2636147737503052, -1.4785975217819214, -0.24052448570728302, -0.9727828502655029, -0.09983512759208679, -0.0815051943063736, 0.3294845521450043, -0.20171213150024414, -0.39346903562545776, -0.5903854966163635, -0.32346245646476746, 0.30853602290153503, -0.22501076757907867, -0.37700387835502625, -0.16589659452438354, -0.4067140817642212, -0.29831480979919434, 1.0923529863357544, -0.6261720061302185, 0.8482947945594788, 0.19216805696487427, -0.6517939567565918, 0.0025692773051559925, -0.9330661296844482, -0.11502106487751007, -0.14653609693050385, 0.1895410269498825, 0.17978838086128235, 0.362676739692688, 0.27018389105796814, 0.7487502694129944, -0.22673767805099487, 0.27169549465179443, -0.10204703360795975, -0.25936251878738403, -0.3752909302711487, -0.9558047652244568, 0.15916521847248077, 0.2504947781562805, 0.27776461839675903, -0.4028572142124176, -0.8496286869049072, 0.49757063388824463, 0.09665897488594055, -0.39875951409339905, -0.28430888056755066, 0.08262167870998383, 0.653292179107666, 0.5062017440795898, 0.21368980407714844, -0.5696716904640198, -0.3714717924594879, 0.27369198203086853, 0.015570600517094135, -0.23535868525505066, 0.7605273723602295, 0.28199490904808044, -0.5614348649978638, -0.01029531192034483, 0.45086419582366943, 0.521661639213562, -0.13127094507217407, -0.22369007766246796, 0.6022379398345947, 0.07488077133893967, -1.654179573059082, 0.6205470561981201, 0.1043020635843277, 0.6930474638938904, 0.9175835847854614, 0.3178820013999939, 0.0580645389854908, -0.38226941227912903, -0.6376222968101501, -0.3379064202308655, -0.17743134498596191, -0.06372984498739243, -0.12232588231563568, 0.23780687153339386, 0.5737835764884949, -0.5739858150482178, 0.5109635591506958, -0.34878256916999817, -0.006735847797244787, 0.712175726890564, -0.48681172728538513, 1.0367461442947388, 0.8075903058052063, 0.0872330591082573, 0.6102871298789978, -0.5845138430595398, 0.11703678965568542, 0.01885114423930645, 0.42897137999534607, -0.7805830240249634, -0.5001987814903259, 0.30086013674736023, -0.256766676902771, -1.1962612867355347, -0.02544979937374592, 0.3943086862564087, 0.1974988430738449, -0.34472712874412537, -0.608240008354187, 0.08452010154724121, 0.41671377420425415, -0.4443199634552002, -0.6382127404212952, 0.18252958357334137, -0.30373167991638184, -0.0289604552090168, 0.5556159019470215, 1.0039933919906616, 0.11001413315534592, -0.3761144280433655, 0.0025487933307886124, 0.6381747126579285, 0.056861553341150284, -0.06629705429077148, 0.5186892747879028, -0.12330187112092972, -0.3127414286136627, 0.4841983914375305, -0.19754301011562347, 0.39043453335762024, -0.4544365704059601, -0.5669559240341187, 0.07653355598449707, 0.37614479660987854, 0.07958459109067917, 0.634856104850769, 0.3854236602783203, -0.2972395122051239, -0.9960712194442749, -0.7075826525688171, 0.0382271371781826, -0.768955647945404, -0.22276811301708221, -0.19653582572937012, -0.9845671057701111, -0.4964495599269867, 0.10664404183626175, 0.4929264783859253, 0.4032880961894989, -0.1326613426208496, -0.20675262808799744, -0.4133079946041107, 0.586355984210968, -0.29996418952941895, 0.017331097275018692, -0.9811480045318604, -0.3612128496170044, -0.11143586784601212, -0.40247267484664917, 1.1270856857299805, -0.9768075942993164, -0.0890265554189682, -0.0577302947640419, 0.3091920018196106, 0.8382788300514221, -0.9546932578086853, -0.14297634363174438, -0.17751994729042053, -0.06936533749103546, -0.17954568564891815, -0.37293341755867004, -0.36234673857688904, 0.17677514255046844, -0.0031267008744180202, -4.913973808288574, 0.014466292224824429, -0.10139399021863937, -0.3353320062160492, 0.4315808415412903, 0.4283064901828766, 0.36153391003608704, -0.6187325716018677, 0.14346326887607574, 0.24154464900493622, 0.29291099309921265, 0.021461738273501396, 0.1178903728723526, 0.3141522705554962, 0.6330289840698242, 0.4102996289730072, -0.289719820022583, -0.05107443779706955, 0.23208047449588776, -0.252939373254776, -0.045060932636260986, 0.2986242175102234, 0.193773552775383, 0.10854244977235794, -0.04254280775785446, 0.01245359517633915, -0.23193420469760895, -0.7069590091705322, -0.5338733792304993, 0.03843921050429344, -0.2710205912590027, -0.3627692759037018, 0.2550954520702362, -0.21300669014453888, -0.38923612236976624, -0.18731054663658142, 0.30847832560539246, 0.5660730004310608, 0.2126946747303009, -0.44161373376846313, -0.9690182209014893, -0.49158933758735657, 0.19863854348659515, 0.13468419015407562, 0.8370255827903748, 0.2433309704065323, -0.1333942860364914, -0.8504583835601807, 0.0016742069274187088, 1.1585041284561157, 0.06980248540639877, -0.0819496288895607, 0.9026889801025391, 0.5439539551734924, 0.3861977458000183, 0.12095509469509125, -0.1607675850391388, -0.10405047982931137, -0.7747853398323059, 0.20396606624126434, 1.0414648056030273, -0.014512485824525356, -0.22327397763729095, -0.6395919322967529, 0.07566171139478683, 0.06070881709456444, -0.6104075312614441, 0.3166281282901764, 0.951057493686676, -0.6094834208488464, -0.3798668682575226, -0.21842992305755615, -0.20471321046352386, -0.9835049510002136, 1.1209089756011963, -0.19329217076301575, -0.9337866306304932, -0.04782722517848015, -0.06666696816682816, -0.15749508142471313, 0.04896509274840355, -0.31796586513519287, -0.33097440004348755, -0.23462483286857605, 0.1779000461101532, -0.6737839579582214, -0.5967534780502319, 0.03116769529879093, -0.3306698501110077, -0.4977085292339325, 0.7216359972953796, -0.33130621910095215, 0.33340030908584595, 0.030616959556937218, 0.8300485610961914, 0.9815483093261719, 0.36899447441101074, 0.6861405968666077, 0.5994746685028076, -0.40310296416282654, 0.8096676468849182, -0.5267642140388489, 0.08648177236318588, 0.11730045825242996, 0.27634188532829285, -0.6270928978919983, 0.011215371079742908, 0.387707382440567, 0.22533880174160004, -0.08788052201271057, 0.605059027671814, -0.6335100531578064, -0.4738818407058716, -0.04252763092517853, 0.660971462726593, 0.6193221807479858, 0.11687266081571579, -0.0657941922545433, 0.5952162742614746, 0.017174845561385155, -0.011249074712395668, -0.019865747541189194, 0.1830151528120041, 0.08290266990661621, -0.08518244326114655, -0.4493408501148224, -0.08801417797803879, 0.37777912616729736, -0.4121325612068176, -0.8192457556724548, 0.038681477308273315, 0.14126485586166382, -0.18317227065563202, -0.5991763472557068, -0.3776078224182129, -0.13478128612041473, -0.38092663884162903, 0.11284336447715759, 0.7877068519592285, -0.2300722599029541, -0.46445298194885254, -0.34519463777542114, -0.07614383101463318, 0.08960040658712387, 0.689306914806366, 0.06256648898124695, -0.4023483693599701, -0.619367778301239, -0.2808249294757843, 0.489541620016098, 0.09447333961725235, -0.855962872505188, 0.24863244593143463, -0.5310819745063782, -0.24918238818645477, -0.2230416089296341, 0.1552775353193283, 0.40494659543037415, -0.13495424389839172, -0.6805205345153809, 0.31779906153678894, -0.4405391216278076, -0.6684092283248901, 0.3357446491718292, -0.05477672815322876, 0.07684388756752014, -0.15341095626354218, -0.4618534743785858, 0.22714293003082275, 0.8261403441429138, 0.4234747588634491, -0.031735509634017944, -1.0401817560195923, 0.20088891685009003, 0.14233650267124176, -0.4547358453273773, -0.5894388556480408, 0.3044160008430481, -0.3503148853778839, -0.23189732432365417, -0.7866519093513489, 0.4827885627746582, -0.32305118441581726, 0.07484348118305206, 1.0916361808776855, -0.4230569005012512, 0.4812798500061035, -0.4078393280506134, -0.6443318724632263, -0.07982423156499863, 0.40990766882896423, 0.6889894604682922, 0.14985038340091705, -0.04814024269580841, -0.8197993040084839, -0.3018236458301544, -0.4225224554538727, 0.8552754521369934, 0.27216118574142456, -1.2557945251464844, -0.5511461496353149, 0.19205504655838013, -0.14501622319221497, 0.7143399119377136, 0.1712048053741455, -0.40266722440719604, 0.29437023401260376, -0.12451166659593582, -0.589617908000946, -0.22309324145317078, 0.15435612201690674, -0.44967755675315857, -0.2977954149246216, 0.317531943321228, -0.5180150270462036, 0.018195150420069695, -0.3215104341506958, 0.1994781345129013, -0.7527749538421631, 0.1846318542957306, 0.05389188230037689, -0.17743422091007233, 0.1473075896501541, -0.01313437707722187, -0.6109048128128052, 0.4653235673904419, 0.5170422196388245, -0.12156795710325241, 0.7071924805641174, -0.55173259973526, -0.13859033584594727, -0.3478785455226898, 0.7231172323226929, -0.16362644731998444, -0.5538239479064941, 0.27974438667297363, 0.16605451703071594, 0.23045864701271057, 0.4975740909576416, 1.2210769653320312, 0.23969675600528717, 1.1203776597976685, -0.3045603334903717, -0.5483144521713257, 0.15802091360092163, 0.5407570004463196, 0.19506219029426575, -0.3553117513656616, -1.009820818901062, 0.026908203959465027, 0.5249798893928528, -0.3331853449344635, -0.12737636268138885, 0.6273608207702637, 1.1316920518875122, -0.2654727101325989, -0.37474891543388367, 0.25724267959594727, 0.33642250299453735, -0.08895742893218994, 0.04395183175802231, 0.03110109642148018, -0.3616749346256256, 0.09337444603443146, 0.15233321487903595, -0.7001345753669739, -1.013258934020996, 0.4668191075325012, 0.6605909466743469, 0.09889590740203857, -0.24751779437065125, -0.20862078666687012, 0.1538960039615631, -0.05483746528625488, 0.22258788347244263, 0.3672927916049957, -0.05468127503991127, -0.7536160349845886, 0.16607649624347687, -0.28929567337036133, -0.5227199196815491, 0.002971111563965678, -0.17144259810447693, 0.06397894769906998, -0.2068367749452591, -0.19805410504341125, -0.35596761107444763, -0.04698861762881279, -0.13388179242610931, -0.17342711985111237, -0.7391301989555359, 0.20250801742076874, 0.2986225485801697, 0.14958007633686066, 0.3345278203487396, 0.567633867263794, 0.40551528334617615, -0.0576554536819458, -0.07305707782506943, 0.17413246631622314, -0.564613401889801, 0.5597005486488342, 0.22914399206638336, -0.26001933217048645, 0.17304357886314392, -0.3088549077510834, 0.26595431566238403, -0.19700480997562408, -0.5471327304840088, -0.29986923933029175, 0.4711804687976837, 0.0024801651015877724, -0.1836695820093155, 0.4633290767669678, -0.6394457817077637, 0.603107213973999, 0.2895877957344055, -0.41681215167045593, 0.19330213963985443, 1.1891889572143555, 0.5746378898620605, 0.07079190015792847, 0.4106535017490387, 0.47305628657341003, -0.13762332499027252, 0.47225847840309143, -0.27267295122146606, -0.5926369428634644, 0.8602601289749146, 0.01402304507791996, 0.5172720551490784, -0.3759734630584717, -0.6163393259048462, 0.23059462010860443, 0.04882458224892616, -0.23352466523647308, 0.20228108763694763, -0.6769220232963562, -0.4815279245376587, 1.01862370967865, 0.9498205780982971, 0.3040272891521454, 0.17443297803401947, -0.2962971329689026, 0.2517465353012085, 0.3961707353591919, -0.2377895563840866, -0.18271081149578094, 0.4297955334186554, 0.11289210617542267, 0.006804465316236019, -0.07158944010734558, 0.26532381772994995, -0.6933184266090393, 0.4857148826122284, 0.15484054386615753, -0.18493832647800446, -0.10956226289272308, -0.3953745365142822, -0.13115057349205017, 0.09870531409978867, 0.012259517796337605, -0.8273131251335144, 0.5175142884254456, -0.4895784258842468, 0.05447790026664734, -0.9363168478012085, 0.4933522641658783, -0.7131689190864563, 0.28016477823257446, 0.3457454442977905, 0.21128197014331818, -0.12535342574119568, -0.15801654756069183, 0.34146997332572937, 0.5662769079208374, 0.21821513772010803, 0.598164439201355, 0.3989024758338928, -0.012676123529672623, -0.2410469651222229, 0.4133707284927368, 0.33856201171875, -0.6523503065109253, 0.5378519892692566, -0.12306933850049973, -0.165965273976326, 0.2555161416530609, 0.0005731158307753503, 0.07273988425731659, -0.14126330614089966, -0.5370492339134216, -0.05174670368432999, 0.2033039927482605, -0.6875080466270447, -0.17660552263259888, 0.1753968894481659, 1.3092738389968872, 0.15867385268211365, -0.731747031211853, -0.1424631029367447, 0.05105363950133324, -0.5000808835029602, -0.13726602494716644, -0.2490852028131485, 0.04737331345677376, -0.5000735521316528, 0.02001938410103321, -0.5343690514564514, 0.7651132345199585, 0.18202993273735046, 0.32966285943984985, 0.1812494397163391, -0.20482277870178223, -0.24340824782848358, 0.4190535843372345, 0.1776561439037323, -0.5919163823127747, -0.45111924409866333, -0.31427815556526184, 0.05854913592338562, -0.6604892015457153, 0.21627898514270782, 1.001958966255188, 0.4845103621482849, -0.14436635375022888, -0.10467182844877243, 0.16117237508296967, -0.9741671681404114, -0.24489867687225342, 0.2264433205127716, 0.3678243160247803, -0.34847280383110046, 0.11101493239402771, 0.23157496750354767, 0.020241737365722656, 0.6870138645172119, 0.3047419488430023, 0.040164705365896225, -0.09423094242811203, -0.17284661531448364, -0.6916037201881409, 0.4440445899963379, -0.6670148372650146, -0.8785808682441711, -0.284636527299881, 0.4252949655056, -0.2314695417881012, -0.6625810861587524, 0.16832081973552704, -0.01657566800713539, -0.5522697567939758, 0.08788084238767624, -0.01493840105831623, -0.17488797008991241, 0.6782804131507874, 0.2767084836959839, -0.028962405398488045, 0.14200136065483093, -0.4586542844772339 ]
216499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20spotted%20creeper	Indian spotted creeper	The Indian spotted creeper (Salpornis spilonota) is a small passerine bird, which is a member of the subfamily Salpornithinae which is placed along with the treecreepers in the family Certhiidae. This small bird has a marbled black and white plumage that makes it difficult to spot as it forages on the trunks of dark, deeply fissured trees where it picks out insect prey using its curved bill. It is found in patchily distributed localities mainly in the dry scrub and open deciduous forests of northern and central peninsular India. It does not migrate. Their inclusion along with the treecreepers is not certain and some studies find them more closely related to the nuthatches while others suggest a close relation to the wallcreeper. They lack the stiff tail feathers of treecreepers and do not use their tail for supporting them while creeping vertically along tree trunks. Description The Indian spotted creeper has grey and white spotted and barred plumage, clearly different from the treecreepers of the subfamily Certhiinae. It weighs up to 16 grams, twice as much as treecreepers of similar length (up to 15 cm). The Indian spotted creeper has a thin pointed down-curved bill, a bit longer than the head, that it uses to extricate insects from bark, but it lacks the stiff tail feathers which treecreepers use to prop themselves on the vertical surface of tree trunks. They have a whitish supercilium contrasting with a dark eye stripe and white on the throat. The wing is long and pointed with a highly reduced first primary feather. The tail has twelve feathers and is square tailed. The sexes are identical in plumage. The tarsus is stout and they have a long hind claw (average 8.9 ± 0.48 (s.d.) mm). The bill is 25.9±1.29 mm, the length of the wing is 88.5±2.76 mm and the tail is 53.8±2.05 mm long. Classification and naming This species was first described by Major James Franklin in 1831 who provided a brief description in Latin and placed it in the genus Certhia as Certhia spilonota while noting that the tail feathers were not stiff as is typical for the genus. George Robert Gray at the British Museum erected the genus Salpornis and placed this species in it as Salpornis spilonota. When similar species were found in Africa, they were added as subspecies of the Indian species. It was only in 2010 that molecular, morpholological and vocal differences were studied, which resulted in the African species being considered distinct species. Scholars of nomenclature emended the ending spilonota which is suited for the feminine gender Certhia to the masculine form spilonotus to match the placement in the genus Salpornis. In 2014, Dickinson & Christidis cited the rule that the species group epithet is invariable, so the species name was changed back to the spelling used in the original description as spilonota. Older works use the name "spotted grey creeper". The genus itself is placed in the family Certhiidae despite being significantly different from other members. Molecular studies show ambiguity in their relations to the nuthatches in the genus Sitta to which they may be closer or to the genus Tichodroma, which are basal within the superfamily Certhioidea. Distribution and habitat The African spotted creeper was formerly considered conspecific. Together they were called spotted creeper. The Indian species is nowhere common but is found in locations scattered around parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, central India (Bandhavgarh, Jabalpur, Bastar district) Orissa, northern Andhra Pradesh (Adilabad, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary). In the past the slightly paler plumaged population in the arid zone of the Aravalli hills was separated as a subspecies rajputanae by Richard Meinertzhagen (and his wife) but this is treated as part of a single population and combined into a single (nominate) subspecies. The species is found mainly in habitats having trees with deeply fissured bark including those of Acacia, Diospyros, Tectona and mango. Behaviour and ecology The species is found singly or in mixed species flocks, foraging on the trunks of trees. It has an undulating flight and moves up the trunk, starting off from near the base, sometimes on horizontal branches. When flying down to the base of a tree, it has the clumsy appearance of a quail landing in grass. They resemble nuthatches in the way they work up and down the trunk and do not work in the spiral manner of treecreepers. The tail is held away and sometimes clings upside down. They feed on small insects and spiders on the bark. Their calls are a series of rising tui-tui-tui notes and the song is a plaintive series of whistled notes tsip-tsee tuu tuui-tuwee having the quality of that of sunbird. The breeding season is February to May. The nest is a cup made of roots and stalks placed at the junction of a horizontal branch and the vertical trunk, often near a knot or other outgrowth that makes it very difficult to spot. The nest walls are pliant and soft but strong. The surface is decorated with spider webs, caterpillar frass and lichen. The inner lining is made from spider webs and other fine material. The usual clutch consists of two eggs, which are greenish or gray, spotted darker brown and blotched pale. The female alone incubates the eggs and is fed by the male with which it keeps in contact with a twittering call. Both parents take part in feeding the chicks. References External links Spotted creeper at The Internet Bird Collection. BirdLife Species Factsheet. Salpornis Birds of India Birds described in 1831 Taxa named by James Franklin (naturalist)	[ -0.5137928128242493, 0.09498675912618637, -0.6734873056411743, -0.41838863492012024, -0.10509148985147476, 0.06040541082620621, 0.7896696329116821, 0.6477057933807373, -0.6279482245445251, -0.1811533272266388, -0.14936667680740356, -0.43078890442848206, -0.6852086186408997, 0.13763108849525452, -0.12931759655475616, 1.0749977827072144, 0.5284467339515686, 0.3084664046764374, -0.13238286972045898, 0.05359310284256935, -0.16935807466506958, -0.49458783864974976, 0.37527450919151306, -0.6375356316566467, 0.12441854923963547, 0.3224140405654907, 0.8818944692611694, 0.865729808807373, 0.5273728370666504, -0.3369045555591583, -0.22802378237247467, 0.7176052927970886, 0.3355872631072998, 0.011865615844726562, -0.14144492149353027, -0.08438273519277573, -0.05006374046206474, -0.5166021585464478, 0.20358526706695557, -0.4651540517807007, 0.13228394091129303, -0.39185798168182373, -0.2410319596529007, 0.09479022771120071, -0.7789462208747864, -0.9047950506210327, -1.346238613128662, 0.24571973085403442, -0.45543453097343445, 0.41173747181892395, -0.1384975165128708, 0.9761587381362915, 0.24531690776348114, 0.4022473394870758, 0.5659032464027405, 0.232893168926239, -0.5723733305931091, 0.49986109137535095, 0.19589510560035706, -0.2387690544128418, -0.07811382412910461, 0.15509355068206787, -0.1439247578382492, 0.197905495762825, -0.35121458768844604, 0.8357449769973755, 0.14987830817699432, 0.3529902696609497, -0.3198729157447815, 0.2779269814491272, -0.1241142675280571, -0.7552465200424194, 0.023399824276566505, 0.868028461933136, -0.23639315366744995, -0.13300661742687225, 0.02034871093928814, -0.13941314816474915, 0.159220352768898, -0.057977985590696335, -0.09846607595682144, 0.365097314119339, 1.1993964910507202, -0.026129616424441338, -0.0223714467138052, 0.07562455534934998, -0.4860042333602905, 0.6251105070114136, -0.1400204598903656, 0.03556866571307182, -0.6864767670631409, -0.12253754585981369, 0.4692048132419586, 0.6271819472312927, -0.2909017503261566, -0.41960182785987854, -0.7445257902145386, -0.2000475525856018, 0.9180773496627808, 0.6181398034095764, 0.28824272751808167, 0.5574596524238586, 0.496870756149292, 0.28669407963752747, -0.5869359970092773, 0.27285051345825195, -0.4681285619735718, 0.06006379798054695, -0.7661067247390747, 0.35353225469589233, -1.3505289554595947, 0.1891731321811676, 0.3106166124343872, -0.05011938512325287, 0.1365695297718048, 1.1243327856063843, -0.04082773998379707, -0.9522055387496948, -0.37062907218933105, -0.018527887761592865, 0.3884526193141937, 0.555715024471283, -0.010860046371817589, 0.4450882077217102, 0.073910653591156, 0.9413458108901978, 0.4769563674926758, 0.4479813873767853, -0.3810422122478485, 0.9491159319877625, 0.5182417631149292, 1.0054545402526855, -0.22012709081172943, -0.16110855340957642, -0.2662796378135681, -0.8653877973556519, -0.10621941089630127, 0.3200170695781708, 0.5544735789299011, 0.37867605686187744, -1.0922898054122925, 0.1555427610874176, -0.7144768238067627, -0.27393510937690735, 0.1767238825559616, 0.1936836987733841, -0.06425637751817703, -0.5662357211112976, -0.5977683663368225, -0.47094494104385376, 0.258944571018219, -0.13224805891513824, -0.3538198173046112, -0.07556124031543732, -0.6213889718055725, 0.18840080499649048, 0.5888681411743164, -0.4970264136791229, 0.9435225129127502, 0.29299721121788025, 0.010791322216391563, -0.09429765492677689, -0.5531648993492126, -0.2646993398666382, -0.06966891884803772, 0.30445384979248047, -0.04768894240260124, -0.04714832827448845, 0.36987173557281494, 0.3565402626991272, -0.08442632108926773, 0.3753933310508728, 0.0947980135679245, -0.23333874344825745, 0.16047731041908264, -0.7030057907104492, -0.3329548239707947, 0.4127754867076874, 0.4147319793701172, -0.208075150847435, -0.8019294142723083, -0.4172723591327667, 0.0472780242562294, 0.029411520808935165, -0.3074496388435364, 0.19759316742420197, 0.33699196577072144, 0.49208536744117737, 0.08948083221912384, -0.7268494367599487, -0.45404595136642456, 0.026336152106523514, 0.07554719597101212, -0.22318552434444427, 1.1850450038909912, 0.30544015765190125, -0.2518545091152191, 0.07131998240947723, 0.48287445306777954, 0.11640085279941559, -0.11255308240652084, -0.3434448838233948, 0.4581374526023865, 0.4425395727157593, -1.2473064661026, 0.5044987797737122, -0.2851316034793854, 0.6517055630683899, 0.5390006303787231, 0.12369945645332336, 0.17424853146076202, -0.6437790393829346, -0.3223477900028229, -0.10632845759391785, 0.08392398804426193, 0.4188878834247589, -0.16346444189548492, 0.2082226574420929, 0.30544617772102356, -0.33899709582328796, 0.7457088232040405, -0.46459001302719116, -0.16363249719142914, 0.6179652214050293, -0.45745575428009033, 0.5914974212646484, 0.8785321116447449, 0.017887795343995094, 0.8755213618278503, -0.43650439381599426, -0.24444980919361115, 0.012218917720019817, 0.7225252389907837, -0.7369100451469421, -0.3321634829044342, -0.11074263602495193, -0.059309445321559906, -0.810491681098938, 0.3353123068809509, 0.21232131123542786, 0.41704946756362915, 0.07770047336816788, -0.4981481432914734, 0.17659014463424683, 0.23998644948005676, -0.18538746237754822, -0.3822762072086334, 0.15007472038269043, -0.33339038491249084, -0.054327428340911865, 0.858691394329071, 1.1195694208145142, -0.04957151785492897, -0.5545591115951538, 0.0879480391740799, 0.8957840204238892, -0.19251981377601624, 0.04125550761818886, 0.6680225729942322, -0.03098282963037491, -0.40491101145744324, 0.21228159964084625, -0.3254896104335785, 0.523989200592041, -0.5662992000579834, 0.02072230912744999, -0.17740505933761597, 0.04803073778748512, -0.12731993198394775, 0.5112277865409851, 0.7440177202224731, -0.22896230220794678, -0.8383725881576538, 0.42510369420051575, 0.015046076849102974, -0.5469229817390442, -0.3659203350543976, -0.12358037382364273, -0.8366178274154663, -0.3705497086048126, 0.28882700204849243, 0.6980054974555969, 0.793901801109314, -0.10602667927742004, -0.3173741102218628, -0.756328284740448, 0.6420251727104187, 0.1848837286233902, -0.34674307703971863, -0.8896826505661011, -0.26045742630958557, 0.13820914924144745, 0.11966536194086075, 0.895159125328064, -1.3618836402893066, 0.05424544960260391, -0.2666753828525543, 0.6734476089477539, 0.8994084596633911, -0.9725072383880615, -0.491054892539978, -0.017111103981733322, -0.2138594090938568, 0.11068546026945114, -0.2947982847690582, -0.5353431105613708, -0.0818633958697319, -0.14051666855812073, -4.9398884773254395, 0.22198344767093658, -0.1857900470495224, -0.4021027684211731, 0.15254785120487213, 0.5884162187576294, -0.03785327449440956, -0.664135217666626, 0.12328911572694778, 0.2054814249277115, 0.26764535903930664, 0.18978288769721985, -0.3743773400783539, 0.15379153192043304, 0.4731258153915405, 0.3325657844543457, -0.46315309405326843, 0.14463600516319275, 0.17772570252418518, -0.15197168290615082, -0.05607365071773529, 0.7524271607398987, 0.06857281178236008, 0.2996510863304138, -0.08715952187776566, 0.3523780405521393, -0.3654721677303314, -0.6827186942100525, -0.2898779809474945, -0.2213168442249298, 0.2183411866426468, -0.4917857348918915, -0.1315377950668335, -0.03263254091143608, -0.1841740757226944, -0.0018245342653244734, 0.3999113142490387, 0.6207619905471802, -0.027681926265358925, -0.6009235978126526, -0.656138002872467, -0.020684143528342247, -0.015428663231432438, 0.3397780954837799, 0.7974029183387756, -0.06505666673183441, -0.4439285397529602, -0.8748800158500671, 0.33932265639305115, 0.9431185722351074, -0.3023948669433594, -0.2242012768983841, 0.5631275773048401, 0.7837868332862854, 0.15063230693340302, 0.19704848527908325, -0.3183317184448242, 0.16805265843868256, -0.42590147256851196, -0.04519466310739517, 0.5595870614051819, -0.19003435969352722, -0.558568000793457, -0.6963046789169312, 0.5610226392745972, 0.29104194045066833, -0.4897748827934265, 0.0676720067858696, 0.6779687404632568, -0.5687909126281738, -0.2787517011165619, 0.14291590452194214, -0.22655804455280304, -0.9898374080657959, 1.0926432609558105, -0.48924654722213745, -0.45115095376968384, -0.1270560771226883, -0.4647553563117981, 0.27207234501838684, -0.02320881001651287, -0.34799134731292725, -0.10828898847103119, 0.08707200735807419, 0.017097167670726776, -0.685843288898468, -0.49075350165367126, -0.11531361192464828, 0.04925377666950226, -0.5796977877616882, 0.818634033203125, -0.3512878119945526, 0.19495417177677155, 0.35596930980682373, 1.0070745944976807, 0.8622961640357971, 0.37846773862838745, 0.540854811668396, 0.41015538573265076, -0.399871826171875, 1.1063686609268188, -0.5078491568565369, -0.32957035303115845, 0.0929500162601471, -0.00973370298743248, -0.18883760273456573, -0.266934871673584, 0.24325938522815704, 0.7036224603652954, -0.31233590841293335, 0.6898249983787537, -0.8104723691940308, -0.6740270256996155, 0.20072484016418457, 0.7868277430534363, 0.2219039350748062, 0.0697275772690773, 0.3617081046104431, 0.3278552293777466, 0.3006211519241333, 0.22901925444602966, -0.3676983118057251, 0.017779042944312096, -0.2884598970413208, -0.18750914931297302, -0.40489962697029114, 0.035598549991846085, -0.2997017204761505, -0.27218499779701233, -1.0434750318527222, -0.15438717603683472, -0.16845454275608063, -0.4935019910335541, -0.3599967360496521, -0.22489115595817566, -0.21156881749629974, -0.5473495721817017, 0.2723190486431122, 0.5357584357261658, 0.08916293829679489, -0.23326152563095093, -0.5100712180137634, -0.44787755608558655, 0.21994109451770782, 0.36092206835746765, 0.09015590697526932, -0.266311377286911, -0.4476187825202942, -0.5784985423088074, 0.6221274733543396, -0.24595925211906433, -0.4790496528148651, 0.08008220046758652, -0.5775067806243896, -0.3803262710571289, -0.16499684751033783, 0.29142826795578003, 0.24524590373039246, 0.025579113513231277, -0.3661598563194275, -0.19802775979042053, -0.23387496173381805, -0.5109250545501709, 0.5723398327827454, 0.13997161388397217, 0.22621992230415344, -0.26108676195144653, -0.6350007057189941, 0.4592702388763428, 0.7546692490577698, 0.3694396913051605, 0.2613528072834015, -0.548000693321228, 0.04217192903161049, -0.0019287330796942115, -0.29127028584480286, -0.8613802790641785, 0.0452381931245327, -0.24687449634075165, 0.12507706880569458, -1.0662903785705566, 0.17723724246025085, -0.6956021785736084, 0.2866172194480896, 0.9826526641845703, -0.4072471559047699, 0.32577580213546753, -0.4792235493659973, -0.14203102886676788, -0.22502151131629944, 0.774488627910614, 0.4795687198638916, 0.44739416241645813, 0.1684950441122055, -0.43952637910842896, -0.3480214774608612, -0.5073075294494629, 0.44059309363365173, -0.14746332168579102, -1.4151817560195923, -0.12708279490470886, -0.3935040235519409, -0.16993340849876404, 0.4655643701553345, -0.051571860909461975, -0.6533215045928955, 0.6062259674072266, -0.27447712421417236, -0.7516077160835266, -0.04881945997476578, -0.032695550471544266, -0.3315734267234802, 0.017424272373318672, 0.6250666379928589, -0.16351769864559174, 0.013514203950762749, -0.5480107665061951, -0.11553224921226501, -0.6109393835067749, 0.5332924127578735, -0.47661614418029785, -0.664129376411438, 0.1093827337026596, -0.2085748165845871, -0.6741929650306702, 0.0035925053525716066, 0.6701483130455017, -0.09538886696100235, 0.3331396281719208, -0.568723201751709, 0.174220010638237, -0.13188554346561432, 0.5777122974395752, -0.30957525968551636, -0.6481179594993591, 0.13356620073318481, -0.008597875945270061, -0.2025412619113922, 0.4194320738315582, 1.1375149488449097, 0.09295900911092758, 0.9743714928627014, -0.030188696458935738, -0.650022566318512, 0.20706741511821747, -0.05094112828373909, 0.36363860964775085, -0.6239831447601318, -1.0272400379180908, 0.16335278749465942, 1.0331003665924072, -0.08927302062511444, -0.2406843900680542, 0.37302520871162415, 1.3854514360427856, -0.7847660779953003, -0.4304756224155426, 0.21395757794380188, 0.18136872351169586, 0.31687113642692566, 0.21034978330135345, 0.2910749316215515, -0.21869899332523346, -0.06757091730833054, -0.32097506523132324, -0.7495222687721252, -0.618274450302124, -0.060781996697187424, 0.7336762547492981, -0.5260685086250305, 0.04551634192466736, -0.4778830409049988, 0.5893951654434204, -0.34456998109817505, -0.018929166719317436, 0.18499960005283356, -0.41928091645240784, -0.9768674373626709, 0.042065732181072235, 0.3415350615978241, -0.3565947413444519, -0.020652057603001595, 0.13338817656040192, -0.02701866440474987, 0.1497896909713745, -0.35413146018981934, -0.07189588993787766, -0.15303044021129608, -0.2224276214838028, -0.1849978119134903, -0.7094258666038513, -0.0044364118948578835, 0.09828656911849976, 0.2909492254257202, 0.26706022024154663, 0.5028670430183411, 0.33210545778274536, -0.050986409187316895, -0.1585848331451416, 0.277373343706131, -0.23974695801734924, 0.6538633704185486, 0.3252347409725189, -0.38915392756462097, -0.12819935381412506, -0.33582043647766113, 0.15630799531936646, -0.21469871699810028, -0.391598641872406, -0.581900954246521, 0.5468849539756775, -0.26755622029304504, -0.21010661125183105, 0.7378231883049011, -0.7225899696350098, 0.5130075216293335, 0.224321648478508, -0.16868066787719727, 0.2384381741285324, 0.876188337802887, 0.42012983560562134, 0.26239463686943054, 0.6348452568054199, 0.33872947096824646, -0.21426038444042206, 0.7230316400527954, -0.578521192073822, -0.2907100319862366, 0.8929182887077332, 0.4687161445617676, 0.47374531626701355, -0.5487611889839172, -0.2706678509712219, 0.043960146605968475, 0.21467354893684387, 0.09872302412986755, 0.1119995191693306, -0.2962241470813751, -0.5153705477714539, 0.6592826247215271, 0.3705444931983948, 0.4366823434829712, 0.12814080715179443, -0.12077905982732773, -0.02845843695104122, 0.42246899008750916, -0.3432636559009552, -0.18743106722831726, 0.4735134541988373, -0.11748696863651276, 0.13544440269470215, 0.08704475313425064, 0.1077653169631958, -0.33564040064811707, 0.4080214500427246, 0.14503659307956696, 0.2051914632320404, 0.040045738220214844, -0.16587305068969727, 0.7635149359703064, 0.5124973654747009, 0.053534284234046936, -0.502224862575531, 0.8425090312957764, -0.681526780128479, 0.17546752095222473, -0.8199078440666199, -0.06179976463317871, -0.7506745457649231, -0.06690927594900131, 0.26437869668006897, -0.06624709814786911, -0.017255665734410286, 0.16678032279014587, 0.48257994651794434, 0.6652031540870667, 0.07205941528081894, 0.681067168712616, 0.32851356267929077, 0.4898122251033783, -0.26323211193084717, 0.6904544830322266, 0.26852351427078247, -0.5687230229377747, 0.8371026515960693, -0.46336930990219116, -0.20979245007038116, 0.18693241477012634, -0.30505770444869995, -0.5900540351867676, -0.3953293263912201, -0.7032567858695984, -0.30133795738220215, -0.32661429047584534, -0.48878568410873413, -0.5169177055358887, 0.2858370840549469, 1.2118664979934692, 0.0046158721670508385, -0.6718030571937561, -0.025782039389014244, -0.07807568460702896, -0.1783255934715271, 0.24949422478675842, -0.1834028959274292, 0.3870117664337158, -0.8111041188240051, 0.39996322989463806, -0.8678541779518127, 0.9472001194953918, 0.03496160730719566, 0.6929516196250916, -0.3124698996543884, -0.04641050845384598, 0.044180817902088165, 0.1640738993883133, 0.2872651219367981, -0.7371073365211487, -0.3725193738937378, -0.7228223085403442, 0.11725477129220963, -0.7067597508430481, 0.3265465199947357, 0.6813982129096985, 0.3493918180465698, -0.2926892936229706, 0.015851425006985664, 0.508293628692627, -0.7377877831459045, 0.40650469064712524, 0.3554903268814087, 0.16846325993537903, -0.4260752201080322, 0.024654503911733627, -0.402957022190094, -0.23674212396144867, 0.35571062564849854, 0.516690731048584, 0.008565941825509071, -0.24976570904254913, 0.349426805973053, -0.5921480059623718, 0.2522822618484497, -0.8074241876602173, 0.04274657741189003, -0.1069953665137291, -0.08275240659713745, -0.5907734632492065, -0.5892956852912903, 0.6130880117416382, 0.05187013000249863, -0.47931259870529175, 0.18263734877109528, -0.2606959640979767, -0.09740375727415085, 0.5246877670288086, -0.1465357095003128, -0.3257834017276764, 0.18519428372383118, -0.4385031461715698 ]
216509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail-order%20bride	Mail-order bride	A mail-order bride is a woman who lists herself in catalogs and is selected by a man for marriage. In the twentieth century, the trend was primarily towards women living in developing countries seeking men in more developed nations. The majority of the women listed in the twentieth-century and twenty-first-century services are from Southeast Asia, countries of the former Eastern Bloc and (to a lesser extent) from Latin America. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, large numbers of eastern European women have advertised themselves in such a way, primarily from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova. Men who list themselves in such publications are referred to as "mail-order husbands", although this is much less common. The term "mail-order bride" is both criticized by owners (and customers) of international marriage agencies and used by them as an easily recognizable term. International marriage agency Mail-order brides work with "international marriage agencies". An international marriage agency (also called an international introduction agency or international marriage broker) is a business that endeavors to introduce men and women of different countries for the purpose of marriage, dating, or correspondence. Many of these marriage agencies are based near women in developing countries (such as Ukraine, Russia, Colombia, Brazil, China, Thailand, and the Philippines). International marriage agencies encourage women to register for their services, and facilitate communication and meetings with men from developed regions of North America, Western Europe, South Korea, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. This network of smaller international marriage agencies is often affiliated with web-based international dating sites that are able to market their services on a larger scale, in compliance with regulations such as the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act. Experian, a market research firm, reports that the top 10 international dating sites attracted 12 million visitors in March 2013, up 29% from March 2012. International dating sites provide a wide variety of online communication, including instant messaging, email letters, webchat, phone translation, virtual gifts, live games, and mobile-based chat. International marriage agencies are frequently referred to as "mail-order bride" agencies. However, many consider the term "mail-order bride" derogatory and feel it demeans foreign women by comparing them to commodities for sale and by falsely implying that (unlike local women), they exercise no judgment over the men they meet and would marry anyone from a relatively wealthy country. Services offered by marriage agencies typically include: Introductions Translation of correspondence between clients not speaking a common language Excursions, in which a man is introduced to several women interested in marriage History In 1620, the Virginia Company recruited mail-order brides for the Jamestown colony, sponsoring the emigration of 140 women in hopes of reducing desertion by the settlers and to avoid the men marrying women from the local Native American tribes. They were sometimes referred to as "tobacco wives", because each male colonist who married a mail-order bride had to reimburse the company for her passage at a cost of 120 pounds of "good leaf tobacco". The women who were brought over by the company were free to marry whomever they chose, even men who were too poor to pay their passage fee. The average age of these brides was 20. France took a similar tactic in the mid-1600s, recruiting and sponsoring approximately 800 women to emigrate to New France. These mail-order brides were known as the King's Daughters ( or in the spelling of the era). The New France colony had problems similar to Jamestown's: male settlers returning to France or marrying Native American women and leaving the colony to live with their wives' tribes. For the King's Daughters, the government not only paid to recruit and transport them, it also provided each woman with a dowry of at least 50 livres. As with the "tobacco wives" of Jamestown, the King's Daughters had the right to choose their partners and could refuse any suitor. The success of the program is indicated by genetic studies of modern French Canadians which found that the King's Daughters and their husbands were "responsible for two-thirds of the genetic makeup of over six million people". When New France began its Louisiana colony in 1699, it requested more mail-order brides. These were known as Pelican girls (for the first ship that brought women to the colony, Le Pélican). This program was not successful; the women had been recruited with false descriptions of the struggling colony and had many complaints about their treatment. When women in France heard of the terrible conditions and of how the Pelican girls had been treated, the government was unable to recruit many more mail-order brides. France had to resort to shipping over thieves and prostitutes, known as "correction girls". There are at least two historical roots of the mail-order bride industry that emerged in the 1800s in the American frontier: Asian workers in the frontier regions (although Asian workers were scattered throughout the world), and American men who had headed west across the United States to the frontier. Asian men worked through mail-order agencies to find wives as they worked overseas in the 1800s. Key variables determining the relationship between migration and marriage were demographics, legal policies, cultural perceptions and technology. Imbalances between the number of available women and the number of men desiring partners created a demand for immigrant women. As a result of this imbalance, a new system of "picture brides" developed in predominantly male settlements. In the early 20th century, the institution of "picture brides" developed due to immigration restrictions. The Japanese-American Passport Agreement of 1907 allowed Japan to grant passports to the wives of immigrants to America. As immigration of unmarried Japanese women to America was effectively barred, the use of "picture brides" provided a mechanism for willing women to obtain a passport to America, while Japanese workers in America could gain a female helpmate of their own nationality. European American men sought financial success in the migration West, but few women lived there at this time, so it was hard for these men to settle down and start a family. During the California gold rush in 1849, there were at least three men for every woman, and by 1852 the ratio had increased to nearly seven men for every woman. They attempted to attract women living back East; the men wrote letters to churches and published personal advertisements in magazines and newspapers. In return, the women would write to the men and send them photographs of themselves. Courtship was conducted by letter, until a woman agreed to marry a man she had never met. Many women wanted to escape their present way of living, gain financial security and see what life on the frontier could offer them. Most of these women were single, but some were widows, divorcées or runaways. Mail-order marriages gave Black women an escape from the crushing racial restrictions in the South. In 1885, a group of married Black women in Arizona Territory formed the Busy Bee Club to advertise for wives for Arizona miners, hoping to reduce violence in the mining camps and encourage Black women to move to the area. To recruit mail-order brides for Oregon, area bachelors combined funds to send two brothers east. The Benton brothers began their search in Maryland, posting "Brides Wanted" flyers. They held meetings at which they described the territory and promised free passage west. More than 100 women accompanied the Bentons back to Oregon. Asa Mercer performed a similar recruiting role for Seattle. Only 11 women accompanied Mercer back on his first trip, but his second was more successful, with more than 100 women travelling to Seattle, accompanied by a New York Times journalist to chronicle the journey. These prospective brides were known as Mercer Girls. British Columbia welcomed sixty women from Britain, mail-order brides recruited by the Columbia Emigration Society, in 1862. Another twenty women from Australia were bound for Victoria but were convinced to stay in San Francisco when their ship docked there. In the early 20th century, answering matrimonial ads was a route to entering the United States after immigration limits became more restrictive. It was also a means of escaping war-torn regions. In 1922, two ships docked in New York with 900 mail-order brides from Turkey, Romania, Armenia, and Greece, fleeing the Greco-Turkish War. Motivations and stories Eastern Europe Women in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other Eastern European countries are common mail-order bride candidates. Economic and social conditions for women in Russia and other Post-Soviet states are a motivational factor in finding foreign arrangements. 52 percent of Russia's workforce is made up of women, yet according to some sources they often hold low positions of prominence in their home country and work jobs with less respect and lower wages (such as teaching or physician positions); and women earn 43 percent of what men do. Finding a foreign husband gives a woman a chance to leave her country and find better economic opportunities. Marriage is a substantial part of Russian culture, with 30 years being the age at which a woman is considered an "old maid". With 4,138,273 more women than men from the ages of 15 to 64, marriage opportunities are slim at home and worsened by the life expectancy difference between men (64.3 years) and women (73.17 years), as well as the fact that a large portion of successful males are emigrating out of Russia. In testimony before the United States Senate, Professor Donna Hughes said that two thirds of Ukrainian women interviewed wanted to live abroad and this rose to 97% in the resort city of Yalta. Asia Many international brides come from developing countries in Asia. The countries the women come from are faced with unemployment, malnutrition and inflation. However, economic factors are not the only driving factor for women in Asia to enter the mail-order industry. Filipina women often entered the mail-order industry in the hope of marrying abroad, and then sponsoring their family for immigration. In some cases women were recruited based on their physical appearance, with an emphasis placed on youth and virginity. This is found among boutique agencies, most of which cater to wealthy men from other Asian nations. The majority of Asian mail-order brides come from the Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and China. Country-specific information Australia Since 2003, the Government of Australia's resolve to decrease what was deemed "inappropriate immigration" by then-Prime Minister John Howard has gained momentum. Initial reactions to the program were mixed. However, during the January 2004 visit to Eastern Europe by the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, Philip Ruddock, Australian-Russian relationships were strengthened while both nations committed to a timetable for reductions in Russian human trafficking into Australia. The Australian public further embraced its government's new policies following the media circus of the Jana Klintoukh case. This case first exploded into the public's view when current-events program Today Tonight aired footage of a young Russian-born Australian, claiming she was imported via an Internet site and was kept as a sexual slave by her "husband" while being confined to his Sydney home. Belarus In 2005, President Alexander Lukashenko attempted to regulate "marriage agencies" in Belarus and make it difficult for them to operate. He believed that Western men were draining his country of women of child-bearing age. However, as most agencies are being run from outside Belarus (either in Russia, other European countries or the United States), he has been unable to stop (or otherwise regulate) this activity. Cambodia Thousands of women from Cambodia were mail-order brides to men in South Korea. Viewing the practice as a form of human trafficking, in the 21st century the Cambodian government passed a number of laws, such as prohibiting marriage between Cambodian women and men over the age of 50, a ban on marriage between Cambodian women and Korean men, and a ban on marriages with foreigners (which was rescinded after six months). Canada Canadian immigration laws concerning mail-order brides have traditionally been similar to (but slightly less restrictive than) their U.S. counterparts; for instance, previously not requiring the Canadian citizen to prove minimum-income requirements (as has been a long-standing requirement of United States immigration laws). While there is still no formal requirement for a minimum salary, the sponsor must provide evidence of income (such as the T4 income tax slip from an employer) with their IMM 5481 Sponsorship Evaluation. Until 2001 Canada's immigration policy designated mail-order brides under the "family class" to refer to spouses and dependents and "fiancé(e)" class for those intending to marry, with only limited recognition of externally married opposite-sex "common law" relationships; same-sex partners were processed as independent immigrants or under a discretionary provision for "humane and compassionate" considerations. In 2002, the Canadian Immigration Law was completely revised. One of the major changes was conjugal partner sponsorship, available for any two people (including same-sex couples) who have had conjugal relations together for at least one year. Canadian immigration authorities frown upon conjugal-partners sponsorship for heterosexual couples, and now require the couple to marry before a visa is granted (unless serious reason can be demonstrated why the couple is not yet married). There have been reported instances in which foreign spouses have abandoned their Canadian sponsors upon arrival in Canada or soon thereafter, often collecting welfare, which the sponsor is obligated to repay. In some of the cases, federal immigration authorities have made no attempt to revoke fraudulently-obtained landed immigrant status or deport the claimants, treating cases where one spouse is duped by the other as low-priority and difficult to prove. A two-year conditional residence requirement (like that in force in Australia and the United States) was proposed in 2011 and is now applied to new arrivals. China China is one of the main source countries of East Asian mail-order brides. Vietnamese women are traveling to China as mail-order brides for rural Han Chinese men to earn money for their families and a rise in the standard of living, matchmaking between Chinese men and Vietnamese women has increased and has not been affected by troubled relations between Vietnam and China. Some Vietnamese women from Lào Cai who married Han Chinese men stated that among their reasons for doing so was that Vietnamese men beat their wives, engaged in affairs with mistresses, and refused to help their wives with chores while Han men actively helped their wives carry out chores and care for them. Cambodian women also travel to China as mail order brides for rural men. Colombia According to immigration statistics from the United States Department of Homeland Security, Colombia has ranked in the top 10 of countries since 1999 from which fiancées have emigrated for the United States. As well, the number of Colombians being admitted to the United States between 1999 and 2008 using fiancé visas (including children) has increased 321 percent. A dissertation by Jasney E. Cogua-Lopez, "Through the Prisms of Gender and Power: Agency in International Courtship between Colombian Women and American Men", suggests various reasons for this growth, including continuing cultural inequality between the sexes despite equality being codified in the country's laws (honor killings were not made completely illegal until 1980). Because of the large number of Colombians wishing to leave their country by marrying foreigners, a black market for marriages to foreigners has developed, with some people allegedly paying as much as 20 million pesos ($10,000) to illegal groups. According to Colombia Decrees No. 2668/88 and 1556/89, passed in 1988, foreigners are allowed to marry nationals in the country provided they supply the proper paperwork, including a birth certificate and proof that both parties are not already married. A notary is required, but because the laws are open to interpretation, the requirements can vary from notary to notary. Japan During the 1980s and 1990s, local authorities started government-led initiatives encouraging marriage between women from other Asian countries and Japanese farmers due to the lack of Japanese women who wanted to live in the countryside. These Asian brides came from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China and South Korea. The phenomenon of marrying women from other Asian countries later spread to urban parts of Japan as well. Philippines The Philippines prohibits the business of organizing or facilitating marriages between Filipinas and foreign men. The Philippine congress enacted the Anti Mail-Order Bride Law on June 13, 1990, as a result of stories in the local media about Filipinas being abused by their foreign husbands. Because of this, Filipinas often used "reverse publications" – publications in which men advertise themselves – to contact foreign men for marriage to Filipina women. Successful prosecution under this statute is rare or non-existent as widespread deployment of the Internet in the mid-1990s brought a proliferation of websites operating outside the Philippines which legally remain beyond the reach of Filipino law. One Montana site profiled in an ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs report entitled "Pinay Brides" circumvented the restrictions by characterising its role as that of a travel agency. Thousands of Filipina women marry Americans each year. South Korea The New York Times reports, "Every month, hundreds of South Korean men fly to Vietnam, the Philippines, Nepal and Uzbekistan on special trips. An agent escorts each man to see many women in a single day, sometimes all gathered in the same hall". Although these marriages can be successful, in some cases immigrant wives are mistreated, misunderstood and separated from their Korean husbands. One method men use when choosing young girls as wives is "Like a judge in a beauty pageant, the man interviews the women, many of them 20 years younger than he, and makes a choice". The British newspaper The Independent reports, "Last year it was reported that more than 40,000 Vietnamese women have married South Korean men and migrated there." Cambodian women are also popular with Korean men seeking foreign brides, but in March 2010 the Cambodian government banned marriages to South Korean men. The Korea Times reports that every year, thousands of Korean men sign up for matches with Filipina brides through agencies and by mail order. Based on data from the Korean government, there are 6,191 Filipinas in South Korea who are married to Koreans. After contacting a mail-order agency, the majority of Filipina mail-order brides met their husbands by attending "show-ups", a meeting in which a group of Filipina women are brought to meet a Korean man who is looking for a wife. At the show-up the Korean man picks a prospective wife from among the group, and in a matter of days they are married. An anthropological study on Filipina wives and Korean men by professor Kim Min-jung of the Department of Cultural Anthropology at Kangwon National University found that these Korean men find it difficult to marry Korean women, so they look for girls in poorer countries with difficult economic circumstances. The Korean men feel that because of the difficult circumstances from which the Filipina women come, cultural differences and the language barrier, they "will not run away". Further, she said, Korean men characterize Southeast Asian women as friendly, hardworking (due to agrarian backgrounds), "docile and obedient, able to speak English, and are familiar with Korean patriarchal culture". A recent study by matchmaking firm Bien-Aller polled 274 single South Korean men through its website concerning motivations for marrying non-Korean women and found that men choose foreign brides primarily for one of four reasons. "According to the poll, 32.1 percent of the men said they felt the biggest benefit of marrying foreign women is their lack of interest in their groom's educational background and financial or social status. The next best reason was their belief that foreign brides would be submissive (23 percent), make their lives more comfortable (15.3 percent), and that the men would not have to get stressed about their in-laws (13.8 percent)." Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are sources of mail order brides to South Korea. The majority of mail order brides from China to South Korea consist of Chinese citizens of Korean ethnicity. Violence against foreign brides in South Korea In June 2013, The Philippine embassy in Seoul reported that it had received many complaints from Filipinas who have married Korean men through mail-order, frequently becoming "victims of grave abuses". The Philippine police rescued 29 mail-order brides on their way to marry South Korea men whom Chief Superintendent Reginald Villasanta, head of an organised crime task force, says were "duped into promises of an instant wealthy life through marriage with Korean gentlemen". The women were advertised in online and offline "catalogs" to South Korean men. In many cases however, victims were fed false information about the background of their future spouse and family, and suffered abuse from the South Korean men, which led to "abandonment of the marital home, separation and divorce", Villasanta said. There have been several murders of mail-order brides in South Korea. On May 24, 2011, one South Korean man "stabbed his Vietnamese wife to death while the couple’s 19-day-old baby lay next to her. The man, a farmer, had been matched up with his foreign bride through a broker. In 2010, another Vietnamese woman was killed by her husband a week after they were married. In 2008, a Vietnamese woman jumped from an apartment building to her death after being abused by her husband and mother-in-law." In November 2009, Philippine Ambassador to South Korea Luis T. Cruz warned Filipina women against marrying Korean men. He said in recent months that the Philippine Embassy in Seoul has received complaints from Filipina wives of abuses committed by their Korean husbands that caused separation, divorce and abandonment. As language and cultural differences become an issue, the Filipina women are regarded as commodities bought for a price. Malaysia Mail-order brides travelled to Malaysia to marry Malaysian men. Mail-order brides include women from Vietnam, Indonesia, and China. Singapore Singapore has received Vietnamese women as mail order brides. Taiwan Vietnamese and Uzbek mail order brides have gone to Taiwan for marriage. Turkmenistan On June 4, 2001, Turkmenian President Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Turkmenbashi) authorized a decree that required foreigners to pay a $50,000 fee to marry a Turkmen citizen (regardless of how they met), and to live in the country and own property for one year. Authorities indicated that the law was designed to protect women from being duped into abusive relationships. In June 2005, Niyazov scrapped the $50,000 and the property-owning requirements. United States U.S. immigration law provides protection for brides once they arrive. "In 1996, Congress passed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act... Section 652 of this legislation specifically addresses the mail-order bride industry". On January 6, 2006, President George W. Bush signed the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act (IMBRA) as part of the Violence Against Women Act. The requirements of the law are controversial, and some commentators have claimed that it presumes that American men are abusers. In enacting IMBRA, Congress was responding to claims by the Tahirih Justice Center (TJC), a woman's advocacy group, that mail-order brides were susceptible to domestic abuse because they are unfamiliar with the laws, language and customs of their new home. The TJC insisted that special legislation was needed to protect them. The TJC asked Congress to consider several notable cases mentioned in the Congressional Record. Critics of IMBRA claim that the TJC failed to ask Congress to consider the relative amount of abuse between mail-order bride couples and other couples (including the thousands of spousal murders that occurred in the US over the past 15 years). Two federal lawsuits (European Connections & Tours v. Gonzales, N.D. Ga. 2006; AODA v. Gonzales, S.D. Ohio 2006) sought to challenge IMBRA on constitutional grounds. The AODA case was terminated when the plaintiffs withdrew their claim. The European Connections case ended when the judge ruled against the plaintiff, finding the law constitutional regarding a dating company. On March 26, 2007, U.S. District Judge Clarence Cooper dismissed with prejudice a suit for injunctive relief filed by European Connections, agreeing with Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and TJC that IMBRA is a constitutional exercise of Congressional authority to regulate for-profit dating websites and agencies where the primary focus is on introducing Americans to foreigners. Additionally, the federal court specifically found that: "the rates of domestic violence against immigrant women are much higher than those of the U.S. population". The judge also compared background checks on American men to background checks on firearm buyers by stating, "However, just as the requirement to provide background information as a prerequisite to purchasing a firearm has not put gun manufacturers out of business, there is no reason to believe that IMBs will be driven from the marketplace by IMBRA". Legal matters for mail-order brides in the United States Marriage agencies are legal in almost all countries. On January 6, 2006, the United States Congress enacted IMBRA., which requires certain actions of some businesses prior to selling a foreign woman's address to a US citizen or resident or otherwise facilitating contact, including the following: The man must complete a questionnaire on his criminal and marital background The business must obtain the man's record from the United States National Sex Offenders Public Registry database The questionnaire and record must be translated into the woman's native language and provided to her The woman must certify that she agrees to permit communication A lifetime limit of two K-1 visas is imposed, with a waiver required for the approval of any subsequent fiancée visa Visa regulations in the United States In order to bring a spouse into the United States, Form I-130 must be filed, which is an immigrant petition on behalf of a relative. After that, a K-3/K-4 & V-1/V-2 Entry Visa for Spouse must be filed. The Immigration and Nationalization Service advises that "in some cases, it may be to a couple's advantage to pursue a K-1 fiancée visa before getting married. In other cases, applicants may find that it is more cost effective to get married abroad and then apply for an immigrant visa overseas. In many cases, the K-1 visa application process takes just as long as the immigrant visa process". The cost of the visa may be around $2000. Couples must remain together at least two years. There were 849,000 female naturalized citizens between the ages of 20 and 29 and 2,084,000 women of the same age living without U.S. citizenship in 2016, accounting for 13.3% of the female population of that age bracket. "Despite well over 2,000 mail-order marriages a year, there is no information on the amount of mail-order brides entering the United States. The purpose of this law is two-fold: to protect the safety of mail-order brides and to prevent fraud". See also Picture bride Romance scam References Further reading "Romance on a Global Stage", a 2003 anthropology study by Nicole Constable, Professor of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Human migration Matchmaking Interracial marriage	[ 0.12362834066152573, 0.3849283754825592, -0.15919944643974304, 0.12707802653312683, -0.02712242864072323, 0.6453380584716797, 0.27500298619270325, 0.12301240861415863, -0.37445127964019775, -0.24449050426483154, -0.32444286346435547, 0.35407572984695435, -0.25735560059547424, 0.23732252418994904, -0.44699224829673767, -0.0031202405225485563, 0.10318779200315475, 0.7282681465148926, 0.11935126781463623, -0.7591358423233032, -0.36907750368118286, -0.30811330676078796, -0.12798644602298737, -0.4712572395801544, 0.12946070730686188, -0.08374974131584167, 0.2882331907749176, -0.569484531879425, -0.49624764919281006, 0.05395577847957611, 0.12175051867961884, 0.19728980958461761, 0.2655012607574463, -0.2598712742328644, 0.12011932581663132, -0.4580109119415283, 0.3828420639038086, -0.5517536401748657, -0.389875590801239, -0.6058174967765808, -0.6557188034057617, -0.28215259313583374, 0.7412449717521667, 0.39379987120628357, -0.3948875665664673, -0.49166354537010193, -1.5022692680358887, -0.15762823820114136, -0.8418942093849182, -0.3449169099330902, -0.32673072814941406, 0.24188198149204254, 0.6288219094276428, 0.9802309274673462, 0.30841970443725586, 0.7849953770637512, -0.5918200016021729, 0.07076345384120941, -0.2335331290960312, -0.45756223797798157, 1.0713175535202026, -0.16996434330940247, 0.5140498280525208, 0.0955895259976387, 0.43478062748908997, -0.18158689141273499, 0.005602942779660225, 0.2836180627346039, -0.07817111164331436, -0.6149208545684814, -0.3803981840610504, -0.4331684708595276, 0.5128028988838196, -0.17299450933933258, -0.44185540080070496, 0.442947119474411, -0.3956868052482605, 0.18019162118434906, -0.21595634520053864, -0.3686756193637848, -0.5454651117324829, 0.9659671187400818, -0.04656276851892471, 0.14018508791923523, 0.35898277163505554, -0.17278257012367249, -0.37975022196769714, 0.4433542788028717, 0.13356201350688934, 0.9097209572792053, 0.14255158603191376, 0.08493173867464066, 0.29629620909690857, -0.21371181309223175, -0.1816762536764145, -0.11257501691579819, -0.3248817026615143, 0.21497170627117157, 0.21141044795513153, 0.46390676498413086, -0.013816377148032188, -0.2882177531719208, 0.9241052865982056, -0.28439778089523315, -0.07296083867549896, -0.46753549575805664, -0.1513025462627411, -0.19886066019535065, 0.6422840356826782, 0.13530808687210083, 0.15346719324588776, 0.2595424950122833, 0.0722552016377449, 0.2671896517276764, -0.2531203031539917, 0.6079316139221191, -0.16585850715637207, -0.20736241340637207, -0.2627931833267212, -0.4237618148326874, 0.5114551782608032, -0.059154096990823746, 0.3198412358760834, -0.7143577337265015, 0.3997536897659302, 0.3754516839981079, 0.818237841129303, 0.821169912815094, -0.9282041788101196, 0.11438259482383728, -0.031075159087777138, 0.5324756503105164, -0.14860469102859497, 0.5706873536109924, -0.3937308192253113, -0.1604316234588623, 0.26232045888900757, 0.16327862441539764, 0.9454455971717834, 0.24373793601989746, -0.8023321628570557, 0.1384318619966507, -0.11548015475273132, -0.30838051438331604, 0.8951493501663208, 0.19677841663360596, 0.46842288970947266, -0.6618379950523376, -0.5004299283027649, -0.3726125955581665, -0.04520469903945923, -0.17528723180294037, 0.23431523144245148, 0.09583144634962082, -0.3474411070346832, 0.012955399230122566, 0.7732242345809937, -0.20611555874347687, 0.3716546297073364, 0.3141190707683563, 0.30917608737945557, 0.6090914011001587, -0.3869309425354004, 0.4063030481338501, -0.27471381425857544, -0.07230892032384872, 0.024426192045211792, 0.7304236888885498, -0.032302308827638626, 0.1975812464952469, -0.38965535163879395, 0.6488094925880432, 0.023948755115270615, -0.41243183612823486, 0.36824169754981995, 0.5978072285652161, 0.2701696455478668, 0.08895166218280792, 0.5767001509666443, 0.08959926664829254, -0.563227653503418, 0.6602727174758911, 0.32632023096084595, -0.14161893725395203, -0.22036534547805786, -0.23060277104377747, -0.19224813580513, 0.25885632634162903, -0.2650582790374756, -0.41899701952934265, -0.7724403738975525, -0.3885219395160675, -0.13567113876342773, -0.1528860330581665, 0.7635645866394043, 0.004981799982488155, -0.006274453829973936, 0.9050531387329102, -0.10878585278987885, 0.18169540166854858, -0.08720626682043076, 0.45037588477134705, 0.07040479779243469, -0.36715230345726013, -0.8804964423179626, 0.4586656987667084, 0.4241946041584015, 0.4666919708251953, 0.10684280842542648, 0.06542583554983139, 0.2768997550010681, -0.11508530378341675, 0.7001923322677612, -0.0689995139837265, -0.12844231724739075, 0.437791109085083, -0.1637035608291626, 0.43033450841903687, 0.16966655850410461, -0.6126833558082581, 0.7880800366401672, 0.11639195680618286, -0.24948397278785706, 0.5323938727378845, -0.3248477280139923, 0.40554752945899963, -0.18130579590797424, -0.07149461656808853, -0.09021173417568207, 0.1473076194524765, 0.7235459089279175, 0.21000148355960846, 0.5478468537330627, -0.3575449287891388, -0.4837011396884918, -0.04386491701006889, 0.030904075130820274, -0.4139332175254822, -0.47973570227622986, 0.23273815214633942, -0.06839891523122787, 0.026605162769556046, -0.06539948284626007, 0.3467331528663635, -0.16862612962722778, -0.27483153343200684, -0.2255300134420395, -0.0625365749001503, -0.016375036910176277, -0.022743936628103256, 0.5238021612167358, 0.43552348017692566, -0.10771908611059189, -0.23115096986293793, -0.14020824432373047, -0.15517814457416534, -0.31698933243751526, 0.6151297688484192, 0.42102187871932983, -0.1565626859664917, 0.4113438129425049, 0.15630674362182617, 0.0693245530128479, 0.5352194905281067, -0.10560784488916397, -0.016862574964761734, -0.4327339231967926, -0.0614570677280426, -0.04382956773042679, 0.7387836575508118, 0.8499119877815247, 0.018616368994116783, -1.0958387851715088, 0.13844583928585052, -0.018651297315955162, -0.5787644386291504, 0.42891761660575867, 0.46830257773399353, 0.05821044743061066, -0.3546510338783264, -0.06296129524707794, 0.4890832304954529, 0.45480281114578247, -0.9056054353713989, -0.523621141910553, -0.4327138662338257, 0.3647903501987457, -0.09053260087966919, -0.16343966126441956, 0.02987249754369259, -0.17289693653583527, 0.7044450640678406, 0.14630553126335144, 0.08066178113222122, 0.546055793762207, 0.4466472268104553, -0.04165487736463547, 0.5963798761367798, 0.3242444396018982, -0.25342726707458496, -0.07185082137584686, -0.27457353472709656, 0.19031427800655365, -0.35204392671585083, 0.33257949352264404, -0.2428453266620636, 0.29813864827156067, -0.7114805579185486, -5.664527416229248, 0.05163386091589928, -0.07682820409536362, -1.0352104902267456, 0.3969895541667938, -0.033825721591711044, 1.1638203859329224, -0.1895730346441269, -0.20982368290424347, 0.5555141568183899, -0.35614633560180664, -0.09245619922876358, -0.028456876054406166, -0.35238271951675415, 0.4070777893066406, 0.4338805377483368, 0.23417487740516663, -0.034946978092193604, 0.16200880706310272, 0.024191876873373985, -0.46299153566360474, 0.3106496334075928, 0.6584219932556152, 0.8841761946678162, -0.27539271116256714, -0.10999228805303574, -0.24663926661014557, -0.48609983921051025, -0.02350527048110962, 0.1286918818950653, 0.5108500123023987, 0.2971838414669037, 0.1709752231836319, 0.0886528342962265, -0.4754280745983124, -0.217767134308815, 0.8352283835411072, 0.43406879901885986, 0.10806041210889816, 0.1507454514503479, 0.2687279284000397, 0.6669089198112488, 0.17323505878448486, 0.29840368032455444, 0.30491510033607483, -0.5629553198814392, -0.20042362809181213, -0.6413108110427856, -0.2350008189678192, 0.6802078485488892, 0.23154813051223755, 0.28596800565719604, 0.4669036865234375, 0.05065514147281647, -0.1166459321975708, -0.22526246309280396, 0.008933949284255505, 0.1807803064584732, -0.21471066772937775, -0.05759460851550102, -0.25649410486221313, -0.6932523846626282, 0.2392699122428894, -0.5514832139015198, -0.08017084747552872, -0.6822793483734131, -0.9172004461288452, -0.27962201833724976, 0.40693187713623047, 0.43009769916534424, -0.23347607254981995, 0.46581244468688965, 0.5043475031852722, -1.1866563558578491, 0.611189603805542, -1.0841656923294067, 0.013985463418066502, -0.10434102267026901, 0.01761730946600437, -0.16265802085399628, 0.642067015171051, -0.13630953431129456, -0.21419908106327057, -0.0005862016114406288, 0.31221967935562134, -0.5678972601890564, -0.06986779719591141, 0.017445938661694527, -0.6762205362319946, -0.5989771485328674, 0.7258685827255249, 0.09939544647932053, 0.11623667925596237, -0.028177816420793533, 0.3142169713973999, 0.45916417241096497, 0.002689001150429249, -0.09926870465278625, 0.4263589382171631, -0.026544297114014626, 0.6121649742126465, -0.2247297316789627, -0.32827746868133545, -0.7198570370674133, -0.1281505972146988, -0.25382256507873535, -0.43309223651885986, 0.14767640829086304, 0.5964630842208862, -0.19169840216636658, -0.6018653512001038, 0.03360757976770401, -0.5010039806365967, -0.7729123830795288, -0.33799976110458374, 0.5171775221824646, -0.5203474760055542, 0.39443713426589966, 0.06115132197737694, 0.3092176616191864, 0.534445583820343, -0.13175123929977417, -0.7674562335014343, -0.39376580715179443, 0.05556724593043327, -0.16819751262664795, 0.28992632031440735, -0.30563485622406006, 0.15854525566101074, -0.09648565202951431, 0.3546295762062073, -0.13783098757266998, -0.5316267609596252, -0.3963997960090637, 0.3605397641658783, 0.35210463404655457, 0.20291993021965027, 0.42269986867904663, -0.12745101749897003, -0.4417662024497986, -0.008065761998295784, -0.5523919463157654, -0.72452312707901, 0.32308435440063477, 0.7538039684295654, 0.5484968423843384, -0.1746405065059662, -0.007642773911356926, -0.018633531406521797, 0.32343217730522156, -1.1503407955169678, -0.647784411907196, 0.12985479831695557, -0.6471812725067139, -0.19250009953975677, -0.5193609595298767, 0.1047925129532814, 0.25372782349586487, -0.7441846132278442, -0.5543079972267151, -0.36460641026496887, -0.8623712658882141, -0.6784900426864624, 0.004702757578343153, -0.5774988532066345, -0.21063776314258575, -0.5948876142501831, -0.0745563805103302, -0.5599177479743958, 0.9570338726043701, -0.1726815104484558, 0.08729168027639389, -0.12569361925125122, -0.25329601764678955, 0.3479054868221283, 0.13643619418144226, 0.3895156681537628, 0.4524158537387848, 0.14519751071929932, -0.28717324137687683, -0.26898184418678284, -0.2531346380710602, -0.3203280568122864, 0.12169284373521805, 0.29857227206230164, -0.3138088583946228, -0.023023109883069992, 0.1936584711074829, -0.7416207194328308, -0.24097132682800293, -0.22223563492298126, 0.028305554762482643, 0.7153804898262024, -0.3532882332801819, -0.6789372563362122, -0.2918713092803955, -0.5458101034164429, 0.18835514783859253, 0.06990993022918701, -0.5303916335105896, 0.49608397483825684, 0.35494059324264526, -0.6717237830162048, 0.16520851850509644, -0.03080909140408039, -0.3519667983055115, 0.3293740451335907, 0.12774980068206787, -0.5010887980461121, 0.29398608207702637, -0.044934168457984924, -0.09530114382505417, 0.10638250410556793, 0.7288703918457031, -0.43963608145713806, -0.14120693504810333, -0.3990631699562073, -0.1503736525774002, 0.007172200828790665, -0.007071515079587698, 0.326937198638916, -0.2149072289466858, -0.1667853593826294, 0.42941567301750183, -0.38016393780708313, 0.6529552340507507, -0.13199102878570557, -0.9048885107040405, 0.5516951680183411, -0.3563445210456848, -0.00526444660499692, -0.28188976645469666, -0.5471286177635193, -0.1762494593858719, 0.03384372591972351, -0.25871527194976807, 0.18497532606124878, -0.015365027822554111, 0.055075500160455704, 0.3265945613384247, -0.06421457231044769, 0.7725101709365845, -0.051409609615802765, -0.4671233296394348, -0.26425161957740784, 0.5312963724136353, 0.26459968090057373, -0.783047080039978, -0.5119101405143738, 0.8051823377609253, 0.26806876063346863, -0.3743860125541687, -0.5586676597595215, 0.04419289529323578, -0.34997206926345825, 0.10129716247320175, -0.4876740872859955, 0.21767202019691467, -0.25676092505455017, 0.7934456467628479, -0.18276242911815643, 0.314243882894516, -0.1977948248386383, -0.1789725422859192, 0.8775160908699036, 0.6326541304588318, -0.10968054831027985, 0.37947458028793335, 0.10211576521396637, -0.0036867072340101004, 0.38823026418685913, -0.04341496527194977, 0.7128239274024963, 0.08908837288618088, 0.5035722851753235, 0.081708163022995, 0.14042028784751892, -0.5898270606994629, 0.08136644959449768, 0.09178746491670609, -0.10698764771223068, -0.8883217573165894, -0.06244537979364395, -0.008692139759659767, 0.44164109230041504, -0.563190758228302, 0.22452114522457123, -0.1824161857366562, -1.1086519956588745, -0.1420397162437439, -0.4829578399658203, 0.000615791417658329, 0.18614184856414795, 1.2689778804779053, -0.07550976425409317, 0.26971107721328735, 0.3790249824523926, -0.06377299129962921, -0.10674519836902618, 0.15552395582199097, -0.026200737804174423, 0.1735655963420868, 0.10479730367660522, -0.3852279782295227, 0.5564893484115601, -0.14581677317619324, -0.2536389231681824, -0.8347983956336975, 0.050453443080186844, 0.13491375744342804, -0.3621022403240204, -0.6382411122322083, 0.34105390310287476, 0.2169792652130127, -0.31491532921791077, -0.22446589171886444, 0.20957525074481964, -0.5025258660316467, -0.1823219209909439, -0.13156771659851074, 0.29890409111976624, -0.311796098947525, 0.6353449821472168, 0.2222616821527481, -0.17150121927261353, -0.0610915832221508, -0.30782631039619446, -0.02777135744690895, 0.032252393662929535, -0.06410986185073853, 0.716000497341156, 0.5817346572875977, 0.11270678043365479, 0.2277393341064453, -0.33680054545402527, -0.5680460333824158, -0.29524362087249756, -0.4427347183227539, -0.8133919835090637, 0.6170172095298767, 0.4082408547401428, 0.18570688366889954, -0.34852540493011475, 0.4507712125778198, -0.009988494217395782, 0.007662949617952108, 0.561975359916687, 0.6942658424377441, 0.1862415224313736, 0.25319844484329224, 0.159884974360466, -0.10470014810562134, 0.15167726576328278, 0.08496508747339249, 0.3434382379055023, -0.32688838243484497, 0.6779548525810242, -0.10007284581661224, 0.0663239061832428, -0.6275841593742371, -0.49871712923049927, 0.35261639952659607, 0.0929134339094162, 0.08500035852193832, 0.7700414061546326, -0.5340028405189514, -0.060154955834150314, -0.35738494992256165, -0.12870506942272186, 0.031498391181230545, 0.06396551430225372, 0.1850701868534088, -0.1225234866142273, 0.27056437730789185, 0.39045020937919617, 0.37736138701438904, 0.17472098767757416, 0.3082636296749115, -0.14920096099376678, 0.0620376355946064, -0.17101964354515076, -0.3370487689971924, 0.08423537760972977, -0.6158339381217957, 0.02150486409664154, -0.42921382188796997, -0.0064033688977360725, 0.21062470972537994, -0.02213297411799431, -0.21236199140548706, 0.10313951969146729, -0.10523460060358047, 0.08274856954813004, -0.061198655515909195, -0.14311805367469788, 0.052835531532764435, 0.28236523270606995, 0.46355342864990234, 0.3043828308582306, -0.07297453284263611, -0.5076832175254822, 0.3371858298778534, -0.09460487216711044, -0.5596084594726562, -0.11148890107870102, 0.23775255680084229, 0.06596016883850098, 0.5452740788459778, -0.3005427122116089, 0.2317480593919754, -0.052199218422174454, -0.44325366616249084, 0.25983187556266785, -0.24090629816055298, 0.10953980684280396, 0.10121885687112808, 0.6402785778045654, -0.5652958154678345, 0.3844712972640991, -0.17590397596359253, 0.07359839230775833, -0.39696717262268066, 0.3063024878501892, 0.28709346055984497, -0.2715556025505066, 0.008406483568251133, -0.10473953932523727, 0.06173117458820343, -0.4291805624961853, 0.35983067750930786, -0.1574481725692749, 0.1834625005722046, -0.4701174199581146, 0.1837528795003891, 0.37957289814949036, 0.4979708790779114, -0.2505101263523102, 0.25684499740600586, 0.8041960597038269, -0.5074511766433716, 0.26725324988365173, -0.35816720128059387, -0.3787034749984741, -0.03470752760767937, -0.43097877502441406, -0.00438864529132843, -0.269812673330307, -0.17946326732635498, -0.7194751501083374, 0.05142416059970856, -0.07707816362380981, -0.7318990230560303, 0.4421280026435852, -0.40131911635398865, -0.6670541167259216, 0.43237218260765076, 0.2537066340446472, -0.5474812388420105, -0.28433552384376526, 0.6753944754600525 ]
216512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia%20Johnson	Claudia Johnson	Claudia Johnson may refer to: Lady Bird Johnson (Claudia Alta Taylor Johnson, 1912–2007), First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband Lyndon B. Johnson Claudia L. Johnson, American professor of English literature Claudia Durst Johnson, literary scholar	[ -0.06200952082872391, 0.24786552786827087, -0.3582748472690582, -0.14744320511817932, 0.04120644927024841, 0.8673081994056702, 0.13022831082344055, 0.2218419462442398, -0.7731061577796936, 0.21455314755439758, -0.31016647815704346, 0.35024574398994446, -0.49156466126441956, 0.3431462049484253, -0.5157505869865417, 0.4123666286468506, 0.21979565918445587, 0.7115160822868347, -0.4855993688106537, -0.5338151454925537, -0.2309168428182602, -0.011328236199915409, 0.055431872606277466, -0.5485022068023682, 0.3882933557033539, -0.014867901802062988, -0.14676737785339355, -0.39575400948524475, 0.3632904589176178, 0.565183162689209, 0.031451787799596786, -0.31080177426338196, 0.7016180157661438, 0.3882112503051758, -0.08367176353931427, 0.20488224923610687, 0.46050918102264404, 0.10890834778547287, -0.14016804099082947, 0.006501209922134876, 0.04267384856939316, -0.19504299759864807, 0.5769675374031067, 0.01688433066010475, -0.4946540892124176, -0.6996543407440186, -2.057666540145874, 0.4224763810634613, 0.30189093947410583, -0.7410927414894104, -0.2957266867160797, 0.5987496972084045, 1.001936674118042, 0.4997512996196747, 0.09216001629829407, 0.42895591259002686, -0.5000907778739929, -0.13251568377017975, -0.42052990198135376, -0.7456660866737366, 0.4227806329727173, 0.4135618507862091, 0.03777072951197624, -0.33677592873573303, 0.05458525940775871, 0.0880654826760292, 0.19283056259155273, 0.0014766587410122156, -0.3693598210811615, -0.43470293283462524, -0.35572075843811035, 0.2974972128868103, 0.6907912492752075, 0.21653486788272858, -0.510590136051178, -0.41720467805862427, 0.47822853922843933, 0.053552646189928055, 0.6098476052284241, -0.3174740672111511, 0.3420691192150116, -0.014640727080404758, 0.11201310157775879, 0.08722022920846939, -0.1502363383769989, 0.08511115610599518, -0.4922683835029602, 0.01577197201550007, -0.17711403965950012, -0.1398424357175827, -0.7099918723106384, 0.02944335713982582, -0.1834966391324997, 0.263558566570282, -0.5430116057395935, -0.9090439677238464, 0.8617011308670044, -0.12836936116218567, -0.24474015831947327, -0.2635209262371063, -0.6326438784599304, -0.30247145891189575, 0.4501410722732544, -0.2228008508682251, -0.5590537786483765, 0.06174759194254875, -0.4814646542072296, -0.19008806347846985, -0.13389714062213898, 0.2611601948738098, -0.11235854774713516, -0.16955454647541046, -0.1056898832321167, -0.3632659614086151, -0.6424516439437866, 0.8009577989578247, 0.004098010715097189, 0.022742824628949165, 0.11737456172704697, 0.010916017927229404, 0.12510289251804352, 0.32368704676628113, -0.11413296312093735, -0.6779381036758423, -0.24898742139339447, 0.14196106791496277, -0.07999283075332642, 0.0011646742932498455, -0.58742356300354, -0.22522199153900146, 0.5806519389152527, 0.2872135043144226, -0.43050268292427063, 0.19018115103244781, 0.18079613149166107, -0.4250994026660919, 0.6552407741546631, -0.17762945592403412, 0.46194612979888916, 0.2422589808702469, 0.048719435930252075, 0.5451059341430664, -1.1754906177520752, -0.08618369698524475, 0.9305335283279419, -0.04061315581202507, 0.21832336485385895, 0.5997631549835205, -0.6771005988121033, -0.21434274315834045, 0.00830021221190691, -0.22723741829395294, 0.5429671406745911, -0.17357774078845978, -0.40242165327072144, 0.04158511757850647, -0.199728325009346, -0.4187353253364563, 0.4635571837425232, 0.34935733675956726, 0.29861611127853394, 0.48950618505477905, -0.4118896424770355, -0.11891267448663712, 0.13918356597423553, 0.06501103937625885, -0.06385008245706558, 0.650005578994751, -0.5375929474830627, -0.028081895783543587, -0.1752348095178604, 0.44007545709609985, 0.38325247168540955, -0.22541344165802002, -0.26053187251091003, 1.1437504291534424, 0.4131178557872772, -0.38789069652557373, -0.1547594517469406, -0.17388826608657837, -0.48325714468955994, 0.09332715719938278, -0.2576620280742645, -0.23657627403736115, 0.47210633754730225, -0.3424481451511383, 0.3384106159210205, 0.4923129677772522, 0.49090564250946045, -0.29813846945762634, -0.8648792505264282, -0.7030017375946045, -0.051810089498758316, 0.26664361357688904, 0.17215703427791595, 0.17104299366474152, -0.22627635300159454, 0.6905927658081055, -0.006048551294952631, 1.0652284622192383, -0.365934818983078, -0.331687331199646, 0.26925361156463623, -0.9538374543190002, 0.2346217781305313, 0.5853561758995056, 0.2121151238679886, -0.16735893487930298, 0.43769747018814087, 1.2135646343231201, 0.1961468607187271, 0.26191145181655884, -0.18270762264728546, 0.47239091992378235, 0.04282478988170624, -0.16530312597751617, -0.3537250757217407, -0.519256591796875, 0.05291576310992241, -0.034838974475860596, 0.39869120717048645, 0.8789609670639038, -0.24997006356716156, -0.0356779582798481, -0.20033018290996552, 0.37869298458099365, -0.5544427633285522, -0.3384489119052887, -0.20338597893714905, 0.5961237549781799, -0.11281769722700119, -0.06101507693529129, -0.03558238595724106, -0.5442268252372742, 0.24340830743312836, 0.17886857688426971, 0.3682752847671509, 0.04721605032682419, 0.511504590511322, -0.5380898714065552, -0.02026360295712948, -0.013786719180643559, -0.3721364438533783, 0.5541567206382751, -0.6017681360244751, 0.10043387115001678, -0.1883266270160675, -0.037309709936380386, 0.04263905808329582, -0.37905970215797424, 0.020154211670160294, 0.32854434847831726, 0.6709230542182922, -0.23578602075576782, -0.1899239420890808, -0.0643940418958664, -0.5745547413825989, 0.2959500253200531, 0.2127026617527008, 0.40043744444847107, -0.3058394193649292, 0.4908483326435089, 0.48048195242881775, 0.3042723536491394, 0.2041454017162323, 0.014091781340539455, -0.23502852022647858, -0.5505403876304626, 0.27034851908683777, -0.21906690299510956, -0.14427611231803894, -0.09533955901861191, -0.27548614144325256, 0.03745543211698532, 0.3112894296646118, 0.05938231945037842, -0.565220296382904, 0.4312327206134796, -1.0918322801589966, -0.7990378141403198, 1.187879204750061, 0.6953375339508057, -0.03238444775342941, -0.5168437957763672, -0.6314924359321594, -0.029677823185920715, -0.17489080131053925, -0.5896735191345215, -0.45896291732788086, 0.19128507375717163, -0.28320425748825073, 0.031306102871894836, -0.48811519145965576, 0.0025617992505431175, -0.19111540913581848, 0.5652875900268555, 0.3591717481613159, 0.3959653675556183, 0.4667641818523407, 0.007197365630418062, 0.28532692790031433, 0.38809478282928467, -0.3121396601200104, -0.22719945013523102, 0.915775716304779, -0.17895731329917908, -0.031268760561943054, -0.36496099829673767, -5.602082252502441, 0.5166064500808716, 0.1824806183576584, -0.5963091850280762, 0.9094284176826477, 0.1121058240532875, 0.2636446952819824, -0.09186989068984985, 0.19034262001514435, -0.016243577003479004, 0.4744492173194885, 0.05474627763032913, -0.3919430375099182, 0.5105501413345337, 0.22082041203975677, 0.5321168899536133, 0.5378527045249939, -0.28552985191345215, 0.25155913829803467, 0.8650149703025818, 0.31442132592201233, -0.1629778891801834, -0.05096197500824928, 0.3246731758117676, 0.6272013783454895, 0.005778225138783455, -0.24361778795719147, -0.2960178554058075, -0.763780415058136, -0.1973663568496704, 0.07782084494829178, 0.6804794073104858, -0.36141952872276306, -0.03847206011414528, 0.009758789092302322, 0.3258056640625, 0.015055296011269093, -0.32946357131004333, 0.44329285621643066, -0.12628036737442017, -0.15028004348278046, -0.013459739275276661, -0.2974478304386139, -0.20473043620586395, -0.42494213581085205, 0.07490409165620804, -0.05044366791844368, -0.8065423369407654, -0.040047962218523026, 0.321336030960083, -0.3119562268257141, 0.07200951874256134, 0.6599318385124207, -0.10533299297094345, 0.4338826537132263, -0.0733640119433403, -0.053986646234989166, 0.6649848222732544, -0.3552168607711792, -0.3918306827545166, 0.5320625305175781, -0.25498008728027344, 0.1364506632089615, -0.4506765902042389, -0.48592114448547363, -0.653852105140686, 0.3483430743217468, 0.427388072013855, 0.22839361429214478, 0.23713713884353638, 0.5270857214927673, 0.33976322412490845, -0.365315705537796, -0.9914104342460632, 0.3035948872566223, -0.6160709261894226, -0.2818939983844757, 0.04519505798816681, -0.07967060059309006, -0.12426695227622986, 0.3334715664386749, 0.05562886595726013, -0.04157135635614395, 0.34499725699424744, -0.15210744738578796, -0.6256316304206848, 0.23295991122722626, 0.13285194337368011, -0.6897544860839844, 0.12122288346290588, -0.45990779995918274, -0.9189306497573853, -0.2217145562171936, 0.18554817140102386, 0.23696085810661316, 0.12891192734241486, -0.03579765558242798, 0.3231624364852905, 0.4064081609249115, 0.024526963010430336, 0.06056104227900505, -0.34593436121940613, 0.23364664614200592, -0.3264053463935852, 0.4152621030807495, -0.5408989191055298, -0.36130431294441223, -0.21427680552005768, 0.6436406373977661, 0.19017614424228668, -0.15824781358242035, 0.5001088976860046, 0.15499617159366608, -0.16283556818962097, -0.10468357801437378, 0.12407663464546204, 0.48057323694229126, -0.12658803164958954, 0.5283529758453369, -0.09958624094724655, -0.2945523262023926, 0.31464678049087524, -0.6459583044052124, 0.5429338216781616, -0.297814279794693, 0.24146203696727753, 0.13191986083984375, -0.20799566805362701, -0.8054618239402771, 0.5585268139839172, 0.3103939890861511, -0.12260965257883072, 0.24063542485237122, -0.3224046528339386, 0.5213244557380676, -0.45130297541618347, 0.27557793259620667, -0.3334398567676544, -0.32653573155403137, -0.7127547860145569, -0.7658272981643677, -0.09589510411024094, -0.7628592252731323, -0.12216299027204514, -0.33936017751693726, 0.04742186516523361, -0.0301576629281044, -0.25770851969718933, -0.05328371003270149, 0.5508318543434143, -0.0027799722738564014, 0.11708996444940567, 0.4002784788608551, -0.5252158641815186, -0.30372652411460876, -0.73656165599823, 0.4061852991580963, 0.060242705047130585, -0.16011741757392883, -0.2119143307209015, -0.3758366107940674, -0.3224259316921234, -0.7591620683670044, -0.14168894290924072, -0.2227240800857544, -0.05423830822110176, 0.3896670341491699, -0.4601934254169464, -0.6374237537384033, 1.007702350616455, 0.35116979479789734, -0.5358280539512634, -0.03192228823900223, 0.140657439827919, 0.5198652148246765, 0.12217167764902115, 0.1686672419309616, 0.01391935721039772, 0.09419585019350052, -0.00465241726487875, -0.018853003159165382, -0.1530061960220337, -0.5324187874794006, 0.03398124501109123, -0.08178133517503738, 0.08120246976613998, -0.5553165674209595, -0.7998127341270447, -0.48885929584503174, 0.020373335108160973, 0.0933404490351677, 0.012917891144752502, 0.23743368685245514, 0.2901691794395447, -1.0485522747039795, 0.11042527109384537, -0.4340289831161499, 0.7347394824028015, -0.3115142285823822, 0.3654652535915375, -0.31442320346832275, 0.7314039468765259, -0.08479161560535431, 0.28513866662979126, 0.17153412103652954, -0.5297271013259888, -0.1239481195807457, -0.03377114608883858, 0.10553734749555588, 0.7000460624694824, 0.061452899128198624, 0.06125795096158981, -0.054041605442762375, 0.12030845880508423, 0.14377732574939728, 0.45913055539131165, -0.005076939705759287, 0.2540505826473236, -0.2876794934272766, -0.9668152928352356, -0.7552008628845215, -1.0481728315353394, -0.13368387520313263, 0.06357887387275696, -0.12919969856739044, 0.25778716802597046, -0.39799627661705017, -0.5273653268814087, 1.5942903757095337, -0.3843294382095337, -0.25373634696006775, 0.1733265519142151, 0.17229624092578888, 0.369266539812088, -0.4604344367980957, -0.19921407103538513, 0.4573087692260742, 0.1258058398962021, 0.03626367077231407, -0.24028684198856354, 0.6209915280342102, 0.5813204050064087, -0.20483136177062988, -0.11440221220254898, -0.8161104917526245, 0.0549580343067646, -0.2152673751115799, -0.4040476083755493, 0.2991626262664795, 0.35505494475364685, -0.1833427995443344, -0.09009110927581787, -0.1220899149775505, -0.18855132162570953, 0.3794722557067871, -0.5214750170707703, 0.06685382127761841, 0.004787705838680267, 0.30491435527801514, -0.171763077378273, -0.09812776744365692, 0.02437320537865162, -0.8460943698883057, 0.5965971946716309, -0.19991594552993774, 0.06763554364442825, 0.323975533246994, 0.47119927406311035, -0.041942089796066284, -0.28275951743125916, 0.1421145498752594, 0.38688045740127563, -0.3480161726474762, 0.25977110862731934, -0.1475999653339386, 0.42614343762397766, 0.38707274198532104, 0.05011057108640671, -0.13252869248390198, 0.11287514120340347, -0.2609669864177704, 0.32618433237075806, -0.3512762784957886, -0.38469576835632324, 0.29961860179901123, -0.9506881237030029, -0.0059539941139519215, -0.3814071714878082, -0.26409927010536194, -0.47767311334609985, -0.0031914508435875177, 0.6881230473518372, -0.017602941021323204, -0.3225366175174713, -0.6610598564147949, 0.7801164984703064, -0.2892252504825592, 0.3427410423755646, -0.1022031307220459, -0.8164697289466858, -0.7570604085922241, -0.14053767919540405, 0.17810136079788208, 0.5352343916893005, -0.20992408692836761, -0.5785278081893921, 0.49210721254348755, 0.030184905976057053, -0.2691410183906555, 0.023536399006843567, 0.15147416293621063, -0.28888633847236633, 0.31255924701690674, 0.32698848843574524, -0.7769611477851868, -0.020685246214270592, 0.28617504239082336, 0.06453695893287659, -0.3382003903388977, 0.1222342774271965, -0.38933491706848145, -0.7576024532318115, -0.23363682627677917, 0.24360834062099457, -0.19763746857643127, 0.6493092775344849, -0.45452380180358887, 0.5535929203033447, -0.216759592294693, -0.3609732687473297, 0.08477037400007248, 0.08152537047863007, -0.3779175877571106, 0.49409219622612, 0.010935688391327858, -0.5201516151428223, 0.3311212360858917, -0.7792193293571472, 0.34118741750717163, 0.8799550533294678, -0.04652833566069603, 0.8360541462898254, 0.29480260610580444, 0.28209444880485535, 0.22209088504314423, 0.3014841377735138, -0.25448334217071533, 0.915585458278656, 0.005333699751645327, -0.3711818754673004, 0.14663100242614746, 0.5194095969200134, -0.360442191362381, -0.2776896357536316, 0.5469594597816467, 0.017250532284379005, 1.01012122631073, -0.5588877201080322, -0.8550575375556946, -0.27331456542015076, -0.11501193046569824, -0.29722192883491516, 0.8160882592201233, 0.22254909574985504, -0.029463980346918106, -0.48543792963027954, -0.19509243965148926, -0.025399455800652504, 0.44625183939933777, 0.06828917562961578, 0.537103533744812, 0.09070432186126709, -0.4906666874885559, 0.11630304157733917, 0.3809482157230377, -0.03847338631749153, 0.634522557258606, -0.10202217102050781, 0.0032148307655006647, 0.061174601316452026, -0.25365227460861206, 0.14209048449993134, 0.25250691175460815, -0.5532336831092834, -0.4374924898147583, 0.9396833777427673, 0.3413577973842621, 0.21814130246639252, 0.5038282871246338, -0.07451008260250092, 1.0268949270248413, -0.5384780764579773, -0.7876445055007935, 0.20273154973983765, 0.17602965235710144, -0.008790438063442707, 0.05670426785945892, 0.7207229733467102, 0.6804247498512268, -0.1375139057636261, 0.15797710418701172, 0.5777937769889832, -0.29585975408554077, 0.28202489018440247, 0.1549140065908432, 0.01653762347996235, -0.20466281473636627, -0.37294790148735046, -0.45814064145088196, 0.43500664830207825, -0.2507919371128082, -0.34310874342918396, -0.2268179953098297, 0.20845924317836761, 0.4497888386249542, 0.4898761510848999, 0.68813157081604, 0.032871633768081665, 0.09869382530450821, -0.2587275505065918, 0.1435192972421646, 0.27418071031570435, -0.0012625278905034065, 0.39904290437698364, -0.016877124086022377, -0.0765925869345665, -0.27217066287994385, 0.05507029592990875, 0.044719986617565155, 0.24556782841682434, -0.06477519124746323, 0.011039810255169868, -0.07721327990293503, -0.16209565103054047, 0.04886427894234657, -0.5020307302474976, 0.07564843446016312, 0.44592100381851196, 0.5122921466827393, -0.14987069368362427, -0.5096194744110107, 0.02340157888829708, 0.43503546714782715, -0.26406481862068176, -0.06859131902456284, -0.20480185747146606, 0.40490347146987915, -0.5771641135215759, 0.17590421438217163, 0.23051762580871582, -0.672248363494873, 0.0990033894777298, -0.5328307151794434, -0.0378449372947216, 0.5319724082946777, -0.2846302092075348, 0.013686529360711575, -0.0679376944899559, 0.6355199813842773, 0.4043523371219635 ]
