id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
217673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather%20Mercer | Heather Mercer | Heather Marie Mercer (born 1976) is an American who was one of 24 aid workers arrested in August 2001 by the Taliban in Afghanistan in connection with their work with the Germany-based Christian aid organization Shelter Now International. She, along with seven other Western aid workers and their sixteen Afghan coworkers, was arrested on August 3, 2001, and put on trial for violating the Taliban prohibition against proselytism. She was held captive in Kabul until anti-Taliban forces freed her in November 2001. She co-authored a book with her fellow captive, Dayna Curry, published in 2002 and entitled Prisoners of hope: the story of our captivity and freedom in Afghanistan.
Afghan trial
Mercer arrived in Afghanistan in March 2001. She and another American, Dayna Curry, were working for a Germany-based aid group called Shelter Now International.
On August 3, 2001, the Taliban arrested the two women. After their arrest, the Taliban raided the group's offices and arrested the six other aid workers that Mercer and Curry were teamed up with.
Their trial began on September 1, 2001. On September 13 the trial was suspended and relatives of the detained aid workers were ordered to leave the country. The trial resumed on September 30. On October 6, the Taliban made an offer to release Mercer and Curry, if the United States stopped its military action against Afghanistan. During her captivity, she met the British journalist Yvonne Ridley, who was arrested near the Pakistan border and brought to the same prison in Kabul. Yvonne Ridley informed her about September 11 and the subsequent military actions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. On November 15, the women, along with the six other imprisoned aid workers, were freed from prison by anti-Taliban forces and flown to safety in Islamabad, Pakistan.
After their release, and upon their return to the U.S., Mercer and Curry met with President George W. Bush at the White House on November 26, 2001.
References
Further reading
Living people
American Protestant missionaries
Protestant missionaries in Afghanistan
Prisoners of the Taliban
American people imprisoned abroad
Female Christian missionaries
American expatriates in Afghanistan
1976 births
Baylor Bears women's track and field athletes | [
0.3676752746105194,
-0.027325084432959557,
-0.5129299759864807,
0.048978082835674286,
0.19861872494220734,
0.4299546480178833,
1.0132145881652832,
-0.31277793645858765,
-0.36409178376197815,
0.4505525231361389,
0.050971124321222305,
0.1397504359483719,
-0.039137307554483414,
-0.09342516213655472,
-0.6877910494804382,
0.138546884059906,
0.4402732849121094,
0.15941576659679413,
-0.4219111204147339,
-0.7338480353355408,
-0.24267268180847168,
-0.8313573002815247,
0.07556696981191635,
0.033756282180547714,
-0.012907763011753559,
0.6782538294792175,
-0.2235957235097885,
-0.35193637013435364,
0.22215880453586578,
0.05376587063074112,
0.15621230006217957,
0.3498024046421051,
0.5222316384315491,
-0.5867055654525757,
0.06147743761539459,
0.6928139328956604,
-0.084283247590065,
0.31031742691993713,
-0.3785509765148163,
-0.473253071308136,
-0.42096707224845886,
-0.08218352496623993,
-0.6163473725318909,
0.6027014851570129,
0.23607251048088074,
-0.3716736137866974,
-0.9603131413459778,
0.4146881699562073,
-0.13266873359680176,
-0.130392923951149,
-0.5358469486236572,
0.10022389888763428,
0.5563889741897583,
-0.40943822264671326,
0.2917599678039551,
-0.08389812707901001,
-0.5508456230163574,
-0.5183625221252441,
0.3090777099132538,
-0.7281522154808044,
0.0638936311006546,
-0.3552127778530121,
0.5564547181129456,
-0.2505044937133789,
0.38754475116729736,
0.5572326183319092,
0.11117616295814514,
0.5838825702667236,
0.15830832719802856,
-0.8400437235832214,
0.5644301772117615,
0.20033900439739227,
0.23760363459587097,
0.07885400950908661,
0.17214244604110718,
0.06668396294116974,
0.24846027791500092,
-0.5864903926849365,
0.595278799533844,
0.387092262506485,
-0.06603649258613586,
0.7256577610969543,
0.15154525637626648,
-0.2195064127445221,
0.5007535815238953,
-0.31526851654052734,
-0.3713431656360626,
0.021507753059267998,
-0.18667028844356537,
-0.05118619650602341,
-0.16401465237140656,
0.12474357336759567,
0.030132029205560684,
0.8421714305877686,
-0.1375255286693573,
0.003063190495595336,
-0.14550474286079407,
0.2803560197353363,
0.40117016434669495,
0.02230977453291416,
-0.07543503493070602,
-0.07471116632223129,
-0.07220076024532318,
-0.19968321919441223,
-0.4461090862751007,
-0.4085686504840851,
0.07107530534267426,
-0.07045891135931015,
-0.5366142392158508,
-0.18522515892982483,
0.22357502579689026,
0.17677196860313416,
-0.5677779316902161,
-0.7627919316291809,
-0.10523495078086853,
0.5484266877174377,
0.8387553691864014,
-0.550134539604187,
-0.5682088732719421,
0.15125267207622528,
-0.3353128731250763,
0.08812908828258514,
-0.6273058652877808,
0.840025782585144,
-0.1679036170244217,
-0.11440561711788177,
0.12050216645002365,
0.39516681432724,
-0.5590782165527344,
0.7875183820724487,
-0.46130824089050293,
1.25446355342865,
0.025459671393036842,
0.03475328907370567,
-0.3294687867164612,
0.0005782003281638026,
-0.04793059825897217,
-0.014227346517145634,
0.3521536588668823,
0.357387900352478,
-0.13635751605033875,
0.2820218503475189,
-0.5309118032455444,
-0.028477059677243233,
0.5211443305015564,
-0.3141428828239441,
-0.13927046954631805,
0.07554536312818527,
0.21746018528938293,
-0.3089073598384857,
0.19190597534179688,
-0.07961021363735199,
0.2741130292415619,
-0.34002137184143066,
-0.5239744782447815,
0.4761519432067871,
0.38483870029449463,
0.3081531524658203,
0.20963351428508759,
0.05588802322745323,
0.07571057230234146,
0.6752057075500488,
-0.20988976955413818,
0.17232127487659454,
0.26874473690986633,
0.45851433277130127,
-0.11411852389574051,
0.09700559079647064,
0.226657897233963,
-0.36417677998542786,
-0.6689766049385071,
0.38449040055274963,
-0.46064722537994385,
0.12025058269500732,
-0.57419353723526,
-0.054160263389348984,
-0.110011525452137,
0.030441254377365112,
-0.4377971291542053,
-0.09670929610729218,
-0.4535748362541199,
0.3447246849536896,
0.08749764412641525,
-0.4771367907524109,
0.30157706141471863,
0.15737339854240417,
0.02732917293906212,
0.05419676750898361,
-0.031275905668735504,
0.8234828114509583,
-0.6218656301498413,
-0.5252051949501038,
0.5444599390029907,
0.5498639941215515,
0.48965466022491455,
-0.10344716161489487,
0.1030094102025032,
1.0183767080307007,
0.5472521781921387,
0.3930074870586395,
0.09472331404685974,
-0.27032724022865295,
0.030592935159802437,
-0.3299538791179657,
-0.6606212854385376,
0.6579759120941162,
1.2119181156158447,
-0.017241865396499634,
0.07512299716472626,
0.5160794258117676,
0.10919699817895889,
0.10080010443925858,
-0.2873297333717346,
1.103405475616455,
-0.014901024289429188,
-0.26686564087867737,
-0.47230806946754456,
0.2328866869211197,
1.2414497137069702,
-0.45050016045570374,
0.368512898683548,
0.03255373239517212,
0.2324330061674118,
-0.19437958300113678,
-0.7219906449317932,
0.38209736347198486,
-0.39435243606567383,
0.261434406042099,
0.4154752194881439,
-0.4115602672100067,
0.15693894028663635,
0.4461445212364197,
-0.22870153188705444,
-0.6020726561546326,
-0.42424774169921875,
0.242618128657341,
0.14811381697654724,
-0.47403275966644287,
0.4828107953071594,
-0.48453816771507263,
0.17767181992530823,
0.31765875220298767,
0.16741541028022766,
-0.182325080037117,
-0.10085209459066391,
0.10566611588001251,
-0.058348290622234344,
0.047362565994262695,
0.03969239071011543,
0.11279259622097015,
-0.14401593804359436,
0.39633622765541077,
0.4286581575870514,
-0.3868003785610199,
0.07658613473176956,
0.3986392617225647,
0.10654935985803604,
0.5391944646835327,
0.49573057889938354,
0.040540117770433426,
0.5749315023422241,
0.19395211338996887,
-0.03377637639641762,
0.278667688369751,
-0.14536109566688538,
-0.6978378891944885,
-0.7587592005729675,
-0.2455528974533081,
0.6251827478408813,
-0.04461800679564476,
-0.009255226701498032,
-0.3220024108886719,
-0.13547933101654053,
0.13538376986980438,
-0.3933814465999603,
-0.28905847668647766,
-0.5611105561256409,
0.6415567398071289,
-0.49835526943206787,
-0.9547664523124695,
0.05417658016085625,
0.3513776957988739,
0.5758800506591797,
-0.807310163974762,
0.40297025442123413,
-0.11679156124591827,
0.006250777747482061,
-0.17567665874958038,
-0.34225931763648987,
-0.3588877022266388,
-0.08225546777248383,
0.12547199428081512,
0.1448114812374115,
-0.024732805788517,
0.031193608418107033,
0.4205209016799927,
0.012554985471069813,
0.27834218740463257,
0.5169481635093689,
0.8161367774009705,
-0.37399566173553467,
0.2151065468788147,
-0.34498167037963867,
0.20491033792495728,
0.1710241436958313,
0.18442842364311218,
0.14477790892124176,
-0.6474241018295288,
-5.569489002227783,
0.7363778948783875,
0.3915342688560486,
-0.19632352888584137,
-0.2798821032047272,
0.37547755241394043,
0.2202005684375763,
-0.36527305841445923,
-0.1995335966348648,
0.2767661213874817,
0.011564361862838268,
0.6680307388305664,
0.05132642760872841,
-0.20289072394371033,
0.24899539351463318,
0.06550609320402145,
0.8675445914268494,
-0.2871343195438385,
0.22775772213935852,
0.08107852935791016,
-0.01706605963408947,
0.1193288043141365,
0.05964135378599167,
-0.025885378941893578,
-0.3413149416446686,
0.6595247983932495,
0.3749258816242218,
0.010599461384117603,
0.021366070955991745,
-0.3005622625350952,
0.10369440168142319,
-0.3436875641345978,
-0.2708616852760315,
-0.09934992343187332,
-0.40826278924942017,
0.17891253530979156,
0.5191857218742371,
-0.38354218006134033,
-0.18473899364471436,
-1.083507776260376,
-0.3178674578666687,
-0.666044294834137,
-0.15640753507614136,
-0.059993524104356766,
0.8524110317230225,
-0.19451116025447845,
-0.25120049715042114,
-0.5439103841781616,
-0.32736361026763916,
0.8380018472671509,
0.20892995595932007,
-0.2743961811065674,
0.526308000087738,
0.663287878036499,
-0.16735628247261047,
-0.10088854283094406,
-0.1815129816532135,
-0.47809872031211853,
-0.597003161907196,
0.09124749153852463,
0.4333363473415375,
0.014293071813881397,
0.08625005930662155,
-0.6840536594390869,
0.20363682508468628,
-0.3199132978916168,
0.19707736372947693,
-0.6201647520065308,
-0.5885389447212219,
-0.025244958698749542,
-0.4149654805660248,
0.12613742053508759,
-0.11915801465511322,
-0.918595552444458,
0.2610105276107788,
-0.8266687989234924,
-0.22668474912643433,
-0.27920979261398315,
-0.34810006618499756,
-0.540073812007904,
0.20396237075328827,
-0.4243553578853607,
0.5345727205276489,
0.3400760591030121,
0.3077034652233124,
-0.5461992025375366,
-0.1912553459405899,
0.21545302867889404,
0.10245572030544281,
-0.014612649567425251,
0.07718689739704132,
0.15573425590991974,
0.11457162350416183,
0.4671086370944977,
0.10450862348079681,
0.7717907428741455,
0.19668836891651154,
-0.3574239909648895,
0.4619254171848297,
0.2140602469444275,
0.08528215438127518,
-0.3623977303504944,
0.21702751517295837,
-0.8219760060310364,
0.1852249801158905,
-0.49645528197288513,
-0.08820398151874542,
-0.19609643518924713,
0.5675806403160095,
-0.35826238989830017,
-0.04008093103766441,
0.3635501265525818,
0.02420249581336975,
-0.06269833445549011,
-0.2947442829608917,
-0.08176770806312561,
0.5240946412086487,
0.0013464344665408134,
0.7972337603569031,
0.11990979313850403,
0.2563619315624237,
0.15593460202217102,
0.2866937220096588,
0.1851818561553955,
0.16939443349838257,
-0.4134083390235901,
0.3890329599380493,
0.09753524512052536,
-0.5334384441375732,
0.7920401096343994,
-0.14978589117527008,
0.11465688794851303,
0.22165018320083618,
-0.25871604681015015,
-0.19590573012828827,
0.2281145453453064,
-0.3126388490200043,
-0.5056381225585938,
-0.17461097240447998,
0.5438481569290161,
-0.17235974967479706,
-0.18701975047588348,
-0.7362377047538757,
0.5750422477722168,
0.37418004870414734,
0.35239237546920776,
0.15694177150726318,
-0.21158644556999207,
-0.49434149265289307,
0.5860348343849182,
-0.21701288223266602,
-0.5619561076164246,
0.6754006147384644,
-0.3491579294204712,
-0.03256288915872574,
0.6518606543540955,
1.2128063440322876,
0.5460785627365112,
-0.14750388264656067,
-0.028427522629499435,
-0.42412105202674866,
-0.007515697740018368,
-0.7578926086425781,
-0.14387483894824982,
0.0656251460313797,
-0.33423468470573425,
0.31453120708465576,
-0.8929778337478638,
-0.4494657516479492,
0.44103682041168213,
0.0019821380265057087,
-0.6049729585647583,
-0.03196434676647186,
0.7307305932044983,
0.16931386291980743,
0.4113878607749939,
0.11829286813735962,
-0.36621925234794617,
-0.30423709750175476,
0.019637707620859146,
0.058569762855768204,
0.02908463031053543,
-0.3930610716342926,
-0.033975277096033096,
0.9223191142082214,
0.3512207865715027,
-0.7280377149581909,
-0.6780731678009033,
-0.6078260540962219,
0.4993233382701874,
0.36425837874412537,
-0.11076460033655167,
-0.21638371050357819,
0.5711044073104858,
0.04169212281703949,
-0.46577364206314087,
-0.03082113154232502,
0.36873048543930054,
-0.00438597472384572,
0.17417937517166138,
-0.5350180864334106,
0.5127319097518921,
-0.3596300184726715,
0.3105095326900482,
-0.2280353456735611,
-1.0719430446624756,
0.23414620757102966,
0.08728063851594925,
0.07968857884407043,
0.43378713726997375,
0.30578935146331787,
0.11062335222959518,
-0.12728038430213928,
0.6826866269111633,
-0.2596421241760254,
0.03186400607228279,
0.0017294528661295772,
-0.6967381834983826,
-0.6683778762817383,
-0.30728331208229065,
-1.1289511919021606,
-0.21724718809127808,
-0.188236266374588,
-0.1895260363817215,
-0.5226051807403564,
-0.09824418276548386,
0.02072792313992977,
-0.6940755248069763,
0.5426260232925415,
0.5401455163955688,
-0.4154951870441437,
-0.08805017918348312,
0.4063257575035095,
0.12527328729629517,
-0.3765641748905182,
-0.3463105857372284,
0.26744580268859863,
0.5205071568489075,
-0.29236096143722534,
-0.07477119565010071,
0.12423966079950333,
0.6567404270172119,
0.17951028048992157,
-0.4718981981277466,
-0.357359379529953,
-0.07523956149816513,
-0.24317096173763275,
0.12113812565803528,
-0.036341592669487,
0.3383173942565918,
0.028812225908041,
0.1058819368481636,
-0.09517793357372284,
-0.6860840916633606,
1.0557738542556763,
-0.2804631292819977,
-0.20522142946720123,
-0.7630242109298706,
0.6879127025604248,
-0.5018773674964905,
0.6202052235603333,
-0.6998263001441956,
-1.0576937198638916,
0.319063663482666,
-0.1378953605890274,
0.10958197712898254,
0.18346962332725525,
-0.5930793881416321,
-0.256096214056015,
-1.3319017887115479,
-0.5069395303726196,
0.17245225608348846,
0.2244413048028946,
0.10884135216474533,
-0.2271893173456192,
0.11496271938085556,
0.2604259252548218,
-0.1498090624809265,
0.17819993197917938,
-0.02122662030160427,
-0.6660293340682983,
0.0012769742170348763,
-0.4863184690475464,
0.08008837699890137,
0.3844953775405884,
-0.5970227718353271,
0.4325014352798462,
-0.16693679988384247,
-0.414009690284729,
-0.39127448201179504,
0.07224566489458084,
-0.02429886907339096,
-0.4006035327911377,
0.2182779461145401,
0.31539347767829895,
0.39767950773239136,
0.13948163390159607,
0.37084072828292847,
-0.17503423988819122,
-0.4886331856250763,
-0.8564924001693726,
0.4278034567832947,
-0.16991373896598816,
-0.4614361822605133,
-0.03495200723409653,
-0.19039799273014069,
0.3896101713180542,
-0.5432494878768921,
0.1643659919500351,
0.9653475284576416,
-0.041913773864507675,
0.18138746917247772,
0.4292413294315338,
0.08058590441942215,
-0.4224751591682434,
-0.35504642128944397,
0.5601021647453308,
-0.5845109820365906,
-0.0006445758044719696,
-0.16911150515079498,
-0.011676989495754242,
0.5044626593589783,
0.346034437417984,
0.7047478556632996,
0.22458384931087494,
0.7582924962043762,
-0.056355636566877365,
0.2295234650373459,
-0.15432055294513702,
0.053930435329675674,
0.2989691197872162,
0.44674140214920044,
-0.10835553705692291,
-0.32892486453056335,
-0.19393624365329742,
-0.2740902304649353,
-0.026638630777597427,
-0.021374540403485298,
-0.12054329365491867,
0.7971740961074829,
-0.20707523822784424,
0.7706723213195801,
0.26753586530685425,
-0.22141677141189575,
-0.42267298698425293,
0.7094382047653198,
-0.1357497274875641,
0.34027764201164246,
0.3052053153514862,
-0.11061698198318481,
-0.14428986608982086,
-0.07185400277376175,
-0.1326427161693573,
-0.7066237926483154,
0.17854678630828857,
-0.27792829275131226,
0.22977767884731293,
-0.5429679751396179,
-0.42996498942375183,
-0.40878093242645264,
-0.34952419996261597,
-0.8249395489692688,
0.5834767818450928,
0.4827447831630707,
0.17723770439624786,
-0.3498430550098419,
0.17126886546611786,
-0.502890944480896,
0.24153688549995422,
0.06962929666042328,
0.386370986700058,
-0.06410882622003555,
-0.8947840332984924,
-0.02015194483101368,
0.031065559014678,
-0.3059449791908264,
0.3949589133262634,
-0.20311690866947174,
-0.3245357871055603,
-0.021089402958750725,
0.07813243567943573,
-0.6516621112823486,
-0.041606489568948746,
-0.4223657250404358,
0.24366070330142975,
-0.2530382573604584,
0.03647242486476898,
0.3766312003135681,
-0.19548583030700684,
-0.4171241819858551,
0.85123211145401,
-0.8136870265007019,
-0.6327358484268188,
0.16598111391067505,
-0.12428571283817291,
0.6442915797233582,
0.12657476961612701,
0.928759753704071,
0.6423209309577942,
0.3676339089870453,
-0.5276607275009155,
0.4651247560977936,
-0.09517363458871841,
-0.01934255287051201,
-0.6627642512321472,
0.3183721601963043,
-0.4201408922672272,
0.1308261752128601,
-0.35082313418388367,
0.01967765763401985,
0.35066989064216614,
0.6024597883224487,
0.09207534790039062,
0.28674331307411194,
-0.12089799344539642,
0.6045706868171692,
0.8719313740730286,
-0.29601722955703735,
0.25817108154296875,
0.025998149067163467,
-0.7747765183448792,
-0.32169026136398315,
-0.44129428267478943,
0.6185461282730103,
-0.2806251645088196,
0.13356025516986847,
-0.11974579095840454,
-0.11672116816043854,
-0.36856868863105774,
0.38156750798225403,
0.006194646004587412,
-0.47025296092033386,
-0.6088325381278992,
-0.06504617631435394,
-0.196605384349823,
0.02073739469051361,
-0.12922027707099915,
0.5440000295639038,
0.8342853784561157,
-0.0024096565321087837,
0.7108814120292664,
-0.24588929116725922,
-0.22969558835029602,
0.3499572277069092,
0.35171186923980713,
0.7914596796035767,
-0.5772099494934082,
-0.38833826780319214,
0.08555647730827332,
0.09675764292478561,
-0.07437372207641602,
-0.6130275726318359,
0.010233008302748203,
-0.8510884642601013,
-0.09434304386377335,
-0.36617544293403625,
-0.2458236962556839,
-0.13874220848083496,
0.41718798875808716,
-0.06330450624227524
] |
217675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Beveridge | William Beveridge | William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge, (5 March 1879 – 16 March 1963) was a British economist and Liberal politician who was a progressive and social reformer who played a central role in designing the British welfare state. His 1942 report Social Insurance and Allied Services (known as the Beveridge Report) served as the basis for the welfare state put in place by the Labour government elected in 1945.