216514	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20and%20Leaf	Tree and Leaf	Tree and Leaf is a small book published in 1964, containing two works by J. R. R. Tolkien: a revised version of an essay called "On Fairy-Stories" (originally published in 1947 in Essays Presented to Charles Williams) an allegorical short story called "Leaf by Niggle" (originally published in the Dublin Review in 1945). Tree and Leaf was the first publication in which On Fairy-Stories and Leaf by Niggle became readily available to the general public. The book was originally illustrated by Pauline Baynes. "Mythopoeia" was added to the 1988 edition (). Later versions also include "The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son". Both pieces were re-issued in the collection The Tolkien Reader (1966), and have also appeared in various subsequent collections. References External links Tolkien Library Collections of works by J. R. R. Tolkien 1964 books Fantasy short stories 1964 short stories British novellas Books of literary criticism Allen & Unwin books	[ -0.3484083116054535, 0.11880486458539963, -0.36081844568252563, 0.15374936163425446, -0.29396504163742065, 0.33573049306869507, -0.0395263135433197, -0.21105097234249115, -0.39812132716178894, -0.2386482059955597, 0.342049241065979, -0.2267962545156479, 0.10748950392007828, -0.2301880270242691, 0.10322432219982147, -0.011528088711202145, 0.34509581327438354, 0.4708356559276581, -0.32290586829185486, -0.5174486637115479, 0.10360028594732285, -0.4465412199497223, 0.3700180649757385, -0.41492733359336853, 0.7728323936462402, -0.19453072547912598, 0.2129494994878769, 0.1955198496580124, 0.4474799931049347, 0.14406956732273102, -0.14671815931797028, 0.48683038353919983, 0.4825533926486969, -0.633565366268158, -0.03820661082863808, -0.6887011528015137, -0.25029894709587097, -0.2512960731983185, 0.11217750608921051, -0.35387060046195984, 0.35928890109062195, 0.42089977860450745, -0.17555895447731018, 0.794701099395752, 0.6516371965408325, -0.40384551882743835, -1.589332103729248, -0.17217187583446503, -0.3209022283554077, 0.6022528409957886, 0.14095625281333923, 0.7144890427589417, 0.8346812725067139, 0.10540257394313812, -0.19443216919898987, 0.8018043041229248, -0.31368288397789, 0.050636112689971924, 0.10157237946987152, -0.6377918124198914, 0.14888301491737366, -0.1967913806438446, 0.41802629828453064, 0.3057546615600586, 0.15881672501564026, 0.486518919467926, 0.060610610991716385, 0.4387025535106659, 0.17819201946258545, 0.1349300593137741, 0.03568372130393982, -0.23450803756713867, 0.0010534776374697685, 0.0973845049738884, 0.09998813271522522, -0.3211807608604431, 0.24867790937423706, -0.5325911641120911, 0.38574668765068054, 0.2817910611629486, -0.2291395217180252, 0.2525938153266907, 0.3129071593284607, -0.03157559409737587, 0.1907700002193451, 0.14831528067588806, -0.03038625419139862, 0.16805529594421387, -0.7980579137802124, 0.0029713658150285482, -0.33324626088142395, -0.41747650504112244, 0.36408349871635437, 0.1773679405450821, 0.15990258753299713, -0.535916805267334, -0.4380203187465668, 0.38660046458244324, -0.2535978853702545, 0.15614594519138336, 0.17526307702064514, 0.47283226251602173, 0.11760307103395462, 0.014355297200381756, -0.8354935050010681, -0.33874475955963135, -0.2519998550415039, -0.3209775984287262, 0.6783245801925659, 0.2957708537578583, -0.1233314797282219, 0.10705579072237015, 0.0843326523900032, 0.06861376017332077, -0.10259579867124557, 0.5732304453849792, 0.3865750730037689, -0.3180050551891327, -0.9335566759109497, 0.14007766544818878, -0.5581458210945129, 0.40648314356803894, 0.34731927514076233, 0.4531722366809845, 0.14859621226787567, -0.18321077525615692, 0.1210174560546875, 0.5561549067497253, -0.32498258352279663, 0.4746537208557129, -0.09613607823848724, 0.752569854259491, 0.08558828383684158, -0.4261198937892914, 0.11215700954198837, -0.4227801561355591, 0.006134269759058952, 0.48495399951934814, -0.1970069408416748, 0.14927877485752106, -0.6130017042160034, 0.4819009602069855, -0.24022197723388672, -0.4472240209579468, -0.005094962660223246, -0.09776429086923599, -0.38009294867515564, -0.5500909686088562, -0.09291361272335052, -0.5589184165000916, 0.1462956666946411, -0.3173426389694214, -0.018487917259335518, 0.38686296343803406, -0.39465197920799255, 0.9545585513114929, -0.0005778972408734262, 0.4231686294078827, 0.10958921164274216, 0.09387940913438797, 0.05620361119508743, -0.20048359036445618, -0.35889068245887756, 0.146904855966568, -0.4134395718574524, -0.12788958847522736, 0.1609053611755371, 0.17724397778511047, 0.45697107911109924, -0.2367631047964096, -0.2947041690349579, -0.11042003333568573, -0.3051617741584778, -0.3087359070777893, -0.16078507900238037, -0.21237941086292267, 0.6546940207481384, 0.28096824884414673, 0.592576265335083, -0.24294987320899963, -0.35862481594085693, 0.42451903223991394, -0.29781198501586914, -0.9791771173477173, 0.13923443853855133, 0.7660419344902039, 0.2494736909866333, 0.3376246392726898, 0.04167184606194496, 0.28045740723609924, -0.22912777960300446, -0.2802693247795105, 0.22512078285217285, -0.04801589623093605, 1.0459991693496704, 0.3950875401496887, -1.0552000999450684, 0.4076363444328308, -0.131173238158226, 0.4378308951854706, 0.10046267509460449, -0.03158340975642204, 0.21843819320201874, -0.08769208937883377, -0.20184148848056793, -0.0027849418111145496, -0.09939461201429367, 0.10439249873161316, 0.2397228330373764, 0.21811848878860474, -0.18409204483032227, -0.01856888458132744, 0.5536273717880249, 0.16586025059223175, 0.1177016869187355, -0.10846465826034546, -0.025149334222078323, -0.00004554844053927809, 0.24636438488960266, -0.5668150186538696, 0.5604915618896484, 0.12911462783813477, -0.18930621445178986, 0.5078484416007996, 0.13377343118190765, 0.9347760677337646, 0.33608174324035645, -0.11954941600561142, 0.1647336184978485, -0.5831531882286072, -0.07326489686965942, 0.3643724322319031, 0.8664889335632324, 0.023205796256661415, 0.18317803740501404, 0.322870671749115, 0.23678475618362427, -0.41167646646499634, 0.6158804297447205, 0.2982882261276245, 0.2575313150882721, 0.13586634397506714, -0.17764820158481598, 0.010251359082758427, 0.20850682258605957, -0.03524088114500046, -0.07728955894708633, 0.12202563881874084, -0.002238970948383212, -0.4251992404460907, 0.29035887122154236, 0.902242124080658, 0.24842901527881622, -0.0394267812371254, -0.2909480333328247, -0.28020092844963074, -0.08280834555625916, -0.43893349170684814, 0.4599299430847168, 0.6276581883430481, -0.5689420104026794, 0.030488396063447, 0.18759465217590332, 0.32276299595832825, -0.18940365314483643, -0.31851303577423096, -0.12065358459949493, -0.8154640793800354, 0.3270411193370819, 0.05280667915940285, -0.013538931496441364, -0.012630720622837543, -0.7322748303413391, 0.2733387351036072, 0.13538525998592377, -0.4298399090766907, 0.07618812471628189, -0.34876033663749695, -0.32251212000846863, -1.1664097309112549, 0.3558664619922638, 0.8165318965911865, 0.8754661679267883, -0.5831645131111145, 0.12970024347305298, -0.47710946202278137, 0.25090935826301575, -0.4159556031227112, -0.011663396842777729, -0.3785782754421234, 0.24941664934158325, 0.42589157819747925, -0.012328999117016792, -0.05959486588835716, 0.24232995510101318, 0.9355893731117249, -0.11694122105836868, -0.02754450961947441, 0.2043493539094925, -0.012192603200674057, -0.27603036165237427, -0.603537917137146, -0.2045549750328064, 0.1411912590265274, 0.2255859524011612, 0.214019313454628, -0.2951086759567261, -0.12844666838645935, -6.001888275146484, -0.2605377435684204, -0.2654438614845276, -0.07585407048463821, -0.18878883123397827, 0.24657042324543, 0.5139063596725464, -0.701316773891449, -0.006220805924385786, -0.11129824072122574, -0.31048089265823364, -0.05521884188055992, 0.4275544583797455, 0.5797268152236938, 0.4224097430706024, 0.5579785704612732, 0.2383769452571869, -0.2616100013256073, -0.21140243113040924, 0.25162437558174133, -0.14044809341430664, 0.010071702301502228, -0.25489541888237, 0.00234307162463665, 0.43249404430389404, 0.8771311044692993, -0.17927545309066772, -0.1776271015405655, -0.13873060047626495, 0.30133959650993347, -0.0908309742808342, -0.3521386682987213, -0.15603946149349213, -0.016218742355704308, -0.24526242911815643, -0.18445290625095367, 0.37581753730773926, 0.6044747233390808, 0.4923821985721588, 0.5384218096733093, -0.31157150864601135, 0.1356939822435379, 0.451544851064682, -0.33490997552871704, -0.08278466761112213, -0.20108233392238617, -0.7472469806671143, -0.4987647533416748, -0.21905556321144104, 0.8288723230361938, 0.33794206380844116, -0.07436393946409225, 0.6272075176239014, -0.06602717190980911, 0.019366217777132988, -0.21084456145763397, 0.6093624830245972, -0.6154456734657288, -0.5449177026748657, -0.11018525063991547, 0.48001572489738464, -0.48668935894966125, 0.3610488772392273, -0.736848771572113, 0.17909204959869385, -0.32305267453193665, -0.015623115003108978, -0.23642215132713318, 0.07540266960859299, 0.38823428750038147, -0.282302588224411, -0.3615531921386719, -0.020984454080462456, -1.076894760131836, -0.155817449092865, -0.3189113736152649, -0.36295002698898315, -0.2725704312324524, -0.04106050729751587, -0.12801876664161682, 0.3850119709968567, -0.29448798298835754, -0.6775412559509277, 0.7061884999275208, 0.19162307679653168, -0.4194205105304718, -0.35150033235549927, -0.17295479774475098, -0.6315244436264038, -0.0014186420012265444, 0.4888059198856354, -0.16516761481761932, 0.2425176501274109, 0.5436819791793823, 0.5669068694114685, 0.4406036138534546, 0.35218486189842224, 0.04619356989860535, 0.28682175278663635, -0.3479617238044739, -0.06412743031978607, -0.19923877716064453, -0.06226206570863724, -0.29188770055770874, -0.6606062650680542, 0.02306266315281391, -0.3239735960960388, 0.2625484764575958, 0.2172653079032898, -0.04704904556274414, -0.2601695954799652, -0.3048761188983917, -0.23428483307361603, -0.16563118994235992, 0.07420536130666733, -0.16908860206604004, 0.2892545461654663, -0.10998568683862686, 0.03837236762046814, -0.41142410039901733, 0.012347085401415825, 0.3495481610298157, -0.03680216521024704, -1.027679443359375, -0.6336342692375183, -0.3613336980342865, -0.18222899734973907, -0.5091195106506348, -0.22674332559108734, -0.0015552833210676908, -0.16914904117584229, -0.017585081979632378, 0.2504638135433197, -0.10814821720123291, -0.7370372414588928, -0.30954834818840027, -0.883783757686615, -0.8483659029006958, -0.414519339799881, -0.15458065271377563, 0.12635552883148193, -0.23572006821632385, -0.04718175530433655, -0.20522844791412354, 0.18861280381679535, -0.10775965452194214, -0.2941995859146118, -0.5669082999229431, -0.2745715379714966, 0.3334119915962219, -0.3553776144981384, -0.3945295810699463, 0.7066581845283508, 0.46852999925613403, -0.44669288396835327, -0.36141103506088257, -0.239462748169899, 0.7567946314811707, -0.2250320315361023, 0.014726675115525723, -0.10470977425575256, -0.7416567206382751, -0.6400868892669678, -0.37932461500167847, -0.13903814554214478, 0.21242769062519073, 0.023214006796479225, -0.6353671550750732, -0.4354150593280792, 0.2720325291156769, 0.2782495617866516, -0.3365767300128937, -0.014060018584132195, 0.1806720644235611, 0.29614749550819397, -0.07126785814762115, 0.1185966432094574, -0.16134044528007507, -0.0069588664919137955, -0.2920822203159332, -0.34228381514549255, -0.4264061152935028, 0.11925558745861053, 0.31155291199684143, 1.166618824005127, -0.2006058543920517, -0.5013447999954224, -0.679988443851471, -0.5536765456199646, 0.614477276802063, 0.17218360304832458, 0.2154708355665207, 0.7952006459236145, 0.22003857791423798, -0.16876919567584991, -0.31661030650138855, 0.12261518090963364, 0.06651352345943451, -0.20639286935329437, -0.3074311316013336, -0.01056887861341238, 0.23864148557186127, 0.0864499881863594, 0.2865303158760071, -0.04242884740233421, -0.9891764521598816, 0.18588557839393616, -0.21591424942016602, -0.6637921929359436, 0.13081468641757965, 0.2935178875923157, -0.040191058069467545, -0.10451435297727585, 0.026756221428513527, -0.07463862001895905, 0.4943962097167969, 0.3839670419692993, 0.021706823259592056, -0.3342010974884033, -0.19575496017932892, 0.2852645218372345, -0.17279072105884552, -0.838049590587616, -0.0581226609647274, -0.4250543713569641, 0.5118420720100403, 0.4311773478984833, 0.16912047564983368, -0.10356443375349045, 0.0390351228415966, 0.2920798361301422, -0.38325804471969604, -0.2561729848384857, -0.18198981881141663, -0.08720516413450241, 0.2919190227985382, -0.3686654567718506, -0.337875634431839, 0.026739060878753662, -0.0118726696819067, 0.15304799377918243, 0.7197461128234863, 0.1244039312005043, -0.13933882117271423, -0.04382191225886345, 0.4388423264026642, 0.044350627809762955, -0.5683688521385193, -0.44288137555122375, 0.05792521312832832, 0.013312400318682194, -0.22266413271427155, 0.015042537823319435, 0.0015687997220084071, 0.9467065930366516, 0.2803921103477478, -0.7814922332763672, 0.09261306375265121, 0.03646055608987808, -0.02314429171383381, 0.08461985737085342, 0.3223402798175812, -0.5567407608032227, 0.37794095277786255, 0.4777439534664154, 0.24425362050533295, 0.010747303254902363, 0.020312048494815826, -0.17445555329322815, -0.06934398412704468, -0.16972972452640533, 0.13997752964496613, -0.13442154228687286, 0.1609819531440735, -0.27516916394233704, 0.1498957723379135, -0.6164974570274353, -0.11722203344106674, -0.008785455487668514, -0.4045920968055725, -0.3714568018913269, -0.08734186738729477, -0.17955324053764343, -0.19742684066295624, -0.3911712169647217, 0.2371177226305008, -0.16549578309059143, 0.10433906316757202, 0.4513400197029114, -0.13447785377502441, -0.26153698563575745, -0.007798722945153713, -0.1296798288822174, 0.03264157474040985, 0.7049256563186646, 0.4001796841621399, 0.03301706910133362, -0.3143669664859772, -0.1615879386663437, -0.2352910339832306, -0.20200492441654205, 0.4280073642730713, 0.6625326871871948, -0.14797049760818481, 0.42467737197875977, 0.1745094507932663, -0.0945199728012085, 0.22858163714408875, -0.5841832160949707, 0.5463259816169739, 0.8013638854026794, 0.32924985885620117, -0.5649070739746094, 0.028918499127030373, -0.8598279356956482, -0.24224251508712769, 0.5609773993492126, -0.20034731924533844, 0.37456458806991577, -0.06422517448663712, 0.6538543105125427, 0.1758708655834198, 0.30899983644485474, -0.13406877219676971, -0.8211891651153564, 0.24105733633041382, -0.5598978400230408, -0.07606706023216248, 0.01925555244088173, 0.3598375618457794, 0.5801605582237244, 0.33934977650642395, -0.27988842129707336, 0.18557199835777283, 0.15629532933235168, -0.31648334860801697, -0.08445512503385544, -0.3156033456325531, 0.021640459075570107, 0.41041097044944763, 0.4838106632232666, 0.04637656360864639, -0.16353744268417358, -0.18086375296115875, -0.04772977903485298, -0.08327344805002213, 0.4026848375797272, -0.5252149701118469, 0.17250236868858337, 0.5759099721908569, 0.274151086807251, 0.5976282358169556, 0.11682360619306564, -0.10588285326957703, 0.09491418302059174, -0.21997426450252533, 0.03849843889474869, 0.070268414914608, -0.061528753489255905, -0.08542826026678085, -0.16501030325889587, 0.9287801384925842, 0.392672598361969, -0.08082043379545212, -0.3834434449672699, 0.29687726497650146, 0.43556907773017883, 0.2957145869731903, -0.2001664787530899, 0.4025413990020752, -0.105941541492939, -0.23164387047290802, -0.09725350141525269, 0.5841254591941833, -0.4380783438682556, 0.04219549521803856, 0.1789265125989914, 0.522262692451477, 0.29611581563949585, 0.3272474408149719, -0.01915026269853115, 0.1706165373325348, -0.4367717206478119, -0.12696753442287445, 0.1973390430212021, -0.20713810622692108, 0.15626512467861176, 0.6782429218292236, 0.04768957197666168, -0.35986652970314026, 0.30683889985084534, -0.5781992077827454, -0.140396848320961, 0.2081547975540161, -0.22551515698432922, 0.34767961502075195, -0.28757038712501526, 1.4537103176116943, 0.35260409116744995, -0.004816308151930571, -0.3342122435569763, -0.5256509184837341, -0.15247465670108795, 0.197871133685112, -0.7190229892730713, 0.4919692575931549, -0.8803707361221313, -0.05930432304739952, -0.6688922643661499, 0.154360830783844, 0.15899884700775146, 0.4689081013202667, -0.09401543438434601, 0.2006090134382248, -0.31062451004981995, -0.17933626472949982, 0.5358662605285645, -0.24221938848495483, 0.07236729562282562, -0.1044653058052063, -0.0334901437163353, -0.37146127223968506, 0.14882329106330872, 0.27759653329849243, -0.08830847591161728, 0.1531657576560974, -0.3134775459766388, 0.10784310102462769, -0.21096695959568024, 0.2105141133069992, 0.3965158760547638, -0.3283991813659668, -0.09747672080993652, 0.3443652391433716, 0.17638669908046722, 0.3554263710975647, -0.03881118446588516, 0.5798463225364685, 0.09182123839855194, -0.6339627504348755, 0.0772797092795372, 0.036555204540491104, 0.3128160834312439, 0.08203791826963425, -0.3039019703865051, -0.135921910405159, -0.0762067511677742, -0.2075241655111313, -0.22270162403583527, 0.3833705484867096, 0.2512958347797394, 0.2806572914123535, -0.10841307044029236, -0.24244174361228943, -0.01999146305024624, -0.21620936691761017, -0.09729842841625214, -0.21607275307178497, 0.05516865849494934, -0.3097893297672272 ]
216516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20Canada	Health Canada	Health Canada (HC; ) is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for national health policy. The department itself is also responsible for numerous federal health-related agencies, including the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), among others. These organizations help to ensure compliance with federal law in a variety of healthcare, agricultural, and pharmaceutical activities. This responsibility also involves extensive collaboration with various other federal- and provincial-level organizations in order to ensure the safety of food, health, and pharmaceutical products—including the regulation of health research and pharmaceutical manufacturing/testing facilities. The department is responsible to Parliament through the minister of health – presently Jean-Yves Duclos – as part of the federal health portfolio. The minister is assisted by the associate minister of health, and minister of mental health and addictions – presently Carolyn Bennett. The deputy minister of health, the senior most civil servant within the department, is responsible for the day-to-day leadership and operations of the department and reports directly to the minister. Originally created as the "Department of Health" in 1919—in the wake of the Spanish flu crisis—what is known as Health Canada today was formed in 1993 from the former Health and Welfare Canada department (established in 1944), which split into two separate units; the other department being Human Resources and Labour Canada. Organization Health Canada's leadership consists of: Minister of Health Deputy Minister Associate Deputy Minister Branches The following branches, offices, and bureaus (and their respective services) fall under the jurisdiction of Health Canada: Health Canada Office of Audit and Evaluation Departmental Audit Committee Director General / Chief Audit Executive's Office Internal Audit and Special Examinations Program Evaluation Division Performance Measurement Planning and Integration Practice Management Chief Financial Officer Branch Departmental Performance Measurement and Evaluation Directorate Departmental Resource Management Directorate Financial Operations Directorate Internal Control Division Materiel and Assets Management Directorate Planning and Corporate Management Practices Directorate Communications and Public Affairs Branch Ethics and Internal Ombudsman Services Marketing and Communications Services Directorate Planning and Operations Division Public Affairs and Strategic Communications Directorate Stakeholder Relations and Consultation Directorate Controlled Substances and Cannabis Branch Corporate Services Branch Departmental Secretariat Health Products and Food Branch Assistant Deputy Minister’s Office Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate Food Directorate Marketed Health Products Directorate Medical Devices Directorate Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion Policy, Planning and International Affairs Directorate Resource Management and Operations Directorate Therapeutic Products Directorate Veterinary Drugs Directorate Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Consumer and Hazardous Products Safety Directorate Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate Policy Planning and Integration Directorate Safe Environments Directorate Climate Change and Innovation Bureau Water and Air Quality Bureau New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau Legal Services Opioid Response Team Controlled Substances Directorate Opioid Response Team Directorate Pest Management Regulatory Agency Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch Strategic Policy Branch Partner agencies In their responsible of maintaining and improving the health of Canadians, the Minister of Health is supported by the Health Portfolio, which comprises Health Canada as well as: Public Health Agency of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board; and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency International collaboration In December 2016, Health Canada approved the purchase of a new botulism antitoxin called heptavalent botulism antitoxin (BAT) from the American-based company Emergent Biosolutions, a global specialty biopharmaceutical company. The PHAC has identified botulism as a likely biological terrorist threat. Labs and offices Offices Office of the Cameron Visiting Chair Office of the Chief Dental Officer The National Office of WHMIS Nurse Recruitment Public Services Health Medical Centre Laboratories Laboratory Centre for Disease Control Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre Compliance and Enforcement Directorate The Compliance and Enforcement Directorate provides support to Health Canada by enforcing the laws and regulations pertaining to the production, distribution, importation, sale, and/or use of consumer products, including but not limited to: tobacco, pest control materials, drugs and medical devices, biologics, and natural health products. The Directorate conducts inspections and investigations to ensure that products are safe, of good quality, and properly labelled and distributed, in order to better protect Canadians from potentially harmful products and consumables. Compliance and Enforcement Directorate is divided into six distinct programs: Canada Vigilance Program Controlled Substances Program Inspectorate Program Pesticide Compliance Program Product Safety Program Tobacco Control Program Related legislation Acts for which Health Canada has total or partial responsibility: Assisted Human Reproduction Act Canada Health Act Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse Act Canadian Environmental Protection Act Canadian Institutes of Health Research Act Cannabis Act Controlled Drugs and Substances Act Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Implementation Act Department of Health Act Financial Administration Act Fitness and Amateur Sport Act Food and Drugs Act Hazardous Materials Information Review Act Hazardous Products Act Patent Act Pest Control Products Act Pesticide Residue Compensation Act Quarantine Act Radiation Emitting Devices Act Tobacco Act & Act to Amend the Tobacco Act (sponsorship) Acts which Health Canada is involved or has special interest in: Broadcasting Act Canada Labour Code Canada Medical Act Canada Shipping Act Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act Emergency Preparedness Act Energy Supplies Emergency Act Excise Tax Act Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act Feeds Act Immigration and Refugee Protection Act National Parks Act Nuclear Safety and Control Act Non-Smokers Health Act Queen Elizabeth II Canadian Research Fund Act Trade Marks Act Special access program Health Canada has a special access program that health care providers may use to request medications that are not currently commercially available in Canada. COVID-19 response The chief medical advisor of Health Canada, Supriya Sharma, as of April 2021, oversees the COVID-19 vaccine approval process in Canada. On 29 March 2021, Sharma supported the National Advisory Committee on Immunization's declaration of a pause for the administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine to Canadians under the age of 55. Criticisms An editorial published by the Canadian Medical Association Journal has called for Health Canada to more strictly regulate natural health products. The editorial cited weaknesses in current legislation that allow natural health products to make baseless health claims, to neglect side-effects research prior to products reaching market, and to be sold without being evaluated by Health Canada. On 10 September 2012, a report on CBC television questioned the safety of drugs sold in North America. The Brandon Sun reported that Health Canada is secretive about inspections about drugs manufactured overseas, leaving the public unsure about the safety of these drugs. Drug approvals process Health Canada aims to provide responses to pharmaceutical innovators within 300 days of submitting a drug for review. However, for submissions filed between 2015 and 2019, only 33 percent received a response within that target. Fully 18 percent waited over a year, and almost 5 percent over two years. The average delay for a standard review was 335 days. Health Canada’s accelerated pathway for approval dubbed “conditional compliance” reduces its target timeline to 200 days, but its actual average delay was still 302 days, and only 8 percent of applicants received responses within the 200-day target. It has been suggested that government entities should make use of rolling submissions, as was done for COVID-19 vaccines, to proceed with the examination of partially complete submissions and accept new information as it becomes available, and also that drugs already approved in other jurisdictions should be approved more rapidly to avoid redundancy. See also Health care in Canada Public Health Agency of Canada First Nations Health Authority International counterparts U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) European Medicines Agency (EMA) Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) Notes References External links Medical and health organizations based in Canada Federal departments and agencies of Canada Canada Public health organizations Regulators of biotechnology products Ministries established in 1996 Regulation of medical devices Federal law enforcement agencies of Canada 1996 establishments in Canada	[ 0.9350805878639221, 0.5670596957206726, -0.01881849206984043, -0.09374197572469711, -0.3863038122653961, 0.11121570318937302, -0.04653141275048256, 0.5961359739303589, 0.07757844775915146, -0.4768592119216919, -0.027591194957494736, 0.6640473008155823, 0.619036853313446, 0.08038053661584854, -0.11627591401338577, 0.4051474928855896, 0.22375205159187317, 0.8090001940727234, 0.3574460446834564, -0.08932244032621384, -0.511565089225769, -0.8624342679977417, 0.43849241733551025, 0.4761744737625122, 0.2748129367828369, 0.11552125960588455, 0.7588167190551758, 0.2311660647392273, -0.44508829712867737, -0.033825602382421494, 0.22133083641529083, 0.10055119544267654, 0.3623843193054199, 0.10261645168066025, 0.4485008120536804, 0.1786242127418518, -0.16757933795452118, -0.293842613697052, -0.2706892490386963, -0.7956463098526001, -0.05602291226387024, -0.5133292078971863, -0.14495345950126648, 0.6489013433456421, 0.31383654475212097, -0.4686150848865509, -1.1679021120071411, 0.45311832427978516, -0.7243910431861877, 0.9741788506507874, -0.9561202526092529, 0.006820554845035076, -0.038325827568769455, 0.08256062120199203, -0.1846650242805481, 0.43848440051078796, -0.1766660511493683, 0.3279794752597809, -0.2923921048641205, -0.2552836239337921, 0.558393120765686, -0.1568308025598526, 0.5338882207870483, 0.4111488163471222, 0.7378536462783813, -0.04362604767084122, 0.3671163320541382, 0.012986949644982815, -0.18362052738666534, -0.2710733115673065, -0.5300105810165405, 0.06007523834705353, 0.03346679359674454, 0.5688084363937378, -0.3659849762916565, -0.04647117853164673, 0.06233132258057594, -0.1525668501853943, 1.0011394023895264, 0.11068210750818253, 0.11109926551580429, 0.31427615880966187, -0.29007816314697266, -0.05400039628148079, 0.025177599862217903, 0.36356666684150696, -0.06877649575471878, -0.3514288365840912, -0.2377079278230667, 0.6461739540100098, -0.4161244332790375, -0.16916809976100922, 0.6415641903877258, -0.5552899837493896, 0.02589483931660652, -0.03194597363471985, 0.6076764464378357, -0.47934865951538086, -0.2079501748085022, -0.45611104369163513, -0.268341988325119, -0.34163224697113037, 0.20155255496501923, 0.1243230402469635, -0.5798529982566833, -0.4680297076702118, -0.05462989956140518, -0.31056690216064453, -0.37829166650772095, -0.25370100140571594, -0.13731616735458374, -0.011017831042408943, -0.68761146068573, 0.37215492129325867, 0.11957842111587524, 0.41693180799484253, 0.4321613311767578, -0.2750071883201599, -0.26864901185035706, -0.11865248531103134, 0.2560904920101166, -0.06991837918758392, -0.0458657443523407, -0.3584558069705963, -0.10939843207597733, 0.15723735094070435, 0.4545760452747345, -1.2421225309371948, 0.082255057990551, -0.20706439018249512, 0.29219701886177063, 0.5361689329147339, -0.4308343231678009, -0.3015674650669098, -0.08075906336307526, -0.1487220823764801, 0.12672658264636993, 0.04443168640136719, 0.4517909586429596, 0.30141156911849976, -0.38947081565856934, -0.8162947297096252, -0.6022987961769104, -0.8785780668258667, 0.7293407320976257, 0.012172799557447433, -0.2100772112607956, -0.5398606657981873, -0.297801673412323, -0.2803342938423157, 0.2040475457906723, 0.48104920983314514, -0.12267488986253738, -0.13185031712055206, 0.49035125970840454, 0.691450297832489, 0.8175641298294067, 0.09689225256443024, 0.2649174630641937, 0.0590868778526783, 0.5277097225189209, 0.3588968813419342, 0.32740387320518494, -0.2467304915189743, -0.05227125808596611, 0.06754793226718903, 0.024635640904307365, 0.1503319889307022, 0.2624315321445465, 0.17770709097385406, -0.4249032437801361, -0.5409367680549622, 0.4540700614452362, -0.38888993859291077, 0.39452898502349854, -0.059656430035829544, 0.07194507867097855, 0.3201862573623657, 0.06426044553518295, 0.1322462111711502, -0.5230154991149902, 0.11413305252790451, 0.18266047537326813, -0.6484603881835938, -0.08593302220106125, -0.6967138648033142, 0.2192891389131546, -0.1254870444536209, 0.5342218279838562, 0.45758745074272156, -0.3334072530269623, -0.8517159223556519, 0.7964678406715393, -0.8153591156005859, 0.9532423615455627, -0.7382811307907104, -0.28408780694007874, 1.1724785566329956, -0.8887869119644165, -0.15572917461395264, -0.36886081099510193, 0.2644537687301636, 0.5265917181968689, -0.09314928948879242, -0.9355999231338501, 0.5254098773002625, 0.26368236541748047, 0.02964084967970848, -0.3941464126110077, -0.16273339092731476, 0.03579484671354294, -0.2567841112613678, 0.1521977186203003, 0.07430762052536011, 0.0930907130241394, -0.6746711134910583, -0.27174314856529236, 0.22722767293453217, -0.5513772368431091, -0.1417977511882782, 0.8375257849693298, -0.17604325711727142, -0.1545063555240631, 0.47873935103416443, -0.34718358516693115, -0.2567671239376068, 0.29188042879104614, 0.36898791790008545, 0.41476282477378845, -0.32407325506210327, 0.8569275140762329, -0.08496296405792236, 0.6708175539970398, -0.21216453611850739, -0.6634579300880432, 0.24672506749629974, -0.6523515582084656, 0.2787412405014038, 0.4728368818759918, -0.4958467483520508, 0.13473418354988098, -0.3779085576534271, -0.7759822607040405, 0.2656208574771881, 0.2687757611274719, -0.2955305278301239, -0.570765495300293, 0.04230052977800369, -0.08811288326978683, 0.2729901373386383, 0.22431953251361847, 0.1730041205883026, 0.40153324604034424, 0.13682596385478973, 0.7456173896789551, -0.285046249628067, 0.5467409491539001, 0.14618192613124847, 0.4521825909614563, 0.1553933322429657, -0.12465851753950119, 0.05390872433781624, 0.15262027084827423, 0.324770450592041, 0.3199218213558197, -0.7952919602394104, -0.23830759525299072, 0.008371803909540176, -0.49671345949172974, 0.575516939163208, 0.16969431936740875, -0.22333702445030212, -0.03155793994665146, -0.641258955001831, 0.5010977983474731, -0.2290375828742981, 0.22773873805999756, 0.628633975982666, -0.013851413503289223, -0.009190572425723076, -0.18693043291568756, 0.5074633359909058, 0.2868266999721527, -0.3468247056007385, 0.09372573345899582, 0.05308542773127556, 0.0142068387940526, -0.47754520177841187, -0.19847428798675537, 0.5357042551040649, -0.3825584948062897, 0.1815067082643509, 0.029221506789326668, -0.23657870292663574, -0.036257531493902206, -0.34800493717193604, 0.0803302675485611, 0.3052063286304474, 0.021479671820998192, -0.2446119636297226, 0.2082943171262741, -0.061450518667697906, 0.5827212333679199, -0.15077494084835052, -0.23683907091617584, -0.059925030916929245, -0.14360012114048004, -0.6351787447929382, -5.622929096221924, -0.15509817004203796, -0.47606462240219116, -0.6469433903694153, 0.3409592807292938, -0.29975980520248413, 0.2799234390258789, -0.036750443279743195, 0.042361486703157425, -0.3922303020954132, 0.4270523488521576, 0.14376066625118256, 0.09866908937692642, 0.4663181006908417, 0.10461629182100296, 0.41259804368019104, -0.4480550289154053, -0.22012028098106384, 0.30788111686706543, 0.34435585141181946, 0.5484753251075745, 0.2961616516113281, 0.09904216229915619, -0.23238861560821533, 0.3814431428909302, 0.13688522577285767, -0.7622536420822144, 0.5215277075767517, -0.2944898009300232, -0.4218392074108124, 0.20940722525119781, -0.25466862320899963, 0.20523294806480408, -0.430850088596344, 0.32221078872680664, -0.4753910005092621, 0.3390205204486847, 0.5176309943199158, 0.41384631395339966, -0.6258901357650757, -0.33620232343673706, -0.1874030977487564, 0.1846095472574234, -0.38093331456184387, -0.2307368665933609, -0.07261452823877335, -0.07631879299879074, 0.21254093945026398, -0.11850874125957489, 0.8209370970726013, -0.04340411722660065, 0.3061847686767578, 0.10182537138462067, 0.11453152447938919, -0.43449801206588745, -0.38635528087615967, 0.2775101959705353, 0.08297574520111084, -0.6016038656234741, 0.13210853934288025, -0.022852197289466858, -0.8183444738388062, 0.006476241163909435, -0.1786339432001114, 0.38880425691604614, 0.009995282627642155, -0.44823384284973145, -0.4779287874698639, 0.5435311198234558, -0.0667487382888794, -0.06187678128480911, -0.022365855053067207, -0.09421099722385406, -0.7590646743774414, -0.39609837532043457, -1.1261769533157349, 0.1549900323152542, 0.36616218090057373, 0.2642711102962494, -0.31455641984939575, -0.07841573655605316, 0.029632169753313065, -0.2749377489089966, 0.04976515844464302, 0.2760140895843506, -0.18892790377140045, 0.09267845004796982, 0.6632607579231262, -0.18053242564201355, -0.11671753972768784, -0.01065515261143446, -0.5573553442955017, 0.9489995241165161, 0.35194846987724304, -0.19224900007247925, -0.0822739228606224, 0.7381424903869629, 0.14200440049171448, -0.29031306505203247, -0.9441292881965637, 0.24509237706661224, 0.3777671158313751, -0.3303057551383972, -1.1318145990371704, -0.5055539608001709, -0.7089433670043945, -0.24181108176708221, -0.10501358658075333, 0.5137924551963806, -0.696841299533844, -0.8035154938697815, 0.22001032531261444, -0.17504234611988068, -0.3509787321090698, 0.20060767233371735, 0.006901392247527838, -0.6994469165802002, 0.15062052011489868, 0.9842951893806458, 0.6138573884963989, 0.3888393044471741, 0.22327205538749695, 0.3037743866443634, 0.16963036358356476, 0.11316420882940292, 0.005527557339519262, 0.26477500796318054, -0.4974571168422699, -0.3336482644081116, 0.4484733045101166, 0.6563597917556763, 0.19330866634845734, 0.6163651347160339, -0.03285471722483635, 0.6063465476036072, 0.20880597829818726, -0.3513844311237335, 0.6302938461303711, 0.007516401819884777, 0.04700015112757683, 0.27881303429603577, 0.6095662117004395, 0.2702585458755493, 0.5216609835624695, 0.4366253614425659, 0.15806785225868225, -0.4922432005405426, 0.5904880166053772, 0.04326217994093895, 0.38026881217956543, 0.0706479623913765, 0.5356850028038025, -0.022536268457770348, -0.2806715965270996, 0.34561118483543396, -0.3030092716217041, 0.2368362545967102, 0.04684834182262421, -0.2234259396791458, -0.767959713935852, 0.04654698818922043, 0.2002454251050949, -1.2710379362106323, -0.2145017683506012, 0.2265562117099762, -0.26455169916152954, -0.36777132749557495, -0.43842828273773193, -0.46450841426849365, 0.4901488423347473, 0.3124768137931824, -0.05149536579847336, -1.0009604692459106, 0.09499943256378174, 0.4510916769504547, 0.016442058607935905, 0.1517973095178604, 0.7046686410903931, 0.46349993348121643, 0.9062024354934692, -0.04919040575623512, -0.552337646484375, -0.07540461421012878, -0.12286195158958435, 0.409551739692688, -0.25681763887405396, -0.3474527895450592, -0.3570622503757477, 0.26465868949890137, 0.21927009522914886, 1.04975163936615, 0.09371746331453323, 0.007285301573574543, 0.39270564913749695, -0.19308613240718842, -0.16199736297130585, -0.3092665672302246, -0.28374576568603516, -0.03878231346607208, -0.2776840925216675, 0.09672293066978455, 0.7460451722145081, -0.5658519268035889, 0.28659582138061523, -0.03620285168290138, -0.4451570510864258, 0.04340147599577904, -0.1550869643688202, -0.45317941904067993, 0.9327959418296814, -0.49444857239723206, 0.08975564688444138, 0.42214080691337585, 0.43091970682144165, -0.3045094907283783, -0.13284844160079956, -0.18926504254341125, -0.25695446133613586, -0.2529125511646271, -0.38295480608940125, 0.08981737494468689, -0.004314524121582508, -0.33887937664985657, -0.13017243146896362, -0.5491713285446167, -0.06179720535874367, 0.5918681025505066, -0.37180325388908386, -0.05743439868092537, 0.1195436492562294, -0.3500136733055115, -0.028428202494978905, 0.015101236291229725, 0.07293930649757385, 0.04022093862295151, -0.18190553784370422, -0.13596020638942719, 0.4222548007965088, 0.4290114641189575, 0.23167744278907776, -0.37917542457580566, 0.7357263565063477, 0.25797808170318604, -1.2603360414505005, -0.2978345453739166, 0.8827054500579834, 0.7496212124824524, -0.6748651266098022, -0.1440952867269516, 0.1270390748977661, 0.1965651512145996, -1.0692532062530518, -0.2689785063266754, -0.1871049702167511, 0.8070027232170105, 0.022047463804483414, -0.17183013260364532, 0.474651038646698, -0.3931199312210083, -0.3270360827445984, -0.017382914200425148, -0.5467095375061035, 0.14776511490345, 0.4744410514831543, 0.5171130895614624, -0.276324599981308, -0.39089733362197876, 0.020604021847248077, -0.5629086494445801, -0.5118359327316284, 0.24812671542167664, -0.27727994322776794, 0.23216022551059723, 0.506884753704071, 0.4899007976055145, -0.791820228099823, -0.38547325134277344, -0.5066395998001099, -0.05305221304297447, -0.08578000962734222, 0.0894865021109581, -0.03821602463722229, 0.3555317521095276, 0.10194917023181915, 0.9006406664848328, -0.8988463282585144, -0.12944093346595764, 0.4557264447212219, -0.191630020737648, 0.003950081765651703, -0.23737946152687073, -0.442006379365921, -0.12067826092243195, -0.0001361152098979801, -0.5791367292404175, -0.31426867842674255, 0.3242633640766144, 0.33268415927886963, 0.40363630652427673, 0.08642833679914474, -0.8445689678192139, 0.5515010952949524, 0.11909022182226181, 0.25125905871391296, 0.1409120410680771, -0.018132805824279785, -0.2998781204223633, 0.012730157002806664, -0.4041783809661865, 0.1940218210220337, 0.5594504475593567, -0.3189728856086731, 0.7183737754821777, 0.6292961239814758, -0.5372185707092285, -0.14438965916633606, -0.3058406710624695, -0.7563204765319824, 0.6273636817932129, 0.1465151309967041, -0.03518025204539299, 0.546892523765564, 0.3822205364704132, -0.012003174051642418, 0.07412021607160568, 0.33093520998954773, -0.05180037021636963, 0.20346854627132416, 0.5210749506950378, 0.3253607749938965, 0.12057161331176758, 0.33597898483276367, -0.18546397984027863, 0.10006368905305862, -0.6066243052482605, -0.06378539651632309, -0.02211710438132286, 0.1199130266904831, -0.4620632529258728, 0.7542954087257385, 0.4202333986759186, 0.29062339663505554, -0.18135812878608704, 0.06719325482845306, -0.13507336378097534, 0.6967596411705017, 0.05522676929831505, 0.13829974830150604, 0.0178772434592247, -0.18998263776302338, 0.38198190927505493, -0.5470626354217529, 0.5134694576263428, 0.3694981634616852, -0.17517302930355072, 0.2960270047187805, 0.29373106360435486, -0.15638995170593262, 0.3363382816314697, -0.1768319308757782, -0.7674489617347717, -0.1832655519247055, -0.03765588626265526, 0.5452127456665039, -0.08614666759967804, -0.1725626438856125, 0.7113204598426819, -0.6973354816436768, -0.01663322001695633, 0.09416039288043976, -0.8873870372772217, 0.1633765697479248, -0.37480226159095764, 0.10273326188325882, -0.0842103660106659, -0.42836737632751465, -0.07523628324270248, -0.3984297811985016, 0.3976036012172699, 0.6186580061912537, -0.18799875676631927, 0.09465814381837845, -0.17603547871112823, -0.8639739155769348, -0.2338579148054123, 0.47053974866867065, -0.28821277618408203, 0.19233424961566925, -0.1796574741601944, 0.4190897047519684, -0.06244087964296341, -0.12448985874652863, 0.3189880847930908, 0.26679179072380066, -0.004130885936319828, -0.08550208806991577, 0.2414543330669403, 0.17719019949436188, 0.050275906920433044, 0.11282820999622345, -0.11398690193891525, 0.38548436760902405, 0.12418270111083984, 0.02261354587972164, -0.28079748153686523, 0.391079306602478, 0.13776035606861115, 0.13895925879478455, -0.35063591599464417, -0.14130741357803345, -0.5534445643424988, 0.2516954839229584, -0.7476945519447327, 0.22359344363212585, -0.1941993534564972, 0.24806581437587738, 0.7426009178161621, -0.1596692055463791, -0.1822783350944519, -0.18432550132274628, -0.2574642300605774, -0.2124127447605133, 0.31646448373794556, 0.15074996650218964, -0.05796612799167633, -0.4854561686515808, 0.03237195685505867, 0.4501388669013977, -0.052071552723646164, 0.627326250076294, -0.5752689242362976, -0.3632030487060547, -0.4982418417930603, 0.22867219150066376, -0.4356077015399933, 0.0065806228667497635, 0.018205570057034492, 0.4553479552268982, 0.3123842775821686, -0.1480863392353058, -0.48538655042648315, -0.23045209050178528, 0.0660233274102211, -0.08314362913370132, -0.7691212296485901, -0.2647128105163574, -0.02110593020915985, -0.7813799381256104, -0.6179199814796448, -0.18828266859054565, -0.15164604783058167, -0.8716905117034912, 0.7346588373184204, -0.5551014542579651, -0.02048533782362938, -0.5125188827514648, 0.6753524541854858, -0.3585032522678375, 0.36460354924201965, 0.711683452129364 ]
216517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMM	OMM	OMM may refer to: O'Melveny & Myers, a US law firm with a worldwide practice Object memory model, a structure model for digital object memories The Observer Music Monthly, the British monthly music magazine found in The Observer newspaper Obstacle mobility model, a type of mobility model Of Mice and Men, a novella written by Nobel Prize-winning author John Steinbeck Of Mice & Men (band), (often abbreviated OM&M) an American metalcore band Of Monsters and Men, an Icelandic indie band Old Man Murray, a gaming website OMM, a godlike character with a visual representation resembling Jesus in the film THX 1138 One Magnificent Morning, an American programming block that airs Saturday mornings on the owned-and-operated stations and affiliates of The CW The One Million Masterpiece, the world's largest collaborative art project The Original Mountain Marathon, a multi-day running event and a precursor to adventure racing One Million Moms, a U.S. conservative group Open music model, a business model for the digital distribution of music The QualiPSo OpenSource Maturity Model Order of Military Merit (Canada), a Canadian military honour (post-nominal letters) Organisation météorologique mondiale, French for World Meteorological Organization Organização da Mulher Moçambicana, Portuguese for Organization of Mozambican Women Osteopathic manipulative medicine, a core technique of osteopathy and osteopathic medicine in the United States Outer mitochondrial membrane See also Om, a mantra and mystical Sanskrit sound of Hindu origin	[ 0.23368792235851288, 0.7067839503288269, -0.1465589553117752, 0.3424558639526367, 0.3654060959815979, 0.256989449262619, 0.1562177836894989, 0.2542428970336914, -0.3348023593425751, -0.18528996407985687, -0.33458369970321655, 0.3735612630844116, 0.015065569430589676, 0.5684975981712341, 0.03034376911818981, 0.050911013036966324, 0.08670312911272049, 0.2974364757537842, -0.7924141883850098, -0.27639397978782654, -0.12411464005708694, -0.14238391816616058, 0.3453250229358673, -0.8033992052078247, 0.028837688267230988, 0.12625354528427124, 0.23515813052654266, -0.1648118495941162, -0.6059048771858215, 0.1829005926847458, -0.07909338176250458, 0.23248451948165894, -0.03416777402162552, -0.0022580635268241167, 0.2242642045021057, 0.015035239979624748, -0.4303109645843506, 0.15355980396270752, -0.34787559509277344, -0.6722617745399475, 0.8998206853866577, -0.1527106910943985, 0.36939021944999695, -0.049186501652002335, -0.5838868618011475, -0.263590931892395, -1.7997270822525024, 0.20786872506141663, -1.198339819908142, 0.4279434382915497, -0.22211973369121552, 0.49607986211776733, 0.11874643713235855, 0.2744850516319275, 0.10853453725576401, 0.49595749378204346, -0.15979768335819244, -0.5587586164474487, 0.48992058634757996, -0.3432389497756958, 0.49482131004333496, 0.17591911554336548, -0.22897997498512268, 0.2084059715270996, -0.3354274332523346, 0.3961080312728882, 0.3664661645889282, 0.12569262087345123, -0.4751533567905426, -0.28768447041511536, 0.05061342939734459, -0.2196536660194397, -0.21294760704040527, 0.2657753527164459, -0.2599463164806366, -0.4773993492126465, 0.5267354249954224, -0.11531299352645874, -0.09614527970552444, -0.07967808097600937, -0.2792222797870636, 0.68902987241745, 0.9333053827285767, 0.14590325951576233, -0.05612875148653984, -0.027728166431188583, -0.4067162573337555, 0.5758740305900574, -0.47413936257362366, 0.09503678232431412, 0.2365231215953827, -0.7162474393844604, 0.2922166883945465, 0.41390398144721985, 0.36577439308166504, -0.06661924719810486, 0.24591229856014252, -0.33190587162971497, -0.048833467066287994, 0.11849720776081085, -0.050035350024700165, -0.2799144387245178, 0.24272626638412476, 0.19075922667980194, -0.047063134610652924, 0.22226007282733917, -0.15498845279216766, -0.6445830464363098, 0.15631622076034546, -0.13579340279102325, -0.5544226765632629, 0.35724928975105286, -0.022445397451519966, 0.027075469493865967, 0.1987752914428711, -0.20585010945796967, 0.24011126160621643, -0.35350894927978516, -0.4720941483974457, 0.46044492721557617, 0.5756304264068604, 0.4748956859111786, 0.2265714406967163, -0.12122847139835358, 0.5627968907356262, -0.006630872841924429, 0.3036983013153076, 0.14786192774772644, -0.5487611293792725, 0.4064803421497345, 0.15992578864097595, 0.5191493034362793, -0.07428869605064392, -0.25349974632263184, 0.08758357167243958, 0.15965481102466583, 0.16755671799182892, -0.3058724105358124, 0.24643459916114807, 0.44937238097190857, -0.5180643796920776, -0.7539578676223755, -1.1208866834640503, -0.12073498964309692, 0.4497682750225067, -0.7655341625213623, 0.022223202511668205, 0.22846323251724243, -0.10186635702848434, 0.1182221993803978, -0.2731586992740631, 0.035894230008125305, -0.580791175365448, -0.11913194507360458, 0.38342195749282837, 0.14086087048053741, 0.4753969609737396, 0.05538526922464371, 0.42800992727279663, -0.0687325969338417, -0.24453333020210266, 0.4414118826389313, -0.7886918187141418, -0.29163041710853577, -0.41875407099723816, -0.2946431040763855, 0.4108010530471802, 0.17485252022743225, -0.42438653111457825, 0.16308411955833435, -0.4239271283149719, -0.12062577158212662, 0.4344022274017334, 0.2244034856557846, -0.05278138443827629, 0.685745358467102, 1.0708304643630981, 0.45574480295181274, 0.5878555178642273, 0.17928893864154816, -0.642903745174408, -0.16737337410449982, -0.03994433954358101, -0.40327879786491394, 0.2487688809633255, -0.2614976167678833, 0.3762025237083435, -0.03473243862390518, -0.08675894886255264, -0.1032189130783081, -0.7394375205039978, 0.12182948738336563, 0.9179349541664124, -0.7911958694458008, 1.339805006980896, 0.11582206189632416, -0.3319942355155945, 0.9950392246246338, -0.27802130579948425, 0.6521451473236084, 0.11515256762504578, 0.014708208851516247, 0.4959077835083008, -0.10957421362400055, -0.6688665151596069, 0.4342380166053772, 0.2896113693714142, -0.2780821919441223, -0.5805782079696655, 0.059529367834329605, 0.8590739369392395, -0.4093128442764282, 0.01829395443201065, -0.6649361252784729, 0.019349927082657814, -0.05383177474141121, -0.4261499047279358, 0.27510005235671997, -0.6976775527000427, -0.28577178716659546, 0.698790967464447, -0.5601034164428711, -0.15254342555999756, 0.13945993781089783, -0.24073852598667145, 0.5163217186927795, -0.004579708445817232, 0.019397124648094177, 0.601840078830719, -0.9912928938865662, 0.05969646945595741, 0.34441089630126953, 0.034455202519893646, -0.062378156930208206, 0.075367771089077, -0.11099603772163391, 0.5754634737968445, -0.3633147180080414, 0.8350241184234619, -0.02301660366356373, -0.25380218029022217, 0.14878122508525848, -0.4472854733467102, 0.34569430351257324, 0.14261655509471893, -0.3478391766548157, -0.5196215510368347, 0.17684362828731537, -0.6411167979240417, 0.5367479920387268, -0.32875484228134155, 0.3434339761734009, 0.2453690469264984, 0.04098488390445709, 0.3307212293148041, 0.20158833265304565, -0.12719573080539703, -0.007375683635473251, 0.07103132456541061, 0.19248855113983154, -0.6683722138404846, 0.12580931186676025, 0.21687141060829163, -0.27154698967933655, -0.33822521567344666, -0.2486301213502884, 0.008533762767910957, -0.4216355085372925, 0.11108312755823135, 0.8952233791351318, 0.398307740688324, 0.28367879986763, -0.4914953410625458, -0.16352856159210205, 0.04179555922746658, -0.5769881010055542, 0.36851462721824646, 0.14562901854515076, -0.46221962571144104, -0.54594886302948, -0.2477176934480667, 0.8698004484176636, 0.569485604763031, -0.14502567052841187, 0.06457778066396713, -0.0568138025701046, 0.014127366244792938, -0.3379400372505188, -0.07897438853979111, 0.48781806230545044, -0.5068816542625427, 0.48748335242271423, -0.060908734798431396, -0.16573704779148102, 0.377328485250473, 0.5011875033378601, 0.29613035917282104, -0.31131303310394287, -0.2661133110523224, 0.10121622681617737, -0.24562986195087433, 0.11919328570365906, 0.16338860988616943, 0.2874680161476135, 0.6134891510009766, -0.20025375485420227, -0.1475314497947693, 0.4630882441997528, -5.894631385803223, -0.31769245862960815, -0.20542259514331818, -0.2591759264469147, -0.002626116620376706, 0.20223987102508545, 0.5553748607635498, -0.07704690098762512, -0.2922607362270355, -0.35262927412986755, 0.3250674605369568, 0.18574300408363342, 0.4419544041156769, 0.15131914615631104, 0.199960857629776, -0.06586998701095581, -0.05519147589802742, 0.44108954071998596, -0.04693848267197609, 0.2639532685279846, 0.505530595779419, -0.00040316343074664474, 0.056299012154340744, 0.6135275363922119, 0.06708601117134094, -0.05016161873936653, -1.0037580728530884, 0.44074466824531555, -0.0531267486512661, -0.30124035477638245, 0.1753285527229309, -0.19041484594345093, -0.21376676857471466, -0.45088306069374084, 0.26948806643486023, 0.3036218583583832, 0.6883987188339233, 0.013475032523274422, 0.5534732937812805, -0.2779998481273651, 0.12267965823411942, 0.2714961767196655, 0.33754581212997437, -0.46865659952163696, 0.45775869488716125, 0.12646977603435516, -0.35743531584739685, 0.2827807366847992, -0.2003508061170578, 0.018156589940190315, -0.13132169842720032, -0.13415808975696564, 0.0827324390411377, 0.8100772500038147, 0.13098718225955963, -0.10961854457855225, 0.17416638135910034, -0.0009721121750771999, -0.06921714544296265, 0.322306752204895, 0.4625278413295746, -0.39759349822998047, 0.0384930856525898, -0.5959648489952087, -0.45041224360466003, -0.49262744188308716, -0.4236701428890228, 0.15941280126571655, 0.5241775512695312, -0.11600396037101746, -0.20125780999660492, -0.05780193209648132, -0.02066122367978096, -1.0441811084747314, -0.18477706611156464, -0.13214240968227386, 0.33691221475601196, 0.30278581380844116, -0.14396709203720093, 0.07700271904468536, -0.6410741806030273, -0.18822555243968964, -0.2363753616809845, -0.6543303728103638, -0.2958984971046448, -0.5438551902770996, -0.20577456057071686, 0.2697037160396576, -0.6490038633346558, 0.09041981399059296, 0.45574700832366943, 0.21188385784626007, 0.04224880412220955, 0.25172412395477295, 0.6691204309463501, 0.1164967492222786, 0.28215181827545166, 0.4015430510044098, 0.4121272563934326, 0.06932439655065536, -0.254175066947937, -0.02097921073436737, 0.479219526052475, -0.7171937227249146, -0.12373729795217514, -0.09747912734746933, -0.18081113696098328, -0.1808774322271347, 0.6029142737388611, -0.11003001034259796, -0.6725996732711792, 0.18252834677696228, -0.04539729282259941, -0.20407922565937042, -0.02967829443514347, -0.11341878026723862, -0.3644683063030243, 0.13326671719551086, 0.60567307472229, -0.17982611060142517, -0.44970831274986267, 0.3028247058391571, -0.2932937741279602, -0.20580588281154633, 0.32071653008461, -0.26742035150527954, 0.2777070105075836, 0.587584376335144, 0.15165726840496063, 0.1415252983570099, -0.03803722932934761, 0.4799362123012543, 0.0043980092741549015, -0.14609715342521667, 0.12625524401664734, -0.34982597827911377, -0.41304242610931396, 0.40435779094696045, -0.1827898770570755, -0.3185996413230896, 0.7584472298622131, -0.39490535855293274, 0.3025922179222107, 0.2256757915019989, 0.29059311747550964, 0.36627262830734253, 0.18462638556957245, 0.12000921368598938, -0.08667370676994324, 0.6100097298622131, 0.008770529180765152, -0.14821390807628632, 0.7219234704971313, -0.7130846381187439, -0.067813441157341, 0.3948299288749695, -0.225285142660141, 0.20464468002319336, -0.15512681007385254, -0.20214085280895233, 0.20804257690906525, 0.01717154122889042, -0.9144515991210938, -0.39546999335289, 0.10154012590646744, 0.18693524599075317, -0.26607295870780945, -0.346538782119751, -0.06140988692641258, 0.1542998105287552, 0.3377712070941925, -0.003006979823112488, -0.7729416489601135, -0.33343425393104553, -0.13581712543964386, 0.45303893089294434, 0.1551852822303772, 0.15389008820056915, -0.06037190929055214, 0.1701802909374237, 0.2998865246772766, -0.34428903460502625, 0.2587836682796478, 0.0949128195643425, 0.480295330286026, -0.547145426273346, 0.3593493700027466, 0.17090903222560883, -0.5019965171813965, -0.4117702841758728, -0.12062899768352509, 0.26114076375961304, 0.6066503524780273, -0.08566007018089294, -0.014570489525794983, -0.13694153726100922, 0.148594930768013, 0.3671014904975891, 0.15646164119243622, -0.3636225461959839, 0.37097957730293274, 0.09255917370319366, -0.6101107597351074, 0.25783371925354004, 0.25299176573753357, -1.024951696395874, -0.11817914992570877, -0.7845889925956726, -0.06547334790229797, 0.031178832054138184, -0.7147766947746277, 0.125976100564003, 0.21508169174194336, 0.028859015554189682, -0.5240380764007568, -0.362864226102829, 0.19816061854362488, -0.2919829785823822, -0.6931695342063904, -0.12603944540023804, 0.18660469353199005, -0.016584865748882294, -0.21818752586841583, 0.4103764295578003, -0.3612770438194275, 0.07869213074445724, 0.4548662006855011, -0.6684391498565674, 0.38181573152542114, -0.3808387517929077, -0.055238813161849976, 0.2096783071756363, -0.3655431568622589, 0.26089781522750854, -0.26508262753486633, -0.4677291810512543, 0.2854454815387726, 0.19903823733329773, 0.18770626187324524, 0.181292325258255, 0.4280669391155243, 0.2986794412136078, -0.09958931803703308, -0.200688898563385, 0.014742037281394005, 0.7155858874320984, 0.07942570000886917, -0.5706207156181335, -0.765874445438385, 0.5592527985572815, 0.2028864473104477, -0.317562997341156, 0.14059366285800934, -0.33306294679641724, 0.6369612216949463, -0.3413480222225189, -0.17346757650375366, -0.31686732172966003, -0.04947229474782944, 0.13589532673358917, -0.060303833335638046, -0.1382228285074234, -0.5460187792778015, 0.08521240204572678, -0.147803395986557, 0.3211301565170288, -0.13547132909297943, 0.0143113499507308, 0.21201056241989136, -0.7134590148925781, 0.17154152691364288, 0.08700241893529892, 0.702838122844696, 0.84123694896698, 0.0809454694390297, -0.021648598834872246, -0.2947654128074646, -0.4946284890174866, 0.12960509955883026, -0.35735583305358887, -0.09589065611362457, 0.520388662815094, -0.24717716872692108, -0.6611413955688477, 0.8091127872467041, -0.5573757886886597, 0.6328030228614807, 0.029988422989845276, -0.1958889663219452, -0.2585039734840393, -0.4572323262691498, 0.305530309677124, -0.0252569317817688, 0.46951383352279663, -0.5485878586769104, 0.22606699168682098, -0.005294275004416704, -0.36413440108299255, 0.10521109402179718, -0.30151107907295227, -0.5217857360839844, 0.18864990770816803, 0.3623521029949188, -0.9222062826156616, 0.2953443229198456, 0.00010817180736921728, -0.4252559244632721, -0.49872180819511414, -0.18446457386016846, -0.29179826378822327, 0.13710550963878632, -0.2303556352853775, -0.01861792802810669, 0.7156310677528381, 0.5230527520179749, -0.14990898966789246, -0.03371293470263481, -0.8594824075698853, 0.6123965978622437, 0.2627100944519043, 0.3095250129699707, 0.868619978427887, 0.5027843117713928, -0.2680440843105316, 0.11347535252571106, 0.1344650685787201, 0.27631792426109314, -0.24157468974590302, 0.23050948977470398, 0.3709908127784729, 0.45144709944725037, -0.17967574298381805, -0.6213837265968323, 0.5370409488677979, -0.3887317478656769, -0.30081799626350403, -0.09643291682004929, -0.49543026089668274, -0.4323345124721527, 0.5416830778121948, 0.5824471116065979, 0.17132626473903656, -0.6480759978294373, -0.026409365236759186, -0.020458919927477837, 0.1871536821126938, 0.387991726398468, 0.16246725618839264, -0.46837908029556274, 0.24540314078330994, -0.08045817166566849, -0.11370866000652313, 0.04511312395334244, -0.41656675934791565, 0.0937696173787117, -0.08004016429185867, -0.21926629543304443, -0.2637341618537903, -0.02724853903055191, -0.14701958000659943, -0.3607710897922516, -0.11812233924865723, 0.1072889193892479, -0.2092777043581009, 0.2690342366695404, -0.07594691962003708, -0.10367251187562943, -0.3365030586719513, 0.058572109788656235, -0.020309872925281525, 0.2486368715763092, 0.4567529559135437, -0.3465532660484314, 0.31800568103790283, -0.32402196526527405, -0.08621755987405777, 0.6830048561096191, 0.5535646677017212, 0.1133934035897255, -0.42314577102661133, -0.09793692827224731, -0.32314372062683105, 0.6944790482521057, -0.23719331622123718, 0.52342689037323, -0.04801398888230324, 0.3817371129989624, 0.38008975982666016, -0.37687209248542786, -0.1998669058084488, -0.024841204285621643, -0.553753137588501, -0.165741428732872, 0.4871397018432617, -0.26686808466911316, -0.4125489294528961, -0.14178678393363953, 0.6881248354911804, -0.19537819921970367, 0.3153437674045563, -0.11781017482280731, -0.04547159746289253, 0.23677411675453186, 0.05460264906287193, -0.8218878507614136, -0.0037012151442468166, -0.25767236948013306, -0.09567739814519882, -0.8010292053222656, 0.13940182328224182, 0.3870469331741333, -0.15770895779132843, 0.025860976427793503, 0.1135440245270729, 0.1458902806043625, -0.12659505009651184, 0.08914991468191147, -0.1838323026895523, 0.18269981443881989, -0.46375900506973267, 0.047085683792829514, 0.09505442529916763, 0.21903695166110992, 0.5520253777503967, -0.4384150207042694, -0.3585738241672516, 0.7399755716323853, -0.28208011388778687, -0.019992278888821602, 0.47207069396972656, -0.09873940795660019, 0.24075108766555786, -0.7087814211845398, 0.6122896671295166, -0.04675453528761864, -0.2886134088039398, 0.021453725174069405, 0.9913524985313416, 0.018314220011234283, -0.38562560081481934, -0.3686610460281372, 0.032127320766448975, -0.4187820851802826, 0.16988776624202728, -1.1809651851654053, 0.49323850870132446, -0.04086880013346672, -0.33765771985054016, -0.2725028693675995, 0.1056828424334526, 0.2778979241847992, -0.6476471424102783, -0.03971436247229576, -0.3455469012260437, 0.3414324223995209, 0.21393375098705292, 0.21682298183441162, -0.15477238595485687, 0.13147155940532684, 0.1475946009159088 ]
216521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIT	UIT	UIT may refer to: Organisations International Telecommunication Union, an agency of the United Nations responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies Union International de Tir, a former name of the International Shooting Sport Federation University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, (Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet or UiT) University Institutes of Technology Usman Institute of Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Ho Chi Minh City University of Information Technology Other uses UIT rail, a standard used for mounting slings and other accessories in competition shooting Unit investment trust User Interface Toolkit, a C++ application programming interface to Sun's XView Ultrasonic impact treatment, a method for surface treatment using ultrasound	[ 0.8556224703788757, 0.08277672529220581, 0.1684742569923401, 0.21493226289749146, -0.0200736653059721, -0.05367562174797058, -0.2124936729669571, -0.18194898962974548, -0.21783718466758728, -0.26730644702911377, -0.507182776927948, 0.5041531324386597, -0.016350407153367996, -0.14771348237991333, 0.18450680375099182, 0.21705234050750732, 0.5204915404319763, 0.23209601640701294, -0.2902826964855194, 0.17885050177574158, -0.49356377124786377, -0.05158160626888275, 0.15689198672771454, -0.7391895651817322, -0.21163475513458252, 0.10151506960391998, 0.022032754495739937, 0.1381744146347046, -0.3678639531135559, 0.08649051189422607, 0.5730311870574951, 0.18581992387771606, -0.30291154980659485, -0.11327975988388062, -0.36853262782096863, 0.08693527430295944, -0.06189710274338722, -0.05253699794411659, 0.029749471694231033, -0.7960315346717834, -0.17351534962654114, -0.19310876727104187, 0.20447465777397156, 0.24767936766147614, -0.1598558872938156, -0.9765453934669495, -1.5448172092437744, 0.20968379080295563, -0.4130914509296417, 0.8506848216056824, -0.18269285559654236, 0.20735369622707367, 0.012119901366531849, 0.45306381583213806, 0.3319214880466461, 0.2658891975879669, -0.07450168579816818, -0.4855844974517822, -0.10710182040929794, -0.7090332508087158, 0.3022271692752838, 0.3200511932373047, -0.10444004088640213, 0.45558610558509827, 0.30366939306259155, 0.07357589155435562, 0.007470858749002218, -0.23260456323623657, -0.38588598370552063, -0.4190095067024231, -0.10006643831729889, -0.18659436702728271, -0.5939241051673889, -0.12602536380290985, 0.014388558454811573, -0.313375860452652, -0.07752063125371933, 0.11764349043369293, -0.3027254343032837, 0.40860798954963684, 0.4180263876914978, 0.28154563903808594, 0.3524077534675598, -0.30984002351760864, 0.6243433356285095, -0.007860864512622356, -0.6156937479972839, 0.20747634768486023, -0.3382970988750458, -0.008691329509019852, 0.644912838935852, -0.12266910821199417, 0.6695302724838257, 0.22695225477218628, 0.11606702953577042, 0.41417884826660156, 0.24137338995933533, -0.420513391494751, 0.4490572512149811, 0.08755693584680557, 0.04558281973004341, -0.3484332859516144, 0.11085159331560135, 0.16009390354156494, -0.24646417796611786, -0.13544633984565735, -0.6417161822319031, -0.929944634437561, -0.016244178637862206, 0.06978652626276016, -0.6523630619049072, -0.05545196309685707, 0.6207269430160522, -0.20910045504570007, 0.07194934040307999, 0.16979697346687317, 0.26508092880249023, -0.014271889813244343, 0.028755538165569305, 0.19969050586223602, -0.022179190069437027, 0.40388503670692444, 0.1668403297662735, 0.27293387055397034, 0.18372458219528198, 0.385908305644989, 0.6569132804870605, 0.6003931760787964, -0.7417105436325073, 0.06890573352575302, 0.14161743223667145, 0.27745217084884644, -0.2872678339481354, 0.052179474383592606, -0.17358849942684174, 0.11525265872478485, 0.05559040978550911, -0.20794102549552917, 0.7004495859146118, 0.394135981798172, -0.706763744354248, -0.167136088013649, -0.3624674379825592, -0.43961983919143677, -0.11618249863386154, -0.19672833383083344, -0.03456855192780495, -0.09316163510084152, -0.2163746953010559, 0.03414008021354675, -0.19338087737560272, -0.2889985740184784, -0.08504123985767365, 0.45647338032722473, -0.4431810975074768, 0.2609018385410309, 0.7236350178718567, 0.0037246583960950375, -0.0619758740067482, 0.14102715253829956, 0.1033523753285408, 0.15387392044067383, -0.6989805102348328, 0.37687811255455017, 0.13875289261341095, -0.07370337098836899, -0.23284946382045746, 0.613831102848053, -0.08165670186281204, -0.12107768654823303, 0.14925463497638702, -0.0676291212439537, 0.23176658153533936, 0.05083868280053139, -0.15146875381469727, 0.2672353684902191, 0.2199467420578003, -0.0004356800054665655, 0.3284382224082947, 0.5949894189834595, -0.665185272693634, 0.19053156673908234, 0.3898448348045349, 0.3843710422515869, 0.22450807690620422, -0.2779279351234436, 0.2319730818271637, -0.3236267566680908, -0.2618650496006012, 0.24927209317684174, -0.2956461012363434, -0.2845821976661682, -0.05104297772049904, -0.6396922469139099, 1.0921320915222168, -0.46201902627944946, -0.36351266503334045, 1.1373486518859863, -0.3416620194911957, 0.09260920435190201, 0.015890780836343765, 0.12272992730140686, 0.65575110912323, -0.3143759071826935, -0.573197603225708, 0.38759493827819824, 0.3897055387496948, 0.13260605931282043, -0.4390370547771454, -0.06412437558174133, 0.6326191425323486, -0.5692093372344971, 0.30454036593437195, -0.6352609395980835, -0.033717986196279526, -0.391544371843338, -0.7604000568389893, 0.6488848328590393, -0.018994159996509552, -0.017551463097333908, 1.2644450664520264, -0.28066885471343994, 0.2193002551794052, 0.524024248123169, -0.08674972504377365, 0.06088966876268387, 0.0315190851688385, 0.2965002655982971, 0.7088796496391296, -0.8853045105934143, 0.3505038917064667, -0.3237153887748718, 0.22574996948242188, -0.15269991755485535, 0.02282191812992096, -0.2557756304740906, 0.061130549758672714, -0.2843549847602844, 0.595358669757843, -0.3636571168899536, -0.2988479435443878, 0.8891165852546692, -0.41482651233673096, 0.17535024881362915, 0.41933637857437134, -0.33836427330970764, 0.041750501841306686, -0.22975130379199982, -0.19719314575195312, 0.1507520079612732, 0.12086019665002823, 0.33644887804985046, -0.13811185956001282, -0.3222643733024597, -0.2770807147026062, 0.10651600360870361, 0.20681454241275787, 0.37680622935295105, -0.23541435599327087, 0.04830041900277138, -0.2747819721698761, -0.09977231919765472, 0.0009023291058838367, 0.2202567160129547, -0.1212998554110527, -0.3556757867336273, -0.27505308389663696, -0.4029417634010315, 0.4593784809112549, 0.31622156500816345, 0.8475602269172668, 0.30267199873924255, -0.21342693269252777, -0.10450544953346252, -0.8104761242866516, -0.4158203899860382, 0.22998324036598206, 0.7082470059394836, -0.7643133997917175, -0.3505867123603821, -0.11767373234033585, -0.1318710446357727, 0.31558242440223694, -0.6799805760383606, 0.18012823164463043, 0.0030453039798885584, -0.28965163230895996, -0.37981370091438293, -0.3399496078491211, -0.1143798679113388, -0.0416131317615509, 0.4707108736038208, 0.23111645877361298, 0.13920706510543823, 0.5191660523414612, -0.07774806022644043, -0.1820608377456665, 0.2658314108848572, 0.44073987007141113, -0.3573388457298279, -0.24101723730564117, 0.4691917300224304, 0.016044024378061295, -0.03516138717532158, 0.31423109769821167, -0.04923834279179573, 0.09722157567739487, -0.24589477479457855, -5.9888834953308105, -0.3463622033596039, -0.17072655260562897, 0.16126303374767303, -0.1260223388671875, -0.11836729943752289, 0.8684979677200317, 0.09000417590141296, -0.3276929557323456, -0.33026838302612305, 0.24880656599998474, 0.2807561457157135, 0.5513619184494019, 0.2603919208049774, 0.21473605930805206, 0.6375579237937927, 0.42575904726982117, 0.2871195077896118, 0.10657408833503723, 0.09127019345760345, -0.0764964297413826, -0.17147062718868256, 0.16058135032653809, 0.5767409801483154, -0.016998382285237312, -0.5479546785354614, -0.825959324836731, 0.5267507433891296, -0.007661476731300354, -0.3269946873188019, 0.3579418659210205, -0.20772802829742432, -0.026654044166207314, -0.006635584868490696, 0.07158062607049942, -0.1186053603887558, 0.7982528805732727, 0.03235194459557533, -0.3685295581817627, -0.2764159142971039, -0.0016119156498461962, 0.7271934747695923, 0.4330238103866577, -0.17758913338184357, 0.4900236427783966, -0.5495524406433105, 0.07758976519107819, 0.07724399864673615, -0.1403275728225708, 0.5196436643600464, -0.02075732685625553, 0.09520431607961655, 0.3775462210178375, 0.019618848338723183, -0.27856796979904175, -0.27894315123558044, 0.3828658163547516, 0.3894016444683075, -0.2694483995437622, 0.015710031613707542, 0.0751962885260582, -0.5026553273200989, -0.09511680155992508, -1.0755857229232788, -0.4784897267818451, -0.024823468178510666, -0.5440940856933594, -0.28424617648124695, 0.2428397834300995, 0.033522311598062515, -0.5471382737159729, 0.14764146506786346, 0.04125722870230675, -0.8201241493225098, 0.25737497210502625, -0.6085931062698364, 0.7183108925819397, 0.09133376181125641, 0.13017278909683228, 0.22410356998443604, -0.5242473483085632, -0.12130187451839447, 0.06105746328830719, -0.1060265302658081, -0.16082875430583954, -0.3530471622943878, 0.29838722944259644, 0.010415996424853802, 0.0036680784542113543, 0.1423608958721161, 1.1229710578918457, -0.10550034791231155, 0.19914361834526062, 0.2916599214076996, 0.39878225326538086, 0.2535468339920044, 0.013965529389679432, 0.08030504733324051, 0.0953071117401123, -0.08408542722463608, -0.003832028480246663, -0.11776753515005112, -0.17716071009635925, -0.5072446465492249, -0.17415405809879303, -0.052577756345272064, -0.056837670505046844, 0.06851685047149658, 0.8951235413551331, -0.26825040578842163, -0.26037976145744324, -0.008274002000689507, 0.17717067897319794, 0.024314409121870995, -0.34681323170661926, -0.41225114464759827, -0.40780705213546753, 0.30913451313972473, 0.20466957986354828, -0.29241499304771423, -0.355475515127182, 0.637123167514801, -0.09888565540313721, -0.16083373129367828, 0.21442767977714539, -0.21350710093975067, -0.08611461520195007, -0.1750573366880417, 0.014011092483997345, -0.18419329822063446, 0.061434272676706314, 0.4518851935863495, 0.18933889269828796, 0.11314067989587784, 0.14293311536312103, 0.06464745104312897, -0.197081059217453, 0.21495354175567627, 0.1965891718864441, -0.5129917860031128, 0.15514469146728516, 0.1936815232038498, 0.20370951294898987, -0.13135363161563873, 0.8265694975852966, 0.2839526832103729, -0.41147807240486145, 0.05838073045015335, -0.3603988289833069, 0.47799983620643616, 0.14672620594501495, -0.6633201837539673, 0.03961609676480293, -0.15258760750293732, -0.2635432183742523, -0.12785851955413818, -0.14322859048843384, 0.2110750824213028, 0.24211278557777405, -0.30296772718429565, 0.0998273566365242, 0.20091234147548676, -0.8441107273101807, -0.4053460657596588, 0.5233563780784607, -0.1676134616136551, -0.14035946130752563, -0.25247013568878174, -0.36192718148231506, -0.0014695310965180397, 0.13209415972232819, 0.05927786976099014, -0.40140119194984436, -0.6133564710617065, -0.49842509627342224, 0.3848768174648285, 0.24199354648590088, 0.38033077120780945, -0.09429844468832016, 0.1276945173740387, 0.6311746835708618, 0.21370567381381989, -0.11774201691150665, 0.22671516239643097, 0.17123788595199585, -0.5364649891853333, 0.34019404649734497, 0.18831412494182587, 0.003924831748008728, 0.021068664267659187, 0.13408894836902618, 0.26013946533203125, 0.7557795643806458, 0.18357893824577332, -0.2867048680782318, -0.4947853982448578, -0.013444487005472183, 0.6028119325637817, -0.42882269620895386, -0.2663884162902832, 0.5022488236427307, 0.5509880185127258, -0.7824805378913879, 0.13100792467594147, -0.5681068897247314, -0.031303633004426956, 0.5346976518630981, -0.42796576023101807, 0.6519373655319214, -0.4373318552970886, -0.6418168544769287, -0.5629978179931641, 0.10645762085914612, 0.6898849606513977, -0.7633344531059265, -0.2258116602897644, 0.22851967811584473, -0.284574031829834, -0.5031012892723083, -0.17892037332057953, 0.3211798667907715, 0.15210577845573425, -0.22559720277786255, 0.013605996035039425, -0.24186912178993225, 0.24023281037807465, 0.35444480180740356, -0.7692733407020569, 0.4377819001674652, -0.1659298986196518, -0.49093061685562134, -0.030398834496736526, -0.2796638011932373, 0.408067524433136, -0.2000737488269806, 0.010811129584908485, -0.28669238090515137, -0.211368590593338, -0.018167955800890923, 0.18746912479400635, -0.35102033615112305, 0.40666574239730835, 0.05320155993103981, -0.7387059926986694, -0.4220745265483856, 0.222456693649292, 0.47197550535202026, -0.6489290595054626, -0.7202402949333191, -0.05365046113729477, 0.27413302659988403, -0.3683113157749176, -0.5092523097991943, -0.35933274030685425, 0.41129547357559204, -0.07172510027885437, -0.22727742791175842, 0.017532864585518837, -0.09915907680988312, 0.1630563586950302, -0.24109390377998352, -0.42553213238716125, -0.47703275084495544, -0.38485392928123474, 0.011841974221169949, 0.03557273745536804, -0.6918103098869324, -0.637863039970398, -0.3399273753166199, -0.7912371158599854, -0.4494107961654663, -0.27524152398109436, 1.1015375852584839, 0.13347546756267548, 0.4289085566997528, -0.5228450894355774, 0.053903549909591675, -0.2759384512901306, 0.47476768493652344, -0.006895267870277166, -0.10396241396665573, -0.23495613038539886, 0.2563270628452301, -0.04816891625523567, 0.3578146696090698, -0.3976837694644928, 0.6497347354888916, 0.17788805067539215, -0.7829593420028687, -0.3127776086330414, -0.27789586782455444, 0.017653822898864746, -0.2927835285663605, 0.4508935809135437, -0.3526512384414673, 0.17894203960895538, 0.3412525951862335, 0.33594635128974915, 0.15047790110111237, 0.1996207982301712, -0.6700847744941711, 0.25471681356430054, 0.8826267123222351, -0.5365695953369141, 0.40689200162887573, 0.038408469408750534, -0.07881710678339005, -0.6853076219558716, 0.3159984350204468, -0.1113310307264328, 0.14540468156337738, -0.3789471387863159, 0.34545794129371643, 0.44141730666160583, 0.3120373785495758, 0.025480927899479866, 0.13192015886306763, -0.5397230386734009, 0.5707537531852722, 0.02867664396762848, 0.09270664304494858, 0.11044541746377945, 0.14746150374412537, 0.10862825065851212, 0.03318855166435242, 0.11310578882694244, 0.32563552260398865, -0.020079394802451134, 0.10019571334123611, 0.44914188981056213, 0.5402838587760925, -0.04455782100558281, 0.1629142314195633, 0.4786252975463867, -0.27269282937049866, -0.2077442854642868, -0.22915033996105194, -0.6805520057678223, -0.6820858120918274, 0.39538702368736267, 0.8425193428993225, 0.6605273485183716, -0.021503090858459473, -0.12555274367332458, -0.03124956414103508, 0.3463283181190491, 0.04159560799598694, 0.35319310426712036, -0.32816022634506226, 0.2755708694458008, 0.17260204255580902, -0.003798933234065771, -0.0013851264957338572, -0.12914744019508362, -0.44191625714302063, -0.5747283697128296, -0.018177201971411705, -0.15085922181606293, 0.198028564453125, 0.08406366407871246, 0.0995073989033699, 0.2362789511680603, 0.32448381185531616, -0.3825376331806183, -0.4446192979812622, -0.010353326797485352, 0.22471536695957184, -0.5802045464515686, 0.3736630976200104, -0.02637481689453125, 0.4515426456928253, 0.5518530607223511, -0.45454275608062744, 0.48355212807655334, -0.1328032910823822, -0.07461504638195038, 0.6129534244537354, 0.29080164432525635, 0.05377007648348808, 0.29649901390075684, -0.5509499907493591, -0.08379487693309784, 0.16154110431671143, -0.4849802851676941, 0.16900062561035156, -0.29718858003616333, -0.13157936930656433, 0.6193490028381348, -0.3386181592941284, 0.3901157081127167, -0.40159323811531067, -0.30027997493743896, 0.23502936959266663, 0.17391608655452728, 0.010314608924090862, -0.21502265334129333, 0.03035127744078636, 0.25157439708709717, 0.1985742300748825, 0.2671545147895813, -0.39330175518989563, -0.1090787947177887, 0.2566198706626892, -0.533270537853241, -0.16891002655029297, 0.2599509060382843, -0.141076922416687, 0.8231869339942932, -0.5229799747467041, 0.11802258342504501, 0.9582290649414062, -0.0981522649526596, 0.3143509030342102, 0.3457360565662384, -0.27483081817626953, 0.3120862543582916, 0.5690786838531494, -0.1635833978652954, -0.09422274678945541, -0.126167431473732, -0.40070706605911255, -0.9577598571777344, 0.3034016489982605, 0.15612679719924927, -0.17348510026931763, -0.25564807653427124, 0.7442803382873535, 0.30395615100860596, -0.21569563448429108, 0.5997240543365479, -0.07992029935121536, -0.3997443914413452, -0.6193315982818604, 0.3501805067062378, -0.5713469386100769, 0.3128144443035126, -0.20724041759967804, 0.6579561233520508, 0.34378349781036377, -0.4818299412727356, 0.3956538736820221, 0.3220265805721283, -0.16347786784172058, 0.07828764617443085, -0.1408090591430664, 0.41177770495414734, -0.16642898321151733, 0.00882098451256752, -0.6382216811180115, 0.25630706548690796, 0.4576092064380646, -1.0618289709091187, 0.40645506978034973, -0.5578645467758179, -0.17298613488674164, -0.24399486184120178, 0.37489038705825806, -0.37272828817367554, 0.07986092567443848, 0.25131213665008545 ]
216522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMCO	IMCO	IMCO may refer to: the Intercontinental Manufacturing Company the Intermountain Manufacturing Company the Julius Meister & Co, Austrian lighter manufacturer the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection of the European Parliament the Mexican Institute for Competitiveness or Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad the International Match Corporation, New York, founded 1923. Part of Kreuger & Toll. Bankrupt in 1932. the company IMCO Carbide Tool the (former) olympic windsurfing class Mistral One Design Class the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization until 1982, today IMO the orthopedic surgical method, Intramedullary Cement Osteosynthesis	[ 0.05606801435351372, 0.06865299493074417, -0.21090327203273773, 0.2327113300561905, 0.0552704855799675, 0.11479007452726364, -0.841411828994751, 0.4717732071876526, -0.25693026185035706, -0.18427515029907227, 0.3025030195713043, 0.30964526534080505, -0.15125998854637146, 0.42165419459342957, 0.05876823142170906, -0.21024005115032196, -0.057459793984889984, 0.5658246278762817, -0.3015570342540741, 0.05063273757696152, -0.4239174425601959, 0.04032255709171295, 0.08437300473451614, -0.0676414743065834, 0.22356943786144257, 0.0549401231110096, 0.08054257184267044, -0.28943198919296265, 0.07874684035778046, 0.1933090090751648, 0.5072599053382874, 0.20456412434577942, -0.2729640007019043, -0.24232932925224304, -0.39927560091018677, -0.18912886083126068, -0.1546342819929123, -0.1805436909198761, -0.17060506343841553, -0.7079564332962036, -0.28771957755088806, 0.21214105188846588, 0.3170936703681946, 0.47989121079444885, 0.015955673530697823, -0.3827916085720062, -1.8216255903244019, 0.5791252255439758, -0.6196097731590271, 0.3565134108066559, -0.3109399378299713, 0.10164502263069153, 0.36134618520736694, 0.5620496869087219, 0.4010603427886963, 0.5056564807891846, -0.5138241052627563, -0.11861731857061386, 0.14945058524608612, -0.5429406762123108, 0.5276450514793396, 0.33960428833961487, 0.610810399055481, -0.08311597257852554, 0.16771087050437927, 0.2200518548488617, 0.050748150795698166, -0.07261722534894943, -0.21549798548221588, -0.05188222602009773, -0.008764532394707203, -0.4742787182331085, -0.5037817358970642, -0.39001262187957764, 0.4713584780693054, -0.7612922191619873, -0.49189886450767517, 0.06977710127830505, -0.23793336749076843, 0.33944061398506165, -0.010403305292129517, 0.18567883968353271, 0.3722263276576996, -0.3600304126739502, 0.4257495701313019, -0.008209717459976673, -0.8468780517578125, 0.22337020933628082, -0.04731898754835129, 0.3570135831832886, 0.34448739886283875, -0.014630652964115143, 0.5931496620178223, -0.26880741119384766, -0.1805010288953781, -0.1624981313943863, 0.29639145731925964, -0.34762653708457947, 0.3058449625968933, 0.2657967209815979, 0.013141045346856117, -0.03532407432794571, -0.22404052317142487, -0.04814417287707329, -0.31464308500289917, 0.20108112692832947, -0.31827566027641296, -0.5015997886657715, 0.34091058373451233, 0.11933215707540512, -0.24342259764671326, -0.31131336092948914, 0.5782628655433655, -0.05656987428665161, -0.0743565484881401, 0.09880223870277405, 0.2882145941257477, 0.026207786053419113, 0.13437898457050323, 0.4150591790676117, 0.2912304997444153, 0.792872965335846, -0.11421976238489151, 0.22270649671554565, 0.06299221515655518, 0.27146029472351074, 0.2865141034126282, 0.6399545073509216, -0.5378112196922302, -0.29952141642570496, 0.09574932605028152, 0.3700142204761505, 0.019251318648457527, -0.15022942423820496, 0.09246063232421875, -0.28086286783218384, 0.10958452522754669, 0.1825466752052307, 0.052357062697410583, 0.34537407755851746, -0.29457470774650574, -0.6147578358650208, -0.4742963910102844, -0.35031482577323914, 0.14282038807868958, -0.7184706926345825, 0.11943428963422775, -0.46939322352409363, 0.08741448074579239, -0.337548166513443, 0.2805587351322174, -0.5463833212852478, -0.27769172191619873, 0.6381471157073975, 0.15321385860443115, 0.09751363098621368, 0.6484136581420898, -0.2062263935804367, 0.15435191988945007, 0.245170459151268, -0.24188323318958282, -0.18900255858898163, -0.36288201808929443, -0.32056665420532227, -0.483689546585083, 0.1353268027305603, -0.05172906443476677, 0.31138497591018677, -0.2572770416736603, 0.06221000850200653, 0.07938297837972641, -0.10892394185066223, 0.37738415598869324, -0.1709863692522049, 0.06997168064117432, 0.033818308264017105, 0.21652422845363617, 0.36099326610565186, 0.4715675413608551, 0.3185393512248993, -0.6280855536460876, -0.0037391530349850655, -0.0056057823821902275, 0.10342226177453995, -0.11928998678922653, -0.024185888469219208, 0.3012971878051758, -0.5028371214866638, -0.347488135099411, 0.0887870118021965, 0.1513977348804474, -0.004846865311264992, -0.1732170283794403, -0.7479255795478821, 0.8228349089622498, -0.10928157716989517, -0.3521583378314972, 0.6443701982498169, -0.533571183681488, 0.013785962015390396, -0.1970939040184021, 0.09836647659540176, 0.30945274233818054, -0.3188040554523468, -0.4057878255844116, 0.33326730132102966, 0.49041256308555603, 0.3328632116317749, -0.22715206444263458, -0.015420411713421345, 0.3143102526664734, -0.3274407386779785, 0.41706424951553345, -0.4476205110549927, 0.1708192229270935, -0.48371395468711853, -0.5192989706993103, 0.8345045447349548, -0.03561883419752121, 0.1177460178732872, 1.1676578521728516, -0.07252153754234314, 0.16395126283168793, 0.4713148772716522, 0.05091678723692894, 0.38086920976638794, 0.15388581156730652, -0.11138691753149033, 0.5324051976203918, -0.29959091544151306, 0.7226758003234863, -0.18907693028450012, 0.7433958649635315, -0.696852445602417, 0.14779193699359894, -0.20844285190105438, -0.4347419738769531, -0.6510239839553833, 0.5386881828308105, 0.23310281336307526, 0.08555057644844055, 0.2038506120443344, -0.5071086883544922, 0.374634712934494, 0.41125014424324036, -0.13621243834495544, 0.09343785047531128, 0.0023526600562036037, -0.19040103256702423, 0.2744680345058441, 0.002930120099335909, 0.39986732602119446, 0.43535104393959045, -0.3850967288017273, -0.06864964216947556, -0.21864813566207886, 0.19582128524780273, 0.15808646380901337, 0.10089454054832458, 0.0946243554353714, 0.03972756862640381, -0.17937858402729034, 0.25885525345802307, 0.47849181294441223, -0.12966029345989227, -0.4200754165649414, -0.3761312961578369, -0.48034223914146423, -0.028481805697083473, -0.09296528249979019, 1.0822348594665527, 0.4581659436225891, -0.14143942296504974, -0.14812831580638885, -0.13693960011005402, -0.40250545740127563, -0.2945631444454193, 0.7463816404342651, -0.6201751828193665, -0.09114924818277359, 0.001312896842136979, -0.021045899018645287, -0.22040367126464844, -0.596112847328186, -0.16523270308971405, 0.3161323368549347, -0.671113908290863, -0.6550986766815186, -0.3515355885028839, -0.3033716678619385, 0.2890666127204895, 0.4374186098575592, -0.46185165643692017, -0.0732802227139473, 0.5333356857299805, 0.35531094670295715, -0.6699562668800354, 0.27979254722595215, 0.30142664909362793, -0.45652326941490173, 0.14221827685832977, 0.8774985074996948, -0.09880174696445465, -0.1963556706905365, 0.23845580220222473, -0.311739981174469, 0.07268300652503967, -0.46899041533470154, -6.0875349044799805, 0.021407771855592728, -0.1479443609714508, 0.1655818223953247, 0.5559545159339905, -0.32640790939331055, 0.38473740220069885, -0.03304480016231537, 0.10824909806251526, 0.01565674878656864, 0.21112632751464844, -0.04183567315340042, 0.23180536925792694, -0.03373759239912033, -0.05135001987218857, 0.7798734903335571, 0.16187475621700287, 0.21198496222496033, -0.22436699271202087, 0.05489164590835571, -0.035615935921669006, -0.46861666440963745, 0.16449397802352905, 0.6698164939880371, 0.05024793744087219, -0.45912113785743713, -0.6830079555511475, -0.08096959441900253, -0.2765367329120636, 0.0258680060505867, 0.08828378468751907, 0.09343086183071136, -0.013614995405077934, -0.26583242416381836, -0.11405663937330246, 0.034771814942359924, 0.7479056119918823, 0.1803152859210968, -0.180563285946846, 0.10733440518379211, -0.034177616238594055, 0.7971144914627075, 0.14427265524864197, -0.17814692854881287, 0.5944979786872864, -0.31018802523612976, -0.2512458860874176, 0.01888866536319256, -0.5893999338150024, 0.7021805644035339, 0.39383289217948914, 0.1569649875164032, 0.2911907434463501, 0.11666983366012573, 0.0933670848608017, -0.1648443043231964, 0.4671225845813751, -0.13844367861747742, -0.10265102982521057, 0.14149241149425507, 0.0398542582988739, -0.007719353307038546, 0.036502525210380554, 0.05707746744155884, -0.44190695881843567, -0.5055971145629883, -0.26506611704826355, -0.25670862197875977, 0.5046507120132446, 0.08282363414764404, 0.26093366742134094, 0.44549673795700073, -0.004721334204077721, -0.9628499746322632, -0.23310081660747528, 0.013082639314234257, 0.9969152808189392, -0.06928204745054245, 0.23504357039928436, 0.3254324495792389, -0.04781617969274521, 0.11695965379476547, 0.1789981871843338, 0.26327088475227356, -0.06641216576099396, 0.18021878600120544, 0.06671737879514694, 0.12645338475704193, -0.5044932961463928, 0.0991484746336937, 0.4968693256378174, 0.3083428144454956, 0.2928304374217987, 0.07655251026153564, -0.09082814306020737, -0.02955864742398262, -0.03163112699985504, 0.24349841475486755, 0.24320057034492493, -0.3459935486316681, 0.20699940621852875, -0.09255538135766983, -0.3700740933418274, -0.49859005212783813, 0.10748273879289627, -0.24808093905448914, 0.21688616275787354, -0.12946827709674835, 0.7635608911514282, -0.2009149044752121, -0.3447665274143219, -0.0677473396062851, -0.6373570561408997, -0.5999656915664673, -0.0035919041838496923, -0.07968524843454361, -0.03921886533498764, 0.08771388232707977, 0.039172589778900146, -0.06246134266257286, 0.07382392883300781, 0.5530036687850952, 0.1003110483288765, -0.20208707451820374, -0.6122614145278931, -0.30467575788497925, 0.03991030156612396, 0.3729974627494812, 0.19521905481815338, -0.050338584929704666, -0.2341400682926178, 0.3288145661354065, -0.46741169691085815, 0.17408280074596405, 0.14395751059055328, 0.24138543009757996, -0.5809313654899597, 0.43187740445137024, 0.1693219095468521, -0.3318514823913574, 0.31524136662483215, -0.031521864235401154, 0.12566672265529633, -0.3050028383731842, 0.5219421982765198, 0.6520440578460693, -0.40523430705070496, 0.03110705502331257, -0.3121015429496765, 0.45381292700767517, 0.3671448528766632, -0.40288159251213074, 0.32273098826408386, 0.33161619305610657, -0.5293586254119873, -0.07531602680683136, 0.5273873209953308, 0.37125328183174133, -0.3885948657989502, -0.3562149703502655, 0.2938705086708069, 0.45814579725265503, -1.0098859071731567, -0.2966436445713043, 0.7187395691871643, -0.04395068809390068, -0.07627653330564499, -0.17404170334339142, -0.33936241269111633, 0.6485683917999268, 0.5975205898284912, -0.09409595280885696, -0.7044040560722351, -0.7419092655181885, 0.15017260611057281, 0.6968001127243042, 0.19579000771045685, -0.2945946455001831, -0.15362028777599335, 0.1523934304714203, 0.6033043265342712, -0.30573540925979614, -0.12048695981502533, 0.15885311365127563, 0.11056774109601974, -0.7526209354400635, 0.03334060683846474, -0.15862847864627838, -0.19190457463264465, -0.17884409427642822, 0.4472096860408783, -0.3791271150112152, 0.7391145825386047, 0.07410816848278046, -0.09279420226812363, -0.14849920570850372, -0.2184949815273285, 0.4309806227684021, -0.6169853210449219, -0.7138043642044067, 0.04546646773815155, 0.28470301628112793, -0.6005204319953918, -0.005617829505354166, -0.5295580625534058, -0.20838670432567596, -0.04091572389006615, -0.22468674182891846, -0.10070080310106277, 0.19804294407367706, -0.2254961133003235, -0.6943773627281189, -0.21750527620315552, 0.3293737471103668, -0.3364269733428955, -0.06545017659664154, 0.19827024638652802, -0.03486565500497818, -0.16998738050460815, 0.13455526530742645, 0.3138689696788788, 0.0030013553332537413, 0.12160883843898773, -0.03715011849999428, -0.15349319577217102, 1.165940761566162, 0.13181881606578827, -0.3649083971977234, 0.48558786511421204, 0.047186292707920074, -0.3481963574886322, -0.0576690211892128, -0.21426981687545776, 0.04500412568449974, 0.24428822100162506, 0.061638183891773224, -0.16728059947490692, 0.20228537917137146, -0.2521134316921234, 0.013941571116447449, -0.35557878017425537, -0.19109471142292023, 0.23406220972537994, -0.12040732800960541, 0.18869371712207794, 0.14766155183315277, 0.1937413215637207, -0.4335976839065552, -0.20559413731098175, 0.24759554862976074, -0.4003238379955292, -0.29437848925590515, -0.2885492742061615, -0.2007688581943512, 0.4273607134819031, -0.02994193695485592, -0.07823474705219269, 0.26929864287376404, -0.3043631911277771, 0.05156233161687851, -0.4967089891433716, 0.14215493202209473, -0.5818439722061157, -0.101863332092762, 0.08351406455039978, 0.5519150495529175, -0.3334924876689911, -0.3761628270149231, 0.015550299547612667, -0.7037423253059387, 0.2069350779056549, -0.32133185863494873, 0.6476499438285828, 0.5559540390968323, 0.08325594663619995, -0.0961327776312828, -0.22724246978759766, -0.24154476821422577, 0.00737212086096406, -0.04486369341611862, -0.521438717842102, -0.07177283614873886, 0.37249207496643066, -0.055200859904289246, 0.32862144708633423, -0.5509820580482483, -0.7326462864875793, 0.05999130755662918, -0.7249190211296082, -0.013302690349519253, -0.11813168227672577, -0.22120019793510437, -0.4179246127605438, 0.2095675766468048, -0.7553979754447937, -0.2096186727285385, 0.20035721361637115, -0.1267094612121582, -0.012320456095039845, 0.5727326273918152, -0.6736624836921692, 0.25077345967292786, 0.1799653321504593, -0.3849259614944458, -0.08597382158041, 0.1773557960987091, -0.26193875074386597, -0.2440243512392044, -0.7132134437561035, -0.4285041093826294, 0.16523320972919464, -1.0462868213653564, -0.0451907254755497, 0.36938759684562683, -0.1469065397977829, -0.0547332726418972, 0.3507481813430786, -0.6340199708938599, 0.21419085562229156, 0.024949325248599052, 0.49283185601234436, 0.25375837087631226, 0.30342549085617065, 0.10591874271631241, -0.11046389490365982, 0.34384438395500183, 0.26342663168907166, 0.2500784397125244, -0.1458042562007904, 0.10880400240421295, 0.6654190421104431, -0.17509260773658752, -0.40727049112319946, 0.19262675940990448, -0.22185252606868744, -0.2126161903142929, -0.1498495191335678, -0.8654991388320923, -0.5185700058937073, 0.6998772621154785, 0.5318251848220825, 0.8570544123649597, -0.3378998637199402, -0.1127806082367897, -0.2444741278886795, -0.12711554765701294, 0.28509634733200073, -0.01896694116294384, -0.24181410670280457, 0.2858543395996094, 0.20604059100151062, -0.328056663274765, 0.35453730821609497, -0.2244659662246704, -0.34235066175460815, 0.17839205265045166, 0.2679826021194458, -0.007155835162848234, 0.4581644535064697, -0.18399487435817719, -0.0856434628367424, 0.328426331281662, 0.9602735042572021, -0.5833541750907898, -0.012720674276351929, 0.288600891828537, -0.36095720529556274, -0.6369627714157104, -0.17334751784801483, 0.1969553530216217, 0.04852273687720299, -0.2833557426929474, -0.3311169743537903, 0.10900870710611343, -0.2936692535877228, 0.3626047670841217, 0.6395867466926575, 0.6077276468276978, 0.26113083958625793, 0.6823624968528748, -0.2056577205657959, 0.14109480381011963, -0.28564414381980896, -0.6217892169952393, -0.06662095338106155, -0.2138577252626419, 0.0505903996527195, 0.45544397830963135, -0.19090116024017334, 0.23106178641319275, -0.27203741669654846, -0.6488774418830872, -0.21330897510051727, 0.5895800590515137, 0.15898412466049194, -0.34734201431274414, -0.2518749237060547, 0.21569861471652985, 0.17625464498996735, 0.006866081152111292, -0.13526345789432526, -0.16325291991233826, 0.26838254928588867, -0.4132603406906128, 0.21124914288520813, 0.1149372011423111, -0.10619636625051498, 0.634992241859436, -0.48465776443481445, 0.35082778334617615, 0.4299028515815735, -0.41238462924957275, 0.09827478975057602, 0.008416621014475822, -0.23401367664337158, 0.042682014405727386, 0.39414387941360474, -0.21995338797569275, -0.037130847573280334, -0.12831461429595947, -0.087249256670475, -0.3840872347354889, 0.14201858639717102, 0.07784011214971542, -0.14617323875427246, -0.061578474938869476, 1.0149340629577637, -0.06815576553344727, 0.2603762447834015, 0.8746116757392883, -0.2508732080459595, -0.21520987153053284, -0.37936437129974365, 0.4711608588695526, -0.4358920454978943, -0.05725758895277977, -0.43907272815704346, 0.49317869544029236, 0.6273963451385498, 0.060318998992443085, 0.3662022352218628, 0.3181520700454712, -0.13836051523685455, -0.40404605865478516, 0.2454250454902649, 0.13589249551296234, -0.28062036633491516, -0.1402284801006317, -0.15522649884223938, 0.43483927845954895, 0.13512635231018066, -0.8458248972892761, 0.1080971509218216, 0.24459171295166016, 0.5934897065162659, -0.2773863971233368, 0.18788482248783112, -0.8373565077781677, 0.39272138476371765, 0.12788145244121552 ]
216531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism	Neoconservatism	Neoconservatism is a political movement that was born in the United States during the 1960s among liberal hawks who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist foreign policy of the Democratic Party and with the growing New Left and counterculture of the 1960s, particularly the Vietnam protests. Some also began to question their liberal beliefs regarding domestic policies such as the Great Society. Neoconservatives typically advocate the promotion of democracy and interventionism in international affairs, including peace through strength, and are known for espousing disdain for communism and political radicalism. Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle and Paul Bremer. While not identifying as neoconservatives, senior officials Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel and the promotion of American influence in the Middle East. Many of its adherents became politically influential during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, peaking in influence during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Critics of neoconservatism have used the term to describe foreign policy and war hawks who support aggressive militarism or neo-imperialism. Historically speaking, the term neoconservative refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist left to the camp of American conservatism during the 1960s and 1970s. The movement had its intellectual roots in the magazine Commentary, edited by Norman Podhoretz. They spoke out against the New Left and in that way helped define the movement. Terminology The term neoconservative was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the socialist leader Michael Harrington, who used the term to define Daniel Bell, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and Irving Kristol, whose ideologies differed from Harrington's. The neoconservative label was used by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative'". His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine Encounter. Another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of the magazine Commentary, from 1960 to 1995. By 1982, Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative in The New York Times Magazine article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy". During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the neoconservatives considered that liberalism had failed and "no longer knew what it was talking about", according to E. J. Dionne. Seymour Lipset asserts that the term neoconservative was used originally by socialists to criticize the politics of Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA). Jonah Goldberg argues that the term is ideological criticism against proponents of modern American liberalism who had become slightly more conservative (both Lipset and Goldberg are frequently described as neoconservatives). In a book-length study for Harvard University Press, historian Justin Vaisse writes that Lipset and Goldberg are in error, as "neoconservative" was used by socialist Michael Harrington to describe three men – noted above – who were not in SDUSA, and neoconservatism is a definable political movement. The term "neoconservative" was the subject of increased media coverage during the presidency of George W. Bush, with particular emphasis on a perceived neoconservative influence on American foreign policy, as part of the Bush Doctrine. History Through the 1950s and early 1960s, the future neoconservatives had endorsed the civil rights movement, racial integration and Martin Luther King Jr. From the 1950s to the 1960s, liberals generally endorsed military action in order to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. Neoconservatism was initiated by the repudiation of the Cold War and the "New Politics" of the American New Left, which Norman Podhoretz said was too sympathetic to the counterculture and too alienated from the majority of the population; Black Power advocates, who accused white liberals and Northern Jews of hypocrisy on integration and also accused them of supporting perceived settler colonialism in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; and "anti-anticommunism", which included substantial endorsement of Marxist–Leninist politics during the late 1960s. Many neoconservatives were particularly alarmed by what they believed were the antisemitic sentiments of Black Power advocates. Irving Kristol edited the journal The Public Interest (1965–2005), featuring economists and political scientists, which emphasized ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences. Many early neoconservative political figures were disillusioned Democratic politicians and intellectuals, such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who served in the Nixon and Ford administrations, and Jeane Kirkpatrick, who served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations in the Reagan administration. Many left-wing academics such as Frank Meyer and James Burnham eventually became associated with the conservative movement at this time. A substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists who were originally associated with the moderate wing of the Socialist Party of America (SP) and its successor party, Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA). Max Shachtman, a former Trotskyist theorist who developed a strong feeling of antipathy towards the New Left, had numerous devotees among SDUSA with strong links to George Meany's AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this faction led the SP to oppose immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War, and oppose George McGovern in the Democratic primary race and, to some extent, the general election. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within the Democratic Party, eventually influencing it through the Democratic Leadership Council. Thus the Socialist Party dissolved in 1972, and SDUSA emerged that year. (Most of the left-wing of the party, led by Michael Harrington, immediately abandoned SDUSA.) SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include Carl Gershman, Penn Kemble, Joshua Muravchik and Bayard Rustin. Norman Podhoretz's magazine Commentary, originally a journal of liberalism, became a major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative, albeit not a New Yorker. Rejecting the American New Left and McGovern's New Politics As the policies of the New Left made the Democrats increasingly leftist, these intellectuals became disillusioned with President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society domestic programs. The influential 1970 bestseller The Real Majority by Ben Wattenberg expressed that the "real majority" of the electorate endorsed economic interventionism, but also social conservatism; and warned Democrats it could be disastrous to adopt liberal positions on certain social and crime issues. The neoconservatives rejected the countercultural New Left and what they considered anti-Americanism in the non-interventionism of the activism against the Vietnam War. After the anti-war faction took control of the party during 1972 and nominated George McGovern, the Democrats among them endorsed Washington Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson instead for his unsuccessful 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Among those who worked for Jackson were incipient neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Doug Feith, and Richard Perle. During the late 1970s, neoconservatives tended to endorse Ronald Reagan, the Republican who promised to confront Soviet expansionism. Neoconservatives organized in the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation to counter the liberal establishment. Author Keith Preston named the successful effort on behalf of neoconservatives such as George Will and Irving Kristol to cancel Reagan's 1980 nomination of Mel Bradford, a Southern Paleoconservative academic whose regionalist focus and writings about Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction alienated the more cosmopolitan and progress-oriented neoconservatives, to the leadership of the National Endowment for the Humanities in favor of longtime Democrat William Bennett as emblematic of the neoconservative movement establishing hegemony over mainstream American conservatism. In another (2004) article, Michael Lind also wrote: Leo Strauss and his students C. Bradley Thompson, a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of Leo Strauss (1899–1973), although there are several writers who claim that in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself did not endorse. Eugene Sheppard notes: "Much scholarship tends to understand Strauss as an inspirational founder of American neoconservatism". Strauss was a refugee from Nazi Germany who taught at the New School for Social Research in New York (1938–1948) and the University of Chicago (1949–1969). Strauss asserted that "the crisis of the West consists in the West's having become uncertain of its purpose". His solution was a restoration of the vital ideas and faith that in the past had sustained the moral purpose of the West. The Greek classics (classical republican and modern republican), political philosophy and the Judeo-Christian heritage are the essentials of the Great Tradition in Strauss's work. Strauss emphasized the spirit of the Greek classics and Thomas G. West (1991) argues that for Strauss the American Founding Fathers were correct in their understanding of the classics in their principles of justice. For Strauss, political community is defined by convictions about justice and happiness rather than by sovereignty and force. A classical liberal, he repudiated the philosophy of John Locke as a bridge to 20th-century historicism and nihilism and instead defended liberal democracy as closer to the spirit of the classics than other modern regimes. For Strauss, the American awareness of ineradicable evil in human nature and hence the need for morality, was a beneficial outgrowth of the pre-modern Western tradition. O'Neill (2009) notes that Strauss wrote little about American topics, but his students wrote a great deal and that Strauss's influence caused his students to reject historicism and positivism as morally relativist positions. They instead promoted a so-called Aristotelian perspective on America that produced a qualified defense of its liberal constitutionalism. Strauss's emphasis on moral clarity led the Straussians to develop an approach to international relations that Catherine and Michael Zuckert (2008) call Straussian Wilsonianism (or Straussian idealism), the defense of liberal democracy in the face of its vulnerability. Strauss influenced The Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol, William Bennett, Newt Gingrich, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, as well as Paul Wolfowitz. Jeane Kirkpatrick A theory of neoconservative foreign policy during the final years of the Cold War was articulated by Jeane Kirkpatrick in "Dictatorships and Double Standards", published in Commentary Magazine during November 1979. Kirkpatrick criticized the foreign policy of Jimmy Carter, which endorsed détente with the Soviet Union. She later served the Reagan Administration as Ambassador to the United Nations. Skepticism towards democracy promotion In "Dictatorships and Double Standards", Kirkpatrick distinguished between authoritarian regimes and the totalitarian regimes such as the Soviet Union. She suggested that in some countries democracy was not tenable and the United States had a choice between endorsing authoritarian governments, which might evolve into democracies, or Marxist–Leninist regimes, which she argued had never been ended once they achieved totalitarian control. In such tragic circumstances, she argued that allying with authoritarian governments might be prudent. Kirkpatrick argued that by demanding rapid liberalization in traditionally autocratic countries, the Carter administration had delivered those countries to Marxist–Leninists that were even more repressive. She further accused the Carter administration of a "double standard" and of never having applied its rhetoric on the necessity of liberalization to communist governments. The essay compares traditional autocracies and Communist regimes: Kirkpatrick concluded that while the United States should encourage liberalization and democracy in autocratic countries, it should not do so when the government risks violent overthrow and should expect gradual change rather than immediate transformation. She wrote: "No idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime and anywhere, under any circumstances ... Decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits. In Britain, the road [to democratic government] took seven centuries to traverse. ... The speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently surprises American policymakers". 1990s During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again opposed to the foreign policy establishment, both during the Republican Administration of President George H. W. Bush and that of his Democratic successor, President Bill Clinton. Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their influence as a result of the end of the Soviet Union. After the decision of George H. W. Bush to leave Saddam Hussein in power after the first Iraq War during 1991, many neoconservatives considered this policy and the decision not to endorse indigenous dissident groups such as the Kurds and Shiites in their 1991–1992 resistance to Hussein as a betrayal of democratic principles. Some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. During 1992, referring to the first Iraq War, then United States Secretary of Defense and future Vice President Richard Cheney said: Within a few years of the Gulf War in Iraq, many neoconservatives were endorsing the ousting of Saddam Hussein. On 19 February 1998, an open letter to President Clinton was published, signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and later related groups such as the Project for the New American Century, urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power. Neoconservatives were also members of the so-called "blue team", which argued for a confrontational policy toward the People's Republic of China and strong military and diplomatic endorsement for the Republic of China (also known as Formosa or Taiwan). During the late 1990s, Irving Kristol and other writers in neoconservative magazines began touting anti-Darwinist views as an endorsement of intelligent design. Since these neoconservatives were largely of secular origin, a few commentators have speculated that thisalong with endorsement of religion generally – may have been a case of a "noble lie", intended to protect public morality, or even tactical politics, to attract religious endorsers. 2000s Administration of George W. Bush The Bush campaign and the early Bush administration did not exhibit strong endorsement of neoconservative principles. As a presidential candidate, Bush had argued for a restrained foreign policy, stating his opposition to the idea of nation-building. Also early in the administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's administration as insufficiently supportive of Israel and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton. Bush's policies changed dramatically immediately after the 11 September 2001 attacks. During Bush's State of the Union speech of January 2002, he named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as states that "constitute an axis of evil" and "pose a grave and growing danger". Bush suggested the possibility of preemptive war: "I will not wait on events, while dangers gather. I will not stand by, as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons". Some major defense and national-security persons have been quite critical of what they believed was a neoconservative influence in getting the United States to go to war against Iraq. Former Nebraska Republican U.S. senator and Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, who has been critical of the Bush administration's adoption of neoconservative ideology, in his book America: Our Next Chapter wrote: Bush Doctrine The Bush Doctrine of preemptive war was stated explicitly in the National Security Council (NSC) text "National Security Strategy of the United States". published 20 September 2002: "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed ... even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack. ... The United States will, if necessary, act preemptively". The choice not to use the word "preventive" in the 2002 National Security Strategy and instead use the word "preemptive" was largely in anticipation of the widely perceived illegality of preventive attacks in international law via both Charter Law and Customary Law. In this context, disputes over the non-aggression principle in domestic and foreign policy, especially given the doctrine of preemption, alternatively impede and facilitate studies of the impact of libertarian precepts on neo-conservatism. Policy analysts noted that the Bush Doctrine as stated in the 2002 NSC document had a strong resemblance to recommendations presented originally in a controversial Defense Planning Guidance draft written during 1992 by Paul Wolfowitz, during the first Bush administration. The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. When asked whether he agreed with the Bush Doctrine, Max Boot said he did and that "I think [Bush is] exactly right to say we can't sit back and wait for the next terrorist strike on Manhattan. We have to go out and stop the terrorists overseas. We have to play the role of the global policeman. ... But I also argue that we ought to go further". Discussing the significance of the Bush Doctrine, neoconservative writer Bill Kristol claimed: "The world is a mess. And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it. ... The danger is not that we're going to do too much. The danger is that we're going to do too little". 2008 presidential election and aftermath John McCain, who was the Republican candidate for the 2008 United States presidential election, endorsed continuing the second Iraq War, "the issue that is most clearly identified with the neoconservatives". The New York Times reported further that his foreign policy views combined elements of neoconservatism and the main competing conservative opinion, pragmatism, also known as realism: Barack Obama campaigned for the Democratic nomination during 2008 by attacking his opponents, especially Hillary Clinton, for originally endorsing Bush's Iraq-war policies. Obama maintained a selection of prominent military officials from the Bush Administration including Robert Gates (Bush's Defense Secretary) and David Petraeus (Bush's ranking general in Iraq). 2010s and 2020s By 2010, U.S. forces had switched from combat to a training role in Iraq and they left in 2011. The neocons had little influence in the Obama White House, and neo-conservatives have lost much influence in the Republican party since the rise of the Tea Party Movement. Several neoconservatives played a major role in the Stop Trump movement in 2016, in opposition to the Republican presidential candidacy of Donald Trump, due to his criticism of interventionist foreign policies, as well as their perception of him as an "authoritarian" figure. Since Trump took office, some neoconservatives have joined his administration, such as Elliott Abrams. Neoconservatives have supported the Trump administration's hawkish approach towards Iran and Venezuela, while opposing the administration's withdrawal of troops from Syria and diplomatic outreach to North Korea. Although neoconservatives have served in the Trump administration, they have been observed to have been slowly overtaken by the nascent populist and national conservative movements, and to have struggled to adapt to a changing geopolitical atmosphere. The Lincoln Project, a political action committee consisting of current and former Republicans with the purpose of defeating Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election and Republican Senate candidates in the 2020 United States Senate elections, has been described as being primarily made of neoconservative activists seeking to return the Republican party to Bush-era ideology. Although Trump was not reelected and the Republicans failed to retain a majority in the Senate, surprising success in the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections and internal conflicts led to renewed questions about the strength of neoconservatism. Evolution of opinions Usage and general views During the early 1970s, socialist Michael Harrington was one of the first to use "neoconservative" in its modern meaning. He characterized neoconservatives as former leftistswhom he derided as "socialists for Nixon"who had become more conservative. These people tended to remain endorsers of social democracy, but distinguished themselves by allying with the Nixon administration with respect to foreign policy, especially by their endorsement of the Vietnam War and opposition to the Soviet Union. They still endorsed the welfare state, but not necessarily in its contemporary form. Irving Kristol remarked that a neoconservative is a "", one who became more conservative after seeing the results of liberal policies. Kristol also distinguished three specific aspects of neoconservatism from previous types of conservatism: neo-conservatives had a forward-looking attitude from their liberal heritage, rather than the reactionary and dour attitude of previous conservatives; they had a meliorative attitude, proposing alternate reforms rather than simply attacking social liberal reforms; and they took philosophical ideas and ideologies very seriously. During January 2009 at the end of President George W. Bush's second term in office, Jonathan Clarke, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs and prominent critic of Neoconservatism, proposed the following as the "main characteristics of neoconservatism": "a tendency to see the world in binary good/evil terms", a "low tolerance for diplomacy", a "readiness to use military force", an "emphasis on US unilateral action", a "disdain for multilateral organizations" and a "focus on the Middle East". Opinions concerning foreign policy In foreign policy, the neoconservatives' main concern is to prevent the development of a new rival. Defense Planning Guidance, a document prepared during 1992 by Under Secretary for Defense for Policy Paul Wolfowitz, is regarded by Distinguished Professor of the Humanities John McGowan at the University of North Carolina as the "quintessential statement of neoconservative thought". The report says: Our first objective is to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival, either on the territory of the former Soviet Union or elsewhere, that poses a threat on the order of that posed formerly by the Soviet Union. This is a dominant consideration underlying the new regional defense strategy and requires that we endeavor to prevent any hostile power from dominating a region whose resources would, under consolidated control, be sufficient to generate global power. According to Lead Editor of e-International Relations Stephen McGlinchey: "Neo-conservatism is something of a chimera in modern politics. For its opponents it is a distinct political ideology that emphasizes the blending of military power with Wilsonian idealism, yet for its supporters it is more of a 'persuasion' that individuals of many types drift into and out of. Regardless of which is more correct, it is now widely accepted that the neo-conservative impulse has been visible in modern American foreign policy and that it has left a distinct impact". Neoconservatives claim the "conviction that communism was a monstrous evil and a potent danger". After 1996, many self-identified "neocons" endorsed ending the welfare state "as we know it," but did not advocate for its removal. The Project for a New American Century (see below) and its petitions to the Clinton Administration proved instrumental in prompting Operation Desert Fox, although the Clinton Doctrine's concluding iteration of what became a National Security Strategy proved pivotal as well. The "social welfare" associated with neoconservative ideas has been critiqued as a revival of social imperialism, particularly in the contexts of overseas assets, security interests, oil, oil technologies, and the doctrine of preemption. Disputes over the non-aggression principle in domestic and foreign policy, especially given the doctrine of preemption (related to, but distinct from, deterrence), impede and facilitate studies of the impact of libertarian precepts on neo-conservatism. In a similar vein, disparate neoconservative conceptions of "social welfare" in foreign policy, or lack thereof, collided during the prolonged deployment in Iraq. This factionalism engulfed U.S. and world print cultures, most notably in a series of articles by Francis Fukuyama and unitary executive theory statements by litigators such as John Yoo. Statements by Wolfowitz and additional members of the George W. Bush Administration revealed persistent disagreements as well. In 2004, for instance, Colin Powell announced in the January–February Foreign Affairs that "pundits claim that U.S. foreign policy is too focused on unilateral preemption. But George W. Bush's vision---enshrined in his 2002 National Security Strategy---is far broader and deeper than that. The president has promoted bold and effective policies to combat terrorism, intervened decisively to prevent regional conflicts, and embraced other major powers such as Russia, China, and India. Above all, he has committed the United States to a strategy of partnerships, which affirms the vital role of international alliances while advancing American interests and principles." Powell reiterated that pundits "exaggerated the centrality of preemption in U.S. strategy...the breadth of U.S. strategy transcends the war on terrorism." Powell resigned as Secretary of State later that year. After 2008, he publicly endorsed Democratic Party candidates---Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden---for President of the United States. He also supported federal review of "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, confessing that "attitudes and circumstances have changed" since his previous opposition to "gays in the military." Powell never protested his name listed among "allies" of same-sex marriage until his death, yet he stopped short at explicit endorsement of the repeal process for "Don't ask, don't tell." Neoconservatism first developed during the late 1960s as an effort to oppose the radical cultural changes occurring within the United States. Irving Kristol wrote: "If there is any one thing that neoconservatives are unanimous about, it is their dislike of the counterculture". Norman Podhoretz agreed: "Revulsion against the counterculture accounted for more converts to neoconservatism than any other single factor". Neoconservatives began to emphasize foreign issues during the mid-1970s. In 1979, an early study by liberal Peter Steinfels concentrated on the ideas of Irving Kristol, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Daniel Bell. He noted that the stress on foreign affairs "emerged after the New Left and the counterculture had dissolved as convincing foils for neoconservatism ... The essential source of their anxiety is not military or geopolitical or to be found overseas at all; it is domestic and cultural and ideological". Neoconservative foreign policy is a descendant of so-called Wilsonian idealism. Neoconservatives endorse democracy promotion by the U.S. and other democracies, based on the claim that they think that human rights belong to everyone. They criticized the United Nations and détente with the Soviet Union. On domestic policy, they endorse reductions in the welfare state, like European and Canadian conservatives. According to Norman Podhoretz, "'the neo-conservatives dissociated themselves from the wholesale opposition to the welfare state which had marked American conservatism since the days of the New Deal' and ... while neoconservatives supported 'setting certain limits' to the welfare state, those limits did not involve 'issues of principle, such as the legitimate size and role of the central government in the American constitutional order' but were to be 'determined by practical considerations'". In April 2006, Robert Kagan wrote in The Washington Post that Russia and China may be the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": In July 2008, Joe Klein wrote in Time that today's neoconservatives are more interested in confronting enemies than in cultivating friends. He questioned the sincerity of neoconservative interest in exporting democracy and freedom, saying: "Neoconservatism in foreign policy is best described as unilateral bellicosity cloaked in the utopian rhetoric of freedom and democracy" as well as social welfare policy. In February 2009, Andrew Sullivan wrote he no longer took neoconservatism seriously because its basic tenet was defense of Israel: Views on economics While neoconservatism is concerned primarily with foreign policy, there is also some discussion of internal economic policies. Neoconservatism generally endorses free markets and capitalism, favoring supply-side economics, but it has several disagreements with classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism. Irving Kristol states that neocons are more relaxed about budget deficits and tend to reject the Hayekian notion that the growth of government influence on society and public welfare is "the road to serfdom". Indeed, to safeguard democracy, government intervention and budget deficits may sometimes be necessary, Kristol argues. After the so-called "reconciliation with capitalism," self-identified "neoconservatives" frequently favored a reduced welfare state, but not its elimination. Neoconservative ideology stresses that while free markets do provide material goods in an efficient way, they lack the moral guidance human beings need to fulfill their needs. They say that morality can be found only in tradition and that markets do pose questions that cannot be solved solely by economics, arguing: "So, as the economy only makes up part of our lives, it must not be allowed to take over and entirely dictate to our society". Critics consider neoconservatism a bellicose and "heroic" ideology opposed to "mercantile" and "bourgeois" virtues and therefore "a variant of anti-economic thought". Political scientist Zeev Sternhell states: "Neoconservatism has succeeded in convincing the great majority of Americans that the main questions that concern a society are not economic, and that social questions are really moral questions". Friction with other conservatives Many conservatives oppose neoconservative policies and have critical views on it. Disputes over the non-aggression principle in domestic and foreign policy, especially given the doctrine of preemption, can impede (and facilitate) studies of the impact of libertarian precepts on neo-conservatism, but that of course didn't, and still doesn't, stop pundits from publishing appraisals. For example, Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke (a libertarian based at Cato), in their 2004 book on neoconservatism, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, characterized the neoconservatives at that time as uniting around three common themes: Responding to a question about neoconservatives in 2004, William F. Buckley Jr. said: "I think those I know, which is most of them, are bright, informed and idealistic, but that they simply overrate the reach of U.S. power and influence". Friction with paleoconservatism Starting during the 1980s, disputes concerning Israel and public policy contributed to a conflict with paleoconservatives. Pat Buchanan terms neoconservatism "a globalist, interventionist, open borders ideology". Paul Gottfried has written that the neocons' call for "permanent revolution" exists independently of their beliefs about Israel, characterizing the neoconservatives as "ranters out of a Dostoyevskian novel, who are out to practice permanent revolution courtesy of the U.S. government" and questioning how anyone could mistake them for conservatives. What make neocons most dangerous are not their isolated ghetto hang-ups, like hating Germans and Southern whites and calling everyone and his cousin an anti-Semite, but the leftist revolutionary fury they express.He has also argued that domestic equality and the exportability of democracy are points of contention between them. Paul Craig Roberts, United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy during the Reagan administration and associated with paleoconservatism stated in 2003 that "there is nothing conservative about neoconservatives. Neocons hide behind 'conservative' but they are in fact Jacobins. Jacobins were the 18th century French revolutionaries whose intention to remake Europe in revolutionary France's image launched the Napoleonic Wars". Trotskyism allegation Critics have argued that since the founders of neo-conservatism included ex-Trotskyists, Trotskyist traits continue to characterize neo-conservative ideologies and practices. During the Reagan administration, the charge was made that the foreign policy of the Reagan administration was being managed by ex Trotskyists. This claim was cited by , who was a neoconservative and former Trotskyist himself. This "Trotskyist" charge was repeated and widened by journalist Michael Lind during 2003 to assert a takeover of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration by former Trotskyists; Lind's "amalgamation of the defense intellectuals with the traditions and theories of 'the largely Jewish-American Trotskyist movement' [in Lind's words]" was criticized during 2003 by University of Michigan professor Alan M. Wald, who had discussed Trotskyism in his history of "the New York intellectuals". The charge that neoconservativism is related to Leninism has also been made by Francis Fukuyama. He argued that both believe in the "existence of a long-term process of social evolution", though neoconservatives seek to establish liberal democracy instead of communism. He wrote that neoconservatives "believed that history can be pushed along with the right application of power and will. Leninism was a tragedy in its Bolshevik version, and it has returned as farce when practiced by the United States. Neoconservatism, as both a political symbol and a body of thought, has evolved into something I can no longer support". However, these comparisons ignore anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist positions central to Leninism, which run contradictory to core neoconservative beliefs. Criticism Critics of neoconservatism take issue with neoconservatives' support for interventionistic foreign policy. Critics from the left take issue with what they characterize as unilateralism and lack of concern with international consensus through organizations such as the United Nations. Critics from both the left and right have assailed neoconservatives for the role Israel plays in their policies on the Middle East. Neoconservatives respond by describing their shared opinion as a belief that national security is best attained by actively promoting freedom and democracy abroad as in the democratic peace theory through the endorsement of democracy, foreign aid and in certain cases military intervention. This is different from the traditional conservative tendency to endorse friendly regimes in matters of trade and anti-communism even at the expense of undermining existing democratic systems. Republican Congressman Ron Paul has been a longtime critic of neoconservativism as an attack on freedom and the Constitution, including an extensive speech on the House floor addressing neoconservative beginnings and how neoconservatism is neither new nor conservative. In a column named "Years of Shame" commemorating the tenth anniversary of 9/11 attacks, Paul Krugman criticized the neoconservatives for causing a war unrelated to 9/11 attacks and fought for wrong reasons. Imperialism and secrecy John McGowan, professor of humanities at the University of North Carolina, states after an extensive review of neoconservative literature and theory that neoconservatives are attempting to build an American Empire, seen as successor to the British Empire, its goal being to perpetuate a "Pax Americana". As imperialism is largely considered unacceptable by the American media, neoconservatives do not articulate their ideas and goals in a frank manner in public discourse. McGowan states: Notable people associated with neoconservatism The list includes public people identified as personally neoconservative at an important time or a high official with numerous neoconservative advisers, such as George W. Bush and Dick Cheney. Politicians George W. Bush – 43rd U.S. President, 46th U.S. Governor of Texas Jeb Bush – 43rd U.S. Governor of Florida, 2016 Republican presidential candidate Dick Cheney – 46th U.S. Vice President, former White House Chief of Staff, former U.S. Representative from Wyoming, former U.S. Secretary of Defense - described as a practitioner of neoconservative foreign policy or allied with neoconservatives but not one himself, and without a historical background in the ideological neoconservative movement Liz Cheney – U.S. Representative for Wyoming's at-large district. Chris Christie – 56th Governor of New Jersey, former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey, 2016 Republican presidential candidate; though he rejects the term Tom Cotton – U.S. Senator from Arkansas, former U.S. Representative from Arkansas Lindsey Graham – U.S. Senator from South Carolina, former United States Air Force Colonel, former U.S. Representative from South Carolina, 2016 Republican presidential candidate John McCain – former U.S. Representative & U.S. Senator from Arizona, 2000 Republican presidential candidate, 2008 Republican presidential nominee Mitch McConnell – U.S. Senator from Kentucky, Senate Minority Leader, former Senate Majority Whip, former Senate Majority Leader Mike Pompeo – former U.S. Representative for Kansas’s 4th district, 6th Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, 70th U.S. Secretary of State. Marco Rubio – U.S. Senator from Florida, 2016 Republican presidential candidate Condoleezza Rice — U.S. Secretary of State (2005 - 2009) Nikki Haley — U.S. Ambassador to UN (2017 - 2019) Mike Turner - U.S. representative for since 2003 Michael McCaul - U.S. representative for since 2005 Government officials Elliot Abrams – foreign policy adviser Kenneth Adelman – former Director of Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Richard Armitage – former United States Deputy Secretary of State William Bennett – former chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, former Director of the National Drug Control Policy and former U.S. Secretary of Education John R. Bolton – former Ambassador to the United Nations, and former National Security Advisor; though he rejects the term Eliot A. Cohen – former State Department Counselor, now Robert E. Osgood Professor of Strategic Studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University Douglas J. Feith – former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Frank Gaffney – former Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, founder and president of the Center for Security Policy Jeane Kirkpatrick – former Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan Bill Kristol – former Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, co-founder and former editor of The Weekly Standard, professor of political philosophy and American politics and political adviser Scooter Libby – former Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States Richard Perle – former Assistant Secretary of Defense and lobbyist Paul Wolfowitz – former State and Defense Department official R. James Woolsey Jr. – former Undersecretary of the Navy, former Director of Central Intelligence, green energy lobbyist Academics Nathan Glazer – Professor of sociology at UC Berkeley and Harvard, columnist and author. Donald Kagan – Sterling Professor of Classics and History at Yale University. Andrew Roberts – Professor of History at King's College in London. Leo Strauss - Professor of political science and classicist at the University of Chicago. Public figures Fred Barnes – co-founder and former executive editor of The Weekly Standard Max Boot – author, consultant, editorialist, lecturer, and military historian; though wishes to retire label Arthur Brooks – president of the American Enterprise Institute David Brooks – Columnist Midge Decter – journalist, author David Frum – journalist, Republican speechwriter and columnist Reuel Marc Gerecht – writer, political analyst and senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Bruce P. Jackson – activist, former U.S. military intelligence officer Frederick Kagan – historian, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Robert Kagan – senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, scholar of U.S. foreign policy, founder of the Yale Political Monthly, adviser to Republican political campaigns and one of 25 members of an advisory board to Hillary Clinton at the State Department (Kagan calls himself a "liberal interventionist" rather than "neoconservative") Charles Krauthammer – Pulitzer Prize winner, columnist and psychiatrist Irving Kristol – publisher, journalist, columnist and former Marxist Eli Lake – journalist and columnist Michael Ledeen – historian, foreign policy analyst, scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Clifford May – founder and president of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Joshua Muravchik – resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Douglas Murray – British writer, journalist and political commentator Daniel Pipes (former neoconservative) – historian, writer and political commentator Danielle Pletka – American Enterprise Institute vice president John Podhoretz – editor-at-large of Commentary, presidential speech writer and author Norman Podhoretz – editor-in-chief of Commentary Yuval Levin-founding editor of National Affairs (2009–present) and director of Social, Cultural, and Constitutional Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. Tom Rogan – journalist and political analyst Michael Rubin – resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Gary Schmitt – resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Ben Shapiro – political commentator, public speaker, author, lawyer, founder and editor emeritus of The Daily Wire. Bret Stephens – journalist and columnist for The New York Times Irwin Stelzer – economist and writer George Will – writer for The Washington Post Related publications and institutions Institutions American Enterprise Institute Foundation for Defense of Democracies Henry Jackson Society Hudson Institute Project for the New American Century Publications Commentary The Public Interest (out of circulation) The Washington Free Beacon The Weekly Standard (out of circulation) The Bulwark See also British neoconservatism Democratic peace theory Factions in the Republican Party (United States) Globalization Intellectual dark web Interventionism (politics) Liberal hawk Liberal internationalism Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism Neoconservatism in Japan Neoconservatism in the Czech Republic New Conservatism (China) Neoliberalism Neo-libertarianism New Right in the United States Paleoconservatism Project for a New American Century Tory socialism Trotskyism Notes References Albanese, Matteo. The Concept of War in Neoconservative Thinking, IPOC, Milan, 2012. Translated by Nicolas Lewkowicz. Buchanan, Patrick J.. "Whose War", The American Conservative, 24 March 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Bush, George W., Gerhard Schroeder, et al., "Transcript: Bush, Schroeder Roundtable With German Professionals", The Washington Post, 23 February 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Critchlow, Donald T. The conservative ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history (2nd ed., 2011) Dean, John. Worse Than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush, Little, Brown, 2004. (hardback). Critical account of neo-conservatism in the administration of George W. Bush. Frum, David. "Unpatriotic Conservatives", National Review, 7 April 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Gerson, Mark, ed. The Essential Neo-Conservative Reader, Perseus, 1997. (paperback), (hardback). Gerson, Mark. "Norman's Conquest: A Commentary on the Podhoretz Legacy", Policy Review, Fall 1995, Number 74. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Gray, John. Black Mass, Allen Lane, 2007. . Hanson, Jim The Decline of the American Empire, Praeger, 1993. . Halper, Stefan and Jonathan Clarke. America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, Cambridge University Press, 2004. . Kagan, Robert, et al., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy. Encounter Books, 2000. . Kristol, Irving. Neo-Conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea: Selected Essays 1949-1995, New York: The Free Press, 1995. (10). (13). (Hardcover ed.) Reprinted as Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, New York: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. (10). (Paperback ed.) Kristol, Irving. "What Is a Neoconservative?", Newsweek, 19 January 1976. Lara Amat y León, Joan y Antón Mellón, Joan, "Las persuasiones neoconservadoras: F. Fukuyama, S. P. Huntington, W. Kristol y R. Kagan", en Máiz, Ramón (comp.), Teorías políticas contemporáneas, (2ªed.rev. y ampl.) Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2009. . Ficha del libro Lara Amat y León, Joan, "Cosmopolitismo y anticosmoplitismo en el neoconservadurismo: Fukuyama y Huntington", en Nuñez, Paloma y Espinosa, Javier (eds.), Filosofía y política en el siglo XXI. Europa y el nuevo orden cosmopolita, Akal, Madrid, 2009. . Ficha del libro Lasn, Kalle. "Why won't anyone say they are Jewish?", Adbusters, March/April 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Lewkowicz, Nicolas. "Neoconservatism and the Propagation of Democracy", Democracy Chronicles, 11 February 2013. Mann, James. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet, Viking, 2004. (cloth). Mascolo, Georg. "A Leaderless, Directionless Superpower: interview with Ex-Powell aide Wilkerson" , Spiegel Online, 6 December 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Muravchik, Joshua. "Renegades", Commentary, 1 October 2002. Bibliographical information is available online, the article itself is not. Muravchik, Joshua. "The Neoconservative Cabal", Commentary, September 2003. Bibliographical information is available online, the article itself is not. Prueher, Joseph. U.S. apology to China over spy plane incident, 11 April 2001. Reproduced on sinomania.com. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Podoretz, Norman. The Norman Podhoretz Reader. New York: Free Press, 2004. . Roucaute Yves. Le Neoconservatisme est un humanisme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.. Roucaute Yves. La Puissance de la Liberté. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004.. Ruppert, Michael C.. Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil, New Society, 2004. . Ryn, Claes G., America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire, Transaction, 2003. (cloth). Stelzer, Irwin, ed. Neoconservatism, Atlantic Books, 2004. Smith, Grant F. Deadly Dogma: How Neoconservatives Broke the Law to Deceive America. . Solarz, Stephen, et al. "Open Letter to the President", 19 February 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Strauss, Leo. Natural Right and History, University of Chicago Press, 1999. . Strauss, Leo. The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, University of Chicago Press, 1989. . Tolson, Jay. "The New American Empire?", U.S. News and World Report, 13 January 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006. Wilson, Joseph. The Politics of Truth. Carroll & Graf, 2004. . Woodward, Bob. Plan of Attack, Simon and Schuster, 2004. . Further reading Arin, Kubilay Yado: Think Tanks: The Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013. Balint, Benjamin V. Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (2010). Dorrien, Gary. The Neoconservative Mind. , n attack from the Left. Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945 – 1994, Yale University Press, 2005, . Eisendrath, Craig R. and Melvin A. Goodman. Bush League Diplomacy: How the Neoconservatives are Putting The World at Risk (Prometheus Books, 2004), . Franczak, Michael. 2019. "Losing the Battle, Winning the War: Neoconservatives versus the New International Economic Order, 1974–82."Diplomatic History Friedman, Murray. The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2006. . Grandin, Greg."Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism." Metropolitan Books Henry Holt & Company, 2006.. Heilbrunn, Jacob. They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons, Doubleday (2008) . Heilbrunn, Jacob. "5 Myths About Those Nefarious Neocons", The Washington Post, 10 February 2008. Kristol, Irving. "The Neoconservative Persuasion". Lind, Michael. "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington", Salon, 9 April 2003. MacDonald, Kevin. "The Neoconservative Mind", review of They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons by Jacob Heilbrunn. Vaïsse, Justin. Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Harvard U.P. 2010), translated from the French. McClelland, Mark, The unbridling of virtue: neoconservatism between the Cold War and the Iraq War. Shavit, Ari, "White Man's Burden", Haaretz, 3 April 2003. Singh, Robert. "Neoconservatism in the age of Obama." in Inderjeet Parmar, ed., Obama and the World (Routledge, 2014). 51–62. online Identity "Neocon 101: What do neoconservatives believe?", Christian Science Monitor, 2003 Rose, David, "Neo Culpa", Vanity Fair, 2006 Steigerwald, Bill. "So, what is a 'Neocon'?". Lind, Michael, "A Tragedy of Errors". Critiques Fukuyama, Francis. "After Neoconservatism", The New York Times, 2006. Thompson, Bradley C. (with Yaron Brook). Neoconservatism. An Obituary for an Idea. Boulder/London: Paradigm Publishers, 2010. . External links Adam Curtis, The Power of Nightmares, BBC. Archive. "Why Neoconservatism Still Matters" by Justin Vaïsse. "Neoconservativism in a Nutshell" by Jim Lobe. Neoconservatism Neoconservatism History of United States expansionism Neoconservatism Political ideologies	[ -0.050321243703365326, -0.0026409532874822617, -0.2786824703216553, 0.26464563608169556, -0.4202192425727844, 0.3343072533607483, 0.3923451006412506, 0.5056921243667603, 0.15422885119915009, 0.050312068313360214, -0.3104085326194763, 0.5574331283569336, -0.5427113175392151, 1.0364667177200317, -0.23111644387245178, 0.3463974893093109, 0.16804078221321106, 0.031677961349487305, -0.2158309668302536, 0.19494549930095673, -0.6933273077011108, -0.1749076098203659, 0.5702826976776123, -0.2843630313873291, 0.004941530525684357, -0.4285585284233093, 0.6830892562866211, -0.738226056098938, -0.27243736386299133, 0.317482054233551, 0.22319643199443817, 0.4004596173763275, -0.19746671617031097, -0.05268331617116928, 0.011419286020100117, 0.46409398317337036, 0.16954675316810608, 0.19434140622615814, 0.19137293100357056, -0.16320832073688507, 0.4820781648159027, -0.31266769766807556, 0.8452763557434082, 0.19408069550991058, -0.06071779131889343, -0.06185232102870941, -1.662591576576233, 0.6242496967315674, -0.8708447813987732, -0.6449935436248779, -0.27534663677215576, 0.25145235657691956, 0.40601229667663574, 0.40900665521621704, -0.25160348415374756, 0.6341248750686646, -1.0379599332809448, -0.4962702989578247, -0.006907535716891289, -0.8985707759857178, -0.12694455683231354, 0.5392504930496216, 0.029513714835047722, -0.11440224945545197, 0.1349603831768036, 0.2862382233142853, -0.515324056148529, 0.5319547653198242, -0.687313973903656, -0.9680630564689636, -0.6003162264823914, -0.6971673369407654, 0.27929219603538513, 0.21534426510334015, 0.06677616387605667, -0.27924421429634094, 0.3199780583381653, 0.478667676448822, -0.12963393330574036, -0.3293376863002777, -0.1682007759809494, 0.5297113060951233, 0.6080795526504517, 0.0712333619594574, 0.4350723326206207, -0.40280425548553467, 0.5450718402862549, 0.5625402331352234, -0.15938027203083038, 0.5948684215545654, -0.021654320880770683, 0.14272356033325195, 1.0982862710952759, 0.42867130041122437, -0.026677018031477928, -0.24106217920780182, 1.2663642168045044, -0.06456781923770905, -0.32054534554481506, 0.09445647895336151, 0.04501521587371826, 0.012829681858420372, 0.6365994811058044, -0.3751166760921478, -0.19647224247455597, -0.09864763170480728, 0.144254669547081, -0.6034611463546753, 0.06044834479689598, -0.2935042381286621, -0.5389362573623657, 0.9360558986663818, -0.142577663064003, 0.5916431546211243, -0.17514321208000183, 0.1028480976819992, -0.1973324418067932, -0.8528594374656677, 0.14665862917900085, 0.2232614904642105, 0.1328839361667633, 0.8438014984130859, -1.0416855812072754, -0.14444680511951447, -0.07155251502990723, 0.1336725801229477, 0.4972727298736572, 0.47151657938957214, -1.0621421337127686, 0.20519578456878662, 0.6797813177108765, 0.7455354928970337, -0.3524205982685089, -0.37512287497520447, -0.07556691765785217, 0.050546564161777496, 1.4980320930480957, -0.5453566908836365, 0.6708452701568604, 0.502323567867279, -0.22029125690460205, -0.7720851302146912, -0.390175461769104, -0.36573147773742676, 0.9383770227432251, -0.4327157437801361, 0.8789565563201904, -0.03640617057681084, -0.3184283673763275, -0.3593542277812958, 0.34615135192871094, -0.5391508936882019, 0.25095799565315247, 0.22812290489673615, 0.21721673011779785, -0.19665192067623138, 0.5285033583641052, -0.392720490694046, 0.5732657313346863, 0.41053086519241333, 0.12945739924907684, -0.7110719680786133, -0.12013834714889526, 0.12094265222549438, 0.24975796043872833, -0.3755478858947754, -0.16287736594676971, 0.6718612313270569, 0.09510869532823563, 0.5586726069450378, -0.5032469034194946, 0.29603877663612366, 0.4853246808052063, -0.02452833391726017, 0.5131789445877075, 0.522612988948822, 0.6356689929962158, 0.40871885418891907, 0.14353273808956146, 0.19919531047344208, -0.9356628656387329, 0.5094448328018188, 0.07797736674547195, 0.0451408214867115, -0.08386732637882233, -0.2790505290031433, 0.31846410036087036, -0.47371554374694824, 0.2452748864889145, 0.012214956805109978, -0.42514094710350037, -0.47739022970199585, 0.12011357396841049, -0.7761727571487427, 1.3046984672546387, 0.06438552588224411, -0.5294714570045471, 1.067733645439148, -0.4024517834186554, 0.2764897644519806, 0.051818668842315674, -0.6599518656730652, -0.03887375071644783, -0.028900008648633957, -0.4153873920440674, 0.10546912252902985, 0.27950766682624817, 0.4220353960990906, 0.40747180581092834, 0.19763295352458954, 0.32249170541763306, -0.4611516296863556, -0.33804288506507874, 0.32519030570983887, 0.08875873684883118, -0.1901485174894333, -0.10924690216779709, -0.08282819390296936, -0.4378419518470764, -0.06250601261854172, 0.028959736227989197, -0.4579276144504547, 0.04292263835668564, -0.03546486049890518, -0.0872463807463646, 0.42795872688293457, 0.5116826891899109, 0.093909852206707, 0.2056041806936264, -0.04513614997267723, 0.7936524748802185, 0.6886802315711975, 0.012550757266581059, -0.3784107565879822, -0.21759814023971558, 0.16452038288116455, 0.1346449851989746, -0.2932056486606598, -0.06685280054807663, -0.6425130367279053, -0.033076487481594086, -0.04767605662345886, -0.21632491052150726, 0.3310230076313019, -0.6692327260971069, -0.24540555477142334, -0.7093579173088074, 0.5246389508247375, -0.46711087226867676, 0.36587223410606384, 0.005734215024858713, 0.5306807160377502, 0.20715749263763428, -0.25483238697052, 0.06594643741846085, 0.33729860186576843, 0.017175091430544853, -0.006278283428400755, 0.3646409809589386, -0.38967788219451904, -0.4285942316055298, 0.22030338644981384, -0.15575763583183289, 0.20799769461154938, 0.22332406044006348, -0.46926429867744446, -0.2593538761138916, 0.11427004635334015, -0.06670112907886505, -0.06498654931783676, 0.16175857186317444, 0.005737030413001776, -0.41801440715789795, 0.732894241809845, -0.4970616102218628, -0.6633839011192322, -0.5642626285552979, 0.5216866135597229, -0.9991840720176697, -0.4831226170063019, -0.366528183221817, 0.7928211688995361, -0.06457419693470001, -0.4316006004810333, -0.40509772300720215, -0.06705602258443832, 0.34070539474487305, -0.2863875925540924, 0.46957364678382874, 0.3716772198677063, -0.08539275825023651, -0.2891385853290558, -0.2138901948928833, -0.6978024840354919, -0.03251976892352104, 0.4335651099681854, 0.08873946219682693, 0.42717382311820984, 0.026489291340112686, 0.4041813015937805, -0.3997882008552551, 0.19181667268276215, -0.5485895276069641, 0.19005534052848816, 0.692012369632721, -0.15141408145427704, -0.17009401321411133, -0.4195496737957001, -5.493834972381592, 0.47059160470962524, -0.17914706468582153, -0.31474190950393677, -0.044931598007678986, 0.3242480456829071, 0.28813835978507996, -0.2601875364780426, -0.6928291320800781, -0.18085908889770508, -0.2439509928226471, -0.11657977104187012, -0.07763607800006866, 0.6545240879058838, -0.1938035488128662, -0.08804280310869217, 0.3928286135196686, 0.14687037467956543, -0.27026188373565674, 0.027742162346839905, 0.4374169409275055, -0.08049069344997406, 0.23002006113529205, 1.0975444316864014, 0.7672430872917175, 0.3269921541213989, -0.2082439810037613, 0.49429208040237427, -0.5687898993492126, 0.1413455307483673, 0.25401926040649414, 0.16847239434719086, 0.3696939945220947, 0.0020434048492461443, 0.25471031665802, 0.2519034743309021, 0.5027273893356323, -0.06032241880893707, 0.07258515805006027, -0.32719069719314575, -0.2629183530807495, 0.4247600734233856, -0.3162738084793091, -0.02692538872361183, 0.4132569134235382, 0.11631971597671509, -0.06617788970470428, -0.13246208429336548, -0.25365957617759705, 0.18647761642932892, -0.2533820867538452, 0.2089458703994751, 0.5957678556442261, 0.41984274983406067, 0.19627904891967773, 0.16732986271381378, 0.4935854375362396, -0.7470182776451111, -0.7357617020606995, -0.03322426602244377, 0.16867923736572266, 0.5458920001983643, 0.017158731818199158, 0.02247917279601097, -0.04190210625529289, -0.9708917737007141, -0.5023742914199829, -0.2547662556171417, 0.4995972216129303, 0.3447500467300415, -0.42297375202178955, 0.5302537083625793, -0.3023759126663208, -0.9175095558166504, 0.13647688925266266, -0.36401838064193726, -0.15438631176948547, -0.2225218415260315, 0.22880125045776367, 0.7406865358352661, 0.18649162352085114, -0.008522934280335903, -0.4391731023788452, -0.07450684905052185, -0.1467045098543167, 0.05106287822127342, -0.14344093203544617, 0.25638699531555176, -0.8962029218673706, 0.41049596667289734, 0.07405171543359756, -0.26849380135536194, 0.3327946364879608, -0.33352068066596985, 0.5223815441131592, 0.7134706974029541, 0.3035759925842285, 0.022676236927509308, 0.552208423614502, 0.09291868656873703, -0.1324525773525238, -0.3918372392654419, -0.2302248775959015, -0.09961996972560883, 0.08712895214557648, -0.3604414761066437, 0.003910717088729143, 0.22744876146316528, 0.41162577271461487, -0.02479601837694645, 0.09059908986091614, 0.2643723785877228, 0.2654818892478943, -0.30067750811576843, -0.1143651008605957, 0.05718064308166504, -0.45998862385749817, -0.07601650804281235, 0.32542622089385986, 0.4795098900794983, 0.599533200263977, 0.16953624784946442, -0.8115553855895996, -0.37373265624046326, -0.69222491979599, -0.26748931407928467, -0.0913047194480896, 0.25196394324302673, -0.4200197160243988, 0.3846217393875122, 0.3245374262332916, -0.13702696561813354, -0.06398933380842209, -0.04130394011735916, 0.21969740092754364, -0.1324358731508255, -0.0917452946305275, -0.134195938706398, -0.2766621708869934, -0.4385128617286682, 0.25391900539398193, -0.23349304497241974, 0.026778358966112137, 0.2228708565235138, -0.13708002865314484, 0.24140551686286926, 0.05761975422501564, -0.1126009151339531, -0.10422421991825104, 0.5954245328903198, 0.33676108717918396, 0.15542465448379517, 0.4990696310997009, -0.6973316073417664, 0.15335547924041748, -0.23580347001552582, 0.21622487902641296, 0.02349121868610382, 0.11628099530935287, -0.8789968490600586, -0.13661207258701324, 0.04704209417104721, -0.9758952856063843, -0.32958728075027466, 0.35078418254852295, -0.38586145639419556, -0.0022842795588076115, -0.7888677716255188, -0.2152394950389862, 0.3035878837108612, 0.2978670001029968, 0.147151917219162, -0.05719537287950516, -0.049999382346868515, 0.20938551425933838, -0.42212608456611633, 0.06324697285890579, 0.04805226996541023, -0.2515202760696411, -0.877086341381073, 0.0895877406001091, -0.0557672344148159, -0.43814462423324585, 0.10232189297676086, 0.501650869846344, -1.0805690288543701, -0.5104030966758728, -0.126237690448761, -0.6042658090591431, 0.21111325919628143, 0.3409860134124756, 0.4011225700378418, 0.40883326530456543, 0.4650292694568634, -0.8816971778869629, -0.5496452450752258, -0.7864252924919128, 0.7810891270637512, -0.2606298327445984, -0.3879469931125641, 0.47268813848495483, 0.8032481074333191, -0.17790263891220093, 0.16245724260807037, 0.6237486004829407, -0.6895465850830078, 0.45371508598327637, -0.29847249388694763, -0.2505728006362915, 0.8138752579689026, -0.6387559175491333, -0.18516035377979279, -0.4269602596759796, 0.006105812266469002, -0.28948402404785156, 0.04950995743274689, 0.047976285219192505, -0.3864654004573822, -0.7386082410812378, -0.17495125532150269, 0.29312339425086975, 0.07304271310567856, -0.5232927799224854, -0.11702147871255875, -0.6271257996559143, 0.25898832082748413, -0.0655636265873909, -0.3877025544643402, 0.1595272421836853, -0.35859766602516174, -0.3731112778186798, -0.35519200563430786, 0.2587020695209503, 0.046636514365673065, 0.1117440015077591, 0.37824663519859314, 0.29164206981658936, 0.4871149957180023, -0.5032386183738708, -0.28815871477127075, -0.1244991198182106, 0.12794806063175201, 0.28676918148994446, -0.6010962724685669, -0.1273343712091446, 0.26806557178497314, 0.4440743923187256, -0.16919511556625366, -0.7484754920005798, 0.4737071394920349, -0.03552735224366188, -0.21201840043067932, -0.8497686386108398, -0.3991921842098236, 0.5851777195930481, -0.7258588671684265, -0.3133279085159302, -0.09822553396224976, 0.3992348909378052, -0.005957630928605795, 0.09857611358165741, -0.33795490860939026, -0.9111300110816956, 0.38505759835243225, 0.017238719388842583, -0.03625570982694626, 0.6802951693534851, -0.39812809228897095, -0.18934428691864014, -0.7087542414665222, 0.19497767090797424, 0.02393105998635292, 0.15534494817256927, 0.4216483533382416, -0.0005289664259180427, -0.35837000608444214, -0.07568098604679108, -0.5576574206352234, -0.33578455448150635, -0.3796229362487793, -0.5545209646224976, -0.3850415050983429, -0.11372692883014679, -0.6031558513641357, -0.16696444153785706, -1.2254302501678467, 0.7070705890655518, -0.3439341187477112, -0.9580607414245605, -0.6550305485725403, -0.4846511781215668, 0.04005007818341255, 0.5248295664787292, -0.02457384392619133, -0.5432992577552795, 0.19960466027259827, -0.25016433000564575, 0.04287082329392433, -0.6180749535560608, -0.6495453119277954, -0.430213987827301, 0.09954415261745453, -0.10429320484399796, -0.440889447927475, 0.259881854057312, -0.23393514752388, -0.0009729276644065976, 0.07298882305622101, -0.10324675589799881, 0.21195726096630096, 0.20454570651054382, -0.06670523434877396, 0.11365833878517151, 0.7826612591743469, -0.4605407416820526, 0.3605297803878784, 0.04728948697447777, -0.5037723183631897, 0.602671205997467, 0.6835553050041199, 0.3244924247264862, -0.026810597628355026, 0.570885956287384, -0.6288703680038452, 0.8733734488487244, 0.3848322331905365, -0.6402297616004944, 0.3419058918952942, 0.2732519209384918, 0.026055119931697845, 0.11010799556970596, 0.14656996726989746, -0.6307273507118225, 0.5349361896514893, -0.19617746770381927, -0.635911226272583, -0.15423151850700378, -0.5612351894378662, -0.17251254618167877, 0.29301267862319946, 0.5279944539070129, -0.17777560651302338, 0.14571639895439148, -0.07100046426057816, -0.08164134621620178, 0.25757524371147156, 0.20685753226280212, 0.14990416169166565, 0.18927960097789764, -0.0014410493895411491, 0.8841719627380371, 0.06897058337926865, -0.269966185092926, -0.8307085037231445, 0.9348776340484619, -0.899565577507019, 0.3947910964488983, -0.0202577356249094, -0.13588647544384003, -0.2483251392841339, 0.14233365654945374, -0.05700468644499779, 0.03199877589941025, -0.28172165155410767, 0.48314541578292847, 0.015356912277638912, 0.3158905506134033, -0.4616381824016571, -0.0633862316608429, 0.6023220419883728, 0.40931105613708496, -0.32579946517944336, 0.34486982226371765, 0.465534508228302, 0.3515647351741791, -0.007956752553582191, 0.666880190372467, 0.016711978241801262, 0.11686132103204727, 0.3417075574398041, -0.05023239552974701, 0.20754052698612213, 0.023646708577871323, 0.151078999042511, 0.259736031293869, -0.062007419764995575, 0.40189993381500244, 0.29306164383888245, -0.39950934052467346, 0.13094568252563477, -0.2567179501056671, -0.3228282928466797, -0.29247355461120605, 0.3645038902759552, 0.12432368099689484, 0.08052749931812286, -0.4053605794906616, 0.7129383087158203, 0.04090407118201256, 0.3701156675815582, -0.2432735115289688, 0.9661518335342407, -0.045024123042821884, 0.3772467374801636, -0.5521089434623718, -0.47569704055786133, -0.5023269057273865, -0.3914722800254822, -0.5249752402305603, 0.45180627703666687, -0.11668344587087631, -0.15424105525016785, 0.198739692568779, 0.524138867855072, -0.21665015816688538, -0.07436874508857727, 0.8229846954345703, -0.3007698953151703, -0.12081045657396317, -0.3279118239879608, 0.026461508125066757, -0.15251629054546356, -0.137274831533432, 0.3346668481826782, -0.6130884885787964, -0.11657396703958511, 0.6602147817611694, 0.07630161195993423, 0.062308963388204575, 0.25344622135162354, -0.31300362944602966, 0.07747498154640198, -0.3105356991291046, 0.2209380567073822, -0.4462655782699585, -0.21968775987625122, 0.6263045072555542, 0.2600061595439911, -0.09550532698631287, -0.3291478753089905, 0.05918058380484581, -0.35649293661117554, 0.13926780223846436, -0.11942066997289658, 0.1669391691684723, 0.31465891003608704, 0.34312519431114197, -0.043181926012039185, 0.2706824541091919, 0.39959976077079773, -0.0628235787153244, 0.17837019264698029, -0.1598699539899826, -0.233604297041893, 0.5767157673835754, -0.24117425084114075, 0.01661195605993271, -0.46331048011779785, 0.39988428354263306, 0.3463967740535736 ]
216537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Immigration%20and%20Customs%20Enforcement	U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement	The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from the cross-border crime and illegal immigration that threaten national security and public safety. The ICE mission is executed through the enforcement of more than 400 federal statutes and focuses on customs violations, immigration enforcement, preventing terrorism and combating the illegal movement of people and goods. ICE has two primary and distinct law enforcement components, namely, Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) and Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO); in addition to three supporting divisions: Management & Program Administration, Office of Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA) and Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR). ICE - Enforcement & Removal Operations (ERO), which primarily deals with the deportation & removal of undocumented non-citizens, is among the most public and contentious function of ICE. ERO maintains the custodial facilities used to detain people that are illegally present in the United States. In interior offices, ERO Officers primarily conduct targeted enforcement operations to apprehend undocumented non-citizens engaged in serious criminal activity. For example, in Fiscal Year 2020, 90% of those undocumented non-citizens apprehended by ERO had criminal convictions or pending charges at the time of their administrative arrest. This FY 2020 arrest statistic includes 1,800 homicide related offenses, 1,600 kidnappings, 3,800 robberies, 37,000 assaults, and 10,000 sex crimes. At border offices ERO Officers receive & detain illegal immigrants apprehended by Border Patrol. Illegal immigrants apprehended at the border have significantly lower levels of criminal history than those arrested by ERO in the interior of the United States. ICE maintains domestic offices throughout the United States and attachés at major U.S. diplomatic missions overseas. ICE personnel (Special Agents & Officers) do not patrol American borders; rather, that role is performed by the United States Border Patrol. ERO and HSI operate as two independent law enforcement agencies and have completely separate mission statements. HSI is focused on the disruption of transnational crime, where as ERO is responsible for the apprehension, detention and removal of illegal immigrants. The Acting Director is Tae Johnson. The agency has not had a Senate-confirmed director since Sarah Saldaña stepped down on January 20, 2017. History U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was formed under the Homeland Security Act of 2002, following the events of September 11, 2001. With the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, the functions and jurisdictions of several border and revenue enforcement agencies were combined and consolidated into U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security and the second largest contributor to the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force. The agencies that were either moved entirely or merged in part into ICE included the criminal investigative and intelligence resources of the United States Customs Service, the criminal investigative, detention and deportation resources of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the United States Border Patrol, and the Federal Protective Service. The Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate effective October 28, 2009. In 2003, Asa Hutchinson moved the Federal Air Marshals Service from the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to ICE, but Michael Chertoff moved them back to the TSA in 2005. The origins of HSI Special Agents date back to the formations of the United States Customs Service in 1789. The taxing of imports led to the creation of the Treasury Department and its sub-components (i.e. Division of Customs Chief). Later, the Industrial Revolution led to some of the first immigration related laws targeting forced labor, human trafficking and child exploitation. Organization U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for identifying and eliminating border, economic, transportation, and infrastructure security vulnerabilities. There is an estimate of about 20,000 ICE employees in approximately 400 offices within the United States and 53 countries. The organization is composed of two law enforcement directorates (HSI and ERO) and several support divisions each headed by a director who reports to an Executive Associate Director. The divisions of ICE provide investigation, interdiction and security services to the public and other law enforcement partners in the federal and local sectors. The Director of ICE is appointed at the sub-cabinet level by the President of the United States, confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Structure Director (until July 2010 the title had been "Assistant Secretary") - Tae Johnson Deputy Director - Matthew C. Allen Chief of Staff - Timothy Perry Enforcement and Removal Operations - Acting Executive Associate Director Corey A. Price Removal Division Secure Communities and Enforcement Division Immigration Health Services Division Mission Support Division Detention Management Division Local Field Offices Homeland Security Investigations - Acting Executive Associate Director Patrick J. Lechleitner Domestic Operations Division Intelligence Division International Operations Division Mission Support National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center National Security Investigations Division Management and Administration - Executive Associate Director Staci Barrera Office of Professional Responsibility - Associate Director Waldemar Rodriguez Office of the Principal Legal Advisor - Principal Advisor John D. Trasviña Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) HSI is the primary investigative arm of Department of Homeland Security and consists of more than 10,300 employees who are assigned to over 210 cities throughout the U.S. and 80 international offices in 53 countries across the world. Approximately 7,100+ Special Agents (Criminal Investigators) are included among the over 10,300 HSI employees, making it the second largest investigative service in the United States, behind the Federal Bureau of Investigation. HSI special agents investigate violations of more than 400 U.S. laws that threaten the national security of the United States such as counter-proliferation; counter-terrorism; human smuggling and trafficking; weapons smuggling and export enforcement; narcotics smuggling and trafficking; document and benefit fraud; the manufacturing, sale, and use of counterfeit immigration and identity documents; human rights violations; transnational gang activity; financial crimes, including money laundering and bulk cash smuggling; cyber crime; exploitation of children and sex tourism; trade crimes such as commercial fraud and intellectual property theft; smuggling of counterfeit pharmaceuticals and other merchandise; mass-marketing fraud; art theft; international cultural property and antiquities crimes; and visa security. HSI agents can be requested to provide security for VIPs, and also augment the U.S. Secret Service during overtaxed times such as special security events and elections. HSI was formerly known as the ICE Office of Investigations (OI). HSI special agents investigate the largest range of crimes and have the statutory authority to enforce the Immigration and Nationality Act (Title 8), U.S. customs laws (Title 19), general federal crimes (Title 18), the Controlled Substances Act (Title 21), as well as Titles 5, 6, 12, 22, 26, 28, 31, 46, 49, and 50 of the U.S. Code. The Special Agents of Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) are Series 1811 Criminal Investigators, analogous to agencies such as the FBI, DEA, ATF, Secret Service, US Postal Inspection Service. Domestic Operations-HSI The largest cadre of Special Agents are located within Domestic Operations. HSI is primarily a criminal investigative agency and consistently leads the feds in arrests. In FY 2020, HSI Special Agents made 31,915 criminal arrests, rescued or identified 1,012 child exploitation victims, and seized $341 million worth of counterfeit goods, 6,195 lbs of fentanyl and $1.8 billion in currency & assets from criminal organizations. HSI has played a key role in investigating and arresting citizens suspected of possessing and distributing child pornography. In April 2006, ICE's Cyber Crimes Center, Child Exploitation Section, initiated an investigation into criminal organizations that distributed child pornography. The project, dubbed Operation Flicker, found that there were a number of government employees, including "dozens of Pentagon staff and contractors with high-level security clearance," who had downloaded child pornography. Intelligence-HSI The Office of Intelligence is a subcomponent of HSI that employs a variety of special agents and Intelligence Research Specialists to facilitate HSI's tactical and strategic intelligence demands. Collectively, these intelligence professionals collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence for use by the operational elements of DHS. The Office of Intelligence works closely with the intelligence components of other federal, state, and local agencies. Many HSI field offices assign intelligence analysts to specific groups, such as financial crimes, counter-proliferation, narcotics, or document fraud; or they can be assigned to a residential intelligence unit, known as a Field Intelligence Group (FIG). HSI agents assigned to FIGs generally focus on Human Intelligence (HUMINT) collection. International Operations-HSI International Operations, formerly known as the Office of International Affairs (OIA), is a subcomponent of HSI with agents stationed in 60 locations around the world. HSI's foreign offices, known as Attaché Offices, work with foreign governments to identify and combat transnational criminal organizations before they threaten the United States. IO also facilitates domestic HSI investigations by providing intelligence from host countries, conducting collateral investigations, and facilitating international investigations conducted by field offices within the United States. Special Response Teams-HSI Seventeen HSI field offices maintain a Special Response Team (SRT) that operates as a federal SWAT element for the office's area of responsibility (AOR). SRT was founded under the U.S. Customs Service as the Warrant Entry and Tactical Team (WETT) and were renamed to SRT in 1998. The SRT handles HSI's high-risk arrest and search warrants, barricaded subjects, rural area operations, VIP protection, sniper coverage for high-risk operations, and security for National Security Events. HSI's active SRTs are located in Tampa, Miami, Arizona (Phoenix), New Orleans, Houston, New York, Boston, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Antonio, San Juan, Detroit, San Francisco, El Paso, Chicago, San Diego and Washington, D.C. There is also a team of instructors and coordinators stationed full-time in Columbus, Georgia. These teams primarily deploy to handle high-risk operations, but also assist in events such as Hurricane Katrina, the Haiti earthquake 2010, and other natural disasters around the globe. SRT is a collateral duty open to HSI special agents assigned to an office with a certified team. To qualify, candidates must pass a physical fitness test, qualify with multiple firearms by shooting 90% or better in full tactical gear, and pass an oral interview process. If a candidate passes these stages and is voted on the local team, they are then designated "Green Team" members and allowed to train with the certified team members. Green Team members are eventually sent to the SRT Initial Certification Course at the Office of Firearms and Tactical Programs, Tactical Operations Unit (OFTP/TOU) Fort Benning, Georgia, where they must pass additional physical fitness, firearms, scenario-based and written assessments. Out of approximately 7,100 special agents, there are currently only approximately 300 certified SRT members nationwide. HSI SRTs often conduct training exercises with various federal, state and local teams, and also assist other teams during national events or large-scale operations that require multiple high-risk scenarios to be conducted simultaneously. The working relationship between the SRTs and the U.S. Department of Defense's U.S. Special Operations Command has led to SOCOM providing the SRTs with excess Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles (MRAPs), firearms, and other gear designed for use by U.S. Special operations forces . Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) ERO is responsible for enforcing the nation's immigration laws and ensuring the departure of removable immigrants from the United States. ERO uses its detention and deportation officers to identify, arrest, and remove immigrants who violate U.S. immigration law. Deportation officers are responsible for the transportation and detention of immigrants in ICE custody to include the removal of immigrants to their country of origin. Deportation officers arrest immigrants for violations of U.S. immigration law, monitor cases during deportation proceedings, supervise released immigrants, and remove immigrants from the United States. Deportation officers operate strategically placed Fugitive Operations Teams whose function is to locate, apprehend, and remove immigrants who have absconded from immigration proceedings and remain in the United States with outstanding warrants for deportation. Due to limited staffing, ERO Fugitive Operations typically target illegal immigrants with a history of serious criminal convictions (i.e. homicide, sexual assaults, aggravated felonies). ERO Officers do not randomly target illegal immigrants for detention and civil arrest due to current case law and internal policies. ERO manages the Secure Communities program which identifies removable immigrants located in jails and prisons. Fingerprints submitted as part of the normal criminal arrest and booking process will automatically check both the Integrated Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) of the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) of the Department of Homeland Security's US-VISIT Program. ERO was formerly known as the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO). Other ICE Divisions The Office of State, Local and Tribal Coordination (OSLTC) is ICE's primary outreach and communications component for state, local and tribal stakeholders. It is responsible for building and improving relationships, and coordinating activities with state, local, territorial, and tribal law enforcement agencies and through public engagement. It also fosters and sustains relationships with federal, state and local government officials and coordinates ICE ACCESS programs (Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security). The Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA) provides legal advice, training and services to support the ICE mission and defends the interests of the United States in the administrative and federal courts. The Office of Professional Responsibility is responsible for investigating allegations of misconduct involving employees of ICE. ICE Air is the aviation division of ICE that charters aircraft or books commercial flights to send deportees back to their home countries. There are 10 aircraft used to send deportees and has a working list of 185 countries. Deportees have legs and arms secured while boarding, handcuffs are removed during flight and all shackles removed upon disembarking. ICE Health Service Corps (IHSC) is a division that is responsible for providing direct patient care to approximately 13,500 detainees housed in 21 detention facilities throughout the nation. Their stated mission is to provide the best care to those in ICE custody, practicing on the core values of Integrity, Commitment, Accountability, Service, and Excellence. The IHSC team is made up of around 1,000 members that consist of US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officers, healthcare professionals, and federal civil service workers. Former units The Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) was aligned into ICE shortly after the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. On October 16, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff officially approved the transfer of the Federal Air Marshal Service from the Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE) to the TSA as part of a broader departmental reorganization to align functions consistent with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) "Second Stage Review" findings for: consolidating and strengthening aviation law enforcement and security at the Federal level; creating a common approach to stakeholder outreach; and improving the coordination and efficiency of aviation security operations. As part of this realignment, the Director of the Federal Air Marshal Service also became the Assistant Administrator for the TSA Office of Law Enforcement (OLE), which houses nearly all TSA law enforcement services. The Federal Protective Service (FPS) was moved from the General Services Administration (GSA) to ICE upon the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The FPS was later moved out of ICE to the National Protection Programs Directorate. Originally a part of the U.S. Customs Service's Office of Investigations, the Office of Air and Marine (then called the Air and Marine Interdiction Division) was transferred to ICE in 2003 during the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, becoming the Office of Air and Marine Operations. Due in part to a 500 million dollar budgetary dispute between CBP and ICE, in 2004 ICE Air and Marine Operations was transferred to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. CBP Air and Marine still works closely with ICE to support the agency's domestic and international law enforcement operations. The Office of Detention Policy and Planning was responsible developing and maintaining ICE's National Detention Standards, which set out detailed rules for how immigration detainees were to be treated differently than criminal inmates. In April 2017, President Donald Trump decided to close the office and to stop including the standards in new jail contracts. Assistant Secretaries and Directors Training Newly hired ICE law enforcement personnel receive their training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia. FLETC is the largest law enforcement training facility in the United States. To meet division specific academic and practical instruction, the ICE academies vary in length from 4 to 6 months depending on the position. Furthermore, following graduation, all ICE law enforcement personnel undergo additional post academy training, as well as career-continuous training. HSI: HSI Special Agent trainees must complete the inter-agency Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) and the HSI Special Agent Training Course (HSI SAT). HSI special agents also receive significantly advanced training regarding U.S. customs law, warrant service, advanced tactics, undercover operations, criminal interrogation, weapons of mass destruction, and other subjects routinely encountered by HSI special agents in the field. HSI Special Agents typically complete CITP in conjunction with other agencies (i.e. Secret Service, Diplomatic Security Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, and various Office of Inspector Generals, etc.). However, the agency specific HSI SAT course is only attended by HSI trainees and focuses on customs & immigration related investigations. ERO: ERO Officer trainees must complete the basic 13-week ERO academy. ERO deportation officers undergo several weeks of intensive Spanish language training prior to graduating. Specific course curriculum is kept confidential, but both ERO Officers and HSI Special Agent new hires undergo training related to basic law enforcement tactics, immigration law, firearms training, emergency response driving, and Constitutional law. HSI Requests Separation from ICE - 2018 In 2018, a total of 19 HSI Special Agents in Charge or SAICs (who are the senior most officials in each investigative division) sent a letter to the DHS Secretary and asked to be formally separated from ICE. These 19 SAICs explained that HSI's investigative mission was repeatedly being hamstrung by ICE's civil immigration enforcement mission. It appeared HSI Special Agents were routinely being confused for ERO Officers both by the public and state/local law enforcement agencies. These Senior Leaders requested HSI be restructured as a stand-alone agency analogous to the Secret Service. It was also stated "No U.S. Department of Justice law enforcement agency is paired with another disparate entity, i.e., the FBI is not paired with the Bureau of Prisons or DEA." This letter was ultimately ignored by the Republican Administration and resulted in no institutional changes. Weapons and equipment Since the agency's formation, a variety of weapons have been carried by its Agents and Officers. Previously issued sidearms Initially when the agency was formed in 2003, the sidearms issued to its Agents and Officers were the weapons issued by the legacy agencies: the U.S. Customs Service and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. The USCS issued sidearm was the Glock 19 9mm pistol. The I&NS issued sidearm was the Heckler & Koch USP Compact .40 caliber pistol. Both pistols were loaded with hollow-point rounds. In 2009 the agency selected the SIG-Sauer P229 DAK (double action Kellerman) .40 caliber pistol as its agency issued sidearm loaded with hollow-point rounds. This weapon stayed in service from 2009 to 2020. Currently issued sidearms The agency's current duty sidearm, is the SIG Sauer P320C (C for Carry) pistol, chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum hollow-point rounds, utilizing a striker-fired mechanism in lieu of a double action only hammer system. The agency has a list of personally owned weapons that are authorized for duty and off duty carry. These weapons must be inspected and approved by the agency's firearms unit. The agent and/or officer must qualify with the weapon every three months. Other firearms and non-lethal weapons HSI Special Agents and ERO Officers are trained on standard shoulder fired weapons that include the M4 carbine, chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition and the 12-gauge Remington 870 shotgun. As non-lethal options, Special Agents and Officers are armed with the expandable metal baton and pepper spray. ICE in Hollywood ICE Special Agents and Officers have been depicted in a number of movies and documentaries. HSI Special Agents The Infiltrator (2016): Led by actor Bryan Cranston, this reflects the story of undercover Special Agent Robert Mazur and the risks he took to infiltrate violent drug cartels. He ultimately took down a bank that was laundering drug proceeds. The Punisher (2017 - Netflix): The lead female character portrays an HSI Special Agent. Human Trafficking (2005 - Lifetime Miniseries): Led by Mira Sorvino, this TV series highlights the role of HSI Special Agents in combating sex trafficking. The Crossing (2018): People from a war torn future start showing up in a small town, prompting HSI Special Agents to investigate. The Shield (2008): Actress Laurie Holden played a prominent recurring role in the final season of The Shield as Special Agent Olivia Murray. In the final episode, the main character (Vic Mackey) is forced to work for ICE as part of his immunity agreement. ERO Officers Immigration Nation (2020 - Netflix): Takes an unprecedented look into ICE Operations that target fugitives. Transnational gangs In February 2005, ICE began Operation Community Shield, a national law enforcement initiative that targets violent transnational street gangs through the use of ICE's broad law enforcement powers, including the unique and powerful authority to remove criminal immigrants, including illegal immigrants and legal permanent residents. Immigration law Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g) allows ICE to establish increased cooperation and communication with state, and local law enforcement agencies. Section 287(g) authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security to enter into agreements with state and local law enforcement agencies, permitting designated officers to perform immigration law enforcement functions, pursuant to a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), provided that the local law enforcement officers receive appropriate training and function under the supervision of sworn U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers. Under 287(g), ICE provides state and local law enforcement with the training and subsequent authorization to identify, process, and when appropriate, detain immigration offenders they encounter during their regular, daily law-enforcement activity. The enforcement of immigration laws was historically supported by both major political parties within the United States. In 1995, then President Clinton (Democrat) stated the following in his State of the Union address: "All Americans, not only in the states most heavily affected, but in every place in this country, are rightly disturbed by the large numbers of illegal aliens entering our country. The jobs they hold might otherwise be held by citizens or legal immigrants. The public service they use impose burdens on our taxpayers. That's why our administration has moved aggressively to secure our borders more by hiring a record number of new border guards, by deporting twice as many criminal aliens as ever before, by cracking down on illegal hiring, by barring welfare benefits to illegal aliens. In the budget I will present to you we will try to do more to speed the deportation of illegal aliens who are arrested for crimes, to better identify illegal aliens in the workplace as recommended by the commission headed by former Congresswoman Barbara Jordan." Similarly in the 1996 State of the Union, then President Clinton (Democrat) stated the following: "But there are some areas that the federal government should not leave and should address and address strongly. One of these areas is the problem of illegal immigration. After years of neglect, this administration has taken a strong stand to stiffen the protection of our borders. We are increasing border controls by 50 percent. We are increasing inspections to prevent the hiring of illegal immigrants. And tonight, I announce I will sign an executive order to deny federal contracts to businesses that hire illegal immigrants. Let me be very clear about this: We are still a nation of immigrants; we should be proud of it. We should honor every legal immigrant here, working hard to become a new citizen. But we are also a nation of laws." The 287(g) program is one of several ICE ACCESS (ICE "Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security") programs that increase collaboration between local law enforcement and immigration enforcement agents. Between 2009 and 2016, the Barack Obama administration oversaw the deporting of a record 2.4 million undocumented immigrants who had illegally entered the United States, earning him the nickname "Deporter-In-Chief" by Janet Murguía, the president of National Council of La Raza. According to ICE data, about 40% of those deported by ICE in 2015 had no criminal conviction, while a majority of those convicted were guilty of minor charges. However, this statistic is misleading, as the way in how deportations were counted was changed under the Bush administration and continued under the Obama administration. Before, people caught crossing the southern border were simply bused back and were not counted as deportations. However, with the change, these people were fingerprinted and added to the deportation tally, giving the Obama administration a record number of deportations. 