He built his career as an expert on unemployment insurance. He served on the Board of Trade as Director of the newly created labour exchanges, and later as Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Food. He was Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science from 1919 until 1937, when he was elected Master of University College, Oxford.
Beveridge published widely on unemployment and social security, his most notable works being: Unemployment: A Problem of Industry (1909), Planning Under Socialism (1936), Full Employment in a Free Society (1944), Pillars of Security (1943), Power and Influence (1953) and A Defence of Free Learning (1959). He was elected in a 1944 by-election as a Liberal MP (for Berwick-upon-Tweed); following his defeat in the 1945 general election, he was elevated to the House of Lords where he served as the leader of the Liberal peers.
Early life and education
Beveridge, the eldest son of Henry Beveridge, an Indian Civil Service officer and District Judge, and scholar Annette Ackroyd, was born in Rangpur, British India (now Rangpur, Bangladesh), on 5 March 1879.
Beveridge's mother had, with Elizabeth Malleson, founded the Working Women's College in Queen Square, London in 1864. She met and married Henry Beveridge in Calcutta where she had gone in 1873 to open a school for Indian girls. William Beveridge was educated at Charterhouse, a leading public school near the market town of Godalming in Surrey, followed by Balliol College at the University of Oxford, where he studied Mathematics and Classics, obtaining a first class degree in both. He later studied law.
While Beveridge's mother had been a member of the Stourbridge Unitarian community, his father was an early humanist and positivist activist and "an ardent disciple" of the French philosopher Auguste Comte. Comte's ideas of a secular religion of humanity were a prominent influence in the household and would exert a lasting influence on Beveridge's thinking. Beveridge himself became a "materialist agnostic", in his words.
Life and career
After leaving university, Beveridge initially became a lawyer. He became interested in the social services and wrote about the subject for the Morning Post newspaper. His interest in the causes of unemployment began in 1903 when he worked at Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London. There he worked closely with Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb and was influenced by their theories of social reform, becoming active in promoting old age pensions, free school meals, and campaigning for a national system of labour exchanges.
In 1908, now considered to be Britain's leading authority on unemployment insurance, he was introduced by Beatrice Webb to Winston Churchill, who had recently been promoted to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. Churchill invited Beveridge to join the Board of Trade, and he organised the implementation of the national system of labour exchanges and National Insurance to combat unemployment and poverty. During the First World War he was involved in mobilising and controlling manpower. After the war, he was knighted and made permanent secretary to the Ministry of Food.
In 1919 he left the civil service to become director of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Over the next few years he served on several commissions and committees on social policy. He was so highly influenced by the Fabian Society socialists – in particular by Beatrice Webb, with whom he worked on the 1909 Poor Laws report – that he could be considered one of their number. He published academic economic works including his early work on unemployment (1909). The Fabians made him a director of the LSE in 1919, a post he retained until 1937. During his time as Director, he jousted with Edwin Cannan and Lionel Robbins, who were trying to steer the LSE away from its Fabian roots. From 1929 he led the International scientific committee on price history, contributing a large historical study, Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century (1939).
In 1933 he helped set up the Academic Assistance Council. This helped prominent academics who had been dismissed from their posts on grounds of race, religion or political position to escape Nazi persecution. In 1937 Beveridge was appointed Master of University College, Oxford.
Wartime work
Three years later, Ernest Bevin, Minister of Labour in the wartime National government, invited Beveridge to take charge of the Welfare department of his Ministry. Beveridge refused, but declared an interest in organising British manpower in wartime (Beveridge had come to favour a strong system of centralised planning). Bevin was reluctant to let Beveridge have his way but did commission him to work on a relatively unimportant manpower survey from June 1940 and so Beveridge became a temporary civil servant. Neither Bevin nor the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry Sir Thomas Phillips liked working with Beveridge as both found him conceited.
His work on manpower culminated in his chairmanship of the Committee on Skilled Men in the Services which reported to the War Cabinet in August and October 1941. Two recommendations of the committee were implemented: Army recruits were enlisted for their first six weeks into the General Service Corps, so that their subsequent posting could take account of their skills and the Army's needs; and the Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers was created.
Report on social insurance and views on full employment
An opportunity for Bevin to ease Beveridge out presented itself in May 1941 when Minister of Health Ernest Brown announced the formation of a committee of officials to survey existing social insurance and allied services, and to make recommendations. Although Brown had made the announcement, the inquiry had largely been urged by Minister without Portfolio Arthur Greenwood, and Bevin suggested to Greenwood making Beveridge chairman of the committee. Beveridge, at first uninterested and seeing the committee as a distraction from his work on manpower, accepted only reluctantly.
The report to Parliament on Social Insurance and Allied Services was published in November 1942. It proposed that all people of working age should pay a weekly national insurance contribution. In return, benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired or widowed. Beveridge argued that this system would provide a minimum standard of living "below which no one should be allowed to fall". It recommended that the government should find ways of fighting the "five giants on the road of reconstruction" of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. Beveridge included as one of three fundamental assumptions the fact that there would be a National Health Service of some sort, a policy already being worked on in the Ministry of Health.
Beveridge's arguments were widely accepted. He appealed to conservatives and other sceptics by arguing that welfare institutions would increase the competitiveness of British industry in the post-war period, not only by shifting labour costs like healthcare and pensions out of corporate ledgers and onto the public account but also by producing healthier, wealthier and thus more motivated and productive workers who would also serve as a great source of demand for British goods.
Beveridge saw full employment (defined as unemployment of no more than 3%) as the pivot of the social welfare programme he expressed in the 1942 report. Full Employment in a Free Society, written in 1944 expressed the view that it was "absurd" to "look to individual employers for maintenance of demand and full employment." These things must be "undertaken by the State under the supervision and pressure of democracy." Measures for achieving full-employment might include Keynesian-style fiscal regulation, direct control of manpower, and state control of the means of production. The impetus behind Beveridge's thinking was social justice, and the creation of an ideal new society after the war. He believed that the discovery of objective socio-economic laws could solve the problems of society.
Later career
Later in 1944, Beveridge, who had recently joined the Liberal Party, was elected to the House of Commons in a by-election to succeed George Charles Grey, who had died on the battlefield in Normandy, France, on the first day of Operation Bluecoat on 30 July 1944. Beveridge briefly served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed, during which time he was prominent in the Radical Action group, which called for the party to withdraw from the war-time electoral pact and adopt more radical policies. However, he lost his seat at the 1945 general election, when he was defeated by the Conservative candidate, Robert Thorp, by a majority of 1,962 votes.
Clement Attlee and the Labour Party defeated Winston Churchill's Conservative Party in that election and the new Labour Government began the process of implementing Beveridge's proposals that provided the basis of the modern Welfare State. Attlee announced he would introduce the Welfare State outlined in the 1942 Beveridge Report. This included the establishment of a National Health Service in 1948 with taxpayer funded medical treatment for all. A national system of benefits was also introduced to provide "social security" so that the population would be protected from the "cradle to the grave". The new system was partly built upon the National Insurance scheme set up by then-Chancellor of the Exchequer and future Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George in 1911.
In 1946, Beveridge was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Beveridge, of Tuggal in the County of Northumberland, and eventually became leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords. He was the author of Power and Influence (1953). He was the President of the charity Attend (then the National Association of Leagues of Hospital Friends) from 1952 to 1962.
Eugenics
Beveridge was a member of the Eugenics Society, which promoted the study of methods to 'improve' the human race by controlling reproduction. In 1909, he proposed that men who could not work should be supported by the state "but with complete and permanent loss of all citizen rights – including not only the franchise but civil freedom and fatherhood." Whilst director of the London School of Economics, Beveridge attempted to create a Department of Social Biology. Though never fully established, Lancelot Hogben, a fierce anti-eugenicist, was named its chair. Former LSE director John Ashworth speculated that discord between those in favour and those against the serious study of eugenics led to Beveridge's departure from the school in 1937.
In the 1940s, Beveridge credited the Eugenics Society with promoting the children's allowance, which was incorporated into his 1942 report. However, whilst he held views in support of eugenics, he did not believe the report had any overall "eugenic value". Professor Danny Dorling said that "there is not even the faintest hint" of eugenic thought in the report.
Dennis Sewell states that "On the day the House of Commons met to debate the Beveridge Report in 1943, its author slipped out of the gallery early in the evening to address a meeting of the Eugenics Society at the Mansion House. ... His report he was keen to reassure them, was eugenic in intent and would prove so in effect. ... The idea of child allowances had been developed within the society with the twin aims of encouraging the educated professional classes to have more children than they currently did and, at the same time, to limit the number of children born to poor households. For both effects to be properly stimulated, the allowance needed to be graded: middle-class parents receiving more generous payments than working-class parents. ... The Home Secretary had that very day signalled that the government planned a flat rate of child allowance. But Beveridge, alluding to the problem of an overall declining birth rate, argued that even the flat rate would be eugenic. Nevertheless, he held out hope for the purists." 'Sir William made it clear that it was in his view not only possible but desirable that graded family allowance schemes, applicable to families in the higher income brackets, be administered concurrently with his flat rate scheme,' reported the Eugenics Review.
Personal life
Beveridge married the mathematician Janet Philip, daughter of William Philip and widow of David Mair, in 1942. They had worked together in the civil service and at LSE, and she was instrumental in the drafting and publicising of the Beveridge Report.
He died at his home on 16 March 1963, aged 84, and was buried in Thockrington churchyard, on the Northumbrian moors. His barony became extinct upon his death. His last words were "I have a thousand things to do".
Commemoration
Beveridge Street in the Christchurch Central City was named for William Beveridge. It was one of 120 streets that were renamed in 1948 by Peter Fraser's Labour Government of New Zealand.
In November 2018, English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque commemorating Beveridge at 27 Bedford Gardens in Campden Hill, London W8 7EF where he lived from 1914 until 1921.
University College, Oxford's society for students studying and tutors involved in the study of Philosophy, Politics and Economics was recently renamed the Beveridge Society in his honour.
Works
Unemployment: A problem of industry, 1909. online (Archive.org)
'Wages in the Winchester Manors', Economic History Review, Vol. VII, 1936–37.
Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century, 1939.
Social Insurance and Allied Services, 1942. (The Beveridge Report)
The Pillars of Security and Other War-Time Essays and Addresses, 1943, republished 2014.
Full Employment in a Free Society, 1944.
The Economics of Full Employment, 1944.
Why I am a Liberal, 1945.
The Price of Peace, 1945.
Power and Influence, 1953.
"India Called Them," George Allen & Unwin, 1947
Plan for Britain: A Collection of Essays prepared for the Fabian Society by G. D. H. Cole, Aneurin Bevan, Jim Griffiths, L. F. Easterbrook, Sir William Beveridge, and Harold J. Laski (Not illustrated with 127 text pages).
'Westminster Wages in the Manorial Era', Economic History Review, 2nd Series, Vol. VIII, 1955.
See also
Aneurin Bevan, Clement Attlee's Health Minister
Beveridge curve – the relationship between unemployment and the job vacancy rate
List of liberal theorists
List of British university chancellors and vice-chancellors
List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
Resources
Jose Harris, William Beveridge: A Biography, Oxford University Press, 1997. .
Julien Demade, Produire un fait scientifique. Beveridge et le Comité international d'histoire des prix, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2018. .
William Beveridge's archives are held at the London School of Economics.
Photographs of William Beveridge held by LSE Archives
Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006.
References
Further reading
Addison, Paul. The Road To 1945: British Politics and the Second World War (1977) pp 211–28.
Harris, Jose. William Beveridge: a biography (1997) online.
Hills, John et al. eds. Beveridge and Social Security: an International Retrospective (1994)
Robertson, David Brian. "Policy entrepreneurs and policy divergence: John R. Commons and William Beveridge." Social Service Review 62.3 (1988): 504–531.
Sugita, Yoneyuki. "The Beveridge Report and Japan." Social work in public health 29.2 (2014): 148–161.
Whiteside, Noel. "The Beveridge Report and its implementation: A revolutionary project?." Histoire@ Politique 3 (2014): 24–37. online
Primary sources
Williams, Ioan, and Karel Williams, eds. A Beveridge Reader (2014); (Works of William H. Beveridge).