2021 Border Crisis The U.S. Border Patrol apprehended more than 1.3 million illegal crossers in the first eight months of 2021; with a total of 1.6 million apprehensions in Fiscal Year 2021 (highest on record). This figure does not include a daily count of 1,000+ illegal migrants who successfully evade the Border Patrol. Many of these migrants are now coming from third party countries and filing asylum claims, which have log jammed DOJ administrative courts. For example, in FY 2014 there were 56,912 asylum claims, which jumped to 142,760 in FY 2017 and are now even higher. Most illegal immigrants are simply released into the United States after minimal processing and ordered to report for a future court date. The majority of these released migrants eventually abscond from the court system and few abide by their final orders of removal if the asylum claims are rejected. Colloquially referred to as the Border Crisis, this has become a significant problem to solve for presidential administrations. Cartel Ambush of HSI Special Agent Jaime Zapata In 2011, HSI Special Agents Jaime Zapata and Victor Avila, while working in Mexico to combat the flow of illicit narcotics, were ambushed by members of the Los Zetas drug cartel. SA Zapata was killed while SA Avila suffered life-threatening injuries. This was the first assassination of U.S. law enforcement agents since the infamous and gruesome murder of DEA Special Agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena. Several members of the drug cartel were extradited to the U.S. and charged for the murders, however, the applicable statute revealed a potential loopholes that made in inapplicable for violations committed outside the U.S. In November 2021, President Joe Biden signed the "Jaime Zapata & Victor Avila Federal Officers & Employees Protection Act," which helped extended this legal protection to all U.S. personnel working overseas. Kidnapping of HSI Special Agent In 2005, an undercover HSI Special Agent was kidnapped in Medellin by members of a Colombian Drug Cartel, who held him responsible for a buy/bust operation that resulted in the seizure of 217 Kilos of cocaine. The agent was moved to a "stash house" where he was assaulted and faced a "narco-trial." U.S. Embassy Officials eventually became aware of the kidnapping and notified senior officials within the Colombian government. The Colombian Drug Cartel members eventually obtained access to his hotel room safe and retrieved documents that revealed his true identity as a U.S. federal law enforcement officer. In order to avoid additional scrutiny from the Colombian Security Services, the drug cartel subsequently released the HSI Special Agent once they determined his true identity. The HSI agent eventually returned home safely and the subsequent investigation resulted in the extradition of several drug traffickers involved in the kidnapping. ERO Detention centers ICE ERO operates detention centers throughout the United States that detain illegal immigrants who are apprehended and placed into removal proceedings. About 34,000 people are held in immigration detention on any given day, in over 500 detention centers, jails, and prisons nationwide. Those detained are both illegal immigrants apprehended by ERO and other agencies such as Border Patrol. Due to the United States detention bed quota, mandated by Congress, that number will increase rather than decrease. The quota mandates at least 34,000 beds available for immigrants on any given day. Under the Trump administration, the number of people being detained on any given day has increased to 52,500. Corporate contracts Engineering and construction firm Kellogg, Brown and Root (KBR) released a press statement on January 24, 2006, that the company had been awarded a no-bid contingency contract from the Department of Homeland Security to support its ICE facilities in the event of an emergency. The maximum total value of the contract is $385 million and consists of a one-year base period with four one-year options. KBR held the previous ICE contract from 2000 through 2005. The contract provides for establishing temporary detention and processing capabilities to expand existing ICE Detention and Removal Operations Program facilities in the event of an emergency influx of immigrants into the U.S., or to support the rapid development of new programs. The contract may also provide migrant detention support to other government organizations in the event of an immigration emergency, the company said. Sexual Abuse Allegations The Intercept published a report by the DHS Office of Inspector General revealing that 1,224 sexual abuse complaints while in immigration custody were filed between January 2010 and June 2017. Contrary to ICE's claims, only 2% of these complaints were investigated. Forced sterilization Allegations In 2020, multiple human rights groups joined a whistleblower to accuse a private-owned U.S. immigration detention centre in Georgia of forcibly sterilizing women. The reports claimed a doctor conducted unauthorized medical procedures on women detained by ICE. The whistleblower, Dawn Wooten, was a nurse and former employee. She claims a high rate of sterilizations were performed on Spanish-speaking women and women who spoke various Indigenous languages common in Latin America. Wooten said the centre did not obtain proper consent for these surgeries, or lied to women about the medical procedures. More than 40 women submitted testimony in writing to document these abuses, one attorney said. Jerry Flores, a faculty member at the University of Toronto Mississauga said the alleged treatment of women constituted a violation of human rights and genocide according to the standards of the United Nations. Just Security of the New York University School of Law said the U.S. bore "international responsibility for the forced sterilization of women in ICE detention". In September 2020, Mexico demanded more information from US authorities on medical procedures performed on migrants in detention centers, after allegations that six Mexican women were sterilized without their consent. Another women said she had undergone a gynecological operation, although there was nothing in her detention file to support she agreed to the procedure. Allegations of Pork and expired meals to Muslim detainees In 2020, CNN reported that Muslim detainees at a federal immigration facility in Miami, Florida were repeatedly served pork or pork-based products against their religious beliefs, according to claims made by immigrant advocates. There are dozens of Muslim detainees at the facility for whom it is religiously forbidden to consume pork, civil rights groups said in a letter to ICE and federal oversight agencies. The Muslim detainees at the Krome detention facility in Miami were forced to accept pork because religiously compliant/halal meals that ICE served had been consistently rotten and expired. In one instance, the Chaplain at Krome's allegedly dismissed pleas from Muslim detainees for help, saying, "It is what it is." A letter by civil rights lawyers stated "Many have suffered illness, like stomach pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, as a result." An ICE spokesman said, "Any claim that ICE denies reasonable and equitable opportunity for persons to observe their religious dietary practices is false." Representatives of the facility, including the chaplain did not respond to requests for comment. Previously in 2019, a Pakistani-born man with a valid American work permit was reportedly given nothing but pork sandwiches for six consecutive days. Wrongful detention Allegations From 2012 to early 2018, ICE wrongfully arrested and detained 1,488 U.S. citizens, including many who spent months or years in immigration detention. A 2018 Los Angeles Times investigation found that ICE's reliance on incomplete and error-prone databases and lax investigations led to the erroneous detentions. From 2008 to 2018, ICE was sued for wrongful arrest by more than two dozen U.S. citizens, who had been detained for periods ranging from one day to over three years. Some of the wrongfully detained U.S. citizens had been arrested by ICE more than once. The inaccurate government data that ICE used had shown that both immigrants and U.S. citizens were both targets of being detained. In 2019, a U.S. citizen that was detained stated that he lost 26 pounds from the horrendous conditions that the detention center offered. Separation of illegal migrant children from families by ICE ERO As part of the 2018 Trump administration's zero tolerance policy, nearly 3,000 minors were separated from their parents, or the adults accompanying them, while trying to illegally cross the U.S.-Mexico border and placed in detention camps. Rolling Stone likened these centers to "prisons" while The Houston Chronicle reported that a movement swelled online to call them "concentration camps." Similarly, former First Lady of the United States Laura Bush compared the images of the centers to U.S. Japanese internment camps during the Second World War. 16 out of 34 of the centers located in Texas had previously been cited by Texas officials for more than 150 health violations. The former head of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, John Sandweg, was critical of child separation, telling NBC News, "You could easily end up in a situation where the gap between a parent's deportation and a child's deportation is years," and that many children might never see their parents again. Detained children have also been given up for adoption. In a series of court cases, foster families were successfully able to gain full custody of migrant children that they were housing without notifying their parents. Most notably, the agency Bethany Christian Services, an agency that facilitates the care of foster children in Michigan has been under fire for trying to promote the adoption of these migrant children instead of trying to reunite them with their families. In a previous Facebook post, they had waived the previous $550 international adoption application fee for the month of June. This had led to public outcry and protests have been held against this agency and their practices. This policy in particular has led to the Abolish ICE movement gaining traction in June 2018. Sanctuary cities Sanctuary cities are cities that limit their cooperation with ICE ERO, particularly in regards to illegal migrants arrested for state criminal violations (i.e. DUI, homicides, robberies, assaults, etc.). When an undocumented non-citizen is arrested by state or local police for criminal offenses, his or her information is placed into a federal database that ERO Officers can access. In a non-sanctuary city, ERO Officers can ask the police to hold the illegal immigrant accused of crimes until they (ERO) can pick them up. However, sanctuary cities believe this is unconstitutional and view being an illegal immigrant as not a crime but a civil violation. This aforementioned viewpoint is not supported by federal law as most cities continue to cooperate with ICE ERO to remove dangerous and violent illegal aliens from their jurisdiction. As such, the top officials of sanctuary cities prevent the police from holding an illegal immigrant for being undocumented by policy or ordinance. Notwithstanding, illegal immigrants in police custody have committed criminal violations unrelated to illegal immigration that landed them in jail. Consequently, illegal immigrants that have committed these additional crimes are released from jail and prisons into the general public. Sanctuary cities are one of the many focal points for the Trump administration's attempts to reform the country's immigration policies. In early 2017, President Trump issued an executive order to deny sanctuary cities federal grants if they did not comply with ICE. By November 2017, this order was struck down by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Despite this, the Trump administration continued to seek ways to challenge sanctuary cities, such as implementing a policy that preferentially awards policing grants that cooperate with ICE. The label or name "sanctuary city" is not one used by the cities involved, rather by critics of the cities. Murder of Newman Police Corporal Ronil Singh Ronil Singh (April 6, 1985 – December 26, 2018) was a Fijian-born American police officer who was shot and killed on the morning of December 26, 2018, in Newman, California, by a driver he had pulled over on suspicion of driving while drunk. Paulo Mendoza, a 31-year-old Mexican illegal immigrant, was arrested three days later. Prior to his arrest for the murder of Singh, Mendoza, who was affiliated with the Surenos street gang, was found guilty of multiple offenses for various state/local criminal offenses (i.e. DUI) and should have been eligible for deportation. However, due to California's "Sanctuary City" laws, Mendoza was not turned over to ICE ERO custody and later went on to commit Singh's murder. Murder of Officer Tara O'Sullivan In 2019, Adel Sambrano Ramos ambushed Officer Tara O'Sullivan with rifle fire. At the time, Officer O'Sullivan was helping a woman get her belongings after a dispute with Ramos. Ramos was an illegal immigrant who was previously jailed for local/state criminal violations but released due to California's "Sanctuary City" policies. Ramos was later arrested after a standoff. Shooting of Kate Steinle On July 1, 2015, 32-year-old Kathryn ("Kate") Steinle was shot and killed while walking with her father and a friend along Pier 14 in the Embarcadero district of San Francisco. She was hit in the back by a single bullet. The man who fired the gun, José Inez García Zárate, said he had found it moments before, wrapped in cloth beneath a bench on which he was sitting, and that when he picked it up the weapon went off. The shot ricocheted off the concrete deck of the pier and struck the victim, who was about 90 feet (27m) away. Steinle died two hours later in a hospital as a result of her injuries. García Zárate had been previously deported five times and benefited from "Sanctuary City" laws due to his release from jail a few months prior to the shooting. Murder of Two Sacramento County Sheriff Deputies Luis Enrique Monroy Bracamontes is a convicted murderer who killed police officers in Northern California. On 24 October 2014, Bracamontes opened fire on three Northern California sheriff's deputies, killing two and wounding the third while a civilian was also wounded in the shooting. Bracamontes is a citizen of Mexico and a convicted drug dealer who was in the United States illegally. Bracamontes was previously eligible for deportation but benefited from California's "Sanctuary City" laws. Attempted murder of Napa County Sheriff Deputy Riley Jarecki In early 2019, Napa County Deputy Sheriff Riley Jarecki approached Javier Hernandez Morales after she saw his car parked late at night on a remote stretch of road. As Deputy Jarecki came to his driver's side window, Morales pulled out a .22 caliber pistol and fired directly at Jarecki. Deputy Jarecki evaded the initial shot and responded with her own firearm, killing Morales. Morales was an illegal immigrant with a history of state/local criminal arrests and was not deported due to California's "Sanctuary City" laws. Protests Numerous protests have emerged across the nation in response to the Trump administration's ICE policies. Many of the protesters are occupying areas around ICE facilities in hopes of disrupting operations. The Occupy ICE movement began on June 17, 2018, outside Portland, Oregon. It initially began as a vigil for the people suffering from ICE policies but spontaneously grew into a larger movement as more people showed up. The movement ultimately spread into other major cities like Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Diego, and New York. As the movement grew, they faced counter protesters and arrests, but protesters remained undeterred and vowed to continue fighting the Trump administration's ICE policies. As Occupy ICE groups spread to different cities, there has also been a greater amount of coordination between them. Other grassroots protests have sprung up across the nation as well. On August 1, 2019, a month-long peaceful protest event was started outside the San Francisco ICE office, where protesters beat drums and demanded that family separation at the border be stopped. In addition to blocking ICE facilities, protesters are also protesting technology companies such as Microsoft for providing technology to aid ICE. One such instance of this was the sit in at the Microsoft store on 5th Avenue in NYC led by Close the Camps NYC on September 14, 2019. In the 2020 protests and riots in Portland, Oregon and other cities, ICE was attacked numerous times by protesters, costing Portland an estimated million in damage. See also Asylum shopping Dillingham Commission Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)—U.S. Department of State Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Air Marshal Service Federal Protective Service (U.S.) List of United States federal law enforcement agencies Operation Endgame Operation Front Line Operation Protect Our Children Operation Tangled Web Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Marshals Service U.S. Secret Service Jaime Zapata (U.S. agent) Comparable international agencies Australian Border Force Canada Border Services Agency Immigration Enforcement – a Home Office division in the United Kingdom Customs Surveillance Service – Spain (only customs enforcement; immigration issues are handled by the standard National Police and Guardia Civil) Frontex – European Union (Schengen Area) Federal Migration Service (FMS) – Russia References External links U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in the Federal Register U.S. Customs and Border Protection 2003 establishments in Washington, D.C. Government agencies established in 2003 History of immigration to the United States Immigration to the United States Organizations based in Washington, D.C. United States Department of Homeland Security agencies	[ 0.5595053434371948, 0.3865968883037567, -0.15079136192798615, 0.4385327100753784, 0.6376901865005493, -0.08473719656467438, 0.24536535143852234, 0.32267525792121887, -0.6105008125305176, -0.14549089968204498, -0.18509358167648315, 0.4021909832954407, -0.5408928394317627, 0.5079790949821472, -0.4158635437488556, 0.000298586004646495, 0.14778606593608856, 0.8987675309181213, 0.5504274964332581, -0.7382460236549377, 0.12435012310743332, -0.6742609143257141, 0.11875365674495697, -0.7786234617233276, 0.4277096092700958, -0.12880022823810577, -0.36560043692588806, -0.1201506108045578, -1.4061534404754639, 0.11598794907331467, 0.4055873155593872, 0.12445161491632462, -0.10941329598426819, 0.1298157423734665, -0.4239049553871155, 0.05223687365651131, -0.2244189828634262, -0.2753072679042816, 0.018717840313911438, -0.33262938261032104, -0.24260319769382477, 0.10866031795740128, -0.4415079951286316, -0.5032565593719482, 0.11950713396072388, -0.5686036944389343, -1.289588212966919, 0.4689827561378479, -0.5079578161239624, 0.23253527283668518, -0.204758882522583, 0.0835389718413353, -0.11930088698863983, 0.3641539216041565, 0.40380045771598816, 0.30467477440834045, -1.1939820051193237, -0.5502750873565674, -0.08361508697271347, -0.15617480874061584, 0.43367865681648254, 0.10033580660820007, 0.2683740556240082, 0.414733350276947, 1.0207780599594116, 0.06688693910837173, 0.6179443001747131, 0.03428306430578232, 0.072974793612957, -0.5225049257278442, 0.4162743389606476, 0.012633804231882095, 0.13509003818035126, -0.0028588396962732077, -0.33836638927459717, -0.2328692376613617, 0.17629827558994293, 0.10350162535905838, -0.6360325813293457, 0.34686312079429626, 0.08155566453933716, 0.28543439507484436, 0.5884903073310852, -0.5317705869674683, 0.0031922413036227226, -0.4783053994178772, -0.6831280589103699, 0.0534917414188385, 0.317898154258728, 0.7241610884666443, 0.2300386279821396, 0.7877889275550842, 0.30493399500846863, 0.14289240539073944, 0.1799994260072708, -0.16485798358917236, -0.2157040536403656, 0.005246292799711227, 0.17461420595645905, 0.6646316647529602, -0.30643025040626526, -0.04657363146543503, 0.7964147925376892, -0.04170790687203407, 0.08982988446950912, -0.26416218280792236, 0.016590047627687454, 0.16645723581314087, 0.02787991240620613, 0.13693244755268097, 0.14030113816261292, 0.309166818857193, -0.5363274812698364, 0.18216152489185333, -0.8496602177619934, 0.274809867143631, 0.8994873762130737, -0.5722358822822571, 0.1621469408273697, 0.1400929093360901, 0.3024737238883972, 0.2829504907131195, -0.11548711359500885, -0.4669745862483978, 0.13104909658432007, 0.10101055353879929, 0.6530745029449463, 0.17988717555999756, 0.1917380690574646, -0.2144240289926529, -0.27588537335395813, 1.0256986618041992, 0.014349672943353653, 0.4563450813293457, -0.2828270494937897, -0.6669424176216125, 0.25828373432159424, -0.400216281414032, 0.601148784160614, -0.08099382370710373, -0.6450629830360413, -0.46810340881347656, -0.6125885248184204, -0.314357191324234, -0.27795884013175964, -0.6150432825088501, -0.24924013018608093, -0.19879351556301117, -0.4534815847873688, 0.6096774339675903, 0.3193298876285553, 0.09251073747873306, -0.2975775897502899, 0.5179675221443176, -0.06934647262096405, -0.3365480899810791, 0.5913149118423462, 0.13700422644615173, -0.17414885759353638, -0.01374342292547226, -0.26923492550849915, -0.0038933753967285156, -0.35595250129699707, 0.14965826272964478, 0.12376651912927628, 0.1709737628698349, 0.12830214202404022, 0.3815467059612274, 0.036152493208646774, -0.11069142073392868, -0.5469380021095276, -0.409893274307251, 0.6585902571678162, -0.06557667255401611, 0.4092215597629547, 0.41703444719314575, 0.002549173543229699, 0.3613596260547638, 0.5434322953224182, 0.6302616596221924, -0.4837205708026886, 0.3429425358772278, -0.008539550937712193, -0.2933882772922516, -0.24447529017925262, 0.3067167401313782, 0.8693075776100159, 0.02581876516342163, -0.5362015962600708, -0.269584059715271, 0.3817307949066162, 0.15600229799747467, -0.05609928444027901, -0.6894922256469727, 0.49297937750816345, 0.42562204599380493, -0.04253271967172623, 0.8222060799598694, -0.4172259271144867, 0.6083194017410278, 0.16651305556297302, -0.31210553646087646, 1.1069207191467285, -0.33419549465179443, -0.7481581568717957, 0.7859847545623779, 0.29010438919067383, -0.07416153699159622, 0.642906904220581, 0.6204066276550293, 0.4906747341156006, -0.37536296248435974, -0.47539180517196655, 0.101129449903965, -0.0682012289762497, 0.4832955002784729, -0.5899385809898376, -0.38058987259864807, 0.4819125533103943, -0.46903038024902344, 0.5909176468849182, 0.0030926892068237066, 0.6742516160011292, 0.3075122535228729, -0.3475830554962158, 0.2639736533164978, -0.056800417602062225, 0.4574315845966339, -0.15103428065776825, -0.6289864182472229, 0.6597192287445068, -0.38210591673851013, 0.30873918533325195, -0.582623302936554, 0.0038972178008407354, 0.02899659238755703, 0.16167490184307098, -0.09820768237113953, 0.6108539700508118, -0.061701904982328415, -0.23755788803100586, -0.38566160202026367, -0.44539743661880493, 0.5775434374809265, 0.03789668157696724, 0.15825040638446808, 0.3863694369792938, -0.09718381613492966, 0.1923549622297287, -0.38102737069129944, 0.6915431022644043, -0.083775095641613, 0.01959865540266037, -0.8158090710639954, 0.4608440101146698, -0.30581071972846985, 0.4410592317581177, 0.034988079220056534, -0.025881461799144745, -0.3801114857196808, -0.11494092643260956, 0.17363014817237854, 0.06468506157398224, 0.011824593879282475, -0.36734601855278015, -0.9488869905471802, -0.5996165871620178, -0.5152812600135803, 0.05997353792190552, 0.3855845630168915, 0.29232245683670044, 0.277334600687027, 0.19209592044353485, -0.45754027366638184, 0.4256579279899597, 0.46094849705696106, 0.535011351108551, 0.6964490413665771, -0.24102941155433655, 0.024060776457190514, 0.5119566321372986, 0.5756683945655823, 0.35902026295661926, -0.19115689396858215, 0.05689927563071251, -1.5897594690322876, -0.02637837454676628, -0.9614850282669067, -0.2709287703037262, -0.3351615071296692, -0.29729533195495605, -0.3935905396938324, -0.22011035680770874, 0.4573012590408325, 0.000551224744413048, 0.060173287987709045, 0.22026902437210083, 0.4324774444103241, 0.47906693816185, -0.4798493981361389, -0.2584228217601776, 0.035225819796323776, -0.2539876103401184, -0.12849688529968262, 0.18682508170604706, -0.13101394474506378, -0.12746308743953705, -0.8249619603157043, -5.647648811340332, 0.08326788991689682, -0.49552690982818604, -0.337155282497406, -0.3217000961303711, 0.013207970187067986, 0.8646234273910522, -0.2487497329711914, 0.06559665501117706, -0.040320925414562225, 0.6522349119186401, 0.0814698114991188, 0.26325881481170654, 0.27290478348731995, 0.10574279725551605, 0.2968443036079407, 0.09893620759248734, -0.5113353729248047, -0.06146543473005295, 0.5182545185089111, -0.6340898275375366, -0.05567219480872154, 0.5700587034225464, -0.23387892544269562, 0.7173706889152527, 0.14810535311698914, -0.3706982731819153, 0.13895905017852783, -0.30904674530029297, -0.08488313853740692, 0.05501439422369003, -0.17229557037353516, -0.08237552642822266, -0.5654539465904236, -0.6924533843994141, -0.3969697952270508, 0.4226115643978119, -0.07554332911968231, 0.7984078526496887, -0.41721439361572266, -0.11734001338481903, -0.10508669167757034, 0.05835447832942009, 0.5156428217887878, 0.36557623744010925, -0.22105799615383148, 0.03201385587453842, -0.8370936512947083, -0.22976158559322357, 0.6614387035369873, 0.0480840690433979, 0.04895190894603729, 0.3862147629261017, -0.015295925550162792, -0.23915886878967285, -0.3086589276790619, 0.10111777484416962, 0.1423865109682083, -0.6976873278617859, -0.4233931601047516, 0.1988760232925415, -0.7767962217330933, -0.04078822210431099, 0.1952807605266571, -0.5242605209350586, -0.23470070958137512, -0.38479891419410706, -0.5674850940704346, -0.043217744678258896, -0.2069953829050064, -0.03532091900706291, 0.5349257588386536, 0.25731074810028076, -0.4882453382015228, -0.35878100991249084, -0.2916589081287384, 0.28830984234809875, -0.3071874678134918, 0.0022191402968019247, -0.45978081226348877, -0.5933119654655457, 0.36743414402008057, -0.24694693088531494, 0.16686230897903442, 0.29100847244262695, -0.4113072156906128, -0.38800808787345886, 0.24517694115638733, -0.43707945942878723, -0.8216179013252258, 0.9655904769897461, -0.21289946138858795, 0.7359227538108826, -0.05071099475026131, -0.00021425558952614665, 0.4101822078227997, 0.5979717373847961, -0.12853340804576874, 0.03539733216166496, -0.5911526083946228, 0.8283449411392212, -0.014273377135396004, 0.21737170219421387, -1.1457737684249878, 0.03583046793937683, -0.5399761199951172, 0.31488505005836487, 0.35397088527679443, 0.00590317090973258, -0.5732026696205139, -0.5447247624397278, -0.19398842751979828, -0.11080266535282135, 0.3001887798309326, 0.07086609303951263, 0.32486194372177124, -0.02095348760485649, 0.1838473379611969, 0.6776665449142456, 0.16448912024497986, -0.25741538405418396, 0.3999738395214081, 0.1355743408203125, 0.44749605655670166, -0.10213705152273178, -0.832256019115448, -0.07952143251895905, 0.017597481608390808, 0.27859607338905334, 0.2767409384250641, -0.0762707069516182, 0.5879547595977783, 0.1641724556684494, -0.11981405317783356, 0.8160538673400879, 0.08991148322820663, 0.2516125738620758, -0.21149693429470062, 0.4571906328201294, 0.022015737369656563, 0.221253901720047, -0.39612579345703125, 0.022194236516952515, 0.3466464579105377, 0.2587635815143585, 0.1791984587907791, 0.15893161296844482, -0.38119643926620483, -0.2903594970703125, -0.05346764624118805, -0.26237940788269043, -0.3618868589401245, -0.0034815380349755287, 0.0655776709318161, 0.44024163484573364, -0.1925702542066574, 0.7030643224716187, 0.2929489016532898, -0.3264087438583374, -0.1615295559167862, 0.430078387260437, -0.11726541817188263, -0.2280234396457672, 0.03180477395653725, 0.26012757420539856, -0.0871458649635315, -0.053620219230651855, 0.21089167892932892, -0.6090695858001709, 0.8771451711654663, 0.2336738109588623, -0.2754313349723816, -0.30356842279434204, -0.27928319573402405, 0.16909633576869965, 0.21264521777629852, -0.004590263590216637, 0.26918894052505493, -0.38874247670173645, 0.2477666735649109, -0.12975206971168518, -0.7742628455162048, -0.46210411190986633, 0.6683075428009033, 0.08426637947559357, -0.38374799489974976, 0.6892572641372681, -0.6914682984352112, 0.07708021998405457, -0.14833348989486694, 0.1565883457660675, -0.11719722300767899, -0.34499046206474304, 0.36862725019454956, -0.3271113932132721, -0.5402354001998901, -0.4437384605407715, 0.5309770703315735, -0.7429928183555603, 0.19533616304397583, 0.3659248948097229, 0.7781257033348083, -0.19790342450141907, -0.039390355348587036, -0.35212448239326477, 0.31961536407470703, -0.2306060791015625, 0.003297192510217428, -0.40461844205856323, 0.13598863780498505, -0.08328386396169662, -0.14751578867435455, 0.009701800532639027, 0.7334243655204773, -0.17970065772533417, -0.4007832109928131, 0.6828840970993042, 0.45849427580833435, -0.2966870963573456, 0.11904603242874146, 0.06402444839477539, 0.06262189149856567, 0.06771896034479141, -0.16354116797447205, -0.096744604408741, 0.8669506907463074, -0.21573583781719208, -0.6806634664535522, 0.5057138204574585, -0.15172719955444336, -0.3305402994155884, -0.1637856811285019, 0.17163044214248657, 0.2804196774959564, -0.15815545618534088, 0.01658102497458458, -0.4351678490638733, -0.033182136714458466, 0.32152053713798523, 0.03808595612645149, -0.3141672611236572, 0.40990185737609863, -0.05622905120253563, -0.35802093148231506, -0.39394888281822205, 0.5126025080680847, 0.048522453755140305, -0.3236631751060486, -0.4373199939727783, 0.5145989656448364, -0.3481232523918152, -0.1628170907497406, -0.09235108643770218, 0.10077740997076035, 0.4127304255962372, 0.046050891280174255, 0.21286624670028687, 0.6071809530258179, -0.1693403720855713, -0.07461679726839066, -0.29096531867980957, -0.1815580278635025, -0.6720328330993652, 0.2940427362918854, 0.32683661580085754, -0.23909041285514832, -0.6166113018989563, 0.25365906953811646, 0.1144355833530426, -0.7499299645423889, -0.5021746754646301, 0.12001165747642517, 0.525966465473175, 0.4583846628665924, 0.00825653038918972, -0.153755784034729, 0.43639424443244934, 0.11744990199804306, -0.525141179561615, 0.2850024104118347, -0.3297196626663208, -0.25529006123542786, -0.1869625449180603, -0.21949057281017303, 0.46534883975982666, -0.675849437713623, -0.13517270982265472, 0.7263668179512024, -0.6631155014038086, -0.4313356578350067, 0.0704808160662651, -0.24374963343143463, -0.3524903953075409, 0.20887944102287292, -0.3140117824077606, -0.14872759580612183, 0.19769802689552307, 0.9652795791625977, -0.04219546169042587, 0.24109412729740143, -1.0500978231430054, -0.1760602444410324, -0.08454872667789459, -0.6138473749160767, 0.22915387153625488, -0.15812501311302185, 0.40745818614959717, -0.09224779903888702, -0.09970563650131226, -0.5892240405082703, -0.32947301864624023, -0.4717450439929962, 0.6533252596855164, 0.602232038974762, 0.2625747621059418, 0.3176979720592499, 0.5695496797561646, -0.6925153136253357, -0.22907991707324982, 0.3096766173839569, -0.20615890622138977, -0.5495535731315613, -0.060994915664196014, 0.17804661393165588, -0.1797461360692978, -0.017211254686117172, 0.11376907676458359, 0.12004409730434418, 0.3978811800479889, -0.10529698431491852, 0.11793437600135803, -0.7390704154968262, -0.41799619793891907, -0.21524643898010254, -0.25586944818496704, 0.02454749308526516, -0.009051724337041378, -0.7314981818199158, -0.5016019940376282, 0.6788691878318787, 0.36831462383270264, 0.8976527452468872, -0.0021896043326705694, 0.2067723572254181, -0.2773875296115875, 0.10400234907865524, 0.3970453441143036, -0.010422661900520325, -0.04626565799117088, 0.03854938969016075, 0.18084068596363068, 0.31700992584228516, -0.04394647106528282, 0.4093124568462372, 0.10478444397449493, -0.9618708491325378, 0.2410193383693695, -0.2594950199127197, -0.8191089630126953, -1.1814016103744507, -0.47851186990737915, 0.5575781464576721, -0.1841363161802292, 0.44747045636177063, 0.0736922100186348, -0.3878495991230011, 0.6085638403892517, 0.07277272641658783, -0.19758720695972443, 0.2309718132019043, 0.06802363693714142, -0.14574196934700012, -0.3685435950756073, -0.07224823534488678, 0.6670823097229004, -0.02169327810406685, 0.1903952807188034, -0.014090295881032944, 0.3700401782989502, -0.5448666214942932, 0.13870014250278473, 0.37005817890167236, 0.4006580114364624, -1.3953126668930054, 0.058330174535512924, 0.4139460325241089, -0.3159281313419342, 0.08952338993549347, 0.0016758880810812116, 0.34417057037353516, -0.045562054961919785, -0.0004633388016372919, 0.19604243338108063, 0.30497798323631287, 0.11656100302934647, 0.062154512852430344, 0.21333706378936768, 0.6882160305976868, 0.3880525529384613, -0.5748313665390015, 0.1805398017168045, 0.5126394629478455, -0.09775497764348984, -0.29566681385040283, -0.3542751669883728, 0.32567763328552246, -0.24286463856697083, 0.20376597344875336, 0.08970639854669571, 0.27514150738716125, 0.03894085809588432, 0.2957342565059662, -0.5163183808326721, 0.3003580570220947, -0.07058738172054291, -0.021932298317551613, 0.8029555678367615, -0.35318928956985474, 0.12093936651945114, -0.43964239954948425, 0.0048315636813640594, -0.17705903947353363, -0.11932069808244705, 0.7667086124420166, 0.19545051455497742, -0.3998830020427704, -0.09952240437269211, 0.28733164072036743, -0.17868472635746002, 1.1002767086029053, 0.23842260241508484, -0.2348470240831375, -0.033243827521800995, -0.02488498017191887, 0.6303512454032898, -0.45324522256851196, -0.14336678385734558, 0.6770370006561279, 0.4821307361125946, -0.22486858069896698, -0.29295068979263306, 0.22441282868385315, 0.26693567633628845, -0.24546000361442566, -0.3102932274341583, 0.014395203441381454, -0.202847421169281, -0.668190598487854, -0.41418299078941345, -0.07975075393915176, -0.5666648745536804, -0.03598388284444809, 0.06480846554040909, 0.04284742847084999, -0.6500358581542969, -0.8026056885719299, 0.5232028961181641, -0.09454364329576492, 0.07864167541265488, 0.35847529768943787 ]
216547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinifex%20hopping%20mouse	Spinifex hopping mouse	The spinifex hopping mouse (Notomys alexis), also known as the tarkawara or tarrkawarra, occurs throughout the central and western Australian arid zones, occupying both spinifex-covered sand flats and stabilised sand dunes, and loamy mulga and melaleuca flats. The population fluctuates greatly: in normal years it is sparsely distributed and probably confined to sandy country; after rain the population explodes and spreads to other types of habitat for a time. They are mostly seen at night, bounding across open ground on their large hind feet, with tails extended and the body almost horizontal. As semi-fossorial, burrowing surface foragers, the tiny hopping mice spend a great deal of energy not just foraging for food, but also transporting it back to their burrows. In fact, it was found that the total energy spent on transporting food in relation to energy investment on burrows far outweighed any other similar type of species (White, 2006). Appearance The appearance is very similar to the northern hopping mouse: slightly larger than a common house mouse at head-body length and an average weight of . As with all hopping mice, the hind legs are greatly elongated, the fore limbs small, and the brush-tipped tail very long—about . The fur is chestnut or fawn above, pale below, with a grey wash about the muzzle and between the eye and ear, and longer, coarse black guard hairs on the back. The tail is sparsely furred and pink, darker above than below. Spinifex hopping mice live in small family groups of up to 10 individuals in deep, humid burrow systems. Typically, there is a large nest chamber lined with small sticks and other plant material about a metre below the surface, from which several vertical shafts lead upwards. Shaft entrances do not have spoil heaps. Breeding Breeding can be at any time of year depending on conditions, with spring being favoured. Pregnancy usually takes 38–41 days but can be prolonged significantly if the mother is still suckling the previous brood. Litters of three or four are typical, six being the maximum. The young remain in the nest while the female forages; if they wander both male and female adults retrieve them. They reach sexual maturity in about two and a half months. After mating, a copulatory plug is formed in the female's reproductive tract. The spinifex hopping mouse is widespread and although the population fluctuates considerably, is not considered at risk. As pets Previously, spinifex hopping mice could be kept as pets in Victoria (Australia), but a Basic Wildlife Licence was required. In 2013, Victorian regulations for the possession, use and trade of wildlife underwent a number of changes and as part of these reforms spinifex hopping mice were moved to Schedule 4B, which allows private ownership without a licence. Commercial breeding still requires a licence to prevent removal of mice from the wild. References Citations Sources White, C. R. (2006). Balancing the competing requirements of saltatorial and fossorial specialization: burrowing costs in the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(11), 2103–2113, https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/209/11/2103.full.pdf Further reading A guide to the care of Spinifex Hopping Mice – Linda Dennis & Anne Fowler External links Notomys Mammals of Western Australia Mammals of South Australia Mammals of the Northern Territory Rodents of Australia Mammals described in 1922 Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas	[ 0.16964277625083923, -0.15385527908802032, -0.6056233644485474, -0.1809842586517334, -0.2312350571155548, 0.3405435383319855, 0.5359677076339722, 0.293194979429245, -0.49207714200019836, 0.10556540638208389, -0.15296657383441925, 0.10582738369703293, -0.6994878053665161, -0.0067584943026304245, -0.14217540621757507, 1.3293555974960327, 0.0077285864390432835, 0.5665305852890015, 0.013024386018514633, -0.39240819215774536, 0.30312734842300415, -1.0650876760482788, -0.05109710991382599, -1.0139732360839844, 0.4066695272922516, -0.040174487978219986, 0.846301794052124, 0.2312440276145935, 0.2913668751716614, 0.3049398362636566, 0.04826648160815239, 0.36495736241340637, 0.4150010645389557, 0.2607271671295166, 0.7843747735023499, -0.018851200118660927, -0.08886680752038956, -0.27688926458358765, 0.06750994175672531, -0.5655919909477234, 0.6571433544158936, -0.15665408968925476, 0.41764381527900696, 0.33544179797172546, 0.05792222544550896, -1.0582172870635986, -1.5585448741912842, 0.9402446746826172, 0.3007974624633789, 0.2780371606349945, -0.08412632346153259, 0.3945264220237732, 0.3478405773639679, 0.8535975813865662, 0.25650539994239807, 0.7457210421562195, -0.8326123952865601, -0.2208872139453888, 0.5240013003349304, -0.017364630475640297, -0.9102303981781006, 0.29593655467033386, -0.519494354724884, 0.8911036849021912, 0.09136874973773956, 0.5970584750175476, 0.5417276620864868, 1.0881723165512085, -0.23035065829753876, -0.3529503345489502, -0.6476796865463257, -0.3516522943973541, 0.16315004229545593, 0.29287320375442505, -0.3842482268810272, -0.04696355387568474, 0.25543656945228577, -0.1820361465215683, 0.5696126222610474, 0.3451639711856842, 0.1071535274386406, 0.26847317814826965, 0.4194675087928772, -0.2682974934577942, 0.3497440814971924, 0.09044869989156723, -1.0802675485610962, -0.23178857564926147, -0.7032315135002136, -0.0218388382345438, -0.3826175332069397, 0.07256591320037842, -0.26756250858306885, 0.4415375888347626, -0.46483999490737915, -0.1395971179008484, -0.20553182065486908, -0.1986151933670044, 0.5313534736633301, 0.22806677222251892, -0.2897127866744995, 0.026118339970707893, 0.1306522637605667, 0.16588261723518372, -0.562915027141571, 0.16900543868541718, -0.06067175418138504, -0.5006641745567322, 0.16706278920173645, 0.10083521157503128, -0.7266565561294556, -0.09554705768823624, 0.3880898654460907, -0.5438836812973022, 0.022575322538614273, 1.045060634613037, 0.3443526327610016, -0.4795653820037842, -0.5830466747283936, 0.08643364906311035, 0.2896866202354431, 1.0244653224945068, -0.6992753744125366, 0.4775387942790985, -0.2647897005081177, 0.427171915769577, 0.3426050543785095, 0.17983196675777435, -0.3275997042655945, 0.26494067907333374, 0.7173486948013306, 1.065162181854248, -0.1896032691001892, -0.4350619316101074, -0.4743472635746002, 0.18885502219200134, 0.19811564683914185, 0.19626089930534363, 0.585197925567627, 0.28123271465301514, -0.559538722038269, -0.4443953335285187, -0.9766950011253357, 0.36329415440559387, 0.4397318661212921, 0.7161686420440674, 0.3981645703315735, -0.18435928225517273, -0.4226113557815552, -0.09270624816417694, 0.0555402971804142, -0.06241689622402191, 0.1022753193974495, -0.31444233655929565, -0.6285613179206848, -0.5449195504188538, -0.0586538165807724, -0.7719300389289856, 0.4006105959415436, 0.25553250312805176, 0.1265052706003189, 0.22272159159183502, -0.7607099413871765, -0.3738841414451599, 0.05773894861340523, -0.06364324688911438, 0.6331411004066467, 0.411742240190506, -0.1474503129720688, 0.46622586250305176, -0.47808125615119934, 0.4665927290916443, 0.5711631774902344, -0.7182710766792297, -0.23644495010375977, -0.0679001435637474, -0.10058704763650894, 0.2791476249694824, 0.5458833575248718, -0.31925106048583984, -1.0474448204040527, 0.24586383998394012, 0.1172555536031723, -0.3015493154525757, 0.19150541722774506, -0.004232767969369888, 0.4184727668762207, 0.4778476655483246, -0.0038518798537552357, -0.13934248685836792, -0.7453597784042358, -0.4336111545562744, 0.8114328384399414, -0.3089803159236908, 1.3407292366027832, 0.701339602470398, -0.1452719271183014, 0.6340170502662659, 0.33459165692329407, 0.9390191435813904, -0.874482274055481, 0.08214383572340012, 1.2779431343078613, 0.17187495529651642, -1.1841470003128052, 0.6046359539031982, -0.19706673920154572, -0.6360623836517334, 0.9301146268844604, 0.8350752592086792, 0.1711072474718094, -0.43412554264068604, -0.18037080764770508, -0.5690533518791199, -0.1353999823331833, 0.3154188394546509, 0.5099708437919617, 0.24717795848846436, -0.45596903562545776, -0.44330278038978577, 0.7803182601928711, 0.08416667580604553, -0.12464653700590134, 0.37292832136154175, -0.1376158595085144, 0.9301828742027283, 0.7801850438117981, 0.08231256902217865, 0.28682661056518555, -0.7209331393241882, -0.37751340866088867, 0.06418037414550781, 0.6294284462928772, -0.4658970534801483, -0.7578081488609314, 0.06639616191387177, 0.2226068675518036, -0.9988110065460205, -0.0037770189810544252, 0.4577491581439972, 0.15200942754745483, 0.571105420589447, -0.1395716518163681, 0.23982155323028564, -0.2942314147949219, 0.16691793501377106, -0.02820581942796707, 0.5347709059715271, -0.1666850447654724, 0.455981582403183, 0.6743820309638977, 0.948793888092041, 0.4388546645641327, -0.4772920608520508, 0.11568856984376907, 0.5671157836914062, -0.05008509010076523, -0.3475673794746399, 0.5921045541763306, -0.29889562726020813, -0.4018309712409973, 0.15017051994800568, 0.12010709196329117, 0.23677541315555573, -0.3906775116920471, -0.5902136564254761, -0.21388709545135498, 0.06397486478090286, 0.26091277599334717, 0.3269665837287903, 1.0487853288650513, -0.021442130208015442, -0.6590636968612671, 0.07795723527669907, -0.08583887666463852, -0.21088790893554688, -0.4301646947860718, -0.10818347334861755, -0.0957576110959053, -0.5443554520606995, 0.13978467881679535, 0.5717296004295349, 0.44089433550834656, -0.6185116767883301, 0.01813090220093727, -0.16303589940071106, 0.3213931918144226, -0.6433968544006348, -0.46178412437438965, -1.0017203092575073, -0.6791163086891174, -0.11097036302089691, 0.043774232268333435, 0.7206352353096008, -1.3542765378952026, -0.02734954282641411, -0.155374214053154, 0.5324124097824097, 0.6548019647598267, -0.7327698469161987, -0.197671040892601, -0.06161012127995491, 0.023965878412127495, -0.13267222046852112, 0.627530574798584, 0.06325145065784454, -0.4336570203304291, -0.05401479825377464, -4.6118855476379395, 0.7087075114250183, -0.401182621717453, -0.19660553336143494, 0.19623440504074097, 0.079471156001091, 0.28188663721084595, -0.39287710189819336, -0.8629600405693054, 0.17657122015953064, 0.46435168385505676, -0.09983833134174347, -0.19372351467609406, 0.3348110020160675, 0.6892340183258057, -0.09865907579660416, -0.2565106451511383, -0.29599666595458984, 0.4866797626018524, -0.14720679819583893, -0.03316809609532356, 0.08413573354482651, -0.48765313625335693, 0.20744219422340393, 0.6659457087516785, 0.7913272976875305, -0.7072040438652039, -0.8042100071907043, -0.5757026672363281, -0.7207891345024109, -0.25617700815200806, -0.5038837790489197, -0.5749884843826294, 0.032829418778419495, -0.105561763048172, -0.002538420492783189, 0.7759748101234436, 0.29232388734817505, 0.016625043004751205, -0.6636101603507996, -0.2611900269985199, 0.12127292901277542, -0.05489824712276459, 0.6373137831687927, 0.6006572246551514, -0.23788973689079285, 0.06454271078109741, -0.567202627658844, -0.2932165265083313, 0.5524328947067261, -0.1831226348876953, -0.4009888768196106, -0.42971792817115784, 0.808590292930603, 0.2979637682437897, -0.603919267654419, -0.05876423791050911, 0.21840785443782806, -0.6443352699279785, 0.08313345909118652, 0.8611956238746643, -0.8122725486755371, -0.11993817239999771, -0.4669373631477356, 0.14922142028808594, -0.33654242753982544, -0.36685189604759216, -0.22310854494571686, 0.9281365275382996, -0.4530000686645508, -0.24796485900878906, 0.21293245255947113, -0.3802780210971832, -0.9766003489494324, 0.835891604423523, 0.33985087275505066, -0.7467486262321472, 0.07537653297185898, -0.4144274890422821, -0.11650598794221878, 0.007941124029457569, -0.489474892616272, -0.23025450110435486, 0.33808258175849915, -0.852888822555542, -1.2489992380142212, -0.2817099094390869, 0.21281330287456512, -0.3479976952075958, -0.6080170273780823, 0.30484309792518616, -0.4710121154785156, 0.07066221535205841, 0.4843352437019348, 0.019193854182958603, 0.30854490399360657, 0.6468009352684021, 0.25139015913009644, 0.18291299045085907, -0.243357852101326, 0.8145929574966431, -0.8719645738601685, -0.3416549563407898, -0.712673544883728, -0.017868245020508766, 0.08514537662267685, -0.05526871606707573, 0.5019468069076538, 0.47453397512435913, -0.0913570374250412, 0.39470064640045166, -0.25811851024627686, -0.09596530348062515, 0.39945662021636963, 0.5223059058189392, -0.33872053027153015, -0.08201911300420761, -0.35750073194503784, 1.0918769836425781, 0.7231370806694031, 0.13560357689857483, -0.37480664253234863, -0.7749186158180237, 0.132796049118042, -0.07783762365579605, -0.30476468801498413, -0.1498209536075592, 0.20441599190235138, -0.805736243724823, -0.8249291181564331, 0.23601993918418884, 0.07027517259120941, -0.39949893951416016, -0.37306302785873413, -0.0879000648856163, -0.5328695774078369, -0.5533782839775085, 0.022444674745202065, 0.6912970542907715, 0.04004540294408798, -0.45651867985725403, 0.2260749340057373, -0.1761784553527832, 0.10962321609258652, -0.39520546793937683, 0.3215886652469635, 0.259609192609787, -0.4785049855709076, -0.7486430406570435, 0.9841611385345459, 0.1525406837463379, -0.4048462510108948, -0.3111625909805298, -0.8017919063568115, 0.4323827028274536, 0.15116004645824432, 0.27901411056518555, 0.23702660202980042, 0.3515816926956177, -0.5874988436698914, -0.19499169290065765, -0.012171496637165546, -0.9449000358581543, 0.1334117203950882, 0.4665599763393402, -0.8619840145111084, -0.3424049913883209, -0.6486927270889282, 0.2191896289587021, 1.1080803871154785, 0.1004176139831543, -0.06789324432611465, -0.37738069891929626, 0.10372162610292435, 0.19937148690223694, -0.3850265145301819, -0.09611979126930237, 0.2088642716407776, -0.12066269665956497, -0.2390926033258438, -0.40628334879875183, 0.2121805101633072, -0.05458604171872139, -0.23049838840961456, 0.5019028782844543, -0.6901569366455078, -0.046491727232933044, -0.08769041299819946, 0.006931280717253685, 0.11024527251720428, 0.23984673619270325, 0.9939351677894592, 0.4269566535949707, 0.27227023243904114, -0.7326675057411194, -0.3639684319496155, 0.18581287562847137, 1.1225684881210327, -0.36156851053237915, -0.7267451286315918, 0.19680462777614594, 0.5429670810699463, -0.33440154790878296, 0.7638165354728699, 0.38927161693573, -0.198537215590477, 0.6830173134803772, -0.3581141233444214, -0.3173767030239105, -0.048171866685152054, -0.47505733370780945, -0.11663995683193207, -0.26437249779701233, 0.446887731552124, -0.6151029467582703, 0.2724786102771759, 0.2831173241138458, -0.18028534948825836, -0.7606590390205383, 0.30168411135673523, -0.699754536151886, -0.5467076897621155, 0.18830735981464386, -0.052160799503326416, -0.5348953604698181, 0.31743139028549194, 0.3734646737575531, -0.3761620819568634, 0.7515774965286255, -0.2830412983894348, -0.02005069889128208, -0.5880478620529175, 0.4407099485397339, 0.3033895194530487, -1.0919371843338013, 0.3903721868991852, -0.3295658230781555, 0.060106776654720306, -0.05175747722387314, 0.5368708968162537, 1.3188215494155884, 1.2327479124069214, -0.05682763457298279, -0.12270442396402359, -0.4631093740463257, 0.10677292197942734, -0.14546853303909302, -0.7855985760688782, -1.2929763793945312, -0.2220439910888672, 0.14526887238025665, -0.1481964886188507, -0.02251403033733368, 0.0044177561067044735, 0.6657707691192627, 0.09006405621767044, -0.4606543779373169, 0.40781354904174805, -0.22302395105361938, 0.04603687301278114, 0.7775222063064575, 0.08797390013933182, -0.1826491802930832, 0.73268061876297, -0.40114808082580566, -0.8971241116523743, -0.5522819757461548, -0.784328281879425, 0.5258837938308716, -0.2258833646774292, -0.0009062872268259525, 0.14310972392559052, 1.3294343948364258, 0.36218759417533875, 0.05277786776423454, -0.08897432684898376, -0.15311184525489807, -0.99163419008255, -0.385004460811615, -0.3444097936153412, 0.0707741230726242, -0.003011048538610339, 0.6508310437202454, -0.32766255736351013, -0.2550327777862549, -0.5762100219726562, -0.10811708122491837, -0.373564213514328, -0.29864245653152466, -0.5504711866378784, -0.034572720527648926, -0.1014966145157814, 0.12815719842910767, -0.1205279603600502, 0.09752963483333588, 0.24579614400863647, 0.32666999101638794, 0.13634836673736572, 0.043199095875024796, 0.044805195182561874, -1.189699649810791, 0.5204124450683594, 0.34228721261024475, -0.389297753572464, 0.44530776143074036, 0.043861981481313705, 0.321165531873703, 0.10309495031833649, -0.15638680756092072, -0.11933370679616928, 0.2845422029495239, -0.11154135316610336, -0.07524314522743225, 0.5197438597679138, -0.1549738496541977, -0.03361272066831589, -0.10387516766786575, -0.8317916989326477, 0.7641502618789673, 1.2286826372146606, -0.19512982666492462, -0.2860291004180908, 0.8205870985984802, 0.3573187589645386, -0.2837640643119812, 0.8018189668655396, -0.6977450847625732, 0.3920578360557556, 1.0769041776657104, 0.2640412151813507, 0.3516598343849182, -0.29521554708480835, -0.8504534959793091, 0.35198715329170227, 0.5211197137832642, 0.3811751902103424, 0.38871753215789795, -0.3753346800804138, -0.03043620102107525, 0.9670407176017761, 0.734436571598053, 0.09736689180135727, 0.1601804792881012, -0.09050803631544113, -0.406180739402771, -0.1316005140542984, -0.09689924865961075, -0.3601337671279907, 0.1356242299079895, 0.1119583249092102, 0.60565185546875, -0.41621944308280945, -0.08941888809204102, -0.2743804156780243, 0.09869518876075745, 0.1714998185634613, 0.2642056941986084, -0.16855162382125854, -0.9880880117416382, 0.22513145208358765, 0.2487059235572815, 0.2536326050758362, -0.41055458784103394, 0.1444576531648636, -0.798477292060852, 0.4597877860069275, 0.08754409104585648, -0.6675869822502136, -0.0736742615699768, 0.2975351810455322, 0.6103097796440125, 0.5955146551132202, -0.16044899821281433, -0.04052596166729927, 0.6038933992385864, 0.38244929909706116, -0.02039787545800209, 0.3985227048397064, -0.3299216330051422, 0.5361506938934326, -0.41378161311149597, -0.23482964932918549, -0.205220028758049, -0.5135853290557861, 0.6343525052070618, -0.43375101685523987, 0.3206212818622589, -0.3588383197784424, -0.104803167283535, -0.43422606587409973, -0.04317846894264221, -0.6129076480865479, 0.12760137021541595, -0.4728303551673889, -0.337519109249115, -0.5907124876976013, -0.0772867202758789, 1.0224772691726685, 0.05745243281126022, -0.3808245062828064, 0.4832712411880493, 0.06682693213224411, -0.3279479742050171, 0.8121284246444702, -0.0159195177257061, 0.7376289963722229, -0.5961065292358398, -0.06914078444242477, -0.5596941709518433, 0.4191194176673889, 0.4006490111351013, 0.9617745280265808, -0.0466776080429554, 0.04095254838466644, -0.07997468113899231, 0.39245593547821045, 0.45242297649383545, -0.5896761417388916, -0.5063650608062744, -0.17486320436000824, 0.2074000984430313, -0.7097865343093872, 0.0002406067942501977, 0.2109723687171936, -0.34234175086021423, -0.23068219423294067, 1.2271486520767212, 0.09440264850854874, -0.6169915199279785, 0.6183404326438904, -0.590282142162323, 0.4964142441749573, -0.9291326403617859, 0.07923968881368637, -1.0636640787124634, -0.4734634757041931, 0.32358187437057495, 1.4142645597457886, -0.19898352026939392, -0.2647983431816101, 0.19946715235710144, -0.5021995306015015, -0.2636042833328247, -0.06287779659032822, -0.6033259034156799, 0.4984856843948364, 0.1204986646771431, -0.8905804753303528, -0.2563526928424835, 0.4478847086429596, 0.26457861065864563, -0.21688956022262573, -0.6718935370445251, -0.5969786047935486, -0.34769660234451294, 0.1750139445066452, 0.21176159381866455, -0.9501555562019348, 0.586266815662384, -0.035128384828567505 ]
216550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz%20Saleh%20Al-Numan	Aziz Saleh Al-Numan	Aziz Saleh al-Numan al-Khafaji () is a former Iraqi Ba'ath Party Regional Command Chairman. He was appointed Iraqi governor of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein during the 1991 Gulf War; taking over the post from Ali Hassan al-Majid in November 1990, and holding it until 27 February 1991. He previously served as Governor of Karbala (1976-1979), Governor of Najaf (1979-1980s) and Minister of Agriculture (1986-1991). He is a member of the "dirty dozen", allegedly responsible for torture and murder in Iraq. Prior to the U.S. invasion in April 2003, Al-Numan was the Baath Party's regional command chair, responsible for West Baghdad. He was previously the governor of Karbala and Najaf. He was taken into custody on May 22, 2003. At the time, he was the Number 8 on the Central Command's list of the 55 most wanted Iraqis, and was the highest-ranking person on the list of 55 to have been taken into custody to that time. He was one of nine Iraqi leaders that the United States wished to see tried for either war crimes or crimes against humanity. In 2011, he was transferred to Iraqi custody along with five others, tried and sentenced to death. Nuhmah was the King of Diamonds in the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. References 1940s births Governors of Kuwait Governorate Rulers of Kuwait Possibly living people Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region Iraqi prisoners sentenced to death Prisoners sentenced to death by Iraq Prisoners and detainees of the United States military	[ -0.37750282883644104, 0.5055177807807922, -0.5876950025558472, -0.4339408576488495, -0.8753895163536072, 0.05139470472931862, -0.12713225185871124, -0.3891507685184479, 0.22748753428459167, 0.09914539009332657, -0.5590003132820129, 0.3028242588043213, -0.6649696230888367, 0.27841055393218994, 0.41806599497795105, 0.26114922761917114, -0.1993330419063568, 0.23970259726047516, -0.6646413207054138, 0.23467803001403809, 0.0730496421456337, -0.5006657242774963, 0.20532509684562683, -0.4899823069572449, -0.07870080322027206, 0.3248943090438843, 0.5214605331420898, 0.3587198555469513, -0.37371766567230225, 0.3752663731575012, -0.17573799192905426, 0.5102922320365906, 0.06360291689634323, -0.319618821144104, 0.08780430257320404, 0.28502604365348816, 0.6746973991394043, -0.1104484498500824, -0.19136114418506622, -0.007564065046608448, 0.09527821838855743, -0.008173437789082527, -0.04278753325343132, 0.6232768893241882, -0.1403532177209854, -1.262507677078247, -1.294382929801941, -0.34777846932411194, -0.47006282210350037, -0.8476694822311401, 0.26099950075149536, 0.18327869474887848, 0.3992396891117096, -0.25745588541030884, 0.5139306783676147, 0.22569553554058075, -0.513749361038208, -0.5938446521759033, 0.6824138760566711, -0.06190986931324005, 0.600062370300293, 0.18028365075588226, 0.5647339224815369, -0.11423435062170029, 0.5588670372962952, -0.011350645683705807, -0.08063912391662598, 0.017715493217110634, -0.22199752926826477, 0.40028491616249084, -0.5286625027656555, 0.33601975440979004, 0.12675201892852783, -0.2118716835975647, 0.37645018100738525, -0.04523658752441406, -0.013219918124377728, -0.049839239567518234, 0.4680405259132385, 0.055542778223752975, 0.4001162052154541, -0.37289705872535706, 0.77711021900177, 0.1487254798412323, 0.3062370717525482, 0.017666973173618317, -0.2540439963340759, -0.0631726086139679, -0.3280147314071655, 0.01977250538766384, -0.7363710403442383, -0.6014190316200256, 0.1647898256778717, -0.03661300241947174, -0.2077806293964386, 0.34957602620124817, 0.1907450556755066, 1.0145469903945923, -0.24965164065361023, 0.05411912500858307, 0.29031631350517273, 1.0014337301254272, 0.06610791385173798, -0.12044114619493484, -0.6615837216377258, 0.13362672924995422, -0.33541908860206604, -0.09873233735561371, -0.4352514445781708, -0.34297245740890503, -0.26306667923927307, 0.4617852568626404, -0.27527740597724915, -0.1021307036280632, 0.3175096809864044, 0.5082069039344788, -0.17780064046382904, -0.7144566178321838, -0.23653949797153473, -0.06829127669334412, -0.7989201545715332, 1.4647865295410156, -0.6579083800315857, 0.3495139479637146, -0.14219847321510315, -0.2359645813703537, 0.05402374267578125, 0.04501580819487572, -0.383253812789917, 0.5807721018791199, 0.6110976934432983, 0.5692276954650879, -0.5717867612838745, 0.06667494028806686, -0.10635863244533539, -0.9746101498603821, 0.6563265919685364, 0.10223148763179779, 0.577919065952301, 0.47834277153015137, -0.651827871799469, -0.032092899084091187, -0.8552353382110596, -0.08649885654449463, 0.25636422634124756, 0.07131696492433548, -0.2817586660385132, 0.24296721816062927, -0.5988965034484863, -0.14205381274223328, -0.4977557957172394, -0.5204529166221619, 0.013987097889184952, -0.7036430239677429, -0.016438527032732964, 0.7197896838188171, 0.2795064449310303, -0.3347134292125702, 0.705827534198761, 0.14625567197799683, -0.09446602314710617, 0.2172919362783432, 0.09156057238578796, 0.18817836046218872, 0.37837520241737366, -0.19051538407802582, 0.14199088513851166, -0.6446710824966431, 0.43002545833587646, 0.09576357901096344, -0.2463349997997284, -0.225091814994812, -0.041175778955221176, -0.9579712748527527, 0.13837963342666626, 0.032033417373895645, 0.8306562900543213, -0.0009767026640474796, 0.32886803150177, -0.4503413438796997, -0.5959271192550659, -0.6222310662269592, -0.027680320665240288, 0.14563067257404327, 0.3238186836242676, 0.07896306365728378, 0.3958360552787781, -0.12388533353805542, 0.33913281559944153, -0.3064117431640625, -0.0582452155649662, -0.7322138547897339, 0.3960820138454437, -0.42962345480918884, 0.6657716631889343, 0.7169639468193054, 0.43857041001319885, 0.4811113178730011, 0.3678159713745117, 0.6118506789207458, -0.11892629414796829, 0.11374382674694061, 0.286024272441864, -0.48169639706611633, -0.258137047290802, 1.523388385772705, 0.07971511781215668, 0.03258414939045906, 0.06685304641723633, 0.8461238145828247, 0.3543964922428131, -0.15758942067623138, -0.17502228915691376, 0.056596770882606506, 0.0586245059967041, -0.8612834215164185, 0.11356091499328613, 0.16959737241268158, -0.07922203838825226, 0.08461260050535202, 0.4518544673919678, 0.10183671116828918, -0.6581618785858154, 1.093748927116394, -0.21500052511692047, 0.031232817098498344, 0.18287301063537598, -0.042501647025346756, -0.4200269281864166, -0.09252872318029404, 0.49775123596191406, 0.24865321815013885, 0.18319080770015717, -0.044020432978868484, -0.47569936513900757, -0.227583110332489, -0.2709856927394867, -0.22196292877197266, 0.20479905605316162, 0.07162100076675415, 0.19180665910243988, 0.9216760993003845, -0.1779475212097168, 0.09821252524852753, 0.12245853990316391, 0.1266416609287262, -0.7216637134552002, 0.3092047870159149, -0.6139799952507019, 0.554811418056488, -0.13249531388282776, -0.04549086466431618, 0.6488757729530334, -0.9455528855323792, 0.618192732334137, -0.1569882184267044, 0.03952192887663841, 0.051582612097263336, 0.19851833581924438, -0.3368828296661377, -0.16225004196166992, 0.37586644291877747, -0.04951688274741173, 0.24513119459152222, 0.21613888442516327, -0.2349250167608261, 0.0653359517455101, -0.1007043793797493, 0.03272673115134239, 0.10835552960634232, 0.8169113397598267, -0.07817479968070984, 0.010962827131152153, -0.3049163520336151, 0.1337890774011612, 0.030155975371599197, -0.72391676902771, 0.894165575504303, -0.3962845206260681, -0.6458645462989807, 0.7455294132232666, 0.4239288568496704, 0.004572929348796606, 0.2010820060968399, -0.28422316908836365, -0.08742953836917877, -0.23944392800331116, -0.5802515745162964, -0.1847931295633316, -0.6748201251029968, -0.30436593294143677, 0.16482484340667725, -0.025600608438253403, 0.40742477774620056, -0.5638704299926758, 0.38054120540618896, -0.27636829018592834, -0.384305477142334, 0.29002833366394043, -0.15462137758731842, -0.6651224493980408, 0.7471534013748169, -0.8473566174507141, 0.13730105757713318, 0.43339380621910095, 0.12685810029506683, -0.769966721534729, -0.21150712668895721, -5.35640811920166, 0.540880560874939, 0.008472262881696224, 0.1557338684797287, 0.4934403896331787, -0.5731734037399292, 0.5041218400001526, -0.824184238910675, -0.055952683091163635, 0.3437005579471588, -0.16527795791625977, 0.6548041701316833, 0.283500611782074, 0.614335834980011, 1.081676959991455, 0.521353542804718, 0.6814026832580566, -0.28265851736068726, 1.151200532913208, -0.30363062024116516, -0.22928161919116974, -0.13877399265766144, -0.4192695617675781, 0.6911275386810303, 0.4627316892147064, 0.8244364261627197, -0.328244149684906, 0.22395789623260498, -1.093131422996521, -0.2941969037055969, 0.20888644456863403, -0.299452006816864, -0.5479525327682495, 0.2654728889465332, -0.38143667578697205, -0.44117972254753113, 0.4862443804740906, 0.2825773358345032, 0.17058826982975006, -0.09043747931718826, -0.055446501821279526, 0.21919181942939758, 0.04622158408164978, 0.5061604976654053, 0.2115705907344818, 0.13157501816749573, -0.6584808230400085, -0.41210031509399414, -0.6012657284736633, 0.32860246300697327, 0.08222668617963791, -0.12634989619255066, 0.4304746389389038, 0.43782109022140503, -0.33571746945381165, -0.2032645046710968, 0.42085501551628113, -0.2814894914627075, -0.43567052483558655, 0.6650077700614929, -0.10281995683908463, -0.5122895836830139, -0.12512053549289703, -0.765335202217102, -0.16723617911338806, -0.16253626346588135, 0.811886191368103, -0.6474786400794983, 0.17030757665634155, -0.14023233950138092, -0.41507434844970703, 0.32792314887046814, -0.21481885015964508, -0.7434889078140259, 0.2028462290763855, 0.019640928134322166, -0.4451822340488434, 0.4569869935512543, -0.4042636752128601, 0.19893275201320648, 0.20884011685848236, -0.4962722361087799, 0.16896173357963562, 0.5852002501487732, 0.011452396400272846, 0.1903148591518402, 0.8828884363174438, 0.3775348961353302, 0.1790122091770172, 0.06110160052776337, -0.14222949743270874, -0.8855674862861633, 0.523341715335846, 0.26810556650161743, 0.056870754808187485, 0.4467928111553192, -0.41392239928245544, 0.27007946372032166, 0.6862180829048157, -0.22250141203403473, 0.30074095726013184, -0.37845510244369507, -0.12484593689441681, -0.1733255535364151, 0.2929883897304535, -0.1302478164434433, 0.13485337793827057, -0.436851441860199, 0.12539847195148468, 0.09068779647350311, 0.30131661891937256, 0.16798564791679382, -0.24524244666099548, 0.031160464510321617, 0.6028447151184082, -0.5325977206230164, -0.4292328357696533, 0.7620363831520081, 0.6692600846290588, 1.1167129278182983, 0.32020288705825806, -0.09501893073320389, -0.37785041332244873, -0.33174341917037964, 0.21437713503837585, 0.38846105337142944, -0.4071788489818573, 0.07220212370157242, -0.10132477432489395, 0.08257829397916794, 0.4302012622356415, 0.29566076397895813, -0.25540706515312195, -0.16087031364440918, 0.37531936168670654, -0.7746610045433044, -0.8897655606269836, -0.2832217216491699, -0.29312315583229065, 0.0994681790471077, -0.0201864093542099, -0.2526741027832031, -0.01943325810134411, 0.3474910259246826, 0.27330946922302246, 0.3003978133201599, 0.324359655380249, -0.05230497941374779, -0.3891810178756714, 0.46231645345687866, -0.1980959177017212, -0.5640658140182495, 0.3172778785228729, -0.27983489632606506, -0.2026192992925644, 0.5320960283279419, 0.09568789601325989, 0.35079100728034973, -0.6854954361915588, -0.2893567681312561, 0.15052808821201324, -0.621421754360199, -0.7658554315567017, 0.5517657399177551, 0.18225061893463135, 0.25003498792648315, 0.1168118268251419, -0.21181337535381317, -0.6759878396987915, 0.9767946004867554, -0.32380759716033936, -0.6971572637557983, -0.6004204750061035, -0.17289391160011292, 0.5704508423805237, -0.9838292002677917, 0.36368077993392944, 0.010325456969439983, 0.6021445989608765, -0.44558244943618774, -0.1849958896636963, 0.22996248304843903, -0.5035218596458435, 0.3435654938220978, 0.6645158529281616, -0.29018837213516235, -0.6251155734062195, -0.8650770783424377, -0.6444170475006104, -0.18243607878684998, 0.4852961003780365, 0.23473793268203735, 0.21176038682460785, 0.5832260251045227, 0.2448878437280655, -0.7677695155143738, 0.35723114013671875, -0.18425729870796204, -0.14002780616283417, -0.4651127755641937, 0.34748363494873047, 0.04333348572254181, -0.15321983397006989, 0.7382136583328247, -0.20460709929466248, -0.5366621613502502, 0.46363767981529236, 0.15064723789691925, -0.16398705542087555, 0.4416007697582245, -0.28355738520622253, -0.6993333697319031, -0.1825380027294159, 0.2679162621498108, -0.38564333319664, -0.4971177875995636, 0.5986815690994263, 0.2712768614292145, -0.0016617297660559416, -0.3572244644165039, -0.4635443091392517, -0.8099759817123413, -0.20381511747837067, -0.5700806379318237, -0.5789287090301514, 0.005678628571331501, 0.3157597482204437, -0.37094900012016296, 0.3697502613067627, 0.05291367322206497, -0.3087131679058075, -0.08578947931528091, 0.7716979384422302, 0.3653055429458618, -0.3770650625228882, -0.25904929637908936, 0.09136801958084106, 0.07910614460706711, -0.863052248954773, -0.20695899426937103, 0.0476771779358387, 0.7213854789733887, 0.22485792636871338, -1.2675739526748657, -0.16857609152793884, 0.48640698194503784, 0.23832722008228302, -0.14725303649902344, -0.3424464762210846, -0.14938212931156158, 0.5415411591529846, 0.31156137585639954, -1.0010086297988892, -0.5625588297843933, 0.8201037645339966, -0.6448052525520325, -0.5020344853401184, -0.1717480719089508, -0.14617778360843658, 0.0864102840423584, 0.09347348660230637, 0.0883503407239914, 0.18572400510311127, 0.13132061064243317, -0.05638120323419571, 0.018517009913921356, -0.45730942487716675, -0.49877071380615234, 0.16373814642429352, -0.8344313502311707, -0.8248810768127441, -0.3448348343372345, 0.25999221205711365, 0.9914267063140869, 0.06737620383501053, -0.1024523451924324, 0.43265801668167114, -0.24519848823547363, 0.07549215108156204, -0.04944436997175217, -0.10953858494758606, -0.42780351638793945, 0.14438189566135406, -0.5685192346572876, -0.07012377679347992, -0.7154543399810791, -0.08251858502626419, 0.6461421251296997, 0.03519243001937866, 0.06356131285429001, -0.6472785472869873, -0.07039496302604675, -0.2863413393497467, 0.17858272790908813, -0.3300676643848419, 1.0547261238098145, 0.05802470073103905, 0.21033690869808197, -0.28012141585350037, -0.2947658896446228, -0.388069748878479, 0.1330590844154358, 0.06953205168247223, 0.5124089121818542, 0.11227618902921677, -0.08706138283014297, -0.07853401452302933, -0.06135223060846329, -0.035084351897239685, -0.29345250129699707, 0.030603302642703056, 0.40292346477508545, 0.6046419739723206, 0.43303829431533813, -0.9490945339202881, -0.2494591474533081, 0.9936689734458923, -0.7360074520111084, 0.14821238815784454, 0.09355801343917847, 0.2315453588962555, -0.3723994493484497, 0.49451377987861633, 0.4029047191143036, 0.2227504700422287, 0.5497190356254578, 0.6427072882652283, -0.007728475145995617, 0.10641518980264664, -0.2635425627231598, -0.0344063825905323, 0.11279056966304779, -0.7873446941375732, 0.04935716092586517, 0.03740217536687851, 0.02242397516965866, -0.08365867286920547, -0.7036948800086975, 0.05031958967447281, 0.37904855608940125, 0.32730787992477417, 1.1780897378921509, -0.5887786746025085, -0.2609184980392456, -0.09440819174051285, 0.6522596478462219, -0.027420150116086006, 0.5580610632896423, 0.46118175983428955, 0.35030555725097656, 0.05488681048154831, 0.016472507268190384, -0.285097599029541, -0.8506155610084534, -0.07788759469985962, -0.009648438543081284, 0.46001186966896057, 0.02614341676235199, -0.13681994378566742, 0.07211415469646454, -0.1255546659231186, 0.020422471687197685, 0.7446144819259644, 0.387548565864563, 0.7088807225227356, -0.39458605647087097, -0.1799529790878296, -0.7059879302978516, 0.11665036529302597, 0.15405483543872833, 0.16507695615291595, -0.7616505026817322, -0.5218250751495361, 0.25151392817497253, 0.29945695400238037, -0.09016017615795135, 0.188900887966156, -0.3666541278362274, -0.09635450690984726, 0.38394367694854736, 0.3006454110145569, -0.12615913152694702, 0.3956986665725708, 0.03444193676114082, 0.7974839806556702, 0.38888487219810486, -0.3975488543510437, 0.2892785668373108, -0.4630209505558014, 0.32018283009529114, 0.04343094676733017, -0.09344936162233353, -0.7564637064933777, 0.1350674033164978, -0.24809794127941132, 0.2548908591270447, -0.46093180775642395, 0.3946896195411682, 0.3217494487762451, -0.5429787039756775, 0.1022198274731636, 0.270113468170166, -0.29538482427597046, 0.4848516881465912, -0.19989611208438873, -0.15367358922958374, -0.7649782299995422, 0.050388261675834656, -0.9116042852401733, 0.44184595346450806, -0.10253086686134338, 1.2410340309143066, -0.454761803150177, 0.5232500433921814, -0.14898301661014557, 0.36560171842575073, 0.570989727973938, -0.1875215321779251, -0.15876956284046173, -0.38964661955833435, -0.04161013290286064, -0.21176905930042267, -0.12026521563529968, 0.037081290036439896, -0.23731806874275208, -0.10767864435911179, 0.030878456309437752, 0.10755178332328796, -0.3493902385234833, 0.41238313913345337, -0.17387931048870087, -0.6052790880203247, -0.20744407176971436, -1.0209403038024902, -0.2751619219779968, 0.2944433391094208, 0.7171903252601624, 0.6312615275382996, 0.8434925675392151, 0.07180728018283844, 0.2123599797487259, -0.6045389771461487, 0.07749719172716141, -0.35845324397087097, -0.8164465427398682, -0.009775696322321892, -0.585292637348175, -0.45823633670806885, 0.30565953254699707, 0.52396559715271, 0.3315967619419098, 0.09848377853631973, 0.16292645037174225, -0.29916492104530334, -0.005817568860948086, -0.2147134691476822, -0.3004073202610016, -0.03777993470430374, 0.5968849658966064, -0.3642815947532654 ]
216551	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit	Repdigit	In recreational mathematics, a repdigit or sometimes monodigit is a natural number composed of repeated instances of the same digit in a positional number system (often implicitly decimal). The word is a portmanteau of repeated and digit. Examples are 11, 666, 4444, and 999999. All repdigits are palindromic numbers and are multiples of repunits. Other well-known repdigits include the repunit primes and in particular the Mersenne primes (which are repdigits when represented in binary). Repdigits are the representation in base of the number where is the repeated digit and is the number of repetitions. For example, the repdigit 77777 in base 10 is . A variation of repdigits called Brazilian numbers are numbers that can be written as a repdigit in some base, not allowing the repdigit 11, and not allowing the single-digit numbers (or all numbers will be Brazilian). For example, 27 is a Brazilian number because 27 is the repdigit 33 in base 8, while 9 is not a Brazilian number because its only repdigit representation is 118, not allowed in the definition of Brazilian numbers. The representations of the form 11 are considered trivial and are disallowed in the definition of Brazilian numbers, because all natural numbers n greater than two have the representation 11n − 1. The first twenty Brazilian numbers are 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, ... . History The concept of a repdigit has been studied under that name since at least 1974, and earlier called them "monodigit numbers". The Brazilian numbers were introduced later, in 1994, in the 9th Iberoamerican Mathematical Olympiad that took place in Fortaleza at Brazil. The first problem in this competition, proposed by Mexico, was as follows: A number is called "Brazilian" if there exists an integer b such that for which the representation of n in base b is written with all equal digits. Prove that 1994 is Brazilian and that 1993 is not Brazilian. Primes and repunits For a repdigit to be prime, it must be a repunit (i.e. the repeating digit is 1) and have a prime number of digits in its base (except trivial single-digit numbers), since, for example, the repdigit 77777 is divisible by 7, in any base > 7. In particular, as Brazilian repunits do not allow the number of digits to be exactly two, Brazilian primes must have an odd prime number of digits. Having an odd prime number of digits is not enough to guarantee that a repunit is prime; for instance, 21 = 1114 = 3 × 7 and 111 = 11110 = 3 × 37 are not prime. In any given base b, every repunit prime in that base with the exception of 11b (if it is prime) is a Brazilian prime. The smallest Brazilian primes are 7 = 1112, 13 = 1113, 31 = 111112 = 1115, 43 = 1116, 73 = 1118, 127 = 11111112, 157 = 11112, ... While the sum of the reciprocals of the prime numbers is a divergent series, the sum of the reciprocals of the Brazilian prime numbers is a convergent series whose value, called the "Brazilian primes constant", is slightly larger than 0.33 . This convergence implies that the Brazilian primes form a vanishingly small fraction of all prime numbers. For instance, among the 3.7×1010 prime numbers below 1012, only 8.8×104 are Brazilian. The decimal repunit primes have the form for the values of n listed in . It has been conjectured that there are infinitely many decimal repunit primes. The binary repunits are the Mersenne numbers and the binary repunit primes are the Mersenne primes. It is unknown whether there are infinitely many Brazilian primes. If the Bateman–Horn conjecture is true, then for every prime number of digits there would exist infinitely many repunit primes with that number of digits (and consequentially infinitely many Brazilian primes). Alternatively, if there are infinitely many decimal repunit primes, or infinitely many Mersenne primes, then there are infinitely many Brazilian primes. Because a vanishingly small fraction of primes are Brazilian, there are infinitely many non-Brazilian primes, forming the sequence 2, 3, 5, 11, 17, 19, 23, 29, 37, 41, 47, 53, ... If a Fermat number is prime, it is not Brazilian, but if it is composite, it is Brazilian. Contradicting a previous conjecture, Resta, Marcus, Grantham, and Graves found examples of Sophie Germain primes that are Brazilian, the first one is 28792661 = 1111173. Non-Brazilian composites and repunit powers The only positive integers that can be non-Brazilian are 1, 6, the primes, and the squares of the primes, for every other number is the product of two factors x and y with 1 < x < y − 1, and can be written as xx in base y − 1. If a square of a prime p2 is Brazilian, then prime p must satisfy the Diophantine equation p2 = 1 + b + b2 + ... + bq-1 with p, q ≥ 3 primes and b >= 2. Norwegian mathematician Trygve Nagell has proved that this equation has only one solution when p is prime corresponding to . Therefore, the only squared prime that is Brazilian is 112 = 121 = 111113. There is also one more nontrivial repunit square, the solution (p, b, q) = (20, 7, 4) corresponding to 202 = 400 = 11117, but it is not exceptional with respect to the classification of Brazilian numbers because 20 is not prime. Perfect powers that are repunits with three digits or more in some base b are described by the Diophantine equation of Nagell and Ljunggrennt = 1 + b + b2 +...+ bq-1 with b, n, t > 1 and q > 2. Yann Bugeaud and Maurice Mignotte conjecture that only three perfect powers are Brazilian repunits. They are 121, 343, and 400 , the two squares listed above and the cube 343 = 73 = 11118. k-Brazilian numbers The number of ways such that a number n is Brazilian is in . Hence, there exist numbers that are non-Brazilian and others that are Brazilian; among these last integers, some are once Brazilian, others are twice Brazilian, or three times, or more. A number that is k times Brazilian is called k-Brazilian number. Non-Brazilian numbers or 0-Brazilian numbers are constituted with 1 and 6, together with some primes and some squares of primes. The sequence of the non-Brazilian numbers begins with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 17, 19, 23, 25, … . The sequence of 1-Brazilian numbers is composed of other primes, the only square of prime that is Brazilian, 121, and composite numbers that are the product of only two distinct factors such that with . . The 2-Brazilian numbers consists of composites and only two primes: 31 and 8191. Indeed, according to Goormaghtigh conjecture, these two primes are the only known solutions of the Diophantine equation: with x, y > 1 and n, m > 2 : (p, x, y, m, n) = (31, 5, 2, 3, 5) corresponding to 31 = 111112 = 1115, and, (p, x, y, m, n) = (8191, 90, 2, 3, 13) corresponding to 8191 = 11111111111112 = 11190, with 11111111111 is the repunit with thirteen digits 1. For each sequence of k-Brazilian numbers, there exists a smallest term. The sequence with these smallest k-Brazilian numbers begins with 1, 7, 15, 24, 40, 60, 144, 120, 180, 336, 420, 360, ... and are in . For instance, 40 is the smallest 4-Brazilian number with 40 = 11113 = 557 = 449 = 2219. In the Dictionnaire de (presque) tous les nombres entiers, Daniel Lignon proposes that an integer is highly Brazilian if it is a positive integer with more Brazilian representations than any smaller positive integer has. This definition comes from the definition of highly composite numbers created by Srinivasa Ramanujan in 1915. The first numbers highly Brazilian are 1, 7, 15, 24, 40, 60, 120, 180, 336, 360, 720, ... and are exactly in . From 360 to 321253732800 (maybe more), there are 80 successive highly composite numbers that are also highly Brazilian numbers, see . References External links Problemas IX Olimpíada Iberoamericana de Matemática Base-dependent integer sequences	[ -0.21723619103431702, 0.2650996744632721, -0.43576088547706604, 0.4617966413497925, -0.18106518685817719, 0.8467329740524292, 0.14096345007419586, -0.14833800494670868, -0.3330542743206024, -0.07741688191890717, -0.37798333168029785, 0.14156794548034668, -0.28043973445892334, 0.20150510966777802, -0.24169433116912842, 0.16300952434539795, 0.32238849997520447, 0.01587001234292984, -0.011180024594068527, -0.2394416481256485, -0.06179932504892349, 0.39795488119125366, -0.3212526738643646, -0.7333750128746033, 0.4271080791950226, 0.0978415459394455, -0.17628778517246246, -0.4327964782714844, -0.45542606711387634, 0.2790656089782715, -0.4244961440563202, 0.3973545432090759, 0.3449193239212036, 0.24102424085140228, 0.15609373152256012, -0.27045175433158875, -0.054164569824934006, -0.24641436338424683, 0.4732373058795929, -0.34408310055732727, 0.5756780505180359, -0.331929475069046, 0.30734753608703613, -0.28665852546691895, -0.5534235835075378, -0.4908340275287628, -2.458627223968506, 0.10426133871078491, -0.4073880910873413, -0.08113253861665726, -0.8274316787719727, 0.38468825817108154, 0.09533139318227768, 0.8573627471923828, -0.3010636568069458, 0.690930187702179, -0.5311505198478699, -0.3011901080608368, 0.46807587146759033, -0.26671117544174194, 0.020700130611658096, -0.17662467062473297, 0.15699519217014313, -0.043828096240758896, 0.3558528423309326, 0.501817524433136, 0.20101583003997803, 0.17251577973365784, -0.44933003187179565, -0.469480961561203, -0.4905904531478882, -0.38878941535949707, -0.2045702487230301, 0.4431353509426117, -0.6984418034553528, 0.13014501333236694, 0.1596040427684784, 0.5241321325302124, 0.19519484043121338, 0.4096764922142029, -0.45296046137809753, 0.6926316022872925, 0.7372229099273682, -0.012547538615763187, 0.44742006063461304, 0.042795147746801376, -0.7720746994018555, 0.2681322991847992, -0.416617214679718, 0.20691326260566711, 0.266769677400589, -0.11831063777208328, -0.22642652690410614, -0.300559401512146, -0.7494020462036133, 0.14142651855945587, 0.2348099648952484, -0.6067626476287842, 0.26962971687316895, 0.24759924411773682, -0.3317905366420746, -0.48036569356918335, 1.030333399772644, -0.3837263882160187, -0.5587761998176575, -0.5080681443214417, -0.20753909647464752, -0.5271285176277161, 0.5331547260284424, 0.12833259999752045, -0.7069836854934692, 0.34731143712997437, 0.7458764314651489, 0.05896509438753128, -0.1890239119529724, 0.39245250821113586, 0.09345913678407669, 0.521842896938324, -0.48130112886428833, -0.28098824620246887, -0.04449760168790817, 0.2357075810432434, 0.2915514409542084, -0.13136887550354004, 0.14476542174816132, 0.5061180591583252, 0.37572675943374634, 0.8290005922317505, -0.5335269570350647, -0.138151153922081, 0.016575433313846588, 0.48523688316345215, 0.4066452383995056, -0.08157990872859955, -0.2078927606344223, -0.6057158708572388, -0.28645646572113037, -0.3409314751625061, 0.25498753786087036, 0.08505260944366455, -0.1939684897661209, -0.03024391643702984, -0.1409669667482376, -0.1586872786283493, 0.5931774973869324, 0.03655709698796272, 0.17232784628868103, 0.044994160532951355, -0.1661858856678009, 0.444271057844162, 0.413555771112442, -0.1776973158121109, 0.02563515119254589, -0.47697198390960693, -0.5070447325706482, -0.2933230400085449, 0.03526776283979416, -0.023512402549386024, -0.28564900159835815, 0.3298437297344208, -0.06147346645593643, 0.32081547379493713, -0.24427944421768188, -0.1141403540968895, -0.39822816848754883, -0.47427257895469666, 1.1881548166275024, 0.28866812586784363, -0.2031511664390564, 0.43583956360816956, -0.1770741194486618, -0.37253937125205994, 0.29623690247535706, 0.42559921741485596, -0.2649520933628082, 0.18132925033569336, 0.07164360582828522, 0.12272755801677704, 1.067049503326416, -0.2713376581668854, -0.7880213856697083, 0.37563320994377136, 0.25888726115226746, 0.215956449508667, 0.15315701067447662, -0.31200072169303894, 0.1343861222267151, -0.40820935368537903, 0.41525888442993164, -0.42726385593414307, -0.4684615731239319, 0.04394008219242096, -0.15848228335380554, -0.6666557192802429, 0.9792774319648743, 0.17333857715129852, -0.7857156991958618, 0.03179707005620003, -0.07244353741407394, 0.4363838732242584, 0.02585817500948906, -0.06879913061857224, 0.2669225037097931, 0.253743976354599, 0.04148427024483681, 0.8526396155357361, -0.15632547438144684, 0.5030060410499573, -0.370276540517807, 0.2555811107158661, 0.09981277585029602, -0.014701712876558304, 0.36465901136398315, -0.23878511786460876, -0.18518416583538055, -0.04982045292854309, -0.1620914340019226, 0.27491554617881775, -0.3945104777812958, -0.11218103766441345, 0.6618727445602417, -0.29789620637893677, -0.190158873796463, -0.17752371728420258, -0.05177578702569008, 1.058139443397522, 0.11237255483865738, 0.2024432122707367, 0.7373647689819336, -0.2568708062171936, 0.008501184172928333, 0.17226442694664001, 0.29205289483070374, -0.04469771683216095, 0.032888635993003845, 0.4287211000919342, 0.37366604804992676, -0.7399653196334839, 0.7886953949928284, -0.8261459469795227, -0.1838376820087433, 0.41672810912132263, -0.06140410527586937, -0.3713880181312561, 0.2790262699127197, -0.038576457649469376, -0.39558303356170654, -0.4079098403453827, -0.1336074322462082, 0.14270123839378357, -0.058164261281490326, 0.2096317708492279, -0.20631442964076996, -0.09123881161212921, -0.12857696413993835, -0.07679511606693268, 0.2346213459968567, 0.06757225096225739, 0.3674299716949463, 0.20541244745254517, -0.4642794132232666, -0.07293651252985, 0.19710780680179596, -0.544433057308197, -0.2829170525074005, -0.3737071752548218, -0.6909960508346558, 0.27031609416007996, 0.699809730052948, 0.2584376633167267, 0.14905907213687897, -0.09848092496395111, -0.6182082891464233, 0.14252214133739471, -0.836326003074646, -0.5264428853988647, -0.02705531381070614, 0.06063578277826309, -0.8119104504585266, -0.5831840634346008, -0.11304014176130295, -0.18927690386772156, -0.2706685960292816, -0.791893720626831, -0.16258485615253448, -0.596702516078949, -0.08909507840871811, -0.20157261192798615, -0.0860530436038971, -0.44764888286590576, -0.4852597713470459, -0.03132447227835655, -0.13528843224048615, -0.049710869789123535, 0.7343998551368713, 0.615721583366394, 0.040937185287475586, -0.18091346323490143, 0.13803909718990326, -0.07125294208526611, -0.29471123218536377, 0.0162088330835104, -0.2125619351863861, -0.4420938491821289, -0.11843368411064148, -0.46363797783851624, -0.15997254848480225, 0.33337241411209106, -5.643063068389893, 0.4052332043647766, -0.5058168172836304, 0.10285952687263489, 0.22728991508483887, 0.405583918094635, 0.5788056254386902, 0.4514884352684021, -0.22178716957569122, -0.2782655656337738, -0.0007811392424628139, -0.667365550994873, -0.11019571870565414, 0.46651896834373474, 0.5619229078292847, 0.0015364796854555607, 0.6948704123497009, 0.06776706874370575, 0.31838151812553406, 0.6759559512138367, 0.3418269753456116, -0.0530257374048233, 0.12119565904140472, 0.5031377077102661, -0.09982568770647049, 0.14152762293815613, -0.08211732655763626, 0.12434965372085571, -0.644280731678009, -0.1147688701748848, 0.026334300637245178, -0.1317605823278427, 0.012070809490978718, -0.39005759358406067, -0.28784072399139404, 0.3233405649662018, 0.7639725208282471, -0.5059136748313904, 0.36123740673065186, -0.17465545237064362, -0.23366813361644745, 0.6920825242996216, 0.47896894812583923, -0.31766659021377563, 0.5208094120025635, 0.626720666885376, -0.29644423723220825, -0.12491509318351746, -0.33613717555999756, -0.11641177535057068, -0.3682842254638672, 0.4449428915977478, -0.059434495866298676, -0.5017435550689697, 0.37618404626846313, -0.0773991197347641, 0.15097969770431519, -0.06935549527406693, -0.1517758071422577, 0.45090681314468384, 0.768151044845581, -0.6949748992919922, 0.14609964191913605, -0.4102282226085663, -0.31012415885925293, -0.8894121050834656, -0.8321877717971802, -0.0024494107346981764, 0.7102441191673279, 0.32589536905288696, -0.29775652289390564, -0.011790487915277481, 0.15418431162834167, -0.4659809470176697, 0.1663147360086441, -0.25692859292030334, 0.09601671993732452, 0.36842110753059387, -0.08296293765306473, 0.3167058527469635, -0.419416218996048, -0.5940462946891785, -0.5161353945732117, 0.2509165406227112, 0.514340341091156, 0.15183649957180023, -0.9910252094268799, 0.12042133510112762, -0.09019418805837631, -0.11186869442462921, 0.4663030803203583, -0.29579058289527893, 0.4454394280910492, 0.39608103036880493, 0.271875262260437, 0.2772672474384308, 0.3217402398586273, 0.15493309497833252, 0.10386351495981216, -0.1707175076007843, 0.1181640774011612, -0.28114208579063416, 0.3095776438713074, -0.2292340099811554, 0.15524861216545105, -0.3087044954299927, -0.9925671219825745, 0.40610095858573914, 0.28031125664711, 0.0412311926484108, -0.4208318591117859, 0.43589481711387634, -0.19156645238399506, -0.5407640933990479, 0.19512207806110382, 0.09023959189653397, 0.003853407222777605, 0.25565630197525024, 0.7289983034133911, -0.3617895543575287, -0.24695074558258057, 0.18642622232437134, 0.09285293519496918, -0.24976298213005066, -0.5087044835090637, -0.5416161417961121, -0.5553890466690063, 0.05180726572871208, 0.15134687721729279, -0.263266384601593, 0.45778077840805054, 0.6142815351486206, 0.020782489329576492, 0.31373026967048645, -0.11928349733352661, -0.3268160820007324, 0.17402765154838562, 0.1640302836894989, -0.6698780059814453, -0.5830242037773132, 0.6500657796859741, -0.0879797711968422, -0.095767542719841, -0.1880180537700653, 0.5771083831787109, 0.011076687835156918, 0.36614492535591125, -0.7874872088432312, -0.42300134897232056, 0.6096839904785156, 0.29824939370155334, -0.7040549516677856, 0.578255832195282, -0.8381426334381104, 0.5951890349388123, 0.20165784657001495, -0.2343243509531021, 0.20272858440876007, -0.3489716649055481, -0.16325518488883972, 0.018250344321131706, 0.1987047791481018, -0.5636081099510193, -0.7871956825256348, 0.16180378198623657, -0.08746792376041412, -0.763696014881134, -0.14944614470005035, -0.05411849543452263, 0.5910213589668274, 0.1667645126581192, 0.11057070642709732, 0.045149557292461395, 0.24897684156894684, 0.4105682373046875, 0.12944792211055756, 0.1697491556406021, 0.3253973722457886, 0.07258152216672897, -0.2054692953824997, -0.06253893673419952, -0.22342416644096375, -0.41363030672073364, 0.6189092397689819, 0.8834584355354309, -0.22218771278858185, 0.44727522134780884, 0.2786868214607239, -0.6739796996116638, -0.5627623796463013, 0.10971624404191971, -0.5564960241317749, 0.2928881347179413, -0.46821489930152893, -0.7060434818267822, -0.12855403125286102, -0.021052777767181396, 0.9794920682907104, -0.3218729794025421, -0.3116225004196167, -0.06989340484142303, 0.3772161602973938, -0.45621803402900696, -0.1495845913887024, 0.5558595657348633, -0.8418744802474976, 0.23994244635105133, -0.19228416681289673, -0.6149812936782837, 0.3420121967792511, -0.03180423006415367, -0.48338839411735535, -0.47751206159591675, -0.4994984567165375, 0.20706717669963837, 0.29575639963150024, -0.21276646852493286, -0.5598713755607605, -0.20150671899318695, -0.8560240268707275, 0.37788406014442444, -0.294224351644516, 0.11121693253517151, 0.18792563676834106, 0.466888427734375, -0.4840472638607025, -0.28073257207870483, -0.3694552183151245, 0.6412994265556335, 0.23288469016551971, -0.12146874517202377, -0.5106053352355957, 0.31262537837028503, 0.00015947480278555304, -0.3034416139125824, -0.2824687361717224, -0.4898321330547333, 0.4108335077762604, -0.22984392940998077, -0.3220597207546234, 0.44216227531433105, 0.12315946072340012, 0.3846365511417389, -0.5895711779594421, -0.22744566202163696, -0.11132510751485825, 0.19416435062885284, -0.846836268901825, -0.04196187108755112, 0.8397873640060425, 0.2550238370895386, -0.12965576350688934, -1.0102379322052002, 0.10412605851888657, 0.357765793800354, 0.6715072989463806, 0.3059648871421814, -0.8936335444450378, 0.20624013245105743, 0.6481103301048279, 0.30429765582084656, -0.5980749726295471, -0.11316897720098495, 0.2366756796836853, 0.12639470398426056, 0.3759937584400177, 0.20701934397220612, 0.6667932868003845, 0.8165125846862793, -0.4396560788154602, -0.1944846361875534, -0.355362206697464, 0.17758816480636597, 0.37381410598754883, 0.21856436133384705, -0.006470075808465481, 0.4776964485645294, 0.265739381313324, -0.34652820229530334, -0.34152063727378845, 0.01722305826842785, 0.37190669775009155, 0.29798170924186707, 0.11534009873867035, -0.24967160820960999, -0.059528008103370667, 0.3032800853252411, 0.0611255057156086, -0.40189921855926514, 0.5345911383628845, -0.6962157487869263, 0.34864839911460876, 0.05295250564813614, 0.5787879824638367, -0.23846112191677094, -0.25090324878692627, 0.5752179622650146, 0.39945855736732483, 0.40588513016700745, -0.21709376573562622, -0.35981807112693787, 0.25837230682373047, 0.2771216332912445, -0.55113285779953, 0.019784437492489815, 0.3641325831413269, 0.3303777873516083, -0.6143427491188049, -0.300521582365036, -0.3585454523563385, 0.18924608826637268, -0.17796564102172852, 0.5602386593818665, 0.5913811326026917, 0.05325864627957344, -0.33761072158813477, 0.6919883489608765, -0.23980405926704407, -0.17455820739269257, 0.560603678226471, 0.18406538665294647, -0.47079235315322876, 0.6135302782058716, -0.2884424924850464, -0.4893238842487335, 0.30812856554985046, 0.311215877532959, 0.0071964506059885025, 0.06612858176231384, 0.22305820882320404, 0.8127344846725464, -0.16873076558113098, -0.5007269978523254, -0.060683250427246094, 0.2913508713245392, -0.883888304233551, 0.3789217472076416, -0.15451955795288086, 0.0660417303442955, 0.7475283741950989, 0.7917848825454712, 0.4516056180000305, 0.25273454189300537, 0.0663074478507042, -0.2944409251213074, 0.06441128998994827, 0.4984506070613861, -0.1407846212387085, -0.0522981621325016, 0.5153029561042786, 0.3469148874282837, 0.4026065468788147, 0.13134145736694336, -0.17127257585525513, 0.11110670864582062, -0.4273630380630493, 0.08506553620100021, -0.3605130612850189, 0.3654228448867798, -0.16198836266994476, 0.045495156198740005, 0.3763083219528198, -0.06431534886360168, -0.4062104821205139, -0.5296146273612976, -0.06918599456548691, 0.923256516456604, -0.05490316078066826, 0.09027998149394989, -0.019294312223792076, 0.2537373900413513, 0.6588810682296753, -0.32699888944625854, 0.17374743521213531, 0.22407487034797668, 0.13800767064094543, 0.642212986946106, 0.23002968728542328, -0.194428488612175, 0.0651889368891716, 0.20565614104270935, -0.02401088923215866, 0.014751656912267208, -0.4551147520542145, 0.24259091913700104, -0.02876802533864975, 0.35894089937210083, -0.06218186393380165, -0.38759538531303406, 0.8625496029853821, 0.32264244556427, -0.5710291862487793, -0.09302589297294617, -0.12583164870738983, -0.014502390287816525, 0.4182356894016266, -0.38761940598487854, 1.3018978834152222, 0.4167705476284027, 0.08272574096918106, 0.12778592109680176, -0.2514383792877197, 0.5474878549575806, -0.5891295075416565, -0.7117106318473816, 0.054114487022161484, -0.44173917174339294, -0.0698782205581665, -0.010796044021844864, 0.10271813720464706, 0.7260797023773193, -0.37100228667259216, 0.10722485929727554, -0.016245046630501747, -0.48980066180229187, -0.0990460216999054, 0.4470489025115967, -0.1258952021598816, -0.02403358742594719, -0.27799904346466064, -0.2450633943080902, 0.5730029344558716, -0.16937069594860077, 0.2639302611351013, -0.6422236561775208, -0.10580772906541824, 0.5448481440544128, -0.257705956697464, -0.602877676486969, 0.38283008337020874, -0.5567417740821838, 0.22747837007045746, -0.2706969976425171, 0.08294911682605743, -0.16197948157787323, -0.5892890095710754, 0.22081461548805237, -0.08359558135271072, -0.006238183006644249, -0.38724926114082336, -0.2362014800310135, 0.10187572985887527, -0.16270294785499573, 0.3672184646129608, -0.1814175844192505, 0.48562899231910706, -0.5866252183914185, -0.521551787853241, -0.7513232827186584, -0.18610629439353943, 0.1027478501200676, -0.23195889592170715, -0.02691975049674511, 0.14577564597129822, 0.17528562247753143, 0.01024669874459505, 0.4253688156604767, -0.6136680245399475, -0.23494917154312134, 1.0391788482666016 ]
216554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzat%20Ibrahim%20al-Douri	Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri	Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri ( Izzat Ibrāhīm ad-Dūrī; born 1 July 1942 – 25 October 2020) was an Iraqi politician and Army Field Marshal. He served as Vice Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council until the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and was regarded as the closest advisor and deputy under President Saddam Hussein. He led the Iraqi insurgent Naqshbandi Army. Al-Douri was the most high-profile Ba'athist official to successfully evade capture after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and was the king of clubs in the infamous most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. Al-Douri continued to lead elements of the Iraqi insurgency such as the Naqshbandi Army against the then-occupation forces and waged an insurgency against the current regime in Baghdad. Following the execution of Saddam Hussein on 30 December 2006, al-Douri was confirmed as the new leader of the banned Iraqi Ba'ath Party on 3 January 2007. Al-Douri was reportedly killed in action—along with his nine bodyguards—on 17 April 2015 in a large-scale military operation by Shiite militias and Iraqi forces near the Al-Alaas oil fields in Hemreen east of Tikrit. The Shiite militant organization Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq has alleged that it killed him and transported his apparent body to Baghdad to confirm its identity. According to the BBC, Shiite militias claimed to have killed him, but the Iraqi Baath party denied his death. A Kurdish news source also reported that Iraq did not have al-Douri's DNA to confirm his death. Al-Douri appeared in videos talking about events that took place after his alleged death. He died on 25 October 2020. Biography Youth Born in 1942, al-Douri was born in Al-Dour, near the Iraqi town of Tikrit, to Ibrahim Khalil al-Douri, a farmer, and Hamdah Saloum al-Douri. His family belonged to the Al-Shuwaikhat clan of the of the Jabour tribe. Nicknamed "the Iceman" for his humble origins selling blocks of ice, he became involved in revolutionary politics in his late teenage years, despite having had only a primary school education. He befriended Saddam Hussein in 1963, then they both served in the early intelligence apparatus of the Ba'ath Party and participated in what would be known as the 17 July Revolution in 1968. During the Ba'athist government Al-Douri was a senior member of the Ba'athist government under Saddam Hussein. This was due to the fact that both al-Douri and Saddam came from the same Tikriti tribal background. When the Ba'athists seized power in 1968, he was made interior minister where he oversaw efforts to sideline political rivals to the Ba'ath Party, mainly the Iraqi Communist Party. Al-Douri became the vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council prior to 2003, giving him unprecedented amounts of power and influence within the Iraqi political sphere. As vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, al-Douri was involved in the wars against Iran and Kuwait. During the 1988–1989 Al-Anfal Campaign, al-Douri was said to have ordered Ali Hassan al-Majid (aka 'Chemical Ali') to use Mustard and Sarin nerve gas on Kurdish fighters in Halabja. He was complicit in the invasion of Saudi Arabia and the attack on the town of Khafji in January 1991. During the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, he was involved in the suppression of the revolt led by the Iraqi marsh Arabs. When the Kurds rebelled again in 1991, al-Douri warned them "If you have forgotten Halabja, I would like to remind you that we are ready to repeat the operation." In 1993, al-Douri was involved in the state-sponsored Return to Faith Campaign (al-Hamlah al-Imaniyyah), which sought to encourage devotion to Islam in Iraqi social life. This saw aspects of Islam fused into the Iraqi media, education system and judicial system. On 22 November 1998, al-Douri escaped an assassination attempt when visiting Karbala. Following the October 2000 events, Arab leaders including al-Douri gathered in Cairo condemning Israel's reaction to the protests. In response to the Palestinian protests, Al-Douri was said to have remarked "The Jews will be taught a lesson." On 5 March 2003, during an emergency summit of the then Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation, al-Douri made a heated address where he accused the neighbouring Gulf states of being "traitors" for cooperating with the United States and Israel. He blamed Kuwait for being responsible for Iraq's suffering and scrutinised the United States of America's aggressive stance towards Iraq. These comments sparked the Kuwaiti representative to stand up and protest to which al-Douri responded "Shut up, sit down you small American agent, you monkey!" Al-Douri, a member of the Naqshbandi Order, was able to use his position in the regime to leverage support to the Naqshbandi community within Iraq. This form of patronage would eventfully culminate in the rise of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order during the Iraqi insurgency, of which al-Douri would play a leading role. Personal life Al-Douri married for the first time in 1968; however, he married five times in total and had 24 children: 13 daughters and 11 sons. In a sign of loyalty, al-Douri consented to marry his daughter Hawazin to Saddam's eldest son, Uday. Al-Douri's influence with Saddam was so substantial that he could even levy a condition, that the union would not be consummated, and later made a successful petition that his daughter be permitted to divorce Uday. Al-Douri is believed to have suffered from leukemia and was said to have undergone blood transfusions every six months. In 1999, he visited Vienna, Austria for treatment. The Austrian opposition demanded that he be arrested for war crimes, but the government allowed him to leave the country. His son was reportedly killed in Tikrit in July 2014. Fall of the Ba'ath regime and Iraqi insurgency The 2003 US invasion of Iraq On 20 March 2003, U.S.-led coalition forces invaded Iraq, leading to the toppling of the regime of President Saddam Hussein on 9 April 2003. Following the fall of Baghdad, al-Douri went into hiding. U.S. officials claimed that he was involved in the subsequent Iraqi insurgency against U.S. forces, directing and funding attacks, as well as brokering an alliance between Ba'athist insurgents and militant Islamists. In November 2003, the U.S.-led coalition issued a US$10 million bounty for any information leading to al-Douri's apprehension by authorities in response to coordinating attacks against Coalition forces. One of al-Douri's wives and a daughter were captured in the same month, to be questioned about his whereabouts. Al-Douri was made the King of Clubs in the famous most-wanted Iraqi playing cards, making him among the top 8 "most wanted" figures in Saddam Hussein's regime. At the time of the invasion of Iraq, al-Douri, along with Saddam and Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan, were among the three surviving plotters who had brought the Ba'ath Party to power in a coup in 1968. The Iraqi insurgency and disappearance In an interview in May 2008, al-Douri detailed his strategy, indicating that "any negotiations with the invaders without it represents a desertion and treason, and is refused by all national, Pan-Arab and Islamic factions of the resistance." During the interview, al-Douri made the following demands: An official pronounced recognition of the armed and unarmed national resistance, including all its factions and (political) parties, as the sole legitimate representative of the people of Iraq An official declaration of unconditional withdrawal from Iraq by the U.S. leadership Declaring null and void all the political and legislative institutions, as well as all the laws and legislation issued by them, since the occupation, with the de-Ba'athfication law in the forefront, and compensating all who were adversely affected by them A stop to raids, prosecutions, arrests, killings and displacement Release of all prisoners of war (POWs), prisoners and detainees without exception and compensating all for their physical and psychological damage Reinstating the army and the national security forces in service in accordance with their preoccupation laws and regulations, and compensating all who were adversely affected by dissolving them A pledge to compensate Iraq for all the material and moral losses it incurred because of the occupation Al-Douri was reportedly the head of the Iraqi rebel group Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order as well as the Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation based on his longstanding positions of leadership in the Naqshbandi sect in Iraq. Whereabouts Sometime after the Fall of Baghdad, al-Douri evaded capture and went into hiding. There are many different reports on his whereabouts. Several sources close to al-Douri's family reported to Al Jazeera that they had not heard of al-Douri since April 2003 and did not know where he was hiding. According to former intelligence officer Malcolm Nance and a U.S. telegram cable, al-Douri and the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council were rumoured to have developed deep relations with Hafez al-Assad and the Syrian Ba'ath party, despite historical differences between the two Ba'ath factions. Al-Douri urged Saddam to open oil pipelines with Syria, building a financial relationship with the Assad family. Nance would also allege that al-Douri fled to Syria after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, where he organised the National Command of the Islamic Resistance which co-ordinated major combat operations during the Iraqi insurgency. The RAND Corporation reported prior to the capture of Saddam Hussein, al-Douri served as "Saddam’s point of contact in Diyala Governorate" and that he's visited Diyala twice to meet with leaders to organize the insurgency inside Iraq. According to a 2005 U.S. memo published by WikiLeaks, Abdullah al-Kharbit, a contractor from a prominent Anbar family claims that a man named Abu Mu'ath, which possibly was a pseudonym for al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of Al-Qa'im. There were reports from al-Hayat that al-Douri was allegedly in Mosul visiting his wife, before fleeing to an undisclosed location. NBC News reported that al-Douri was rumoured to be hiding in Syria or elsewhere. In 2007, Iraqi security forces raided a hideout in Tikrit belonging to al-Douri, the raid was based on "confirmed intelligence" that al-Douri was holding meetings with his aides at the hideout. Al-Douri however was not caught. In early 2007, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani claimed that al-Douri was not in Syria, but that he was in Yemen, he says that the Iraqi government has had this information for a while and has been tracing al-Douri's movements. A U.S. intelligence source told the Long War Journal, that al-Douri was being sheltered in northern Iraq. Iraqi tribal expert and senior fellow at the United States Institute of Peace, Amatzia Baram, claimed that al-Douri is likely in hiding somewhere between Mosul and the Turkish border. Middle East expert Juan Cole believes that al-Douri is likely in the Mosul area and not Syria. The U.S. claimed that al-Douri resurfaced in Syria in 2008, however Al-Mawqif Al-Arabi, an Egyptian newspaper which interviewed al-Douri that same year told reporters that he was "on the battlefield" and on a "combat field while weapons were talking", presumably meaning he was still fighting in Iraq. The Combating Terrorism Center reported that al-Douri was still "politically active within Iraq." The Irish Times reported that it was believed that al-Douri was hiding somewhere in Iraq. Likewise, The Times reported that it was believed that al-Douri was hiding around Mosul or Tikrit. Other reports claimed that al-Douri was in the Iraqi town of Ad-Dawr and Iraqi Kurdistan. According to a leaked U.S. 2009 telegram cable published by WikiLeaks, al-Douri fled to Syria in the spring of 2003, the cable however would admit that his whereabouts between 2003 and 2009 were difficult to pin down. The telegram cable would also claim that al-Douri was no longer part of the "former regime elements" living in Syria, however that same year General David Petraeus who was at the time heading the United States Central Command, instead told reporters from Al Arabiya that al-Douri was still residing in Syria with "complete freedom". The Syrian government denies that al-Douri is residing in Syria. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki claimed to U.S. officials that a Syrian offered to show him al-Douri's home in Damascus during a visit. However, Iraqi intelligence sources in 2009 have emphasized that al-Douri was residing in the southern suburbs of Diyala in an Islamic State of Iraq stronghold. Unconfirmed speculations located al-Douri somewhere in Gulf or the southern Arabian Peninsula, or in Qatar, while other theories claimed that al-Douri had stayed in Iraq permanently since 2003, or that he had "a number of safe houses in and around Muqdadiya." Despite allegations from U.S. and Iraqi officials that al-Douri was residing in Syria, al-Douri had opposed and even attempted to oust the Syrian-backed Iraqi Ba'athist, Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed, from the party and he had also criticized the Syrian government for being part of an American conspiracy to undermine the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. Furthermore, analysts have noted that "Douri deeply distrusts working with the Syrians because he distrusts the Iranians, who are strong allies with Syria". According to a U.S. telegram cable published by WikiLeaks, the U.S. claimed that according to "press remarks" in May 2008 that "al-Douri criticized Syria for not providing sufficient support to the "Ba'ath cause". However, in an interview on 26 May 2008, al-Douri boasted that his resistance was not supported or incubated by any outside powers. Some leaders such as former national security advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused the Assad government of harbouring and supporting Iraqi militants. A charge Syria heavily denies and demands be proven with evidence. While U.S. telegram cable claimed by at least October 2009 that al-Douri was no longer part of the "former regime elements" living in Syria, U.S. intelligence believed al-Douri operated out of Syria until the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, when he may have moved to safe houses across the North-western Iraq province of Nineveh. Malcolm Nance, however claims that al-Douri was still in Syria by as late as 2013, before moving to Tikrit in 2014. Iraqi insurgency and resurfacing On 10 November 2011, a man claiming to be Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri released an audio tape condemning a recent arrest campaign targeting suspected Ba'ath Party members. The first visual evidence of his survival surfaced on 7 April 2012 when a video posted online showed him giving a speech. In the shots, he is seen wearing an olive military uniform and glasses, denouncing the Shiite-led government in Baghdad and interference in Iraqi politics by regional Shia powerhouse Iran. "Everyone can hear the sounds of danger echoing daily and threatening this country," al-Douri says during the hour-long broadcast. Prime Minister Maliki's personal adviser, Ali al-Moussawi, said the tape had a propaganda function but that he doubted al-Douri was still in Iraq as he required extensive medical care for a number of illnesses. On 5 January 2013, a 53-minute video was released on YouTube in which al-Douri encouraged recent Sunni protests in Nineveh and Anbar Governorates against Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, saying that "the people of Iraq and all its nationalist and Islamic forces support you until the realization of your just demands for the fall of the Safavid-Persian alliance." The message, which showed the Ba'athist leader sitting behind a desk with a small Saddam-era Iraqi flag on it, was partially broadcast on the Al Arabiya news channel. In the video, released just before the Iraqi Army Day on 6 January, Douri claimed to be somewhere in Iraq's Babil Governorate. However, former U.S. intelligence officials believe it was filmed in Damascus, Syria. Hours after the tape was released, Iraqi military intelligence arrested Abdul Rahman Mohammed Ibrahim, the nephew of al-Douri, in Saladin Governorate. In April 2013, the Iraqi government claimed to be closing in on al-Douri, who they claimed was moving between Tikrit and the towns of Hawija and Dour, which is alleged to be an area of strong support for al-Douri, and also where he is claimed to have owned a villa. In 2014, al-Douri returned to Tikrit during the Iraqi Civil War. The fall of Mosul and Iraqi Civil War Al-Douri played a role in the Northern Offensive as commander of the Naqshbandi Army. Reports soon surfaced that he had links with the jihadist group ISIL, helping them take the city of Tikrit and coordinating attacks against Iraqi security forces. On 13 June, a Twitter account, @wikibaghdadi, claimed a "Meeting between ISIS and Naqshbandi Army near al-Qayara area south of Mosul had taken place with representatives from Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi." In July 2014, al-Douri issued an audio recording praising "the heroes and knights of al Qaeda and the Islamic State" forces in attacking Iraqi government positions within Saladin, Kirkuk, Diyala, and Nineveh Governorates. His connections with Islamist elements in Iraq is said to have emerged as far back as during Saddam's regime. According to the Soufan Group, al-Douri had close ties with senior ISIL officials Abu Muslim al-Turkmani and Abu Ayman al-Iraqi. Both men had served in the Ba'athist regime under Saddam Hussein, with al-Turkmani being a Lieutenant colonel and serving in the Istikhbarat and Special Republican Guard. Al-Iraqi had been a Colonel in Iraq's Air Defense Intelligence. Al-Douri has been pointed out as one of the main commanders responsible for successful takeover by rebel groups of North Iraq and the city of Mosul in June 2014. The Naqshbandi Army, along with other groups led by former Ba'ath officers, are reported to have assumed an increasingly large role in the governance and administration of occupied cities. Militants were reported to have appointed fellow Ba'ath generals Azhar al-Obeidi and Ahmed Abdul Rashid as the governors of Mosul and Tikrit. Shortly afterwards, unverified reports emerged that the Ba'ath Party, under al-Douri's leadership, declared war on ISIL in response to the displacement of Christians from Mosul. Other reports still maintained that there was a limited degree of cooperation between the two groups. Iraqi Civil War and resurfacing In May 2015, an audio recording alleging to be that of al-Douri, criticized both ISIL and Iran. He also hailed the Saudi-led alliance targeting the Houthi militias in Yemen. On ISIL he stated "We do cross paths ... but what stops us from meeting is that even if we wanted to, they would not accept because they consider the Ba'ath infidels". He claimed that the group was detaining a third of the Ba'ath's command, and then went on to claim the number of ISIL victims in Iraq "does not equal 1% of those killed by the militias". On Iran, al-Douri called for the "Iraqis in Al-Anbar and Karbala to strongly fight the Persian criminal plan, which aims at swallowing Iraq." He stressed that Iran is the main player in Iraq and it is working through the Quds Force. In October 2015, it was reported that al-Douri's Naqshbandi Army was involved in secret discussions with the Iraqi government, alongside other insurgent groups, as part of a move to create a new Sunni force to fight ISIL in Iraq. On 7 April 2016, he released a video in which he sits at a desk in military uniform, flanked by two bodyguards and reads a statement. He calls on 'mujahideen' in Iraq to fight the Shia militias and combat Iranian influence in Iraq under the Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism created by Saudi Arabia on 15 December 2015. He said: "We consider everything that is happening in Iraq from Iran, its agents, militias, and its security apparatus, is the responsibility of the United States". He added: "If it [U.S.] did not move to save Iraq and its people from Iran's hegemony, control and occupation, and to stop bloodshed, destruction, burning and the changing demographic, then Iraqi people should resist [the occupation]." He stated that one of the ways to deal with the issue in Yemen was to make Iran and its allies adhere to the Security Council decision on ceasefire. In April 2018, Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri released a new video commemorating the 71st anniversary of the Baath party and vowing that U.S. President Donald Trump "will never attack Iran until the Resurrection Day." In an article published by NRT News, reports an Iraqi politician, Hassan Alawi, meeting Al-Douri in the Kurdistan region of Iraq multiple times, the latest at 17 August 2021, implying that he is alive. Allegations of death In November 2005, Arab media reported that al-Douri died of natural causes, probably in Iraq. On 17 April 2015, al-Douri allegedly died during a military operation conducted by the Iraqi Army near Al-Alaas oil fields in Hamrin Mountains, east of Tikrit. Iraqi security forces and Shia militias opened fire at a convoy believed to be carrying al-Douri and nine bodyguards, resulting in a 25-minute firefight. General Haider al-Basri, a senior Iraqi commander, announced to state television that the man believed to be al-Douri and his guards were killed. The Shi'ite militant organization Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq claimed to have killed him, saying that his body was being transported to Baghdad to confirm its identity. Before delivering the body to Baghdad, Shi'ite militias did DNA tests on the body and confirmed the results on 19 April. The body was delivered to Baghdad on 20 April, with the government starting the DNA tests a day after, on 21 April. The governor of Salahaddin province, Raed al-Jabbouri, characterized al-Douri as a "mastermind of Islamic State in Iraq (ISIS)" and stated that his death would be a blow to the group. On 24 April 2015, the Iraqi Health Ministry spokesman, Dr. Ziyad Tareq, said: "The ministry does not have any DNA test (results) for any relative of al-Douri at the present time, and further efforts will be made to achieve a DNA result." On 15 May 2015, a Ba'athist television channel released an audio recording, purportedly made by al-Douri, in which the speaker referred to events that had happened since al-Douri's reported death on 17 April. In June 2018, Raghad Saddam Hussein was reported to have sent a note of condolence to Al Douri's family, with the source saying that "Douri died of a hematological illness at a Tunisian hospital." Several Arabic language media outlets reported that the Baath Party announced his death on 25 October 2020. It is unknown what he died of. Al-Baath Party issued a statement following his death, which read: "Today, the knight of the Baath and the Iraqi national resistance has dismounted from his horse". Saddam's daughter, Raghad, tweeted a message regarding Al-Douri's death on 26 October. References External links 1942 births 2020 deaths Iraqi generals Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region Government ministers of Iraq Iraqi Arab nationalists People of the 1991 uprisings in Iraq People sentenced to death in absentia Iraqi mass murderers People of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) Muslim socialists	[ -0.218125119805336, 0.7444441914558411, -1.0482802391052246, -0.6330481767654419, -0.405613511800766, 0.6015772819519043, 0.1393311619758606, -0.6685469746589661, 0.2859850823879242, 0.1376337856054306, -0.48927363753318787, 0.5205702781677246, -0.5164321660995483, 0.4074714183807373, 0.4073456823825836, 0.3211976885795593, -0.16605181992053986, 0.07282860577106476, -0.3438584506511688, 0.6124784350395203, 0.21464520692825317, -0.24830497801303864, -0.1699627935886383, 0.23884440958499908, -0.1835024356842041, 0.46682074666023254, 0.7989931702613831, 0.28780749440193176, -0.31137773394584656, -0.15478767454624176, 0.043381646275520325, 0.4102995693683624, 0.28006693720817566, -0.33835476636886597, -0.0181215051561594, 0.9769296646118164, 0.07206357270479202, -0.4105854034423828, -0.28799235820770264, 0.07165341824293137, -0.14847438037395477, 0.13647305965423584, -0.27256274223327637, 0.4735839068889618, -0.3020145893096924, -1.046022891998291, -1.1931041479110718, -0.003920571878552437, -0.7992197275161743, -0.5978137850761414, 0.1423518806695938, 0.19222190976142883, 0.2411501407623291, -0.309190571308136, 0.8318866491317749, 0.09319024533033371, -0.7180332541465759, -0.10035261511802673, 0.04532281309366226, -0.37632954120635986, 0.6683630347251892, 0.07324829697608948, 0.36417993903160095, -0.15436162054538727, 0.26710835099220276, 0.08877214789390564, 0.2138684093952179, 0.21369336545467377, -0.32716166973114014, 0.2225290834903717, -0.2633395493030548, 0.2965534031391144, 0.30213770270347595, 0.16322730481624603, 0.30080756545066833, -0.5309019088745117, 0.09270874410867691, 0.3477223217487335, 0.10171131789684296, -0.041710369288921356, 0.48735663294792175, -0.6374896168708801, 0.8103938698768616, 0.10229653120040894, -0.00790454726666212, -0.06198849529027939, -0.07994016259908676, 0.31345656514167786, -0.9000082612037659, 0.11114183813333511, -0.6647144556045532, -0.8056932091712952, 0.2587902545928955, 0.05056129768490791, -0.1813553273677826, 0.09638318419456482, 0.1969081461429596, 1.2208468914031982, -0.41077688336372375, -0.022293271496891975, 0.6881349682807922, 0.6850629448890686, -0.07287237793207169, -0.27168765664100647, -0.7783069610595703, 0.019283141940832138, -0.2952183485031128, -0.33645638823509216, -0.3679342269897461, 0.20110563933849335, -0.3882941007614136, 0.576930046081543, -0.5786771774291992, -0.39089757204055786, -0.030127979815006256, 0.1773999035358429, -0.3027149736881256, -0.3174803555011749, -0.1609654277563095, -0.13902272284030914, -0.20975428819656372, 0.876937210559845, -0.704860270023346, 0.09599673002958298, 0.09134969860315323, -0.09512081742286682, -0.4669857621192932, 0.12173017114400864, -0.7974113821983337, 0.49726083874702454, 1.076285719871521, 0.7666923403739929, -0.6760741472244263, -0.3429239094257355, -0.1854173243045807, -0.9550408720970154, 0.5267417430877686, -0.016883516684174538, 0.5061653256416321, 0.39498382806777954, -0.8910685181617737, 0.18260394036769867, -0.4976787567138672, -0.13466285169124603, 0.48277467489242554, -0.08308035880327225, 0.03324665129184723, 0.23666797578334808, -0.635356605052948, -0.3375125527381897, -0.38187167048454285, -0.3618611693382263, -0.04036959260702133, -1.0043920278549194, -0.3356214463710785, 0.8279722929000854, 0.19222217798233032, -0.11069517582654953, 0.6807191967964172, 0.20833127200603485, 0.4266989827156067, -0.10020501166582108, 0.1307493895292282, -0.10304295271635056, 0.310565322637558, -0.06780274212360382, 0.46260130405426025, -0.2202954888343811, 0.19272005558013916, 0.1757667064666748, -0.9058239459991455, -0.014364461414515972, 0.34309208393096924, -0.4204832911491394, -0.0346299484372139, 0.37303033471107483, 0.62134850025177, 0.0023044690024107695, 0.3337993323802948, -0.4407171607017517, -0.5596218705177307, -0.6483256220817566, 0.04691753908991814, 0.3910905718803406, 0.8060470819473267, -0.1368262767791748, 0.46879711747169495, -0.6007441878318787, 1.0432689189910889, -0.2551642060279846, -0.5234229564666748, -0.6223725080490112, 0.08716075867414474, -0.59543377161026, 0.46890705823898315, 0.38051995635032654, -0.08457335084676743, 0.19603615999221802, 0.02680404670536518, 1.12778902053833, -0.1348571479320526, -0.3967524468898773, 0.3494836390018463, -0.6567288041114807, 0.1640317738056183, 0.9245824813842773, 0.4592786729335785, 0.19633889198303223, -0.09495539963245392, 0.9647073149681091, 0.8222585916519165, -0.870510458946228, -0.17451292276382446, 0.6134123206138611, 0.06482550501823425, -0.7210891842842102, 0.110743448138237, -0.12084674835205078, -0.11105596274137497, -0.30612725019454956, 0.36955615878105164, 0.3194495439529419, -0.9167966842651367, 1.187947392463684, -0.10194142907857895, 0.35985881090164185, -0.18316762149333954, -0.049326807260513306, -0.2779664993286133, -0.43343329429626465, 0.515525221824646, 0.08415637910366058, 0.20645594596862793, -0.01757083088159561, 0.1556078940629959, -0.2962271273136139, 0.011242412962019444, -0.12412335723638535, 0.37334492802619934, -0.35580357909202576, 0.1210838258266449, 0.40777191519737244, 0.3814491033554077, -0.017458299174904823, 0.3359857499599457, 0.20783689618110657, -0.2665392756462097, 0.31938600540161133, -0.5544046759605408, 0.457103431224823, -0.4009253978729248, 0.10961838811635971, 0.5779283046722412, -0.9021229147911072, -0.022746767848730087, -0.47741344571113586, 0.1644395887851715, 0.36543750762939453, 0.10719592124223709, 0.07856930047273636, -0.1315239518880844, 0.09221676737070084, 0.3683464229106903, 0.12718337774276733, 0.30447113513946533, -0.07789447903633118, 0.07193079590797424, -0.21762889623641968, 0.04087205231189728, 0.17955084145069122, 0.41066595911979675, -0.02373339794576168, 0.10347280651330948, 0.21141494810581207, 0.02685302309691906, -0.1387353539466858, -0.5729326605796814, 0.520697295665741, -0.8089007139205933, -0.6668920516967773, 1.0774909257888794, 0.2331080585718155, 0.04417102783918381, 0.21762512624263763, -0.6367942690849304, -0.02521989308297634, -0.26939287781715393, -0.7352064847946167, -0.5780794620513916, 0.024963676929473877, -0.5007089972496033, 0.1687849462032318, -0.03021516092121601, 0.3595554828643799, -0.48985621333122253, -0.04721755161881447, -0.17157362401485443, -0.8084375262260437, 0.34797558188438416, -0.06816625595092773, -0.3226216733455658, 0.35842758417129517, -0.6588718295097351, 0.48095178604125977, 0.4997716248035431, 0.10665720701217651, -0.23300816118717194, 0.1803494244813919, -5.167393207550049, 0.029586441814899445, 0.29080018401145935, 0.13176485896110535, 0.16805917024612427, 0.22886967658996582, -0.04794763773679733, -0.36637797951698303, 0.12747877836227417, -0.3429722487926483, -0.14295846223831177, 0.015592819079756737, 0.22063502669334412, 0.6656938195228577, 1.179987907409668, 0.3515045642852783, 1.1398532390594482, -0.23983007669448853, 0.6334735155105591, 0.10551152378320694, 0.20249222218990326, -0.22456055879592896, -0.4857303202152252, 0.589422881603241, -0.05528886988759041, 0.5793358087539673, -0.39239701628685, 0.04239118844270706, -1.2956068515777588, -0.30019611120224, 0.017545420676469803, 0.04826929420232773, -0.3841208219528198, 0.3692527413368225, -0.27919140458106995, -0.28443536162376404, 0.8062956929206848, 0.49724817276000977, -0.14920368790626526, -0.40496712923049927, 0.08430742472410202, -0.25661104917526245, -0.22926583886146545, 0.22999168932437897, 0.5963675379753113, 0.14828796684741974, -0.5540550351142883, 0.02623921073973179, 0.05393461510539055, 0.08096589148044586, 0.06209554523229599, 0.22918152809143066, 0.37555575370788574, 0.32128244638442993, -0.3595101535320282, 0.003119943430647254, 0.24377687275409698, 0.16116619110107422, -0.0865987166762352, 0.8241499066352844, 0.25469860434532166, -0.2638344466686249, 0.031052734702825546, -0.3962796628475189, 0.15817613899707794, -0.04403989762067795, 1.1105576753616333, -0.6695895195007324, 0.23566550016403198, -0.12265527993440628, -0.4966183602809906, 0.5963190197944641, -0.3565292954444885, -0.7295240759849548, 0.35246115922927856, -0.5081707239151001, -0.08134059607982635, 0.1695319563150406, -0.9035310745239258, 0.27580931782722473, -0.16164404153823853, -0.640688955783844, 0.6440685987472534, 0.32872384786605835, -0.014818442985415459, -0.15405119955539703, 0.33445683121681213, 0.5501476526260376, 0.3406723737716675, 0.3934500515460968, -0.2583717405796051, -0.41049063205718994, 0.16767576336860657, 0.1582796424627304, 0.036570727825164795, 0.2812141180038452, -0.3450831174850464, 0.5488709807395935, 0.9643964767456055, 0.016010576859116554, -0.11290068924427032, -0.35568055510520935, 0.29028427600860596, -0.3754376471042633, 0.38766688108444214, -0.42043790221214294, 0.05566873401403427, -0.235896497964859, 0.5730887055397034, -0.019869444891810417, -0.030345195904374123, 0.3088443875312805, -0.4280322194099426, -0.20781396329402924, 0.2339518815279007, -0.6637622714042664, 0.15266664326190948, 0.6149508953094482, 0.40896522998809814, 0.9846264123916626, -0.4595467746257782, 0.08706482499837875, -0.2120850533246994, -0.25242772698402405, 0.4967057704925537, 0.05026363208889961, -0.28732120990753174, -0.13210336863994598, 0.09264292567968369, -0.2342992126941681, 0.16277940571308136, 0.5269508361816406, -0.13075891137123108, 0.21719160676002502, -0.008018339984118938, -1.3367536067962646, -0.8861873745918274, -0.4888257086277008, -0.07896978408098221, 0.16372057795524597, -0.05401942506432533, -0.2141510546207428, -0.17106297612190247, -0.04529178515076637, 0.07074111700057983, 0.0930919498205185, 0.2650293707847595, 0.1523912250995636, 0.06826427578926086, 0.7708402276039124, 0.10703137516975403, -0.09720342606306076, 0.6468048691749573, -0.6026509404182434, -0.5231703519821167, 0.3812139332294464, 0.1463089883327484, 0.22583629190921783, -0.5611062049865723, -0.06995225697755814, 0.1017545610666275, -0.5936440825462341, -0.8438577651977539, 0.28359076380729675, 0.3209304213523865, 0.6922085285186768, 0.022613409906625748, -0.37427595257759094, -0.28093063831329346, 0.9525505304336548, -0.14103807508945465, -1.0188307762145996, -0.7003172039985657, -0.08833561092615128, 0.4893382489681244, -0.6882458329200745, 0.3174789249897003, -0.14288416504859924, 0.6819414496421814, -0.3167716860771179, -0.49405375123023987, 0.19384688138961792, -0.4560721218585968, 0.19037644565105438, 0.6054273843765259, 0.1928941160440445, -0.5637367963790894, -0.7949612140655518, -0.5054899454116821, -0.46547967195510864, 0.39386987686157227, -0.024147439748048782, 0.296893447637558, -0.0003503906191326678, 0.19642089307308197, -0.6819913387298584, 0.2672516405582428, 0.6677312254905701, 0.009471039287745953, -0.28457915782928467, 0.21424907445907593, 0.21212579309940338, -0.44719722867012024, 0.21310611069202423, -0.23380233347415924, -1.1878410577774048, 0.44998452067375183, 0.22429367899894714, 0.16915586590766907, 0.7752798199653625, -0.6292881369590759, -1.0109646320343018, -0.27277326583862305, 0.5323677062988281, -0.29532572627067566, -0.1193656250834465, 0.18375541269779205, -0.015792256221175194, -0.18012429773807526, -0.569560170173645, -0.8232494592666626, -0.7505308985710144, 0.162400022149086, 0.16997787356376648, -0.6826047897338867, 0.11472861468791962, 0.27274638414382935, -0.1558491736650467, 0.055842019617557526, 0.3623044192790985, -0.509037435054779, -0.03806599602103233, 0.6608777642250061, 0.37985771894454956, -0.19396281242370605, -0.3960298001766205, 0.46183282136917114, 0.15965017676353455, -1.2013404369354248, -0.009899326600134373, 0.37914609909057617, 0.7427871823310852, 0.4889381527900696, -0.8298016786575317, 0.22411616146564484, 0.6147006154060364, 0.2445148527622223, -0.6401174664497375, -0.2944728136062622, -0.3155317008495331, 0.33381184935569763, 0.14807908236980438, -1.129430890083313, -0.444911390542984, 0.7458645701408386, -1.1590116024017334, -0.2346041351556778, -0.2999880015850067, -0.020125549286603928, 0.682762622833252, -0.002557523315772414, 0.27719080448150635, 0.7075243592262268, -0.30323976278305054, 0.20084410905838013, -0.12567110359668732, -0.5210827589035034, -0.7750763893127441, 0.5750852823257446, -0.6506171226501465, -0.5637865662574768, -0.44158512353897095, 0.021412989124655724, 0.6660954356193542, -0.051529984921216965, 0.256503701210022, 0.45264291763305664, -0.25414660573005676, 0.21928606927394867, -0.27663224935531616, -0.8512486219406128, -0.18846118450164795, -0.19953970611095428, -0.40875014662742615, 0.1354159563779831, -1.174098253250122, -0.23993641138076782, 0.3046180009841919, -0.1753794550895691, 0.21142341196537018, -0.45849475264549255, 0.18482564389705658, -0.3087206482887268, 0.7849181890487671, -0.15798068046569824, 0.6714838147163391, -0.23499582707881927, 0.7618246078491211, -0.3846328556537628, -0.380165696144104, 0.15538974106311798, 0.08464041352272034, 0.011816871352493763, 0.27060967683792114, 0.006399589125066996, -0.2184954285621643, 0.36357513070106506, -0.3333423137664795, -0.03701562061905861, 0.06543174386024475, 0.4051932394504547, 0.10651160776615143, 0.6125726699829102, 0.3356471359729767, -0.6635485291481018, -0.02491915598511696, 0.6513083577156067, -0.8421610593795776, -0.23679094016551971, -0.09232272952795029, 0.48061466217041016, -0.10446792840957642, 0.41353705525398254, 0.27158525586128235, 0.23261456191539764, 0.8657233715057373, 0.5845957398414612, -0.08521310985088348, 0.04003310948610306, 0.12782956659793854, -0.13052073121070862, -0.10706978291273117, -0.37883204221725464, -0.054657116532325745, -0.2673009932041168, -0.43564438819885254, -0.07904540747404099, -0.1164061576128006, 0.6269130110740662, 0.29147011041641235, -0.029113536700606346, 0.9577330946922302, -0.4183034896850586, -0.29692351818084717, 0.028064340353012085, 0.7897852063179016, -0.1674896776676178, 0.7789890170097351, 0.16211648285388947, 0.04523128643631935, -0.21691776812076569, 0.36312204599380493, 0.16754549741744995, -0.5239869356155396, -0.050452690571546555, 0.2871905267238617, 0.3463713228702545, -0.13031670451164246, 0.1779143363237381, 0.6547268033027649, 0.3212009370326996, -0.5959120392799377, 0.9989818930625916, -0.0337204784154892, 0.49782976508140564, -0.5079659819602966, -0.32537418603897095, -0.8301412463188171, 0.030887097120285034, 0.11818070709705353, 0.20865260064601898, -0.3745803236961365, -0.7308476567268372, 0.07669535279273987, 0.0918329581618309, 0.25524675846099854, 0.5061096549034119, -0.4870632588863373, -0.29871755838394165, 0.36230531334877014, -0.14800968766212463, -0.25889140367507935, 0.4126850366592407, 0.12906858325004578, 0.5418514609336853, 0.021319275721907616, -0.31467482447624207, 0.3981114625930786, -0.017784101888537407, 0.08951456844806671, 0.3900519013404846, -0.5144494771957397, -1.089755892753601, 0.10698974877595901, 0.0036883510183542967, -0.2839556634426117, -0.2445586919784546, 0.49645039439201355, 0.4553222060203552, -0.5111216306686401, 0.03236793726682663, 0.4222574830055237, -0.1252359300851822, -0.08507874608039856, -0.48732858896255493, 0.06809249520301819, -0.5380101203918457, 0.052138734608888626, -0.978532612323761, 0.49777498841285706, -0.4637352228164673, 0.4111514687538147, -0.5659374594688416, 0.24130277335643768, -0.8695546388626099, 0.2948465943336487, 0.4394528865814209, -0.6124078035354614, 0.28118205070495605, -0.7509938478469849, 0.20905953645706177, 0.150431290268898, -0.39376577734947205, 0.07806111127138138, 0.17212529480457306, 0.40836694836616516, 0.5748791098594666, -0.031107241287827492, -0.32388246059417725, 0.46472403407096863, -0.11685032397508621, -0.7345665693283081, -0.11351490765810013, -0.7482396960258484, -0.39841142296791077, 0.05375188961625099, 0.8420023322105408, 0.39430418610572815, 0.6639391779899597, -0.2847520411014557, 0.4827597141265869, -0.41331616044044495, -0.1693320870399475, -0.5756012797355652, -0.0423177033662796, -0.44028952717781067, -1.0322321653366089, -0.4022064507007599, 0.5587701201438904, 0.758428692817688, 0.46018919348716736, -0.06084449216723442, 0.4172767102718353, -0.788731038570404, 0.06922376900911331, 0.0007665026350878179, -0.24853160977363586, -0.04206045717000961, 0.41686275601387024, -0.11197968572378159 ]
216556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20von%20Kleist	Heinrich von Kleist	Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (18 October 177721 November 1811) was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, short story writer and journalist. His best known works are the theatre plays Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, The Broken Jug, Amphitryon and Penthesilea, and the novellas Michael Kohlhaas and The Marquise of O. Kleist died by suicide together with a close female friend who was terminally ill. The Kleist Prize, a prestigious prize for German literature, is named after him, as was the Kleist Theater in his birthplace Frankfurt an der Oder. Life Kleist was born into the von Kleist family in Frankfurt an der Oder in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia. After a scanty education, he entered the Prussian Army in 1792, served in the Rhine campaign of 1796, and retired from the service in 1799 with the rank of lieutenant. He studied law and philosophy at the Viadrina University, and in 1800, received a subordinate post in the Ministry of Finance at Berlin. In the following year, Kleist's roving restless spirit got the better of him, and procuring a lengthened leave of absence, he visited Paris, then settled in Switzerland. There, he found congenial friends in Heinrich Zschokke and (1777–1819), son of the poet Christoph Martin Wieland; and to them, he read his first drama, a gloomy tragedy, (1803). In the autumn of 1802, Kleist returned to Germany; he visited Goethe, Schiller, and Wieland in Weimar, stayed for a while in Leipzig and Dresden, returned to Paris. Returning in 1804 to his post in Berlin, he transferred to the Domänenkammer (department for the administration of crown lands) at Königsberg. On a journey to Dresden in 1807, Kleist was arrested by the French as a spy; he remained a close prisoner of France in the Fort de Joux. On regaining his liberty, he proceeded to Dresden, where, in conjunction with Adam Heinrich Müller (1779–1829), he published the journal Phöbus in 1808. In 1809 Kleist went to Prague, and ultimately settled in Berlin. He edited (1810/1811) the . Captivated by the intellectual and musical accomplishments of the terminally-ill Henriette Vogel(de). Kleist, more disheartened and embittered than ever, agreed to do her bidding and die with her, carrying out this resolution by first shooting Vogel then himself on the shore of the Kleiner Wannsee (Little Wannsee) near Potsdam, on 21 November 1811. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Kleist's whole life was filled by a restless striving after ideal and illusory happiness, and this is reflected in his work. He was by far the most important North German dramatist of the Romantic movement, and no other of the Romanticists approaches him in the energy with which he expresses patriotic indignation." A life with a plan In the spring of 1799, the 21-year-old Kleist wrote a letter to his half-sister in which he found it "incomprehensible how a human being can live without a life plan" (Lebensplan). In effect, Kleist sought and discovered an overwhelming sense of security by looking to the future with a definitive plan for his life. It brought him happiness and assured him of confidence, especially knowing life without a plan only saw despair and discomfort. The irony of his suicide is the fodder of his critics. Relationship with Henriette Vogel and suicide pact Kleist met Henriette Vogel in 1809 through his friend Adam Müller; a friendship flourished. They shared a fondness for music, and according to Ernest Peguilhen, Henriette Vogel asked her friend to explain to her the art of war, as well as to teach her fencing, for the dramatist was a soldier. The relationship between the two became intimate in the autumn of 1811. According to their contemporaries, there was no fire of passion but a purely spiritual love. That was the point of view of Adam Müller, who was romantically involved with Henriette for a while. His cousin Marie von Kleist, the most important sponsor and confidant of Heinrich von Kleist, also made sure these rumors spread. (According to the autopsy report, she was suffering from cancer.) On November 21, 1811, the two traveled from Berlin to Wannsee. Prior to their departure, they penned farewell letters, which along with an account of the final night they spent at the inn Gasthof Stimming, are part of world literature. Upon their arrival in the vicinity of the Wannsee in Potsdam, Kleist shot Henriette, then turned the gun on himself. They were buried together in a common grave at Kleine Wannsee (Bismarckstrasse), which became a tourist attraction. It was re-designed prior to the bi-centenary of their deaths. On that occasion, direct access from Wannsee station to the grave was built. The gravestone, erected by Germans in 1936, was rotated, and shows engraved original text written by Max Ring and the Pater Noster's request: "forgive us our guilt" as well as the names and data of Henriette Vogel and Heinrich von Kleist. Literary works His first tragedy was The Schroffenstein Family (Die Familie Schroffenstein). The material for the second, Penthesilea (1808), queen of the Amazons, is taken from a Greek source and presents a picture of wild passion. More successful than either of these was his romantic play, Käthchen of Heilbronn (Das Käthchen von Heilbronn) (1808), a poetic drama full of medieval bustle and mystery, which retained its popularity for many years. In comedy, Kleist made a name with The Broken Jug (Der zerbrochne Krug) (1808), while (1808), an adaptation of Molière's comedy, received critical acclaim long after his death. Of Kleist's other dramas, Die Hermannsschlacht (1809) is a dramatic work of anti-Napoleonic propaganda, written as Austria and France went to war. It has been described by Carl Schmitt as the "greatest partisan work of all time". In it he gives vent to his hatred of his country's oppressors. This, together with the drama The Prince of Homburg (Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin), which is among his best works, was first published by Ludwig Tieck in Kleist's Hinterlassene Schriften (1821). Robert Guiskard, a drama conceived on a grand plan, was left a fragment. Kleist was also a master in the art of narrative, and of his Gesammelte Erzählungen (Collected Short Stories) (1810–1811), Michael Kohlhaas, in which the famous Brandenburg horse dealer in Martin Luther's day is immortalized, is one of the best German stories of its time. The Earthquake in Chile (Das Erdbeben in Chili) and St. Cecilia, or the Power of Music (Die heilige Cäcilie oder die Gewalt der Musik) are also fine examples of Kleist's story telling as is The Marquise of O (Die Marquise von O). His short narratives influenced those of Kafka and the novellas of the Austrian writer Friedrich Halm. He also wrote patriotic lyrics in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. Work in rhetoric Kleist's work also delved into the realm of rhetoric. Most notable for his use of error and understanding its importance, Kleist's devices used were misspeaking, misunderstanding, mistaken identities, and other confusions of the sort. In his works one can see the most prevalent use of rhetoric within Penthesilea. In the story moments of violence, seduction and war all hinge upon errors in language. Through these errors, Kleist shows how error can influence everyday situation and can be the causation of serious problems. As a sum, Kleist's use of error explores what one can make of ironic errors within speech. Philosophical essays Kleist is also famous for his essays on subjects of aesthetics and psychology which, to the closer look, show a keen insight into the metaphysical questions discussed by philosophers of his time, such as Kant, Fichte and Schelling. On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking In the first of his larger essays, On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking (), Kleist claims that most people are advised to speak only about what they already understand. Instead of talking about what you already know, Kleist admonishes his readers to speak to others with "the sensible intention of instructing yourself." Fostering a dialogue through the art of "skillful questioning" can play a role in achieving a rational or enlightened state of mind, but need not ("Nor is it that her skillful questioning leads me on to the point which matters, though this may frequently be the case" (von Kleist, p. 405)). And yet, Kleist employs the example of the French Revolution as the climactic event of the Enlightenment era whereby man broke free from his dark and feudal chains in favor of liberty, equality, fraternity. It is not that easy though for Kleist. Man cannot simply guide himself into the future with a rational mind as his primary tool. Therefore, Kleist strongly advocates for the usefulness of reflection ex post facto or after the fact. In doing so, man will be able to mold his collective consciousness in a manner conducive to the principles of free will. By reflecting after the fact, man will avoid the seemingly detestable inhibitions offered in rational thought. In other words, the will to power has "its splendid source in the feelings," and thus, man must overcome his "struggle with Fate" with a balanced mixture of wisdom and passion. Bibliography His Gesammelte Schriften were published by Ludwig Tieck (3 vols. 1826) and by Julian Schmidt (new ed. 1874); also by Franz Muncker (4 vols. 1882); by Theophil Zolling (4 vols. 1885); by K. Siegen, (4 vols. 1895); and in a critical edition by Erich Schmidt (5 vols. 1904–1905). His Ausgewählte Dramen were published by K. Siegen (Leipzig, 1877); and his letters were first published by Eduard von Bülow, Heinrich von Kleists Leben und Briefe (1848). Plays Die Familie Schroffenstein, written 1802, published anonymously in 1803, premiered 9 January 1804 in Graz Robert Guiskard, Herzog der Normänner, written 1802–1803, published April/May 1808 in Phöbus, first performed on 6 April 1901 at the Berliner Theater in Berlin Der zerbrochne Krug (The Broken Jug), written 1803–1806, premiered 2 March 1808 at the Hoftheater in Weimar Amphitryon, written 1807, first performed on 8 April 1899 at the Neuen Theater in Berlin Penthesilea, completed 1807, published 1808, first performed in May 1876 at the Königlichen Schauspielhaus in Berlin Das Käthchen von Heilbronn oder Die Feuerprobe. Ein großes historisches Ritterschauspiel, written 1807–1808, partially published in Phöbus 1808, premiered 17 March 1810 at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, revised and fully published in 1810 Die Hermannsschlacht, written 1809, posthumously published 1821, first performed on 18 October 1860 in Breslau Prinz Friedrich von Homburg (The Prince of Homburg), written 1809–1811, first performed on 3 October 1821 as Die Schlacht von Fehrbellin at the Burgtheater in Vienna Novellas and short stories Michael Kohlhaas. Aus einer alten Chronik, partially published 1808 in Phöbus; included in 1810 in Erzählungen (Volume 1) Die Marquise von O...., published February 1808 in Phöbus; revised and included in 1810 in Erzählungen (Volume 1) Das Erdbeben in Chili (The Earthquake in Chile), published under the original title Jeronimo und Josephe 1807 in Cottas Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände; revised and included in 1810 in Erzählungen (Volume 1) Die Verlobung in St. Domingo (The Betrothal in Santo Domingo), published 25 March to 5 April 1811 in Der Freimüthige; revised and included in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2) Das Bettelweib von Locarno (The Beggarwoman of Locarno), published 11 October 1810 in the Berliner Abendblättern; included in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2) Der Findling (The Foundling), published in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2) Die heilige Cäcilie oder die Gewalt der Musik. Eine Legende (St. Cecilia or The Power of Music), published 15-17 November 1810 in the Berliner Abendblättern; expanded and included in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2) Der Zweikampf (The Duel), published 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2) Anekdoten, published 1810–1811 in the Berliner Abendblättern Adaptations Operas Der Prinz von Homburg (1960), composed by Hans Werner Henze Der zerbrochne Krug (1968/69), composed by Fritz Geißler Penthesilea (1927), composed by Othmar Schoeck Penthesilea (2015), composed by Pascal Dusapin Films Wie zwei fröhliche Luftschiffer (Like Two Merry Aeronauts, 1969), 85 min; written and directed by Jonatan Briel; DFFB Production. The film depicts the last three days of Kleist's life. With his lover, Henriette Vogel, dying of cancer, Kleist philosophizes about life and welcomes his planned suicide. Michael Kohlhaas – der Rebell (1969), directed by Volker Schlöndorff San Domingo (1970), directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg Earthquake in Chile (1975), directed by Helma Sanders-Brahms The Marquise of O (1976), directed by Éric Rohmer based on Kleist's Die Marquise von O Heinrich (1977), directed by Helma Sanders-Brahms; about the author Ragtime (1981), directed by Miloš Forman and based on a novel of the same title by E. L. Doctorow; contains a subplot which follows closely the story of Michael Kohlhaas Heinrich Penthesilea von Kleist (1983), directed by Hans Neuenfels; intercuts rehearsals and discussions of that play Die Familie oder Schroffenstein (1984), directed by Hans Neuenfels Il principe di Homburg (1997), an Italian adaptation of Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin directed by Marco Bellocchio The Jack Bull (1999), directed by John Badham; loosely based on Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas Il seme della discordia (2008), directed by Pappi Corsicato; a modern Italian adaptation of Kleist's Die Marquise von O (2012), a German film directed by ; loosely based on Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas. Amour Fou (2014), directed by Jessica Hausner, nominated in the Un Certain Regard category at the Cannes Film Festival 2014, with Christian Friedel playing Heinrich and Birte Schnoeink playing Henriette. The film purports that Henriette does not in fact suffer from any type of tumour but that her symptoms have psychological causes. Age of Uprising: The Legend of Michael Kohlhaas (2014), directed by Arnaud des Pallières; with Mads Mikkelsen as Kohlhaas References Further reading Banham, Martin, ed. (1998). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Croce, Benedetto (1924). "Kleist." In: European Literature in the Nineteenth Century. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 52–59. Helbling, Robert (1975). The Major Works of Heinrich von Kleist. New York: New Directions. . Jacobs, Carol (1989). Uncontainable Romanticism: Shelley, Brontë, Kleist. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Hampp, Bernhard (2017). Wo das Käthchen aus dem Fenster sprang. Kleist-Archiv Sembdner in Heilbronn. In: Bernhard Hampp: Schwaben erlesen! Württemberg für Literaturfreunde und Bibliophile. Messkirch: Gmeiner Verlag. . pp 135–136. Lamport, Francis John (1990). German Classical Drama: Theatre, Humanity and Nation, 1750–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Maass, Joachim (1983). Kleist: A Biography. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. McGlathery, James (1983). Desire's Sway the Plays and Stories of Heinrich von Kleist. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. . Meldrum Brown, Hilda (1998). Heinrich Von Kleist The Ambiguity of Art and the Necessity of Form. Oxford: Clarendon Press. . Minde-Pouet, Georg (1897). Heinrich von Kleist, seine Sprache und sein Stil. Weimar: Emil Felber. Ohff, Heinz (2004). Heinrich von Kleist: Ein preussisches Schicksal. Munich: Piper Verlag Parry, Idris (1988). "Kleist on Puppets." In: Speak Silence: Essays. Manchester: Carcanet. Phillips, James (2007). The Equivocation of Reason: Kleist Reading Kant. Stanford: Stanford University Press Servaes, Franz (1902). Heinrich von Kleist. Leipzig: E. A. Seemann. Siebert, Eberhard (2009). Heinrich von Kleist – eine Bildbiographie. Heilbronn: Kleist-Archiv Sembdner Staengle, Peter (2009). Kleist. Sein Leben. Heilbronn: Kleist-Archiv Sembdner Steig, Reinhold (1901). Heinrich von Kleists Berliner Kämpfe. Berlin: W. Spemann. , Dirk de Pol (2021). Das Erhabene bei Kleist. In: Dirk de Pol: Epochensplitterbruch. Pandavia, Berlin, S. 24–52. External links Das Kleist-Portal Familienverband derer v. Kleist e.V List of German-language playwrights "On the Marionette Theatre," Translated by Idris Parry 1777 births 1811 deaths 1810s suicides 18th-century German poets 19th-century German poets 19th-century German novelists 19th-century German dramatists and playwrights 19th-century German male writers People from Frankfurt (Oder) People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg Heinrich German male dramatists and playwrights German-language poets Writers from Brandenburg Suicides by firearm in Germany Joint suicides European University Viadrina alumni Prussian Army personnel Prussian military officers Military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars	[ -0.29227888584136963, 0.478204607963562, -0.36147019267082214, 0.1795569807291031, -0.19415485858917236, 0.9605269432067871, 1.086022973060608, -0.02297201007604599, -0.21202602982521057, -0.38857537508010864, -0.21136198937892914, -0.37377867102622986, -0.16572506725788116, 0.17797207832336426, 0.05782314017415047, 0.23099632561206818, -0.2316998392343521, -0.44494977593421936, -0.6295061111450195, -0.173251673579216, -0.6332089304924011, -0.29418641328811646, 0.46662598848342896, -0.06815347075462341, 0.08665338903665543, -0.20506170392036438, 0.12404994666576385, -0.30777260661125183, 0.46351930499076843, 0.007371018640697002, -0.06118880584836006, 0.7198986411094666, 0.19123788177967072, 0.2002827227115631, -0.8025393486022949, 0.3344469964504242, -0.9534507989883423, -0.23875266313552856, 0.4872901439666748, 0.07621558755636215, -0.4692440330982208, 0.35471001267433167, 0.06742722541093826, -0.46746376156806946, 0.0036449849139899015, -0.4244522452354431, -2.0785975456237793, 0.4186761975288391, -0.5691733360290527, -0.5282716751098633, 0.19972215592861176, 0.04879653826355934, 0.8182363510131836, 0.7781213521957397, -0.8059318661689758, 0.1299617886543274, -1.159957766532898, -0.5301242470741272, 0.3954891562461853, -0.16030141711235046, 0.08147716522216797, 0.23550790548324585, 0.4141385555267334, 0.08223406225442886, 0.5172550082206726, 0.1614980399608612, -0.43540170788764954, 0.3318760395050049, 0.011721229180693626, -0.29263126850128174, -0.37879109382629395, 0.32149139046669006, 0.33388376235961914, 0.2836024761199951, 0.6411380171775818, -0.6344500780105591, 0.19469387829303741, -0.00169038912281394, 0.14475131034851074, 0.07972043007612228, -0.4848340153694153, -0.12837956845760345, 1.2001841068267822, 0.3577701151371002, 0.31541889905929565, -0.03335846588015556, -0.02627824991941452, 0.31880488991737366, -0.7535998821258545, -0.7067039012908936, -0.07007966190576553, -0.39742541313171387, -0.10056464374065399, 0.045564696192741394, -0.06901399046182632, 0.6064311861991882, -0.05453149601817131, 0.4449101984500885, -0.48789724707603455, -0.1561507135629654, -0.12173386663198471, 0.46482524275779724, 0.3572092354297638, -0.16443496942520142, -0.5609568357467651, 0.04281209036707878, 0.2742752134799957, -0.27644193172454834, 0.33870917558670044, 0.477148175239563, -0.5724998116493225, -0.16231544315814972, -0.5925531387329102, 0.16930408775806427, -0.0036066891625523567, 0.35787758231163025, 0.13609212636947632, -0.9622238278388977, -0.3346046209335327, 0.016809342429041862, -0.30059099197387695, 0.2661408483982086, 0.2433820515871048, 0.4071965217590332, -0.5199880003929138, -0.1987903118133545, -0.3649958372116089, 0.20178787410259247, -0.2113438844680786, 0.689196765422821, 0.40709879994392395, 0.9964684844017029, 0.01238207146525383, -0.2116776704788208, -0.25238245725631714, 0.003915982320904732, 0.794019341468811, 0.03822711110115051, -0.2973497211933136, 0.44955214858055115, -0.3340345621109009, -0.3404926061630249, -0.618864893913269, -0.1615190953016281, 0.04108221083879471, -0.3056313693523407, -0.14224211871623993, -0.2335144430398941, 0.07212529331445694, 0.0600774846971035, -0.3480181396007538, 0.06146818771958351, 0.046087488532066345, -0.06054098904132843, -0.3169604241847992, 0.35736000537872314, 0.2659052312374115, 0.7385216951370239, 0.546154797077179, -0.07380068302154541, 0.5533928871154785, 0.2423490583896637, -0.3162432909011841, 0.03342442959547043, 0.3855512738227844, -0.47171124815940857, -0.0032873174641281366, 0.11774273216724396, -0.50860595703125, -0.43216925859451294, -0.517661452293396, -0.31388330459594727, -0.32714980840682983, 0.16545207798480988, -0.07724466174840927, 0.8376932740211487, 0.10743577778339386, 0.23205217719078064, 0.2493986189365387, -0.2571166753768921, -0.8801561594009399, 0.25757095217704773, -0.07515095919370651, -0.038627441972494125, 0.4490357041358948, 0.5015259385108948, 0.252913236618042, 0.2079213708639145, 0.6284087896347046, -0.5923823118209839, -0.7315700054168701, -0.8681148886680603, 0.38028067350387573, 0.03192683309316635, 1.343727707862854, 0.35647130012512207, -0.26685333251953125, 0.7842968702316284, -0.1883920580148697, 0.17641866207122803, -0.06286515295505524, -0.7208368182182312, -0.2702709138393402, 0.41305068135261536, 0.2994762659072876, 0.25661900639533997, -0.460316926240921, -0.20793962478637695, 0.007041373290121555, 0.21176934242248535, 0.4748119115829468, -0.30669963359832764, 0.3353690803050995, 0.3098435401916504, -0.4571559429168701, -0.22485941648483276, -0.5719258189201355, -0.1002991795539856, 0.14892345666885376, 0.10741477459669113, 0.39233994483947754, -0.29404565691947937, 0.3217540383338928, 1.0702240467071533, -0.34826985001564026, 0.8288016319274902, -0.14267989993095398, 0.3142063021659851, -0.12379203736782074, -0.8705460429191589, -0.3183976411819458, 0.024951841682195663, 0.17013303935527802, -0.48848626017570496, 0.24784088134765625, 0.14914952218532562, -0.19966362416744232, -0.07653016597032547, -0.10433372110128403, -0.742828369140625, 0.4058779180049896, 0.2907771170139313, -0.2795087993144989, 0.34618765115737915, 0.2566521465778351, 0.8108012676239014, -0.3827636241912842, -0.33372974395751953, -0.6872382164001465, 0.041137538850307465, -0.03315458819270134, 0.5630562901496887, -0.2723957896232605, -0.09516671299934387, -0.5669519901275635, -0.5466556549072266, 0.6366493701934814, 0.15023553371429443, 0.10924605280160904, 0.38986796140670776, 0.3093476891517639, -0.20509353280067444, 0.11589878797531128, 0.10461714118719101, -0.13108551502227783, -0.030426617711782455, 0.24343064427375793, -0.4645732343196869, -0.008040166459977627, 0.05206740275025368, 0.44159919023513794, -0.350728839635849, -0.1814148873090744, 0.3517325520515442, 0.2930656969547272, -0.470912367105484, -0.27028098702430725, 0.12667952477931976, -0.2746468186378479, -0.38614338636398315, -0.6120131611824036, 0.7998461723327637, -0.22117158770561218, 0.1352531462907791, -0.07741259783506393, -0.5827150344848633, 0.18415620923042297, 0.03928082063794136, 0.34104371070861816, 0.10843108594417572, 0.01786956749856472, 0.8506830930709839, -0.41064396500587463, -0.2415861040353775, -0.06747058033943176, 0.37727090716362, -0.40029478073120117, -0.6007963418960571, -0.13089165091514587, 0.01402238942682743, -1.2303190231323242, 0.2760416865348816, 0.23988282680511475, 0.4425886273384094, 0.1721818745136261, -0.07942748069763184, -0.21187499165534973, 0.3124694228172302, -5.598501682281494, -0.06035592779517174, 0.008438167162239552, -0.4593840539455414, -0.11823015660047531, 0.5918974280357361, 0.5096638798713684, -0.18012887239456177, -0.10023117810487747, -0.21417689323425293, 0.7685096859931946, -0.21561944484710693, -0.14489701390266418, 0.3664046823978424, 0.5062330961227417, 0.38939136266708374, -0.07804413139820099, 0.10581899434328079, 0.09974971413612366, -0.07728195935487747, -0.12908922135829926, 0.01511329598724842, 0.18660050630569458, 0.5272815227508545, 0.44579896330833435, -0.08927542716264725, -0.37188637256622314, 0.1831614375114441, -0.6381544470787048, -0.25768476724624634, 0.5459321737289429, 0.09615679830312729, 0.08168445527553558, 0.14498350024223328, 0.6085787415504456, -0.44371673464775085, 0.2377796322107315, 0.757370114326477, -0.13304337859153748, 0.555764377117157, -0.06479311734437943, 0.5163863897323608, -0.7250893712043762, -0.03260250762104988, -0.4555272161960602, 0.08912976086139679, -0.6174441576004028, 0.39651063084602356, -0.39041781425476074, 0.7990425825119019, 0.14131036400794983, -0.43406158685684204, 0.0715159922838211, -0.15033727884292603, 0.2422577291727066, 0.514839231967926, 0.14690333604812622, -0.14599159359931946, -0.6567104458808899, 0.25708815455436707, 0.37050169706344604, 0.035353079438209534, 0.02806899882853031, -0.4304298460483551, -0.28253090381622314, -0.11315285414457321, -0.20041008293628693, 0.05950102582573891, -0.02358294278383255, -0.5974285006523132, -0.1914694607257843, 1.0498713254928589, 0.1326611489057541, -1.2114700078964233, -0.3873059153556824, -0.6858261227607727, -0.6690338253974915, -0.4605521857738495, -0.41577115654945374, -0.10495582222938538, -0.10931190848350525, -0.5452924966812134, -0.050174929201602936, 1.0806797742843628, 1.2999311685562134, 0.348243772983551, -0.22414728999137878, -0.17117923498153687, -0.10238563269376755, -0.3802323341369629, -0.17368604242801666, -0.7159396409988403, -0.20030714571475983, 0.2394077330827713, -0.4061020314693451, 0.7535182237625122, -0.4583743214607239, -0.0532117523252964, 0.2675451338291168, 0.34422779083251953, 0.2740868031978607, 0.06856691092252731, 0.14020641148090363, 0.04973975569009781, 0.8253437280654907, -0.05727175995707512, -0.0733112245798111, 0.36411207914352417, 0.979156494140625, -0.004549386445432901, 0.06186966225504875, 0.40911999344825745, 0.04446000978350639, -0.7405694127082825, -0.17493973672389984, -0.7759422659873962, -0.16477170586585999, 0.647845983505249, 0.28305456042289734, -0.08240677416324615, -0.2789767384529114, 0.35881367325782776, 0.13712812960147858, -0.4647839665412903, -0.08659873157739639, 0.2678243815898895, -0.06507033854722977, -0.5443492531776428, -0.15469899773597717, -0.014750894159078598, -0.0006391008500941098, 0.529654324054718, -0.10604463517665863, -0.1357186734676361, 0.07096932828426361, -0.2322951853275299, -0.3769396245479584, -0.6628744006156921, 0.08492062240839005, -0.3662281632423401, 0.07638181000947952, -0.05035991221666336, -0.609552800655365, 0.4206233620643616, 0.35624951124191284, -0.379990816116333, -0.06328313797712326, 0.050610341131687164, -0.43849489092826843, 0.7289572954177856, 0.02328888513147831, 0.20306016504764557, 0.7246498465538025, 0.15060697495937347, -0.5938937067985535, -0.010527420789003372, -0.30145230889320374, 0.5035858154296875, 0.27457454800605774, -0.08484505861997604, -0.0931527242064476, -0.07946763932704926, -0.9135406017303467, -0.1858496218919754, 0.04658615216612816, -0.055324286222457886, -0.4089626371860504, 0.21524359285831451, -0.0990815982222557, 0.13996700942516327, 0.13292255997657776, -0.5891884565353394, -0.18420447409152985, 0.567932665348053, -0.17261113226413727, 0.043939851224422455, -0.04411507397890091, 0.3300139605998993, 0.032155584543943405, 0.06874959915876389, 0.2053125649690628, -0.17564746737480164, -0.5821446180343628, 0.22202791273593903, 0.5659164786338806, 0.07171953469514847, 0.02480439655482769, -0.11245857179164886, -0.43120187520980835, 0.10678216069936752, 0.19302527606487274, 0.012092777527868748, -0.1272028088569641, 0.46861153841018677, -0.0005987088079564273, -0.6521914005279541, 0.07192153483629227, -0.08997313678264618, -0.03863199055194855, -0.39178696274757385, 0.13311493396759033, 0.2388496845960617, -0.3123641014099121, -0.21522530913352966, -0.20768092572689056, -0.8861886858940125, 0.06726086139678955, -0.13179048895835876, 0.005877412389963865, 0.6130561232566833, -0.42152830958366394, -0.6077583432197571, -0.10329148918390274, 0.5311756730079651, -0.25220876932144165, 0.09117699414491653, 0.68636554479599, -0.33794718980789185, -0.7377851009368896, -0.1881163865327835, -0.4385682940483093, -0.0218440443277359, -0.7244851589202881, -0.38386765122413635, -0.3040599524974823, -0.09471677988767624, 0.27274489402770996, 0.0071801068261265755, 1.0109807252883911, -0.2154911309480667, 0.08920620381832123, -0.062134865671396255, 0.2639445960521698, 0.1514996588230133, -0.3211216628551483, -0.7229843139648438, 0.3266061544418335, 0.16760630905628204, -0.07565880566835403, 0.15563413500785828, 0.5489111542701721, 0.5798468589782715, 0.23233602941036224, 0.0253957137465477, 0.558772623538971, -0.2326844334602356, 0.464809387922287, -0.34086185693740845, -0.10758496075868607, 0.0272909514605999, 0.07323933392763138, 0.14613845944404602, -0.7113162875175476, -0.7768866419792175, 0.881558358669281, -0.3555000424385071, -0.23442482948303223, 0.4477698504924774, -0.09346165508031845, 0.019061360508203506, 0.19115182757377625, 0.2643622159957886, 0.5002059936523438, -0.20294372737407684, -0.05623256042599678, 0.1213158443570137, 0.039638906717300415, 0.23532743752002716, -0.16349472105503082, -0.08352338522672653, -0.36158832907676697, -0.39423856139183044, -0.3969358503818512, 0.3111391067504883, -0.2607385516166687, 0.29685646295547485, 0.019870448857545853, -0.11708515882492065, 0.20035910606384277, -0.07051347196102142, -0.8951921463012695, -0.3044447898864746, -0.33549749851226807, -0.7109326720237732, -0.56171715259552, -0.49811074137687683, -0.45362839102745056, 0.07161938399076462, -0.33727800846099854, 0.2900599241256714, -0.40952903032302856, 0.11633045226335526, -0.23793169856071472, 0.1045629233121872, 0.2235361635684967, 0.25837188959121704, -0.2971748113632202, 0.3333142101764679, -0.18910130858421326, -0.0736849382519722, -0.0967114046216011, 0.03229076787829399, 1.0061417818069458, -0.5423160791397095, 0.6513109803199768, 0.15457728505134583, -0.1663203239440918, -0.30624938011169434, -0.37323880195617676, 0.1653977930545807, 0.49069496989250183, 0.06179168447852135, 0.07816717773675919, 0.4045201241970062, -0.35271596908569336, 0.17476332187652588, 0.4583849310874939, -0.10793644934892654, 0.29757288098335266, -0.09645698964595795, 0.178317591547966, -0.23023591935634613, 0.8852739334106445, -0.36365875601768494, -0.1529657542705536, 0.37854576110839844, 0.24809080362319946, 0.2285567820072174, -0.9473720192909241, 0.2095709890127182, -0.041962962597608566, 0.0018964071059599519, -0.5117064714431763, 0.6144788265228271, 0.027651995420455933, 0.07696583122015, 0.22145189344882965, -0.10693086683750153, -0.1959461122751236, 0.019889678806066513, 0.16102097928524017, 0.9521681070327759, -0.13294821977615356, 0.5224761962890625, 0.1568985879421234, 0.1588975191116333, -0.13730987906455994, 0.4538566470146179, -0.19183285534381866, -0.0503150075674057, 0.7740278244018555, 0.4059979021549225, 0.36731162667274475, -0.6654230356216431, -0.031629402190446854, 0.3572942316532135, 0.34294113516807556, -0.1297471970319748, -0.2678771913051605, 0.17476890981197357, 0.03459378331899643, -0.39686012268066406, 0.6206404566764832, -0.2642250657081604, -0.1595393270254135, 0.07251466810703278, 0.00564980786293745, -0.4225354492664337, 0.06426598876714706, -0.23605816066265106, -0.018693946301937103, -0.6281062364578247, -0.10933857411146164, 0.5460742712020874, 0.42208704352378845, -0.2666424810886383, 1.0056530237197876, -0.14980171620845795, 0.16721540689468384, 0.1590386927127838, -0.8203893899917603, 0.1981043815612793, 0.3616911470890045, 0.057158373296260834, 0.09757382422685623, 0.33854857087135315, -0.07885903120040894, -0.17053332924842834, 0.2631867825984955, -0.4910820424556732, 0.3913193941116333, -0.11836332082748413, 0.30449920892715454, -0.017501570284366608, -0.8181862831115723, 0.1820906549692154, -0.36300528049468994, 1.0930088758468628, -0.2670014202594757, -0.5571926236152649, -0.2530922293663025, -0.1591765582561493, -0.2306552231311798, -0.1746324747800827, -0.22805392742156982, 0.39615964889526367, -0.4534810185432434, 0.36003199219703674, -0.7350271344184875, 0.5271049737930298, 0.23956423997879028, 0.5006189346313477, -0.07187537848949432, 0.35214105248451233, -0.20863470435142517, -0.06521955877542496, 0.40019112825393677, -0.07575612515211105, -0.05005291849374771, -0.19612416625022888, 0.29611068964004517, 0.2778802216053009, -0.0825207307934761, -0.6865460276603699, -0.3932809829711914, 0.5055450201034546, 0.21970593929290771, 0.37791720032691956, 0.2221667319536209, 0.5220460891723633, -0.3219163715839386, -0.11166585981845856, -0.4536910355091095, -0.14179405570030212, -0.32541415095329285, -0.2594045102596283, 0.6370424628257751, 0.6081965565681458, 0.4063343405723572, -0.7649861574172974, 0.5312516689300537, 0.013608390465378761, 0.20242320001125336, 0.10736183822154999, 0.4163138270378113, 0.5488245487213135, -0.2119041532278061, -0.03259027376770973, -0.3770870864391327, 0.17997337877750397, 0.07411108165979385, 0.000670079083647579, 0.06393107026815414, -0.5443491339683533, 0.41530874371528625, 0.19849009811878204, 0.03475286066532135, -0.758220911026001, 0.6042882800102234, -0.16350576281547546 ]
216557	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Merrick	David Merrick	David Merrick (born David Lee Margoulis; November 27, 1911 – April 25, 2000) was a prolific Tony Award-winning American theatrical producer. Life and career Born David Lee Margulois to Jewish parents in St. Louis, Missouri, Merrick graduated from Washington University, then studied law at the Jesuit-run Saint Louis University School of Law. In 1940 he left his legal career to become a successful theatrical producer. His first seven productions were hits, starting with Clutterbuck in 1949, which he produced in partnership with Irving Jacobs, and he set a precedent in 1958 of having four productions on Broadway simultaneously; all hits: Look Back in Anger, Romanoff and Juliet, Jamaica and The Entertainer. He often was his own competition for the Tony Award, and he frequently won multiple nominations and/or wins in the same season. Merrick was known for his love of publicity stunts. In 1949, his comedy Clutterbuck was running out of steam, but along with discount tickets, he paged hotel bars and restaurants around Manhattan during cocktail hour for a "fictive Mr. Clutterbuck" as a way of generating name recognition for his production, and it helped his show keep alive for another few months. Another famous stunt promoted the poorly reviewed 1961 musical Subways Are For Sleeping. Merrick found seven New Yorkers who had the same names as the city's seven leading theater critics: Howard Taubman, Walter Kerr, John Chapman, John McClain, Richard Watts, Jr., Norman Nadel, and Robert Coleman. Merrick invited the seven namesakes to the musical and secured their permission to use their names and pictures in an advertisement alongside quotes such as "One of the few great musical comedies of the last thirty years" and "A fabulous musical. I love it." Merrick then prepared a newspaper ad featuring the namesakes' rave reviews under the heading 7 Out of 7 Are Ecstatically Unanimous About Subways Are For Sleeping. Only one newspaper, the New York Herald Tribune, published the ad, and only in one edition; however, the publicity that the ad garnered helped the musical remain open for 205 performances (almost six months). Merrick later revealed that he had conceived the ad several years previously, but had not been able to execute it until Brooks Atkinson retired as The New York Times theater critic in 1960 since he could not find anyone with the same name. Merrick joined The Lambs in 1950. Merrick joined the board of directors of the Riviera, a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada, alongside Harvey Silbert and Harry A. Goodman in 1968. He also worked with director and choreographer Gower Champion, who directed Merrick's production of 42nd Street. But on the morning of August 25, 1980, Champion died of a rare blood cancer, and Merrick announced the news himself to both the cast and the audience at the opening night curtain call. Merrick suffered a stroke in 1983, after which he spent most of his time in a wheelchair. He established the David Merrick Arts Foundation in 1998 to support the development of American musicals. Personal life Merrick was married six times, to Lenore Beck, Jeanne Gibson, Etan Aronson (twice), Karen Prunczik, and Natalie Lloyd. He was married to Lloyd at the time of his death on April 25, 2000, in London; all of his previous marriages had ended in divorce. He had two daughters according to Peter Filichia, writing in the Newark Star-Ledger on April 27, two days after Merrick's death. Honours In 1965, Merrick received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2001, Merrick was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Biography An unauthorized biography by Howard Kissel is titled David Merrick: The Abominable Showman (). Cultural references In "What Does A Naked Lady Say to You?", a first-season episode of The Odd Couple, the director of the nude off-Broadway play Bathtub (itself based on Oh! Calcutta!) complains after police officer Murray Greschler (Al Molinaro) busts the production for indecency, "Murray, you wouldn't do this to me if I was David Merrick!" In "We Closed in Minneapolis," a first-season episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Mary's character comments to the mailroom guy upon seeing his delivery to Murray's desk of what she assumes to be a rejection letter, "Oh, poor Murray. He's been writing this play for three years. You'd think Broadway producers would be sensitive enough to do more than just stick mimeographed rejection slips in when they send it back. You know, something like a nice, handwritten note saying, "Good work, Murray. Nice try. Love, David Merrick." Quotes "It's not enough that I should succeed, others should fail." (This statement has also been attributed to François de La Rochefoucauld, Gore Vidal, and Genghis Khan.) Awards and nominations 1986 Tony Award for Best Reproduction (Loot, nominee) 1986 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival (Loot, nominee) 1981 Tony Award for Best Musical (42nd Street, winner) 1981 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical (42nd Street, nominee) 1976 Tony Award for Best Play (Travesties, winner) 1976 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival (Very Good Eddie, nominee) 1975 Tony Award for Best Musical (Mack & Mabel, nominee) 1973 Tony Award for Best Musical (Sugar, nominee) 1972 Tony Award for Best Play (Vivat! Vivat Regina!, nominee) 1971 Tony Award for Best Play (The Philanthropist, nominee) 1970 Tony Award for Best Play (Child's Play, nominee) 1969 Tony Award for Best Musical (Promises, Promises, nominee) 1968 Tony Award for Best Musical (How Now, Dow Jones, nominee) 1968 Tony Award for Best Musical (The Happy Time, nominee) 1968 Tony Award for Best Play (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, winner) 1968 Tony Award for Best Producer of a Play (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, winner) 1968 Special Tony Award (winner) 1967 Tony Award for Best Musical (I Do! I Do!, nominee) 1966 Tony Award for Best Play (Marat/Sade, winner) 1966 Tony Award for Best Play (Philadelphia, Here I Come!, nominee) 1966 Tony Award for Best Play (Inadmissible Evidence, nominee) 1965 Tony Award for Best Musical (Oh, What a Lovely War!, nominee) 1965 Tony Award for Best Producer of a Musical (The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd, nominee) 1964 Tony Award for Best Musical (Hello, Dolly!, winner) 1964 Tony Award for Best Play (Luther, winner) 1964 Tony Award for Best Producer (Musical) (Hello, Dolly!, winner) 1963 Tony Award for Best Musical (Stop the World – I Want to Get Off, nominee) 1963 Tony Award for Best Musical (Oliver!, nominee) 1963 Tony Award for Best Producer of a Musical (Oliver!, nominee) 1962 Tony Award for Best Musical (Carnival, nominee) 1962 Tony Award for Best Producer of a Musical (Carnival, nominee) 1962 Tony Award for Best Producer of a Play (Ross, nominee) 1961 Tony Award for Best Musical (Irma La Douce, nominee) 1961 Tony Award for Best Musical (Do Re Mi, nominee) 1961 Tony Award for Best Play (Becket, winner) 1961 Special Tony Award (winner) 1960 Tony Award for Best Musical (Take Me Along, nominee) 1959 Tony Award for Best Musical (La Plume de Ma Tante, nominee) 1959 Tony Award for Best Play (Epitaph for George Dillon, nominee) 1958 Tony Award for Best Musical (Jamaica, nominee) 1958 Tony Award for Best Play (Look Back in Anger, nominee) 1958 Tony Award for Best Play (Romanoff and Juliet, nominee) Additional notable stage productions Clutterbuck (1949) Fanny (1954) The Matchmaker (1955) Look Back in Anger (1957) Romanoff and Juliet (1957) Jamaica (1957) The Entertainer (1958) The World of Suzie Wong (1958) La Plume de Ma Tante (1958) Destry Rides Again (1959) Gypsy (1959) Take Me Along (1959) Irma La Douce (1960) A Taste of Honey (1960) Becket (1960) Do Re Mi (1960) Carnival! (1961) Subways Are For Sleeping (1961) I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962) Stop the World – I Want to Get Off (1962) Oliver! (1963) Luther (1963) 110 in the Shade (1963) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963) The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore (1964) Hello, Dolly! (1964) Foxy (1964) Oh! What a Lovely War (1964) The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd (1965) Pickwick (1965) Cactus Flower (1965) Marat/Sade (1965) Don't Drink the Water (1966) I Do! I Do! (1966) Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1967) How Now, Dow Jones (1967) The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968) The Happy Time (1968) Promises, Promises (1968) Forty Carats (1968) Play It Again, Sam (1969) Private Lives (1969) Mack and Mabel (1974) Very Good Eddie (1975) State Fair (1996) Film productions Merrick produced four films: Child's Play (1972) The Great Gatsby (1974) Semi-Tough (1977) Rough Cut'' (1980) References External links The New York Times obituary David Merrick Paper s at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research St. Louis Walk of Fame 1911 births 2000 deaths 20th-century American Jews American theatre directors American theatre managers and producers American entertainment industry businesspeople Broadway theatre producers Businesspeople from St. Louis Missouri Democrats New York (state) Democrats Tony Award winners Washington University in St. Louis alumni Saint Louis University School of Law alumni 20th-century American businesspeople American casino industry businesspeople American corporate directors Special Tony Award recipients	[ -0.30117568373680115, 0.21628087759017944, -0.6348027586936951, -0.08506382256746292, 0.06260453909635544, 0.6552015542984009, 0.34364053606987, 0.008754502050578594, 0.014431989751756191, 0.11152515560388565, -0.3075577914714813, 0.6476279497146606, 0.10035423934459686, 0.7436531186103821, -0.47168299555778503, 0.5281360745429993, -0.3559580147266388, -0.4143257141113281, -0.38354742527008057, -0.14559286832809448, -0.7811543345451355, -0.19007952511310577, 0.499792218208313, 0.7586838006973267, -0.46567925810813904, 0.4583097994327545, -0.36299076676368713, 0.005542620085179806, -0.08486392349004745, 0.3338949382305145, 0.19187302887439728, 0.14950449764728546, 0.5385798811912537, -0.5636274814605713, -0.6923345923423767, 0.043566420674324036, -0.5153727531433105, -0.39717182517051697, -0.369390606880188, -0.20085521042346954, -0.29187601804733276, -0.011336015537381172, 0.2733336091041565, -0.39752787351608276, -0.24942924082279205, -0.30734455585479736, -2.1763479709625244, 0.31942564249038696, -0.7493323087692261, -0.43434807658195496, -0.3043747842311859, 0.35837113857269287, 0.45363980531692505, -0.28420424461364746, 0.12557128071784973, -0.03350537270307541, -0.14095908403396606, -0.07158014923334122, 0.2935516834259033, -0.45858070254325867, -0.036739710718393326, 0.144064262509346, 0.6773195266723633, -0.1234666034579277, 0.2627127468585968, 0.18804049491882324, 0.10715194046497345, 0.600025475025177, -0.05923778563737869, -0.36445027589797974, 0.16769742965698242, 0.8997427225112915, 0.6204676032066345, -0.42553824186325073, 0.5784159302711487, -0.6799399852752686, 0.24118657410144806, -0.029193177819252014, -0.141306534409523, 0.05765929073095322, -0.19173872470855713, -0.23924025893211365, 0.1677902787923813, 0.4488411545753479, 0.06763135641813278, -0.34990194439888, -0.2968316674232483, 0.2289992719888687, -0.13213427364826202, -0.2829957902431488, -1.0126835107803345, -0.2681436538696289, -0.2518308162689209, 0.039674729108810425, 0.01288406178355217, -0.05686965957283974, -0.057781245559453964, 0.3835950493812561, -0.08210485428571701, -0.04005260765552521, 0.0730363205075264, -0.23261530697345734, -0.010668925009667873, -0.4312780499458313, -0.8034514784812927, 0.44285228848457336, 0.44748422503471375, 0.1561414748430252, 0.1068287044763565, 0.2278146743774414, -0.45147904753685, 0.011839346960186958, 0.11504068225622177, 0.061373043805360794, 0.360087126493454, 0.6741604804992676, -0.04568955674767494, -0.18641695380210876, -0.9055185914039612, 0.15951159596443176, 0.14640451967716217, 0.5590261816978455, -0.24844540655612946, 0.07573968172073364, -1.1407907009124756, 0.13540512323379517, -0.36997082829475403, -0.07317059487104416, -0.4911598563194275, -0.154457688331604, 0.43407556414604187, 0.46940165758132935, -0.3431078791618347, -0.3090192377567291, -0.7117234468460083, -0.03920627757906914, 0.2998170852661133, -0.20495864748954773, -0.14042651653289795, -0.039501748979091644, -0.6357497572898865, -0.18454204499721527, -0.8258740901947021, 0.28706789016723633, 0.7060228586196899, -0.45030859112739563, 0.3827112913131714, 0.06464354693889618, -0.31942760944366455, 0.041535913944244385, -0.3534128963947296, 0.19494105875492096, 0.008131297305226326, -0.674847424030304, -0.3540351390838623, 0.462929904460907, 1.111703634262085, -0.2777267396450043, 0.4543921649456024, 0.04462423920631409, 0.46329957246780396, 0.03854428231716156, -0.008953225798904896, -0.04429088532924652, 0.08350978791713715, -0.059228889644145966, -0.19270475208759308, -0.7251225113868713, -0.2555055618286133, 0.010938846506178379, -0.02103383094072342, 0.48098811507225037, 0.4871392548084259, -0.2599635720252991, -0.6539325714111328, 0.24494212865829468, 0.5639821290969849, 0.8321040868759155, 0.11541082710027695, -0.5022438764572144, -0.3258505165576935, -0.3374561071395874, 0.16263088583946228, 0.28524869680404663, 0.14963048696517944, -0.2925788164138794, 0.37855276465415955, -0.5601455569267273, 0.6101160645484924, -0.5396648049354553, -0.3861604332923889, -0.5812315344810486, -0.11137986183166504, -0.510398268699646, 0.5720246434211731, 0.5630100965499878, -0.04761860519647598, 0.20035891234874725, 0.18433676660060883, -0.026640918105840683, 0.02282543294131756, 0.019902603700757027, -0.03643704950809479, 0.09875822812318802, 0.056885357946157455, 0.4652843177318573, 0.27677780389785767, 0.2066904753446579, 0.4573618471622467, 0.5196370482444763, 0.1939052790403366, -0.31835344433784485, 0.8602030277252197, 0.19168145954608917, 0.09075530618429184, -0.9338310360908508, -0.5821147561073303, -0.19657793641090393, 0.21971774101257324, -0.41053786873817444, 0.6300420761108398, 0.45662274956703186, -0.17680461704730988, 0.2906814217567444, 0.042459674179553986, 0.7341015934944153, -0.6424845457077026, -0.6310226321220398, 0.062214165925979614, 0.10614674538373947, -0.49382033944129944, 0.4560836851596832, -0.1573256105184555, -0.7137778997421265, 0.25725674629211426, 0.09544539451599121, -0.11954468488693237, -0.5457994341850281, -0.07539083808660507, 0.03675594553351402, 0.3608713150024414, -0.10931703448295593, -0.6145216226577759, 0.2935439646244049, 0.1013236939907074, -0.0005771988071501255, -0.004477540496736765, 0.03466026484966278, 0.22873665392398834, 0.09385823458433151, 0.7036318778991699, 0.17252644896507263, 0.35362744331359863, -0.13539499044418335, -0.0016714868834242225, 0.5416716933250427, -0.15677987039089203, -0.5221469402313232, 0.4187803268432617, -0.07894869893789291, 0.23624424636363983, -0.01260874792933464, -0.14556796848773956, -0.19380231201648712, -0.26072248816490173, 0.01753351092338562, 0.09526128321886063, -0.11056970804929733, -0.2965273857116699, -0.20552513003349304, -0.04652418941259384, -0.5685454607009888, -0.2748253643512726, -0.03983470797538757, 0.45266443490982056, 0.12588204443454742, 0.5689314603805542, -0.24298344552516937, -0.4716607332229614, -0.5799039602279663, 0.7314805388450623, 0.42155715823173523, -0.6461278796195984, -0.6529889702796936, -0.19680382311344147, 0.22644613683223724, -0.4170113801956177, -0.09869393706321716, 0.10406868904829025, -0.48650461435317993, -0.45179396867752075, 0.6557866930961609, -0.24295489490032196, 0.6043351888656616, -0.4116396903991699, 0.5264742970466614, -0.2738930881023407, -0.33219751715660095, -0.10348352044820786, 0.011777808889746666, -0.2567093074321747, 0.37529364228248596, 0.0597275048494339, 0.3571626543998718, 0.1879388689994812, 0.49370449781417847, -0.19364769756793976, -0.5816268920898438, -5.689144134521484, -0.34835249185562134, -0.2183174341917038, -0.026130780577659607, 0.5895676016807556, -0.3841415047645569, 0.22588147222995758, 0.15982089936733246, 0.5212493538856506, -0.025722211226820946, 0.13382725417613983, -0.09340374916791916, -0.40549057722091675, 0.7333953380584717, 0.779089093208313, 0.27811670303344727, 0.13677850365638733, 0.03125353157520294, 0.27789467573165894, 0.3995036482810974, 0.022676115855574608, -0.27942684292793274, -0.09895380586385727, 0.031953178346157074, 0.11723802983760834, 0.11869706958532333, -0.7649762034416199, 0.5744974613189697, -1.0659281015396118, -0.3376941680908203, -0.24274981021881104, -0.29876983165740967, -0.4361017048358917, -0.02903481386601925, -0.08014606684446335, -0.31420764327049255, 0.5175529718399048, 0.32845160365104675, -0.16163456439971924, -0.3468470573425293, -0.10189155489206314, -0.2070159912109375, -0.9504430890083313, -0.03183024749159813, 0.14619386196136475, -0.21183720231056213, -0.37681901454925537, -0.09332489967346191, -0.10605680197477341, 0.4853781759738922, 0.9248368740081787, 0.1982654184103012, 0.7642562985420227, -0.17548079788684845, 0.27179208397865295, -0.5938616394996643, 0.38526540994644165, 0.005027373321354389, -0.7885982394218445, 0.12594474852085114, -0.12295150011777878, -0.4627513289451599, 0.13966740667819977, 0.18932360410690308, -0.29643699526786804, -0.35004153847694397, 0.0791875347495079, -0.13475024700164795, -0.008302188478410244, -0.6876150965690613, -0.11782096326351166, 0.4763807952404022, 0.5456736087799072, -0.7619571685791016, 0.1739172786474228, -0.17113752663135529, 0.5699621438980103, -0.13107438385486603, -0.567451536655426, -0.28565940260887146, -0.3213266432285309, -0.5089623332023621, 0.16187678277492523, 0.44719502329826355, 0.21795400977134705, 0.29900670051574707, -0.09576450288295746, 0.7193864583969116, -0.29778680205345154, -0.03779517859220505, -0.2223561555147171, 0.051710572093725204, -0.13320854306221008, 0.2766895294189453, 0.04646139591932297, -0.33015596866607666, 0.08448182791471481, 0.8277153372764587, 0.3411204516887665, 0.4284113943576813, -0.3351217210292816, -0.6377360224723816, 0.353524386882782, -0.5567591786384583, 0.33295658230781555, -0.04043004289269447, 0.1272505223751068, -0.2554858326911926, 0.5949274301528931, 0.05632698908448219, 0.2987353503704071, 0.9350867867469788, -0.43215933442115784, -0.4085645377635956, 0.2987096309661865, 0.06337083876132965, 0.23221378028392792, 0.4481538236141205, -0.01817218028008938, 0.6142339706420898, 0.15487293899059296, 0.3985976576805115, 0.024065595120191574, 0.3400299847126007, 0.22791802883148193, -0.24016080796718597, 0.15221764147281647, -0.010943347588181496, -0.33010539412498474, -0.3005445599555969, -0.17872567474842072, 0.3275150656700134, -0.1139708161354065, 0.13232459127902985, 0.1250486522912979, -0.17389720678329468, -0.9637629985809326, -0.4077083170413971, -0.17092740535736084, 0.037855517119169235, -0.25760361552238464, -0.04974330589175224, -0.047408126294612885, 0.25169309973716736, 0.16027085483074188, -0.236580029129982, -0.08240049332380295, 0.21277762949466705, 0.025442317128181458, -0.02206195518374443, 0.45168617367744446, 0.17297188937664032, 0.6942930221557617, -0.45742812752723694, -0.780857503414154, -0.20347775518894196, -0.467034250497818, -0.46789225935935974, 0.2400297224521637, -0.010397287085652351, -0.07919621467590332, -0.03872876986861229, -0.7258537411689758, 0.185636967420578, -0.19226133823394775, -0.31416797637939453, -0.14149066805839539, -0.3245164453983307, -0.07620152831077576, 0.5131412148475647, 0.08982068300247192, 0.022161150351166725, -0.204595148563385, 0.12085948139429092, 0.3747771680355072, 0.6961188316345215, -0.3656516373157501, -1.383256435394287, 0.5717476010322571, 0.2962481379508972, 0.5356539487838745, -0.5920649170875549, -0.6906613707542419, 0.3735075891017914, 0.09128155559301376, -0.5679216980934143, -0.9371076822280884, -0.5497645735740662, -0.5655978918075562, 0.008046106435358524, -0.04909318685531616, -0.6117522120475769, 0.23480528593063354, 0.3361234664916992, -0.38143301010131836, -0.04104922339320183, 0.31320884823799133, -0.17285341024398804, 0.0568900927901268, -0.04843807965517044, -0.20540542900562286, 0.38959893584251404, -1.0184712409973145, -0.4029994606971741, 0.3500916361808777, -1.0440311431884766, -0.025276418775320053, -0.0796855241060257, -0.1250450760126114, 0.9588419795036316, -0.3716543912887573, -0.37368854880332947, -0.19663354754447937, 0.010012175887823105, -0.38143113255500793, -0.17837636172771454, 0.4062206745147705, -0.10099924355745316, -0.17855694890022278, -0.3289605677127838, -0.08012177795171738, -0.8459399342536926, 0.10159330070018768, 0.12033538520336151, -1.0645267963409424, 0.1291734278202057, 0.03995295986533165, -0.4889790117740631, 0.18620452284812927, -0.47631537914276123, 0.20127254724502563, -0.17403976619243622, -0.07182549685239792, 0.3150198459625244, -0.06982044875621796, 0.0733461007475853, 0.2352491021156311, 0.4684700667858124, -0.4332510232925415, 0.09681988507509232, 0.35267317295074463, 1.3647592067718506, 0.42241406440734863, 0.491773396730423, 0.36823469400405884, 0.049351755529642105, -0.021509625017642975, -0.6496366858482361, 0.03919758275151253, 0.44205334782600403, 0.6201131343841553, 0.15529383718967438, -0.5081459283828735, 0.32557010650634766, 0.647567093372345, -0.6753467321395874, 0.2115318775177002, -0.028872575610876083, -0.0074071078561246395, 0.11856160312891006, -0.17476198077201843, 0.4556821584701538, 0.13702712953090668, -0.0851454883813858, 0.02932881936430931, 0.24106042087078094, -0.032213982194662094, -0.20022058486938477, 0.6496778726577759, -0.5341290831565857, 0.03752771019935608, -0.0059787193313241005, 0.11180499941110611, 0.6112884283065796, -0.24350975453853607, 0.42558667063713074, 0.43290042877197266, -0.3542805016040802, 0.6443173885345459, -0.6053268909454346, -0.12346811592578888, 0.4966794550418854, 0.14335179328918457, -0.4317101538181305, -0.2664945423603058, -0.5869882106781006, -0.11991365253925323, -0.2578623592853546, -0.3403359055519104, 0.020081382244825363, -0.23556163907051086, 0.27633535861968994, -0.34859368205070496, 0.017126720398664474, -0.7526958584785461, -0.2959725856781006, 0.18384680151939392, 1.0450702905654907, -0.20613449811935425, 0.358065664768219, -0.13680683076381683, 0.3080664575099945, 0.288522332906723, -0.07454226166009903, 0.27843987941741943, 0.049684036523103714, -0.15714962780475616, -0.4341592490673065, -0.20740990340709686, -0.05888732522726059, 0.3580213189125061, -0.3295806348323822, 0.39724957942962646, 0.6651619076728821, -0.36202487349510193, -0.040236588567495346, 0.674090564250946, 0.09478821605443954, 0.006246492732316256, -0.30600252747535706, -0.18236280977725983, 0.1761520355939865, 0.40701210498809814, -0.681023359298706, 0.5889307856559753, 0.9240774512290955, 0.6444634795188904, -0.03116735629737377, -0.2918015420436859, 0.011356458999216557, 0.6180891990661621, -0.36914676427841187, -0.1345302164554596, 0.1759188026189804, 0.21652784943580627, -0.2896425127983093, 0.6407471895217896, 0.1785653531551361, -0.10531119257211685, 0.2039978802204132, -0.396724671125412, 0.2760070562362671, 0.1538337767124176, 0.29323524236679077, 0.12145354598760605, -0.09443387389183044, 0.09741494059562683, 0.3720201551914215, -0.7405765056610107, -0.020765377208590508, 0.5565597414970398, -0.12767793238162994, 0.1713515967130661, -0.2832319140434265, 0.7740204334259033, -0.15216468274593353, 0.6147697567939758, -0.11080571264028549, 0.43778756260871887, -0.08358980715274811, 0.07064447551965714, -0.30862802267074585, 0.7266554832458496, -0.013144268654286861, -0.05810992419719696, 0.07787296175956726, 0.0020970168989151716, -1.2757176160812378, 0.11693695187568665, 0.6872407793998718, -0.06572690606117249, 0.36783668398857117, -0.15585492551326752, 0.6063811182975769, 0.6733384728431702, 0.6404299139976501, 0.7357646226882935, -0.49839454889297485, 0.1704465001821518, 0.4671770930290222, -0.3092084228992462, 0.03157321736216545, 0.03975817561149597, 0.18854835629463196, -0.17564725875854492, -0.24875381588935852, 0.09863881021738052, 0.20896293222904205, 0.28721851110458374, -0.25483766198158264, 0.6024158596992493, -0.9439679980278015, -0.2520051598548889, 0.4080096185207367, -0.7406077980995178, 0.20676970481872559, -0.5472898483276367, 0.4240758717060089, 0.07634104043245316, 0.2891704738140106, 0.13663391768932343, 0.7763060927391052, 0.5667485594749451, 0.197389155626297, 0.06424160301685333, -0.19366562366485596, -0.268257200717926, -0.1790250837802887, -0.5742681622505188, 0.2193823903799057, -0.08319967985153198, 0.21746984124183655, -0.1786757856607437, -0.056444860994815826, -0.3464970588684082, 0.1284979283809662, 0.5156717896461487, 0.49238547682762146, 0.14523476362228394, -0.35355326533317566, 0.29597577452659607, 0.37033724784851074, -0.2152145504951477, 0.2427748739719391, -0.33361363410949707, 0.5939221978187561, -0.00033680733758956194, -0.03576675057411194, -0.2185388207435608, 0.623268187046051, -0.2386789470911026, -0.06483347713947296, -0.4120677411556244, -0.16646505892276764, -0.1691495031118393, -0.36574047803878784, 0.2511925995349884, 0.30026257038116455, 0.7738645672798157, -0.49189436435699463, 0.3824775516986847, 0.18850766122341156, -0.11603687703609467, -0.16720819473266602, -0.4032313823699951, 0.040114875882864, 0.30636709928512573, -0.17851905524730682, 0.24033206701278687, 0.8484509587287903, -0.29573696851730347, -0.6291671991348267, 0.28347310423851013, -0.005503010470420122, 0.056212522089481354, 0.32890811562538147, -0.1175396740436554, -0.0860498920083046, 0.5601477026939392, -0.13068519532680511 ]