External links
Sir William Beveridge Foundation
Spartacus Educational on William Beveridge and The Beveridge Report
Full text of the report
BBC information
BBC Radio 4, Great Lives – Downloadable 30 minute discussion of William Beveridge
Catalogue of William Beveridge's papers at the London School of Economics (LSE Archives)
Cataloguing the Beveridge papers at LSE Archives
1879 births
1963 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
British agnostics
British humanists
British economists
British reformers
British social liberals
Civil servants in the Board of Trade
English people of Scottish descent
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Masters of University College, Oxford
People educated at Charterhouse School
People associated with the London School of Economics
Permanent Secretaries of the Ministry of Food
Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
British social reformers
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
Peers created by George VI | [
-0.0007754632970318198,
0.13650819659233093,
-0.336028128862381,
-0.19485294818878174,
-0.27140700817108154,
0.7937736511230469,
0.3571964204311371,
-0.17118395864963531,
-0.05637931823730469,
-0.11423570662736893,
-0.10033595561981201,
0.3447599411010742,
-0.30659133195877075,
0.46461695432662964,
0.2676762044429779,
-0.45790472626686096,
-0.24941526353359222,
-0.10876445472240448,
-0.5296499729156494,
0.1327114999294281,
-0.474893718957901,
-0.05434410646557808,
0.08133234828710556,
0.180886372923851,
-0.31889504194259644,
0.2445010095834732,
0.6066824197769165,
-0.43801745772361755,
0.04321805015206337,
0.016605453565716743,
0.6640336513519287,
0.4797438979148865,
-0.1013631597161293,
-0.06513545662164688,
-0.5229721665382385,
0.3459424078464508,
-0.30726712942123413,
-0.4546308219432831,
-0.21189461648464203,
-0.26770204305648804,
-0.12578417360782623,
0.4313300848007202,
0.2833821177482605,
0.4315336048603058,
-0.7064523100852966,
-0.8373080492019653,
-2.3848700523376465,
-0.2151152640581131,
-0.8773777484893799,
-0.6096720099449158,
-0.5065138936042786,
0.29816070199012756,
0.6040952205657959,
-0.3341861069202423,
0.18423083424568176,
0.2230576127767563,
-0.5786051750183105,
-0.3346039354801178,
0.2452290654182434,
-0.5728517174720764,
0.6476227045059204,
-0.21577265858650208,
0.5365780591964722,
-0.008942478336393833,
0.16776175796985626,
0.10157124698162079,
-0.25743865966796875,
0.6409232020378113,
-0.2594251334667206,
-0.35620129108428955,
-0.35471636056900024,
-0.2763374447822571,
0.12801593542099,
0.42407262325286865,
-0.05315981060266495,
-0.34726786613464355,
0.23502111434936523,
-0.14748872816562653,
0.11549456417560577,
-0.1222977265715599,
0.40953895449638367,
0.10864043980836868,
0.5588117837905884,
0.15187042951583862,
0.30240821838378906,
0.08428489416837692,
-0.5391220450401306,
0.7561663389205933,
-0.6061002612113953,
0.7951692938804626,
-0.007832190953195095,
-0.26949870586395264,
0.09988874197006226,
-0.08927889168262482,
-0.3185890018939972,
0.10399980843067169,
0.052903611212968826,
-0.2491363286972046,
-0.34884411096572876,
-0.00924806296825409,
0.28960153460502625,
0.1716938465833664,
0.043224483728408813,
-0.23900143802165985,
-0.4325096011161804,
0.03782983124256134,
-0.15320917963981628,
-0.875840425491333,
0.04263411462306976,
-0.1627136468887329,
-0.525531530380249,
0.13175317645072937,
-0.20209254324436188,
0.1285334676504135,
0.31179699301719666,
0.7542737126350403,
0.09861700236797333,
-0.6648725271224976,
-0.5945682525634766,
0.0143264876678586,
0.4461279511451721,
-0.011525025591254234,
-0.3230435252189636,
-0.22525592148303986,
-0.5151240825653076,
0.1527053564786911,
0.46086204051971436,
0.045560382306575775,
0.05888357758522034,
0.5153031945228577,
0.7807611227035522,
1.1979447603225708,
-0.7557599544525146,
-0.5907074809074402,
-0.4521743357181549,
-0.30160340666770935,
0.3308514654636383,
0.21546700596809387,
-0.20886321365833282,
0.19789588451385498,
-0.04524967446923256,
0.3178217113018036,
-0.8114739060401917,
-0.06480944901704788,
0.5793541073799133,
-0.1030767634510994,
0.14883628487586975,
-0.09664192795753479,
-0.1171245276927948,
0.03178660199046135,
0.13144038617610931,
0.01602965034544468,
0.008054198697209358,
0.4166465401649475,
-0.09973116219043732,
0.14982758462429047,
0.7804287075996399,
-0.08253181725740433,
0.1580202281475067,
0.28693994879722595,
-0.034997209906578064,
-0.30064457654953003,
-0.2639005780220032,
-0.1504366397857666,
0.21504129469394684,
-0.06556962430477142,
-0.021442798897624016,
-0.23821119964122772,
-0.18998147547245026,
0.739700973033905,
-0.32736650109291077,
-0.12725432217121124,
0.38780346512794495,
-0.27011823654174805,
0.30627676844596863,
0.5353782176971436,
0.9566197991371155,
0.19938792288303375,
0.21273979544639587,
-0.6208165884017944,
-0.6079995632171631,
-0.3642713725566864,
0.6001381874084473,
0.27391883730888367,
0.5526444315910339,
-0.13433922827243805,
0.341419517993927,
-0.19234606623649597,
0.6131284236907959,
-0.14972911775112152,
-0.31921008229255676,
-0.8610039949417114,
0.2570413053035736,
-0.6434081792831421,
0.7259042263031006,
0.46718528866767883,
-0.22209353744983673,
0.3242611885070801,
0.05268317833542824,
0.3440057635307312,
-0.23368296027183533,
-0.10329316556453705,
-0.2756488621234894,
-0.5054489970207214,
-0.27240800857543945,
0.6039954423904419,
0.49297332763671875,
0.3942255675792694,
-0.0676679015159607,
0.9704236388206482,
0.6354936361312866,
-0.5099184513092041,
-0.03533145412802696,
-0.06432002782821655,
-0.31864675879478455,
-0.9109219908714294,
-0.1778586357831955,
0.001604579039849341,
0.2724485695362091,
-0.33634915947914124,
0.49515318870544434,
0.7641085386276245,
-0.2519233226776123,
0.7185607552528381,
0.532660961151123,
0.2609943747520447,
0.38360315561294556,
-0.6296009421348572,
-0.04005761072039604,
-0.8383698463439941,
0.5067294239997864,
0.29551705718040466,
0.6391248106956482,
-0.24676841497421265,
0.05858874320983887,
-0.11830565333366394,
-0.7286777496337891,
-0.317394882440567,
-0.27301374077796936,
-0.2932600677013397,
-0.18084575235843658,
0.38950660824775696,
-0.7279748320579529,
0.21041731536388397,
-0.42996859550476074,
0.4626406729221344,
-0.22937820851802826,
0.11902442574501038,
0.0030489901546388865,
0.14134715497493744,
0.4036118984222412,
0.9177525043487549,
0.45344865322113037,
-0.11865556240081787,
0.24572809040546417,
-0.013364867307245731,
-0.14171163737773895,
0.6891404986381531,
0.4131886959075928,
0.38625654578208923,
-0.31313401460647583,
0.19155830144882202,
-0.09125272929668427,
0.7437463402748108,
-0.20541395246982574,
-0.44930729269981384,
-0.04845571517944336,
-0.28100770711898804,
-0.4410133957862854,
-0.2662253975868225,
0.46426689624786377,
-0.5562534332275391,
-0.21919982135295868,
0.21257901191711426,
0.5219601988792419,
-0.2598647177219391,
0.14691893756389618,
0.5924012660980225,
-0.7200485467910767,
-0.5478991866111755,
0.5206424593925476,
1.344248652458191,
-0.4515071511268616,
-0.17144560813903809,
0.010540643706917763,
0.12821723520755768,
0.0945499986410141,
-0.119621641933918,
0.2834532558917999,
-0.31957605481147766,
-0.2573534846305847,
1.0099111795425415,
-0.2961883842945099,
0.15322604775428772,
-0.7637189030647278,
0.6072281002998352,
-0.45126014947891235,
-0.6975282430648804,
0.26881057024002075,
-0.20866431295871735,
-0.04655372351408005,
0.4759717881679535,
0.16310381889343262,
0.2641432583332062,
0.2412896305322647,
0.2734866142272949,
-0.2817346453666687,
-0.22541387379169464,
-5.409597396850586,
0.4482716917991638,
0.37283018231391907,
-0.40727558732032776,
0.4507894814014435,
0.06738804280757904,
0.4026876389980316,
0.1914978325366974,
-0.3603495657444,
-0.28272828459739685,
0.49641698598861694,
-0.5162214040756226,
0.05390281602740288,
0.7275747656822205,
0.9276280999183655,
0.6386696100234985,
0.8007809519767761,
0.019033953547477722,
0.7019866704940796,
0.459232360124588,
0.0396604984998703,
-0.3439498841762543,
-0.3984234929084778,
0.7920169830322266,
0.24596942961215973,
0.07615501433610916,
-0.28366249799728394,
0.14212818443775177,
-1.2245028018951416,
-0.3687227964401245,
0.5522114038467407,
0.048132166266441345,
0.028508493676781654,
-0.029948318377137184,
-0.24403661489486694,
-0.0795428454875946,
0.6312941908836365,
0.7490988373756409,
-0.09107305109500885,
-0.2829015552997589,
-0.016098063439130783,
0.2749941647052765,
-0.604541003704071,
0.30737462639808655,
0.30589109659194946,
-0.3938051462173462,
-1.0328454971313477,
0.4943334460258484,
-0.2085976004600525,
0.4513166546821594,
0.16872981190681458,
0.564211905002594,
-0.1324790120124817,
-0.12435424327850342,
-0.5937641859054565,
0.339277982711792,
0.0987125113606453,
0.16898183524608612,
-0.7356714606285095,
0.4708220660686493,
0.45946577191352844,
-0.27810317277908325,
0.12174181640148163,
0.10947099328041077,
-0.012139587663114071,
-0.17012351751327515,
-0.11616344004869461,
-0.4411104619503021,
-0.03382553905248642,
-0.17618533968925476,
-0.04450353607535362,
0.5599237084388733,
0.06246345490217209,
-1.1508225202560425,
-0.13006143271923065,
-0.5262488722801208,
0.2701720893383026,
0.2960842549800873,
0.2809217870235443,
-0.1325097531080246,
0.6233763098716736,
-0.765505850315094,
-0.1272774487733841,
1.0859469175338745,
0.40580350160598755,
0.06620372086763382,
-0.5312228798866272,
0.2538493275642395,
-0.5952931046485901,
-0.5080059170722961,
-0.22051240503787994,
-0.38460981845855713,
-0.11048596352338791,
0.6009749174118042,
0.4168391227722168,
-0.0883709192276001,
-0.5227952599525452,
0.3611743152141571,
-0.17250536382198334,
-0.006484105717390776,
-0.49145498871803284,
-0.1631397008895874,
-0.39831021428108215,
-0.466178297996521,
0.6033569574356079,
-0.037760671228170395,
-0.10179298371076584,
0.4360363185405731,
0.044920261949300766,
0.17511072754859924,
0.108090341091156,
0.2944146692752838,
-0.647649884223938,
-0.01297664176672697,
0.025527024641633034,
0.10835446417331696,
-0.41611456871032715,
0.07204566150903702,
0.5350093245506287,
0.7176437973976135,
-0.015707051381468773,
0.48166385293006897,
-0.3761260509490967,
-0.37600257992744446,
-0.46581390500068665,
-0.03355677053332329,
0.4774130880832672,
-0.1294429898262024,
-0.4188856780529022,
-0.17393067479133606,
0.09588872641324997,
0.7278065085411072,
-0.31553319096565247,
-0.2281068116426468,
-0.010387424379587173,
-0.6152504682540894,
-0.6366108655929565,
0.15335515141487122,
0.005519786383956671,
0.065229631960392,
0.17527402937412262,
0.16334936022758484,
0.06450029462575912,
-0.14458292722702026,
0.46465057134628296,
0.2894495725631714,
0.5154064893722534,
-0.07803993672132492,
-0.026410803198814392,
0.2584935426712036,
0.11321131885051727,
-0.16993579268455505,
-0.06488192081451416,
-0.8487128615379333,
-0.8786934614181519,
-0.2745223343372345,
-0.265882670879364,
-0.17549502849578857,
-0.3615414798259735,
-0.6536350846290588,
-0.34524989128112793,
0.2630045711994171,
-1.0957821607589722,
-0.2245614379644394,
0.5038946866989136,
0.4488992393016815,
-0.29679933190345764,
-0.6337891817092896,
-0.3126789331436157,
0.7687969207763672,
-0.003826817963272333,
-0.22217032313346863,
-0.626021146774292,
-0.36854949593544006,
0.2356376349925995,
0.025103330612182617,
-0.1556714028120041,
-0.5011510848999023,
-0.4722362458705902,
0.02662653848528862,
-0.1051025241613388,
0.2146534025669098,
-0.7269312143325806,
0.04163616895675659,
0.16216453909873962,
-0.49532365798950195,
-0.6611014604568481,
-0.05410217493772507,
-0.41536664962768555,
-0.7261397242546082,
-0.049871571362018585,
-0.05570800602436066,
0.6901326179504395,
1.027101755142212,
-0.4417117238044739,
-0.3328043520450592,
-0.20312166213989258,
0.2641771137714386,
0.10350675135850906,
-0.7114012837409973,
0.06795687228441238,
0.4530276954174042,
0.027225419878959656,
-0.024027585983276367,
0.30483657121658325,
-1.3076307773590088,
-0.6712556481361389,
-0.025984087958931923,
-0.10632509738206863,
1.0895297527313232,
-0.5470951199531555,
-0.12202262133359909,
-0.1914161890745163,
-0.035980891436338425,
-0.5354066491127014,
-0.3050900399684906,
-0.03944575414061546,
0.21430949866771698,
-0.3102196455001831,
-0.5565235614776611,
-0.6726887822151184,
0.015836795791983604,
-0.2868770658969879,
-0.2789093554019928,
-0.571329653263092,
-0.2910670340061188,
0.31652653217315674,
-0.0663757398724556,
0.6072098612785339,
-0.17308668792247772,
-0.47372761368751526,
0.051876477897167206,
0.021333424374461174,
0.37454912066459656,
-0.28467580676078796,
0.3854432702064514,
0.31047704815864563,
0.3754286766052246,
-0.06903406232595444,
-0.06501869112253189,
-0.04533972218632698,
1.1447548866271973,
0.5871873497962952,
-1.0491594076156616,
-0.0029252178501337767,
0.05727085471153259,
0.6434605717658997,
-0.18413662910461426,
-0.18456903100013733,
0.44356006383895874,
-0.19123001396656036,
0.1738784909248352,
-0.9913684129714966,
0.08109979331493378,
0.3025784492492676,
-0.4657936096191406,
-0.17009258270263672,
-0.017354346811771393,
0.591575562953949,
0.08342146873474121,
0.2710626721382141,
0.6675964593887329,
-0.04284762591123581,
0.3716985881328583,
0.31762540340423584,
0.634235680103302,
0.23208536207675934,
-0.02582414448261261,
0.7215354442596436,
-0.8258547782897949,
0.031369589269161224,
-0.173325777053833,
-0.6368556618690491,
0.03154871612787247,
-0.027800673618912697,
-0.5327005386352539,
0.22043229639530182,
-0.8582397103309631,
0.89875727891922,
-0.44346535205841064,
-0.4967368543148041,
0.027560388669371605,
0.884778618812561,
-0.7584431767463684,
-0.28607043623924255,
-0.8775833249092102,
-0.010602417401969433,
-0.4065786302089691,
-0.2462560087442398,
-0.05895134434103966,
-0.6531906723976135,
0.09645993262529373,
-0.43557050824165344,
0.07764282822608948,
-0.6094540357589722,
0.14220444858074188,
-0.8596473336219788,
-0.3321229815483093,
-0.40788716077804565,
-0.38452592492103577,
-0.29285743832588196,
0.3780498504638672,
-0.021698905155062675,
0.12085051834583282,
0.6277353167533875,
-0.09195960313081741,
-0.11090166121721268,
-0.03527747839689255,
-0.363674134016037,
-0.15177838504314423,
-0.16409221291542053,
-0.37778031826019287,
0.08781924098730087,
0.8246177434921265,
-0.6588779091835022,
-0.22971253097057343,
0.3691265881061554,
-0.5974476933479309,
0.21482370793819427,
0.31523576378822327,
-0.20105808973312378,
0.13439393043518066,
0.33784300088882446,
-0.2807166278362274,
-0.08919587731361389,
0.5475978851318359,
0.024123838171362877,
0.63788902759552,
0.0755288377404213,
0.06729170680046082,
-0.05699653923511505,
-0.2770395874977112,
-0.4106731414794922,
0.8071846961975098,
-0.029367169365286827,
0.16839462518692017,
0.5688866972923279,
-0.2897385060787201,
-0.20782709121704102,
0.06826429069042206,
0.2702001631259918,
0.9207472205162048,
0.046427272260189056,
-0.011207342147827148,
-0.3099246025085449,
0.20632992684841156,
-0.0016000859905034304,
0.6295167207717896,
0.190066397190094,
0.39081722497940063,
0.7168481349945068,
0.20823602378368378,
0.552840530872345,
-0.8501826524734497,
0.13450489938259125,
0.1707560122013092,
1.0374749898910522,
-0.1716376543045044,
-0.14851322770118713,
-0.22414946556091309,
0.007981855422258377,
0.0011569320922717452,
0.18775829672813416,
-0.26707303524017334,
0.22641687095165253,
-0.0138107193633914,
0.021216629073023796,
-0.8559836745262146,
0.08224416524171829,
0.8388873338699341,
0.4584985673427582,
-0.4096717834472656,
0.3644546866416931,
0.4563184380531311,
0.6249560713768005,
0.3163711726665497,
0.7229567766189575,
-0.19960056245326996,
0.021085567772388458,
0.07884329557418823,
-0.02627428062260151,
0.14617104828357697,
0.008430130779743195,
-0.45197513699531555,
0.14293736219406128,
-0.1657402217388153,
-0.2425326704978943,
0.1799730658531189,
-0.24517785012722015,
-0.4010773003101349,
0.05779322609305382,
-0.39102813601493835,
-0.68318772315979,
0.5332199335098267,
-0.6934796571731567,
-0.05965211242437363,
-0.3700709342956543,
0.940902590751648,
0.5137529969215393,
-0.788375198841095,
-0.2998841404914856,
0.34474483132362366,
-0.40743255615234375,
0.31550392508506775,
0.3969767093658447,
0.21412397921085358,
0.2540063261985779,
0.5904269218444824,
-0.7171159982681274,
0.5758197903633118,
0.2153535932302475,
0.3905291259288788,
-0.24394157528877258,
0.47061365842819214,
0.13961894810199738,
-0.020886598154902458,
0.31091511249542236,
-0.13900761306285858,
-0.3640193045139313,
-0.23334382474422455,
0.3467376232147217,
0.06694570183753967,
-0.0982862338423729,
-0.45794951915740967,
-0.14239077270030975,
0.10519486665725708,
0.24785320460796356,
0.1474071890115738,
-0.2610204815864563,
0.4849506914615631,
-0.5161358714103699,
-0.0208504069596529,
-0.343614786863327,
-0.05113615468144417,
-0.119260773062706,
0.5483433604240417,
0.45916396379470825,
0.658495306968689,
-0.04972871392965317,
-0.03033917210996151,
0.36275193095207214,
-0.1574203073978424,
0.3955478370189667,
-0.06552385538816452,
-0.15185417234897614,
0.155708909034729,
0.16288910806179047,
-0.27978286147117615,
0.04630366340279579,
0.45377522706985474,
0.2780553996562958,
-0.24363195896148682,
0.18273550271987915,
-0.7848131060600281,
0.2865060269832611,
-0.32417044043540955,
-0.2271399050951004,
-0.2292041778564453,
0.25436893105506897,
0.3013080954551697
] |
217676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGE | NGE | NGE can mean:
Nagoya Grampus Eight, a football club playing for J-League
National Greek Examination, an examination for the ancient Greek language
Nation of Gods and Earths or 5 % Nation, a non religious movement that views Islam as a culture and a way of life
Natural genetic engineering
NGE, an abbreviation for the N-Gage portable game console by Nokia
, a Belarusian alternative rock group
Neon Genesis Evangelion, a number of works in anime/manga franchise of the same name
New Game Enhancements, a set of changes to the computer game Star Wars Galaxies
New Georgia Encyclopedia, a web-based encyclopedia about the US state of Georgia | [
0.14672070741653442,
-0.2524492144584656,
-0.3724801540374756,
0.22314290702342987,
-0.12487920373678207,
0.3318136930465698,
0.0004323110042605549,
0.5497727990150452,
-0.5704432725906372,
-0.18779368698596954,
-0.14226718246936798,
0.15948247909545898,
-0.15157000720500946,
0.44108647108078003,
-0.2099977284669876,
0.30920329689979553,
0.26466286182403564,
0.3846511244773865,
-0.4426177740097046,
-0.08612140268087387,
-0.47932374477386475,
0.09269793331623077,
0.26645106077194214,
-0.2553197145462036,
-0.2542918622493744,
0.16157442331314087,
0.3205510377883911,
0.04225487262010574,
-0.2678040564060211,
0.24447044730186462,
-0.015550589188933372,
0.2389019876718521,
-0.12455432862043381,
-0.09180672466754913,
-0.2095501571893692,
-0.23746469616889954,
-0.26775944232940674,
0.390437513589859,
0.0007918286137282848,
-0.3482048511505127,
0.2740992307662964,
-0.5702031850814819,
-0.08271738141775131,
0.311540812253952,
-0.5339670181274414,
-0.05757777392864227,
-1.8893935680389404,
0.4692264795303345,
-0.6035346984863281,
0.06374353170394897,
0.04236692190170288,
0.003087705234065652,
-0.2894895076751709,
0.40599167346954346,
-0.17353759706020355,
0.3173682987689972,
-0.10692986845970154,
-0.1966070830821991,
0.12471632659435272,
-0.7560735940933228,
0.6683399677276611,
-0.14169824123382568,
0.0993349626660347,
0.007046073209494352,
-0.1278359293937683,
0.3480275571346283,
-0.21302978694438934,
0.6076514720916748,
-0.8014009594917297,
-0.5112799406051636,
0.0662749856710434,
-0.11943283677101135,
-0.19029854238033295,
-0.20484676957130432,
0.10709527134895325,
-0.2254994809627533,
0.04247302934527397,
0.3309367299079895,
0.14117856323719025,
0.41858619451522827,
-0.5306301116943359,
0.30031484365463257,
0.9868482947349548,
-0.31182947754859924,
0.33446478843688965,
-0.07421337068080902,
-0.24703456461429596,
0.30861467123031616,
-0.4025743305683136,
0.2749647796154022,
0.3400982618331909,
-0.601963460445404,
1.0222816467285156,
0.26124393939971924,
-0.2264680415391922,
-0.22326229512691498,
-0.1511375904083252,
-0.11916123330593109,
0.410563200712204,
0.1561475545167923,
-0.3648989796638489,
-0.570855975151062,
0.014138243161141872,
0.18260708451271057,
-0.9369688630104065,
-0.17629440128803253,
-0.2097536325454712,
-0.2476998269557953,
0.003919272217899561,
-0.020319364964962006,
-0.4382597506046295,
0.6154730319976807,
0.21189998090267181,
0.06863325089216232,
-0.06018665432929993,
-0.22375191748142242,
-0.12590540945529938,
-0.5255364775657654,
-0.1169654056429863,
0.27320823073387146,
0.25999027490615845,
0.7170448899269104,
-0.1577858179807663,
0.1766088604927063,
0.6396822929382324,
0.4535304605960846,
0.5760881304740906,
0.4974393844604492,
-0.5311625003814697,
-0.1266048699617386,
0.27777770161628723,
0.2571636438369751,
-0.13417600095272064,
0.13942360877990723,
0.04228940233588219,
-0.21155619621276855,
-0.21371382474899292,
-0.21853047609329224,
0.22228045761585236,
-0.009238994680345058,
-0.9326360821723938,
-0.15468363463878632,
-0.8572684526443481,
-0.16379640996456146,
0.10729753971099854,
-0.2678629159927368,
-0.3371855616569519,
0.0967082753777504,
-0.019371502101421356,
0.053685642778873444,
-0.08842100203037262,
-0.006050810217857361,
0.03180820867419243,
0.28109681606292725,
0.04427758604288101,
0.20870782434940338,
-0.11266429722309113,
-0.11146525293588638,
0.3769820034503937,
0.44475057721138,
-0.08013498783111572,
0.3000977337360382,
-0.5693365335464478,
0.23568189144134521,
0.3424714207649231,
0.022622594609856606,
0.25553885102272034,
0.7062895894050598,
0.07251080125570297,
-0.15692466497421265,
-0.07468044757843018,
-0.20687167346477509,
0.13569355010986328,
0.4025382697582245,
-0.11540636420249939,
0.04707683250308037,
0.4388248026371002,
-0.09322577714920044,
0.5266934037208557,
0.145815908908844,
-0.6827871799468994,
-0.5601426959037781,
0.30776914954185486,
-0.22723549604415894,
-0.39201176166534424,
-0.28186747431755066,
0.025156240910291672,
-0.007846025750041008,
0.18013013899326324,
0.043747033923864365,
-0.3587767481803894,
-0.3489992618560791,
-0.09673405438661575,
-0.5854535698890686,
0.9236049652099609,
-0.15687476098537445,
-0.284405380487442,
1.3510832786560059,
0.17803752422332764,
0.05078250542283058,
0.36224648356437683,
-0.23836176097393036,
0.4197327494621277,
-0.09653373807668686,
-0.185086190700531,
0.5295650959014893,
0.2208666354417801,
0.22605833411216736,
-0.2594466209411621,
-0.07680816203355789,
0.29652470350265503,
-0.22905193269252777,
0.5146625638008118,
-0.3852252662181854,
0.2084123194217682,
0.04395006224513054,
-0.5438215732574463,
0.6010464429855347,
-0.058426328003406525,
-0.5214256048202515,
0.5838763117790222,
-0.48912638425827026,
0.11303617060184479,
-0.12575450539588928,
0.12599356472492218,
0.7423092126846313,
0.03166962042450905,
0.3910626769065857,
0.7054131031036377,
-0.8403239250183105,
0.3004375994205475,
-0.2858567535877228,
-0.08880554139614105,
-0.5254455804824829,
0.04170454666018486,
-0.028735212981700897,
0.3478197157382965,
-0.5461341738700867,
0.3443678617477417,
-0.42944127321243286,
-0.4240460693836212,
0.4870167374610901,
-0.39979875087738037,
-0.12743723392486572,
0.3929174542427063,
-0.43353334069252014,
-0.07431656867265701,
-0.3792632818222046,
-0.32574737071990967,
-0.10750710219144821,
-0.06394695490598679,
0.2618778944015503,
0.2214665412902832,
0.17383359372615814,
-0.16372716426849365,
0.28390738368034363,
-0.09879741817712784,
0.195924311876297,
-0.11302273720502853,
-0.2827831506729126,
-0.18858353793621063,
0.06684909015893936,
-0.05176519602537155,
-0.20980235934257507,
-0.05490422621369362,
-0.4313562214374542,
-0.3211047947406769,
-0.05175461620092392,
0.2662314176559448,
0.46387046575546265,
0.2918691337108612,
0.37260663509368896,
-0.16789071261882782,
-0.14813964068889618,
-0.6514938473701477,
-0.8773066401481628,
0.1823737919330597,
0.41232800483703613,
-0.6555918455123901,
-0.8930090069770813,
-0.6945635676383972,
0.037953928112983704,
0.26960960030555725,
-0.3868330121040344,
-0.04612579941749573,
-0.31998318433761597,
0.0216359905898571,
-0.17132702469825745,
-0.2945459485054016,
-0.11107096076011658,
-0.0989404022693634,
0.25115740299224854,
-0.1920759379863739,
-0.06387338787317276,
0.7662232518196106,
-0.03820021450519562,
0.1118178516626358,
0.12816180288791656,
0.12766852974891663,
-0.06326574832201004,
-0.5093088746070862,
0.03711898252367973,
0.11622915416955948,
-0.3293876349925995,
0.2729879319667816,
-0.2862569987773895,
-0.014707041904330254,
0.17203781008720398,
-6.119652271270752,
0.22199824452400208,
-0.3611442446708679,
-0.0017306398367509246,
0.28293657302856445,
0.09631958603858948,
0.36959153413772583,
0.11739155650138855,
-0.028921985998749733,
-0.04188477247953415,
-0.0764254629611969,
0.5832017660140991,
-0.2008359432220459,
0.058612797409296036,
-0.12349831312894821,
0.1786903589963913,
0.5527737140655518,
0.6276482343673706,
-0.4504723846912384,
0.04438884183764458,
0.013705678284168243,
0.3600133955478668,
0.2630434036254883,
0.9136494398117065,
-0.026486152783036232,
0.3914259076118469,
-0.34108924865722656,
0.04236530140042305,
0.08539209514856339,
-0.39350712299346924,
0.411813348531723,
-0.016746677458286285,
-0.07790744304656982,
-0.09705561399459839,
-0.26713523268699646,
0.1418249011039734,
0.5511783957481384,
0.06902080774307251,
0.1362130343914032,
-0.09827235341072083,
-0.18073312938213348,
0.6184083223342896,
-0.2424554079771042,
-0.745107889175415,
0.29407089948654175,
-0.08883018791675568,
-0.3429357409477234,
0.08519914746284485,
-0.3856841027736664,
0.41653743386268616,
-0.12248913198709488,
-0.15216340124607086,
0.5377160906791687,
0.8426576256752014,
-0.16985972225666046,
-0.14234670996665955,
0.4728795886039734,
0.3322247564792633,
-0.20645393431186676,
0.1960817575454712,
0.3539627492427826,
-0.17408904433250427,
-0.3865928053855896,
-0.6380073428153992,
-0.34138211607933044,
-0.6017515063285828,
-0.38968703150749207,
0.03030451200902462,
0.43775296211242676,
0.22416044771671295,
-0.6211565136909485,
-0.3081223666667938,
0.2379322499036789,
-0.8778303265571594,
0.2912496030330658,
0.006520755123347044,
-0.3506101667881012,
0.01416504941880703,
-0.3801620304584503,
0.49969518184661865,
-0.3401184678077698,
-0.11534543335437775,
-0.32089343667030334,
-0.05075925216078758,
-0.49277377128601074,
-0.668633222579956,
-0.2046269327402115,
0.1891777217388153,
-0.1996242105960846,
0.3163231611251831,
0.5657971501350403,
-0.2029072791337967,
0.5965740084648132,
0.11396277695894241,
0.43448710441589355,
0.5693997144699097,
0.27594730257987976,
0.3568516671657562,
0.42883244156837463,
0.02719615399837494,
0.4192417860031128,
-0.5235073566436768,
0.20471690595149994,
-0.3761555850505829,
0.10183820128440857,
0.10427911579608917,
-0.04132626950740814,
-0.21577824652194977,
0.9599337577819824,
-0.16347874701023102,
-0.04344678297638893,
0.03312620148062706,
-0.5176119208335876,
0.04331297427415848,
0.02568180114030838,
-0.2288149893283844,
-0.030333684757351875,
0.20565076172351837,
0.5363388657569885,
-0.19499759376049042,
-0.038919445127248764,
0.5285066366195679,
-0.373921662569046,
-0.169893279671669,
-0.06296580284833908,
-0.06466230750083923,
-0.03503286838531494,
0.29099541902542114,
0.1568184792995453,
-0.10299699008464813,
0.1455000787973404,
0.16122721135616302,
0.44110623002052307,
0.16673918068408966,
0.10742083936929703,
0.05986475944519043,
-0.06871915608644485,
-0.26913344860076904,
-0.29427215456962585,
-0.45755237340927124,
0.4173375368118286,
-0.30766385793685913,
0.06557241827249527,
0.31913700699806213,
0.3216860592365265,
0.5032678246498108,
0.09875314682722092,
0.06992148607969284,
-0.1293535828590393,
0.5377163887023926,
0.251001238822937,
-0.5768994688987732,
0.4070528745651245,
-0.21996502578258514,
-0.25435036420822144,
0.8430977463722229,
0.41690751910209656,
-0.14223262667655945,
-0.04137969762086868,
-0.36277151107788086,
0.4317956864833832,
-0.4423482120037079,
-1.0589359998703003,
-0.12695500254631042,
0.21472740173339844,
0.24718564748764038,
-0.039161086082458496,
-0.2575361132621765,
0.03201635926961899,
0.0930211991071701,
0.20006468892097473,
0.11340607702732086,
-0.646149754524231,
-0.15730851888656616,
0.1420009732246399,
0.20996582508087158,
0.3814888000488281,
0.05752476304769516,
-0.23724862933158875,
0.36525675654411316,
0.4526247978210449,
-0.2606057822704315,
0.21577373147010803,
-0.04422043636441231,
0.34655454754829407,
-0.2592197358608246,
-0.0462837815284729,
0.584684431552887,
-0.24567849934101105,
-0.21123571693897247,
-0.2961246967315674,
0.15518756210803986,
0.2392062097787857,
0.055978551506996155,
0.0812833160161972,
-0.34250402450561523,
-0.08074695616960526,
0.4173574149608612,
-0.08194532990455627,
-0.7198929786682129,
0.42215320467948914,
0.064376100897789,
-0.34756508469581604,
0.05496051535010338,
0.5394681096076965,
-0.3826638162136078,
0.22992098331451416,
-0.626012921333313,
0.2613818049430847,
-0.10318928956985474,
-0.33633121848106384,
-0.3934619128704071,
-0.043396010994911194,
-0.30363956093788147,
0.17449425160884857,
-0.008081204257905483,
-0.03915749490261078,
-0.24368658661842346,
-0.5742487907409668,
-0.28795722126960754,
-0.43625181913375854,
0.15198774635791779,
0.17032895982265472,
0.04279974848031998,
-0.04373493790626526,
-0.13513386249542236,
0.3521069586277008,
-0.522655725479126,
0.08334044367074966,
-0.19349431991577148,
0.16961771249771118,
-0.1619078814983368,
-0.3150704503059387,
0.5457838177680969,
-0.22298654913902283,
-0.047407835721969604,
0.11746013909578323,
0.2024511694908142,
0.24032311141490936,
0.22278107702732086,
-0.10242035239934921,
-0.015923993661999702,
-0.19534237682819366,
-0.19448958337306976,
-0.17267189919948578,
0.019334672018885612,
0.2387295663356781,
0.3484789729118347,
-0.7644456028938293,
0.2929731607437134,
0.2848668694496155,
-0.322701096534729,
-0.13797950744628906,
-0.29434022307395935,
0.7983554601669312,
-0.5025240182876587,
-0.16950450837612152,
-0.17589367926120758,
-0.15840114653110504,
-0.16025099158287048,
-0.32790225744247437,
-0.22737158834934235,
-0.4105501174926758,
0.07759107649326324,
-0.07700483500957489,
0.07289329916238785,
-0.46029427647590637,
-0.48172640800476074,
-0.049853719770908356,
-0.762570321559906,
0.13059502840042114,
0.605756402015686,
0.8670799136161804,
0.9672640562057495,
0.03883930668234825,
-0.3990459442138672,
-0.08412034064531326,
-0.499174565076828,
-0.05947739630937576,
0.08000106364488602,
-0.1037840023636818,
-0.11247026175260544,
-0.11322752386331558,
-0.08321014791727066,
0.2965688109397888,
-0.6243926882743835,
0.6758294701576233,
0.012675050646066666,
-0.20183506608009338,
-0.41812223196029663,
-0.34874042868614197,
0.22424127161502838,
-0.07602637261152267,
0.08467048406600952,
-0.6551799178123474,
-0.007212421856820583,
0.2096245437860489,
-0.3642681837081909,
0.3628736436367035,
-0.09170862287282944,
-0.8225998282432556,
0.23453570902347565,
0.36287054419517517,
-0.007539880461990833,
0.1330317258834839,
0.24372731149196625,
0.18996696174144745,
-0.21564707159996033,
-0.12653110921382904,
-0.2018904983997345,
0.37246382236480713,
-0.14274735748767853,
0.4452168941497803,
0.6993672847747803,
0.07222237437963486,
0.23643290996551514,
0.23811429738998413,
-0.6736775636672974,
0.20773456990718842,
0.007117019966244698,
0.5336666107177734,
0.539641261100769,
0.6045176982879639,
0.3888068199157715,
-0.15988679230213165,
0.03825082257390022,
-0.18166960775852203,
-0.5441396832466125,
0.5191839933395386,
0.6129996180534363,
0.7249334454536438,
-0.05963299795985222,
0.06741270422935486,
0.42663583159446716,
-0.22800426185131073,
-0.3954845368862152,
0.017364289611577988,
-0.184355229139328,
-0.5621815323829651,
0.8265570402145386,
0.3739279806613922,
0.4396083652973175,
-0.24584181606769562,
-0.3448469638824463,
-0.25642240047454834,
0.3377768099308014,
0.022546151652932167,
0.2678929269313812,
-0.20143157243728638,
0.11430172622203827,
-0.3350197374820709,
0.11602040380239487,
-0.30641981959342957,
0.11523140966892242,
-0.13502085208892822,
-0.042100690305233,
-0.0444849357008934,
-0.5393597483634949,
-0.14177589118480682,
-0.1392115205526352,
-0.09733498841524124,
0.0475592315196991,
0.47419029474258423,
-0.28452038764953613,
-0.12281236797571182,
-0.05872573330998421,
-0.4766899049282074,
-0.1367236077785492,
-0.03595218434929848,
0.22250226140022278,
0.11801598221063614,
0.11519861966371536,
-0.043586354702711105,
0.00654414389282465,
-0.4264947175979614,
0.4320513606071472,
0.3775843381881714,
0.7347710132598877,
-0.4297032654285431,
0.2901393175125122,
-0.2277430295944214,
-0.3728010356426239,
0.11244628578424454,
-0.35802406072616577,
0.38066917657852173,
-0.11990540474653244,
0.1896028369665146,
0.29606154561042786,
-0.38673412799835205,
0.2758932113647461,
0.1110340878367424,
-1.0105135440826416,
-0.32968035340309143,
0.33107876777648926,
-0.1253933608531952,
0.14829173684120178,
0.14589610695838928,
0.6682455539703369,
0.4618392288684845,
0.8074045777320862,
0.15922260284423828,
-0.4141683578491211,
0.4821823835372925,
-0.07770109921693802,
-0.9855538010597229,
0.0492357462644577,
-0.3148908317089081,
0.47452470660209656,
-0.5398041009902954,
-0.011697808280587196,
0.7046681046485901,
-0.060293637216091156,
-0.00495390547439456,
0.23626992106437683,
0.17252421379089355,
-0.03907262533903122,
0.5745922923088074,
-0.12221571058034897,
0.12202559411525726,
-0.1687798947095871,
0.05767267197370529,
-0.4202355742454529,
0.3097646236419678,
0.20461270213127136,
-0.2040911167860031,
-0.45459023118019104,
0.5795750617980957,
-0.09785318374633789,
-0.6286511421203613,
0.12529732286930084,
-0.3317972421646118,
-0.40856415033340454,
-0.3382514715194702,
0.4272419214248657,
-0.9963002800941467,
-0.032811567187309265,
0.3566035330295563,
0.4509512186050415,
0.24456597864627838,
-0.07152976095676422,
-0.23297660052776337,
0.04646025225520134,
0.03323127701878548,
0.07698139548301697,
-0.3482832908630371,
0.8114825487136841,
0.26343289017677307,
-0.04593803361058235,
-0.4192814528942108,
0.14311416447162628,
-0.444835901260376,
-0.10988688468933105,
0.5460193157196045,
0.13652901351451874,
0.34158143401145935,
-0.08861574530601501,
0.22342687845230103,
0.0011271723778918386,
0.19100144505500793,
0.5236798524856567
] |
217677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah%20York | Susannah York | Susannah Yolande Fletcher (9 January 1939 – 15 January 2011), known professionally as Susannah York, was an English actress. Her appearances in various films of the 1960s, including Tom Jones (1963) and They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), formed the basis of her international reputation. An obituary in The Telegraph characterised her as "the blue-eyed English rose with the china-white skin and cupid lips who epitomised the sensuality of the swinging sixties", who later "proved that she was a real actor of extraordinary emotional range".