216559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Hamza%20Zubeidi	Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi	Mohammed Hamza az-Zubeidi (1938 – December 2, 2005) () was the Prime Minister of Iraq from 1991 to 1993. He is on the "Saddam's Dirty Dozen" list of people responsible for torture and murder in Iraq, playing a key role in Iraq's brutal suppression of the uprising of 1991. He was featured in Iraqi news film kicking and beating captured rebels. Career az-Zubeidi was a Ba'athist whose loyalty lay with his ethnicity (Arab) rather than his personal faith. He played a key part in the suppression of the multi-ethnic Shiite uprising in March 1991. After that, he became the country's prime minister in September and remained in this position for two years, until he was replaced by Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai in September 1993. He was a member of the Revolutionary Command Council and the commander of the Central Euphrates military district, but had not been in power for two years. He was the Queen of Spades in the deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards issued by the US government during the war in Iraq. After the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, he was captured on April 20, 2003 near the small city of Mahaweel. He remained in American custody until his death of natural causes in a military hospital on December 2, 2005. On that day, an American spokesman revealed that someone had died in a military hospital but did not reveal his name. Two days later, Saddam Hussein's half-brother Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti announced Zubeidi's death at his trial, complaining that they were both suffering from cancer and that he did not want to end up dead like Zubeidi because of what he claimed was poor medical treatment. References http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/zubaydi.htm Prime Ministers of Iraq 1938 births 2005 deaths Ba'athist rulers Iraqi people who died in prison custody Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region Prisoners who died in United States military detention Heads of government who were later imprisoned	[ -0.16342641413211823, 1.0574642419815063, -0.4500398635864258, -0.00488427234813571, -0.8898950219154358, 0.7044106125831604, -0.020172297954559326, -0.0729183703660965, 0.021570250391960144, -0.05976368114352226, -0.13845142722129822, 0.36922818422317505, -0.5862632393836975, 0.6119107604026794, 0.006223732139915228, 0.2265203893184662, -0.26441851258277893, -0.01425660029053688, -0.8894947171211243, 0.3138975501060486, 0.16862283647060394, -0.1292584389448166, 0.04145881161093712, -0.35491788387298584, 0.48618456721305847, 0.30145329236984253, 0.48584121465682983, 0.2925824820995331, -0.11080115288496017, 0.2807575464248657, -0.0104625029489398, -0.060788530856370926, 0.25706982612609863, -0.29796740412712097, -0.5156643986701965, 0.2667001783847809, 0.5039552450180054, -0.17491674423217773, -0.5461609363555908, -0.1444205939769745, -0.3642478585243225, 0.10527166724205017, 0.10230439901351929, 0.29067131876945496, -0.03704502806067467, -1.1622861623764038, -1.058050513267517, 0.23972737789154053, -0.09856973588466644, -0.7247612476348877, 0.12032536417245865, 0.10369544476270676, 0.6756817102432251, -0.10560902208089828, 0.681852400302887, 0.22165340185165405, -0.5428299307823181, -0.23156772553920746, -0.46277493238449097, -0.33470937609672546, 0.6039100885391235, 0.16452710330486298, 0.23859462141990662, -0.16821898519992828, 0.4583978056907654, 0.23151184618473053, 0.006012893747538328, 0.02208210527896881, 0.0835609883069992, 0.6594703197479248, -0.45500263571739197, -0.10541879385709763, 0.39846810698509216, 0.17953689396381378, 0.2844580411911011, -0.25802963972091675, 0.11583089083433151, 0.04905746877193451, 0.34054917097091675, 0.11617588251829147, 0.5254663228988647, -0.6829023957252502, 0.8831648826599121, 0.184468075633049, -0.09925318509340286, -0.007409960962831974, 0.12440035492181778, 0.9813293218612671, -0.4764379858970642, 0.10445280373096466, -0.753337025642395, -0.3764883279800415, 0.16071321070194244, -0.22428855299949646, -0.5424690246582031, -0.2387194186449051, 0.16400544345378876, 0.9276732802391052, -0.6066166758537292, -0.03545559197664261, 0.5141240954399109, 0.9586931467056274, 0.12804372608661652, -0.1879270076751709, -0.7362345457077026, 0.10264375060796738, -0.2919112741947174, -0.1381043791770935, -0.6701161861419678, -0.08851826936006546, -0.24562647938728333, 0.7883033156394958, -0.06842003762722015, -0.14446225762367249, 0.23622900247573853, 0.4079796075820923, -0.2327948808670044, -0.5263808369636536, 0.1648513376712799, -0.15069453418254852, -0.6339311599731445, 0.8498349189758301, -0.5372656583786011, -0.30280810594558716, -0.3883378207683563, 0.09630647301673889, -0.31609946489334106, -0.14738179743289948, -0.30156317353248596, 0.6333611607551575, 1.1357784271240234, 0.705238938331604, -0.46081382036209106, -0.11142300069332123, 0.04514345899224281, -1.0934337377548218, 0.6768494248390198, -0.2959195673465729, 0.7307546734809875, 0.4550287425518036, -0.3425128161907196, 0.25577619671821594, -0.5449147820472717, -0.2143680304288864, 0.28552770614624023, -0.3939260244369507, 0.0016244244761765003, -0.03192496299743652, -0.3161630928516388, -0.4088694751262665, -0.3398035764694214, -0.5623499751091003, -0.12851881980895996, -0.8798109292984009, -0.13166551291942596, 0.6897064447402954, 0.1755225509405136, -0.2028222382068634, 0.737747848033905, 0.03267712891101837, 0.03807748109102249, 0.36135542392730713, 0.27446526288986206, -0.17516684532165527, 0.49777960777282715, -0.12396584451198578, 0.24271368980407715, -0.2478998750448227, 0.2543547749519348, -0.2919634282588959, -0.6904556155204773, 0.30680933594703674, 0.2899792790412903, -0.3571036159992218, 0.1629578024148941, 0.25416234135627747, 0.8747783899307251, -0.08122257143259048, 0.3090364933013916, -0.11041061580181122, -0.4716247618198395, -0.8406085968017578, -0.004671747330576181, 0.5773085355758667, 0.31090107560157776, -0.2939319312572479, 0.5629210472106934, -0.06919416040182114, 0.9057720303535461, -0.3302094042301178, -0.007601692341268063, -0.19090008735656738, 0.3993039131164551, -0.7021324634552002, 0.48325780034065247, 0.562019944190979, -0.48870477080345154, 0.39872804284095764, 0.10964976996183395, 1.1900720596313477, 0.01945634000003338, -0.3200974762439728, 0.34988677501678467, -0.8912581205368042, 0.31907230615615845, 0.6664953231811523, 0.4856857359409332, 0.28060147166252136, -0.0625477060675621, 0.9917075037956238, 0.5808559060096741, -0.21248024702072144, -0.3699840009212494, 0.10060947388410568, -0.2736983895301819, -0.7287240028381348, -0.4507935047149658, 0.5189306139945984, -0.07946404814720154, 0.0907425507903099, 0.7860493659973145, 0.1698252409696579, -0.8249030709266663, 1.0281583070755005, -0.2232588529586792, 0.45606476068496704, -0.4227524697780609, -0.42668992280960083, -0.33804434537887573, 0.21564732491970062, 0.5982218980789185, 0.5356684923171997, 0.3993459641933441, -0.4136306643486023, -0.07278221845626831, 0.37244218587875366, -0.2724204957485199, -0.04074063152074814, 0.502345621585846, -0.18122419714927673, 0.3875787854194641, 0.4855667054653168, 0.07866203039884567, -0.058784119784832, 0.44435596466064453, 0.20812228322029114, -0.7358701825141907, 0.1513053923845291, -1.2037501335144043, 0.5798864364624023, -0.48325294256210327, -0.07248426973819733, 0.7448472380638123, -0.7798848152160645, -0.043412644416093826, -0.3729797899723053, -0.02080235257744789, 0.07015284150838852, -0.06454478949308395, 0.13085824251174927, 0.04836401343345642, 0.16524234414100647, 0.08594325929880142, 0.5755338668823242, 0.07288894802331924, 0.20649351179599762, 0.17257584631443024, -0.2641593813896179, -0.33779439330101013, -0.02317214384675026, 0.34078457951545715, -0.1590786725282669, 0.09106046706438065, 0.49403494596481323, 0.463331937789917, -0.23861269652843475, -0.8611768484115601, 0.8635427951812744, -0.3889636695384979, -0.37713080644607544, 0.9805324673652649, 1.0957072973251343, -0.10641808807849884, 0.2527359127998352, -0.9975429177284241, -0.24790790677070618, -0.6101654171943665, -0.9377325177192688, -0.27605339884757996, 0.1763199269771576, -0.9352283477783203, 0.28295403718948364, -0.1965342015028, -0.030235089361667633, -0.7116807699203491, -0.03248338773846626, -0.39114099740982056, -0.7979406118392944, 0.38558974862098694, -0.13470473885536194, -0.6118981838226318, 0.27240094542503357, -0.6943755149841309, 0.18312636017799377, 0.5020397901535034, 0.24017448723316193, -0.22172123193740845, -0.27208471298217773, -5.253317832946777, -0.038253553211688995, 0.5152320265769958, -0.15295560657978058, 0.5591112971305847, 0.03440672904253006, 0.40816834568977356, -0.8670142889022827, 0.10516590625047684, -0.17842449247837067, 0.14785601198673248, 0.2804551124572754, 0.24212457239627838, 0.8084232211112976, 0.7810142040252686, 0.39759621024131775, 0.7841341495513916, -0.31581664085388184, 0.38464581966400146, -0.17594945430755615, 0.3640916049480438, -0.1384591907262802, 0.06771060824394226, -0.0019397619180381298, 0.48755204677581787, 0.6220526695251465, 0.07022649794816971, -0.048606619238853455, -1.0150870084762573, -0.209348663687706, 0.1841350793838501, -0.28821730613708496, 0.05735664814710617, 0.1677328199148178, 0.02318236604332924, -0.28647440671920776, 0.7345170378684998, 0.5384730100631714, 0.014498506672680378, -0.15828509628772736, 0.2153087705373764, 0.04887327924370766, -0.4847121834754944, -0.26171064376831055, 0.3767426609992981, 0.06650443375110626, -0.4990633726119995, -0.1279975324869156, -0.7418327331542969, 0.13329572975635529, 0.10469318926334381, 0.04060721769928932, 0.23277688026428223, 0.08458962291479111, -0.3224635124206543, 0.23321682214736938, 0.1548035740852356, -0.24956415593624115, -0.3633991777896881, 0.6226332187652588, 0.14121882617473602, 0.03481316193938255, 0.10793333500623703, -0.5100733637809753, 0.08242388814687729, -0.1940326988697052, 0.6227360367774963, -0.13749463856220245, 0.4221363067626953, 0.08997383713722229, -0.32645413279533386, 0.07466956973075867, -0.15566320717334747, -0.5166293382644653, 0.43283066153526306, -0.17860147356987, -0.24123762547969818, 0.30254700779914856, -0.7269861698150635, -0.011917958036065102, 0.01759166456758976, -0.12355402112007141, 0.055745113641023636, 0.23279179632663727, 0.1928924322128296, -0.13065779209136963, 0.401506245136261, 0.27454036474227905, 0.37062695622444153, 0.3574323058128357, 0.6457677483558655, -1.3366776704788208, 0.41032829880714417, 0.12786151468753815, 0.21193315088748932, 0.5910893082618713, -0.39345887303352356, 0.34044045209884644, 1.1738988161087036, -0.28671684861183167, -0.4525393843650818, -0.42523327469825745, 0.29953503608703613, 0.11949999630451202, 0.48238569498062134, -0.3727492392063141, 0.25131943821907043, -0.404859721660614, 0.5388801693916321, 0.07317525893449783, 0.03785626217722893, 0.2088668942451477, -0.5095025897026062, -0.03869533911347389, 0.40774980187416077, -0.9398307204246521, -0.0352788008749485, 0.6095666885375977, 0.5777865052223206, 0.8015680909156799, -0.20654742419719696, -0.005504687316715717, -0.12464159727096558, 0.22812752425670624, 0.3035283088684082, 0.4031270444393158, -0.28027403354644775, 0.043328214436769485, -0.007522339466959238, -0.044649671763181686, 0.3208908140659332, 0.10858172178268433, 0.03278304263949394, 0.15521544218063354, 0.34776535630226135, -0.7141295075416565, -0.9454541206359863, -0.6300181746482849, -0.07699801027774811, 0.25337257981300354, -0.14818905293941498, -0.3138776123523712, 0.0710960254073143, 0.0480627715587616, 0.2316642850637436, 0.12444473803043365, 0.22585397958755493, 0.06425856798887253, -0.2214377373456955, 0.4525654911994934, -0.2212492674589157, -0.01975414529442787, 0.48384007811546326, -0.07060670107603073, -0.4806419014930725, 0.26542946696281433, 0.19366075098514557, 0.25626668334007263, -1.165366768836975, -0.438036173582077, 0.14401748776435852, -1.0090841054916382, -0.9684280157089233, 0.18497709929943085, -0.01578868180513382, 0.7972120046615601, -0.09496365487575531, 0.1769116371870041, -0.019827313721179962, 0.9987050294876099, 0.4055638015270233, -0.7560452222824097, -0.3946674168109894, -0.09421111643314362, 0.38296419382095337, -0.6319438815116882, 0.4603590965270996, -0.16474176943302155, 0.5913972854614258, -0.16055282950401306, -0.562013566493988, 0.08511368185281754, -0.055128633975982666, 0.09541233628988266, 0.39885643124580383, 0.1468397080898285, -1.0617724657058716, -0.6428009271621704, -0.4054485559463501, -0.3736848831176758, 0.6326289772987366, -0.043241288512945175, 0.17935211956501007, 0.08889807015657425, 0.04335758462548256, -0.6353248357772827, -0.21349161863327026, 0.41947412490844727, -0.21678869426250458, -0.28791195154190063, 0.14429540932178497, 0.0006412449292838573, -0.22593086957931519, -0.10717744380235672, -0.3722842037677765, -0.7848717570304871, 0.3296053111553192, 0.007265655789524317, 0.33275139331817627, 0.5259661078453064, -0.2322000414133072, -0.9155243635177612, -0.3471238613128662, 0.8257786631584167, -0.2539820969104767, -0.16218030452728271, 0.49551141262054443, -0.04528044909238815, -0.07294096797704697, -0.5003392100334167, -0.5171236991882324, -0.7321193814277649, 0.01985507272183895, 0.3247601091861725, -0.7667720317840576, 0.005486734677106142, 0.2260521948337555, -0.3264954686164856, 0.09090594202280045, 0.14343662559986115, 0.14387670159339905, 0.18816055357456207, 0.4588809013366699, 0.6324840784072876, -0.156907856464386, -0.3939131200313568, 0.6499128341674805, -0.021138234063982964, -1.0013726949691772, -0.14498282968997955, 0.27516716718673706, 0.912688672542572, 0.0997379794716835, -0.6152940988540649, -0.22301414608955383, 0.3038042485713959, 0.16436460614204407, -0.20651759207248688, 0.10988146811723709, -0.14155027270317078, 0.4133177101612091, 0.1919287145137787, -1.0009691715240479, -0.43098655343055725, 0.3431811034679413, -0.8185468316078186, -0.24171417951583862, -0.5486883521080017, -0.05290984734892845, 0.20802779495716095, -0.211546391248703, 0.3722364008426666, 0.2734690010547638, -0.033031076192855835, 0.3256770670413971, -0.34994933009147644, -0.57436603307724, -0.5370919704437256, -0.2487422525882721, -0.6472862362861633, -0.7831926345825195, -0.4033929705619812, -0.26778003573417664, 0.9141039252281189, -0.14219848811626434, -0.2533591687679291, 0.3058592975139618, 0.08810637891292572, 0.3177095353603363, -0.026054831221699715, -0.9022785425186157, -0.5602846741676331, -0.22363226115703583, -0.42478030920028687, -0.21549801528453827, -1.4450868368148804, 0.0021120251622051, 0.17203877866268158, -0.20260994136333466, -0.037313830107450485, -0.18277812004089355, 0.07226642221212387, -0.12963126599788666, 0.6822396516799927, -0.46818217635154724, 0.7209247946739197, -0.00863147247582674, 0.9963940978050232, -0.18685120344161987, -0.38597315549850464, -0.012948882766067982, -0.0013439460890367627, 0.3633931875228882, 0.3342054486274719, 0.05404281988739967, -0.4292139410972595, 0.1561892032623291, -0.38051632046699524, 0.06658560782670975, -0.19833262264728546, 0.16263726353645325, 0.23225413262844086, 0.22532184422016144, 0.11437612771987915, -0.9138742089271545, -0.14083093404769897, 0.8637747168540955, -0.5802751183509827, -0.516700267791748, 0.11770119518041611, 0.5019912123680115, -0.12186787277460098, -0.16223369538784027, 0.16536153852939606, 0.7315441370010376, 0.4955829977989197, 0.4960709512233734, -0.007889856584370136, -0.1046668216586113, -0.3803441524505615, -0.1206657811999321, -0.2549282908439636, -0.8222199082374573, 0.1098620593547821, 0.07156795263290405, -0.2631012499332428, -0.15249039232730865, -0.17512516677379608, 0.2716991603374481, 0.27976080775260925, 0.5448192358016968, 1.0191693305969238, -0.6656256318092346, -0.3726581335067749, 0.31875306367874146, 0.5929544568061829, -0.40848708152770996, 0.501827597618103, 0.4791273772716522, 0.1654575616121292, 0.20735186338424683, 0.37470340728759766, -0.06778267025947571, -0.5942450761795044, -0.16151805222034454, -0.024098128080368042, 0.3590514063835144, 0.10688911378383636, 0.2093907594680786, 0.6590189933776855, 0.3539339005947113, -0.5155194401741028, 0.6941298842430115, 0.20627985894680023, 0.7828713655471802, 0.08936435729265213, -0.42520833015441895, -0.5586913228034973, 0.03339732810854912, 0.10441663861274719, 0.24139738082885742, -0.6905412673950195, -0.6867181062698364, 0.2158249169588089, -0.2690507173538208, -0.018707405775785446, 0.5388472676277161, -0.13908037543296814, -0.1458139419555664, 0.17391738295555115, 0.16256321966648102, -0.2712532579898834, 0.1511043906211853, -0.1734350472688675, 0.05411672592163086, 0.3887551426887512, -0.0718298926949501, 0.370720237493515, -0.39743515849113464, -0.0017854281468316913, 0.21042552590370178, -0.04298802465200424, -0.7368815541267395, 0.358504980802536, 0.09562370181083679, -0.15751495957374573, -0.22206340730190277, 0.0651644840836525, 0.39112183451652527, -0.8882250785827637, 0.10654014348983765, 0.6495627164840698, -0.24928246438503265, 0.23209644854068756, -0.5330469608306885, -0.18869027495384216, -0.512688934803009, -0.18812884390354156, -0.9319324493408203, 0.1617482304573059, -0.08477489650249481, 0.7751458883285522, -0.5045307874679565, 0.352670818567276, -0.9708883166313171, 0.08816581219434738, 0.6957499384880066, -0.433529257774353, -0.026404978707432747, -0.3630561828613281, 0.08200934529304504, -0.15704911947250366, -0.5435012578964233, 0.4089430570602417, 0.4746842086315155, -0.018904531374573708, 0.9031094312667847, 0.0573856458067894, -0.22951731085777283, 0.2728656232357025, -0.3057720363140106, -0.5326665639877319, -0.09091420471668243, -0.5303587317466736, -0.2887943983078003, -0.02685900218784809, 1.0055875778198242, 0.4806843101978302, 0.2591070532798767, -0.425666481256485, -0.27282261848449707, -0.11973010003566742, 0.4598447382450104, -0.7176476716995239, -0.2505188584327698, -0.0875927209854126, -0.5382554531097412, -0.21672116219997406, 0.12757207453250885, 0.3010719418525696, 0.3071307837963104, -0.31045106053352356, 0.26494935154914856, -0.6836948394775391, 0.8364292979240417, -0.629027247428894, -0.011313426308333874, -0.49790528416633606, 0.5232571959495544, -0.35403621196746826 ]
216561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabawi%20Ibrahim%20al-Tikriti	Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti	Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti (; 27 February 1947 – 8 July 2013), half-brother of Saddam Hussein, was the leader of the Iraqi secret service, the Mukhabarat, at the time of the 1991 Gulf War. He was the head of the Directorate of General Security from 1991 to 1996, and later served as a presidential advisor to Hussein. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition, Sabawi went into hiding. On 27 February 2005, his arrest was made public. Sabawi was the six of Diamonds in the U.S. military's most-wanted Iraqi playing cards, and number 36 of the top 55 most-wanted Iraqis list. He was suspected of being behind explosions and killings that took place after the collapse of the former Iraqi regime, and a one-million dollar reward was offered for information leading to either his capture or death. Syria had captured Sawabi and turned him over to Iraqi forces. Iraqi troops in turn turned him over to U.S. forces. Syria was repeatedly charged with protecting former Iraqi officials, a charge the Syrian government always denied. In March 2009, Sabawi was sentenced to death by hanging by a court in Baghdad. As his death sentence was read out, he stood up and proclaimed "God is great" and that he was proud to be a martyr. On 8 July 2013, Sabawi died of cancer. His son, Ayman, also arrested by the U.S., was serving a life sentence when he escaped from prison on 9 December 2006. One of Ibrahim's brothers, Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti, was also sentenced to death, while his other brother, Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, was executed in 2007. References Tulfah family Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians 2013 deaths 1947 births Deaths from cancer in Iraq Iraqi people who died in prison custody Prisoners who died in Iraqi detention Iraqi prisoners sentenced to death Prisoners sentenced to death by Iraq Prisoners and detainees of the United States military Directors of intelligence agencies	[ -0.005846510641276836, 0.6190007328987122, -0.8515142798423767, -0.583031415939331, -0.6727983951568604, 0.2097097933292389, 0.123581662774086, -0.24238039553165436, 0.1325981467962265, 0.368315190076828, -0.8267680406570435, 0.5298829674720764, -0.6542986631393433, 0.5680476427078247, 0.07054245471954346, 0.17236939072608948, -0.09934421628713608, -0.10893338173627853, -0.18040846288204193, 0.3969007730484009, 0.34095290303230286, 0.042894404381513596, 0.12920117378234863, -0.5378700494766235, 0.5296327471733093, 0.3557020425796509, 0.6040735244750977, 0.3819141983985901, -0.23940379917621613, 0.34820765256881714, 0.48968127369880676, 0.1478160172700882, 0.5121929049491882, -0.6332917809486389, -0.06374473124742508, 0.4660190939903259, 0.5041419863700867, -0.14542332291603088, -0.31189626455307007, -0.21106742322444916, 0.10628774762153625, 0.1336258500814438, -0.2860211431980133, 0.6302358508110046, -0.3205704092979431, -1.1100462675094604, -1.2973144054412842, 0.3733352720737457, -0.15296056866645813, -0.8156962990760803, -0.01985732652246952, 0.16495099663734436, 0.2536873519420624, -0.4660009741783142, 0.9533482789993286, 0.3722769320011139, -0.6542476415634155, -0.571821928024292, 0.28109532594680786, -0.4714428186416626, 0.5843366980552673, 0.26760321855545044, 0.7808949947357178, -0.026236455887556076, 0.3117448687553406, 0.1071459949016571, 0.25685587525367737, -0.053200721740722656, -0.17667825520038605, 0.2257855236530304, -0.009494676254689693, 0.42302700877189636, -0.02239939197897911, 0.03262774273753166, 0.12321428209543228, -0.20791441202163696, -0.18656480312347412, -0.12188145518302917, 0.42438459396362305, 0.5094254612922668, 0.4572446346282959, -0.3227851390838623, 0.4835536777973175, 0.3118552565574646, 0.07224529981613159, 0.09409070014953613, 0.19255733489990234, 0.4360947012901306, -0.42250823974609375, 0.0755985826253891, -0.6127501130104065, -0.45268431305885315, 0.7290686964988708, -0.031994886696338654, -0.2560553252696991, -0.39308613538742065, 0.16157135367393494, 0.9645012617111206, -0.6765202283859253, 0.01130566094070673, 0.18847070634365082, 0.9650576114654541, -0.31570863723754883, -0.035036660730838776, -0.8533979654312134, 0.03023599460721016, -0.2121703326702118, -0.19801197946071625, -0.671654224395752, -0.20272517204284668, -0.08201944082975388, 0.4343537390232086, -0.2893473207950592, -0.21930748224258423, -0.037669532001018524, 0.6187390685081482, -0.4675092399120331, -0.5409529209136963, -0.1829410344362259, 0.3258832097053528, -0.6562941074371338, 1.219558596611023, -0.7774834036827087, -0.01204450149089098, -0.04233134537935257, -0.3893408477306366, -0.13760817050933838, 0.323721706867218, -0.6128649711608887, 0.4939839839935303, 0.5611647963523865, 0.7431248426437378, -0.6143766641616821, 0.17315912246704102, 0.24042841792106628, -1.2483702898025513, 0.5874279737472534, -0.2055128812789917, 0.4027249217033386, 0.6230201721191406, -0.5368995070457458, -0.1869853138923645, -0.6843797564506531, -0.2982795238494873, 0.4441334009170532, -0.10735462605953217, 0.022095728665590286, 0.3630877137184143, -0.5349413752555847, -0.5408690571784973, -0.10073002427816391, -0.724029004573822, 0.29334887862205505, -1.1158943176269531, 0.0072498200461268425, 0.32528501749038696, 0.2307358682155609, -0.3003897964954376, 0.36702707409858704, -0.26769301295280457, 0.039071064442396164, 0.1652848869562149, 0.14519540965557098, -0.09599855542182922, 0.4395785331726074, 0.2017057240009308, 0.31107380986213684, -0.21543113887310028, -0.17256037890911102, -0.03813589736819267, -0.4449215829372406, 0.4742092490196228, 0.6216871738433838, -0.42208927869796753, 0.26132938265800476, 0.421085000038147, 0.5989488363265991, -0.16504399478435516, 0.4275737702846527, -0.46669408679008484, -0.6129055023193359, -0.5401776432991028, -0.38622963428497314, 0.5248540043830872, 0.42296189069747925, -0.15205852687358856, 0.34077873826026917, -0.4148700535297394, 0.7247263193130493, -0.17890216410160065, -0.18665918707847595, -0.7461208701133728, 0.4066425859928131, -0.360921710729599, 0.45223718881607056, 0.7756919860839844, -0.0817815363407135, 0.3729122281074524, 0.17232590913772583, 1.1346029043197632, -0.20048320293426514, -0.2846252918243408, 0.20023348927497864, -0.5790404081344604, -0.4447193443775177, 0.5140792727470398, 0.3955891728401184, 0.1250375360250473, 0.2928374707698822, 1.1473294496536255, 0.4312535226345062, -0.3095455467700958, -0.6509990096092224, 0.33436793088912964, 0.04346897080540657, -0.24978971481323242, -0.25419193506240845, 0.1343899965286255, 0.14936472475528717, -0.34988605976104736, 0.4320172965526581, 0.022288337349891663, -0.9186371564865112, 0.5928980112075806, -0.307274729013443, 0.26351824402809143, -0.5134214758872986, -0.3755088448524475, -0.5030860304832458, -0.3957398533821106, 0.2670159339904785, -0.09197475016117096, 0.1503944993019104, -0.3992096483707428, -0.4090232253074646, 0.3666245639324188, -0.11535856127738953, -0.23273949325084686, 0.6975199580192566, -0.32587140798568726, 0.43357205390930176, 0.1581934690475464, 0.162305548787117, -0.2574182450771332, 0.517032265663147, -0.017571773380041122, -0.42671433091163635, 0.3173029124736786, -0.6235870122909546, 0.5389279127120972, -0.7793843746185303, 0.2245265245437622, 0.2545517086982727, -1.1997065544128418, 0.10635307431221008, -0.07556901127099991, 0.4182286262512207, 0.3959823548793793, -0.1368652731180191, 0.018369659781455994, -0.11629243195056915, 0.3481674790382385, -0.1653279811143875, 0.361017644405365, 0.11665789037942886, 0.3870854377746582, -0.2787891626358032, -0.19807414710521698, 0.4983084499835968, 0.04534919559955597, 0.4014730453491211, -0.1319514364004135, 0.208046093583107, 0.40742865204811096, 0.05590861663222313, -0.03387671336531639, -0.9741765856742859, 0.9049405455589294, -0.15053562819957733, -0.762264609336853, 0.7175756692886353, 0.5998765826225281, 0.04886264353990555, 0.12331726402044296, -1.2794502973556519, -0.12396350502967834, -0.4212366044521332, -1.0521597862243652, 0.07413765788078308, -0.10341543704271317, -0.8081782460212708, 0.08656810969114304, -0.1537691354751587, 0.2913748025894165, -0.9141676425933838, 0.19140233099460602, -0.4277651607990265, -0.47524407505989075, 0.07121782004833221, -0.005781153682619333, -0.8720213174819946, 0.5802566409111023, -0.5840315818786621, -0.11810179054737091, 0.8514829874038696, 0.5986375212669373, -0.5467181205749512, 0.08789273351430893, -5.0681257247924805, 0.2603991627693176, 0.018504206091165543, 0.09487710148096085, 0.6384735703468323, 0.1397799551486969, 0.503561794757843, -0.7772335410118103, 0.09012402594089508, 0.04224696010351181, -0.29284539818763733, 0.0051321107894182205, 0.5066874027252197, 0.46736299991607666, 0.9432273507118225, -0.07157526165246964, 0.750251293182373, -0.4963551163673401, 0.9305150508880615, 0.1713232547044754, 0.2189098447561264, -0.20893874764442444, -0.059220802038908005, 0.3195948898792267, 0.3028372824192047, 0.6260750889778137, -0.1556089073419571, -0.06173914298415184, -1.331092119216919, -0.25926637649536133, -0.580014705657959, -0.0788755789399147, -0.21581803262233734, 0.3188049793243408, -0.16417689621448517, -0.4434932470321655, 0.6991236209869385, 0.25631457567214966, 0.05172853171825409, -0.1505751758813858, 0.22378650307655334, 0.06622319668531418, -0.45764949917793274, -0.19619661569595337, 0.7872846126556396, 0.2544582784175873, -0.8276317119598389, -0.18696698546409607, -0.4669466018676758, 0.09151123464107513, 0.277111679315567, -0.11677619814872742, 0.04993290826678276, 0.4472012519836426, -0.5059909820556641, -0.10533123463392258, 0.23303279280662537, -0.6621730327606201, -0.4265472888946533, 0.8261407613754272, 0.057362835854291916, -0.5018883943557739, 0.21777115762233734, -0.5572916865348816, 0.1991402804851532, -0.5224968791007996, 0.6949659585952759, -0.8233736753463745, 0.03466584533452988, -0.07912745326757431, -0.33470210433006287, 0.35130828619003296, -0.6010376811027527, -0.6711817383766174, 0.2705102562904358, -0.17908653616905212, -0.0908544734120369, 0.4009951949119568, -0.7680211067199707, 0.13606715202331543, -0.1400018185377121, -0.5914522409439087, 0.20932519435882568, 0.06598829478025436, 0.09792052954435349, -0.41130906343460083, 0.3436393439769745, 0.6275071501731873, 0.372686505317688, 0.3907921612262726, 0.3413689434528351, -0.2910780906677246, 0.4692755937576294, 0.09082775563001633, -0.24363973736763, 0.4821687936782837, -0.4004105031490326, 0.36555710434913635, 1.0627590417861938, 0.13466869294643402, -0.2582237720489502, -0.8878615498542786, 0.26474103331565857, -0.2963941693305969, 0.5526880621910095, -0.3132178783416748, 0.214528888463974, -0.4132181406021118, 0.3490407466888428, 0.04772625491023064, -0.14657235145568848, 0.10712325572967529, -0.13835269212722778, 0.1999797523021698, 0.10713007301092148, -0.8057029843330383, 0.14926354587078094, 0.36360540986061096, 0.7259185314178467, 0.74113929271698, -0.3465241491794586, -0.07641980797052383, -0.1318281888961792, 0.38405147194862366, 0.33329781889915466, -0.27962976694107056, -0.5021973848342896, 0.2589094042778015, 0.0585738942027092, 0.25208839774131775, 0.6778378486633301, 0.22776180505752563, -0.4786838889122009, -0.08872482180595398, 0.07472655177116394, -1.1005154848098755, -0.8284944891929626, -0.631474494934082, -0.16684764623641968, 0.18822018802165985, 0.09471398591995239, 0.061598241329193115, 0.09504295885562897, 0.14861203730106354, 0.21904562413692474, 0.1441320925951004, 0.5924655795097351, 0.037802498787641525, 0.10075723379850388, 0.634823739528656, -0.04643172398209572, -0.13996368646621704, 0.6290621161460876, -0.5370935797691345, -0.29326900839805603, 0.5751067399978638, 0.5006250739097595, 0.7056757211685181, -0.7946717739105225, 0.07104354351758957, 0.11890991032123566, -0.3418624699115753, -0.7259998321533203, -0.1847180873155594, 0.143976628780365, 0.3965812027454376, -0.2853564918041229, -0.1807955801486969, -0.1941632181406021, 0.9548401236534119, -0.2374485731124878, -0.8885706663131714, -0.20541854202747345, 0.27417927980422974, 0.7273154258728027, -0.5713995099067688, 0.24241046607494354, -0.5087061524391174, 0.33561965823173523, -0.7070826292037964, -0.24966149032115936, 0.4395974278450012, -0.11590553820133209, 0.5040384531021118, 0.6107991337776184, 0.3235837519168854, -0.8119714856147766, -0.854203462600708, -0.836146354675293, -0.2881038188934326, 0.7388936877250671, 0.1024753674864769, 0.2903798222541809, 0.1588100790977478, 0.0636177584528923, -0.5108283162117004, 0.09043294936418533, 1.003830909729004, -0.08667166531085968, -0.0118190236389637, 0.2329118400812149, 0.7592363953590393, -0.2590843141078949, 0.18195678293704987, -0.3158121407032013, -0.9593060612678528, 0.6620489954948425, 0.2376464456319809, -0.05439920350909233, 0.5811403393745422, -0.34869375824928284, -0.8577194213867188, -0.42622461915016174, 0.7030484676361084, -0.38069313764572144, 0.013533784076571465, 0.3948993682861328, -0.03322429209947586, 0.0016828919760882854, -0.5696343183517456, -0.4587083160877228, -0.7298141121864319, 0.052169766277074814, -0.0926809012889862, -0.4840901494026184, 0.11930199712514877, 0.4437834620475769, -0.3116968870162964, 0.5374611020088196, 0.35240814089775085, -0.021733464673161507, -0.025904906913638115, 0.42369380593299866, 0.7864906787872314, -0.061384595930576324, -0.0411832258105278, 0.28222399950027466, 0.06215941533446312, -0.9275352358818054, -0.17435488104820251, 0.5016984343528748, 0.6746455430984497, -0.15723611414432526, -0.5518556833267212, -0.3621382713317871, 0.1888856738805771, -0.008034042082726955, -0.16785979270935059, 0.014574628323316574, -0.34398138523101807, 0.28064632415771484, 0.21734227240085602, -0.7364209890365601, -0.6009714007377625, 0.7894154787063599, -0.5184046626091003, -0.05192521587014198, -0.6285374164581299, 0.04321114718914032, 0.269371896982193, -0.2113540768623352, 0.05498538911342621, 0.36652255058288574, -0.08579657226800919, 0.29725614190101624, -0.4761476218700409, -0.37910565733909607, -0.31213176250457764, 0.15418867766857147, -0.5350762009620667, -1.0343658924102783, -0.4204326570034027, 0.159134179353714, 0.9174615740776062, -0.43601784110069275, -0.03670849651098251, 0.6203501224517822, -0.2185489982366562, 0.3585667908191681, -0.15724951028823853, -0.969241738319397, -0.2879902720451355, -0.015296855010092258, -0.6571915745735168, 0.11476544290781021, -1.427842617034912, 0.03424381464719772, 0.6987468600273132, -0.2943168878555298, 0.41152501106262207, -0.3380744755268097, 0.136728897690773, 0.008206045255064964, 1.099279522895813, -0.2538261115550995, 0.7441680431365967, 0.0495588518679142, 0.9410308599472046, -0.4927669167518616, 0.18207959830760956, 0.1749393343925476, -0.4428502023220062, -0.2712548077106476, 0.3541729152202606, 0.09726519882678986, -0.14622168242931366, 0.18762557208538055, -0.5940518975257874, 0.10246653854846954, -0.16624917089939117, -0.041734956204891205, 0.2644534409046173, 0.5614241361618042, -0.09018415957689285, -0.627415120601654, 0.029717236757278442, 0.8715745210647583, -0.9211584329605103, -0.3676382005214691, -0.12235599756240845, 0.6213250756263733, 0.11835676431655884, -0.25604262948036194, 0.3317444324493408, 0.6698471903800964, 0.742419421672821, 0.5053536295890808, 0.0148996002972126, -0.055495355278253555, -0.03941553458571434, -0.09853391349315643, 0.036103393882513046, -0.6189000606536865, -0.3098352253437042, 0.11290698498487473, -0.3670184016227722, -0.01486709713935852, -0.09608917683362961, 0.18814678490161896, 0.902769923210144, 0.7837117910385132, 0.7959032654762268, -0.21371962130069733, -0.47147852182388306, -0.2913186550140381, 0.4685007631778717, 0.07386693358421326, 0.5445898771286011, 0.3568357229232788, 0.6294331550598145, -0.06857288628816605, 0.2183164805173874, -0.32659009099006653, -0.6212313175201416, 0.27786800265312195, 0.0022315795067697763, 0.18936318159103394, 0.36591780185699463, -0.30491605401039124, 0.04937564581632614, -0.1576080322265625, 0.04438261315226555, 0.6661401987075806, 0.1525973379611969, 0.5535556674003601, -0.06943365186452866, -0.19494487345218658, -0.8337174654006958, 0.6078618764877319, 0.15915270149707794, 0.5377643704414368, -0.4097759425640106, -0.6223708987236023, 0.16249622404575348, 0.30902329087257385, -0.11144337803125381, 0.44996529817581177, -0.269336074590683, -0.20619069039821625, 0.2718122899532318, 0.3919973075389862, -0.3482530117034912, 0.018351811915636063, -0.2951201796531677, 0.306932657957077, 0.4582451581954956, 0.07974687218666077, 0.3060494065284729, -0.681914210319519, 0.2803749442100525, 0.35596489906311035, -0.3823157250881195, -0.9595155119895935, 0.39659368991851807, -0.2303658276796341, -0.020049164071679115, -0.157563716173172, 0.1360032558441162, 0.24396070837974548, -1.0025626420974731, 0.1910981684923172, 0.42289718985557556, -0.3204265832901001, -0.08622738718986511, -0.5715597867965698, -0.13456593453884125, -0.9404419660568237, -0.5628978610038757, -0.7475658059120178, 0.28920459747314453, 0.12007144093513489, 0.3931102156639099, -0.4425227642059326, 0.40686413645744324, -0.6307410597801208, 0.2886507213115692, 0.717695415019989, -0.5932444334030151, -0.43774667382240295, -0.40782058238983154, -0.024730535224080086, -0.3515789210796356, -0.32838302850723267, 0.39596888422966003, 0.09135714173316956, -0.0864027589559555, 0.6791399717330933, 0.31227976083755493, -0.4289815127849579, 0.40128761529922485, -0.25859174132347107, -0.6209590435028076, -0.16687536239624023, -0.6316412091255188, -0.21415720880031586, -0.15733687579631805, 0.8523414731025696, 0.750984787940979, 0.5382642149925232, -0.33157360553741455, 0.37534859776496887, -0.5807626247406006, 0.6225812435150146, -0.883518636226654, 0.2209790050983429, -0.1463330090045929, -0.7571198344230652, -0.5326380729675293, 0.17131464183330536, 0.33631056547164917, 0.2710355818271637, 0.3105895221233368, 0.24351780116558075, -0.8944016098976135, 0.5813327431678772, -0.0368523970246315, -0.32958757877349854, -0.2369873970746994, 0.39617952704429626, -0.09140941500663757 ]
216563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECB	ECB	ECB may refer to: Organizations European Central Bank, the central bank for the Eurozone of the European Union European Chemicals Bureau, the Toxicology and Chemical Substances Unit of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission ECB Project (Emergency Capacity Building Project), a humanitarian capacity building project England and Wales Cricket Board, the governing body of cricket in England and Wales Emirates Cricket Board, the official governing body of cricket in the United Arab Emirates East Coast Bays AFC, a football team from East Coast Bays, New Zealand Environmental Control Board, New York City, US Equatorial Commercial Bank, former name of the Spire Bank, Kenya Education Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, a branch of the Trier University of Applied Sciences in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany Wisconsin Educational Communications Board, a Wisconsin state agency, US Government Engineering College Bikaner, a technical education institute in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India Technology Electronic codebook, a type of data encryption using block ciphers Electronically controlled brake, Toyota's brake-by-wire system Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes, for railways Europe Card Bus, an 8-bit computer bus, used by older Kontron computers and the N8VEM home brew computer project Ethylene copolymer bitumen, a type of roofing membrane Entity-control-boundary, an architectural pattern in the domain of software engineering Other uses External commercial borrowing, a type of commercial borrowing in India used for the public sector Reading electric multiple units, a class of trains	[ 0.24011221528053284, -0.1461726874113083, 0.08416690677404404, -0.2546396851539612, 0.23836950957775116, -0.4478629529476166, -0.3740057945251465, 0.3591245710849762, -0.2441793978214264, 0.16059580445289612, -0.455639123916626, 0.07651623338460922, -0.15659581124782562, 0.22157742083072662, 0.575048565864563, 0.46158793568611145, 0.7563214898109436, 0.8608651757240295, -0.022641118615865707, -0.5268939137458801, -0.24591082334518433, 0.10234745591878891, 0.3446466624736786, 0.07820606976747513, 0.20197559893131256, 0.14479535818099976, 0.1881062537431717, -0.31337714195251465, -0.20163162052631378, -0.3098338544368744, 0.7385250926017761, 0.33061161637306213, -0.2270437479019165, 0.08647078275680542, 0.321399450302124, -0.4811265468597412, -0.4417129158973694, -0.3337952494621277, -0.4695529639720917, -1.3521655797958374, -0.1505662053823471, -0.28924036026000977, 0.4799013137817383, 0.539917528629303, -0.4107924699783325, -0.5523277521133423, -1.1213548183441162, 0.47320470213890076, -0.5020914077758789, 0.6057403087615967, 0.11911731958389282, 0.35189419984817505, -0.002826829208061099, 0.03449318930506706, 0.2475569248199463, 0.026947837322950363, -0.6105908751487732, -0.45455828309059143, 0.5863199234008789, -0.6521323323249817, 0.7938276529312134, 0.24015407264232635, -0.0636819377541542, 0.4751088321208954, 0.7457075715065002, -0.14472144842147827, -0.041541676968336105, 0.1493622064590454, -0.5436520576477051, -0.2510714828968048, -0.2895706295967102, -0.4591163396835327, -0.3744182884693146, -0.34115928411483765, -0.19431240856647491, -0.3987754285335541, 0.26700925827026367, -0.2537090480327606, 0.1726408302783966, 0.07223179191350937, 0.6250377893447876, 0.5240411758422852, 0.056727562099695206, -0.14911077916622162, 0.7696040868759155, 0.3550138771533966, -0.8304158449172974, -0.19339540600776672, -0.30780529975891113, 0.8152582049369812, 0.5426834225654602, -0.436007022857666, 0.20652872323989868, 0.07536373287439346, -0.2679223120212555, -0.37428992986679077, 0.11980950832366943, -0.7049310803413391, 0.21469666063785553, 0.06484740227460861, -0.3583318591117859, 0.19942045211791992, -0.15191112458705902, -0.07288483530282974, -0.10319969803094864, 0.09113211184740067, -0.8017928004264832, -0.9989948868751526, -0.19148217141628265, 0.023546477779746056, 0.15270505845546722, -0.276047021150589, -0.14606666564941406, -0.06116379424929619, 0.07474322617053986, 0.26361769437789917, 0.41273707151412964, -0.15480853617191315, -0.33356475830078125, 0.46931010484695435, 0.3942369520664215, 0.9301356077194214, -0.10703729093074799, 0.13291823863983154, 0.3318869471549988, -0.392074853181839, 0.21697916090488434, 0.22113649547100067, -0.6764318943023682, 0.1027965247631073, 0.3887909948825836, 0.5916987657546997, -0.4715789258480072, 0.09015461057424545, -0.6193302273750305, 0.198246031999588, 0.07475309073925018, 0.020554278045892715, 0.8300618529319763, 0.5998333692550659, -0.72551029920578, -0.5713634490966797, -0.14434412121772766, -0.22091922163963318, 0.28022101521492004, -0.20404872298240662, -0.3713117837905884, 0.19197233021259308, -0.1580754518508911, 0.17665481567382812, 0.16872179508209229, -0.35448703169822693, -0.3985620141029358, 0.2016669362783432, -0.22363409399986267, 0.5165182948112488, 0.7225234508514404, -0.32117754220962524, -0.2558445632457733, 0.07327762246131897, -0.017977196723222733, -0.1839473396539688, 0.12773826718330383, -0.052138552069664, -0.02930561825633049, -0.02682175301015377, 0.33430880308151245, 0.35458695888519287, -0.21436147391796112, 0.0727495402097702, -0.4863381087779999, -0.35361167788505554, 0.30300965905189514, -0.19980783760547638, 0.15742945671081543, -0.2882571816444397, 0.5048291683197021, -0.04118765518069267, 0.8299940228462219, 0.4339727759361267, -0.8265519142150879, 0.35905689001083374, 0.2685156464576721, -0.4991103708744049, -0.16108165681362152, 0.14822334051132202, 0.20516744256019592, -0.015423791483044624, -0.35816216468811035, 0.19333507120609283, 0.11316004395484924, -0.3575722873210907, 0.03740520030260086, -0.07484062761068344, 0.7543187737464905, -0.4175889790058136, -0.26352980732917786, 0.9481440782546997, -0.28682488203048706, -0.08920437842607498, -0.2802228033542633, 0.3942120373249054, 0.8090793490409851, -0.6666581630706787, -0.5525705218315125, 0.5950732231140137, 0.6098210215568542, -0.23449008166790009, -0.11405081301927567, -0.24850766360759735, 0.23295024037361145, -0.22233814001083374, 0.46484172344207764, -0.5958362221717834, 0.40926843881607056, -0.5764957666397095, -0.5708972215652466, 0.606712281703949, -0.08348290622234344, -0.06870128959417343, 0.5869970917701721, 0.024124227464199066, 0.15157657861709595, 0.9762401580810547, -0.043665334582328796, -0.10502032190561295, -0.06439881026744843, 0.26081305742263794, 0.5555700659751892, -0.48318296670913696, 0.7125802040100098, -0.36605194211006165, 0.029238294810056686, -0.6441805362701416, -0.5245978236198425, -0.33593806624412537, -0.8557001948356628, -0.026319395750761032, 0.39534473419189453, -0.05513840913772583, -0.39692631363868713, -0.022001836448907852, -0.8829382658004761, -0.08811607211828232, 0.34280696511268616, -0.15073563158512115, 0.19311365485191345, 0.04471517354249954, -0.3072284162044525, 0.2372903823852539, 0.24768570065498352, 0.422063946723938, 0.29561948776245117, -0.6725648045539856, 0.7123775482177734, -0.1334812492132187, 0.1351751983165741, 0.31741443276405334, 0.16026504337787628, 0.04943563789129257, -0.8171457648277283, -0.23646721243858337, -0.14310751855373383, 0.4153912663459778, -0.05673336982727051, -0.36024096608161926, -0.6064848899841309, -0.3044449985027313, 0.43535614013671875, -0.1194964349269867, 0.9009644389152527, 0.08420291543006897, -0.35716697573661804, 0.4468824863433838, -0.17096425592899323, -0.4188859760761261, 0.5689791440963745, 0.6459431052207947, -0.1096959188580513, -0.423218697309494, -0.10592242330312729, -0.0038682231679558754, -0.0651484876871109, -0.649096667766571, 0.5122833847999573, 0.16996611654758453, -0.08468656986951828, -0.5140928030014038, 0.044927578419446945, -0.2639842629432678, 0.40736591815948486, 0.09947130084037781, 0.17778608202934265, 0.048303134739398956, 0.3452281355857849, 0.32464057207107544, -0.254249632358551, 0.4917389750480652, 0.007917329668998718, -0.2846754789352417, -0.07290580123662949, 0.8123785853385925, -0.09715738147497177, -0.16264326870441437, 0.6386551260948181, 0.03658980131149292, -0.4473384618759155, -0.18828776478767395, -5.713871002197266, 0.4632045328617096, -0.3976527154445648, 0.5626242756843567, 0.42125245928764343, -0.11414875835180283, 0.7549941539764404, -0.04230319708585739, -0.21993842720985413, -0.3152891993522644, -0.006514692213386297, 0.14583638310432434, 0.3922675848007202, 0.5156651139259338, 0.44526207447052, 1.136398434638977, 0.35558685660362244, 0.20095400512218475, 0.17836850881576538, 0.4633743464946747, -0.22843050956726074, -0.5466245412826538, 0.09615260362625122, 0.5387592315673828, 0.21222922205924988, -0.21658247709274292, -0.742605447769165, 0.07686455547809601, -0.20151083171367645, -0.3116338849067688, 0.3177816867828369, -0.44749000668525696, -0.039543427526950836, -0.5097994804382324, 0.1071840450167656, -0.0829436182975769, 0.839614748954773, 0.45083603262901306, -0.16489973664283752, -0.5076469779014587, -0.1487441509962082, 0.501667320728302, -0.017131980508565903, -0.005030951928347349, 0.06827641278505325, -0.317007839679718, 0.15775366127490997, -0.0019683002028614283, -0.25980329513549805, 0.8722672462463379, -0.1589352786540985, 0.29390162229537964, 0.37890374660491943, -0.0011631392408162355, 0.12088069319725037, -0.3388187289237976, 0.11566154658794403, 0.21578574180603027, 0.3034152686595917, 0.32973214983940125, 0.18023169040679932, -0.5824877023696899, -0.06287863105535507, -0.2550157606601715, 0.14940087497234344, -0.0869251936674118, -0.7793740034103394, -0.34161174297332764, 0.5527966618537903, 0.044153619557619095, -0.09853736311197281, -0.3371528387069702, -0.3024574816226959, -0.7854083776473999, -0.25882720947265625, -0.7339180111885071, 1.046713948249817, 0.09901366382837296, 0.6239184737205505, 0.30227726697921753, 0.06520280241966248, 0.2757638692855835, -0.37632760405540466, -0.027298353612422943, -0.19826413691043854, -0.44065624475479126, 0.3393493890762329, 0.545793890953064, -0.6097065806388855, -0.24372810125350952, -0.014047130942344666, -0.019637588411569595, 0.35148847103118896, 0.8833965063095093, 0.09653940051794052, 0.19354769587516785, -0.25201401114463806, 0.3215935528278351, -0.14674991369247437, -0.6751110553741455, 0.6513893604278564, 0.04554492607712746, -0.3846970498561859, -0.5364662408828735, 0.09421417117118835, -0.42266330122947693, -0.058686513453722, 0.07499311119318008, 0.21785098314285278, -0.14522390067577362, 0.007230688352137804, 0.07266982644796371, -0.27402207255363464, -0.25421980023384094, 0.08540824055671692, 0.26428139209747314, -0.33238083124160767, 0.30121561884880066, 0.4207766652107239, -0.14552998542785645, 0.2785893380641937, 0.5938519835472107, -0.33242323994636536, 0.3800549805164337, -0.2518899142742157, -0.09648697823286057, 0.2587736248970032, -0.02005147747695446, -0.1334187239408493, -0.4296478033065796, 0.6925122141838074, -0.020707527175545692, -0.2564036250114441, 0.06295739859342575, 0.27547845244407654, -0.1390296369791031, -0.4236607253551483, 0.12048055231571198, -0.1293531060218811, -0.18727736175060272, 0.16508632898330688, 0.12444315105676651, 0.23353075981140137, -0.0338343046605587, 0.41951626539230347, -0.13251061737537384, -0.3827815055847168, 0.520409107208252, -0.1380532681941986, 0.2748654782772064, 0.5145056247711182, 0.24088670313358307, -0.0833049789071083, -0.5897037386894226, -0.32203200459480286, -0.13375698029994965, 0.1790209710597992, 0.15145346522331238, 0.5326588749885559, -0.8871285319328308, 0.2876933813095093, 0.4343935549259186, -1.05298912525177, -0.12193135172128677, 0.6162773370742798, 0.002504627453163266, -0.16030335426330566, -0.5192628502845764, -0.27198147773742676, 0.20766352117061615, 0.09548088163137436, -0.5814285278320312, -0.7865013480186462, -0.38685664534568787, 0.09052999317646027, 0.29598769545555115, -0.027232101187109947, -0.05239441618323326, 0.1933794766664505, 0.22766582667827606, 0.10330550372600555, -0.12428154796361923, 0.04815910756587982, 0.25398746132850647, 0.23678058385849, -0.24967633187770844, 0.28591540455818176, 0.3384534418582916, -0.06203120946884155, -0.37689438462257385, 0.3206072151660919, 0.318993479013443, 0.6572200059890747, 0.3910859525203705, -0.03895392641425133, -0.5561510324478149, 0.13133986294269562, 0.39589744806289673, -0.422851026058197, -0.7860594391822815, 0.6484605073928833, 0.3236437439918518, 0.01943933591246605, 0.22039665281772614, -0.31050923466682434, 0.07064258307218552, -0.0528724268078804, -0.28470009565353394, -0.03738497942686081, 0.6285276412963867, -0.2091401219367981, -0.265394926071167, 0.0241170022636652, 0.7423029541969299, -0.6586148738861084, -0.28632813692092896, 0.40131720900535583, -0.29635706543922424, -0.552870512008667, -0.03862801566720009, -0.19394837319850922, 0.12301663309335709, -0.08758470416069031, -0.26883405447006226, -0.3594342768192291, -0.0607680082321167, 0.2702828645706177, -0.5424097776412964, 0.2856937050819397, 0.25448673963546753, -0.7452948689460754, -0.3164096474647522, -0.1598360687494278, -0.0539725199341774, -0.26789769530296326, 0.21126537024974823, -0.18844346702098846, -0.01531380694359541, 0.18947243690490723, 0.23916354775428772, -0.48019248247146606, 0.4654592275619507, 0.3199761211872101, -1.2752199172973633, -0.015794662758708, 0.9005340337753296, 0.34788456559181213, -0.6013262867927551, -0.5024382472038269, 0.2170735001564026, 0.1594294160604477, 0.07610592246055603, -0.01057240180671215, -0.01009497418999672, 0.39774343371391296, -0.4527365267276764, -0.15782469511032104, -0.09360048919916153, -0.2650749981403351, 0.21363580226898193, -0.08159172534942627, -0.3332144021987915, -0.7828443050384521, 0.02509235590696335, 0.3718714416027069, -0.37511545419692993, -0.560444712638855, -0.4228353202342987, -0.3447341024875641, -0.6934311389923096, 0.12959536910057068, 0.017910245805978775, 0.8673669695854187, 0.3780363202095032, 0.5184603333473206, -0.456729918718338, 0.254466712474823, -1.1050941944122314, -0.016285693272948265, 0.026190364733338356, -0.7400652170181274, 0.08375314623117447, 0.3420170247554779, -0.5279609560966492, 0.586732029914856, -1.0769307613372803, -0.5156558752059937, 0.23478952050209045, -0.4685644209384918, -0.5869963765144348, 0.05949778109788895, -0.36709097027778625, -0.8200845122337341, 0.07164046913385391, -0.5765467286109924, 0.25311121344566345, 0.01017118152230978, -0.17076948285102844, 0.2148696780204773, 0.16069674491882324, -0.9325096011161804, 0.8043093085289001, 0.20897766947746277, 0.07379362732172012, 0.37907296419143677, 0.6507188081741333, -0.4148508906364441, -0.22038781642913818, -0.0903434231877327, -0.43463343381881714, 0.017649885267019272, -0.6327739357948303, 0.12972915172576904, 0.630715548992157, -0.10445933043956757, 0.03966469690203667, -0.11513452231884003, -0.9054620265960693, 0.4228474199771881, 0.4636511504650116, 0.38142889738082886, 0.13224440813064575, 0.214595228433609, 0.1017838642001152, -0.20614472031593323, 0.29053565859794617, 0.12789499759674072, -0.08110392093658447, 0.11872698366641998, 0.323282927274704, 0.8451112508773804, 0.37260136008262634, -0.34423157572746277, 0.39516764879226685, -0.32481348514556885, -0.12736187875270844, -0.26401349902153015, -0.31201043725013733, -0.4354959726333618, 0.929423987865448, 0.3548023998737335, 0.6034982800483704, -0.3768760859966278, 0.054815955460071564, -0.4914163053035736, 0.21259650588035583, 0.3347054421901703, 0.007352413609623909, -0.36695826053619385, 0.654583215713501, 0.24131129682064056, -0.28565776348114014, 0.5911749601364136, -0.2743831276893616, -0.173030823469162, 0.10263805836439133, 0.5734682679176331, -0.27347537875175476, 0.0540064312517643, -0.11549832671880722, -0.1621541529893875, 0.38794177770614624, 0.33442094922065735, 0.14368003606796265, -0.18849748373031616, -0.12623994052410126, 0.22940173745155334, -0.25080743432044983, 0.19274267554283142, 0.27106285095214844, 0.4506784677505493, 0.170104518532753, -0.7368592619895935, 0.18509911000728607, -0.0008903308771550655, -0.2923520505428314, -0.02954862080514431, 0.06958979368209839, 0.3598455488681793, 0.36524972319602966, -0.3889462947845459, -0.4547804594039917, -0.20954632759094238, -0.8353822231292725, 0.08502229303121567, -0.15793195366859436, -0.1969214230775833, 0.20629678666591644, -0.6572604179382324, 0.3430408537387848, -0.46812134981155396, -0.4963153302669525, -0.39960387349128723, 0.3665844202041626, 0.18318277597427368, -0.3658543527126312, 0.059268709272146225, 0.877036452293396, 0.13820886611938477, -0.13601486384868622, -0.2976377606391907, 0.5503959059715271, -0.022762589156627655, -0.07103442400693893, 0.09454807639122009, 0.11382737755775452, -0.30481716990470886, 0.5732223391532898, -0.3083919882774353, 0.13674937188625336, 0.8705787062644958, -0.022589227184653282, -0.16754795610904694, 0.5967421531677246, 0.22530792653560638, 0.21953733265399933, 0.4748859703540802, -0.072382852435112, -0.20151157677173615, 0.02514413744211197, -0.030703548341989517, -0.14055028557777405, 0.24995897710323334, 0.2874900996685028, -0.05033530294895172, -0.022206755355000496, 0.5958610773086548, 0.31603941321372986, -0.6914526224136353, 0.8016363382339478, -0.6546009182929993, -0.8792423605918884, -0.6871799826622009, 0.41739651560783386, -0.30088016390800476, 0.012216179631650448, -0.13678233325481415, 0.6224733591079712, 0.30191466212272644, -0.03608393669128418, 0.18215440213680267, 0.06984668225049973, 0.6234426498413086, -0.27501845359802246, -0.29004672169685364, -0.1632039099931717, -0.4379040598869324, -0.32911965250968933, -0.572716474533081, 0.5458933115005493, 0.8592988848686218, -0.7936668395996094, 0.05626433342695236, 0.16803649067878723, -0.18800324201583862, -0.4651157855987549, -0.2003253996372223, -0.1461469531059265, 0.19682656228542328, -0.0010428492678329349 ]
216566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watban%20Ibrahim	Watban Ibrahim	Watban Ibrahim al-Nasiri (‎; 1952 – 13 August 2015) was a senior Interior Minister of Iraq. He was the half-brother of Saddam Hussein and the brother of Barzan al-Tikriti. He was taken into coalition custody 13 April 2003, following his capture as he tried fleeing to Syria. He died in prison of natural causes in 2015. As Saddam's half-brother, Watban was a close advisor of his, belonging to Saddam's inner circle while also holding several high-profile security apparatus roles. In those roles, he allegedly took part in the genocidal Al-Anfal Campaign against the Kurds in Northern Iraq. He became Interior Minister in 1991, and in that role was accused of having overseen the detention, torture, and executions of hundreds of prisoners. Some of those executions were reportedly taped, with copies kept at the ministry. As Interior Minister, Watban was also involved in suppressing the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, specifically in the Baghdad suburbs of Thawra, Shu'la, Hurriya' Bayya', the village of Yousiffiya and the nearby districts of Mahmoudiyah. Government suppression of the uprising in these districts often involved mass executions. Watban was a member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Despite his high-profile roles, he was believed to not have been fully trusted by Saddam. In 1995, he was shot nine times in the leg by Uday Hussein, Saddam's oldest son, reportedly during an argument over Watban's growing popularity among Iraqis. He reportedly lost his leg, genitals, and part of his stomach as a result. After the incident, Saddam ordered Watban to a position of relative obscurity in Tikrit. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition, Watban was the five of spades in the U.S. military's most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. He was taken into coalition custody 13 April 2003, following his capture as he tried fleeing to Syria. On 11 March 2009, Watban was sentenced to death by hanging for his role in the execution of 42 merchants accused of manipulating food prices. On the morning of 14 July 2011, the U.S. handed Watban over to Iraqi authorities, expecting that he would be executed within a month. Instead, he remained imprisoned until his death from natural causes on 13 August 2015. References External links [permanent dead link] Tulfah family Iraqi generals Government ministers of Iraq Prisoners and detainees of the United States military Iraqi prisoners sentenced to death Prisoners sentenced to death by Iraq Iraqi people who died in prison custody Prisoners who died in Iraqi detention Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians 1952 births 2015 deaths	[ -0.2028791755437851, 0.8821948170661926, -0.6322218179702759, -0.3846851885318756, -0.6668416857719421, 0.6784312129020691, 0.6166428327560425, -0.6293630599975586, -0.018455740064382553, 0.20140285789966583, -0.571227490901947, 0.46918073296546936, -0.6019976735115051, 0.1335275024175644, 0.1473550647497177, 0.14353181421756744, -0.21052397787570953, 0.05672187730669975, -0.49248379468917847, 0.30546504259109497, 0.19319891929626465, -0.5758304595947266, 0.1528065949678421, -0.13152915239334106, 0.11747946590185165, 0.23867475986480713, 0.4124005138874054, 0.2963094413280487, 0.010619532316923141, 0.023180687800049782, -0.13468267023563385, 0.3989678621292114, -0.01549051608890295, -0.5134173631668091, -0.2642289400100708, 0.5750261545181274, 0.18242335319519043, -0.3922822177410126, -0.3465443253517151, 0.20341521501541138, -0.302481472492218, 0.14373885095119476, -0.12275761365890503, 0.7182461619377136, -0.08802884817123413, -1.1992398500442505, -1.0508934259414673, 0.14959904551506042, -0.6980098485946655, -0.3154994249343872, 0.15737560391426086, 0.14701369404792786, 0.5954857468605042, -0.43065670132637024, 0.6074662208557129, 0.04061184450984001, -0.6812655329704285, -0.048736486583948135, 0.15407028794288635, -0.21367448568344116, 0.528181254863739, 0.05305827781558037, 0.3489324748516083, -0.2917851507663727, 0.4788191020488739, 0.2828671336174011, 0.19268649816513062, 0.26543930172920227, 0.010837549343705177, 0.5028486251831055, -0.11486455053091049, 0.4622253179550171, 0.20089206099510193, 0.05215723067522049, 0.44144973158836365, -0.2803530693054199, 0.11454799771308899, 0.018966639414429665, 0.3337806761264801, 0.4188309609889984, 0.4226889908313751, -0.343344122171402, 0.5742077827453613, 0.40192294120788574, -0.037381112575531006, 0.11971469968557358, 0.012033967301249504, 0.7558639049530029, -0.542917013168335, -0.0628809705376625, -0.24860091507434845, -0.6246042847633362, 0.40907546877861023, 0.010758979246020317, -0.44879940152168274, -0.043818362057209015, 0.1453101933002472, 0.8040531277656555, -0.23164354264736176, -0.01637948304414749, 0.39577484130859375, 0.9525076150894165, 0.011764561757445335, -0.36154302954673767, -0.5753718018531799, -0.10280212759971619, -0.4142737090587616, -0.2073647379875183, -0.411201536655426, -0.3033285140991211, -0.16833098232746124, 0.843806803226471, -0.4464864730834961, 0.0542326346039772, 0.1930461972951889, 0.46985623240470886, -0.16248230636119843, -0.7292928695678711, -0.14443464577198029, -0.20621414482593536, -0.3103267252445221, 0.7530333995819092, -0.5882986783981323, 0.050425563007593155, -0.29248327016830444, -0.3128126859664917, 0.11650222539901733, 0.5336320996284485, -0.6191902160644531, 0.7504777312278748, 0.8472626209259033, 0.9128278493881226, -0.6982205510139465, -0.18813230097293854, -0.4494425356388092, -0.5529879927635193, 0.15017616748809814, 0.22546984255313873, 0.4667949378490448, 0.5732312202453613, -0.5877792239189148, 0.16369104385375977, -0.7577782869338989, -0.3171742260456085, 0.3849239647388458, -0.28427359461784363, 0.07938055694103241, -0.1906920224428177, -0.363888680934906, -0.23470093309879303, -0.12338773161172867, -0.1469126045703888, -0.09382119029760361, -0.6436607837677002, -0.12519288063049316, 0.5726062655448914, 0.5960238575935364, -0.20043855905532837, 0.4958573281764984, -0.007806703913956881, 0.2521097660064697, 0.1388864666223526, -0.17213872075080872, 0.0004908558330498636, 0.3350697159767151, 0.11936957389116287, 0.08219286799430847, -0.23637919127941132, 0.654638946056366, -0.013402698561549187, -0.5818461775779724, 0.02018146589398384, 0.25966760516166687, -0.5582786798477173, 0.04536408558487892, 0.3205717206001282, 0.7369164824485779, -0.16016514599323273, 0.5049928426742554, -0.23845143616199493, -0.46609702706336975, -0.9179711937904358, -0.05910598859190941, 0.40057429671287537, 0.7643575072288513, 0.028674911707639694, 0.310275673866272, -0.2183806151151657, 0.7266969084739685, -0.5335283875465393, -0.30024781823158264, -0.5006532073020935, 0.3900812566280365, -0.3110446333885193, 0.421760618686676, 0.8115375638008118, -0.1993362009525299, 0.6222355365753174, 0.2028418630361557, 0.8424492478370667, -0.08479489386081696, -0.05301626771688461, 0.19701214134693146, -0.6005071997642517, 0.15065376460552216, 1.0813826322555542, 0.6014537811279297, 0.3495352268218994, 0.0779029130935669, 0.9078768491744995, 0.5356395840644836, -0.8163355588912964, -0.47467753291130066, 0.20862048864364624, -0.43430912494659424, -0.6308007836341858, -0.34907206892967224, 0.16783496737480164, 0.040684085339307785, 0.0031072753481566906, 0.568501889705658, 0.27015170454978943, -0.6850382685661316, 1.0391383171081543, -0.47885218262672424, 0.027864722535014153, -0.2665693759918213, -0.4916006326675415, -0.3172130882740021, -0.49419429898262024, 0.36169835925102234, 0.43821361660957336, 0.36394479870796204, -0.22510308027267456, -0.29158708453178406, 0.06629014760255814, -0.07828831672668457, -0.1101844385266304, 0.6044384837150574, -0.5830600261688232, 0.03596128895878792, 0.32502642273902893, 0.15488918125629425, 0.12974342703819275, 0.6317097544670105, 0.14278361201286316, -0.4888434410095215, 0.04113081842660904, -0.584522008895874, 0.6980574131011963, -0.29881957173347473, 0.0889335572719574, 0.5792616605758667, -1.1855273246765137, 0.15849457681179047, -0.3147442638874054, 0.09806207567453384, 0.36023926734924316, 0.40436363220214844, 0.2829076647758484, -0.05135759338736534, 0.33498284220695496, 0.017395438626408577, 0.40624943375587463, 0.06501972675323486, 0.11465813219547272, 0.3579016923904419, -0.5780417919158936, 0.2915501892566681, -0.17556923627853394, 0.48597943782806396, -0.22881296277046204, 0.03561940789222717, 0.00456745270639658, 0.24651801586151123, -0.1689232885837555, -0.4859309196472168, 0.4553714096546173, -0.060927364975214005, -0.5629634857177734, 0.819130539894104, 0.5310846567153931, 0.1096164658665657, 0.2191915512084961, -0.618274986743927, -0.006424941588193178, -0.3611111044883728, -1.1020383834838867, 0.0023035136982798576, 0.0013678084360435605, -0.8193509578704834, 0.4040379226207733, 0.26650384068489075, 0.5283491611480713, -0.8347504138946533, 0.1275344341993332, -0.4428257644176483, -0.7121490836143494, 0.36870133876800537, -0.20683607459068298, -0.5330008864402771, 0.4579782783985138, -0.8017790913581848, 0.3869401812553406, 0.411969393491745, 0.5491490364074707, -0.1329813450574875, -0.2112296223640442, -5.30883264541626, -0.02408084273338318, 0.2707940638065338, -0.18370403349399567, 0.30270931124687195, 0.2558639943599701, 0.06156529486179352, -0.7677801251411438, 0.10324705392122269, 0.13596613705158234, 0.036578305065631866, 0.4000217020511627, 0.34478673338890076, 0.9876485466957092, 0.9971018433570862, 0.25607413053512573, 0.8089818358421326, -0.1103246808052063, 0.6947322487831116, -0.11562467366456985, 0.25772809982299805, -0.019761716946959496, -0.3823711574077606, 0.06319742649793625, 0.2385363131761551, 0.32262182235717773, -0.2291143238544464, 0.10481788218021393, -1.0090055465698242, -0.5573282837867737, -0.10581138730049133, -0.3159236013889313, -0.3658805191516876, 0.46302345395088196, -0.39318835735321045, -0.4231039881706238, 0.539071798324585, 0.3586212396621704, -0.17886848747730255, -0.12021481245756149, 0.12260047346353531, 0.19479574263095856, -0.1960785984992981, 0.08097772300243378, 0.6742081046104431, -0.06801614165306091, -0.8063945770263672, -0.6273248791694641, -0.2580973505973816, 0.09451067447662354, -0.04166277498006821, 0.08488660305738449, 0.3890158534049988, 0.21631327271461487, -0.2945236563682556, 0.09240007400512695, 0.16680213809013367, -0.14791156351566315, -0.2799876928329468, 0.5922017097473145, 0.3414932191371918, -0.5329467058181763, -0.05625035986304283, -0.28422117233276367, 0.07495993375778198, -0.11328639090061188, 1.0724841356277466, -0.42962974309921265, 0.20977361500263214, -0.35145458579063416, -0.45090651512145996, 0.4411162734031677, -0.17756149172782898, -0.820391058921814, 0.28184637427330017, -0.2438117116689682, -0.16983701288700104, 0.26475027203559875, -1.0749826431274414, -0.036290477961301804, -0.1649819016456604, -0.33791542053222656, 0.39764565229415894, 0.37798938155174255, -0.08516399562358856, -0.14408057928085327, 0.6091563701629639, 0.5698367953300476, 0.22910767793655396, 0.18621161580085754, 0.47966575622558594, -0.6943198442459106, 0.43381771445274353, 0.08816495537757874, 0.10734772682189941, 0.7190808057785034, -0.1979675441980362, 0.7271299362182617, 0.991483211517334, 0.0921587124466896, -0.320071816444397, -0.4302403926849365, 0.06386168301105499, -0.12200649827718735, 0.5282173752784729, -0.15958908200263977, 0.20565858483314514, -0.36609384417533875, 0.8146817684173584, -0.053193461149930954, -0.0779820904135704, 0.28622737526893616, -0.19816547632217407, 0.17082686722278595, 0.4061461091041565, -0.48023125529289246, 0.2657560408115387, 0.5743287205696106, 0.2609051764011383, 1.1072900295257568, -0.28477537631988525, 0.07800481468439102, 0.1391741931438446, 0.2585744857788086, 0.00313601759262383, -0.2664530277252197, -0.14066581428050995, 0.106452576816082, -0.2899816930294037, -0.20418211817741394, 0.48737940192222595, 0.5511289238929749, 0.15819619596004486, -0.08262652158737183, 0.11211267113685608, -0.7899693846702576, -0.7066530585289001, -0.7178751826286316, -0.11646705865859985, 0.1328546404838562, -0.08462902903556824, -0.32408472895622253, -0.16720587015151978, 0.1961478441953659, 0.31779977679252625, 0.13733132183551788, 0.4807826578617096, 0.3534678518772125, -0.3887186050415039, 0.770566463470459, -0.37957990169525146, -0.2516924738883972, 0.7196124196052551, -0.3892931342124939, -0.15414132177829742, 0.39123913645744324, 0.19901181757450104, 0.20074462890625, -0.7461763620376587, -0.2541305422782898, 0.02662956900894642, -0.7845498323440552, -0.9387820363044739, 0.08293785154819489, 0.2317143827676773, 0.5446870923042297, -0.10439892113208771, -0.05832793563604355, -0.21890167891979218, 1.0680515766143799, -0.00016659157699905336, -0.42965593934059143, -0.5593649744987488, -0.2443450540304184, 0.47032710909843445, -0.5921756029129028, 0.3552466630935669, 0.10235973447561264, 0.27004456520080566, -0.14829780161380768, -0.35326528549194336, 0.4182259738445282, -0.4517870843410492, 0.12890015542507172, 0.737777054309845, 0.3501264750957489, -0.7297393083572388, -0.9740647673606873, -0.32183679938316345, -0.4651361107826233, 0.25811392068862915, -0.48697707056999207, -0.09557706862688065, 0.13719378411769867, 0.4554827809333801, -0.8571776747703552, 0.4368371069431305, -0.23027019202709198, -0.42746207118034363, -0.40979471802711487, 0.21994967758655548, 0.35081782937049866, -0.26655474305152893, 0.379954069852829, -0.5605766177177429, -1.1496556997299194, 0.26211288571357727, 0.11042121052742004, 0.07583653181791306, 0.6306228041648865, -0.08765940368175507, -0.7601901292800903, -0.42180266976356506, 0.73309725522995, -0.18505823612213135, -0.25958389043807983, 0.11991043388843536, 0.15774884819984436, -0.4062019884586334, -0.7432527542114258, -0.6510857343673706, -0.8528395295143127, 0.10052996873855591, 0.015201077796518803, -0.84721839427948, -0.25607115030288696, 0.5500469207763672, -0.2555352747440338, 0.252898633480072, 0.11998983472585678, 0.15811242163181305, 0.280051589012146, 0.5047619342803955, 0.565355122089386, -0.1996145397424698, -0.4915533661842346, 0.4448443055152893, 0.04266144335269928, -0.6264269948005676, 0.07053709775209427, 0.10099679231643677, 0.8343917727470398, 0.44731858372688293, -0.8766098618507385, -0.39136096835136414, 0.24703238904476166, 0.23167304694652557, -0.34320443868637085, 0.06722526997327805, -0.33569589257240295, 0.5522202253341675, 0.11387888342142105, -0.5409108996391296, -0.5237360000610352, 0.7030476331710815, -0.5125053524971008, -0.1071903333067894, -0.28289031982421875, 0.1366606056690216, 0.14390739798545837, -0.23145882785320282, -0.0035774093121290207, 0.526656448841095, 0.019312366843223572, 0.16632331907749176, -0.2642521858215332, -0.5406162738800049, -0.7494516968727112, 0.24835078418254852, -0.6517336964607239, -0.8363078832626343, -0.2770330607891083, -0.05001324787735939, 0.6770517230033875, -0.46977636218070984, -0.056984949856996536, 0.1904398798942566, -0.35606124997138977, 0.1279590129852295, -0.05566436052322388, -0.8120020627975464, -0.4166259169578552, -0.17236840724945068, -0.353235125541687, 0.015581618063151836, -1.1484571695327759, 0.21078303456306458, 0.24344439804553986, 0.009539797902107239, 0.19613943994045258, -0.5095158815383911, 0.28443390130996704, -0.5498395562171936, 0.9200701117515564, -0.32949376106262207, 0.26588425040245056, -0.19612564146518707, 1.049696445465088, -0.10082844644784927, -0.6779657006263733, -0.310028612613678, -0.398957222700119, 0.2017350047826767, 0.1300029754638672, 0.034492652863264084, -0.29299411177635193, -0.0319146104156971, -0.49248242378234863, -0.0417741984128952, 0.12221479415893555, 0.2278246134519577, 0.06611131876707077, 0.5761325359344482, 0.2538262605667114, -0.9238733053207397, -0.29443982243537903, 0.7523499131202698, -0.7383256554603577, -0.3449712097644806, 0.0839550569653511, 0.4291289150714874, 0.13535447418689728, 0.039772775024175644, 0.2797551453113556, 0.3399697244167328, 0.8728177547454834, 0.3035579323768616, -0.07772763818502426, -0.3830638825893402, -0.28091904520988464, -0.08009576052427292, 0.03772134333848953, -0.26413631439208984, -0.10533159226179123, 0.09662142395973206, -0.4428301155567169, -0.020875340327620506, -0.08621612191200256, 0.2695411145687103, 0.5595783591270447, 0.07019020617008209, 0.9519916772842407, -0.6602762937545776, -0.33859139680862427, -0.08153722435235977, 0.6516797542572021, -0.01804118975996971, 0.7030761241912842, 0.21544766426086426, 0.30564236640930176, -0.32219019532203674, -0.12518954277038574, -0.06717680394649506, -0.6520504355430603, -0.3358372449874878, 0.06800369173288345, 0.12853878736495972, -0.16870573163032532, 0.0003982211055699736, 0.3860291540622711, 0.2212841510772705, -0.14567087590694427, 0.8485960364341736, 0.3800470530986786, 0.42997246980667114, -0.20236873626708984, -0.31866416335105896, -0.7256099581718445, 0.14497977495193481, 0.13752815127372742, 0.03549538552761078, -0.6157940030097961, -0.7734334468841553, 0.2252013087272644, 0.2058483511209488, 0.2290009707212448, 0.40684857964515686, 0.08355733752250671, -0.32223907113075256, 0.09353944659233093, 0.18921728432178497, 0.08514396846294403, 0.4606795012950897, -0.27440810203552246, 0.38197657465934753, 0.4205482602119446, -0.26180386543273926, 0.26215460896492004, -0.6059855222702026, -0.008691980503499508, 0.10459162294864655, 0.021649379283189774, -0.7507420778274536, 0.6440072655677795, -0.6678425073623657, -0.06718693673610687, -0.0437295064330101, 0.5565711855888367, 0.273103803396225, -0.6050773859024048, -0.06135612726211548, 0.5419412851333618, -0.17686675488948822, 0.2562367618083954, -0.4481087625026703, -0.09214205294847488, -0.8218259811401367, -0.267227441072464, -0.7908565998077393, 0.22654414176940918, -0.1980152130126953, 1.0154917240142822, -0.13866965472698212, 0.19709904491901398, -0.7188993692398071, 0.3135569095611572, 0.262419193983078, -0.4221968948841095, 0.29944124817848206, -0.13986697793006897, 0.13195131719112396, -0.3359537124633789, -0.2544949948787689, 0.37027865648269653, 0.23316314816474915, -0.008635603822767735, 0.6946029663085938, -0.0976826474070549, -0.16521307826042175, 0.3896147608757019, -0.6371209621429443, -0.6659471988677979, -0.28039029240608215, -0.5655107498168945, -0.39388248324394226, 0.0666971206665039, 0.9110570549964905, 0.482065886259079, 0.955597460269928, -0.01970510184764862, -0.05914789438247681, -0.3387390971183777, 0.24218213558197021, -0.5247032642364502, -0.7899255752563477, 0.27449703216552734, -0.6694607734680176, -0.6677330732345581, 0.0950576663017273, 0.26401448249816895, 0.07773139327764511, -0.4689711332321167, 0.38752466440200806, -0.7988622188568115, 0.4360252618789673, -0.27064940333366394, -0.06092941388487816, -0.203261137008667, 0.5083980560302734, -0.38542744517326355 ]
216567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%2C%20Inc.	Popular, Inc.	Popular, Inc., doing business as Banco Popular in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and as Popular Bank in the mainland United States, is a financial services conglomerate that has operated in Puerto Rico for over 125 years and in the mainland United States for over 52 years. In recent years, it has expanded into other areas of the Caribbean and Central America. The BPPR in the logo stands for Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, where the bank has its major historical footprint. Popular, Inc. is the parent company of Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, Popular Bank, E-Loan, and several other companies. The headquarters of Banco Popular Puerto Rico is in Hato Rey, San Juan. History The bank was founded in Puerto Rico in 1893 when the island was still under Spanish administration. It was led in its early stages by Rafael Carrión Sr. and Don Manuel Muñoz Barrios, the latter of which was the company's first president and administrator. During the 1970s, the company's commercials were very popular on Puerto Rican television: they presented a balding, middle aged man in a white tee shirt, announcing the company in a comic way. The 1970s also saw a giant step in the development of Banco Popular as Puerto Rico's biggest bank, when it bought two-thirds of the Banco de Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño. Through this purchase, Popular entered the credit-card industry. During the following decades, Banco Popular put great of emphasis on the company's public image. It was during the 1980s, after Rafael Carrion, Sr.'s death, that Richard L. Carrión assumed the role as President of the corporation. In 1989, the bank introduced a children's savings service with a bear, "Populoso", as its mascot. The Club del Ahorro (or Savings Club) was (and still is) intended to encourage children to open savings accounts and keep track of their money. 1990s The following decade started with a big development for the bank, when in 1990 it merged with Banco de Ponce, one of the largest banks in Puerto Rico. At this time, Banco Popular's holding company changed its name to BanPonce Corporation. Popular acquired Banco Roig, one of the main banks in the eastern side of the island, in 1997, entering a geographical market in which it had yet to succeed. During the late 1990s, the company began to diversify its services thanks to revisions of state laws that allowed banks certain 'privileges' related to different financial services other than banking. These years saw the birth of Popular Auto, Popular Finance, Popular Mortgage, Popular Insurance, Popular Leasing, among others. During this time, the company created one of its flagship subsidiaries, Popular Securities. It quickly became the investment banking, retail brokerage, and institutional sales arm of Banco Popular. On the retail side, Popular Securities has an extensive network of brokers in Puerto Rico, rivaled only by Swiss giant UBS and more recently by Banco Santander. Popular Securities has additional offices in New York City, San Antonio, Houston, and Chicago. 2000s Due to its growth in Puerto Rico, and the aggressive expansion in the United States, the company changed its name once again in 2000 to Popular, Inc., a name that goes back to the traditional roots of the corporation and which also reflects the common title in almost all of the subsidiaries of the company. During this period, the company reorganized itself into three main subsidiary companies: Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, with David Chafey Jr. as president; Popular Bank, with Roberto Herencia as president; and Evertec, with Felix Villamil as president. Richard Carrión remained as president and CEO of the parent company, Popular, Inc. In the January 24, 2005 issue of Fortune, Popular, Inc. was chosen as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For. On April 11, 2005, Popular Bank announced a five-year agreement with the New York Mets under which Popular would operate seven ATMs and display various advertisements at Shea Stadium until it closed in September 2008, and the team moved to the new Citi Field. Present Popular's world headquarters are located in the San Juan's Hato Rey business district, on a stretch of a thoroughfare commonly known as Milla de Oro ("The Golden Mile") due to the number of banks headquartered in the area. Travelers who fly into the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport can appreciate Popular's landmark building below. Between 2010 and 2012, the bank re-branded its mainland branches as Popular Community Bank in an effort to attract more non-Hispanic customers. The first branches to bear the new name were in the Chicago market followed by those in Southern California and Florida, then New York City and New Jersey. As of January, 2012, Popular, Inc. still owed $935 million to the US government Troubled Asset Relief Program. In March 2013, Popular announced it would sell a $568 million portfolio of non-performing loans to a joint venture between Caribbean Property Group and funds affiliated with Perella Weinberg Partners. In 2014, Popular Community Bank sold many of its mainland United States branches in Central Florida, Illinois and Southern California to cut costs and shore up its reserves against losses caused by foreclosures and the recession in Puerto Rico. After the sale, Popular Community Bank retained 49 branches in South Florida, New Jersey, and New York. On September 12, 2014, Harbor Community Bank purchased Popular's branches in Orlando and central Florida. On November 7, 2014, Banc of California in Irvine purchased 20 branches of Popular Community Bank in southern California. In 2018, Popular Community Bank changed its name to Popular Bank (Legal name) and Popular, commercial name. Stats Ranked the 784th Largest Company In The World by Forbes (2006). Ranked the 84th Best Company to Work For by Fortune (2005). Ranked the Best Consumer Internet Bank in Puerto Rico by Global Finance (2007). Has over $41 billion in assets. Approx. 8,000 employees. Symbol: BPOP (NASDAQ) Timeline 1893: A group of local Puerto Rican and Spanish notables founded the Sociedad Anónima de Economías y Préstamos (later Banco Popular de Economías y Préstamos) on 5 October 1893. The founders wanted to create a thrift institution for the island's poor to encourage savings. 1928: First bank in Puerto Rico to offer personal loans without collateral. 1930: Popular acquired the Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico. This bank had begun in 1857 as Banco Español de Puerto Rico and changed its name to Banco de Puerto Rico in 1900. Then in 1913 it changed its name to Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico. 1938: First bank in Puerto Rico to offer an FHA mortgage loan. 1950: Popular becomes the largest bank in Puerto Rico. 1961: Popular opened a branch in New York City (Bronx) to serve the Puerto Rican community there. 1973: First bank in Puerto Rico to offer combined accounts. 1975: Popular opened a branch in Los Angeles. Although US banks could not branch across state lines, non-US banks could. The California State Superintendent of Banking declared Puerto Rico "international", allowing Popular to open a branch in reciprocity for the branch Bank of America had opened in Puerto Rico. 1981: Popular started to expand in the Caribbean by establishing a branch in the U.S. Virgin Islands and another in Tortola, British Virgin Islands. 1984: Popular took over the failed Washington National Bank, a locally owned bank catering to the Hispanic community in Chicago. Popular also launched the first automated teller machine network in the island. 1988: Popular is the first bank in Puerto Rico to offer phone-banking. 1990: Popular merged with Banco de Ponce to create the largest bank in Puerto Rico. The holding company took the name BanPonce. (Banco de Ponce had established an agency in New York that it had converted to a branch in 1961. At the time of the merger, Banco de Ponce had nine branches in New York to Popular's six.) 1991: Popular acquired the deposits and one branch of New York Capital Bank in upper Manhattan, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the failed Capital National Bank, which had served most of the Dominican small businesses there. 1992: Popular acquired seven branches from the failed American Savings Bank, four branches and their deposits from Bank Leumi Trust Company, and one branch and its deposits from Northside Savings Bank. 1993: Popular became the largest bank in the Virgin Islands when it acquired CoreStates First Pennsylvania Bank's five branches there. Century Anniversary. 1994: Popular bought Pioneer Bank in Chicago and merged it with Popular's existing operations. Popular also entered New Jersey by buying four branches from the failed Carteret Savings Bank. It then opened two more branches, to form Banco Popular FSB (a federal savings association). 1995: Popular established the ATH Dominicana ATM network in the Dominican Republic. (ATH stands for "A Toda Hora". i.e., "at all hours".) 1996: Popular bought American Midwest Bank for its two branches in suburban Melrose Park, a Chicago suburb that was drawing Hispanics. In California, Popular created a subsidiary, Banco Popular NA (California), bought Commerce National Bank, and transferred to it the branch that it had established in 1975. 1997: Popular acquired the Seminole Bank branch in Sanford, Florida, and Banco Roig in Puerto Rico. 1998: Popular made Chicago the headquarters for the US Executive Offices of its subsidiary, Popular North America, which took over all its US mainland commercial activities. In the Dominican Republic, Popular took a minority position in Banco Fiduciario, the fourth largest bank, a stake that it later built up to a majority position. Popular entered Costa Rica as it had entered the Dominican Republic, Popular entered Costa Rica in the same way as it had entered the Dominican Republic, i.e., by establishing an ATM network, ATH Costa Rica. 1999: Popular bought First State Bank of Southern California from Korea's Hanil Bank and merged it with Popular (California). In the Chicago area, Popular bought Irving Bank, Water Tower Bank and Aurora National Bank. Popular also bought Banco Popular, a start-up bank in Orlando, Florida, and Citizens Bank in Houston. In addition, Popular bought the GM Group, entering the processing business. 2000: Popular begins its online banking system 2001: Popular buys three branches in Puerto Rico's central mountain region from BBVA. 2005: Popular completes acquisition of Quaker City Bank, establishing California as the largest region of Popular Bank. Popular also purchases New Jersey's Infinity Mortgage for an undisclosed amount. On August 3, 2005, Popular announced the purchase of E-Loan for an estimated $300 million merger agreement. A month later, on September 21, Popular announced that it would sell Popular Cash Express to ACE Cash Express for $36 million. Popular was ranked as the 691st largest company in the world by Forbes. 2006: Banco Popular North America relocates its California Region headquarters to Anaheim, California headed by Vernon Aguirre. 2007: Banco Popular North America sells five of six branches in Texas region to Prosperity Bank. 2007: Banco Popular acquires Citibank's retail business in Puerto Rico, including nine branches, as well as the operations in Puerto Rico of broker-dealer Smith Barney, a Citibank subsidiary. 2008: Popular agrees to sell certain assets of Equity One, the U.S. mainland consumer finance operations of Popular Financial Holdings, to American General Finance, a member of American International Group. 2010: Banco Popular acquires competitor Westernbank, after it failed and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation seized its deposits. On October 1, 2010, Popular sold 51% Evertec participating to Apollo Management. 2015: Banco Popular acquires the deposits of Doral Bank after regulators declared it insolvent. 