York's early films included The Greengage Summer (1961) and Freud (1962). She received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for They Shoot Horses, Don't They? She also won the 1972 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for Images. Her other film appearances included Sands of the Kalahari (1965), The Killing of Sister George (1968), Battle of Britain (1969), Jane Eyre (1970), Zee and Co. (1972), Gold (1974), The Maids (1975), Conduct Unbecoming (1975), Eliza Fraser (1976), The Shout (1978), The Silent Partner (1978), and Superman (1978). She was appointed an Officier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1991.
Early life
York was born in Chelsea, London, in 1939, the younger daughter of Simon William Peel Vickers Fletcher (1910–2002), a merchant banker and steel magnate, and his first wife, the former Joan Nita Mary Bowring. They married in 1935, and divorced prior to 1943. Her maternal grandfather was Walter Andrew Bowring, CBE, a British diplomat who served as Administrator of Dominica (1933–1935); she was a great-great-granddaughter of political economist Sir John Bowring. York had an elder sister, as well as a half-brother, Eugene Xavier Charles William Peel Fletcher, from her father's second marriage to Pauline de Bearnez de Morton de La Chapelle.
In early 1943, her mother married a Scottish businessman, Adam M. Hamilton, and moved, with her daughter, to Scotland. At the age of 11, York entered Marr College in Troon, Ayrshire. Later, she became a boarder at Wispers School in Midhurst, Sussex. At 13, she was removed, effectively expelled, from Wispers after admitting to a nude midnight swim in the school pool, and she transferred to East Haddon Hall in Northamptonshire.
Enthusiastic about her experiences of acting at school (she had played an ugly sister in Cinderella at the age of nine), York first decided to apply to the Glasgow College of Dramatic Art, but after her mother had separated from her stepfather and moved to London, she instead auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. At RADA, where her classmates included Peter O’Toole, Albert Finney and future The Beatles manager Brian Epstein, she won the Ronson award for most promising student before graduating in 1958.
Career
Film
Her film career began with Tunes of Glory (1960), co-starring with Alec Guinness and John Mills. In 1961, she played the leading role in The Greengage Summer, which co-starred Kenneth More and Danielle Darrieux. In 1962, she performed in Freud: The Secret Passion with Montgomery Clift in the title role.
York played Sophie Western opposite Albert Finney in the Oscar-winning Best Film Tom Jones (1963). She had turned the part down three times and only agreed to participate because she felt guilty over cooking a disastrous meal for the director Tony Richardson, who was determined not to accept her refusal. She also appeared in The 7th Dawn (1964) with William Holden, Kaleidescope (1966), A Man for All Seasons (1966), The Killing of Sister George (1968), and Battle of Britain (1969). In 1970 she co-starred with George C. Scott (as Edward Rochester), playing the title role in an American television movie of Jane Eyre, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in Country Dance.
York was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969). She snubbed the Academy when, regarding her nomination, she declared it offended her to be nominated without being asked. She was highly praised for her performance, though she said "I don't think much of the film, or of myself in it." She did attend the ceremony but lost to Goldie Hawn for her role in Cactus Flower.
In 1972, she won the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival for her role in Images. She played Superman's mother Lara on the doomed planet Krypton in Superman (1978) and its sequels, Superman II (1980) and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987). York made extensive appearances in British television series, including Prince Regent (1979), as Maria Fitzherbert, the clandestine wife of the future George IV, and We'll Meet Again (1982).
In 1984, York starred as Mrs. Cratchit in A Christmas Carol (1984), based on the novel by Charles Dickens. She again co-starred with George C. Scott (as Ebenezer Scrooge), David Warner (Bob Cratchit), Frank Finlay (Jacob Marley), Angela Pleasence (The Ghost of Christmas Past) and Anthony Walters (Tiny Tim).
In 1992, she was a member of the jury at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival.
In 2003, York had a recurring role as hospital manager Helen Grant in the BBC1 television drama series Holby City. She reprised this role in two episodes of Holby City'''s sister series Casualty in May 2004. Her last film was The Calling, released in 2010 in the UK.
She was a patron of the Children's Film Unit and appeared in several of their films.
Stage
In 1978, York appeared on stage at the New End Theatre in London in The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs with Lucinda Childs, directed by French director Simone Benmussa. This was the first of 10 projects she completed with the producer Richard Jackson. The following year, she appeared in Paris, speaking French in a play by Henry James: Appearances, with Sami Frey. The play was again directed by Benmussa.
In the 1980s, again with Benmussa, York played in For No Good Reason, an adaptation of George Moore's short story, with Susan Hampshire. In 1985, she appeared in Fatal Attraction by Bernard Slade at the Theatre Royal Haymarket. In 1986-87, York starred as Mary in Claire Boothe's The Women at the Old Vic, a production that included Maria Aitken, Diana Quick and Georgina Hale.
In 2007, she appeared in the UK tour of The Wings of the Dove, and continued performing her internationally well received solo show, The Loves of Shakespeare's Women. Also in 2007, she guest starred in the Doctor Who audio play Valhalla. In 2008, she played the part of Nelly in an adaptation by April De Angelis of Wuthering Heights.
According to the website of Italian symphonic metal band Rhapsody of Fire (previously known as Rhapsody), York had been recruited for a narrated part on the band's next full-length album Triumph or Agony. In 2009, she starred alongside Jos Vantyler in the Tennessee Williams season at the New End Theatre, London for which she received critical acclaim.
York's last stage performance was as Jean in Ronald Harwood's Quartet, at the Oxford Playhouse in August 2010.
Writing and personal appearances
In the 1970s, York wrote two children's fantasy novels, In Search of Unicorns (1973, revised 1984) which was excerpted in the film Images, and Lark's Castle (1976, revised 1986).
She was a guest, along with David Puttnam on the BBC Radio 4 documentary I Had The Misery Thursday, a tribute programme to film actor Montgomery Clift, which was aired in 1986, on the 20th anniversary of Clift's death. York had co-starred with him in Freud: The Secret Passion, John Huston's 1962 film biography of the psychoanalyst.
Personal life
In 1959, York married Michael Wells, with whom she had two children: daughter Sasha (born May 1972), and son Orlando (born June 1973). They divorced in 1976. In the 1984 TV adaptation of A Christmas Carol, she played Mrs. Cratchit and both of her children co-starred as Cratchit offspring. York's first grandchild by way of Orlando was born in 2007.
Politically, she was left-leaning, and publicly supported Mordechai Vanunu, the Israeli dissident who revealed Israel's nuclear weapons programme. While performing The Loves of Shakespeare's Women'' at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv in June 2007, York dedicated the performance to Vanunu, evoking both cheers and jeers from the audience.
Death
York was diagnosed with cancer late in 2010, but she refused to have chemotherapy. Nevertheless she still honoured a contractual obligation to appear in Ronald Harwood's Quartet. She died at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London from multiple myeloma on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday.
TV and filmography
References
External links
1939 births
2011 deaths
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from multiple myeloma
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
People educated at Wispers School
People from Chelsea, London
People educated at Marr College
Royal Shakespeare Company members | [
-0.5039036870002747,
-0.2371213138103485,
-0.5498914122581482,
-0.5153468251228333,
0.04120241478085518,
1.4559717178344727,
0.5136304497718811,
0.08981812745332718,
-0.6316174864768982,
0.531109094619751,
0.0601150207221508,
0.5685518383979797,
0.27053192257881165,
0.23505882918834686,
-0.5577313899993896,
0.15102043747901917,
0.286888986825943,
0.25871166586875916,
-0.3860011696815491,
-0.6062254309654236,
-0.2850675582885742,
-0.058635856956243515,
0.30621880292892456,
0.3445286154747009,
-1.106743335723877,
0.4103540778160095,
-0.31439533829689026,
0.1413283795118332,
0.18829308450222015,
-0.065013088285923,
-0.5422690510749817,
0.026155678555369377,
0.4754249155521393,
0.30891650915145874,
-0.3972362279891968,
0.6688499450683594,
-0.8172944784164429,
0.015887955203652382,
-0.8446352481842041,
-0.12658104300498962,
-0.3953506350517273,
-0.18306690454483032,
0.1325511783361435,
0.13679316639900208,
-0.5296041369438171,
-0.46596768498420715,
-1.762759804725647,
0.25384101271629333,
-0.46982061862945557,
-0.6417986750602722,
-0.3227561414241791,
0.46173715591430664,
0.8121346831321716,
-0.13688084483146667,
0.5510673522949219,
-0.6270895004272461,
-0.4594017267227173,
0.0070472885854542255,
0.08912471681833267,
0.025791527703404427,
0.2015196681022644,
-0.24162068963050842,
0.4206731915473938,
-0.601438045501709,
0.13472139835357666,
-0.03856472298502922,
0.34410834312438965,
0.09928875416517258,
-0.3569834232330322,
-0.5555106997489929,
0.421520859003067,
0.833565890789032,
0.4158209264278412,
-0.3177158832550049,
-0.24388404190540314,
-0.6574887037277222,
0.8435569405555725,
-0.1929948478937149,
0.2578109800815582,
0.2509886622428894,
0.37318849563598633,
-0.29540324211120605,
0.5946346521377563,
0.6013709902763367,
0.1687704622745514,
-0.5044331550598145,
-0.5133814215660095,
0.590948224067688,
-0.40639010071754456,
-0.2455100119113922,
-0.7454596161842346,
0.1312921792268753,
-0.6026673316955566,
0.525479257106781,
-0.26549485325813293,
0.2571537494659424,
-0.003398292465135455,
-0.010199782438576221,
0.5937309265136719,
-0.1687120795249939,
-0.20529648661613464,
-0.4497342109680176,
0.26772236824035645,
-1.17007315158844,
-0.5638283491134644,
0.14535334706306458,
0.3219740688800812,
0.0478910356760025,
0.18969397246837616,
0.3082016110420227,
-0.5792436599731445,
0.3700072169303894,
-0.024079719558358192,
0.24594901502132416,
0.06360317766666412,
-0.2104116976261139,
-0.09514139592647552,
0.15619049966335297,
-1.1153056621551514,
0.10151679068803787,
0.4663499891757965,
-0.37459856271743774,
0.102810800075531,
0.13534106314182281,
-0.3799605071544647,
0.34924840927124023,
-0.40788498520851135,
0.32741451263427734,
-0.36176449060440063,
-0.002002397086471319,
-0.08944178372621536,
0.8130099773406982,
-0.7635521292686462,
-0.45300227403640747,
0.07084423303604126,
0.08441110700368881,
-0.07855918258428574,
0.21484969556331635,
0.4279226064682007,
0.019315993413329124,
-0.295365571975708,
0.5345398783683777,
-0.7907808423042297,
0.2507968842983246,
1.094949722290039,
-0.24369625747203827,
-0.020164038985967636,
0.24773237109184265,
-0.21215756237506866,
0.10415429621934891,
-0.5510412454605103,
-0.06747673451900482,
0.3970537781715393,
-0.7997328639030457,
-0.4331550896167755,
-0.10237185657024384,
0.5918948650360107,
-0.11465822905302048,
-0.008275889791548252,
-0.29516980051994324,
0.5904121994972229,
-0.006718479096889496,
0.10261759161949158,
-0.13618922233581543,
0.11423004418611526,
-0.13025932013988495,
0.16414788365364075,
-0.8131113052368164,
0.11489991098642349,
0.5307344794273376,
-0.286918580532074,
0.3670516610145569,
0.48498502373695374,
0.31541678309440613,
-0.8327980637550354,
0.339118093252182,
-0.1785353720188141,
0.7099696397781372,
-0.48283177614212036,
-0.26427367329597473,
-0.6857421398162842,
0.08327347040176392,
0.42922303080558777,
0.015447243116796017,
0.04537716880440712,
0.6880273222923279,
0.30406323075294495,
0.11170210689306259,
0.5243065357208252,
-0.05182220786809921,
-0.641525387763977,
-0.33161064982414246,
0.3260745704174042,
0.5180899500846863,
0.012296415865421295,
-0.1046646237373352,
-0.3966529667377472,
-0.1666487604379654,
-0.12520338594913483,
0.1441987305879593,
-0.017919765785336494,
-0.3957066535949707,
-0.013998816721141338,
0.2616620361804962,
-0.09738513827323914,
0.027853667736053467,
0.3144804537296295,
0.18813298642635345,
0.6154078841209412,
0.7163163423538208,
-0.5562719702720642,
-1.252408504486084,
0.2513664662837982,
0.5779076218605042,
-0.29012951254844666,
-0.6920225620269775,
-0.8861727118492126,
-0.03804649040102959,
0.7425804734230042,
-0.49864792823791504,
0.13214224576950073,
0.7180184721946716,
-0.11177334189414978,
-0.5059108734130859,
-0.17357762157917023,
0.5660515427589417,
-0.7028294801712036,
0.30514058470726013,
0.18019945919513702,
-0.4596475064754486,
0.33767539262771606,
0.4913783669471741,
0.021443527191877365,
-0.19078314304351807,
0.28671663999557495,
0.007092286832630634,
0.42042437195777893,
-0.2476564347743988,
-0.4010896682739258,
-0.6784871220588684,
0.18679183721542358,
0.16278508305549622,
-0.885938823223114,
0.5798529982566833,
-0.1543581634759903,
0.08373729884624481,
0.21139617264270782,
-0.17883998155593872,
-0.03961145132780075,
-0.1835487186908722,
0.3767542243003845,
0.08643700182437897,
0.24721191823482513,
0.4864087700843811,
-0.12848733365535736,
0.027048051357269287,
0.057640787214040756,
0.04345761239528656,
1.1356598138809204,
0.7983533143997192,
-0.029491355642676353,
0.31107035279273987,
0.021375808864831924,
0.23474809527397156,
-0.2034442126750946,
-0.013777761720120907,
0.04483000561594963,
-0.7194436192512512,
-0.04323912411928177,
-0.08288563042879105,
0.5410606861114502,
-0.22657999396324158,
-0.22344312071800232,
0.1334405392408371,
0.24267235398292542,
0.5687401294708252,
-0.12473417073488235,
0.22722037136554718,
-0.5586385726928711,
-0.6957509517669678,
0.5321485996246338,
0.858328104019165,
-0.30378788709640503,
-0.33005109429359436,
-0.33357807993888855,
-0.01398412324488163,
-0.5401380658149719,
-0.11267481744289398,
-0.49542999267578125,
-0.38344407081604004,
-0.3080214858055115,
1.0130720138549805,
-0.47595250606536865,
0.4983554184436798,
-0.2729865312576294,
0.1534944772720337,
-0.6209680438041687,
0.360539048910141,
-0.2754128575325012,
0.29421162605285645,
-0.12866249680519104,
0.25288403034210205,
-0.19278115034103394,
0.033502642065286636,
0.22051358222961426,
0.2531547248363495,
-0.2657833397388458,
-0.351362407207489,
-5.240056991577148,
0.31116893887519836,
0.03719358891248703,
-0.455353319644928,
0.844072163105011,
-0.21145646274089813,
0.24410316348075867,
0.04139471426606178,
0.16189974546432495,
0.3983518183231354,
0.023144612088799477,
0.3262382447719574,
-0.5013476610183716,
0.4793029725551605,
0.6681241989135742,
0.2558318078517914,
-0.007773661520332098,
-0.8516995906829834,
0.36583173274993896,
0.9325211644172668,
0.15250442922115326,
-0.25695595145225525,
-0.24954770505428314,
0.301666259765625,
-0.17187266051769257,
-0.28427940607070923,
-0.033171843737363815,
-0.4503978490829468,
-1.0543540716171265,
-0.6864978075027466,
-0.32863473892211914,
-0.46928009390830994,
-0.31763240694999695,
-0.15293550491333008,
-0.02630551904439926,
-0.28012552857398987,
0.4554675221443176,
0.11525170505046844,
-0.34110191464424133,
-1.123461127281189,
-0.14252060651779175,
0.18957196176052094,
-0.4139910340309143,
0.27393773198127747,
0.42655041813850403,
-0.05417194962501526,
-0.37812936305999756,
-0.5141531825065613,
0.2166627049446106,
0.44438767433166504,
0.29333385825157166,
0.2938792407512665,
0.35790616273880005,
-0.5677271485328674,
0.11694464832544327,
-0.24437198042869568,
0.445649117231369,
0.12658023834228516,
-0.34335386753082275,
0.09282980114221573,
-0.015414596535265446,
-0.27504706382751465,
-0.08321858942508698,
-0.13581067323684692,
-0.6520978212356567,
0.10151990503072739,
-0.008916406892240047,
0.5264044404029846,
0.28946977853775024,
-0.6609249711036682,
0.3294840455055237,
-0.22023236751556396,
0.04222574830055237,
-1.1424070596694946,
-0.1519455760717392,
-0.33579304814338684,
0.6550696492195129,
-0.266547292470932,
-0.9497907161712646,
-0.011967246420681477,
0.23002628982067108,
-0.7966707348823547,
1.2122526168823242,
0.5712960362434387,
0.4088161289691925,
-0.03141330927610397,
-0.14822210371494293,
0.517148494720459,
-0.14447247982025146,
-0.24348345398902893,
-0.0370914451777935,
-0.1470830738544464,
-0.06034978851675987,
0.5140533447265625,
0.5080839395523071,
-0.08965164422988892,
0.21031567454338074,
0.5019803047180176,
-0.2143634855747223,
0.4477629065513611,
-0.6180043816566467,
0.16917556524276733,
0.6887416839599609,
-0.5842325687408447,
0.39961034059524536,
-0.20552891492843628,
0.26741865277290344,
-0.08399930596351624,
0.5535305142402649,
-0.6429239511489868,
0.565558135509491,
0.41873329877853394,
0.13551101088523865,
-0.36956900358200073,
-0.3771172761917114,
-0.2165960669517517,
0.45830008387565613,
0.2700140178203583,
0.42264699935913086,
0.11107462644577026,
-0.18033084273338318,
0.5875294804573059,
-0.25090765953063965,
0.20097152888774872,
-0.3071722090244293,
-0.2503418028354645,
0.29668137431144714,
0.34503623843193054,
-0.4720711410045624,
0.21202349662780762,
-0.4535917341709137,
0.27678000926971436,
0.06374939531087875,
0.152038112282753,
0.2714031934738159,
-0.23514874279499054,
-0.182692751288414,
-0.11387327313423157,
-0.05493413656949997,
0.2715671956539154,
0.21153602004051208,
-0.4732191562652588,
0.16143544018268585,
0.5214780569076538,
0.28364357352256775,
-0.29010316729545593,
0.18548691272735596,
-0.3198578953742981,
-0.10689578950405121,
0.6793020963668823,
0.4626500904560089,
0.45667704939842224,
0.3641777038574219,
-0.5544183254241943,
-0.05258361995220184,
0.1757407784461975,
-0.29208898544311523,
-0.3162069022655487,
0.08339159935712814,
0.14000770449638367,
-0.3819100260734558,
-0.12209981679916382,
-0.46672406792640686,
0.13680818676948547,
-0.21669229865074158,
0.33022961020469666,
-0.3823201358318329,
-0.6146537065505981,
-0.23169273138046265,
0.7109183669090271,
-0.40551573038101196,
-0.3442535400390625,
0.332278311252594,
0.44325146079063416,
0.40971046686172485,
0.7286630868911743,
-0.13703526556491852,
-0.49741438031196594,
-0.32386261224746704,
-0.2673809826374054,
0.24175505340099335,
-0.5787428617477417,
-1.2564518451690674,
-0.044865112751722336,
0.2267935574054718,
0.41222909092903137,
-0.8946487903594971,
-0.36329296231269836,
-0.07259636372327805,
-0.15686790645122528,
-0.2837907075881958,
-0.24992488324642181,
-0.20534095168113708,
0.5173174142837524,
-0.8935640454292297,
0.2810840308666229,
0.38632965087890625,
0.07677514851093292,
0.0908612534403801,
-0.014603647403419018,
-0.5216071605682373,
0.28814005851745605,
-0.7301105856895447,
-0.5304786562919617,
0.6530315279960632,
-1.1064225435256958,
-0.06845110654830933,
-0.07283874601125717,
-0.24621227383613586,
0.6896337866783142,
-0.1363290548324585,
0.03234492614865303,
-0.3518047630786896,
0.07443266361951828,
-0.13074389100074768,
0.4631427824497223,
0.08287589997053146,
0.043300047516822815,
0.07418859004974365,
-0.48123183846473694,
-0.553748607635498,
-0.7926510572433472,
-0.005522728431969881,
0.06544315069913864,
-0.9777223467826843,
-0.009594307281076908,
0.13868045806884766,
-0.2443203628063202,
0.7191720008850098,
-0.02522701397538185,
0.06585999578237534,
0.065433070063591,
-0.09994518011808395,
0.07805514335632324,
-0.2506902813911438,
-0.6422547698020935,
-0.04270293191075325,
-0.2202952653169632,
-0.4215603768825531,
0.6332195401191711,
0.8783547282218933,
0.8755871653556824,
-0.27195271849632263,
0.5078833103179932,
-0.02420462854206562,
0.4198898375034332,
-0.25878092646598816,
-0.7137516140937805,
-0.35783490538597107,
-0.011352898553013802,
0.23580799996852875,
0.1681656539440155,
-0.6391122341156006,
0.17877091467380524,
0.1515323966741562,
-1.0568182468414307,
0.12164676934480667,
0.002750897081568837,
-0.24108581244945526,
-0.0636558085680008,
0.5191251635551453,
-0.2346290946006775,
0.15313324332237244,
-0.39538702368736267,
-0.004335872363299131,
0.36533859372138977,
0.06032134220004082,
-0.0520961731672287,
0.5086307525634766,
-0.2882460355758667,
0.054864607751369476,
0.5864207744598389,
-0.1795005202293396,
0.40614041686058044,
-0.10980214178562164,
0.22890031337738037,
0.38381603360176086,
-0.6707430481910706,
0.8779833316802979,
-0.39673784375190735,
-0.02629612572491169,
0.562065601348877,
-0.05961097404360771,
-0.5699506998062134,
-0.33049097657203674,
-0.6627842783927917,
0.6220019459724426,
-0.7963153719902039,
-0.11141340434551239,
0.08143706619739532,
0.22866833209991455,
0.5222911238670349,
-0.07679898291826248,
0.14882834255695343,
-0.40615275502204895,
0.031631238758563995,
-0.06284277886152267,
0.45208942890167236,
-0.24979612231254578,
-0.4890078604221344,
-0.2643989324569702,
0.2849334478378296,
0.2058795988559723,
0.13926894962787628,
-0.01008338201791048,
-0.31820589303970337,
0.1367042064666748,
-1.2540593147277832,
-0.6483819484710693,
0.347192645072937,
0.3501305878162384,
-0.3445678651332855,
0.5196813941001892,
0.5695063471794128,
0.23260429501533508,
-0.15736030042171478,
0.6609290838241577,
-0.2879752516746521,
-0.5280554294586182,
-0.15457315742969513,
-0.3507852256298065,
0.04505962133407593,
0.07276075333356857,
-0.42011481523513794,
0.8308172821998596,
0.39633631706237793,
0.6463963389396667,
0.24152100086212158,
-0.672930121421814,
0.44945791363716125,
-0.026429634541273117,
-1.0030678510665894,
0.5110189914703369,
0.7133074402809143,
0.5721153616905212,
-0.7069807648658752,
0.6127826571464539,
0.03135696053504944,
0.5923380851745605,
0.6327002644538879,
0.002767232246696949,
0.5572571158409119,
0.2882956862449646,
0.19207021594047546,
0.08540256321430206,
0.44198015332221985,
0.03095869906246662,
0.7166998386383057,
-0.8868653774261475,
-0.5888240933418274,
0.6188900470733643,
0.020699961110949516,
-0.08996694535017014,
-0.9470970630645752,
0.9797605276107788,
0.4263361990451813,
0.6721764206886292,
-0.6464787125587463,
-0.28668656945228577,
0.6219688057899475,
-0.5584605932235718,
-0.37509116530418396,
0.8839306235313416,
0.005574915092438459,
-0.7063695788383484,
-0.16842998564243317,
-0.1260053664445877,
-0.34034231305122375,
0.42228519916534424,
0.529910683631897,
0.40662896633148193,
0.5058562755584717,
-0.4569759964942932,
0.13636504113674164,
0.26210084557533264,
0.5176205039024353,
0.5687795281410217,
-0.4825894236564636,
0.13551974296569824,
-0.4208003282546997,
-0.3832295536994934,
-0.05551157519221306,
0.15273261070251465,
-0.3832381069660187,
0.38778480887413025,
-0.8102535605430603,
-0.05038343742489815,
-0.05885857343673706,
0.15687240660190582,
-0.2256171852350235,
0.6018657684326172,
-0.9785054922103882,
-0.006245821714401245,
-0.05401499196887016,
-0.7999308705329895,
0.17892946302890778,
-0.16099537909030914,
0.8067514896392822,
0.4432479441165924,
-0.05420699343085289,
0.562924861907959,
1.0787570476531982,
0.21516664326190948,
0.39647457003593445,
-0.23517177999019623,
0.6210904121398926,
0.04418547824025154,
0.07423784583806992,
-0.6507058143615723,
-0.012240461073815823,
0.514074981212616,
-0.0241269338876009,
-0.2497057318687439,
-0.14402970671653748,
-0.42734232544898987,
0.31360918283462524,
0.5345183610916138,
0.585677981376648,
-0.36100026965141296,
-0.1000099703669548,
-0.14715489745140076,
0.01329041738063097,
0.3606760799884796,
-0.12041191756725311,
-0.5444976687431335,
1.1790140867233276,
-0.09433786571025848,
-0.5153671503067017,
-0.27935782074928284,
0.09722709655761719,
-0.143561452627182,
0.9211495518684387,
-0.11325637996196747,
-0.040507722645998,
-0.25048378109931946,
0.3018544018268585,
0.4881913959980011,
0.39552879333496094,
0.48792365193367004,
-0.47622206807136536,
0.27192890644073486,
0.665141224861145,
0.31915825605392456,
0.315624475479126,
0.12248419970273972,
-0.5196712017059326,
0.039215944707393646,
-0.2313443422317505,
-0.1864989846944809,
0.5919703841209412,
-0.10156930238008499,
-0.4046844244003296,
0.24791188538074493,
-0.5711616277694702,
-0.20169846713542938,
-0.5427165031433105,
0.044936321675777435,
-0.42275047302246094,
0.11750494688749313,
0.05410393700003624
] |
217678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed%20Ambassador | Airspeed Ambassador | The Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador is a British twin piston-engined airliner that was designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer Airspeed Ltd. It was one of the first postwar airliners to be produced.
The Ambassador was developed in response to a requirement identified by the Brabazon Committee for a twin-engined short-to-medium-haul airliner as a replacement for the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. Airspeed assembled a design team in 1943, which initially worked on a smaller proposal powered by Bristol Hercules radial engines; this was quickly superseded by a larger capacity design aimed at better fulfilling the expansion in postwar civil air travel, although several figures doubted Airspeed's projections. While outfitted with the new but conventional Bristol Centaurus radial engines, the Ambassador was designed to accommodate four Napier Nomad turbo-compound engines, a then-recent innovation. Its fuselage was compatible with pressurisation, this being an optional feature offered to customers.
On 10 July 1947, the first prototype Ambassador conducted its maiden flight; a total of three prototypes were built. Early on, British European Airways (BEA) emerged as an key customer for the type, having placed a £3 million order for 20 aircraft in September 1948. Introducing the Ambassador to service in 1951, BEA often referred to the aircraft as the "Elizabethans", as having been popularised as the planes used for the airline's "Elizabethan Class" passenger service. However, the type was quickly outperformed by the turboprop-powered Vickers Viscount, with BEA opting to withdraw its Ambassadors in 1958. Secondhand aircraft were operated by a range of other airlines, including Dan-Air and Northeast Airlines. Despite being produced in relatively small numbers, the Ambassador was operational for longer than had been anticipated by planners.
Development
Background
The origins of the Ambassador can be traced back to 1943 and the work of the Brabazon Committee, which sought to define what types of aircraft would be desired by the postwar civil aviation sector. Amongst several other types, the committee developed a requirement for a twin-engined short-to-medium-haul replacement for the Douglas DC-3, known as the Type 2. The British manufacturer Airspeed Ltd was interested in this requirement and established a small design team to work on the project from a dispersed office in Fairmile Manor at Cobham in Surrey in 1943. This effort was headed by ex-de Havilland aeronautical engineer Arthur Hagg, who had joined the company earlier that year.
Early concepts revolved around an unpressurised aircraft in the 14.5-ton gross weight class that was powered by a pair of Bristol Hercules radial engines. Work on the endeavour was taken as far as possible without infringing Airspeed's wartime production activity, as the Second World War was still ongoing at this point. In response to changes in planner's preferences, dictating that the interim aircraft be procured so that airliners such as the in-development Ambassador had more development time, thus the design was revised substantially to expand its capacity. By 1944, it was a considerably larger design than the DC-3 it had been envisioned to replace that provided passengers with superior comfort and space.
While Airspeed's management believed that postwar demands would demand greater passenger capacities, several figures, including those within the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and the Air Ministry, were pessimistic in their projections. The company also promoted the economics of higher utilisation rates and elevated cruise speeds, whereas conventional wisdom amongst airlines was to avoid increasing speeds to reduce fuel consumption. For the Ambassador, Airspeed opted to pursue a cruising altitude of 20,000 ft, relatively high for the era. A comprehensive mockup was completed by November 1944, largely for promotional purposes, while the projected operating cost figures were released during early 1945.
Immediately following the end of the conflict, the British Ministry of Aircraft Production placed an order with the company to produce a pair of prototypes. While the first prototype was to be unpressurised and powered by a pair of Bristol Centaurus radial engines, it was envisioned that the second prototype would feature a reinforced fuselage compatible with pressurisation and a wing that could accommodate four Napier Nomad turboprop engines. Several officials, including company chairman Alan Samuel Butler, promoted the adoption of recently developed turboprop propulsion. By the end of 1945, work has commended on building structural test sections and jigs.
Into flight
On 10 July 1947, the first prototype, registered G-AGUA, conducted the type's maiden flight, flown by chief test pilot George B.S. Errington. While considered to be a successful first flight, it subsequently underwent a month of alterations, including the deletion of the spring tab, geared tabs being fitted to the outer rudders and the locking of the inner rudder; a reversible propeller was also installed. During September 1947, the first prototype made its first public display alongside elements of the second prototype, including its cockpit and control system, at the Society of British Aircraft Constructors (SBAC) show at Radlett.
On 22 November 1947, the programme received a setback when the prototype was forced to perform a belly landing after the port undercarriage leg failed to deploy due to a loss of hydraulic pressure. This event did not seemingly deter customer confidence, as the newly created operator British European Airways (BEA) continued to openly express their preference for the type, which was solidified during September 1948 in the form of a £3 million order for 20 Ambassadors. This support was so impactful that, according to aviation author H. A. Taylor, rival aircraft manufacturer Vickers was close to cancelling development of the Viscount over fears that airlines held a preference for advanced piston-powered airliners over the unfamiliar turboprop.
During flight testing, it was found that the aircraft possessed
particularly favourable low speed characteristics. Having been explored in depth beforehand, this was dramatically displayed at the 1948 Farnborough Airshow, becoming the only aircraft in history to perform such an aerial display with one engine out throughout. This was a deliberate choice, with the inactive engine's propeller being feathered prior to taking off and remaining so until after landing. Up until late 1948, the first prototype performed the majority of flight testing.
A total of three prototypes were constructed for the test programme. The second Ambassador, G-AKRD, was the first to feature pressurisation and was equipped with a full passenger cabin configuration for demonstration flights. This second prototype was subsequently was used by the Bristol Aeroplane Company from 1953 for flight-testing the Bristol Proteus 705 turbine engine. From March 1958, it was used by Rolls-Royce for test flying the Dart and Tyne turboprops. The third prototype and first Ambassador 2 G-ALFR was initially used for BEA proving trials, starting in 1955, it also participated in the development trials of the Napier Eland turbine engine. During 1958, intensive simulated airline flying, to pave the way for BEA Vanguards, was performed using two Tyne-powered Ambassadors.
During the latter stage of development, some issues were uncovered. The wing, which had been designed to induce laminar flow characteristics, was relatively unconventional in its design; testing revealed that it lacked sufficient strength, and redesigning the wing was not straightforward. Technical assistance was provided by de Havilland and the issue was proven to be resolved in December 1949. Three minor accidents during demonstration flights, while causing no serious damage, often delayed testing and did not inspire confidence amongst potential customers. Quantity production of the Ambassador commenced during 1950, leading to the first production standard aircraft, destined for BEA, performing its first flight on 12 January 1951.
Design
The Airspeed Ambassador was an all-metal twin-engine airliner, designed to serve short-to-medium haul routes. It was considered to be relatively advanced for the era, being a relatively aerodynamically clear aircraft with features such as a high aspect ratio wing with near-Laminar flow characteristics, a tricycle undercarriage, a steerable nosewheel, integral fuel tanks, and other recent innovations. Distinctive external features of the Ambassador included its three low tailfins and a long pointed nose, it shared something of the character of the larger transcontinental Lockheed Constellation. It possessed a more modern appearance than many of its contemporaries, including the DC-3s, Curtiss Commandos, Avro Lancastrians and Vickers Vikings that were common on Europe's shorter airline routes.
In a standard configuration, the Ambassador was could accommodate a maximum of 47 passengers; somewhat unusually, its passenger cabin could be either pressurised or not, dependent on the preference of the specific customer. The cabin was designed to minimise the level of noise reaching its passengers, considerable effort went into soundproofing and general furnishings; Taylor described the Ambassador as being particularly quiet for a piston engine airliner, although also noting it could not equal the lower noise levels of turboprop-powered airliners such as the Vickers Viscount. It was typically powered by conventional Bristol Centaurus radial engines, although individual aircraft were reengined with various powerplants, including turboprops.
In order to achieve a high level of efficiency while cruising, its designers made great efforts to minimise drag. These included the use of a NACA laminar-flow wing section, although structural features for wing construction, propeller slipstream over the inner wing and increasing skin roughness with service were amongst several factors that reduced the optimistic NACA section's performance when measured in a wind tunnel. The engine nacelles were initially designed with inwardly-opening louvres for exhaust gases and cooling air rather than the usual outwardly opening "gills". However, these proved inadequate for cooling the engine, thus the gills were reinstated. Engine-out climb performance was enhanced by being able to feather the propeller using a zero-torque signal from the engine.
Operational history
During 1952, British European Airways (BEA) introduced the first of its 20 strong fleet of Ambassadors to revenue service, the airline referred to them as the "Elizabethan Class" in honour of the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II. The type had been originally intended to be introduced during the previous year, but this was delayed on account of development issues. By May 1951, intense proving trials of the Ambassador were being conducted by a joint team of Airspeed and BEA employees, while official BEA training commenced in August of that year. The flagship of BEA's fleet was G-ALZN, appropriately named "RMA Elizabethan". The first "Elizabethan" scheduled flight was from Heathrow to Paris Le Bourget on 13 March 1952; the type was later across the airline's key UK routes.
According to Taylor, the Ambassador gave BEA a competitive edge over all of its rivals on account of its performance. By December 1955, the "Elizabethan Class" had reached 2,230 flying hours annually, per aircraft, the highest in BEA's fleet. However, it was quickly found that the rival Vickers Viscount, which had been introduced in 1953, was even more popular than the Ambassador with BEA's passengers. Rival airlines, such as Air France, had also quickly introduced the Viscount, and thus held an advantage over BEA's Elizabethan service. Accordingly, the airline decided to withdraw the type despite its relative youth, thus the final scheduled service to be performed by BEA was operated on 30 July 1958.