2018: Popular Community Bank changed its name to Popular Bank (Legal name) and Popular, commercial name. Subsidiaries and Services Puerto Rico Banco Popular de Puerto Rico Popular Auto Popular Securities Popular Asset Management Popular Insurance Plazapop Continental United States Popular Bank Popular Small Business Capital Popular Association Banking Popular Equipment Finance Popular Direct Virgin Islands Banco Popular Virgin Islands Former Subsidiaries Popular Cash Express (sold to ACE Cash Express on 09/21/2005) Popular Finance (closed all branches) Musical Tradition For its 100th Anniversary celebration, Popular gathered a group of famous Latin-American musicians in an effort to create a musical televised show. After the large success of this venture, the company began to produce annual live Christmas concerts and television specials with various Puerto Rican and international singers and artists. The 1996 version included the future star Shakira. The concerts and specials are aired in local television stations and then released on CDs and DVD, raising money for the company's philanthropic foundation (Fundación Banco Popular) which benefits a variety of non-profit organizations in the island. The titles of the musicals are: 1993 - Un Pueblo que Canta (People Who Sing) 1994 - El Espíritu de un Pueblo (The Spirit of a People) 1995 - Somos un Sólo Pueblo (We Are One People) 1996 - Al Compás de un Sentimiento (To the Rhythm of a Feeling) 1997 - Siempre Piel Canela (Always Brown Skin) 1998 - Romance del Cumbanchero (Romance of the Cumbanchero) 1999 - Con la Música por Dentro (With the Music Within) 2000 - Guitarra Mía: Un Tributo a José Feliciano (My Guitar: A Tribute to José Feliciano) 2001 - Raíces (Roots) 2002 - Encuentro (Encounter) 2003 - Ocho Puertas (Eight Doors) 2004 - En Mi País (In My Country) 2005 - Queridos Reyes Magos (Dear Wise Men) 2006 - Viva Navidad (Viva Christmas) 2007 - Lo Mejor de Nuestra Música Popular: 15 Años de Éxitos (The Best of Our Popular Music: 15 Years of Hits) 2008 - Eco (Echo) 2009 - Palés y la Rumba de Esquina (Palés and the Corner Rumba) 2010 - (Salsa: An Homage to El Gran Combo) 2011 - Sonó, Sonó: Tite Curet (Sounded, It Sounded: Tite Curet) 2012 - Hecho con Sabor a Puerto Rico (Made with Flavor of Puerto Rico) 2013 - Música en Tiempos (Music Through Times) 2014 - Qué Lindo Es Puerto Rico (How Beautiful is Puerto Rico) 2015 - Cuba y Puerto Rico Son (Puerto Rico and Cuba Son) 2016 - De Puerto Rico para el Mundo (From Puerto Rico to the World) 2017 - Nuestra Isla, Nuestro Encanto (Our Island, Our Charm) 2018 - Más de un Siglo (More than a Century) Online Discography Competitors (in Puerto Rico) Oriental Financial First BanCorp References External links Popular, Inc. Official Site Subsidiaries E-Loan (Purchased by Popular, Inc 2005) Popular Equipment Finance Popular Auto Popular Mortgage Popular Securities Popular Insurance TicketPop (Ticket Sale service operated by Popular) Banks of Puerto Rico Companies listed on the Nasdaq Banks established in 1893 Companies based in San Juan, Puerto Rico Companies based in Cook County, Illinois Puerto Rican brands Rosemont, Illinois 1893 establishments in Puerto Rico	[ 0.19474615156650543, 0.03635663166642189, 0.07951343059539795, 0.11572789400815964, -0.31456318497657776, 0.05298595130443573, -0.26648446917533875, 0.8606752753257751, -0.47132644057273865, -0.07768599689006805, -0.39089006185531616, 0.3256186842918396, -0.10260092467069626, 0.568777859210968, -0.19415688514709473, -0.07431717962026596, -0.7192506194114685, 0.7170182466506958, -0.10661531239748001, -0.3535836338996887, -0.7750638723373413, -0.40758612751960754, 0.19289471209049225, -0.6847893595695496, 0.22763316333293915, 0.37225010991096497, 0.3542233109474182, -0.5450589060783386, -0.02866876870393753, -0.009567689150571823, -0.09403013437986374, 0.6285768747329712, 0.2646822929382324, -0.025595737621188164, -0.4826367199420929, -0.7098284363746643, 0.12580382823944092, 0.061887990683317184, 0.03167441487312317, -0.5808192491531372, -0.18405501544475555, -0.25497519969940186, 0.3309459686279297, 0.23302863538265228, 0.17195749282836914, -0.6363311409950256, -2.045482873916626, 0.09895326942205429, -1.0641816854476929, -0.14615823328495026, -0.5101631879806519, 0.6233733892440796, 0.09168385714292526, 0.5538957118988037, -0.07779813557863235, 0.6951949596405029, -0.04047580063343048, 0.18183009326457977, 0.2355075627565384, -0.16772806644439697, 0.14354275166988373, -0.04786881431937218, 0.5845735669136047, 0.2539105713367462, 0.08143722265958786, 0.01945028454065323, -0.1272854059934616, 0.3627784252166748, -0.3376998007297516, -0.287810742855072, -0.3743448257446289, -0.6368727684020996, 0.37340521812438965, -0.275920569896698, -0.06278389692306519, -0.2329569011926651, 0.07195540517568588, 0.2201426923274994, 0.4683283865451813, 0.022927509620785713, 0.006710200570523739, 0.5433916449546814, 0.5721319913864136, 0.2843734622001648, -0.016956977546215057, 0.21370680630207062, -0.2516672611236572, -0.2439066767692566, 0.11232273280620575, 0.6743763089179993, -0.2845965325832367, 0.028827538713812828, 0.7367174029350281, -0.21324315667152405, -0.03579743579030037, -0.5425577759742737, -0.16618545353412628, -0.19521580636501312, 0.1260705143213272, 0.12926647067070007, -0.2800842821598053, 0.14733116328716278, 0.1768222600221634, -0.19987651705741882, -0.4232252240180969, 0.5670170187950134, 0.017120694741606712, -0.28073781728744507, 0.32117459177970886, -0.3826372027397156, -0.3083283305168152, 0.2818751335144043, -0.00848018005490303, 0.13582837581634521, 0.0069558992981910706, 0.8953654170036316, 0.4489431083202362, -0.1746814250946045, -0.21617035567760468, 0.10040965676307678, 0.005261630285531282, 0.7291601300239563, 0.03588581457734108, -0.008244536817073822, 0.261954665184021, 0.6044633984565735, 0.29748570919036865, 0.14099274575710297, -0.24653799831867218, 0.08113298565149307, -0.10498198121786118, 0.2974342703819275, 0.05445970594882965, 0.02996653877198696, 0.24708974361419678, -0.16010960936546326, 0.5259716510772705, 0.11864210665225983, 0.02661692537367344, -0.291219562292099, -0.45920923352241516, -0.13526250422000885, -1.1272352933883667, -0.5564299821853638, 0.692156195640564, -0.2865290343761444, 0.06322666257619858, -0.17989961802959442, -0.47989457845687866, -0.20078860223293304, 0.6220672726631165, -0.19279341399669647, 0.014529330655932426, 0.07170942425727844, 0.12048366665840149, -0.06437857449054718, 0.4856164753437042, -0.2338787019252777, 0.27324479818344116, 0.6317054033279419, -0.0009694574400782585, 0.20445239543914795, -0.44449204206466675, -0.7297863960266113, -0.35039716958999634, -0.1602412462234497, -0.08632463216781616, 0.31132757663726807, 0.14820455014705658, 0.12644840776920319, -0.10061515867710114, -0.04072360321879387, -0.01573941484093666, 0.21703945100307465, 0.5642736554145813, 0.2522762417793274, 0.6737338304519653, 0.4846133887767792, 0.14994272589683533, -0.054652225226163864, -0.5647939443588257, 0.4019012749195099, 0.1478973776102066, -0.19579017162322998, -0.09244021028280258, -0.2264159470796585, 1.0240273475646973, -0.008019239641726017, -0.020890338346362114, 0.2049776315689087, -0.2927492558956146, -0.0522676482796669, 0.050743717700242996, -0.46647557616233826, 0.9518014788627625, 0.35909655690193176, -0.5149776935577393, 0.2568170726299286, 0.2031892091035843, 0.11171599477529526, -0.027910936623811722, 0.030389660969376564, 0.22505848109722137, -0.372991144657135, -0.3813427686691284, 0.5878968834877014, 0.25612956285476685, 0.0030823659617453814, 0.4272201955318451, 0.1728150099515915, 0.20450352132320404, 0.0075301434844732285, 0.36803123354911804, -0.1278870403766632, 0.10879702121019363, -0.15488700568675995, -0.08468461036682129, 0.42368873953819275, 0.4412612020969391, -0.46790990233421326, 0.59893399477005, -0.09528552740812302, 0.037180300801992416, 0.25219234824180603, -0.18700094521045685, 0.6855200529098511, 0.2648249566555023, -0.22619840502738953, 0.003675424726679921, 0.23176877200603485, 0.5217995047569275, 0.3054840862751007, 0.20446820557117462, -0.22748322784900665, -0.2871071994304657, -0.0884595736861229, 0.12591391801834106, -0.45686662197113037, 0.17284266650676727, -0.19355572760105133, 0.3804433345794678, 0.24821791052818298, -0.13173459470272064, 0.34094706177711487, -0.42915308475494385, -0.16068746149539948, -0.2594081461429596, 0.1389082670211792, -0.0007207778980955482, 0.14627648890018463, 0.19860023260116577, 0.02592925913631916, 0.249914288520813, -0.11019522696733475, 0.3792319893836975, 0.18304172158241272, -0.18656779825687408, 0.0874619409441948, -0.03145517781376839, 0.31780490279197693, -0.2344006597995758, -0.09461446851491928, 0.3006616234779358, 0.2739100456237793, -0.09242750704288483, -0.5675592422485352, -0.3755902051925659, -0.38889873027801514, -0.45018258690834045, -0.09100919961929321, 0.30238276720046997, 0.1408625692129135, -0.20888571441173553, -0.9440431594848633, 0.3524158000946045, -0.4088837206363678, 0.17050229012966156, 0.5114554762840271, -0.2560447156429291, -0.6848564743995667, -0.03260314092040062, 0.4436996579170227, 0.4288569986820221, -0.5408729910850525, -0.1844744235277176, 0.11478754132986069, -0.21610385179519653, -0.1144990548491478, 0.0137077821418643, -0.06186511367559433, -0.01626712828874588, -0.21051855385303497, -0.432803213596344, 0.0857107862830162, 0.24109160900115967, 0.29277876019477844, 0.12063219398260117, 0.08591433614492416, -0.15651440620422363, -0.16326577961444855, -0.08601832389831543, 0.5903485417366028, -0.11390436440706253, -0.41281673312187195, 0.2139313817024231, -0.6701220273971558, -0.11032380908727646, -0.5036834478378296, -6.026855945587158, -0.05519045516848564, 0.08249665051698685, -0.31088513135910034, 0.6158362030982971, -0.12115412205457687, 0.23423884809017181, -0.5012463927268982, -0.09900348633527756, 0.26259085536003113, -0.06653067469596863, 0.05566076934337616, -0.36936748027801514, 0.10356287658214569, 0.20062969624996185, 0.5071949362754822, 0.4320378601551056, 0.4263787567615509, 0.22910603880882263, -0.196979820728302, -0.12012796103954315, -0.3036191761493683, 0.2249142974615097, 0.2279222160577774, 0.25902706384658813, 0.59858638048172, -0.19814279675483704, 0.20975714921951294, -0.2500283122062683, 0.31454741954803467, -0.10448228567838669, -0.10698306560516357, -0.31420448422431946, -0.14038047194480896, -0.019083349034190178, -0.014080974273383617, 1.0375527143478394, -0.018465673550963402, 0.5141129493713379, -0.15131571888923645, -0.007157750893384218, 0.4166770279407501, -0.14214098453521729, 0.12094828486442566, 0.5776979327201843, 0.03262585401535034, -0.28062787652015686, -0.17126557230949402, -0.5843413472175598, 0.6434836387634277, 0.37773481011390686, -0.24305567145347595, 0.48404812812805176, 0.2978387773036957, 0.16743580996990204, -0.31122711300849915, 0.1643393188714981, -0.12328162789344788, 0.033956486731767654, -0.27354103326797485, 0.9360157251358032, -0.01093692984431982, 0.2952788472175598, -0.2120397388935089, -0.48703375458717346, -0.5506927967071533, -0.15609818696975708, -0.34015610814094543, 0.5720541477203369, 0.08925051987171173, -0.06710683554410934, 0.39033621549606323, 0.08985890448093414, -0.942952573299408, 0.00680586788803339, 0.03806466981768608, 0.09562066197395325, 0.4023633301258087, -0.042503952980041504, 0.3803301751613617, -0.38421738147735596, -0.11058492213487625, -0.1799740046262741, 0.43032675981521606, -0.5383356809616089, -0.4270166754722595, -0.5687157511711121, 0.2250579595565796, -0.495942622423172, -0.034006621688604355, 0.3416430354118347, -0.20186352729797363, 0.3941773772239685, -0.014293419197201729, 0.08201436698436737, 0.16695430874824524, 0.8553618788719177, 0.2645234763622284, 0.05204024165868759, -0.5218268632888794, 0.21068887412548065, -0.2997458577156067, -0.5010984539985657, -0.8024001121520996, -0.22980037331581116, -0.12816199660301208, 0.11187436431646347, -0.32918399572372437, 0.43082356452941895, -0.3411056101322174, -0.3321482241153717, -0.4322756826877594, -1.2895073890686035, -0.5350381731987, 0.04839802905917168, 0.30966681241989136, -0.35964593291282654, 0.0714980885386467, -0.30802807211875916, 0.26712360978126526, 0.14774182438850403, 0.42302650213241577, 0.08969710767269135, -0.40883588790893555, -0.21703046560287476, -0.10048006474971771, -0.3301856815814972, -0.16376933455467224, -0.08012937754392624, -0.40202590823173523, 0.13798758387565613, -0.14459432661533356, 0.335610032081604, -0.4069656729698181, 0.09839696437120438, -0.0895150825381279, 0.012501317076385021, 0.3319440484046936, -0.15270932018756866, -0.39863747358322144, 0.1686159074306488, 0.043365802615880966, -0.3857814073562622, 0.5570839643478394, 0.38670575618743896, 0.6830016374588013, 0.1393864005804062, -0.0386037677526474, -0.05154614523053169, 0.27621471881866455, 0.13855569064617157, -0.6578963994979858, 0.5200157165527344, 0.11831120401620865, -0.47202378511428833, -0.2742427587509155, 0.2210189700126648, -0.1378873586654663, -0.7009456753730774, -0.30155304074287415, -0.15708255767822266, -0.8342649340629578, -0.7387482523918152, 0.2758556008338928, 0.5107345581054688, -0.24425682425498962, -0.4001811146736145, -0.259096622467041, -0.008181232959032059, 0.5383930206298828, 0.3766348361968994, 0.24662163853645325, -0.6463478803634644, 0.04979751631617546, 0.25845277309417725, 0.2877267599105835, 0.37538182735443115, -0.4666498005390167, -0.01646154373884201, -0.01521377358585596, 0.21993781626224518, -0.3730054795742035, -0.8205404281616211, 0.23890697956085205, 0.37362730503082275, -0.8538560271263123, -0.3046327829360962, -0.10257863253355026, -0.22022296488285065, 0.050283804535865784, 0.18782272934913635, 0.38320332765579224, 0.5669090151786804, 0.004497584421187639, -0.41147202253341675, -0.25990647077560425, -0.37202900648117065, 0.5128517150878906, -0.04151882976293564, -0.34457987546920776, -0.07966331392526627, 0.3745897710323334, -0.450548380613327, -0.08387478440999985, -0.08401516079902649, -0.4669526219367981, 0.4012768864631653, -0.2665279805660248, -0.692085862159729, 0.320751428604126, 0.18905054032802582, -0.5725569725036621, -0.13599038124084473, 0.04482889547944069, -0.16941282153129578, -0.06531401723623276, -0.1677214503288269, -0.16977067291736603, -0.24232743680477142, -0.2364751249551773, -0.05321815609931946, -0.5397289395332336, -0.6738595962524414, -0.18703866004943848, -0.2474684864282608, 0.9452089667320251, 0.4332742393016815, -0.727232813835144, 0.1506654918193817, -0.4620615839958191, 0.04069987311959267, -0.17482998967170715, -0.04505518078804016, 0.4417281150817871, -0.05362379178404808, 0.2133028656244278, -0.3849705159664154, 0.39977070689201355, 0.05386121943593025, -0.07529464364051819, -0.09487759321928024, -0.3037973940372467, -0.23722189664840698, -0.1798539012670517, -0.06283972412347794, 0.47513294219970703, 0.19729788601398468, 0.003583950689062476, -0.5358972549438477, 0.41720470786094666, -0.12276185303926468, -0.6088552474975586, -0.9251203536987305, 0.040287379175424576, 0.7405878901481628, -0.5236147046089172, -0.2283582091331482, 0.5239631533622742, -0.03429397940635681, -0.29914307594299316, 0.10685905814170837, 0.5745157599449158, -0.5281531810760498, 0.8419390916824341, 0.05055464431643486, 0.6281211376190186, 0.05863753706216812, -0.14830328524112701, 0.1731073260307312, -0.1128067672252655, -0.3892844021320343, 0.09773987531661987, 0.02607901766896248, 1.1087247133255005, 0.011743554845452309, -0.3054978549480438, -0.18733662366867065, -0.40799644589424133, -0.11302496492862701, 0.03748123720288277, -0.0004989614826627076, 0.1288124918937683, 0.29456156492233276, -0.11347613483667374, 0.46706506609916687, -0.6800791025161743, -0.12966544926166534, -0.17646551132202148, -0.5021651387214661, 0.5571883320808411, -0.06099105253815651, 0.25482434034347534, 0.18757882714271545, -0.15560562908649445, -0.4155178964138031, 0.19811661541461945, 0.4660537540912628, -0.39600515365600586, -0.03146800026297569, 0.050365298986434937, -0.4978872835636139, 0.3085813522338867, 0.5368146300315857, -0.405190110206604, 0.7650807499885559, 0.05271100252866745, -0.01792772486805916, -0.3969886004924774, -0.2661023437976837, -0.23740193247795105, 0.00847549643367529, -0.48085978627204895, -0.01769823022186756, 0.7178893089294434, -0.6544076800346375, -0.020133506506681442, 0.78052818775177, -0.9398922920227051, 0.16537237167358398, 0.07597783952951431, 0.1486419439315796, -0.11518655717372894, 0.23372194170951843, 0.4545764625072479, -0.2547987699508667, 0.438578337430954, -0.1408647894859314, -0.3347484767436981, 0.7163989543914795, -0.22857166826725006, 0.6352793574333191, -0.13497911393642426, -0.6396659016609192, 0.1617758870124817, -0.24649474024772644, -0.8196086883544922, 0.2783193290233612, -0.6304140090942383, -0.9032113552093506, 0.5530996918678284, 0.5061934590339661, 0.16292539238929749, 0.21813562512397766, 0.1443253755569458, -0.1584187150001526, 0.11389333009719849, 0.06690410524606705, 0.061448320746421814, -0.033809542655944824, -0.21995607018470764, -0.12810702621936798, -0.3066752552986145, -0.21805432438850403, 0.30624502897262573, 0.21251116693019867, -0.5370507836341858, 0.20522873103618622, -0.18468284606933594, 0.1911783218383789, -0.94474196434021, 0.02829156629741192, 0.7425481081008911, 0.39100220799446106, -0.1431397795677185, 0.41181865334510803, 0.2192736119031906, 0.05018921568989754, -0.36238160729408264, -0.06388440728187561, 0.7097272872924805, 0.2082982361316681, 0.0313979908823967, 0.44751474261283875, 0.21767261624336243, -0.3802749812602997, 0.6270430088043213, 0.28152772784233093, 0.586491048336029, 0.13487523794174194, 0.27899718284606934, -0.21039459109306335, -0.01609635166823864, -0.15049920976161957, -0.09007221460342407, 0.959158718585968, -0.06914190948009491, -0.08342717587947845, 0.46174466609954834, 0.18239982426166534, 0.05733561888337135, -0.0809851884841919, -0.7222705483436584, -0.126212477684021, -0.10646403580904007, -0.21453826129436493, 0.4422951936721802, -0.20316016674041748, 0.4553380012512207, -0.058769699186086655, 0.1452077031135559, 0.3111206889152527, 0.2270805537700653, 0.1403568685054779, -0.15646958351135254, -0.3103533089160919, 0.20321398973464966, -0.2997414171695709, 0.09231819957494736, -0.32264816761016846, 0.8568328619003296, 0.055887263268232346, 0.3696269392967224, -0.04229117929935455, 0.30891263484954834, -0.19636398553848267, -0.08049722015857697, 0.5068438649177551, -0.1475236415863037, 0.007229446899145842, 0.1146514043211937, -0.11709125339984894, 0.04160701110959053, 0.017943302169442177, 0.4732525944709778, -0.07531675696372986, -0.21057020127773285, 0.39092665910720825, -0.06292454898357391, -0.26129209995269775, 0.3343982398509979, -0.49817508459091187, -0.11735167354345322, -0.14903289079666138, 0.21354693174362183, 0.09811080247163773, 0.27776899933815, -0.09832333028316498, 0.22453609108924866, 0.26458078622817993, 0.32841023802757263, -0.11830992251634598, -0.14241349697113037, 0.07948555797338486, -0.022340048104524612, -1.279963493347168, -0.0036299708299338818, 0.2437579482793808, -0.2924506664276123, -0.2960260808467865, 0.19207659363746643, -0.1483956128358841, -0.6003050804138184, -0.12108097970485687, 0.08531465381383896, 0.014745164662599564, 0.041632287204265594, 0.3722285032272339, -0.34650638699531555, 0.5567153692245483, 0.7930182218551636 ]
216573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzan%20Ibrahim%20al-Tikriti	Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti	Barzan Ibrahim Hassan al-Tikriti (17 February 1951 – 15 January 2007) (), also known as Barazan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Barasan Ibrahem Alhassen and Barzan Hassan, was one of three half-brothers of Saddam Hussein, and a leader of the Mukhabarat, the Iraqi intelligence service. Despite falling out of favour with Saddam at one time, he was believed to have been a close presidential adviser at the time of his capture by U.S. forces. On 15 January 2007, Barzan was hanged for crimes against humanity. He was decapitated by the hangman's rope after errors were made calculating his body weight and length of drop from the platform. High position in Iraqi government Barzan was a leading figure in the Mukhabarat, the intelligence service that performed the role of secret police from the 1970s, and later took over as director. During his time in the secret police, Barzan played a key role in the Iraqi regime's execution of opponents at home and assassinations abroad. He was also known for his ruthlessness and brutality in purging the Iraqi military of anyone seen as disloyal. Barzan became Iraq's representative to the United Nations in Geneva—including the UN Human Rights Committee—in 1989. He was in Geneva for almost a decade, during which he is believed to have managed clandestine accounts for Saddam's overseas fortune. This task was then taken over by a network of foreign brokers, since the Iraqi President had decided that no one in Iraq could be trusted with the task. U.S. officials characterized Barzan as a member of what they called "Saddam's Dirty Dozen", responsible for torture and mass murder in Iraq. Barzan was the five of clubs (queen of hearts according to CNN) in the U.S military's most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. Post-invasion Barzan was among the leadership figures U.S. forces targeted during the Iraq War. In April 2003, warplanes dropped six satellite-guided bombs on a building in the Iraqi city of Ramadi, west of Baghdad, where he was thought to be. U.S. Army Special Forces captured Barzan alive on 17 April 2003; the news was publicly confirmed late summer 2003, with Barzan surrounded by a large entourage of bodyguards in Baghdad. He was turned over to Iraq's Interim Government on 30 June 2004, and arraigned on 1 July 2004. Trial and courtroom charges Barzan's trial started on 19 October 2005. He was a defendant in the Iraq Special Tribunal's Al-Dujail trial, and Abd al-Semd al-Husseini was his defense counsel. In the first stage of the trial, Barzan stood before a five-judge panel for the Dujail Massacre. He was charged for crimes against humanity, simultaneously with seven other former high officials (Taha Yassin Ramadan, Saddam Hussein, Awad Hamed al-Bandar, Abdullah Kadhem Roweed Al-Musheikhi, Ali Daeem Ali, Mohammed Azawi Ali and Mizher Abdullah Roweed Al-Musheikhi). They were said to have ordered and overseen the killings, in July 1982, of more than 140 Shiite men from Dujail, a village 35 miles north of Baghdad. The men were allegedly killed in retribution after an 8 July 1982 attack on the presidential motorcade as it passed through the village. It was alleged that, in addition to the killings, hundreds of women and children from the town were jailed for years in desert internment camps, and that date palm groves, which sustained the local economy and were the families' livelihood, were destroyed. During the first court session on 19 October 2005, Barzan pleaded not guilty. During his trial, he became known for his angry outbursts in court and was ejected on several occasions. In the weeks following the first audience, serious security concerns for the defense team of Saddam and the other accused became apparent. On 21 October 2005, 36 hours after the first hearing, a group of unidentified armed men dragged one of the defense attorneys from his office in east Baghdad and shot him dead. A few days later, a second lawyer was killed in a drive-by shooting, and a third, injured in that attack, subsequently fled Iraq for sanctuary in Qatar. As a result, calls for the trial to be held abroad were heard. The defense lawyers, supported by the Iraqi Bar Association, imposed a boycott on the trial until their security concerns were met with specific measures. A few days before the trial was to resume, the defense team announced that it had accepted offers of protection from Iraqi and U.S. officials and would appear in court on 28 November 2005. The agreement is said to have included the same level of protection offered to the Iraqi judges and prosecutors, with measures such as armored cars and teams of bodyguards. After a short court session on 28 November 2005, during which some testimony regarding the killings in Dujail was presented, Judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin ordered a one-week adjournment until 5 December, to grant the defense teams time to find new counsel. On 12 March 2006, the prosecutor announced that if Saddam Hussein and his seven co-defendants were sentenced to death in the Dujail case, the sentence would be carried out as soon as possible. Thus, the other cases for which they were indicted would not be heard in court. On 19 June 2006, the prosecutor asked the court, in his closing arguments, that the death penalty be imposed upon Barzan, Saddam, and Ramadan. On 5 November 2006, Barzan was sentenced to death by hanging. Appeals A sentence of death or life imprisonment generates an automatic appeal. On 3 December 2006, the defense team lodged an appeal against the verdicts for Barzan, Saddam, and al-Bander, who had been sentenced to death. On 26 December 2006, the appeals chamber confirmed the verdict and the death sentence against Barzan. In November 2006, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani appealed for Barzan to be moved to medical facilities to receive treatment for his spinal cancer. Barzan originally made an appeal from his cell to U.S. President George W. Bush and to Talabani for treatment, referring to the latter as an "old friend". Botched execution On 15 January 2007, the death sentence was carried out. Barzan, along with co-defendants Saddam Hussein and the former Chief Justice of the Iraqi Revolutionary Court al-Bandar, were sentenced to death by hanging. Barzan was originally scheduled to hang on 30 December with Saddam (as he and al-Bandar wished) but due to the Eid, lack of time, and lack of a helicopter to deliver them, as well as international pressure, the hangings were postponed to 15 January. Barzan's sentence was carried out at 03:00 local time (00:00 UTC) on 15 January 2007. His death was confirmed at 3:05/00:05 UTC. Barzan was decapitated by the long drop, the accidental result of the hangman using a rope that was too long. As with Saddam's hanging, Barzan's and al-Bandar's counsel was not allowed to attend. Reaction to the execution On 15 January, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in a news conference with the Egyptian foreign minister: "We were disappointed there was not greater dignity given to the accused under these circumstances." In a press briefing by British Prime Minister Tony Blair's official spokesman, in response to a question as to Blair's reaction to the "botched hanging" in Iraq, the spokesman said: "In terms of the death penalty in Iraq, our position on the death penalty is well known, and we had made that position known to the Iraqi Government again since the death of Saddam Hussein. However, Iraq is a sovereign Government, and therefore has a right under international law to decide its own policy on the death penalty." Barzan's son-in-law, Azzam Saleh Abdullah, said: "We heard the news from the media. We were supposed to have the information a day earlier, but it seems that the government does not know the rules." He said the execution reflected the hatred felt by the Shiite-led government: "They still want more Iraqi bloodshed. To hell with democracy." See also Omar al-Tikriti – Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti's nephew Execution of Saddam Hussein Capital punishment in Iraq Hanging – section on "long drop" method U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis References External links globalsecurity article on Barzan Ibrahim El-Hasan al-Tikriti Saddam’s Half-Brother Barzan Al-Tikriti Captured by DEBKAfile, 20 April 2003 1951 births 2007 deaths 21st-century executions by Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians Deaths by decapitation Executed military leaders Iraqi generals Iraqi people convicted of crimes against humanity Executed Iraqi people People executed by Iraq by hanging People executed for murder People from Tikrit Permanent Representatives of Iraq to the United Nations Tulfah family People executed for crimes against humanity Iraqi politicians convicted of crimes Capital punishment in Iraq Directors of intelligence agencies	[ 0.08301208168268204, 0.685892641544342, -0.6241898536682129, -0.49083200097084045, -0.6312626600265503, 0.3364158272743225, 0.24274976551532745, -0.3148742914199829, 0.0770101547241211, 0.3255632221698761, -0.6427156329154968, 0.4041293263435364, -0.5668931603431702, 0.4255034327507019, 0.1282995343208313, 0.00451439106836915, -0.06468485295772552, 0.06671804189682007, -0.3353283405303955, 0.4716375470161438, 0.32665956020355225, 0.19912222027778625, 0.2006818950176239, -0.6958876848220825, 0.5023892521858215, 0.42615652084350586, 0.6008453369140625, 0.07346172630786896, -0.25134605169296265, 0.23075729608535767, 0.2750471532344818, 0.12872660160064697, 0.4069233238697052, -0.6706019639968872, -0.1941557675600052, 0.4405210614204407, 0.43673017621040344, 0.08710041642189026, -0.2652515470981598, -0.1485671103000641, 0.08757797628641129, 0.13139431178569794, -0.21058127284049988, 0.4886566996574402, -0.2616206407546997, -1.1034700870513916, -0.916947603225708, 0.49575045704841614, -0.33939799666404724, -0.965873658657074, 0.02285774052143097, 0.2963576912879944, 0.015387406572699547, -0.23083925247192383, 0.81817626953125, 0.2816427946090698, -0.5811352729797363, -0.5660819411277771, 0.20695453882217407, -0.36096230149269104, 0.4198564291000366, 0.21297763288021088, 0.6061571836471558, 0.0023086981382220984, 0.4945288598537445, 0.10367228835821152, 0.04876559600234032, 0.0700823962688446, -0.016043255105614662, 0.17437204718589783, -0.24433328211307526, 0.2991327941417694, -0.12949056923389435, 0.2660415768623352, 0.24622409045696259, -0.15879510343074799, 0.07434112578630447, -0.15050332248210907, 0.24352726340293884, 0.4834907352924347, 0.38788896799087524, -0.5306346416473389, 0.44417861104011536, 0.30136340856552124, 0.16125959157943726, -0.01615074649453163, 0.1734316349029541, 0.26698729395866394, -0.38951927423477173, 0.004459073301404715, -0.3598560094833374, -0.45537301898002625, 0.6006159782409668, -0.05429995059967041, -0.3213827610015869, -0.23330725729465485, 0.07385279983282089, 0.805950403213501, -0.6602112054824829, -0.07893972098827362, 0.41783323884010315, 1.1533952951431274, -0.08754013478755951, 0.009716850705444813, -0.934494137763977, 0.13614089787006378, 0.139264777302742, -0.3890175521373749, -0.3092385530471802, -0.18072645366191864, -0.07642670720815659, 0.4042087197303772, -0.2963102459907532, -0.14333118498325348, -0.15734238922595978, 0.5734360218048096, -0.45500901341438293, -0.5304751992225647, -0.022833870723843575, 0.16237278282642365, -0.655694842338562, 1.1299058198928833, -0.5885859131813049, 0.13864731788635254, -0.08489127457141876, -0.3608708381652832, 0.009736188687384129, 0.1368059515953064, -0.7566671371459961, 0.592420220375061, 0.49274349212646484, 0.6168705821037292, -0.44448864459991455, 0.32634156942367554, -0.06036243587732315, -1.0693092346191406, 0.6153606176376343, -0.13477537035942078, 0.3970109820365906, 0.4916520118713379, -0.46996915340423584, -0.03808959200978279, -0.2868488132953644, -0.16471260786056519, 0.44106632471084595, -0.3620160222053528, 0.2352621704339981, 0.18630453944206238, -0.40638506412506104, -0.22986692190170288, -0.03499433770775795, -0.4881177544593811, 0.46274498105049133, -1.0342283248901367, -0.19327950477600098, 0.4541395604610443, 0.20862430334091187, -0.09623286873102188, 0.6618059277534485, -0.22301869094371796, 0.12965117394924164, 0.38172775506973267, 0.1166437491774559, -0.1049945056438446, 0.40014737844467163, 0.07751823216676712, 0.23783662915229797, 0.07779504358768463, 0.11511088162660599, -0.37524935603141785, -0.6146970987319946, 0.42559370398521423, 0.38955044746398926, -0.3596896529197693, 0.09590482711791992, 0.6380046606063843, 0.5534791350364685, 0.017775433138012886, 0.36881884932518005, -0.6672711372375488, -0.5471380352973938, -0.6533512473106384, -0.3473976254463196, 0.4857696294784546, 0.3386228084564209, -0.16993862390518188, 0.31343162059783936, -0.4239189028739929, 0.3292730748653412, -0.19912968575954437, -0.38648706674575806, -0.7443536520004272, 0.4035131335258484, -0.3703846037387848, 0.37627100944519043, 0.5404819846153259, 0.012615376152098179, 0.4562460780143738, 0.23835591971874237, 0.9768176674842834, -0.16485688090324402, -0.46871206164360046, 0.020571129396557808, -0.5837776064872742, -0.46220579743385315, 0.5164033770561218, 0.26911085844039917, 0.13758134841918945, 0.08439819514751434, 1.0199394226074219, 0.46236470341682434, -0.5435504913330078, -0.4385843873023987, 0.40202951431274414, -0.28975018858909607, -0.1280481219291687, -0.31199803948402405, 0.23482991755008698, 0.3380330204963684, -0.07922638207674026, 0.4565032124519348, 0.04520490765571594, -0.8842282295227051, 0.6409379839897156, -0.1868021935224533, 0.1572045236825943, -0.514756977558136, -0.2906501889228821, -0.4239450991153717, -0.49646952748298645, 0.4134781062602997, 0.026334267109632492, 0.33761435747146606, -0.26817357540130615, -0.29738229513168335, 0.19093108177185059, -0.06072211265563965, -0.1668301820755005, 0.6247437000274658, -0.3883337080478668, 0.11018695682287216, 0.27747002243995667, 0.33264103531837463, -0.14703083038330078, 0.38767245411872864, 0.24397046864032745, -0.427621990442276, 0.3124236762523651, -0.44154393672943115, 0.7998940348625183, -0.722986102104187, 0.14759904146194458, 0.332631915807724, -1.142733097076416, -0.09963419288396835, -0.18440410494804382, 0.10453526675701141, 0.3882468640804291, 0.020118217915296555, 0.06197013705968857, -0.07208213210105896, 0.07406290620565414, -0.07349874079227448, 0.5280740857124329, 0.11402852088212967, -0.16309265792369843, 0.12124276906251907, -0.3526173532009125, 0.38560429215431213, -0.01591315120458603, 0.3764652907848358, -0.05204729363322258, -0.012703797779977322, 0.5429410934448242, 0.10063114017248154, 0.0204615481197834, -0.8199160099029541, 0.7867678999900818, -0.32189106941223145, -0.5448436737060547, 0.7337281107902527, 0.6964514851570129, 0.044850558042526245, 0.3092990815639496, -1.1024008989334106, -0.3550907075405121, -0.497857928276062, -0.9872437119483948, 0.1658477932214737, -0.09825365245342255, -0.6945894956588745, 0.19069238007068634, 0.1277717500925064, 0.06306035816669464, -0.6357095837593079, 0.2573997378349304, -0.11285033077001572, -0.6810079216957092, 0.30869361758232117, -0.03385893255472183, -0.8487429618835449, 0.3298304080963135, -0.8105560541152954, 0.052010681480169296, 0.9639413952827454, 0.450141578912735, -0.3495536744594574, 0.005160756874829531, -5.409613132476807, 0.2875295877456665, 0.2556151747703552, -0.1895609349012375, 0.5401086807250977, 0.3844027519226074, 0.15850573778152466, -0.7868545055389404, 0.012689760886132717, 0.08814720064401627, -0.15730999410152435, -0.08346018195152283, 0.43973439931869507, 0.7386548519134521, 0.8552742600440979, -0.04811909794807434, 0.8655779957771301, -0.23094528913497925, 0.8356196880340576, 0.03795388340950012, 0.05537328124046326, -0.36512476205825806, -0.15721023082733154, 0.4847087860107422, 0.29619449377059937, 0.5765267610549927, -0.022155296057462692, -0.0031579879578202963, -1.1156922578811646, -0.18632255494594574, -0.19644971191883087, -0.19958040118217468, -0.26813727617263794, 0.3299277424812317, -0.23380622267723083, -0.40485242009162903, 0.7331756949424744, 0.4244575500488281, 0.06540846824645996, -0.11843159794807434, 0.16426536440849304, 0.2801520824432373, -0.32728520035743713, -0.19730979204177856, 0.7088454961776733, 0.12444471567869186, -0.8747559189796448, -0.24933390319347382, -0.35786494612693787, 0.06017056852579117, 0.09298590570688248, -0.1341732144355774, 0.22188358008861542, 0.2927466928958893, -0.5066911578178406, 0.09669677913188934, 0.2078523486852646, -0.5411250591278076, -0.443576455116272, 0.5883417725563049, 0.1840842366218567, -0.26676687598228455, 0.2648986876010895, -0.3663652241230011, 0.3526903986930847, -0.4519294798374176, 0.8642482757568359, -0.8789902329444885, 0.06471024453639984, 0.04211340472102165, -0.2889905273914337, 0.21987052261829376, -0.4023604393005371, -0.7605823278427124, 0.14076511561870575, -0.20438680052757263, -0.1692672073841095, 0.30735641717910767, -0.7685744762420654, 0.17717282474040985, -0.24349291622638702, -0.48860272765159607, 0.33967965841293335, -0.017685137689113617, 0.056888923048973083, -0.17309251427650452, 0.5464479327201843, 0.6435791850090027, 0.34630900621414185, 0.1929502636194229, 0.36621156334877014, -0.3673909306526184, 0.587916374206543, 0.04818887263536453, -0.21433934569358826, 0.6258544921875, -0.6159010529518127, 0.32598593831062317, 1.045933723449707, 0.16138438880443573, -0.3214300274848938, -0.7626922130584717, 0.2967965006828308, -0.3094634711742401, 0.30852311849594116, -0.08209934830665588, 0.20392395555973053, -0.5877556800842285, 0.29441705346107483, -0.10468454658985138, -0.22458605468273163, 0.14160458743572235, -0.28850215673446655, 0.34672799706459045, 0.15505285561084747, -0.7063632607460022, 0.07343491911888123, 0.2697933614253998, 0.6738401651382446, 0.8431918621063232, -0.30395984649658203, 0.12639030814170837, -0.479335218667984, 0.1788777858018875, -0.03538478538393974, -0.45812293887138367, -0.4629541337490082, 0.05351807549595833, 0.10380523651838303, 0.005271444097161293, 0.5677602887153625, 0.21428941190242767, -0.20097661018371582, -0.0046544321812689304, 0.08437833935022354, -0.9533630013465881, -0.6809979677200317, -0.6878512501716614, -0.14357692003250122, 0.27987179160118103, -0.18706928193569183, -0.1387900412082672, 0.08825354278087616, 0.4061528742313385, 0.219757542014122, 0.172517791390419, 0.35548338294029236, -0.02838902920484543, -0.24195878207683563, 0.5321010947227478, -0.11808805912733078, -0.1323453187942505, 0.6607570648193359, -0.4692641794681549, -0.5151630640029907, 0.5065338015556335, 0.47936350107192993, 0.5927172303199768, -0.8541743159294128, 0.06163078919053078, -0.18756389617919922, -0.5168823599815369, -0.6383069157600403, 0.046874310821294785, 0.1196509376168251, 0.4434320330619812, 0.04150652140378952, -0.2493470460176468, -0.1357775628566742, 0.935615599155426, -0.07310156524181366, -0.9759811162948608, -0.2950548231601715, 0.044054269790649414, 0.5020194053649902, -0.24995200335979462, 0.2264687567949295, -0.5419697165489197, 0.34875041246414185, -0.636917233467102, -0.412702739238739, 0.6380330920219421, -0.2659549117088318, 0.3186282217502594, 0.5415789484977722, 0.405946284532547, -0.8377228379249573, -0.6508894562721252, -0.7051294445991516, -0.3049415051937103, 0.5693566203117371, 0.011349488981068134, 0.17944586277008057, -0.011659578420221806, 0.17678800225257874, -0.44055694341659546, -0.004051767755299807, 0.9182800054550171, -0.10676668584346771, -0.011766232550144196, 0.35032588243484497, 0.5659413933753967, -0.3020282983779907, 0.3918079435825348, -0.17997212707996368, -0.8214691281318665, 0.448993057012558, 0.07684175670146942, -0.06673578172922134, 0.4367428719997406, -0.29409316182136536, -0.8905924558639526, -0.38996851444244385, 0.5734584927558899, -0.1765400767326355, 0.04199890419840813, 0.38878607749938965, -0.11600541323423386, 0.15585218369960785, -0.6707413792610168, -0.36299559473991394, -0.6456360220909119, 0.1680694967508316, 0.1292886883020401, -0.5533651113510132, 0.05812651291489601, 0.5083617568016052, -0.3131420910358429, 0.3350563943386078, 0.14961764216423035, -0.18416887521743774, 0.22024232149124146, 0.6317664384841919, 0.7350590229034424, -0.14500179886817932, -0.39646103978157043, 0.481859028339386, 0.0032793632708489895, -0.7129437923431396, -0.04746219888329506, 0.3109225034713745, 0.7858197093009949, -0.025662390515208244, -0.43648645281791687, -0.2689012885093689, 0.05168532952666283, 0.1291307806968689, -0.22180061042308807, -0.052357982844114304, -0.4670197665691376, 0.3486289083957672, 0.16833755373954773, -0.713662326335907, -0.6341305375099182, 0.8257946372032166, -0.7732934355735779, -0.0841461792588234, -0.55838543176651, 0.22291156649589539, 0.3556072413921356, -0.1869387924671173, 0.027844969183206558, 0.1705079972743988, -0.12146066129207611, 0.14689350128173828, -0.3240729570388794, -0.34045907855033875, -0.398922324180603, 0.11343827098608017, -0.7692261338233948, -0.7768100500106812, -0.41552820801734924, 0.2767060697078705, 0.7235381007194519, -0.1885046660900116, -0.023647490888834, 0.36378228664398193, 0.03530130535364151, 0.162470743060112, -0.3343549072742462, -0.8253622055053711, -0.3801060914993286, -0.023006711155176163, -0.5301550030708313, 0.0322369784116745, -1.2370562553405762, 0.013760003261268139, 0.25853490829467773, -0.2953840494155884, 0.46824654936790466, -0.2725810110569, 0.34994304180145264, -0.03214690089225769, 0.7335434556007385, -0.3631819784641266, 0.6745660901069641, 0.03394549712538719, 0.7898229360580444, -0.5030559301376343, -0.03412909805774689, 0.28289639949798584, -0.5465943813323975, -0.015255589038133621, 0.3689773678779602, 0.08579181134700775, -0.07434894144535065, 0.3724680542945862, -0.5054901838302612, -0.0028590422589331865, -0.1452278196811676, 0.10134685039520264, 0.47212713956832886, 0.4581267237663269, 0.12027998268604279, -0.6910595893859863, -0.24349892139434814, 0.9979897141456604, -0.8139573335647583, -0.3369361162185669, -0.10924267023801804, 0.46975240111351013, 0.0036406684666872025, -0.02339957281947136, 0.11461199074983597, 0.505328893661499, 0.7327355146408081, 0.4312460720539093, -0.03538921847939491, -0.06055837869644165, -0.21173030138015747, 0.03164771944284439, 0.007851168513298035, -0.6435886025428772, -0.1316927820444107, 0.14007817208766937, -0.3362713158130646, -0.06624414771795273, -0.14354141056537628, 0.1136038601398468, 0.8360212445259094, 0.6327658295631409, 0.8143803477287292, -0.39183706045150757, -0.4497969150543213, -0.21181698143482208, 0.47210925817489624, 0.2769225835800171, 0.40548884868621826, 0.12436023354530334, 0.6022998690605164, -0.3916936218738556, 0.17715927958488464, -0.3583877980709076, -0.7606894373893738, -0.0012227750848978758, 0.029593627899885178, 0.04755672439932823, 0.3135364055633545, -0.25305670499801636, 0.13098187744617462, 0.09964780509471893, 0.045784685760736465, 0.6727401614189148, -0.09182905405759811, 0.333176851272583, -0.3314492702484131, -0.23562563955783844, -0.897099494934082, 0.419827401638031, 0.3690073490142822, 0.5206294059753418, -0.3423759639263153, -0.6371746063232422, 0.09739869087934494, 0.12514188885688782, -0.033344585448503494, 0.5752941966056824, -0.2562198340892792, -0.24318020045757294, 0.2801201641559601, 0.3166067898273468, -0.2617192566394806, 0.13083936274051666, -0.08102696388959885, 0.24345917999744415, 0.5288800001144409, 0.05614883080124855, 0.26312562823295593, -0.6921067237854004, 0.16145311295986176, 0.46670711040496826, -0.4623529613018036, -0.8034601211547852, 0.5811012983322144, -0.09890203922986984, -0.04510629549622536, -0.20794472098350525, 0.22905267775058746, 0.28421926498413086, -0.9210823774337769, 0.25767195224761963, 0.5408051609992981, -0.28379613161087036, 0.07183067500591278, -0.45490771532058716, -0.05372124910354614, -0.8455247282981873, -0.4277719557285309, -0.7834272384643555, 0.13108642399311066, -0.088259756565094, 0.3572361171245575, -0.3820480704307556, 0.15742380917072296, -0.7280980348587036, 0.15690426528453827, 0.3760361969470978, -0.6746116280555725, -0.133855938911438, -0.6247565746307373, 0.019103091210126877, -0.23269692063331604, -0.27849438786506653, 0.5697950720787048, 0.016299063339829445, 0.1307326704263687, 0.768291175365448, 0.03682258352637291, -0.3134365975856781, 0.46659162640571594, -0.293460488319397, -0.5998790860176086, -0.06243548542261124, -0.6845040321350098, -0.35639020800590515, -0.15721535682678223, 0.9972336888313293, 0.6797295808792114, 0.5640034675598145, -0.5308852791786194, 0.16243159770965576, -0.22387413680553436, 0.8848447799682617, -0.7504717111587524, 0.04983099177479744, 0.03949449956417084, -0.5830534100532532, -0.41918566823005676, 0.08531471341848373, 0.4101092219352722, 0.2902439832687378, 0.35695359110832214, 0.06489057838916779, -0.6980321407318115, 0.6533308625221252, -0.2172755002975464, -0.18145853281021118, -0.2761504054069519, 0.26857373118400574, -0.06812427192926407 ]
216582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmat%20Mizban%20Ibrahim	Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim	Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi (1933 – January 27, 2012) was an Iraqi politician who was a Deputy Prime Minister and twice Minister of Finance under the government of Saddam Hussein. Azzawi originally trained as an economist. He was arrested in 1960 protesting against the government of Iraqi General Abd al-Karim Qasim. He joined the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1968 and was named undersecretary of state for Commerce. He was fired from all his official designations in 1982 and demised to low administrative job and expelled from the party, until the 1985 when he became Governor of the Central Bank of Iraq, in April, 1987 he was humiliated in a public meeting and severely dismissed due to refusing the transfer a large sum of money at the demand of one of the President's uncles. President Saddam Hussein forced him back into the position of Minister of Finance in 1995. In July 1999, he was given the honorary title of Deputy Prime Minister. After the United States-led Invasion of Iraq in 2003, he was listed as number 45 (8 of Diamonds) on the Iraqi most-wanted playing cards. He was peacefully detained from his house in Baghdad on April 19, 2003 by Iraqi police and handed over to the US military. He died, aged 79, in prison due to lack of his heart medications. A government spokesman said his health had been deteriorating because of aging, although another cited cancer as the cause of death. References Government ministers of Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians Governors of the Central Bank of Iraq Finance ministers of Iraq 1933 births 2012 deaths Iraqi people who died in prison custody Prisoners and detainees of the United States military Prisoners who died in Iraqi detention	[ -0.1719745546579361, 0.9063778519630432, -0.7828755378723145, -0.05052705109119415, -0.7072010040283203, 0.6917262673377991, 0.377896785736084, -0.44224387407302856, 0.19274060428142548, 0.105718694627285, 0.1388024091720581, 0.5801051259040833, -0.5555539131164551, 0.48403528332710266, 0.014521285891532898, 0.0033793721813708544, -0.1428854912519455, 0.14564436674118042, -0.6676648259162903, 0.33254149556159973, -0.0341494157910347, -0.06130608171224594, 0.4624602496623993, -0.37392687797546387, 0.04074525833129883, 0.34542179107666016, 0.5879935622215271, 0.2166299968957901, -0.12591546773910522, 0.023858144879341125, -0.021773500367999077, 0.44948261976242065, 0.3080298602581024, -0.3292233347892761, -0.22037939727306366, 0.32258763909339905, 0.3689602017402649, -0.0906333178281784, -0.3224244713783264, -0.1769689917564392, 0.2745579779148102, 0.23416206240653992, -0.11370635777711868, 0.6082270741462708, -0.43050456047058105, -1.423965573310852, -1.2098325490951538, -0.07762769609689713, -0.8620258569717407, -0.774466872215271, 0.2785356044769287, 0.1857481151819229, 0.4654295742511749, -0.2949536144733429, 0.3816872835159302, 0.7555652856826782, -0.7378872036933899, -0.3567805588245392, 0.10750020295381546, -0.12676061689853668, 0.5742396712303162, -0.07364332675933838, 0.40781864523887634, -0.028838975355029106, 0.45767858624458313, 0.23599328100681305, -0.08039297163486481, 0.022049972787499428, -0.07167306542396545, 0.01692640595138073, -0.43024715781211853, 0.28917476534843445, 0.18101289868354797, 0.2079906314611435, 0.428092360496521, -0.49800780415534973, -0.020171649754047394, -0.07085641473531723, 0.4545796811580658, 0.08433288335800171, 0.10759495198726654, -0.3327530324459076, 0.5303109884262085, 0.37827178835868835, -0.03187886252999306, -0.09323032200336456, 0.41552403569221497, 0.6796566843986511, -0.553661048412323, 0.19766777753829956, -0.5347781181335449, -0.6562766432762146, 0.27036720514297485, -0.034225914627313614, -0.5362322330474854, -0.29834744334220886, 0.06888892501592636, 0.7493254542350769, -0.21321819722652435, 0.10112813115119934, 0.38974589109420776, 0.7244467735290527, -0.3152731657028198, 0.016395054757595062, -0.6308907866477966, 0.32023856043815613, -0.3559608459472656, -0.10287754982709885, -0.26081499457359314, -0.1678280532360077, -0.25565317273139954, 0.6993908882141113, -0.3381900489330292, -0.13906173408031464, 0.226469025015831, 0.31678029894828796, -0.20520716905593872, -0.7387561202049255, -0.6355717182159424, -0.14868898689746857, -0.35354727506637573, 0.4998013973236084, -0.33552077412605286, -0.4610353112220764, -0.2505341172218323, -0.1814909279346466, -0.0009938159491866827, 0.4489213526248932, -0.45814433693885803, 0.6397480964660645, 1.0729657411575317, 0.5676557421684265, -0.6716164350509644, -0.19985617697238922, -0.18497148156166077, -0.9173254370689392, 0.5554834008216858, -0.0985015258193016, 0.43814578652381897, 0.3044164478778839, -0.3860592246055603, 0.20395345985889435, -0.3797394335269928, -0.30289894342422485, 0.3613007068634033, -0.16076523065567017, 0.13981875777244568, 0.06758535653352737, -0.37244999408721924, -0.07768633961677551, 0.009724532254040241, -0.4256708323955536, -0.15007148683071136, -0.44865310192108154, 0.004426329396665096, 0.6450948715209961, 0.15922051668167114, -0.27282801270484924, 0.22476117312908173, 0.09005080163478851, -0.14016413688659668, 0.05046054720878601, -0.07664801180362701, -0.09176060557365417, 0.08711832761764526, 0.3589549958705902, 0.15247836709022522, -0.07889781892299652, 0.38496479392051697, 0.04191318154335022, -0.7472963333129883, 0.16273096203804016, 0.27875083684921265, -0.558748722076416, 0.05058232694864273, 0.31791406869888306, 1.0848135948181152, 0.030118195340037346, 0.19888949394226074, -0.35104742646217346, -0.4762164056301117, -0.7076658010482788, 0.011300038546323776, 0.4273565411567688, 0.6727808117866516, 0.11033888161182404, 0.5763412714004517, -0.03320488706231117, 0.4882987439632416, -0.6433622241020203, -0.30784833431243896, -0.6189846396446228, 0.37237548828125, -0.34146779775619507, 0.5479986667633057, 0.799616277217865, -0.18366362154483795, 0.07143628597259521, 0.15283693373203278, 0.5635583400726318, -0.25515061616897583, -0.16394200921058655, 0.15771734714508057, -0.5319413542747498, -0.10845418274402618, 0.6975322365760803, 0.45065104961395264, 0.3401680886745453, -0.1802745908498764, 1.168527364730835, 0.6741244196891785, -0.5023976564407349, -0.622378945350647, -0.03942224755883217, -0.4341610372066498, -0.5583207011222839, -0.15376275777816772, 0.4492536783218384, -0.012197771109640598, 0.14751088619232178, 0.4578314423561096, 0.02750197984278202, -0.6833829283714294, 0.7837995886802673, -0.1891861855983734, 0.12381982058286667, -0.3524940013885498, -0.3637964725494385, -0.4904421269893646, -0.02371087670326233, 0.14459513127803802, 0.20748956501483917, 0.8474541306495667, -0.296400249004364, -0.08496171236038208, 0.26986655592918396, -0.20573318004608154, -0.2810109257698059, 0.49943608045578003, -0.0998210459947586, -0.22266440093517303, 0.47963765263557434, -0.19123251736164093, -0.015463785268366337, 0.2874052822589874, -0.007887505926191807, -0.9496951699256897, -0.023148462176322937, -0.9311204552650452, 0.5685402750968933, -0.289768248796463, 0.2739682197570801, 0.5920358896255493, -0.874994695186615, -0.01621507667005062, -0.09875311702489853, 0.1727718710899353, 0.08504822105169296, 0.2012408822774887, 0.2822841703891754, -0.2067503184080124, 0.3529350161552429, 0.259685218334198, 0.5188512802124023, -0.07298999279737473, -0.13174879550933838, 0.30594515800476074, -0.30434563755989075, -0.1696995049715042, -0.1629483699798584, 0.5876958966255188, -0.20687006413936615, -0.3336145877838135, 0.633355975151062, 0.7497240304946899, -0.03256182745099068, -0.6097005605697632, 0.9076319336891174, -0.4527587890625, -0.39985641837120056, 0.7085621953010559, 1.106532096862793, -0.2019679844379425, 0.11169134080410004, -0.6090300679206848, -0.051648661494255066, -0.5645057559013367, -0.8856122493743896, 0.03346627950668335, -0.19053630530834198, -0.5516552925109863, 0.5270265340805054, -0.47800272703170776, -0.12616416811943054, -0.48058411478996277, 0.22076302766799927, -0.5676361322402954, -0.8197164535522461, 0.5171077847480774, -0.15151749551296234, -0.4426625072956085, 0.3397035598754883, -0.7497139573097229, 0.08360633999109268, 0.6156625151634216, 0.269635945558548, -0.38519003987312317, -0.2656376361846924, -5.473958492279053, 0.07465869188308716, 0.37490135431289673, -0.39068663120269775, 0.4761841595172882, 0.19110837578773499, 0.17246375977993011, -0.727170467376709, -0.03545603156089783, -0.10650985687971115, 0.15029489994049072, 0.16437120735645294, 0.28888025879859924, 0.8141076564788818, 0.8659203052520752, 0.3482917845249176, 0.9595640897750854, -0.151686891913414, 0.5991597175598145, -0.2241264283657074, 0.5123975872993469, -0.4094802439212799, -0.25082865357398987, 0.485740602016449, 0.5260827541351318, 0.3956741690635681, -0.2157546579837799, 0.17904618382453918, -1.1972606182098389, -0.05716278403997421, -0.08634423464536667, -0.19874370098114014, -0.09096816182136536, 0.07297175377607346, -0.019818246364593506, -0.2493656873703003, 0.8168266415596008, 0.752581775188446, 0.22791044414043427, -0.25732406973838806, 0.09492969512939453, -0.16913489997386932, -0.2686602473258972, 0.08845213055610657, 0.5778216123580933, -0.009179473854601383, -0.7721170783042908, -0.2543652355670929, -0.40243786573410034, 0.1307915449142456, 0.2872438430786133, 0.05157872289419174, 0.13977155089378357, 0.3045732378959656, -0.46196848154067993, 0.046683479100465775, 0.10098764300346375, -0.3839975595474243, -0.40782201290130615, 0.8312236666679382, 0.3548181354999542, -0.10682716220617294, 0.31378671526908875, -0.36047208309173584, 0.14171656966209412, -0.4285399913787842, 0.7995485663414001, -0.3506756126880646, 0.04051389917731285, -0.051192618906497955, -0.5480857491493225, 0.16258907318115234, -0.05831320583820343, -0.8573294281959534, 0.30835193395614624, 0.02668936550617218, -0.20407234132289886, 0.28569912910461426, -0.7291478514671326, -0.028412023559212685, 0.141584113240242, -0.5475761294364929, 0.1655886322259903, 0.30468055605888367, 0.3288327157497406, -0.12488799542188644, 0.41331514716148376, 0.5372658967971802, 0.06679179519414902, 0.30092766880989075, 0.39085566997528076, -0.9416766166687012, 0.5221796035766602, 0.18941155076026917, 0.2462902069091797, 0.4633766710758209, -0.21990767121315002, 0.21074818074703217, 0.7407675385475159, -0.1728515625, -0.39828890562057495, -0.37222999334335327, 0.35613495111465454, 0.04585055261850357, 0.3356896936893463, -0.2625618278980255, -0.005980855785310268, -0.5047422647476196, 0.31253403425216675, 0.03617998585104942, -0.10261780768632889, 0.10845110565423965, -0.3912796378135681, 0.12941135466098785, 0.16497808694839478, -0.7191197872161865, -0.14725929498672485, 0.2034173607826233, 0.7312502861022949, 1.008519172668457, -0.037837471812963486, -0.013032320886850357, 0.018488973379135132, -0.3229774534702301, -0.08760856091976166, 0.10810009390115738, -0.11208007484674454, 0.3043527603149414, -0.1549268215894699, -0.0029542320407927036, 0.33911311626434326, 0.41819462180137634, -0.32943350076675415, -0.15131404995918274, 0.30583763122558594, -0.6062395572662354, -0.8538434505462646, -0.5046769976615906, -0.1977318972349167, -0.038930267095565796, -0.09554548561573029, -0.3180350363254547, 0.10118868947029114, 0.4729907214641571, 0.4171973764896393, 0.19487029314041138, 0.36784663796424866, -0.09017564356327057, -0.1544579416513443, 0.35124441981315613, -0.42903509736061096, -0.09028135985136032, 0.6851571202278137, -0.4624934196472168, -0.1183304712176323, 0.41496971249580383, 0.18206830322742462, 0.1281711608171463, -0.8932698965072632, -0.22742041945457458, 0.17889124155044556, -0.7472777366638184, -1.1920244693756104, 0.42445167899131775, 0.10525099188089371, 0.738857626914978, -0.28301164507865906, 0.07041206955909729, -0.122116319835186, 1.307124137878418, 0.36986929178237915, -0.4992142915725708, -0.562713086605072, -0.23759619891643524, 0.42167767882347107, -0.6726616621017456, 0.31042858958244324, -0.2563680112361908, 0.05645556375384331, -0.29483944177627563, -0.653752326965332, 0.2558130621910095, -0.07980507612228394, 0.030923733487725258, 0.5823941230773926, -0.12167154252529144, -0.7192292213439941, -0.5065174698829651, -0.6221533417701721, -0.3895031809806824, 0.5666574835777283, -0.1179228127002716, 0.2941751778125763, 0.44719380140304565, 0.49459993839263916, -0.8867278695106506, -0.08499439805746078, 0.432076632976532, -0.14091958105564117, -0.28382301330566406, 0.09975133836269379, 0.05828482657670975, -0.13377319276332855, 0.19052477180957794, -0.3616502285003662, -1.0362584590911865, 0.05801353603601456, -0.0399165004491806, 0.17579813301563263, 0.8172838091850281, -0.24387021362781525, -0.7184181213378906, -0.18114374577999115, 0.6593071222305298, -0.07881496846675873, -0.31129592657089233, 0.31168845295906067, 0.36223796010017395, -0.5942512154579163, -0.6831607818603516, -0.3254680633544922, -0.534243643283844, -0.18041101098060608, -0.08095027506351471, -0.7694143056869507, 0.029391329735517502, 0.31128883361816406, 0.019813086837530136, -0.061918165534734726, 0.14840613305568695, -0.05999865382909775, 0.0753704160451889, 0.6952297687530518, 0.2069203406572342, 0.10195153951644897, -0.42704635858535767, 0.504426896572113, 0.2064579278230667, -0.706794261932373, -0.21099892258644104, -0.24425055086612701, 0.8654059767723083, 0.3469177484512329, -0.7452852725982666, 0.2611197829246521, 0.5565921664237976, 0.004621296655386686, -0.162129208445549, 0.00258264085277915, 0.0724816620349884, 0.029536761343479156, 0.1954783946275711, -0.7206597924232483, -0.4640820622444153, 0.4213678538799286, -0.7523403763771057, -0.36234262585639954, -0.2315680831670761, 0.26178136467933655, 0.21978014707565308, -0.1251874417066574, 0.22599145770072937, 0.253569632768631, 0.026504458859562874, 0.03636391833424568, -0.12165335565805435, -0.34105777740478516, -0.4174303114414215, 0.16531765460968018, -0.8607738614082336, -0.7139300107955933, -0.6819506287574768, 0.11374159902334213, 0.6185507774353027, -0.4770832061767578, -0.2039000242948532, -0.02232622168958187, -0.5813049674034119, 0.11600665748119354, -0.048685651272535324, -0.9216514229774475, -0.4462026357650757, -0.3210417628288269, -0.33802562952041626, -0.30544742941856384, -1.259454369544983, -0.09839165210723877, 0.5051466822624207, -0.19511249661445618, 0.06279607117176056, -0.8778060674667358, 0.2714073359966278, -0.5391786694526672, 0.8728495240211487, -0.4502065181732178, 0.5105441212654114, -0.043416328728199005, 0.7309461236000061, -0.37788400053977966, -0.4530947506427765, -0.040952298790216446, -0.11607950925827026, 0.4208222031593323, 0.4129708409309387, 0.14586137235164642, -0.05409854277968407, 0.0060189757496118546, -0.1795831322669983, -0.2241075038909912, -0.02632603608071804, -0.05765021964907646, 0.29352638125419617, 0.4410169720649719, 0.37671905755996704, -0.905144989490509, -0.2688956558704376, 0.4916854202747345, -0.5369853377342224, -0.14561474323272705, 0.2942933440208435, 0.5694745779037476, -0.05330070108175278, 0.14352631568908691, 0.23323853313922882, 0.14467495679855347, 0.6420798301696777, 0.5258687734603882, 0.024016376584768295, 0.06674166768789291, -0.155183807015419, -0.07505492120981216, -0.0759439542889595, -0.6647990345954895, 0.10598859935998917, 0.23385265469551086, -0.2237669825553894, -0.4266473650932312, -0.24788422882556915, 0.1854737550020218, 0.20289964973926544, 0.24862273037433624, 0.5272271037101746, -0.6680071949958801, -0.14108321070671082, 0.038193922489881516, 0.7127318382263184, 0.04007171094417572, 0.420609712600708, 0.18472078442573547, 0.38747188448905945, 0.24019338190555573, 0.37952741980552673, -0.0938439890742302, -1.0233092308044434, 0.1421806514263153, 0.19913750886917114, 0.2022700160741806, 0.0703989565372467, -0.08963968604803085, 0.7631360292434692, 0.3851012587547302, -0.05108858644962311, 0.5811036825180054, -0.20319990813732147, 0.5138608813285828, -0.02426878921687603, -0.27507227659225464, -0.4197905659675598, 0.03004857711493969, 0.4480191171169281, 0.1625269502401352, -0.4285215139389038, -0.66834557056427, 0.4213484525680542, 0.2258901745080948, 0.19268694519996643, 0.4021994173526764, -0.08786512911319733, 0.03903237730264664, 0.11740382760763168, 0.31466636061668396, 0.01895301416516304, 0.35038354992866516, -0.31969261169433594, -0.018573695793747902, 0.4392479658126831, -0.030028704553842545, 0.1884174644947052, -0.4770941138267517, -0.2885844111442566, 0.24851885437965393, 0.0993637889623642, -0.6967849731445312, 0.6104609966278076, -0.43788740038871765, -0.2766050398349762, -0.5749077796936035, 0.5593138933181763, 0.2519110441207886, -0.44611871242523193, -0.0777270719408989, 0.40813300013542175, -0.15743210911750793, 0.19389447569847107, -0.5936273336410522, -0.04672330990433693, -0.5160608291625977, 0.20643456280231476, -0.7153034210205078, 0.17158301174640656, -0.08104491233825684, 0.8337652683258057, -0.22830510139465332, 0.10971301794052124, -0.6338623762130737, 0.2581824064254761, 0.46850523352622986, -0.43315839767456055, -0.201116681098938, -0.08846887946128845, 0.31416454911231995, -0.19431893527507782, -0.13314057886600494, 0.27131742238998413, 0.2759994864463806, 0.08363034576177597, 0.29976537823677063, -0.0810408890247345, -0.1132718101143837, 0.3859860897064209, -0.6286759376525879, -0.653532087802887, 0.08202045410871506, -0.33290886878967285, -0.20725582540035248, 0.2691959738731384, 1.1030147075653076, 0.25745224952697754, 0.7155531048774719, -0.2528707683086395, -0.023959526792168617, -0.2017948478460312, 0.6035997271537781, -0.29810166358947754, -0.07045668363571167, 0.2927073538303375, -0.15970024466514587, -0.5621318221092224, 0.22930015623569489, 0.4507981240749359, 0.3948613405227661, -0.3484877347946167, 0.07016432285308838, -0.35352984070777893, 0.6853993535041809, -0.2879309356212616, -0.1240086629986763, -0.44523337483406067, 0.4714827537536621, -0.6017783284187317 ]
216584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald%20Christian%20von%20Kleist	Ewald Christian von Kleist	Ewald Christian von Kleist (7 March 171524 August 1759) was a German poet and cavalry officer. His vast family was well-established in Farther Pomerania; 58 male members of his family fought in Frederick the Great's army of the Seven Years' War. Kleist was born at Zeblin, near Köslin (Koszalin) in Farther Pomerania, to the von Kleist family of cavalry leaders. Family The Kleist family is an old, established one in Farther Pomerania whose roots date to the 12th century. Kleist's father, Joachim Ewald (1684–1738), son of Ewald von Kleist (died 1694), had been born on the family estate. On 7 July 1710, he married Marie Juliane von Manteuffel (sister of Heinrich von Manteuffel) from Groß-Poplow (near Polzin, in the district of Belgard). She died on 9 November 1719 after the birth of the sixth child. Ewald Christian, the third child of this marriage, lived with his only brother, Franz Casimir, one year older, at the estate of a paternal uncle, Christian von Manteuffel, in Groß-Poplow. Both boys attended the Jesuit school in Deutsch Krone (now Wałcz, Poland) and subsequently, in 1729, the Danzig Gymnasium; in 1731 Ewald von Kleist advanced to the University of Königsberg, where he studied law and mathematics. Either on the completion of his studies, or because his father was unhappy with the direction his studies took (he insisted on studying theology and modern languages and classics as well as law and mathematics) he entered the Danish army, in which he became an officer in 1736. He served in a unit commanded by a friend of his father. In 1738 he was sent to Gdańsk to visit his father and sister, as well as to his good friend Battrow (north-east of Flatow), a distant relative, the widowed chief of Goltz, whose daughter Wilhelmine made an impression on him; he became betrothed to her, but they were separated by his military service and she married another man. Military service Recalled to Prussia by King Frederick II in 1740, he was appointed lieutenant in a newly formed regiment stationed at Potsdam, where he became acquainted with J. W. L. Gleim, who interested him in poetry. After distinguishing himself at the Battle of Mollwitz (10 April 1741) and the siege of Neisse (1741), he was promoted to captain in 1749 and major in 1756. Quartered during the winter of 1757–1758 in Leipzig during the Seven Years' War, he found relief from his irksome military duties in the society of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. His regiment, the Schenckendorff Grenadiers, entered into summer campaigns. Shortly afterwards in the Battle of Kunersdorf, on 12 August 1759, he was mortally wounded in the forefront of the attack. Thomas Carlyle offers a description of his death, possibly apocryphal: Kleist was attached to Finck's division at the Prussian right. He'd been hit several times by ricochets, and possibly musket balls, perhaps even 12 times. He continued to lead his troops forward, taking a third battery, when he was badly hurt on both arms. His "colonel" (Major Mark K. A. von Schwartz) fell; he led his regiment forward to the fourth battery when a case-shot smashed his leg into pieces; once he fell, Captain Sylvius von Swolinsky took command of the battalion. He fell from his horse, and was carried to the rear. In due course, a surgeon was brought to him, but was killed by case-shot. One of his friends tried to send a carriage to him, to move him out of danger, but it took so long he was cut off by the Russian advance. By evening, the Cossacks stripped him bare, and threw him into the nearest swamp. Later that night some Russian Hussars found Kleist in this situation, took him to a dry place, set a watch fire and gave him some bread. When they had left, the Cossacks returned and took the blanket the Russians had given him. Eventually a Russian cavalry troop passed by; one of their captains, had him sent to Frankfurt in a carriage. Under the care of a professor there, he had surgery and good nursing, although on the tenth night, the bone fell apart, cut an artery, and at 2 a.m. on the 24th he died. He received a soldier's funeral, his coffin borne by 12 Russian grenadiers, and attended by some officers; one staff officer laid his own sword on the bier. Poetry Kleist's chief work is a poem in hexameters, Der Frühling (1749), for which Thomson's Seasons largely supplied ideas. It earned him the nickname "the Poet of the Spring." He noted in his letters that Carl Wilhelm Ramler had given him belated commentary and improvements on his poem, which he self-published in December 1749. Subsequently, his poem received considerable notice, even from Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis. Kleist also wrote some odes, idylls and elegies, and a small epic poem, Cissides und Paches (1759), the subject being two Thessalian friends who die an heroic death for their country in a battle against the Athenians. Likewise, he composed epitaphs for his many friends who were killed in battle, such as Major Heinrich von Blumenthal, which eerily foretold his own: Kleist published in 1756 the first collection of his Gedichte, which was followed by a second in 1758. After his death his friend Karl Wilhelm Ramler published an edition of Kleist's Sämtliche Werke in 2 vols (1760). A critical edition was published by August Sauer, in 3 vols (1880–1882). See also Arthur Chuquet, De Ewaldi Kleistii vita et scriptis (Paris, 1887), and Heinrich Pröhle, Friedrich der Grosse und die deutsche Literatur (1872). Research places the three Kleist poets—Ewald, Franz Alexander von Kleist and Heinrich von Kleist to the same forefather at the start of the 15th century. References 1715 births 1759 deaths People from Bobolice People from the Province of Pomerania Ewald Christian German poets German male poets German-language poets University of Königsberg alumni Prussian Army personnel Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War German military personnel killed in action	[ -0.5436413884162903, 0.6455104351043701, -0.1990632712841034, 0.42706334590911865, -0.40587714314460754, 0.8353519439697266, 1.3355836868286133, -0.1426393985748291, -0.06668302416801453, -0.4681338965892792, -0.16819564998149872, -0.33586299419403076, 0.03172844275832176, 0.2968384921550751, -0.03784492239356041, 0.2764035165309906, -0.2769015431404114, -0.3460742235183716, -0.5848637223243713, -0.5013935565948486, -0.34266164898872375, -0.4311836361885071, 0.4251100718975067, -0.06921873986721039, 0.29494795203208923, -0.047253284603357315, 0.09947731345891953, 0.06576710939407349, 0.6484370827674866, 0.21494455635547638, 0.011024476028978825, 0.9305612444877625, -0.011233917437493801, -0.034052807837724686, -0.6890929937362671, 0.20299552381038666, -0.8088483810424805, -0.22951582074165344, 0.6369980573654175, 0.02117837592959404, -0.15594623982906342, 0.5532476305961609, -0.028052881360054016, -0.5384771823883057, 0.006607707589864731, -0.5817464590072632, -2.199012279510498, 0.2851200997829437, -0.3784075081348419, -0.5242024064064026, 0.3999386131763458, 0.2084120810031891, 0.7393211126327515, 0.8329814672470093, -0.703187108039856, 0.22076424956321716, -1.4709879159927368, -0.43427664041519165, 0.5367321372032166, 0.15464159846305847, 0.36792266368865967, 0.42729857563972473, 0.12528683245182037, 0.16322331130504608, 0.5755594372749329, -0.1120586022734642, -0.36278945207595825, 0.1350305676460266, 0.14170432090759277, -0.32816073298454285, -0.1808367669582367, 0.4139235019683838, 0.2927413284778595, 0.07291457056999207, 0.40857216715812683, -0.4991673529148102, 0.0481555312871933, 0.2886863052845001, 0.16018733382225037, -0.1565641611814499, -0.3610883951187134, -0.35084471106529236, 1.2114423513412476, 0.30836424231529236, 0.23954880237579346, -0.006036973558366299, 0.08290473371744156, 0.014983909204602242, -0.7604861259460449, -0.7598294615745544, -0.046463873237371445, -0.5220831036567688, -0.19151435792446136, 0.36530011892318726, 0.057903312146663666, 0.49240612983703613, -0.22469443082809448, 0.3325020968914032, -0.17671775817871094, 0.10525985062122345, -0.03856488689780235, 0.42503949999809265, 0.394798219203949, -0.27409347891807556, -0.7060727477073669, 0.09566383808851242, 0.16310752928256989, -0.1472276747226715, 0.21987837553024292, 0.2805062532424927, -0.7334492802619934, -0.170275017619133, -0.5656161308288574, 0.03651309758424759, -0.1367308795452118, 0.4028048813343048, 0.27970895171165466, -1.0972301959991455, -0.10834001749753952, 0.23524996638298035, -0.09047187864780426, 0.507666289806366, 0.13684208691120148, 0.558258593082428, -0.5787038803100586, -0.21362406015396118, -0.4290536046028137, 0.18070806562900543, -0.391006201505661, 0.732204794883728, 0.4279768466949463, 1.0568041801452637, -0.14636114239692688, -0.17403888702392578, -0.245868518948555, 0.17624954879283905, 0.8385772109031677, 0.07867135852575302, -0.1030513197183609, 0.6155215501785278, -0.32085058093070984, -0.550260066986084, -1.0137338638305664, -0.07488980889320374, -0.06840161979198456, -0.24999918043613434, -0.29078230261802673, -0.2845017910003662, 0.06545159220695496, 0.1862213909626007, -0.1018383577466011, -0.09150708466768265, -0.0787782073020935, -0.06771466881036758, -0.5609958171844482, 0.4043484330177307, 0.39757904410362244, 0.5920781493186951, 0.3940671980381012, 0.32958465814590454, 0.5534989833831787, 0.09717579185962677, -0.42837634682655334, 0.13001585006713867, 0.5116226673126221, -0.43392854928970337, -0.0023437635973095894, 0.15700563788414001, -0.7043625116348267, -0.31970885396003723, -0.6037927865982056, -0.3976631760597229, -0.5522031188011169, 0.24229036271572113, 0.3747476041316986, 0.902908444404602, 0.09136420488357544, 0.1828223615884781, 0.2126520276069641, -0.10547134280204773, -0.9430724382400513, 0.10393516719341278, 0.17217661440372467, -0.21799315512180328, 0.7011052370071411, 0.7280018925666809, 0.22179505228996277, 0.32157599925994873, 0.8802191615104675, -0.6351710557937622, -0.8781970143318176, -1.0834336280822754, 0.6065879464149475, 0.1838068813085556, 1.27583909034729, 0.2919718027114868, -0.13172736763954163, 0.45130088925361633, -0.20516733825206757, 0.5545810461044312, -0.0352659672498703, -0.9531686305999756, -0.14886580407619476, 0.3469362258911133, 0.4607818126678467, 0.6410977244377136, -0.5374702215194702, -0.31537920236587524, -0.07488652318716049, 0.1669781357049942, 0.6346200704574585, -0.29474154114723206, 0.30468839406967163, 0.38441163301467896, -0.1807900369167328, -0.3411068022251129, -0.4659421741962433, -0.20393556356430054, 0.061621472239494324, -0.3711543381214142, 0.26671266555786133, -0.24221563339233398, 0.2786739766597748, 0.9612302184104919, -0.5233876705169678, 0.8792896866798401, -0.2398287057876587, 0.18506617844104767, -0.21629606187343597, -1.0217223167419434, -0.504031240940094, 0.12523971498012543, 0.16002896428108215, -0.5202038288116455, 0.4157007932662964, 0.0006314253550954163, -0.1254475861787796, 0.12484351545572281, 0.4557240903377533, -0.6593659520149231, 0.18326611816883087, 0.4526073634624481, -0.26996758580207825, 0.1611109972000122, 0.20531393587589264, 0.6120641231536865, -0.30377197265625, -0.22581847012043, -0.6603546142578125, -0.13012096285820007, -0.00445945980027318, 0.5591177940368652, -0.4303953945636749, -0.28893235325813293, -0.4989795684814453, -0.20835156738758087, 0.585110604763031, 0.09834789484739304, 0.09544254839420319, 0.17910370230674744, 0.1347777098417282, -0.06206656992435455, 0.2220526933670044, -0.02071172371506691, 0.03841389715671539, -0.10324032604694366, 0.10595737397670746, -0.4259181618690491, 0.007603757549077272, -0.03274121135473251, 0.08919999748468399, -0.3137110471725464, -0.1505761444568634, -0.14630712568759918, 0.17047050595283508, -0.5364241003990173, -0.391636461019516, 0.17384134232997894, 0.013229691423475742, -0.54950350522995, -0.4709860384464264, 0.9783667922019958, -0.019514406099915504, 0.09106803685426712, -0.13759355247020721, -0.22128473222255707, 0.3366397023200989, 0.09395192563533783, 0.1916111260652542, 0.09736499190330505, 0.24466028809547424, 0.8030238747596741, -0.6393787264823914, -0.07582921534776688, -0.08402875810861588, 0.6869071125984192, -0.2543705105781555, -0.853611409664154, -0.22458511590957642, 0.11511830985546112, -1.2071565389633179, 0.22736427187919617, 0.05159445479512215, 0.28240785002708435, 0.0021702786907553673, 0.0038891800213605165, -0.30291280150413513, 0.4208180606365204, -5.376458644866943, -0.2101498395204544, -0.14625513553619385, -0.3468189537525177, -0.18272219598293304, 0.5936382412910461, 0.5037571787834167, -0.14021095633506775, -0.2525220215320587, -0.23524996638298035, 0.8595036268234253, -0.2594202160835266, 0.01248997077345848, 0.26414167881011963, 0.5889160633087158, 0.41245004534721375, 0.35145625472068787, 0.07954947650432587, 0.1991543173789978, -0.22329244017601013, -0.12012559175491333, -0.08563436567783356, 0.023128587752580643, 0.4227229654788971, 0.6067580580711365, 0.15146617591381073, -0.24917703866958618, 0.06018118932843208, -0.6686772704124451, -0.3375401794910431, 0.5313044190406799, 0.21936750411987305, 0.09060488641262054, 0.39026743173599243, 0.33014312386512756, -0.5472782254219055, 0.12929479777812958, 0.9609426259994507, -0.09709051996469498, 0.4848484396934509, -0.039536237716674805, 0.3987371623516083, -0.6695258617401123, -0.09856361895799637, -0.4733707904815674, 0.05630600452423096, -0.5746291279792786, 0.5969622135162354, -0.23567956686019897, 0.85997074842453, 0.04981672763824463, -0.48566943407058716, 0.24927015602588654, 0.07062745094299316, 0.29805997014045715, 0.38758373260498047, 0.30316224694252014, -0.12796172499656677, -0.3430161476135254, 0.20245413482189178, 0.03854867443442345, -0.4692273736000061, 0.3510841131210327, -0.517363429069519, -0.3098309338092804, -0.14943541586399078, -0.15601947903633118, 0.1895836889743805, -0.10165802389383316, -0.43142613768577576, -0.10085650533437729, 0.9076330065727234, -0.057761672884225845, -1.0508041381835938, -0.30168595910072327, -0.5101540088653564, -0.558008074760437, -0.2967865467071533, -0.44452589750289917, -0.0697634220123291, -0.048585016280412674, -0.5681179165840149, -0.3108435273170471, 1.086068034172058, 1.2389940023422241, 0.4486168324947357, -0.2806199789047241, -0.25121626257896423, -0.09877743571996689, -0.4325913190841675, -0.011298172175884247, -0.6718732118606567, -0.2932435870170593, 0.2922103703022003, -0.4018246829509735, 0.6135234236717224, -0.5075969696044922, -0.22028151154518127, 0.19002774357795715, 0.4008464813232422, 0.14571070671081543, 0.14830917119979858, 0.3293062150478363, -0.03695033863186836, 0.5407523512840271, -0.0014382671797648072, 0.22172047197818756, 0.23238202929496765, 1.1540005207061768, 0.069426991045475, 0.03104495257139206, 0.346752792596817, 0.11366994678974152, -0.805946946144104, -0.08803678303956985, -1.102773904800415, -0.0620138980448246, 0.6236338019371033, 0.3824049234390259, 0.047791339457035065, 0.058814823627471924, 0.2837764024734497, 0.042476050555706024, -0.5773603320121765, -0.32235005497932434, 0.22998781502246857, 0.005816001910716295, -0.5088785886764526, -0.35323962569236755, -0.2830527126789093, 0.03658921644091606, 0.37898415327072144, -0.283242404460907, -0.0837019830942154, -0.053655464202165604, -0.4478698670864105, -0.2477153092622757, -0.5292572379112244, 0.10946281254291534, -0.42607277631759644, 0.16917204856872559, -0.3723055422306061, -0.7131417989730835, 0.588307797908783, 0.3999671936035156, -0.13403287529945374, 0.3093600571155548, -0.1933853030204773, -0.567301332950592, 1.0029356479644775, -0.11387165635824203, 0.09361160546541214, 1.0680739879608154, -0.20867429673671722, -0.6345917582511902, 0.11127761006355286, -0.42699959874153137, 0.5271629691123962, 0.19654609262943268, -0.01610349304974079, -0.11846057325601578, 0.3041173219680786, -1.0153629779815674, 0.03083973005414009, 0.16140148043632507, -0.3486020267009735, -0.5256372094154358, -0.03765178844332695, -0.12576892971992493, 0.2929267883300781, 0.1658019870519638, -0.4416548013687134, -0.33574989438056946, 0.4480694532394409, -0.36849716305732727, -0.08120165020227432, 0.20474715530872345, 0.3959655463695526, 0.20822522044181824, 0.08936957269906998, 0.2255418300628662, 0.1502939611673355, -0.441884845495224, 0.5120933651924133, 0.47762376070022583, 0.05475025251507759, -0.23103368282318115, 0.1504952609539032, -0.6686912178993225, 0.2977224588394165, 0.09788136184215546, -0.008851447142660618, -0.01700228825211525, 0.1078452467918396, -0.05332513898611069, -0.5198924541473389, 0.15106794238090515, 0.0011624471517279744, -0.04037566855549812, -0.4190569519996643, 0.45591825246810913, 0.4399414658546448, -0.3016971945762634, -0.07427996397018433, -0.27218014001846313, -1.0990066528320312, 0.24118995666503906, -0.12125911563634872, -0.15278643369674683, 0.5918558835983276, -0.4508720934391022, -0.7526741623878479, 0.00048501885612495244, 0.5720648765563965, -0.38639363646507263, -0.22284910082817078, 0.7101085186004639, -0.38960570096969604, -0.7655161619186401, -0.19719906151294708, -0.33625826239585876, -0.28608059883117676, -0.5098934173583984, -0.20164117217063904, -0.4658566117286682, -0.384435772895813, 0.22378049790859222, -0.32169121503829956, 0.9175646901130676, -0.28130391240119934, 0.1103777214884758, -0.12029124796390533, 0.2959170341491699, 0.09854436665773392, -0.6801456212997437, -0.5655725598335266, 0.19814623892307281, 0.2000625878572464, -0.08210256695747375, 0.21738986670970917, 0.5775855779647827, 0.7290264368057251, 0.4722088873386383, -0.09189006686210632, 0.35439664125442505, -0.009583155624568462, 0.2063349038362503, -0.5529518127441406, 0.006453624460846186, 0.19334080815315247, 0.000271977944066748, 0.19729648530483246, -0.6748462915420532, -0.7365328669548035, 1.49405038356781, -0.12895409762859344, -0.04723544791340828, 0.511913001537323, 0.012849975377321243, 0.1610114574432373, 0.1928684264421463, 0.4126780033111572, 0.2139006406068802, -0.30125153064727783, -0.2619583010673523, 0.1276150345802307, 0.1543378382921219, 0.18986469507217407, -0.1859394907951355, -0.057745881378650665, -0.4398522973060608, -0.35712042450904846, -0.44431638717651367, 0.2168487012386322, -0.3057573437690735, 0.02636464685201645, 0.04305804893374443, -0.4218498170375824, 0.15722668170928955, 0.03842310607433319, -0.6373316645622253, -0.34495988488197327, -0.4081760048866272, -0.6985677480697632, -0.7163916826248169, -0.28790083527565, -0.5126597285270691, -0.0764179676771164, -0.26044130325317383, 0.5022857785224915, -0.47688448429107666, -0.12244289368391037, -0.24534212052822113, 0.38348639011383057, 0.412807822227478, 0.14348292350769043, -0.41355782747268677, 0.07418129593133926, -0.2118343710899353, -0.0027984774205833673, -0.18469926714897156, 0.27872493863105774, 0.9578949809074402, -0.49504610896110535, 0.9005095958709717, 0.28634342551231384, -0.03242162987589836, -0.25512149930000305, -0.3924673795700073, 0.02909865975379944, 0.43464717268943787, -0.00033587252255529165, -0.023030230775475502, 0.18626467883586884, -0.3063627779483795, 0.09435179084539413, 0.4900401830673218, -0.01580088958144188, 0.2600429058074951, -0.21371223032474518, 0.46662628650665283, -0.22674453258514404, 1.1021465063095093, -0.06496234983205795, -0.4281601011753082, 0.4958362579345703, 0.18814975023269653, -0.1311318427324295, -0.6665439009666443, 0.10375389456748962, -0.048139818012714386, -0.21047642827033997, -0.8536986708641052, 0.5572339296340942, -0.0541529506444931, 0.21662737429141998, 0.23365576565265656, -0.18532848358154297, -0.26395905017852783, 0.2777208983898163, -0.0221625417470932, 0.7137953639030457, -0.2603176534175873, 0.36874139308929443, 0.05132152885198593, 0.19135411083698273, -0.18512208759784698, 0.27385178208351135, -0.008029226213693619, -0.23066382110118866, 0.4711945950984955, 0.41960838437080383, 0.2962396740913391, -0.6812702417373657, -0.06347370147705078, 0.3705112338066101, 0.5095105767250061, -0.44841066002845764, -0.1571749895811081, -0.06982533633708954, 0.00035928445868194103, -0.5470929145812988, 0.8353338837623596, -0.12216085195541382, -0.31495583057403564, -0.05295892059803009, 0.05500977858901024, -0.37432563304901123, 0.3614058792591095, -0.22904890775680542, 0.08826503902673721, -0.662158727645874, -0.031505294144153595, 0.44469574093818665, 0.5687015056610107, -0.33886876702308655, 0.9041118025779724, -0.3402821719646454, 0.22666864097118378, 0.4670133888721466, -0.611346960067749, 0.21286804974079132, 0.4539434611797333, 0.05743562802672386, 0.4392196536064148, 0.20948852598667145, -0.07950394600629807, -0.2795339524745941, 0.44730424880981445, -0.5479666590690613, 0.4985876977443695, -0.3048115372657776, 0.4030839502811432, -0.15357010066509247, -1.0064994096755981, 0.2475426346063614, -0.5975833535194397, 1.0515837669372559, -0.34364235401153564, -0.45314547419548035, -0.26959657669067383, -0.07746415585279465, 0.005620146635919809, -0.18406040966510773, -0.3524051010608673, 0.2411365807056427, -0.46380770206451416, 0.48873838782310486, -0.5861494541168213, 0.47830817103385925, 0.41804760694503784, 0.48687535524368286, 0.004657405894249678, 0.2405085414648056, -0.2515670359134674, -0.5234522819519043, 0.6737191081047058, -0.3144330382347107, -0.2141512632369995, -0.11258615553379059, 0.21348202228546143, 0.0936511904001236, -0.17946423590183258, -0.6025387644767761, -0.36098864674568176, 0.23068249225616455, 0.1418837308883667, 0.6364957094192505, 0.18127773702144623, 0.29021507501602173, -0.03317799046635628, 0.006598005536943674, -0.4188319444656372, -0.08202759921550751, -0.06537690758705139, -0.0984315499663353, 0.6701852679252625, 0.31408068537712097, 0.5617020726203918, -0.6971415877342224, 0.5935616493225098, -0.04867890477180481, 0.29719579219818115, 0.13762380182743073, -0.6856163144111633, 0.3681683838367462, -0.2714218199253082, -0.24816660583019257, -0.16730153560638428, 0.29089638590812683, 0.27730369567871094, 0.006554167717695236, 0.3848709762096405, -0.7618246078491211, 0.3411549925804138, 0.25501468777656555, -0.2553198039531708, -0.5411308407783508, 0.3384060859680176, -0.09278260171413422 ]
216590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femicides%20in%20Ciudad%20Ju%C3%A1rez	Femicides in Ciudad Juárez	It was estimated that more than 370 women were killed between 1993 and 2005 in Ciudad Juárez, a city in northern Mexico. The murders of women and girls received international attention primarily due to perceived government inaction in preventing the violence and bringing perpetrators to justice. The issue has featured in many dramas, songs, books, and so on. After surveying 155 killings out of 340 documented between 1993 and 2003, a government committee found that roughly half were prompted by motives like robbery and gang wars, while a little more than a third involved sexual assault. A narcofosa (mass grave attributed to organized crime) containing the remains of women killed in 2011 and 2012 was found in Madera Municipality, Chihuahua, in December 2016. Homicide statistics In 2005 Amnesty International said that more than 370 young women and girls had been killed in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua since 1993. In August 2011, it was reported that 130 killings occurred in Ciudad Juárez since January that year. A study was conducted in 2008 on the Femicide Database 1993–2007 at the Colegio de la Frontera Norte which documented incidents of femicide that occurred in Ciudad Juárez from 1993–2007. Of the various different kinds of murders that were analyzed, the study found two common patterns in the data which were classified as intimate femicide and systemic sexual femicide. Intimate femicide refers to women who were killed by men that were close to them. According to the study, intimate femicide accounted for 30.4% of the murders of women and girls in Juárez from 1993–2007. Systematic sexual femicide refers to systematic patterns in the killing of women and children including kidnapping, sexual violence, torture, and body abandonment in areas such as desert areas, garbage dumps, and sewage ditches among others. According to the study, systemic sexual femicide accounted for 31.8% of the murders of women in Juárez from 1993–2007. According to Molly Molloy, a professor at New Mexico State University, the situation in Juárez is one of "impunity regardless of gender". She states that "female murder victims have never comprised more than 18 percent of the overall number of murder victims in Ciudad Juárez, and in the last two decades that figure averages at less than 10 percent. That’s less than in the United States, where about 20 to 25 percent of the people who are murdered in a given year are women". Other scholars also state that femicide rates in Ciudad Juárez are lower than in American cities such as Houston and Ensenada, and as a share of overall homicide rates they are typically lower than in other cities. Contributing factors Organized crime and drug trafficking Drug cartels operate in Juárez, which has resulted in high levels of violence against the local population, including women and girls. Misogyny is a common trait of gang activity. According to a study conducted in 2008, 9.1% of the murders of women were attributed to organized crime and drug trafficking activities. Maquila industry Maquiladoras are widely known for their cheap labor and their exploitative conditions, such as regularly violating basic human rights, that often target women. Women and girls often migrate from villages or rural areas in other parts of Mexico in search of work in the maquilas. According to Livingston, this migration of women created, "a new phenomenon of mobile, independent and vulnerable working women," in cities like Ciudad Juárez. Many of the murder victims in Ciudad Juárez have been maquiladora employees. Despite the expansion of the maquila industry, Juárez still remained a relatively poor and undeveloped city lacking infrastructure in some parts such as electricity and paved roads. As a part of their daily commute, many women maquila workers walk through such areas to and from company buses creating vulnerability to be victimized. In addition, the increased involvement of women in the labor force may also be a contributing factor to the victimization of women and girls because of the competition for economic resources in decades in which male unemployment has been high. NAFTA The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994 resulted in the expansion of the maquiladora industry and created new opportunities for employment for women outside of the home and in the factories. The availability of cheap labor made it attractive for business owners to open factories in Mexico, and the availability of cheap employment attracted many, especially women, to border towns such as Ciudad Juárez. Research has shown correlations between economic and political issues and violence against women along the border. Academic Katherine Pantaleo has argued that, "NAFTA, as a capitalist approach, has directly created a devaluation of women and an increase in gendered violence." Further, according to Wright, in the time period between the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 and 2001, "the homicide rate for men increased by 300 percent, while for women it increased by 600 percent." Such studies indicate the importance of exploring the effects of NAFTA when considering the possible causes of the murder of women and girls in Ciudad Juárez. Consequently, it has been suggested that amendments be made to NAFTA that include human rights provisions. Gender roles Sociocultural attitudes to traditional gender roles have influenced violence against women. According to Pantaleo, "Under the view of patriarchy, two expressions are commonly used in Mexico to show the difference in status of males and females; these expressions are machismo and marianismo." Machismo is characterized by male power and aggression; while marianismo is characterized by subordination and domestic duties. Women who leave their homes to seek employment in the maquila industry directly challenge the marianismo. Olivera suggests that this changed situation challenges hypermasculinity According to Livingston, gender-directed violence in Ciudad Juárez may be a negative reaction as women "gain greater personal autonomy and independence while men lose ground." Police and governmental response The murder of women in Juárez has attracted global attention since 1993 given suspected police and government inaction to prevent the murders and bring perpetrators to justice. Police and government officials have been accused of responding with indifference to the crimes against women as well as exhibiting tolerance for such crimes, conducting inadequate and negligent investigations, ineffectively responding to the crimes, and failing to prevent and protect women from violence. According to Livingston, "In 1998 the National Commission for Human Rights issued a report charging gross irregularities and general negligence in state investigations, including the misidentification of corpses, failure to obtain expert tests on forensic evidence, failure to conduct autopsies or obtain semen analysis... failure to file written reports, [and] incompetence in keeping records of the rising tide of women murders." As a result of international attention, police and government officials have been politically pressured to respond to the murders. In 2011, Amnesty International said, "The government [has] failed to take effective measures to investigate and bring to justice those responsible for the abduction and killing of three women in Ciudad Juárez... or to combat the ongoing pattern of violence against women and discrimination in the city. Convictions According to Pantaleo in 2006, "While around 400 girls and women have been abducted and murdered, few arrests and convictions have resulted." For convictions that have been made, there is a great deal of controversy that surrounds them. Police have been accused of conducting rushed investigations with questionable methodology and integrity. Further, suspects that have been apprehended have claimed that they were tortured into confessing. This has caused uncertainty of the legitimacy of both investigations and convictions. In 1996, an Egyptian, Abdul Latif Sharif, was convicted of 3 murders and sentenced to a 30-year prison term. After his arrest in 1995, the murders continued and authorities claimed that Sharif directed members of the "Los Rebeldes" gang to continue the murders while he was incarcerated. These members were indicted and convicted as a result of this connection. The gang members accused of carrying out murders under Sharif's orders claimed they were tortured while in police custody. According to Monarrez Fragoso, "In the year 2000, it was known that the body of Elizabeth Castro Garcia, whose murder was attributed to Omar Sharif Latif, does not belong to her." His conviction is currently under appeal. In 2001, Victor Garcia Uribe and Gustavo Gonzalez Meza were apprehended for eight murders. Gustavo Gonzalez Mesa died suspiciously while in police custody. In 2004, Victor Garcia Uribe, a bus driver, was convicted of eight murders that took place in 2001. He confessed to these murders but claimed that he was tortured into confessing by police. In 2008, 16-year-old Ruby Frayre Escobedo was murdered by Sergio Barraza Bocanegra who was acquitted at his first trial for lack of evidence. Following two years of activism, a retrial convicted Bocanegra who remained on the run. In 2010, Ruby's mother, Marisela Escobedo Ortiz, was assassinated by a shot to the head at point blank range while demonstrating for justice in front of the Governor's Palace in Chihuahua. International justice There have been several international rulings against Mexico for its inadequate response to the increasing violence against women. In 2004, under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) conducted an inquiry into the allegations that hundreds of murders of women and girls had taken place in the area of Ciudad Juarez since 1993 at the urging of several NGOs. In order for the inquiry to take place it was required that there was reliable evidence that showed that Mexico was in violation of rights established by CEDAW. The Committee analyzed the gender-based crimes occurring in Ciudad Juárez and found the two common forms were murder and disappearances. The Committee also analyzed the response of the government and found that their initial response was indifference and that the government exhibited tolerance of these crimes for years. Further, the Committee concluded that the measures undertaken by the Mexican State in response to gendered violence against women leading up to the time of their inquiry were, "few and ineffective at all levels of the State". The Committee made several recommendations for Mexico to adhere to. Although these recommendations were not legally binding, they were influential in the public sphere. According to Amnesty International, "In [2009], the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled on the “cotton field” (Campo Algodonero) case that Mexico was guilty of discrimination and of failing to protect three young women murdered in 2001 in Ciudad Juárez or to ensure an effective investigation into their abduction and murder." The Court ordered Mexico to conduct a new investigation of the murders, create a national memorial for the victims, pay reparations to the families of the victims, and to improve measures which prevent and adequately investigate the murder of women and girls. Local activism There have been numerous local efforts that have helped draw attention to the femicides in Juárez. In 1999, a group of feminist activists founded Casa Amiga, Juárez's first rape crisis and sexual assault center. The center works to provide women in Juárez with a refuge against violence, therapy, legal council, and medical attention. In 2002, a social justice movement named Ni Una Mas, which in Spanish means "not one more," was formed to raise international awareness to violence against women in Juárez. The movement consists of a variety of domestic and international organizations and individual activists. Ni Una Mas participants demand that the Mexican state implement strategies that prevent violence against women including murder and kidnappings and that the state conduct competent investigations on crimes already committed. Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C., which in Spanish means "Our Daughters Back Home" also formed in response to the violence against women in Juárez. Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C. has also worked to bring domestic and international media attention to the violence against women in Juárez. Cultural references In television and radio The American television series The Bridge (2013) used the disappearance of the girls of Juárez as part of the backdrop to a series of murders. This American Life (Public Radio Exchange), Episode 506 - Secret Identity, Act Three: The Blonde Avenger, about a real life avenger with a secret identity against sexual violence from bus drivers in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. October 4, 2013. Podcast with transcript. The Netflix series "Narcos: Mexico" Season 3 references the murders of the young women working in the maquiladoras as a subplot. In film The documentary Blood Rising (2013) directed by Mark McLoughlin, which examines the phenomenon of femicide in Juárez through the work of an artist, Brian Maguire. The film Backyard: El Traspatio (2009), directed by Carlos Carrera, is based on these events. The film Bordertown (2006), starring Jennifer Lopez and Antonio Banderas, is based on these murders. The film Señorita Extraviada/Missing Young Woman (2001) by Lourdes Portillo, is a documentary following the femicides of Juárez. The documentary film Equal Means Equal (2016) directed by Kamala Lopez features a segment on the women of Juárez. The documentary film Bajo Juárez: La Ciudad Devorando a Sus Hijas (2006) directed by José Antonio Cordero and Alejandra Sánchez hints at the many layers of political collusion and indifference from local, state and federal authorities. The documentary Las tres muertes de Marisela Escobedo (2020) directed by Carlos Pérez Osorio looks the story of a woman in the midst of a tireless struggle to achieve justice and prevent her daughter's femicide from being forgotten in impunity. The documentary Flowers of the Desert: Stories from the Red Note (2021) directed by Estefanía Bonilla Hernández and produced by Craig Whitney, looks at the murder and disappearance of women along the border in Ciudad Juarez for the last 25 years, exploring the web of corruption, drug violence and sex trafficking at the root of the crimes. In music Tori Amos wrote a song about these incidents titled "Juárez", for her album To Venus and Back (1999-2000), after reading about them. At the Drive-In's song "Invalid Litter Dept." (2001) contains lyrics about the murders. Los Tigres del Norte's song "Mujeres de Juárez" discusses the lack of government action in finding the perpetrators. The Misfits wrote a song about Juárez titled "Where Do They Go?" from their 2011 album The Devil's Rain. In the lyrics, the incidents are referred to as femicides. Gloria Trevi's song "Inmaculada" from her 2007 album Una Rosa Blu was inspired by the murders. The World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die's song "January 10th, 2014" is about the murders and the vigilante justice that took place in their aftermath. Intocable's song Día 730 has an example that links it to one girl who was going to become famous, but instead became one of the victims for femicide. Sheer Mag's song "Can't Stop Fighting," from their third EP, references the phenomenon in its first lines. Misty L. Dupuis wrote a choral work in honor of the missing and murdered women of Juárez called Mujeres de Juárez In print In Roberto Bolaño's novel, 2666 (2004), the murders serve as inspiration for a major section entitled "The Part about the Crimes", although the novel is actually set in "Santa Teresa", a fictionalized version of Ciudad Juárez. Alicia Gaspar de Alba's mystery novel, Desert Blood (2005), addresses this topic. "Each and Her" (2010) by Valerie Martinez is a book-length poem that addresses the murders in the context of politics, gender oppression, mythology, art, and more. "If I Die In Juárez" (2008) by Stella Pope Duarte In Eve Ensler's Vagina Monologues, female homicides in Juárez feature in the monologue "Memory of Her Face". "Señorita X - Song for the Yellow-Robed Girl from Juárez" (2007) by Juan Felipe Herrera "The Daughters of Juárez: A True Story of Serial Murder South of the Border" (2007) by Teresa Rodríguez The Way She Spoke written by Isaac Gomez The Killing Fields: Harvest of Women by Diana Washington Valdez Suffering and Salvation in Ciudad Juarez by Nancy Pineda-Madrid reads the feminicide theologically and makes advances on the Catholic soteriology See also Women in Mexico Human rights in Mexico References Ciudad Juárez Murder in Mexico Rape in Mexico Violence against women in Mexico Unsolved murders in Mexico Incidents of violence against women 1990s murders in Mexico	[ 0.4850527346134186, -0.10013099014759064, -0.5349293351173401, 0.02201475016772747, -0.4035615622997284, 0.2208990603685379, 0.6330094933509827, 0.3086793124675751, -0.3004778027534485, -0.23523187637329102, 0.08368086069822311, 0.07883970439434052, -0.36768168210983276, 0.6184635758399963, -0.13039742410182953, 0.5448147654533386, 0.1695917248725891, 0.707794725894928, 0.17104774713516235, -0.41294997930526733, -0.042559947818517685, -1.0243932008743286, 0.8491460084915161, 0.36997851729393005, -0.13293097913265228, -0.24160121381282806, 0.11009885370731354, 0.23128007352352142, -0.5045130848884583, 0.4973100423812866, 0.3944777250289917, 0.478932648897171, 0.49658486247062683, -0.2452399581670761, -0.11320096254348755, 0.49351733922958374, -0.11166016012430191, -0.5622679591178894, -0.07868573814630508, -0.4224977493286133, -0.20590494573116302, -0.008768552914261818, -0.19117356836795807, 0.4959520399570465, 0.4953320026397705, 0.16274315118789673, -1.5305944681167603, -0.25130316615104675, -0.13392308354377747, -0.11092454195022583, -0.47263216972351074, 0.1260736733675003, 0.6105775237083435, 0.4481889009475708, 0.32684198021888733, 0.591964066028595, -1.1246042251586914, 0.1589260697364807, 0.21678608655929565, -0.12133324891328812, 0.19852878153324127, -0.11257036030292511, -0.09102093428373337, -0.08577486127614975, 0.10422595590353012, -0.0040304348804056644, 0.34072762727737427, 0.7199399471282959, 0.04397064447402954, -0.10980150103569031, -0.2246076613664627, -0.008236946538090706, 0.09407497942447662, -0.6412281394004822, -0.9499182105064392, -0.337382972240448, -0.0067134820856153965, -0.2746281027793884, -0.08585341274738312, 0.3294140100479126, 0.12981122732162476, 0.34890326857566833, 0.4099777638912201, -0.45381543040275574, 0.5954387784004211, -0.043837469071149826, -0.25155869126319885, 0.18474198877811432, -0.2151973396539688, 0.6250154972076416, -0.15149419009685516, 0.1860901564359665, 0.5818596482276917, 0.3994259834289551, -0.12945258617401123, 0.3711654841899872, 0.3271825611591339, 0.18911226093769073, -0.1088220626115799, 0.26311591267585754, 0.06734076887369156, 0.6170253753662109, 0.05929975584149361, 0.19618096947669983, 0.2767033576965332, -0.7350431680679321, -0.493914932012558, -0.21971741318702698, 0.3089332580566406, -0.35812392830848694, -0.3984695374965668, 0.10733403265476227, -0.18284069001674652, -0.05596537888050079, -0.4433438777923584, 1.0271390676498413, 0.7855666875839233, 0.16230051219463348, 0.37752819061279297, -0.44722694158554077, -0.17766089737415314, -0.2382071167230606, -0.5232154130935669, 0.2503686249256134, -0.7781878113746643, 0.6002040505409241, 0.3063499331474304, -0.10847284644842148, 0.32833266258239746, 0.298648476600647, -0.09568916261196136, 0.38867923617362976, 0.21751092374324799, -0.9115200638771057, 0.6082319021224976, -0.803161084651947, -0.17991122603416443, 0.567082405090332, 0.42444342374801636, -0.04454343765974045, -0.26004186272621155, -0.5071860551834106, -1.041933536529541, -0.02392570860683918, 0.3849247694015503, -0.1442241370677948, -0.4333644211292267, 0.24565204977989197, -0.26962196826934814, -0.20911188423633575, 0.10821282863616943, 0.25997641682624817, -0.0022680156398564577, -0.0006109621608629823, -0.29962703585624695, -0.08515504747629166, 0.11848669499158859, -0.888553261756897, 0.11061672866344452, -0.18519483506679535, 0.22979843616485596, 0.01542561873793602, 0.44473639130592346, 0.3722616732120514, -0.5466088652610779, -0.007203631568700075, 0.19285576045513153, 0.7887183427810669, 0.020625881850719452, 0.13875079154968262, -0.36551252007484436, -0.1220100075006485, -0.09695497900247574, -1.3115311861038208, -0.23696228861808777, -0.45456767082214355, 0.3583023250102997, 0.32979562878608704, 0.05183284357190132, 0.7794313430786133, -0.519980788230896, 0.3538432717323303, 0.25052157044410706, 0.20304949581623077, 0.15412433445453644, 0.08423008024692535, 0.5321400761604309, 0.27486714720726013, -0.21539095044136047, -0.39687877893447876, -0.37787044048309326, -0.5202391147613525, 0.578931450843811, -0.051627784967422485, 1.205997109413147, 0.4263480305671692, -0.24495375156402588, 0.1224750354886055, 0.04222642630338669, 0.1463766247034073, -0.42195236682891846, 0.1658409982919693, 1.2012940645217896, -0.05051794275641441, -0.8820586800575256, 0.33373716473579407, -0.2630460262298584, -0.1088244840502739, -0.21205994486808777, 0.4150436520576477, -0.12291978299617767, -0.267397403717041, 0.14721837639808655, 0.18418723344802856, -0.030735071748495102, -0.02103319577872753, -0.3586469292640686, 0.030852537602186203, 0.5160114765167236, -0.6659482717514038, 0.07594550400972366, -0.3081851601600647, -0.3241457939147949, 0.4312049150466919, -0.33264848589897156, -0.0931842029094696, -0.08396544307470322, -0.27294841408729553, 0.5282348990440369, -1.123890995979309, 0.08759856224060059, 0.9245645999908447, 0.8632872700691223, -0.3109249174594879, -0.4871276319026947, 0.5031601190567017, -0.25759050250053406, -0.27604472637176514, -0.5538146495819092, -0.24276888370513916, 0.4648909866809845, 0.9712517261505127, 0.45940476655960083, 0.7852333188056946, -0.08079604059457779, 0.029745131731033325, -0.07487484812736511, 0.12187422811985016, -0.7428234219551086, 0.10380665212869644, 0.4622272849082947, 0.9065283536911011, -0.035608407109975815, -0.5924198031425476, 0.11909398436546326, -0.3207721710205078, 0.20687808096408844, -0.3148157000541687, 0.29046034812927246, 0.054515961557626724, 0.37781020998954773, 0.28851228952407837, 0.028587166219949722, 0.4574117362499237, 0.004462722223252058, -0.6418840289115906, -0.6007198691368103, -0.4275461435317993, -0.49727070331573486, 0.0020127338357269764, 0.9094476103782654, 0.36082738637924194, 0.17852969467639923, -0.3543541133403778, 0.02921932563185692, 0.07603969424962997, -0.3751845955848694, 0.48651617765426636, -1.0185792446136475, 0.1395181119441986, -0.021858198568224907, 0.6661866903305054, 0.40306156873703003, -1.0816174745559692, -0.340647429227829, -0.024777144193649292, 0.31898611783981323, -0.7672759294509888, -0.18052084743976593, 0.02084117941558361, -0.694917619228363, -0.27298587560653687, 0.014845740050077438, 0.2919594943523407, -0.6301136612892151, -0.6667596101760864, -0.2128678411245346, 0.674652636051178, 0.7272472977638245, -0.5345532298088074, -0.3076525032520294, 0.3244890868663788, -1.0043824911117554, -0.012153192423284054, -0.1613568663597107, -0.05901002511382103, -0.542879045009613, 0.07243034988641739, -5.417925834655762, 0.4271700382232666, -0.6389353275299072, -0.6116542220115662, 0.02089034393429756, 0.23732958734035492, 0.46279531717300415, -0.4124281108379364, -0.08923180401325226, 0.06776154786348343, 1.1569653749465942, 0.46411219239234924, 0.20424571633338928, -0.11024631559848785, -0.39103153347969055, -0.06882350891828537, -0.06361554563045502, -0.8890168070793152, 0.13380004465579987, -0.14468316733837128, 0.23528064787387848, 0.010075252503156662, -0.2668296694755554, 0.3449539840221405, 0.46231499314308167, 0.154647096991539, -0.9228222370147705, 0.12678629159927368, -0.7000367045402527, -0.15796759724617004, 0.11722312867641449, 0.045823171734809875, -0.46288084983825684, 0.4089571237564087, -0.16500908136367798, 0.767900824546814, 0.10398279130458832, -0.08359324187040329, -0.6445764303207397, -0.29790669679641724, -0.08231087774038315, -0.43098878860473633, -0.2608112394809723, 0.2546258568763733, 0.7580683827400208, 0.0784163847565651, 0.1404024213552475, -0.42770084738731384, -0.37291592359542847, 0.19564080238342285, 0.3809140920639038, -0.49552908539772034, 0.54029780626297, 0.3904646635055542, 0.39552152156829834, -0.5287559628486633, 0.03369621932506561, -0.33125069737434387, -0.22802269458770752, 0.26711511611938477, -0.21356937289237976, 0.06280089914798737, 0.5166372060775757, -0.5568054914474487, -0.2904864549636841, 0.33667561411857605, -0.12220503389835358, -0.27763983607292175, 0.1743188351392746, -0.12527906894683838, -0.26405370235443115, 0.5323203206062317, -0.13634075224399567, -0.9586877226829529, 0.3095764219760895, 0.0495094433426857, -0.6810414791107178, -0.19728834927082062, -0.11703550815582275, -0.5095545649528503, -0.3322186768054962, -0.19574354588985443, 0.2552270293235779, -0.17979048192501068, 0.5183638334274292, -0.5024791955947876, 0.24648301303386688, -0.4956730008125305, 0.2102546989917755, -0.4603203535079956, 0.24640491604804993, -0.6777405142784119, 0.5223157405853271, 0.2304387241601944, 0.049683935940265656, 0.8562588095664978, -0.209867462515831, 0.14210350811481476, 0.20048899948596954, -0.1359815150499344, 0.3625424802303314, -0.6191716194152832, -0.29020175337791443, -0.580531895160675, 0.03974885120987892, -0.22852067649364471, -0.07887469232082367, 0.10946754366159439, 0.1462772637605667, -0.5497277975082397, 0.3466539978981018, 0.31168264150619507, -0.5527588129043579, -0.24911393225193024, 0.4948886036872864, -0.05622385814785957, -0.39132997393608093, 0.7731695771217346, 0.8203782439231873, 0.4265545606613159, 0.5315080285072327, 0.055422041565179825, -0.4512394070625305, 0.2603531777858734, 0.7033726572990417, 0.05467487871646881, 0.019449004903435707, 0.5089934468269348, -0.4807203412055969, -0.13946561515331268, -0.044702064245939255, 0.083685003221035, 0.03956533595919609, 0.06636093556880951, -0.04590309038758278, -0.40307101607322693, -0.7106248140335083, -0.3107872009277344, -0.09202630817890167, -0.2553577125072479, 0.0027036070823669434, -0.103293776512146, 0.0011073925998061895, 0.1398889124393463, 0.590912401676178, 0.6812297701835632, -0.050281912088394165, -0.6339641213417053, -0.916802167892456, 0.190743088722229, 0.01904252916574478, -0.07486531883478165, 0.003022623946890235, -0.5198618173599243, -0.5197826623916626, 0.049243006855249405, 1.0067373514175415, 0.9017413258552551, -0.8173375129699707, -0.5522699952125549, 0.11525262892246246, -0.40288564562797546, -0.6993721723556519, 0.42437559366226196, -0.03438638523221016, -0.06184714660048485, 0.04443574324250221, 0.021235715597867966, -0.3371530771255493, 0.7716650366783142, 0.020741337910294533, -0.8448927402496338, -0.2352757453918457, 0.5753873586654663, 0.4700028896331787, -0.3210332691669464, -0.5034303069114685, -0.14231716096401215, 0.3708305358886719, 0.04201723262667656, -0.27892255783081055, 0.16933806240558624, 0.14320383965969086, 0.6150508522987366, 0.22578559815883636, 0.5590654015541077, -0.13489662110805511, -0.497057169675827, -0.19982650876045227, 0.26940879225730896, 0.6619635820388794, 0.3332415521144867, 0.10111700743436813, 0.04159321263432503, -0.9875823259353638, -0.5974122285842896, 0.052843835204839706, 0.24097540974617004, -0.36076653003692627, -0.32131773233413696, -0.10485226660966873, 0.05490729212760925, -0.06694349646568298, 0.6459454298019409, 0.553132176399231, -0.5857924818992615, -0.11908072978258133, 0.14859676361083984, -0.6997745633125305, -0.7418925166130066, -0.2260618507862091, 0.1196928471326828, -0.39873960614204407, 1.1188883781433105, 0.13724979758262634, -0.38256019353866577, 0.4646531641483307, -0.4371103048324585, -0.34025633335113525, 0.053451355546712875, -0.141056627035141, -0.27321064472198486, -0.04419184848666191, -0.33842524886131287, -0.5451428890228271, 1.0682547092437744, -0.07868888229131699, -1.2672631740570068, 0.7540044784545898, -0.37522217631340027, -0.28626346588134766, 0.308928906917572, 0.32995638251304626, 0.0916619598865509, -0.20113065838813782, -0.46589699387550354, 0.5220106244087219, -0.44556868076324463, -0.37070298194885254, 0.2200329303741455, 0.18225619196891785, -0.12180068343877792, 0.2582625448703766, -0.6133947968482971, -0.11795050650835037, 0.3137144148349762, -0.1849321573972702, -0.5237857103347778, -0.4812331199645996, 0.40312039852142334, -0.4809480905532837, 0.0004932295414619148, -0.23578238487243652, -0.27716174721717834, 0.49217844009399414, -0.03960762172937393, -0.07064417749643326, -0.4455382525920868, -0.04936275631189346, -0.2308284342288971, -0.12933702766895294, 0.18926934897899628, 0.13090594112873077, 0.6957913041114807, 0.39354974031448364, -0.029183166101574898, -0.34704580903053284, -0.30457374453544617, 0.29911404848098755, -0.19773736596107483, -0.10344105213880539, 0.03885133937001228, 0.48280224204063416, 0.734163761138916, -0.11258111149072647, 0.5310667157173157, -0.18567034602165222, -0.06919772922992706, -0.1594945639371872, 0.15792270004749298, -0.007278601173311472, -0.7687393426895142, -0.3098905086517334, -0.5839444398880005, 0.976984977722168, -0.4117966890335083, -0.4597446024417877, -0.12428760528564453, -0.3678602874279022, -0.23416626453399658, 0.5756816864013672, 0.11441293358802795, 0.2425006628036499, 0.10555307567119598, 0.1499244123697281, 0.5074256658554077, 0.03319133073091507, 0.09872923046350479, -0.6199741959571838, -0.08396849781274796, -0.7638905048370361, 0.5387737154960632, 0.0901072770357132, 0.07293452322483063, 0.17534005641937256, -0.3912365436553955, 0.45364323258399963, 0.08924242854118347, -0.3117884695529938, 0.05963826924562454, -0.030092988163232803, 0.3277395963668823, 0.3043290674686432, 0.6635432839393616, -0.6829774975776672, 0.33724722266197205, -0.25617367029190063, -0.07361327111721039, -0.20456330478191376, 0.2191065549850464, 0.2950349450111389, 0.2662322521209717, 0.8863540291786194, 0.23184804618358612, 0.33014917373657227, 0.454727441072464, 0.165418803691864, 0.1615169495344162, 0.07619564980268478, 0.07404030114412308, 0.6087558269500732, -0.03032427467405796, -0.5151451826095581, 0.3145545423030853, -0.13940472900867462, -0.021026570349931717, -0.3522582948207855, -0.49733126163482666, -0.5930282473564148, 0.5984395146369934, 0.6818280220031738, 0.28947558999061584, 0.09572428464889526, 0.47525402903556824, 0.18221639096736908, 0.1944517344236374, -0.01197159942239523, -0.2223440557718277, 0.8003387451171875, -0.5413867831230164, 0.6289311647415161, -0.1191076785326004, 0.030079390853643417, 0.33705392479896545, -0.22274024784564972, -0.19096197187900543, 0.2589243948459625, 0.26520687341690063, -0.7414473295211792, -0.325543075799942, 0.06071167811751366, -0.19325275719165802, 0.3836023807525635, -0.07611319422721863, 0.7382333874702454, -0.15189599990844727, -0.30767855048179626, 0.05053237825632095, -0.4882003664970398, 0.10948245227336884, 0.6249685287475586, -0.3057955503463745, -0.4934372007846832, 0.36268407106399536, 0.8693504929542542, 0.40224698185920715, -0.1066485047340393, 0.280960351228714, -0.09523595869541168, 0.23707616329193115, -0.3502267301082611, 0.1759568750858307, -0.32201647758483887, -0.2458561211824417, -0.18234257400035858, 0.24138124287128448, -0.5213072896003723, 0.16127479076385498, 0.5997352600097656, -0.7065518498420715, 0.4165925085544586, 0.3229820728302002, 0.12051742523908615, 0.04382292181253433, 0.06649815291166306, -0.3309115469455719, 0.45266297459602356, 0.17381551861763, -0.09752914309501648, -0.029396647587418556, 0.4285416901111603, -0.04586251080036163, -0.5048673748970032, 0.4773433208465576, -1.1672980785369873, 0.8528366684913635, -0.42190590500831604, 0.263184130191803, -0.01268176082521677, 0.41053351759910583, 0.10343880206346512, 0.31828203797340393, -0.08675921708345413, -0.1255113035440445, -0.17714525759220123, 0.0380728542804718, 0.7973361015319824, -1.0119432210922241, -0.6944564580917358, -0.2596251368522644, 0.4903404116630554, -1.1621917486190796, -0.05962178856134415, 0.5398150086402893, -0.01571998931467533, -0.6920233964920044, 0.8021966218948364, -0.4370565116405487, 0.1384633630514145, 0.5913494825363159, 0.26730072498321533, 0.6576058864593506, -0.3685155510902405, -0.0026489419396966696, -0.12925168871879578, -0.4664716124534607, 0.6150527000427246, 0.3147504925727844, 0.42359045147895813, -0.0951671153306961, 0.2911882996559143, -0.6435315608978271, -0.3055996596813202, -0.38916757702827454, -0.4129534959793091, 0.03073996864259243, -0.15483450889587402, -0.10985983163118362, 0.26486459374427795, 0.13668981194496155, -0.03946951404213905, 0.6654613018035889, -0.39850538969039917, -0.06494054943323135, 0.16586114466190338, -0.2131163477897644, 0.3324195146560669, -0.7645147442817688, 0.6041668653488159, 0.105649434030056 ]
216592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal%20stationery	Postal stationery	A piece of postal stationery is a stationery item, such as a stamped envelope, letter sheet, postal card, lettercard, aerogram or wrapper, with an imprinted stamp or inscription indicating that a specific rate of postage or related service has been prepaid. It does not, however, include any postcard without a pre-printed stamp, and it is different from freepost for preprinted cards issued by businesses. Format and origin In general, postal stationery is handled similarly to postage stamps; sold from post offices either at the face value of the printed postage or, more likely, with a surcharge to cover the additional cost of the stationery. It can take the form of an official mail issue produced only for the use of government departments. It can be an issue of a military force where an army, perhaps in a distant war, issues letter sheets for the use of its troops to write home. Postal stationery can be overprinted by the government or, occasionally, by a private overprint. In emergency situations, postal stationery has been produced by handstamping envelopes with modified canceling devices; many of the rare Confederate postmasters' provisionals are of this form. Finally, some postal stationery can be printed to private order. In this last case, stamped stationery bearing indicia is applied with postal administration approval and with specified regulations, to paper or cards provided by private persons or organizations. Private impressions result in a wider range of denominations and designs compared with governmental issues. Types Aerograms The postal services of some countries also offer a form of letter sheet called an aerogram consisting of a blank sheet of paper with folding instructions and adhesive flaps that becomes its own envelope, and carries prepaid postage at either the international airmail letter rate or at a special lower aerogram rate. Letter sheets lend themselves to airmail usage because they are lightweight. Enclosures are not permitted in aerograms. Sales of aerograms in the United States ended in 2006 due to poor sales. Letter cards A letter card almost has the advantages of a postal card as far as weight and size, but also the advantage of privacy of contents is concerned. It is a double card, folded over, with gum or adhesive applied to the three open edges. It is then opened by the recipient by tearing perforations on the three sides that are on the message side of the gum. The gummed strip around the card is then discarded, giving rise to the problems collectors have in finding intact used cards. The US has never issued any letter cards. Letter sheets Before 1845 correspondence was not enclosed in an envelope. Letters were folded, sealed, addressed and postmarked on the outside. This continued even after adhesive postage stamps were introduced. The popularity of folded letters led postal authorities to introduce stamped letter sheets. These became available in the U.S. in 1861, but the first official postal stationery were the 1838 embossed letter sheets of New South Wales. These were followed by the Mulready stationery that was issued by Great Britain at the same time as the Penny Black in 1840. Since then, most postal services have issued a steady stream of stationery alongside stamps. Often the design of the stationery mimics the contemporaneous stamps, though with less variety and lower printing quality, due to the limitations of printing directly onto the envelope. Much later, 1947 in the U.S., letter sheets morphed into lithographed air letter sheets or aerograms. Postal cards Postal cards are postal stationery and have a printed or embossed indicium and are sold by governmental postal authorities. In the United States, they were first produced in 1873. Some of the forms taken by postal cards include the regular single card, the attached message-reply cards, airmail postal cards, and official postal cards used for official government business with a "penalty for private use". Postcards, on the other hand, are cards prepared by private companies that do not have prepaid franking and readily available at commercial outlets. They are frequently illustrated with pictures or printed advertisements. They are generally not considered postal stationery. Registered envelopes A strong envelope with an imprinted stamp sold only for use with the registered mail service. Confusingly, these are usually marked Registered Letter but that term strictly only relates to a normal letter or packet that has extra postage and markings applied so that it may travel under the registered mail service. Stamped envelopes The envelope form may be called a stamped envelope or, alternatively, a postal stationery envelope (PSE for short). In August 1852 an act of the U.S. Congress authorized the Postmaster General to provide "suitable letter envelopes with such watermarks or other guards against counterfeits... with the addition of the value or denomination of the postage stamps so printed or impressed thereon...". The first result was the 1853 Nesbitt issues of stamped envelopes, named after the contractor who produced them for the government. Considering the different envelope sizes, knives, colors, dies to print the indicia, and denominations there have been literally thousands of different stamped envelopes produced for the U.S. Wrappers The manufacture of wrappers for the sending of newspapers or periodicals began in the U.S. in 1861. The first wrappers were rectangular pieces of paper with gum to seal it on one end and an embossed envelope stamp or indicium on it. By 1870, the form was that of a rectangle with the narrow side rounded and gummed at the top. They were manufactured from piles of 300 - 500 sheets of paper which were then cut to shape by a knife. After around 1900, they were cut individually from long ribbons of paper which had been printed with an embossed envelope die. In the US, they were removed from the items for sale in 1934, though remainders were sold for several years after that. By 1940 most countries had discontinued their production due to declining demand. Because the recipient of a wrapped newspaper often tore it open and threw it away, untorn used wrappers, preferred by collectors, are scarce. Scarcer yet are wrappers with the original newspaper contents. Because of their larger size, even mint copies are often sold folded or creased which is also less desirable to collectors. Collecting Most postal stationery pieces are collected as entires, that is, the whole card, sheet or envelope. In the 19th century the practice was to collect "cut squares" (or cut-outs in the UK) which involved clipping the embossed indicia from a postal envelope. This destroyed the envelope. As a result, one cannot tell from a cut square what specific envelope it came from and, many times, the cancellation information. The manner in which the stamped envelope is cut out (defined by the term "knife") vanishes on a cut square. Thus most collectors prefer entires to cut squares. Many country-specific stamp catalogs list postal stationery and there are books devoted to the postal stationery of individual countries. The current, but now dated, principal encyclopedic work is the nineteen volume Higgins & Gage World Postal Stationery Catalog. Societies Collectors of postal stationery may seek out postal stationery societies or study groups in other countries. These societies provide information, publications and guidance to those who are interested. They include: Australia: The Postal Stationery Society of Australia Belgium: Societe Belge de l'Entier Postal Canada: British North American Philatelic Society Postal Stationery Study Group France: Entiers Postaux Français Germany: Berliner Ganzsachen-Sammler-Verein Great Britain / UK: Postal Stationery Society of Great Britain, The Postal Stationery Society Netherlands: Nederlandse Vereniging van Poststukken Switzerland: Swiss Postal Stationery Collectors Society / Schweizerischer Ganzsachen-Sammler-Verein (SGSSV) United States: United Postal Stationery Society References Further reading General Gage, Alexander D., Edward G. Fladung & Melvin Feiner (Eds.). Higgins & Gage World Postal Stationery Catalog. Pasadena: Higgins & Gage, 1964-89. (19 volumes covering the whole world). Melville, Fred. J. Postal Stationery. London: Philatelic Institute, 1924 12p. Series Title: Philatelic Institute papers; no. 14. Mott, Rodney L. Postal stationery, a collector's guide to a fascinating world-wide philatelic pursuit. Bloomington: United Postal Stationery Society, 1968 28p. Mott, Rodney L. What do you know about postal stationery? Bloomington: United Postal Stationery Society, 1971-85 8p. van Gelder, Peter J. The collectors' guide to postal stationery. Shrewsbury: Squirrel Publishing, 1997 88p. Great Britain Huggins, A.K. British Postal Stationery, A Priced Handbook of the Postal Stationery of Great Britain, Great Britain Philatelic Society, 1970. Huggins, Alan. & Colin Baker. Collect British Postal Stationery: A Simplified Listing of British Postal Stationery 1840 to 2007, G. B. Philatelic Publications Ltd. on behalf of The Great Britain Philatelic Society and The Postal Stationery Society, 2007, 151 pages, United States Perry, Thomas Doane. Guide to the Stamped Envelopes and Wrappers of the United States, 1940. Bussey, Lewis E., Ed.; United States Postal Card Catalog, United Postal Stationery Society, 2010, 248 pages; A most complete treatment of U.S. postal cards. India Deschl, Edward F, The Comprehensive India States Postal Stationery Listing, Edward Deschl, 1994, 323 pages, Pandya, Prashant H, A Guide to Modern Indian Postal Stationery, 1947-2003, Vol. 1, Envelopes, 2003, Softbound, 132 pages, Covering Independent India Postal Stationery Envelopes. External links British Postal Stationery from 1971 Catalog of Postal Stationery Items Postal Cards of Cuba (1878 -1958): Comprehensive Cuban collection Postal Stationery of Denmark: Internet display of a Danish postal stationery collection, 1871-1905 by Lars Engelbrecht. Postal stationery at postalhistory.org The FIP (Federation Internationale de Philatelie) Postal Stationery Commission: Worldwide Philatelic terminology Postal systems Stationery Envelopes	[ 0.5306836366653442, 0.3732568621635437, -0.0358399897813797, 0.31303301453590393, -0.01200176402926445, 0.18202432990074158, -0.05250873044133186, 0.42450496554374695, -0.2325461506843567, -0.520142674446106, -0.5436803698539734, -0.3194602429866791, 0.05482202768325806, 0.24532635509967804, -0.15518738329410553, 0.16889643669128418, 0.33000630140304565, 0.5722113847732544, -0.2772165536880493, -0.4330088496208191, -0.7859711050987244, -0.07674571126699448, -0.14219412207603455, -0.7772059440612793, 0.18772582709789276, 0.060439079999923706, 0.07201828062534332, -0.5481680631637573, -0.8954848647117615, -0.13949429988861084, 0.39227449893951416, 0.4242512583732605, 0.275311678647995, 0.04568313807249069, -0.15876662731170654, -0.5009170174598694, 0.24340380728244781, -0.5520991683006287, -0.34133121371269226, -1.1065889596939087, -0.1551738977432251, -0.10835100710391998, 0.5714614987373352, 0.4035091698169708, -0.4700608253479004, -0.4174235463142395, -1.6948189735412598, 0.11708863824605942, -0.9664298295974731, 0.1845509260892868, -0.13114438951015472, 0.37949344515800476, 0.3029325306415558, 0.71610027551651, 0.1859276443719864, 0.8436309099197388, -0.626025915145874, -0.21180802583694458, 0.18716967105865479, -0.3720022141933441, 0.563231348991394, 0.008393844589591026, -0.011595427058637142, 0.2883061468601227, 0.7533962726593018, -0.11627331376075745, 0.059585090726614, 0.5796302556991577, -0.3286092281341553, -0.5920498967170715, 0.029036300256848335, -0.38322776556015015, 0.5132659077644348, -0.10994821786880493, -0.18789321184158325, 0.05516740307211876, -0.26602616906166077, 0.13462597131729126, -0.6977344751358032, -0.268277645111084, -0.2612455487251282, 1.228267788887024, 0.3437139391899109, -0.10940925776958466, 0.5944294333457947, 0.09592308849096298, -0.6459780335426331, 0.18835444748401642, -0.09041823446750641, 0.4997420310974121, 0.5651696920394897, -0.09057777374982834, 0.4634968042373657, 0.09490817040205002, -0.0628587156534195, -0.36478209495544434, -0.4112749397754669, 0.2438361942768097, 0.2917276918888092, 0.45657414197921753, -0.5036693215370178, -0.16634362936019897, 1.1770957708358765, -0.3043002188205719, -0.06703907996416092, -0.16529437899589539, 0.16995622217655182, -0.22868992388248444, 0.13699959218502045, 0.1598459929227829, -0.08135717362165451, -0.226684108376503, -0.15860985219478607, 0.5418145656585693, -0.523476243019104, 0.2869530916213989, 0.41016098856925964, 0.01956338621675968, -0.35833248496055603, -0.2765933573246002, 0.795881450176239, 0.2354246824979782, 0.256552129983902, -0.6931179761886597, 0.38842537999153137, 0.08446094393730164, 0.5729314088821411, 0.5631481409072876, -0.4893946945667267, 0.06479579210281372, 0.1198379173874855, 1.1062113046646118, -0.4065829813480377, 0.35382241010665894, -0.07123750448226929, 0.08202703297138214, -0.0861610695719719, 0.019438739866018295, 0.32726967334747314, 0.025230690836906433, -0.8626881241798401, 0.05592510849237442, -0.3539561629295349, -0.4416837692260742, -0.14104603230953217, 0.27776864171028137, 0.31981274485588074, -0.3760952949523926, -0.47139233350753784, -0.18029724061489105, -0.10725201666355133, -0.7730206251144409, 0.2888428270816803, 0.6288824081420898, -0.6640118956565857, -0.350048691034317, 0.5837039351463318, -0.13769973814487457, 0.08005068451166153, -0.18842430412769318, 0.1451774388551712, 0.1461668461561203, -0.556755006313324, 0.2035931646823883, 0.018380198627710342, 0.03548790141940117, -0.022337043657898903, 0.7633787989616394, 0.3155383765697479, 0.3143886923789978, -0.27105867862701416, 0.10748215764760971, -0.06102122366428375, 0.06321778148412704, -0.041876278817653656, 0.1622878611087799, 0.3619489371776581, -0.06443214416503906, 0.733414888381958, 0.05157199129462242, -0.6948662400245667, 0.6241048574447632, 0.42771217226982117, -0.21933437883853912, 0.2636725902557373, 0.004507151897996664, 0.24642671644687653, 0.12499372661113739, -0.4142789840698242, -0.6742551922798157, -0.843998372554779, -0.6900634765625, -0.37265369296073914, -0.4738406538963318, 0.6253087520599365, -0.1891554594039917, -0.11213319003582001, 1.2678635120391846, -0.1498153954744339, 0.5987408757209778, -0.059500377625226974, 0.27076056599617004, 0.36308610439300537, -0.30069997906684875, -0.33600175380706787, 0.4753614664077759, 0.634253740310669, 0.37347373366355896, 0.4516688883304596, 0.09629523009061813, 0.6941991448402405, -0.1819780170917511, 0.6462327837944031, 0.6126829385757446, -0.17074719071388245, 0.5074768662452698, 0.026615537703037262, -0.11798518151044846, -0.18778808414936066, -0.8584313988685608, 0.7186961770057678, 0.01620545983314514, 0.25141218304634094, 1.2590678930282593, -0.6241838932037354, 0.5463677048683167, -0.3305354118347168, -0.02014707401394844, 0.2502366304397583, -0.4501446485519409, 0.7359175086021423, -0.07510512322187424, 0.47200849652290344, -0.7886788845062256, -0.3012227714061737, 0.052556198090314865, -0.023935837671160698, -0.22305911779403687, -0.038421474397182465, 0.18979625403881073, 0.10608043521642685, -0.03769014775753021, -0.276736319065094, 0.1700817048549652, 0.09337148070335388, 0.022066185250878334, -0.5065473914146423, 0.5837855935096741, 0.0067619988694787025, -0.3820072412490845, 0.9641242623329163, 0.22826190292835236, -0.15249843895435333, -0.2852165997028351, -0.22152964770793915, -0.1378999650478363, -0.2808939516544342, 0.23493380844593048, 0.3632761240005493, 0.19563212990760803, -0.12072528153657913, 0.1814519464969635, -0.045724887400865555, 0.20532886683940887, -0.27356094121932983, -0.5008809566497803, -0.006315859965980053, -0.37350255250930786, 0.26913750171661377, 0.6837281584739685, 0.6344133615493774, 0.40720075368881226, -1.3868457078933716, 0.07776101678609848, -0.16172495484352112, -0.49470022320747375, 0.3353079557418823, 0.22305408120155334, -0.14327408373355865, -0.3428868353366852, -0.25021040439605713, 0.45147472620010376, 0.5351632833480835, -0.8921741843223572, -0.0740424320101738, -0.5486466884613037, 0.43449339270591736, -0.14114198088645935, -0.3883608877658844, 0.016419338062405586, -0.24729986488819122, 0.48742547631263733, -0.44053399562835693, 0.18423087894916534, 0.7359267473220825, 0.37076249718666077, 0.09096187353134155, 0.18914851546287537, 0.30211955308914185, -0.5298424363136292, -0.0178229883313179, -0.03312963992357254, -0.027081945911049843, -0.2571639120578766, -0.043382175266742706, -0.28434163331985474, -0.057675931602716446, -0.7061662077903748, -5.56660795211792, 0.26086944341659546, -0.09024666249752045, -0.687624990940094, 0.126350536942482, 0.19911038875579834, 1.1228561401367188, -0.18291576206684113, -0.09588216990232468, -0.1362355351448059, -0.19566723704338074, 0.11849641054868698, 0.44522058963775635, 0.05616255849599838, 0.7217504978179932, 0.06267838180065155, 0.2545258402824402, 0.1484636664390564, -0.0794820487499237, 0.012988884001970291, -0.4734751284122467, -0.08910968899726868, 0.7612206339836121, 0.77911376953125, 0.2524893581867218, 0.39457547664642334, -0.5993331670761108, -0.07152512669563293, 0.14295348525047302, -0.08457611501216888, 0.5435818433761597, 0.11750376224517822, 0.3260519206523895, -0.20925749838352203, -0.23705187439918518, -0.05314776673913002, 0.8097828030586243, 0.3157503604888916, -0.3856111168861389, -0.4991493225097656, 0.5626739263534546, 0.6875288486480713, 0.3530799150466919, -0.15817652642726898, 0.07056700438261032, -0.5180740356445312, -0.08945010602474213, -0.6738467216491699, -0.5399464964866638, 0.6643916368484497, -0.18015329539775848, 0.5306291580200195, 0.30510714650154114, -0.11561320722103119, 0.022380702197551727, -0.19137516617774963, 0.10379566997289658, 0.11877896636724472, -1.065445065498352, 0.20815137028694153, -0.10501355677843094, -0.3778380751609802, -0.5611371994018555, -0.5013604760169983, -0.17046181857585907, -0.3389584422111511, -1.04863703250885, -0.19254593551158905, 0.7262486815452576, 0.3353613615036011, -0.8074785470962524, 0.3729844093322754, 0.33954980969429016, -0.6439676880836487, 0.47680702805519104, -0.8704563975334167, 0.2529464662075043, 0.05515022575855255, 0.1381588727235794, -0.04281143099069595, 0.18507331609725952, 0.00911471527069807, -0.46343860030174255, 0.24890662729740143, 0.24173946678638458, -0.7557663321495056, -0.3009642958641052, -0.08035627007484436, -0.598357081413269, -0.4219330847263336, 0.9999768137931824, 0.18615669012069702, 0.27267080545425415, 0.05707760527729988, 0.043824147433042526, 0.1986485868692398, 0.48443901538848877, 0.06553255766630173, 0.08632345497608185, -0.4691540002822876, 0.6094104051589966, 0.1274690479040146, -0.10925572365522385, -0.9783805012702942, -0.3592711389064789, -0.44495463371276855, -0.950821578502655, 0.13387183845043182, 0.4603082835674286, 0.039486270397901535, -0.3408167362213135, -0.029870634898543358, -0.7633390426635742, -0.718478262424469, -0.08495789021253586, 0.7092458009719849, -0.5711496472358704, -0.14887452125549316, 0.26971617341041565, -0.35037916898727417, 0.5733180642127991, -0.1569366455078125, -0.7802640795707703, -0.12624840438365936, -0.6684061884880066, -0.1407790184020996, 0.061973001807928085, -0.0839146301150322, 0.3583963215351105, -0.33343762159347534, 0.92684406042099, -0.04504833742976189, -0.4991530776023865, -0.2689855098724365, 0.31664562225341797, 0.5337885618209839, 0.0054193343967199326, 0.0722510814666748, -0.010050673969089985, -0.5927074551582336, 0.23886516690254211, -0.7928285598754883, -0.05402146279811859, 0.3049192726612091, 0.9940115213394165, -0.20206677913665771, -0.5347738862037659, 0.008477003313601017, 0.42840641736984253, 0.2839066982269287, -0.6202404499053955, -0.4393569827079773, -0.21841995418071747, -0.28352540731430054, 0.11439080536365509, -0.3154371678829193, 0.022623293101787567, -0.19555087387561798, -0.04098987579345703, -0.7609148621559143, 0.23795077204704285, 0.13026784360408783, -0.40021416544914246, 0.19660215079784393, -0.19808992743492126, -0.3938136696815491, -0.7412803769111633, 0.1713913381099701, -0.028884191066026688, 0.5877541303634644, -0.026233170181512833, -0.07425212115049362, -0.3242895007133484, -0.4581308960914612, 0.4361535310745239, 0.0047815097495913506, 0.20658820867538452, 0.33144518733024597, -0.0705915242433548, -0.3337617814540863, 0.18140104413032532, -0.5326616764068604, -0.07721403241157532, 0.31861892342567444, 0.5515705347061157, -0.5327771306037903, 0.14548359811306, 0.37117838859558105, -0.6104556918144226, -0.2870123088359833, -0.2383314073085785, -0.06237293407320976, 0.25441381335258484, -0.02602224051952362, -0.3888806700706482, -0.7906486392021179, -0.3357657492160797, 0.12545107305049896, 0.0590968132019043, -0.40171119570732117, 0.3287777602672577, 0.4848484992980957, -0.16498105227947235, -0.1830054074525833, -0.17747004330158234, -0.25508439540863037, 0.24401110410690308, -0.4133637249469757, -0.2987244129180908, 0.491148978471756, -0.4673681855201721, -0.2130797654390335, -0.2763642370700836, 0.4123643934726715, -0.3462340533733368, -0.09695890545845032, -0.1483204960823059, -0.2322624772787094, 0.19679854810237885, -0.17099720239639282, 0.38346803188323975, 0.4260021448135376, -0.5296293497085571, 0.3496129512786865, 0.18655599653720856, 0.4829854965209961, 0.4361257553100586, -1.1819679737091064, 0.446827232837677, -0.2510770261287689, -0.22995126247406006, -0.12924723327159882, 0.3926517367362976, -0.0003482932224869728, 0.13168790936470032, 0.06039165332913399, 0.10241641104221344, -0.000027533398679224774, -0.03432280570268631, 0.592444658279419, 0.2254156470298767, 0.5478754639625549, 0.10897195339202881, -0.848538875579834, -0.26272282004356384, 0.7310606241226196, 0.6723648309707642, -0.5719589591026306, -0.8309326171875, 0.7760427594184875, 0.1727169156074524, -0.3429729640483856, -0.6330423951148987, 0.08277422934770584, -0.11103051155805588, -0.20882734656333923, -0.23571325838565826, 0.09185019880533218, 0.22410529851913452, 0.8229421973228455, -0.1435714215040207, 0.08564845472574234, 0.0011398419737815857, 0.10228864848613739, 0.9249655604362488, 0.04078862443566322, -0.26182809472084045, 0.1023884192109108, 0.3048257827758789, -0.14169134199619293, 0.19053107500076294, 0.14496316015720367, 0.8457385897636414, 0.1972685307264328, 0.9022084474563599, -0.18311771750450134, 0.494196355342865, -0.42891860008239746, -0.40648555755615234, 0.09304464608430862, -0.3822893798351288, -0.360331267118454, 0.3470596969127655, -0.24963223934173584, -0.037370048463344574, -0.8880918622016907, 0.0261392779648304, 0.13520216941833496, -0.7783647179603577, -0.6259689927101135, -0.36407822370529175, 0.3185455799102783, -0.2965734601020813, 0.33431729674339294, -0.5672211647033691, 0.6766065359115601, -0.1961716264486313, 0.0867457464337349, 0.02039887197315693, 0.07472717016935349, -0.48162785172462463, 0.42269575595855713, 0.27771997451782227, -0.6556512117385864, 0.3966163098812103, 0.49604377150535583, 0.023434719070792198, -0.3271186053752899, -0.08884827047586441, -0.14781144261360168, -0.3917032480239868, -0.4528874456882477, 0.3663707673549652, 0.06253377348184586, 0.1467769742012024, -0.563663899898529, 0.3779950737953186, -0.6169497966766357, -0.30205410718917847, 0.11725890636444092, 0.241463765501976, -0.5192428827285767, 0.6606950163841248, 0.21330498158931732, -0.7202440500259399, 0.34630531072616577, -0.5464701056480408, -0.2250770777463913, 0.4378059506416321, 0.08788592368364334, 0.45380598306655884, 0.6936267018318176, 0.20728151500225067, -0.13634254038333893, -0.406972736120224, -0.6032970547676086, -0.3804317116737366, -0.2397865653038025, -0.2826509177684784, 0.8522397875785828, 0.228854238986969, 0.414395809173584, 0.02450711280107498, 0.15938740968704224, -0.2574494481086731, 0.2755359709262848, 0.5015596151351929, 0.41021597385406494, 0.1030753031373024, 0.20686547458171844, 0.3379492163658142, 0.5959944725036621, 0.34911802411079407, 0.5682751536369324, -0.001866200938820839, -0.7866052389144897, 0.18631874024868011, 0.1534918248653412, 0.04235086590051651, -0.4914185106754303, -0.16599096357822418, 0.3994322121143341, -0.19027410447597504, 0.1704881340265274, 0.19579638540744781, -0.23399583995342255, 0.33756309747695923, -0.6281462907791138, -0.0865735337138176, 0.008913664147257805, 0.09481579810380936, 0.3823138177394867, -0.03847600519657135, 0.5627988576889038, -0.13809622824192047, 0.11125489324331284, 0.570003092288971, 0.4267094135284424, 0.34631848335266113, -0.23461204767227173, -0.17939338088035583, -0.17942176759243011, -0.0986015796661377, -0.7638142108917236, 0.27843523025512695, -0.6602813005447388, -0.39262905716896057, 0.23291897773742676, -0.08561103790998459, -0.12773381173610687, -0.025881780311465263, -0.7026593089103699, -0.01684771105647087, -0.18477678298950195, 0.09166457504034042, 0.05067877098917961, -0.015899650752544403, 1.0235066413879395, 0.27576708793640137, -0.3261612057685852, -0.7999734878540039, 0.4686294496059418, 0.3783910274505615, -0.4717111587524414, -0.4123029112815857, 0.48941850662231445, 0.022459635511040688, 0.4373055398464203, -0.4296485185623169, 0.4260576367378235, 0.1951436996459961, -0.05133616924285889, 0.1303107887506485, -0.12824472784996033, 0.12027658522129059, -0.10939288139343262, 0.3067045509815216, -0.22366400063037872, -0.23269999027252197, -0.15606170892715454, 0.3259660005569458, 0.0020736807491630316, 0.5257741212844849, 0.010962232947349548, -0.2142241895198822, -0.1246834546327591, -0.2136124223470688, 0.7353174090385437, -0.5675622224807739, 0.3423614799976349, -0.09212253242731094, -0.06305073946714401, -0.6582678556442261, 0.24038103222846985, -0.07865040004253387, 0.6321229338645935, -0.17500311136245728, -0.10816307365894318, 0.097562775015831, -0.558335542678833, -0.008302648551762104, -0.029449444264173508, 0.15994292497634888, 0.07717184722423553, -0.3653941750526428, 0.23619875311851501, -0.02180654928088188, -0.07071415334939957, -1.022497296333313, 0.5345366597175598, 0.13704048097133636, -0.24012960493564606, 0.7670508027076721, 0.03862576559185982, -0.15137095749378204, 0.12287986278533936, 0.2883637249469757, 0.0887608677148819, -0.3977915942668915, 0.3892264664173126 ]
216594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt	Söğüt	Söğüt (, ; Greek: Θηβάσιον or Θηβάσιο, Thêbásion) is a town and district in Bilecik Province, Turkey. It is in the Marmara region in the north-west of the country, with an area of , bordering Bilecik to the west, Gölpazarı to the north, İnhisar to the north-east, Tepebaşı (Eskişehir) to the south-east, and Bozüyük to the south-west. Söğüt district has 5 boroughs and 23 villages, with the population last recorded as 21,012 citizens (2000), but according to a 2010 estimate the population was 19,425. Söğüt is notable as the founding location and first capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1335. Name and etymology The name of the settlement is first attested under the Greek name Thêbásion in 13th century. According to Ottoman cadastral record books of 1487 in Hüdavendigâr area the town was registered under the Turkish name Beğsöğüdü or Bey Söğüdü, and this name took the form Söğüd in government records after the first half of the 17th century. According to Sevan Nişanyan during the 15th and 16th centuries Söğüd was used the describe the kazâ, meanwhile Beğsöğüdü was used to mean the central settlement of that kazâ. He also proposed that the Greek name, if loaned to Turkish, must have been evolved to Sivad or Sivas, which in turn might be the source of the later Turkish names. History Söğüt was a Seljuk Turkish land in western Anatolia, bordering the Eastern Roman Empire. It was given to Ertuğrul by the Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I. Ertuğrul bey and his tribe (allegedly part of the Kayi tribe/branch of the Oghuz Turks who settled Anatolia in the 12th and 13th centuries) migrated and settled there during the Mongol invasion after the Battle of Köse Dağ. Ertuğrul ruled there and handled the matters of the people living in there until his death. He also made a mosque for the Muslims living there and dug up a well in there so that they could use for Ablution. The mosque is still located in there as Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque. As the Rum Seljuk state collapsed, Söğüt became the centre of the Beylik of the Osmanoğulları or Osmanlı Beylik (which later expanded to become the Ottoman Empire). Legend has it that the bey (chief) of the tribe in the late 13th century, Ertuğrul, bravely kept the enemies at bay so that his son, Osman, could conquer them all during his reign from 1299 to 1326. When Osman's son, Orhan, came to power after his father's death, he renamed the Kayi tribe Osmanlı in honour of his father. The village of Söğüt (Byzantine Thebasion until 1231) later grew into a town that served the Osmanlı Beylik as its capital until the capture of the Byzantine city of Proussa (Bursa) in 1326 that succeeded it as the administrative centre of the Beylik. Söğüt was the birthplace of Sultan Osman I. It was conquered by Ertuğrul for the Anatolian Seljuks from the Nicean Empire in 1231. It had a kaza centre in the Ertuğrul Sanjak of Hüdavendigâr Vilayet, the centre of which was Bilecik. The kaza centre included present-day districts of İnhisar, İnönü, Mihalgazi, Sarıcakaya and Yenipazar, central and eastern parts of Bozüyük and some villages of Nallıhan and Tepebaşı before World War I. Modern era Söğüt was occupied three times by Greek troops during the Turkish War of Independence: 8–11 January 1921, 24 March-21 April 1921 and 12 July 1921 – 6 September 1922. Today Söğüt is a small town in the humid river valley of Bilecik Province in Turkey. Turkish history and life-size statues of the Ottoman sultans are exhibited in the Söğüt Ethnographical Museum. It is also the 3rd biggest district center in its province after Bozüyük and Bilecik. References Sources External links 13th century in the Ottoman Empire Populated places in Bilecik Province Söğüt District Districts of Bilecik Province Towns in Turkey	[ -0.023333420976996422, 0.263879656791687, -0.3829266428947449, -0.16736848652362823, 0.3674358129501343, 0.8408840894699097, 0.05341506376862526, 0.05187654122710228, -0.006018368992954493, -0.44472402334213257, -0.07745783776044846, -0.0015012914082035422, -0.6620851755142212, -0.25770020484924316, -0.5144042372703552, 0.38288548588752747, 0.6562062501907349, 0.20618586242198944, -0.0828690156340599, -0.1903715878725052, 0.10729631036520004, -0.10842631757259369, 0.18205976486206055, 0.26078668236732483, -0.16755180060863495, 0.07381901890039444, 0.09128028154373169, 0.5795459747314453, 0.2073640525341034, 0.24539269506931305, -0.08739189058542252, 0.5556859374046326, -0.28782880306243896, -0.31571680307388306, 0.06629309803247452, 0.551245391368866, 0.02453887276351452, -0.14212514460086823, -0.11411647498607635, -0.11460844427347183, -0.3210413157939911, 0.04815332591533661, 0.12058648467063904, 0.504155695438385, 0.2206936925649643, -1.1996734142303467, -0.664734423160553, 0.8562895655632019, -0.6379581093788147, 0.23677019774913788, -0.12855103611946106, 0.13890382647514343, -0.060048092156648636, -0.39456498622894287, 0.5839595794677734, 0.48160669207572937, -0.44543737173080444, 0.18343183398246765, -0.0405162014067173, 0.033926982432603836, -0.1693144589662552, -0.026871873065829277, 0.21943938732147217, -0.34284788370132446, 0.23443523049354553, 0.14721651375293732, 0.23963607847690582, 0.4519180953502655, 0.40778905153274536, -0.2732706665992737, -0.23567774891853333, 0.14749085903167725, -0.43736401200294495, 0.17409083247184753, 0.18102888762950897, -0.48816367983818054, -0.5825289487838745, -0.40744906663894653, 0.43943777680397034, 0.7140899896621704, 0.07525397092103958, -0.6253160238265991, 0.10430216789245605, 0.45418956875801086, 0.5612474679946899, 0.03906752169132233, -0.6528010964393616, 0.14485393464565277, -0.7701641917228699, 0.4361548125743866, 0.22276173532009125, -0.4160536825656891, 0.4100405275821686, -0.7147966623306274, -0.38551944494247437, 0.1704244613647461, 0.02586488425731659, 0.511445939540863, -0.10879338532686234, 0.3875913918018341, -0.63995760679245, 0.11964233964681625, -0.10716581344604492, -0.11838085949420929, 0.12645307183265686, -0.21502017974853516, -0.39288440346717834, -0.004027903079986572, -0.13655366003513336, -0.429395467042923, -0.4685443043708801, 0.3747372627258301, -0.04026605933904648, 0.30610474944114685, -0.06759043782949448, 0.09428885579109192, -0.7060148119926453, -0.26944392919540405, -0.4713157117366791, -0.5061012506484985, -0.13206446170806885, 0.5860360860824585, -0.4960257411003113, 0.3027448058128357, 0.38812771439552307, -0.3814186751842499, 0.13304871320724487, 0.2754470109939575, -0.5989779233932495, 0.3625565767288208, 0.8221068382263184, 0.5703307390213013, -0.6630632281303406, 0.6223029494285583, -0.20914311707019806, 0.4032517373561859, -0.3891943693161011, 0.14935651421546936, -0.2982883155345917, -0.18082544207572937, -0.9526589512825012, 0.8589000701904297, -0.7164024114608765, 0.32895228266716003, 0.24534562230110168, -0.27127495408058167, 0.2351440191268921, -0.356670081615448, -0.6822333931922913, -0.9287738800048828, 0.1291865110397339, 0.4458041191101074, -0.31741082668304443, 0.15858715772628784, -0.1563224494457245, 0.0820605605840683, 0.12490444630384445, -0.10996459424495697, 0.20091910660266876, -0.20012719929218292, 0.051688019186258316, -0.529877245426178, 0.26693612337112427, -0.011621437966823578, 0.0960940569639206, -0.19361813366413116, 0.10096319764852524, 0.4243035912513733, 0.5371029376983643, 0.4215240478515625, 0.015207012183964252, -0.17762161791324615, 0.5929983258247375, -0.5631425976753235, -0.08088726550340652, 0.044610485434532166, -0.05984126403927803, 0.4428822100162506, 0.15243254601955414, -0.1729610115289688, -0.7499075531959534, 0.09912075102329254, -0.5199679732322693, 0.4104325771331787, 0.0681338906288147, 0.28566840291023254, 0.0916103646159172, 0.1748429387807846, 0.0815344750881195, -0.6605652570724487, -0.31274184584617615, -0.902454137802124, -0.2706107497215271, 0.16467000544071198, 0.7894753217697144, 0.21656940877437592, -0.17648395895957947, 0.2317119836807251, -0.19137677550315857, 0.38412904739379883, -1.0997753143310547, -0.3549717366695404, 1.0971794128417969, -0.39364707469940186, 0.34653276205062866, 0.6548041701316833, 0.004318383522331715, 0.6552329063415527, 0.12704163789749146, 0.833591639995575, 0.5102224349975586, -0.7512981295585632, 0.08560310304164886, -0.09460018575191498, -0.044461239129304886, -0.3759852647781372, -0.26314663887023926, 0.3342870771884918, 0.3145782947540283, 0.15134061872959137, 0.2848542332649231, -0.351553738117218, -0.3610522150993347, 0.17552462220191956, -0.05207275599241257, 0.08443357795476913, 0.4670953154563904, -0.021333122625947, 0.2748670279979706, 0.006589098833501339, 0.42501887679100037, 0.04344240203499794, 0.419018030166626, -0.03771701082587242, -0.30871352553367615, -0.18830211460590363, 0.15087565779685974, -0.22159549593925476, 0.4701973795890808, -0.7397938966751099, -0.1663569211959839, 0.5056199431419373, 0.020821232348680496, -0.49530327320098877, 0.5402143597602844, 0.44396403431892395, 0.1907850205898285, 0.04868928715586662, 0.14603812992572784, -0.27421408891677856, -0.17956802248954773, 0.16670583188533783, 0.40224596858024597, -1.020951747894287, 0.1319786012172699, -0.5782780647277832, 0.23837660253047943, 0.05799943953752518, 0.26075074076652527, -0.5970051884651184, -0.3638821542263031, 0.09163345396518707, 0.18309299647808075, 0.2649484872817993, 0.35077765583992004, -0.15103615820407867, 0.259574830532074, -0.6866499781608582, 0.3300028145313263, 0.47843441367149353, 0.7559609413146973, -0.2074623554944992, -0.38002973794937134, 0.2742679715156555, -0.5067445635795593, -0.4088152050971985, 0.2552732825279236, 0.21062177419662476, -0.7000705599784851, -0.5305805206298828, 0.5300140976905823, 0.22463464736938477, 0.05568785220384598, -0.59711092710495, -0.15483811497688293, -0.6951733231544495, -0.6442127227783203, -0.4107101261615753, 0.15690654516220093, -0.15138600766658783, -0.24198326468467712, 0.2903997302055359, 0.2701587378978729, 0.3238257169723511, 0.16473789513111115, 0.1237606480717659, -0.12720851600170135, 0.35675284266471863, 0.695124626159668, -1.0784499645233154, -0.19456997513771057, -0.20323702692985535, -0.42185264825820923, 0.24005891382694244, 0.13302794098854065, 0.4576718509197235, -0.014341250993311405, -0.08315224200487137, -5.394861698150635, 0.3907943367958069, -0.4171243906021118, 0.20023414492607117, 0.6692243814468384, -0.34613823890686035, 0.30419212579727173, -0.38330358266830444, -0.04787377268075943, 0.08682388812303543, -0.5628336668014526, 0.2402040809392929, 0.004558017011731863, 0.6004540920257568, 0.1839597374200821, -0.024510491639375687, -0.24736692011356354, 0.5840931534767151, 0.3125002980232239, 0.41277721524238586, -0.3493565618991852, 0.0031555977184325457, -0.7211068272590637, 0.5652302503585815, 0.2835483253002167, 0.3933054804801941, -0.6346608400344849, -0.026055539026856422, -0.7512236833572388, -0.5010026693344116, -0.5382491946220398, -0.34369465708732605, -0.1604219675064087, 0.5413745045661926, 0.3279114067554474, -0.05903876945376396, 0.3916756808757782, 0.27475476264953613, 0.27411508560180664, -0.48796704411506653, -0.09489282220602036, 0.5074341893196106, -0.23770573735237122, -0.34056076407432556, 0.7101143598556519, -0.4913479685783386, -0.32960280776023865, -0.4247255325317383, -0.5159584283828735, 0.18082651495933533, 0.6276772618293762, -0.03292777016758919, -0.004714161157608032, 0.2910443842411041, 0.5600770711898804, -0.2873144745826721, 0.2378583699464798, -0.1956968903541565, 0.5497120022773743, 1.1862965822219849, 0.21046249568462372, 0.007931890897452831, -0.2982020974159241, -0.4133518934249878, -0.21898895502090454, -0.4018402397632599, 0.7461258769035339, -0.09069322049617767, -0.27537646889686584, 0.31963032484054565, -0.2222803831100464, 0.5841976404190063, -0.4314018785953522, -1.213560700416565, 0.22026565670967102, -0.6674296259880066, -1.0040417909622192, 0.0033702715300023556, -0.6369160413742065, 0.3919529318809509, -0.3329843282699585, -0.28465408086776733, 0.31654298305511475, 0.5189740061759949, 0.05303573235869408, -0.7306270599365234, 0.2907694876194, 0.11393850296735764, 0.2783339321613312, -0.48486897349357605, 0.5717020034790039, -0.5728441476821899, 0.4829319417476654, 0.08306143432855606, 0.3901146948337555, 0.2529216408729553, -0.10767719894647598, 0.14788785576820374, 0.3071230351924896, -0.2923656105995178, 0.7809563279151917, -0.22789008915424347, -0.6095665693283081, -0.14396098256111145, 0.20902909338474274, -0.15888765454292297, -0.10821986198425293, 0.5825701355934143, 0.856934666633606, -0.4090888500213623, 0.16795475780963898, 0.20323221385478973, -0.10886204987764359, -0.49799132347106934, 0.762286901473999, 0.11768500506877899, -0.03129269927740097, 0.6413191556930542, -0.43070799112319946, 0.33577287197113037, 0.1778758019208908, 0.09773225337266922, -0.32912108302116394, 0.3340510427951813, -0.21763257682323456, -0.3857403099536896, -0.9507132768630981, 0.157942533493042, 0.31669116020202637, 0.10437723249197006, 0.17995432019233704, 0.5016445517539978, -0.1705988049507141, -0.301886647939682, 0.1271732598543167, -0.09717482328414917, -0.3956950604915619, -0.7402406930923462, 0.3651480972766876, 0.10297409445047379, 0.2066156566143036, -0.25149643421173096, -0.21348494291305542, -0.22415971755981445, 0.22411902248859406, 0.17513836920261383, -0.13896025717258453, 0.042621858417987823, -0.9840598702430725, -0.1282051056623459, -0.7405893206596375, -0.11539173126220703, -0.19467593729496002, -0.5388262271881104, 0.23674483597278595, -0.41552358865737915, -0.029654942452907562, 0.7868606448173523, 0.08862391114234924, 0.1958695352077484, 0.13894467055797577, -1.0179756879806519, -1.201696515083313, -0.1152554303407669, 0.1826769858598709, -0.32516202330589294, -0.13154642283916473, -0.129125714302063, -0.4042140543460846, 0.39344868063926697, 0.11027036607265472, -0.674214780330658, -0.751916229724884, -0.6061012744903564, 0.2782179117202759, -1.1050537824630737, -0.5325812697410583, 0.28578677773475647, -0.4255572259426117, 0.05390634387731552, -0.20389707386493683, 0.10490026324987411, -0.45483657717704773, 0.052360650151968, 1.0140360593795776, 0.23351125419139862, -0.5141196250915527, -0.4375486969947815, -0.029517456889152527, -0.5884371995925903, -0.036786556243896484, -0.45463040471076965, -0.09349510073661804, 0.3610228896141052, 0.48502886295318604, -0.9197399020195007, 0.2519543468952179, -0.2522737979888916, -0.3851686120033264, -0.19524572789669037, 0.1577043980360031, 0.4170304834842682, -0.5039045810699463, 0.2737595736980438, -0.26521697640419006, -0.18725259602069855, 1.0108251571655273, 0.5565605759620667, -0.19586937129497528, -0.4449699819087982, -0.4755089581012726, -0.9308976531028748, 0.0022629268933087587, 0.354256808757782, -0.9446104764938354, 0.48736709356307983, 0.17408426105976105, 0.06791501492261887, -0.5137436389923096, -0.4671306312084198, -0.5256181359291077, -0.5656778216362, 0.04623820632696152, -0.22934287786483765, -0.2741476595401764, -0.059629254043102264, 0.12511104345321655, -0.7456533908843994, 0.13398514688014984, -0.07094136625528336, 0.3626289963722229, 0.3244037628173828, 0.5524852871894836, -0.23863302171230316, -0.2226628065109253, -0.2595857083797455, -0.17800909280776978, -0.1561095267534256, -0.01999613642692566, 0.06973302364349365, 0.16136038303375244, 1.2457937002182007, 0.09479581564664841, -0.2629756033420563, -0.0467347651720047, 0.7035004496574402, 0.10550137609243393, 0.025305235758423805, -0.13584958016872406, 0.2909314036369324, 0.5216702818870544, 0.47547996044158936, -0.0737152174115181, 0.09898349642753601, 0.06675951927900314, -0.36453887820243835, 0.05198308825492859, 0.6388027667999268, 0.2869231700897217, 0.5565657615661621, 0.0980185940861702, 0.621891438961029, 0.34299254417419434, 0.133540078997612, -0.1489487588405609, 0.008866013027727604, -0.8004414439201355, -0.5760346055030823, 0.5516008138656616, -0.555387020111084, -0.8243006467819214, -0.43020474910736084, 0.9589306116104126, 0.2617003321647644, 0.14406147599220276, 0.2950340807437897, 0.16140002012252808, 0.02852715738117695, -0.6052504777908325, 0.12426933646202087, -0.7622073888778687, -0.05937546491622925, -0.5201514363288879, -0.3144998550415039, -0.3000955879688263, -0.5683832168579102, 0.30608275532722473, 0.07561798393726349, -0.5379925966262817, 0.550601065158844, -0.05024953931570053, 0.19656993448734283, -0.37690719962120056, 0.1945999562740326, -0.36363843083381653, -0.4240920841693878, 0.12958793342113495, 0.5295296907424927, 0.21487295627593994, 0.22270797193050385, -0.5173209309577942, -0.2098550647497177, 0.11680234223604202, -0.33242687582969666, -0.0525474026799202, -0.10749588161706924, -0.11594194918870926, -0.26680150628089905, 0.10472448170185089, 0.5559605360031128, 0.3967423439025879, -0.3860177993774414, 0.7426552772521973, 1.1555016040802002, -0.32312169671058655, 0.30557966232299805, 0.9064730405807495, -0.3316635489463806, -0.07345769554376602, 0.6444560885429382, 0.454228937625885, -0.11016838997602463, 0.37147194147109985, 0.2931331396102905, 0.005850663408637047, 0.6352382302284241, -0.06773846596479416, 0.38780927658081055, 0.15328313410282135, 0.784603476524353, 0.32830294966697693, -0.04206538945436478, 0.09317084401845932, 0.5774632692337036, -0.03602185845375061, -0.4071650505065918, -0.16581636667251587, -0.3374323844909668, 0.43864676356315613, 0.27378585934638977, -0.12339084595441818, 0.38308221101760864, -0.13503125309944153, 0.5492272973060608, 0.23966248333454132, 0.30606383085250854, 0.3531765341758728, 0.03597850725054741, 0.6413487195968628, -0.09663039445877075, 0.08901094645261765, 0.13768358528614044, -0.23844850063323975, 0.1456184834241867, -0.700991153717041, 0.45687732100486755, 0.23711274564266205, -0.191641703248024, -0.4492187798023224, 0.9721672534942627, 0.6370465159416199, -0.18116097152233124, 0.28528767824172974, 0.521954357624054, 0.11135134100914001, -0.30179864168167114, 0.10694342106580734, -1.1503148078918457, 0.04213526472449303, 0.17866604030132294, -0.1589537411928177, 0.592369794845581, 0.046777211129665375, -0.2681211829185486, 0.14805051684379578, 1.0282154083251953, 0.03880836442112923, 0.7265249490737915, -0.1633283793926239, 0.19371283054351807, -0.0802789106965065, 0.38537147641181946, 0.17875267565250397, 0.16102086007595062, 0.11560133844614029, -0.3581148684024811, 0.21111631393432617, -0.7487729787826538, -0.8151647448539734, 0.128882497549057, -0.8026937246322632, -0.8770456314086914, -0.2521039843559265, 0.275973916053772, -0.43913042545318604, -0.4575425088405609, -0.28085413575172424, 0.5690903067588806, 0.33975949883461, 0.38936713337898254, -0.30700916051864624, -0.4924672544002533, -0.14200708270072937, 0.5571104288101196, 0.09219180047512054, 0.46618443727493286, -0.4600108861923218, 0.36882659792900085, -0.19798025488853455, 0.8098583221435547, 0.026028107851743698, 0.6765697598457336, 0.40968021750450134, -0.00346362660638988, -0.5249614715576172, 1.1840819120407104, 0.09850242733955383, -0.10105028748512268, 0.6564087867736816, -0.495534747838974, 0.2914733588695526, -0.49143603444099426, 0.13844479620456696, -0.15598613023757935, 0.23314489424228668, -0.0245048925280571, -0.43982475996017456, 0.40700969099998474, -0.9571055173873901, 0.22787156701087952, -0.029306432232260704, 0.22903917729854584, -0.41407546401023865, 0.06151106208562851, -0.44061195850372314, -0.022171858698129654, 0.4227841794490814, 0.2960047125816345, 0.5005252361297607, -0.594280481338501, 0.5155093669891357, 0.18612369894981384, -0.22695113718509674, -0.16157403588294983, 0.1521548479795456, 0.5175063610076904, -0.978626012802124, -0.8282490372657776, -0.21281301975250244, 0.5094307661056519, 0.13571839034557343, -0.6190103888511658, 0.5353429317474365, -0.25143128633499146, 0.08610086888074875, 0.39484351873397827, 0.009880413301289082, -0.6694340109825134, 0.7127545475959778, -0.22747227549552917 ]
216597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti%20Order	Chishti Order	The Chishtī Order ( chishtī) is a tariqa, an order or school within the mystic Sufi tradition of Sunni Islam. The Chishti Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness. It began with Abu Ishaq Shami in Chisht, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan, about 930 AD. The Chishti Order is primarily followed in Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent. It was the first of the four main Sufi orders (Chishti, Qadiri, Suhrawardi and Naqshbandi) to be established in this region. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti introduced the Chishti Order in Ajmer (Rajasthan, India) sometime in the middle of the 12th century. He was eighth in the line of succession from the founder of the Chishti Order, Abu Ishaq Shami. There are now several branches of the order, which has been the most prominent South Asian Sufi brotherhood since the 12th century. In the last century, the order has spread outside Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent. Chishti teachers have established centers in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and Eastern and Southern Africa. Guiding principles The Chishti shaykhs have stressed the importance of keeping a distance from worldly power. A ruler could be a patron or a disciple, but he or she was always to be treated as just another devotee. A Chishti teacher should not attend the court or be involved in matters of state, as this will corrupt the soul with worldly matters. In his last discourse to his disciples, Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti said: Chishti practice is also notable for Sama: evoking the divine presence by listening to and losing oneself in a form of music and poetry, usually Qawwali. The Chishti, and some other Sufi orders, believe that Sama can help devotees forget self in the love of Allah. However, the order also insists that followers observe the full range of Muslim obligations; it does not dismiss them as mere legalism, as some strands of Sufism have done. However some Qadiris point out that the Chishti Order and Moinuddin Chishti never permitted musical instruments, and cite a Chishti, Muhammad Ibn Mubarak Kirmani, the Mureed of Khwaja Fareed al-Deen Ganj-e-Shakar, who wrote in his Siyar al-Awliya that Nizamuddin Auliya said the following: Furthermore, Nizamuddin Auliya said: Practices The Chishtis follow five basic devotional practices (dhikr). Reciting the names of Allāh loudly, sitting in the prescribed posture at prescribed times (dhikr-i jali) Reciting the names of Allāh silently (dhikr-i khafī) Regulating the breath (pās-i anfās) Absorption in mystic contemplation (murā-ḳāba) Forty days or more days of spiritual confinement in a lonely corner or cell for prayer and contemplation (čilla) Literature Early Chishti shaykhs adopted concepts and doctrines outlined in two influential Sufi texts: the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif of Shaykh Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī and the Kashf al-Maḥjūb of Ali Hujwīrī. These texts are still read and respected today. Chishtis also read collections of the sayings, speeches, poems, and letters of the shaykhs. These collections, called malfūẓāt, were prepared by the shaykh's disciples. Spiritual lineage Sufi orders trace their origins ultimately to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who is believed to have instructed his successor in mystical teachings and practices in addition to the Qur'an or hidden within the Qur'an. Opinions differ as to this successor. Almost all Sufi orders trace their origins to 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad's cousin, whom the Shi'a regard as the first imam. The Chishti, though Sunni, trace their lineage through Ali. This is not unusual for Sufi orders, which tend to stress devotion rather than legalism and sectarianism. The traditional silsila (spiritual lineage) of the Chishti order is as follows: Muḥammad Ali ibn Abu Talib Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 728, an early Persian Muslim theologian) 'Abdul Wāḥid Bin Zaid Abul Faḍl (d. 793, an early Sufi saint) Fuḍayl ibn 'Iyāḍ Bin Mas'ūd Bin Bishr al-Tamīmī Ibrāhīm bin Adham (a legendary early Sufi ascetic) Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi Basra Iraq Abu Hubayra al-Basri Basra Iraq Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī Abu Ishaq Shamī (d. 940, founder of the Chishti order proper) Abu Aḥmad Abdal Chishti Abu Muḥammad Chishti Abu Yusuf Nasar-ud-Din Chishtī Qutab-ud-Din Maudood Chishtī Haji Sharif Zindani (d. 1215) Usman Harooni (d. 1220) Mu'īnuddīn Chishtī (Moinuddin Chishti) (1141-1230 or 1142–1236) Qutab-ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki (1173-1228) Farīduddīn Mas'ūd ("Baba Farid", 1173 or 1175 - 1266) After Farīduddīn Mas'ūd, the Chishti order divided into two branches: Chishtī Sabri, who follow Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari (Sabiri/Sabriya branch) Chishtī Nizami who follow Nizāmuddīn Auliyā. (Nizami/Nizamiya branch) History The Encyclopedia of Islam divides Chishti history into four periods: Era of the great shaykhs (circa 597/1200 to 757/1356) Era of the provincial khānaḳāhs (8th/14th & 9th/15th centuries) Rise of the Ṣābiriyya branch (9th/15th century onwards) Revival of the Niẓāmiyya branch (12th/18th century onwards) The order was founded by Abu Ishaq Shami ("the Syrian") who taught Sufism in the town of Chisht, some 95 miles east of Herat in present-day western Afghanistan. Before returning to Syria, where he is now buried next to Ibn Arabi at Jabal Qasioun, Shami initiated, trained and deputized the son of the local emir, Abu Ahmad Abdal. Under the leadership of Abu Ahmad's descendants, the Chishtiya, as they are also known, flourished as a regional mystical order. The founder of the Chishti Order in South Asia was Moinuddin Chishti. He was born in the province of Silistan in eastern Persia around 536 AH (1141 CE) into a sayyid family claiming descent from Muhammad. When he was just nine, he memorized the Qur'an, thus becoming a hafiz. His father died when he was a teenager; Moinuddin inherited the family grinding mill and orchard. He sold everything and gave the proceeds to the poor. He traveled to Balkh and Samarkand, where he studied the Qur'an, hadith, and fiqh. He looked for something beyond scholarship and law and studied under the Chishti shaykh Usman Harooni (Harvani). He moved to Lahore and then to Ajmer, where he died. His tomb, in Ajmer, is the Dargah Sharif, a popular shrine and pilgrimage site. Moinuddin was followed by Qutab-ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki and Farīduddīn Mas'ūd 'Baba Farid'. After Fariduddin, the Chishti Order of South Asia split into two branches. Each branch was named after one of Fariduddin's successors. Nizamuddin Auliya – the Chishti Nizami branch Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari – the Chishti-Sabiri branch It was after Nizamuddin Auliya that the Chishti Sufism chain spread throughout the Indian Peninsula. Two prominent lines of transmission arose from Nizamuddin Auliya, one from his disciple Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi and the other from another disciple, Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind, who migrated to West Bengal from Delhi on Nizamuddin Auliya's order. Siraj Aanae Hind was followed by his notable disciple Alaul Haq Pandavi settled in Pandava, West Bengal itself. From this chain of transmission another prominent sub-branch of Chishti way emerged known as Ashrafia Silsila after the illustrious saint Ashraf Jahangir Semnani, who was the disciple of Alaul Haq Pandavi in the thirteen century A.D. Later, yet other traditions branched from the Chishti lineage; in many cases they merged with other popular Sufi orders in South Asia. As a result of this merging of the Chishti order with other branches, most Sufi masters now initiate their disciples in all the four major orders of South Asia: Chishti, Suhrawadi, Qadri, and Naqshbandi. They do however teach devotional practices typical of the order with which they are primarily associated. The Chishti order has also absorbed influences and merged at times with various antinomian faqiri Sufi groups, especially the Qalandar. Some Chishtis both past and present have lived as renunciants or as wandering dervish. The first Chishti master in the West was Ḥazrat Pīr-o-Murshid ‘Ināyat Khān, who came to the West in 1910 and established centers in Europe and the U.S. His lineage-successors were Pīr Vilāyat ‘Ināyat Khān (d. 2004) and Pīr Zīa ‘Ināyat-Khān, the current head of the ‘Ināyatīyya. This tariqat is unusual in that it accepts seekers of all faiths without asking conversion to formal Islam, a controversial practice but which is customary in the Nizāmi branch going back to Nizāmuddīn Auliya and later made written policy by Shah Kalīmullāh Jahanabadi in the early 1700s CE. In 1937 the Sufi imam Al-Hajj Wali Akram founded the First Cleveland Mosque, made his Sufi affiliation public and during the 1950s started to introduce new members to the Chishti, making the mosque the first public Sufi center of the United States. In more recent times, a more contemporary expression of traditional Chishti Sufi practices can be found in the establishment of the Ishq-Nuri Tariqa in the 1960s, as a branch of the Chishti-Nizami silsila. In addition, a number of mixed-Sufi type groups or movements in Islam, have also been influenced by the Chishti Order proper. The best known and most widespread example is of the Jamaat Ahle Sunnat, a Sunni Muslim sect with a huge international following, which is in essence not a proper Sufi organization, though adopting many Sufi customs and traditions. Indo-Islamic rulers From the 14th century onwards (during the rule of the Tughluqs), the Chishti Order came to be associated with political prosperity for the Indian subcontinent's Muslim kingdoms. The Delhi Sultanate, Bahmani Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate, and various provincial dynasties associated themselves with Shaikhs of the Chishti Order for good fortune. Shrines of prominent Shaikhs were patronised by ruling dynasties, who made pilgrimages to these sites. Often the founding member of a kingdom paid respects to a Chishti Shaikh as a way of legitimising their new state, and this Shaikh became closely associated with the whole dynasty. For example, fourteen successive Bengal Sultans considered Shaikh 'Ala Al-Haq to be their spiritual master. Several rulers of the Mughal dynasty of South Asia were Chishti devotees, and they associated with the Order in a similar fashion to the Mughals' predecessors. The emperor Akbar was perhaps the most fervent of them. It is said to be by the blessing of Shaikh Salim Chishti that Akbar's first surviving child, the future Jahangir, was born. The child was named Salim after the sheikh and was affectionately addressed by Akbar as Sheikhu Baba. Akbar also credited the Chishti Shaikhs with his victory at the Siege of Chittorgarh. Akbar had vowed to visit the Chishti dargah, the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti, at Ajmer if he were victorious. He fulfilled his vow by visiting the dargah with his musicians, who played in honor of the sheikh. Shah Jahan's daughter, Jahanara Begum Sahib, was also a devout follower of the Chishti Order. Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb patronised various Chishti shrines. Other notable Chishti shaykhs Qutb ud deen Modood Chishti 527 A.H Haji Shareef zandani 612 A.H Usman Harooni 617 A.H Qut ul aqtab Qutb ud deen Bakhtiyar kaki 635 A.H (Delhi, India) Fareed ud deen Mas’ood Ganj E Shakar 668 A.H (Pak Patan Sharif, Pakistan) Naseer ud deen Mahmood Charagh Dehlavi 757 A.H (Delhi, India) Tajuddin Chishti (Chishtian Sharif, Pakistan) Amir Khusro (Delhi, India) Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind (Dist. Malda, West Bengal, India) Alaul Haq Pandavi (Dist. Malda, West Bengal, India) Nur Qutb Alam (Dist. Malda, West Bengal, India) Ashraf Jahangir Semnani (Kichaucha, Uttar Pradesh, India) Burhanuddin Gharib (Maharashtra, India) Bande Nawaz (Gulbarga, India) Salim Chishti (Fatehpur Sikri, India) Noor Muhammad Maharvi1205 A.H (Mahar Sharif, Pakistan) Muhammad Suleman Taunsvi 1267 A.H (Taunsa Sharif, Pakistan) Ata Hussain Fani Chishti (Bihar, India) Khwaja Ghulam Farid (Mithankot, Pakistan) Muhammad Shamsuddin Sialvi 1300 A.H (Sial Sharif, Pakistan) Ahamed Mohiyudheen Noorishah Jeelani (Noori Maskan, Hyderabad) Meher Ali Shah (Golra Sharif, Pakistan) Inayat Khan (Vadodara, Gujarat) Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Muzaffarnagar, India/Makkah, Saudi Arabia) Syed Sharfuddin Shah Wilayat Naqvi (Amroha) See also Waris Shah Sabri Brothers Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Hakim Ahmad Shuja Sufi Ruhaniat International Syed Waheed Ashraf Notes References Haeri, Muneera (2000) The Chishtis: a living light Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, Ernst, Carl W. and Lawrence, Bruce B. (2002) Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond Palgrave Macmillan, New York, . Excerpts Farīdī, Iḥtishāmuddīn (1992) Tārīk̲h̲-i iblāg̲h̲-i Cisht Āl Inḍiyā Baz-i Ḥanafī, Delhi, OCLC 29752219 in Urdu with biographies Āryā, Ghulām ‘Alī (2004) Ṭarīqah-i Chishtīyah dar Hind va Pākistān: ta’līf-i Ghulām‘alī Āryā Zavvār, Tehran, in Persian Chopra, R.M., "SUFISM", 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi. . Sunni Sufi orders Sufism in Afghanistan Sufism in Bangladesh Sufism in India Sufism in Pakistan	[ -0.01234767772257328, 0.39161399006843567, -0.2643006443977356, -0.5297982692718506, -0.6645774841308594, 0.05476243421435356, 1.2709985971450806, 0.020854318514466286, 0.023645590990781784, -0.1998004913330078, -0.6219220161437988, 0.007825294509530067, -0.7188999056816101, 0.41553062200546265, -0.2789914011955261, 0.16641037166118622, 0.6030764579772949, 0.6410683989524841, -0.6655694842338562, -0.15011124312877655, -0.45336559414863586, -0.118857741355896, 0.282265841960907, -0.5490107536315918, 0.3517772853374481, 0.2785620093345642, 0.3280073404312134, 0.6159288883209229, -0.1492772102355957, -0.025646205991506577, 0.7311657667160034, 0.49444907903671265, -0.053781814873218536, -0.8673943877220154, 0.0037022167816758156, 0.17059145867824554, 0.3989112973213196, -0.45441311597824097, 0.17306441068649292, -0.7708888053894043, -0.02833368442952633, -0.6276683807373047, 0.295760840177536, 0.8927256464958191, -0.44584348797798157, -0.41022127866744995, -1.1821608543395996, 0.8203045129776001, -0.5748592019081116, -0.28112611174583435, -0.08375227451324463, 0.10587387531995773, 0.5200001001358032, -0.05335599184036255, 0.3508683145046234, 0.7490552663803101, -1.1624009609222412, 0.26335400342941284, 0.09896901249885559, -0.9093542098999023, 0.4071127772331238, 0.8131640553474426, 0.8581129908561707, 0.36300531029701233, 0.0590268038213253, 0.12389130145311356, -0.5871652960777283, -0.03999314084649086, -0.599376380443573, 0.29976001381874084, 0.2604813277721405, -0.12292139232158661, -0.007283212151378393, 0.06840907782316208, -0.49055665731430054, -0.2828732430934906, -0.3063168227672577, -0.3355213403701782, 0.72153240442276, -0.21044892072677612, -0.16264665126800537, 0.4579290449619293, 0.5076197981834412, 0.5607421398162842, 0.39327555894851685, 0.4751345217227936, -0.21334274113178253, -0.30731603503227234, -0.04786088690161705, 0.18603114783763885, -0.36609724164009094, -0.03387380391359329, 0.3739164471626282, 0.7134917378425598, 0.15158489346504211, 0.2690501809120178, -0.007639989256858826, -0.012551374733448029, -0.5485104918479919, 0.06304576247930527, -0.03439024090766907, 0.7445837259292603, -0.19307883083820343, 0.02620706893503666, -0.5422476530075073, 0.1567354053258896, -0.1134159192442894, -0.48006176948547363, -0.07548952847719193, -0.11405421793460846, -0.8935672640800476, 0.21226432919502258, -0.26902204751968384, -0.10163170099258423, 0.1342490017414093, 0.18696905672550201, -0.634483814239502, -0.7414537072181702, -0.434512734413147, 0.08801592886447906, -0.740202009677887, 0.020136341452598572, -0.07900984585285187, 0.009373529814183712, 0.11260728538036346, 0.27280986309051514, 0.6517960429191589, 0.8052753806114197, -0.62226802110672, 0.28194716572761536, 0.10613732039928436, 0.49966999888420105, 0.005680628586560488, -0.13464193046092987, -0.28641098737716675, -0.3550959527492523, 0.17617253959178925, -0.10204453766345978, 0.7364106774330139, 0.8000637888908386, -1.193185806274414, -0.353441059589386, -0.3971492052078247, -0.6920216679573059, 0.6580861806869507, -0.5785159468650818, 0.09594915807247162, 0.10048344731330872, -0.4713207483291626, -0.4974186420440674, -0.413025438785553, -0.3789503276348114, -0.313216894865036, -0.19034305214881897, 0.19763615727424622, 0.15370060503482819, 0.07578098773956299, -0.20241540670394897, 0.6041479706764221, -0.42478638887405396, -0.6207175254821777, -0.2329210340976715, 0.1311125010251999, 0.31408828496932983, 0.3439086079597473, 0.12368737161159515, 0.28133559226989746, 0.25734636187553406, -0.34506168961524963, 0.4850793778896332, -0.9393291473388672, 0.058311451226472855, -0.33387961983680725, -0.410220742225647, -0.3511301279067993, 0.26845264434814453, 0.32789677381515503, -0.27743956446647644, 0.5754408240318298, -0.7171220183372498, -0.4824499189853668, 0.16633494198322296, 0.09824546426534653, 0.36301884055137634, -0.04029958322644234, -0.1236172616481781, -0.375905841588974, 0.11778122186660767, 0.08639374375343323, -0.19868318736553192, 0.10839413851499557, -0.08653860539197922, 0.44618290662765503, 0.05518338829278946, 1.2159931659698486, -0.11786232143640518, -0.36674734950065613, 1.052402377128601, -0.2687909007072449, 0.5277363061904907, 0.44815486669540405, 0.0783843919634819, 0.10938356816768646, -0.10988876968622208, -0.6603978872299194, 0.5662971138954163, -0.014122730121016502, 0.16022533178329468, 0.29652220010757446, -0.26651111245155334, 0.5651461482048035, -1.0599018335342407, 0.13197053968906403, 0.2779776155948639, -0.3276507556438446, -0.4737275540828705, -0.8009489178657532, 0.6461907625198364, 0.38129836320877075, -0.748676061630249, 0.9072577357292175, -0.6980120539665222, -0.15799954533576965, 0.22629481554031372, -0.3789275884628296, 0.015994668006896973, -0.005038029048591852, 0.21999752521514893, 0.35233721137046814, 0.059693995863199234, 0.5503741502761841, -0.3946221172809601, 0.2567785382270813, 0.12006623297929764, -1.063489556312561, -0.303958922624588, -0.020602816715836525, -0.32209712266921997, 0.5694405436515808, -0.38079550862312317, 0.12660467624664307, 0.48825353384017944, -0.7122458815574646, 0.18841688334941864, 0.2860059440135956, -0.4929797053337097, -0.6386574506759644, 0.46475914120674133, 0.014979459345340729, 0.4651350975036621, -0.08340836316347122, -0.007007742300629616, 0.4161534011363983, -0.8151457905769348, 0.12564542889595032, 0.07258632779121399, -0.06358368694782257, 0.6027640104293823, -0.05937566980719566, -0.25254422426223755, -0.12718190252780914, 0.48087695240974426, -0.3405664265155792, 0.008384104818105698, 0.008975914679467678, -0.22035077214241028, 0.06790908426046371, -0.36701500415802, 0.9318292737007141, 0.1703062802553177, 0.5726925134658813, -0.16492483019828796, -0.1952027827501297, 0.002681548474356532, -0.7061738967895508, -0.6458634734153748, 0.5146468281745911, -0.012317705899477005, -0.43670153617858887, 0.11354449391365051, -0.2971430718898773, 0.426762193441391, 0.3914915919303894, 0.23584888875484467, -0.44995439052581787, -0.291503369808197, 0.24350127577781677, -0.5518078207969666, 0.22048021852970123, 0.23140382766723633, 0.06657099723815918, 0.5759627819061279, -0.010498329065740108, -0.06744787096977234, -0.2346802055835724, 0.0376172736287117, -0.17049944400787354, -0.04533353075385094, -0.30427175760269165, -0.16193915903568268, -0.8343245387077332, 0.25721660256385803, -0.06470181047916412, 0.04995141178369522, 0.012819463387131691, 0.8465802073478699, -0.3539232909679413, 0.5438648462295532, -5.563369274139404, -0.2888311743736267, -0.22532504796981812, 0.16765426099300385, 0.35483360290527344, -0.007387571502476931, 0.4740849435329437, -0.22447790205478668, 0.04383600875735283, 0.01726093888282776, -0.08850783109664917, 0.31760209798812866, 0.12457152456045151, 0.21226200461387634, 0.15188179910182953, 0.518158495426178, -0.08738668262958527, 0.029837490990757942, 0.24653036892414093, -0.0970233902335167, 0.29220229387283325, 0.07249575108289719, -0.28462183475494385, 0.7613651752471924, 0.15734945237636566, 0.5998663306236267, -0.6345823407173157, 0.12781766057014465, -0.7510449886322021, 0.0106864208355546, -0.14367690682411194, -0.23835556209087372, -0.3646179735660553, -0.07293236255645752, -0.16754840314388275, 0.12376387417316437, 1.0019549131393433, -0.006766855716705322, 0.27074190974235535, 0.1812545508146286, -0.3280452489852905, 0.080740787088871, 0.1669662892818451, -0.050507668405771255, 0.730401337146759, -0.2160329967737198, -0.8582557439804077, -0.09167299419641495, -0.2725372910499573, 0.48918965458869934, -0.9995619058609009, -0.17833413183689117, 0.3477158546447754, 0.010836060158908367, 0.11294437199831009, -0.002961255144327879, 0.33348914980888367, -0.2587588429450989, 0.2780749499797821, 0.32943570613861084, 0.08315259963274002, -0.04816875606775284, 0.21999920904636383, -0.6710559725761414, 0.5916570425033569, 0.2641505300998688, -0.09465137124061584, -0.6526090502738953, -0.12339867651462555, 0.32651591300964355, -0.45690369606018066, 0.045400142669677734, -0.28877124190330505, -0.7952189445495605, 0.0028653466142714024, -0.6221392154693604, 0.08701744675636292, 0.18279117345809937, 0.29085829854011536, 0.25150707364082336, 0.26911449432373047, -0.180782288312912, -0.03255598992109299, 0.3578188121318817, 0.1869516223669052, -0.2107871174812317, -0.013120241463184357, -0.07444754242897034, -0.10947871208190918, 0.29354074597358704, 0.7874674201011658, 0.239200159907341, 0.11037401109933853, 0.18846756219863892, 0.5398766398429871, 0.7181633114814758, -0.11948970705270767, -0.1640198677778244, 0.5051093101501465, -0.40143194794654846, 0.5170536041259766, -0.4722437262535095, 0.4536364674568176, 0.5150905251502991, -0.1018369048833847, -0.4914745092391968, 0.08894641697406769, 0.3559161424636841, 1.432662844657898, -0.2126515507698059, -0.15272338688373566, -0.3025844991207123, -0.2069275826215744, -0.022130481898784637, 0.220720112323761, -0.3455670475959778, -0.16442084312438965, 0.3865630626678467, 0.036108825355768204, 0.8668439984321594, 0.3816080391407013, -0.059691522270441055, -0.38202404975891113, 0.030650731176137924, 0.026338934898376465, -0.22077317535877228, 0.017587032169103622, -0.09713425487279892, -0.013327007181942463, -0.23077531158924103, 0.8140700459480286, -0.026784108951687813, -0.3301306366920471, -0.08880843967199326, -0.4982934594154358, 0.1046915277838707, 0.11492641270160675, -0.6069211959838867, -0.5746850371360779, -0.5448731780052185, -0.3168294429779053, 0.016717135906219482, -0.30239301919937134, 0.5823280811309814, 0.6521197557449341, 0.5181723237037659, 0.2892323434352875, 0.0957130417227745, -0.44616204500198364, 0.7604724168777466, 0.1840268075466156, -0.43509766459465027, 0.31871503591537476, -0.2669640779495239, -1.0377166271209717, 0.09904894232749939, 0.5682814121246338, 0.586820125579834, -0.8307939767837524, -0.014907275326550007, -0.2374391257762909, -0.6334972381591797, -0.9837881922721863, -0.08874965459108353, -0.2952069640159607, -0.05893024057149887, -0.6100024580955505, -0.30492329597473145, -0.8193200826644897, 0.3340655267238617, 0.09306154400110245, -0.13940662145614624, -0.6079186201095581, -0.8880202770233154, 0.5243380665779114, 0.17239786684513092, 0.22022844851016998, 0.3030395805835724, 0.03712502494454384, -0.0816238522529602, 0.0500415600836277, -0.2794003188610077, -0.22866004705429077, 0.35652217268943787, 0.4049188494682312, -0.10537853837013245, 0.005041031166911125, -0.2511182427406311, -0.19636450707912445, 0.43338388204574585, 0.33038243651390076, -0.09865620732307434, 0.06755014508962631, -0.04060636833310127, -0.3700091540813446, -0.3414011597633362, -0.07137186080217361, 0.6971632242202759, 0.12821722030639648, -0.2168354094028473, 0.522337019443512, 0.21824872493743896, -0.4707913100719452, 0.45613500475883484, 0.37908288836479187, -0.7906543016433716, 0.371725857257843, -0.22053809463977814, -0.34841033816337585, -0.008146691136062145, -0.05381594970822334, -0.8818253874778748, 0.2940930128097534, 0.10602791607379913, -0.3070332705974579, 0.03077060543000698, -0.1171717643737793, -0.33978506922721863, -0.05757632106542587, -0.5800306797027588, 0.2095712274312973, -0.35359516739845276, 0.19447803497314453, 0.034643251448869705, -0.2809455096721649, -0.017692040652036667, 0.29207324981689453, -0.09476510435342789, 0.05724872648715973, 0.3170430064201355, 0.27235838770866394, 0.4687707722187042, -0.365700364112854, -0.5187278985977173, -0.2662900984287262, -0.7872742414474487, 0.04836585000157356, -0.15957841277122498, -0.12654303014278412, 0.08096477389335632, -0.00879979319870472, 0.8772185444831848, 0.17093448340892792, -0.8998929858207703, 0.5114215612411499, -0.008616036735475063, 0.2608317732810974, -0.5302190184593201, -0.22762277722358704, 0.39559319615364075, 0.5317713022232056, 0.06137767434120178, -0.2754763960838318, -0.397562712430954, 0.3343881368637085, 0.034645624458789825, 0.00032472072052769363, 0.027918070554733276, -0.011518356390297413, 0.3033836781978607, 0.0998874381184578, 0.07884538918733597, -0.6488709449768066, -0.045925527811050415, -0.4061702489852905, -0.038239382207393646, -1.0764522552490234, -0.5318284034729004, 0.4572078585624695, -0.6020517945289612, 0.4272890090942383, -0.5333308577537537, 0.5815125107765198, 0.6214773654937744, -0.48044848442077637, 0.2508905231952667, -0.012607473880052567, -0.1706000119447708, 0.5089192390441895, 0.43827348947525024, -0.3932465612888336, -0.12867142260074615, -0.09187010675668716, 0.2733229398727417, -0.024000318720936775, -1.010827898979187, 0.27312204241752625, 0.25004011392593384, -0.7192903161048889, 0.17103874683380127, -0.6929011344909668, -0.004933078307658434, 0.4545716345310211, 1.4272669553756714, -0.10298578441143036, 0.12265536189079285, 0.4995564818382263, -0.24983249604701996, 0.2789416015148163, 0.09485850483179092, -0.21939632296562195, -0.13530147075653076, 0.09715826064348221, 0.001074432861059904, -0.014415186829864979, -0.21065819263458252, 0.1371498554944992, -0.006328833755105734, 0.2579944431781769, -0.1790490299463272, 0.018778560683131218, 0.22481411695480347, 0.6103688478469849, 0.5352898240089417, -0.19644948840141296, 0.10776738822460175, 0.4900980591773987, -0.21819540858268738, 0.14690428972244263, 0.37090104818344116, 0.35836389660835266, 0.5427353978157043, 0.19266419112682343, 0.27265170216560364, 0.2611716091632843, 0.12246763706207275, -0.7604353427886963, -0.39361572265625, -0.06350027024745941, 0.1509462594985962, 0.5069084167480469, -0.15284499526023865, -0.6364355683326721, 0.08159005641937256, 0.17320632934570312, -0.6701122522354126, -0.2462485283613205, -0.28351327776908875, -0.3407236635684967, 0.6629490256309509, 1.032874345779419, -0.10048691183328629, -0.22553513944149017, -0.034573595970869064, -0.558070182800293, 0.639818549156189, -0.02495100162923336, 0.7622592449188232, 0.4371451735496521, 0.3182440996170044, 0.18237099051475525, 0.48151397705078125, 0.3447825014591217, -0.2204498052597046, 0.6444549560546875, 0.09764270484447479, 0.27143946290016174, 0.39935678243637085, -0.18633946776390076, -0.12011560797691345, -0.45710983872413635, 0.423791766166687, 0.28731244802474976, -0.012932402081787586, 0.35944974422454834, 0.6551851630210876, 0.022741060703992844, -1.1261167526245117, 0.036485690623521805, 0.08618565648794174, -0.023875709623098373, 0.3263528048992157, -0.1916511505842209, 0.3740691542625427, 0.23210690915584564, 0.09835056215524673, 0.42494964599609375, 0.8039140105247498, 0.2779649496078491, -0.03345343470573425, 0.4090680181980133, -0.4440796375274658, 0.13261745870113373, -0.5802422165870667, 0.19552674889564514, 0.07415489852428436, -0.5156072378158569, 0.28079554438591003, -0.6702611446380615, 0.727855920791626, -0.2648182213306427, 0.3249439001083374, -0.20846383273601532, -0.10784558951854706, 0.21207469701766968, 0.4336295425891876, -0.3699542284011841, 0.4878495931625366, -0.2086593061685562, -0.6473625898361206, -0.3945033848285675, 0.33054763078689575, 0.03263375163078308, -0.15472017228603363, -0.7054912447929382, -0.14027073979377747, -0.2348746955394745, -0.33391377329826355, -0.6533002853393555, -0.2693493068218231, 0.11279451847076416, 0.05191897228360176, 0.05613681301474571, 0.6403137445449829, -0.14450785517692566, 0.3306596279144287, 0.5365760326385498, -0.36396774649620056, -0.18765999376773834, -0.6822914481163025, -0.26769930124282837, -0.0830700695514679, -0.23315519094467163, 0.7530257105827332, -0.21005241572856903, -0.010928981006145477, 0.08257462829351425, 0.18786796927452087, -1.0124324560165405, 0.48591575026512146, -0.14332981407642365, -0.23658694326877594, -0.5322220325469971, -0.11776894330978394, -0.008849537931382656, 0.11784163862466812, 0.6011250019073486, 0.016756055876612663, 0.8579742312431335, -0.3415440022945404, 0.15656474232673645, -0.3374888300895691, -0.10907620191574097, -0.34161168336868286, 0.13220196962356567, 0.4334506392478943, -0.5062140822410583, -0.3632049560546875, -0.02289973571896553, 0.38206666707992554, 0.3223215639591217, -0.47378793358802795, 0.20662452280521393, -0.6379104852676392, -0.3287738263607025, -0.26971885561943054, 0.038777612149715424, -0.5530455112457275, 0.060932278633117676, 0.2916572690010071 ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.