Further sales of the Ambassador were not achieved. Aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Masefield claimed that this lack of success ought to be largely attributed to attitudes within de Havilland's management following its takeover of Airspeed in 1951; they allegedly preferred to use Airspeed's factory at Christchurch Airfield to produce military jets designed by de Havilland. One example of de Havilland's undermining of potential sales was the recall of the Sales Director to de Havilland's headquarters at Hatfield Aerodrome (Hertfordshire, England) from Australia, despite being allegedly on the verge securing an order from Trans-Australia Airlines for 12 Ambassadors. Taylor observed that prospective customers were often sceptical that Airspeed, being a relatively small company, could be relied upon for technical support and components.
Following the type's disposal by BEA, secondhand Ambassadors helped to establish the scheduled and charter flight operations of Dan-Air, an important airline in the development of the package holiday. The type was also used in the UK by Autair and BKS Air Transport. Secondhand Ambassadors were also flown for short periods by several airlines, including Butler Air Transport (Australia), Globe Air (Switzerland) and Norrønafly (Norway). Multiple entities, such as Royal Dutch Shell and the Royal Jordanian Air Force, also procured Ambassadors for their own private purposes.
The initial popularity of the Ambassador, with its pressurised cabin and good soundproofing, was soon eclipsed by the arrival of turboprop-powered aircraft such as the Vickers Viscount and, some years later, the Lockheed Electra, which featured more reliable engines and faster speeds. The coming of turboprops and the dawning of the Jet Age had caused the Ambassador to quickly fall out of favour.
Variants
AS.57 Ambassador 1
Prototype aircraft with Bristol Centaurus 130 engines, two built.
AS.57 Ambassador 2
Production version with Bristol Centaurus 661 engines, 21 built including the production prototype.
Projects
AS.59 Ambassador II
Project for either a twin-engined variant with Bristol Proteus or Bristol Theseus engines or a four-engined variant with Napier Naiads or Rolls-Royce Darts. From the first prototypes, the Ambassador's wing had been stressed for four Naiad turboprops, but no four-engined variant flew.
AS.60 Ayrshire C.1
Proposed variant to meet Air Ministry Specification C.13/45 for a medium-range military transport with a rear-fuselage loading ramp. Ten were ordered in October 1946 but were not built, after a review of the design's projected performance produced figures lower than the Air Ministry's requirements.
AS.64
Proposed military transport variant for the Royal Air Force to meet Air Ministry Specification C.26/43, not built.
AS.66
Proposed civil freighter variant.
AS.67
Proposed civil freighter variant.
Accidents and incidents
8 April 1955: G-AMAB, Sir Francis Bacon of British European Airways was damaged beyond repair in a forced landing south-west of Düsseldorf, Germany. This aircraft had often been used by the Queen and Prince Philip when travelling to Europe in the early 1950s.
6 February 1958: G-ALZU, Lord Burghley, also of BEA, in what became known as the Munich air disaster, crashed on takeoff after a refuelling stop at Munich while operating a charter flight from Belgrade, Yugoslavia, to Manchester, England. This crash received tremendous public attention in the UK as it involved team members and staff of Manchester United Football Club, together with representatives of the national press. 23 of the 44 people on the plane died as a result of their injuries in the crash, including eight Manchester United players. The investigation eventually focused on runway slush adversely affecting the speed of the plane as it attempted to take off.
14 April 1966: G-ALZX of Dan-Air was damaged beyond repair when landing at Beauvais, France.
14 September 1967 G-ALZS of Autair was damaged beyond repair when landing at Luton Airport, UK. The aircraft overran the runway and ended up in soft clay.
3 July 1968: G-AMAD of BKS Air Transport crashed at London Heathrow Airport. All but two of its crew as well as several horses which were being transported and their grooms, were killed. A parked Trident airliner was damaged beyond repair (G-ARPT) and another Trident had its tail torn off before the airliner hit terminal buildings and came to rest. The accident was found to have been caused by the failure of a flap actuating rod in the Ambassador's port (left) wing. Coincidentally, the Trident which suffered the damaged tail (G-ARPI) was subsequently repaired and later involved in an (unconnected) fatal accident in June 1972.
30 September 1968: G-AMAG of Dan-Air was damaged beyond repair in a wheels-up landing at Manston, United Kingdom.
Operators
Civil operators
Butler Air Transport – operated three different aircraft
Norrønafly – proposed to operate two aircraft but they never entered service.
South Seas Airways – bought one aircraft but failed to gain an operators licence and it was never delivered to New Zealand.
Globe Air – operated three different aircraft
Autair International Airways – operated three different aircraft
BKS Air Transport – operated three different aircraft
British European Airways – operated 20 different aircraft
Dan-Air – operated seven different aircraft
Decca Navigator Company – one aircraft
Napier
Rolls-Royce
Shell Aviation Limited – two aircraft
Military operators
Royal Jordanian Air Force operated three former British European Airways aircraft, first one delivered in 1959.
Moroccan Royal Flight
Aircraft on display
One Elizabethan, Christopher Marlowe (G-ALZO, c/n 5226), survives having undergone major restoration by the Duxford Aviation Society at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford near Cambridge. The restoration was completed in April 2013 and the aircraft is presently part of the Duxford Collection.
Specifications
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
.
Gunston, Bill. Rolls-Royce Aero Engines. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. .
.
.
External links
List of magazine articles and publications on the Ambassador
Image of an Ambassador
"Airspeed (AS.57) Ambassador" a 1947 Flight article
Ambassador
1940s British airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1947
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft | [
-0.7284739017486572,
-0.07336084544658661,
0.2982117533683777,
-0.06876765936613083,
-0.7274683713912964,
0.16919457912445068,
0.2574459910392761,
0.012562445364892483,
-0.15346699953079224,
-0.557363748550415,
-0.1932208240032196,
0.6102827787399292,
0.0209331251680851,
0.22213202714920044,
0.6585704684257507,
-0.0026716694701462984,
-0.07487880438566208,
0.8336225748062134,
0.3180955946445465,
-0.8233806490898132,
0.04397138953208923,
-0.15032832324504852,
0.5633100867271423,
-0.7904103994369507,
0.3985045254230499,
-0.2845575511455536,
0.31640321016311646,
-0.3481529951095581,
-0.26456230878829956,
0.5415685772895813,
0.0420650914311409,
0.7408058047294617,
-0.25553098320961,
-0.11825831979513168,
0.01930512860417366,
-0.5035691857337952,
0.2294251024723053,
-0.3567553758621216,
-0.24590964615345,
-0.6699599027633667,
-0.8401229381561279,
-0.4271537661552429,
0.6625288724899292,
0.3795734941959381,
-0.0825837254524231,
-0.07096884399652481,
-1.5683645009994507,
-0.09377888590097427,
-0.03527229651808739,
0.27264508605003357,
0.2413167953491211,
0.36011752486228943,
0.4461748003959656,
0.5737342834472656,
0.6326891779899597,
1.0923386812210083,
-0.6435280442237854,
0.2582019865512848,
0.224013552069664,
0.02131326124072075,
0.6679763197898865,
0.15521638095378876,
-0.5568676590919495,
0.26115837693214417,
0.2676352560520172,
0.4050549566745758,
0.05774734169244766,
0.035468704998493195,
-0.4897071123123169,
-0.08887361735105515,
-0.5402113199234009,
-0.41479629278182983,
0.5868973731994629,
0.2990722358226776,
-0.6963968276977539,
-0.5035709142684937,
-0.10385021567344666,
0.464377224445343,
0.20677819848060608,
-0.3030017614364624,
0.100218765437603,
0.06096094846725464,
0.196308895945549,
0.4253058433532715,
-0.3056422770023346,
0.4615042805671692,
-0.6400575637817383,
-0.1011783629655838,
-0.10949817299842834,
0.5922215580940247,
-0.322620689868927,
-0.5896595120429993,
0.7934897541999817,
0.27439895272254944,
0.18901899456977844,
-0.22715379297733307,
-0.15320982038974762,
-0.0888056755065918,
0.3460225462913513,
0.4110129773616791,
0.04828699305653572,
0.6281969547271729,
0.45126840472221375,
-0.7665296196937561,
-0.34082791209220886,
-0.018522772938013077,
-1.0441694259643555,
-0.10947232693433762,
0.5739870071411133,
-0.6915847063064575,
-0.490730881690979,
-0.11888132989406586,
-0.4425589144229889,
0.027138089761137962,
-0.6721144318580627,
0.5748510360717773,
0.19722424447536469,
-0.3193516135215759,
0.06886973232030869,
-0.005156638566404581,
0.6058251261711121,
0.9109122157096863,
0.5720339417457581,
-0.17072013020515442,
0.13197287917137146,
0.28541508316993713,
0.7449363470077515,
0.26733723282814026,
-0.05131162703037262,
0.16902299225330353,
-0.12422604858875275,
0.5149114727973938,
-0.44693103432655334,
-0.25246691703796387,
-0.6779046058654785,
-0.11957689374685287,
0.40598830580711365,
0.45657044649124146,
0.3084074556827545,
0.8608355522155762,
-0.33481109142303467,
-0.7004110813140869,
-1.8639311790466309,
-0.48271241784095764,
0.7774889469146729,
0.21602480113506317,
-0.16636601090431213,
-0.03798098489642143,
-0.5804531574249268,
0.1512269526720047,
0.03924645856022835,
-0.14276118576526642,
0.28712040185928345,
0.00993735808879137,
0.23942363262176514,
0.06514393538236618,
0.584831953048706,
-0.5199350714683533,
0.5842708945274353,
0.4467262029647827,
0.12989673018455505,
0.3260793387889862,
-0.3788134753704071,
-0.4841797351837158,
0.04979574307799339,
0.3242029845714569,
0.18511810898780823,
0.2937978208065033,
0.5767571330070496,
-0.5458614826202393,
-0.10809127986431122,
0.1829545497894287,
0.7244827747344971,
-0.13981567323207855,
0.3408576548099518,
0.2139258235692978,
0.9455851316452026,
-0.10962797701358795,
0.4685463011264801,
-0.16911053657531738,
-0.7014496922492981,
0.1879979372024536,
0.1996055245399475,
-0.11687512695789337,
1.0389453172683716,
0.08601958304643631,
0.5864509344100952,
0.7208297252655029,
0.1954566240310669,
0.15786030888557434,
-0.29653722047805786,
-0.25976526737213135,
0.6641878485679626,
-0.3734157979488373,
0.07729502022266388,
-0.12226647883653641,
-0.22587303817272186,
0.026171186938881874,
-0.0005207343492656946,
0.4615647494792938,
0.16057904064655304,
0.3830191195011139,
0.05939531698822975,
0.21208731830120087,
-0.302463561296463,
1.3800804615020752,
0.0216591227799654,
-0.07281173020601273,
0.02289474941790104,
0.5624315738677979,
0.10888522863388062,
-0.3763764202594757,
-0.20931145548820496,
0.16799399256706238,
0.17272807657718658,
-0.08907335251569748,
-0.273098349571228,
0.46417129039764404,
-0.36429476737976074,
0.0039039989933371544,
1.124202013015747,
0.5461016297340393,
0.03488598018884659,
-0.10502316057682037,
-0.38147082924842834,
-0.15048380196094513,
-0.06209390237927437,
0.14114710688591003,
-0.9472246766090393,
-0.14567700028419495,
0.2604958713054657,
0.15265914797782898,
-0.7242247462272644,
-0.36584749817848206,
-0.44886356592178345,
-0.1293707638978958,
0.3226516544818878,
-0.0064658476039767265,
1.1137465238571167,
0.01268033031374216,
0.23461651802062988,
0.6100369095802307,
0.08417633920907974,
0.7848818898200989,
-0.2320924997329712,
0.1265401989221573,
0.29790008068084717,
-0.10326256603002548,
-0.21270902454853058,
-0.2100190669298172,
0.5304169654846191,
-0.1121986135840416,
0.3540344536304474,
-0.3774155378341675,
-0.23266750574111938,
0.41863730549812317,
0.0014210587833076715,
0.4129651188850403,
0.3139134347438812,
0.5812999606132507,
-0.1061466708779335,
0.3077685236930847,
0.11536243557929993,
0.45802050828933716,
0.2584359049797058,
-0.22374022006988525,
-0.4207281470298767,
-0.41071853041648865,
0.6696103811264038,
0.04209728538990021,
-0.23157347738742828,
-0.1627628058195114,
-0.249672532081604,
-2.026496171951294,
0.004591753706336021,
0.10458527505397797,
-0.14177115261554718,
0.4593673646450043,
-0.20935243368148804,
-0.03370528295636177,
0.3825029730796814,
0.3367803990840912,
0.9216557741165161,
0.08771635591983795,
0.1272958368062973,
-0.06934001296758652,
0.3656206727027893,
-0.3793742060661316,
0.13731391727924347,
-0.14830778539180756,
-0.015681711956858635,
-0.15552055835723877,
-0.428886741399765,
0.2571750283241272,
-0.12729424238204956,
-0.31181615591049194,
-0.2598143219947815,
0.3869665861129761,
-0.15120159089565277,
-0.5091889500617981,
-0.029726780951023102,
0.42232900857925415,
-0.24519596993923187,
-0.15536464750766754,
0.5434343218803406,
0.03673035651445389,
-0.6302267909049988,
-0.5109623670578003,
-5.08482027053833,
0.2214190512895584,
-0.47007161378860474,
-0.12160881608724594,
-0.04219762235879898,
-0.46272119879722595,
0.5399525165557861,
-0.1464138776063919,
-0.5344675183296204,
0.301838219165802,
0.32971513271331787,
-0.32155755162239075,
-0.4375258684158325,
0.6392865180969238,
-0.01971428655087948,
1.3705283403396606,
0.4477461874485016,
-0.500260055065155,
0.32485073804855347,
-0.08266487717628479,
-0.3356384038925171,
0.06737940013408661,
-0.25086504220962524,
-0.3637395203113556,
0.9364219903945923,
-0.20163851976394653,
-0.3383413255214691,
0.19821982085704803,
-0.869526743888855,
0.2192462980747223,
0.5513668060302734,
0.19894224405288696,
-0.4602837860584259,
0.032376598566770554,
-0.45824408531188965,
-0.4776673913002014,
0.22859260439872742,
0.26303568482398987,
0.5674051642417908,
-0.10324405133724213,
-0.4965873062610626,
0.45175108313560486,
0.22069714963436127,
0.30601269006729126,
0.13288921117782593,
0.36410245299339294,
-0.507081925868988,
-0.04667876660823822,
0.009430548176169395,
0.619077205657959,
-0.14508497714996338,
-0.2553088665008545,
0.3977883458137512,
-0.06344451010227203,
-0.32651644945144653,
-0.36437076330184937,
0.1389893740415573,
0.2695115804672241,
-0.38860878348350525,
0.2880410850048065,
0.1554982215166092,
-0.40335896611213684,
0.10390767455101013,
0.018929367884993553,
-0.07123111933469772,
-0.33381712436676025,
-0.09228464961051941,
-0.6789897680282593,
0.09865164011716843,
-0.17148518562316895,
-0.5275369882583618,
0.6430584788322449,
-0.17654728889465332,
-1.1592339277267456,
0.36909031867980957,
-1.0354275703430176,
0.0003116224834229797,
0.6361345052719116,
-0.17673657834529877,
-0.02505633793771267,
-0.07895097881555557,
-0.048403576016426086,
-0.4105556905269623,
0.12247359752655029,
-0.49281540513038635,
-0.6579950451850891,
-0.0922742709517479,
0.13744579255580902,
-0.2348979115486145,
0.08286844938993454,
-0.01812381111085415,
-0.6958498358726501,
-0.15321944653987885,
0.015706153586506844,
0.16382980346679688,
-0.3920347988605499,
0.05795671045780182,
-0.9873146414756775,
0.3338416516780853,
-0.3513793647289276,
-0.1245855763554573,
-0.5175206065177917,
0.041501909494400024,
-0.2481323480606079,
-0.10805694013834,
0.049299027770757675,
-0.08752557635307312,
0.23527570068836212,
0.6715430021286011,
-0.33261576294898987,
0.34063297510147095,
-0.3565371334552765,
-0.7076952457427979,
-0.27696672081947327,
0.5653904676437378,
-0.0012893893290311098,
0.008097998797893524,
0.5762339234352112,
0.2768789231777191,
0.24437092244625092,
-0.18348552286624908,
-0.13241156935691833,
-0.7810128331184387,
-0.20150047540664673,
-0.8757565021514893,
0.15070654451847076,
-0.5072765350341797,
0.4395725429058075,
-0.8825466632843018,
-0.39934003353118896,
0.14237737655639648,
0.12677721679210663,
0.020118296146392822,
-0.21223540604114532,
0.06009354069828987,
-0.8890112638473511,
-0.06987325102090836,
0.4853970408439636,
0.2892042398452759,
-0.3647817373275757,
0.010759169235825539,
-0.01992448791861534,
-0.11359711736440659,
0.04495229944586754,
0.9944996237754822,
0.8040396571159363,
0.23501046001911163,
-0.4604240655899048,
-0.3098386824131012,
0.10145168006420135,
0.8199670910835266,
-0.09302370250225067,
0.051252443343400955,
-0.35175397992134094,
-0.13109250366687775,
-0.0060479831881821156,
0.6369960308074951,
-0.4513096213340759,
-0.9159919619560242,
-0.7752808928489685,
0.9131743907928467,
0.3366324305534363,
-0.7431886792182922,
0.028254838660359383,
0.7847896814346313,
-0.2787869870662689,
0.2782039940357208,
-0.5355768203735352,
-0.36814698576927185,
0.9297105073928833,
0.33797135949134827,
-0.47404542565345764,
-0.8734220266342163,
-0.19872988760471344,
0.4028080105781555,
0.18341727554798126,
0.42056840658187866,
-0.03070787340402603,
0.2460481971502304,
0.11180724948644638,
-0.49290522933006287,
-0.21429555118083954,
-0.5829671025276184,
0.514515221118927,
0.14130865037441254,
-0.2641099691390991,
-0.0789957344532013,
-0.5268349051475525,
0.5822170972824097,
-0.32584911584854126,
0.18055756390094757,
0.6288569569587708,
-0.4643619954586029,
-0.40902313590049744,
-0.6063001751899719,
-0.6620856523513794,
0.19233998656272888,
0.2723448872566223,
-0.4888187348842621,
-0.3547388017177582,
0.03157871961593628,
0.8619305491447449,
-0.14009234309196472,
0.3937869668006897,
0.02389790304005146,
0.1065569669008255,
0.20883575081825256,
0.4767000377178192,
-0.5787776112556458,
0.3061142861843109,
-0.2344881296157837,
-1.2222377061843872,
0.048505138605833054,
0.5129057765007019,
0.19035369157791138,
0.23132041096687317,
-0.5076348781585693,
0.3198094964027405,
-0.4185231029987335,
-0.49204644560813904,
0.034930743277072906,
-0.8869917392730713,
-0.2134815901517868,
-0.35734906792640686,
-0.9043964147567749,
0.14742892980575562,
0.4126169681549072,
-0.5001487731933594,
0.6203346848487854,
-0.3199009299278259,
0.1639871895313263,
0.5401617288589478,
-0.06217837333679199,
0.482600599527359,
-0.33207595348358154,
0.047397296875715256,
-1.378949522972107,
-0.4437636435031891,
0.3718973696231842,
-0.05302342399954796,
-0.311116486787796,
0.48450347781181335,
-0.026073291897773743,
-1.0478460788726807,
-0.6051926612854004,
0.6206337213516235,
-0.4337845742702484,
-0.3602459728717804,
-0.3205425441265106,
-0.4327459931373596,
-0.4830699861049652,
-0.3287132978439331,
-0.6260242462158203,
-0.6195705533027649,
0.710045576095581,
0.15400101244449615,
-0.3623318374156952,
0.09255370497703552,
-0.6683323979377747,
-0.2447231560945511,
-0.0894225612282753,
0.47687554359436035,
-0.4600770175457001,
0.7130464911460876,
0.1278722882270813,
0.4736207127571106,
0.05847112089395523,
-0.11798261106014252,
0.1853785514831543,
-0.11327529698610306,
-0.06309742480516434,
-0.34879404306411743,
0.3688194751739502,
0.16590005159378052,
0.25811493396759033,
-0.6873388886451721,
-0.434103399515152,
-0.25392961502075195,
0.09910249710083008,
0.22042635083198547,
0.6491232514381409,
-0.09257886558771133,
0.03154468536376953,
0.19120626151561737,
0.04335976019501686,
0.27172866463661194,
-0.23037604987621307,
-0.2417018562555313,
-0.2770370841026306,
0.6460634469985962,
0.1681041419506073,
0.15593551099300385,
-0.22468388080596924,
0.20534856617450714,
-0.12662464380264282,
0.17690153419971466,
-0.0486568883061409,
-0.3572137653827667,
-0.12152141332626343,
-0.550531268119812,
-0.6097099184989929,
0.42160528898239136,
0.30967339873313904,
-0.23282703757286072,
-0.198573499917984,
-0.291629821062088,
0.16951993107795715,
-0.5520349740982056,
-0.059385087341070175,
-0.18224994838237762,
0.1089942678809166,
-0.07524945586919785,
0.49386176466941833,
1.0259172916412354,
-0.41150981187820435,
0.6265782713890076,
0.4622417986392975,
-0.038798168301582336,
0.041148919612169266,
0.5084199905395508,
-0.263833612203598,
-0.6047411561012268,
0.1949276626110077,
0.1382913887500763,
-0.5520930290222168,
-0.0378430038690567,
-0.3198568522930145,
-0.49845919013023376,
0.10994352400302887,
0.6429004669189453,
0.6209522485733032,
0.8917057514190674,
-1.165990948677063,
0.41449981927871704,
-0.0207326989620924,
-0.3498489558696747,
0.22043655812740326,
-0.4251731336116791,
-0.38497164845466614,
0.4719737470149994,
0.5037114024162292,
0.6613121032714844,
0.29907092452049255,
-0.05944700539112091,
-0.28612005710601807,
-0.2597576081752777,
-0.32973986864089966,
0.8330202698707581,
0.3996342718601227,
0.23601600527763367,
0.29612621665000916,
0.6417109370231628,
-0.24645066261291504,
-0.14731678366661072,
0.22767838835716248,
0.013520601205527782,
-0.09714853018522263,
-0.1624460518360138,
-0.34917140007019043,
-1.2795072793960571,
-0.33589810132980347,
0.5441938042640686,
0.2929110825061798,
0.25635167956352234,
-0.20965927839279175,
0.025575440376996994,
0.149887815117836,
-0.1375207006931305,
0.1410875767469406,
0.27763858437538147,
-0.05850185453891754,
0.41452109813690186,
-0.146853506565094,
-0.031938161700963974,
0.3287979066371918,
0.22732144594192505,
-0.30211251974105835,
-0.026824450120329857,
0.22414426505565643,
0.1305183321237564,
-0.08140765130519867,
0.31376877427101135,
-0.49805206060409546,
-0.544669508934021,
-0.14959831535816193,
0.49678289890289307,
-0.3388679623603821,
0.3139893114566803,
0.14726409316062927,
0.135104238986969,
0.045518144965171814,
-0.05397123098373413,
0.1871243566274643,
0.19653792679309845,
-0.8335623741149902,
-0.06328277289867401,
-0.2524159252643585,
0.5347944498062134,
-0.09970900416374207,
0.10094133019447327,
0.25849059224128723,
0.3310869336128235,
-0.15441597998142242,
0.6087604761123657,
-0.18854311108589172,
0.14103874564170837,
-0.581455409526825,
-0.062399640679359436,
-0.34069064259529114,
0.2413315773010254,
0.15044035017490387,
-0.353242963552475,
-0.14743350446224213,
0.16797219216823578,
0.2123875766992569,
0.7592810988426208,
0.2566930651664734,
0.4263695478439331,
-0.001381272217258811,
0.08670535683631897,
-0.21058611571788788,
-0.11715351045131683,
0.5938212871551514,
0.055873360484838486,
-0.12824051082134247,
-0.18661099672317505,
0.40832293033599854,
-0.05726369842886925,
0.2767239809036255,
0.39149147272109985,
-0.6122804284095764,
0.4552787244319916,
-0.25826480984687805,
0.18298475444316864,
-0.04315599426627159,
-0.000768488273024559,
-0.11609800904989243,
0.8879251480102539,
0.7467657327651978,
0.5980048179626465,
-0.1314622312784195,
-0.173727884888649,
0.7577475309371948,
0.07012387365102768,
-2.8330237865448,
0.07798288017511368,
-0.4435570240020752,
-0.7467125058174133,
-0.338573694229126,
0.2904253602027893,
0.49638688564300537,
-0.15652401745319366,
0.2770896255970001,
-0.12781192362308502,
0.4401586353778839,
-0.44947683811187744,
0.427091121673584,
-0.6259221434593201,
0.5381795167922974,
0.27117517590522766
] |
217680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20relational%20calculus | Domain relational calculus | In computer science, domain relational calculus (DRC) is a calculus that was introduced by Michel Lacroix and Alain Pirotte as a declarative database query language for the relational data model.
In DRC, queries have the form:
where each Xi is either a domain variable or constant, and denotes a DRC formula. The result of the query is the set of tuples X1 to Xn that make the DRC formula true.
This language uses the same operators as tuple calculus,
the logical connectives ∧ (and), ∨ (or) and ¬ (not). The existential quantifier (∃) and the universal quantifier (∀) can be used to bind the variables.
Its computational expressiveness is equivalent to that of relational algebra.
Examples
Let (A, B, C) mean (Rank, Name, ID) in the Enterprise relation
and let (D, E, F) mean (Name, DeptName, ID) in the Department relation
All captains of the starship USS Enterprise:
In this example, A, B, C denotes both the result set and a set in the table Enterprise.
Names of Enterprise crew members who are in Stellar Cartography:
In this example, we're only looking for the name, and that's B. The condition F = C is a requirement that describes the intersection of Enterprise crew members AND members of the Stellar Cartography Department.
An alternate representation of the previous example would be:
In this example, the value of the requested F domain is directly placed in the formula and the C domain variable is re-used in the query for the existence of a department, since it already holds a crew member's ID.
See also
Relational calculus
References
External links
DES – An educational tool for working with Domain Relational Calculus and other formal languages
WinRDBI – An educational tool for working with Domain Relational Calculus and other formal languages
Relational model
Logical calculi | [
-0.04658002033829689,
0.4047619700431824,
0.011994447559118271,
0.49423104524612427,
-0.14106762409210205,
0.16717444360256195,
-0.5053178071975708,
0.14629708230495453,
0.03553784266114235,
0.13001689314842224,
-0.279314249753952,
0.5702126622200012,
-0.41097015142440796,
0.30491554737091064,
0.2637433707714081,
0.5310195088386536,
-0.20217859745025635,
-0.13138718903064728,
0.026636706665158272,
-0.36269134283065796,
-0.1689782738685608,
-0.12744605541229248,
-0.2741183638572693,
0.05969899892807007,
0.03877917304635048,
0.5213558077812195,
0.15037815272808075,
0.31961745023727417,
-0.6171634197235107,
0.18094050884246826,
0.4522957503795624,
0.4205522835254669,
-0.03983417898416519,
-0.05915094539523125,
-0.5519127249717712,
-0.12178501486778259,
-0.14662905037403107,
0.1750628799200058,
-0.42972612380981445,
-0.7173072099685669,
0.4869577884674072,
0.14172136783599854,
-0.13098637759685516,
-0.0505497083067894,
-0.7368565201759338,
-0.015581571497023106,
-1.4864516258239746,
0.09197428822517395,
-0.6380555629730225,
-0.2271590232849121,
-0.7532311081886292,
0.34117746353149414,
0.145221546292305,
0.21043449640274048,
-0.40357089042663574,
0.4181942641735077,
-0.33815640211105347,
-0.5097410678863525,
-0.013794641941785812,
-0.7036759257316589,
0.3025403618812561,
0.3617330491542816,
0.05412425845861435,
0.24849987030029297,
0.056544940918684006,
0.9018654227256775,
-0.4803245961666107,
-0.012874635867774487,
-0.8316596150398254,
-0.13726447522640228,
0.04341021552681923,
-0.09655749797821045,
-0.0539657287299633,
0.9976024031639099,
-0.6674233078956604,
0.2529040277004242,
-0.23091186583042145,
0.09080757945775986,
-0.3338852524757385,
0.616348147392273,
-0.401657372713089,
0.23994775116443634,
0.9563183784484863,
-0.1404191553592682,
0.5475164651870728,
0.05666305497288704,
-0.1290435642004013,
0.6482923030853271,
-0.5290364027023315,
0.2116382122039795,
-0.37294963002204895,
-0.044436030089855194,
0.7560569643974304,
-0.2914336621761322,
0.12969082593917847,
-0.2931775748729706,
0.3718428909778595,
0.21656706929206848,
0.020477570593357086,
0.6461777687072754,
-0.2391391545534134,
-0.2749572694301605,
-0.3200684189796448,
-0.21130745112895966,
-0.5288799405097961,
-0.34477442502975464,
-0.6361401081085205,
-0.21355700492858887,
-0.3807287812232971,
0.2535310983657837,
-0.6481074690818787,
0.21992099285125732,
0.16758456826210022,
-0.016819719225168228,
-0.1610615998506546,
0.18353496491909027,
0.37445324659347534,
0.5601924061775208,
0.04687777906656265,
0.2573062777519226,
0.1505463421344757,
0.2084294855594635,
0.09444165974855423,
0.3087877631187439,
-0.45794016122817993,
0.1981658637523651,
0.14995542168617249,
0.6323959827423096,
-0.584873378276825,
-0.16990850865840912,
0.4097990095615387,
0.6480405926704407,
0.6253552436828613,
0.24305205047130585,
-0.3112815320491791,
-0.4768108129501343,
0.30356553196907043,
-0.576002299785614,
-0.03229649364948273,
0.0981590747833252,
-0.33628201484680176,
-0.8444369435310364,
-0.24743476510047913,
-0.5383538007736206,
0.1728115677833557,
-0.24649184942245483,
0.4255931079387665,
-0.14716029167175293,
-0.006468582898378372,
-0.055916741490364075,
-0.2823769450187683,
0.48055794835090637,
-0.8797942399978638,
-0.3413538932800293,
0.28159502148628235,
0.6988391280174255,
0.12354782223701477,
0.13536319136619568,
0.013393796980381012,
0.23991218209266663,
-0.10287558287382126,
0.33335748314857483,
-0.6891815662384033,
-0.34131813049316406,
0.7424598336219788,
-0.8801152110099792,
0.4637504518032074,
0.0897136777639389,
0.2367957979440689,
0.37449076771736145,
-0.5002110600471497,
-0.286277174949646,
-0.02771536260843277,
-0.246906578540802,
-0.094623863697052,
0.2972765564918518,
0.2582281231880188,
0.09437991678714752,
0.5440587401390076,
0.22437570989131927,
-0.8122521638870239,
0.10725408047437668,
0.038556057959795,
-0.4756292700767517,
0.5733593106269836,
0.08220036327838898,
0.8663012981414795,
-0.19669292867183685,
0.1728947013616562,
0.06415203213691711,
-0.9462682604789734,
-0.37158259749412537,
0.19860266149044037,
-0.7184990644454956,
0.9445698261260986,
-0.09344910830259323,
-0.48903506994247437,
1.1829524040222168,
-0.5003232955932617,
0.9488130807876587,
-0.3428839147090912,
-0.0734708234667778,
0.3076220750808716,
0.04364798590540886,
-0.2805694341659546,
-0.11925718188285828,
-0.25434044003486633,
-0.1963210105895996,
-0.4674331843852997,
0.5324609875679016,
-0.02460310235619545,
0.3805519938468933,
0.2788194715976715,
-0.41507092118263245,
0.0038488018326461315,
-0.16882877051830292,
-0.46974802017211914,
0.2962780296802521,
-0.5593757033348083,
-0.2713966369628906,
1.1802843809127808,
-0.19897539913654327,
-0.25507187843322754,
0.8728009462356567,
-0.6375782489776611,
0.5067697167396545,
0.7211290597915649,
0.7145057916641235,
0.8324505686759949,
-0.7261090278625488,
-0.06635630875825882,
0.19391290843486786,
0.3798103630542755,
-0.9717327356338501,
0.4739904999732971,
0.48904454708099365,
0.298012375831604,
-0.3838982582092285,
-0.26285314559936523,
0.170620858669281,
0.3512416183948517,
0.18249398469924927,
-0.571430504322052,
-0.005059672053903341,
0.3844621181488037,
-0.23699527978897095,
-0.5772106051445007,
0.5206953287124634,
-0.33520564436912537,
0.12535952031612396,
-0.15135250985622406,
0.6185311675071716,
0.11525256931781769,
-0.31364431977272034,
-0.42839860916137695,
0.255595862865448,
-0.06993574649095535,
0.26725929975509644,
-0.10312100499868393,
0.366161048412323,
-0.21729165315628052,
0.1703253984451294,
-0.3713417947292328,
-0.26641711592674255,
0.2189847230911255,
-0.1691577434539795,
-0.4311369061470032,
-0.184507817029953,
0.7764555811882019,
0.36523234844207764,
-0.2911129891872406,
-0.7950312495231628,
-0.44295796751976013,
0.1905556321144104,
-0.6352642178535461,
-0.9862527847290039,
-0.30625396966934204,
-0.2391969859600067,
-0.9213749766349792,
-0.6069297194480896,
-0.32611700892448425,
-0.026888933032751083,
0.03193781152367592,
-0.48995810747146606,
-0.49187856912612915,
-0.3447141945362091,
-0.4018899202346802,
-0.5574226975440979,
-0.07517457753419876,
-0.12073000520467758,
-0.19221749901771545,
0.2043599933385849,
-0.41042518615722656,
0.13616390526294708,
0.2952059209346771,
0.46875789761543274,
-0.0005116272950544953,
-0.33688557147979736,
0.16074277460575104,
-0.3661867380142212,
-0.7750769853591919,
-0.11010874807834625,
0.015565715730190277,
0.11880654096603394,
0.11501120775938034,
-0.42971402406692505,
-0.07351254671812057,
0.5187077522277832,
-5.50166130065918,
-0.3909659683704376,
-0.2941683530807495,
-0.17043252289295197,
-0.3529685139656067,
0.5340679287910461,
0.5625293254852295,
0.10746914893388748,
-0.3682078421115875,
-0.16924525797367096,
-0.44560304284095764,
-0.3436639904975891,
-0.4505835175514221,
0.7214519381523132,
0.47877734899520874,
0.7470812797546387,
0.4882131814956665,
-0.006000130902975798,
-0.04770977050065994,
0.4971103370189667,
-0.11912619322538376,
-0.5109419226646423,
0.016683457419276237,
0.08997542411088943,
0.17219488322734833,
0.47839683294296265,
-0.5909637212753296,
0.6646625399589539,
-0.37492015957832336,
-0.024169448763132095,
0.08303326368331909,
-0.08179513365030289,
-0.18505056202411652,
-0.28208521008491516,
-0.13168059289455414,
0.20740921795368195,
0.38666829466819763,
0.32107505202293396,
0.2940588593482971,
-0.2843875288963318,
-0.14973241090774536,
0.12249584496021271,
0.5203253626823425,
0.16036884486675262,
0.19241653382778168,
-0.3297492563724518,
-0.4303768277168274,
0.00463891914114356,
-0.5417682528495789,
0.6001251935958862,
-0.7769079208374023,
-0.20120543241500854,
0.507297933101654,
0.016977619379758835,
-0.12699085474014282,
-0.23125629127025604,
0.5543384552001953,
-0.6085008382797241,
-0.9836391806602478,
0.646806538105011,
0.6642102599143982,
-0.8275181651115417,
0.521675169467926,
-0.8368565440177917,
-0.5785838961601257,
-0.1008351594209671,
-0.8301955461502075,
-0.22501537203788757,
-0.184691920876503,
0.5923902988433838,
-0.4352671504020691,
0.8327779769897461,
-0.4911251366138458,
-0.86487877368927,
-0.1783408224582672,
-0.8397102952003479,
0.38406991958618164,
0.03800056874752045,
0.34942394495010376,
0.25350818037986755,
0.14620426297187805,
-0.15499332547187805,
-0.9310880303382874,
0.7510241866111755,
-0.4070535898208618,
-0.13602711260318756,
-0.19496691226959229,
-0.2879388928413391,
-0.48815351724624634,
0.1502894014120102,
0.2793491780757904,
0.16666880249977112,
0.4807027280330658,
0.2922739088535309,
0.38754722476005554,
-0.22672617435455322,
0.5156920552253723,
-0.03407508134841919,
0.33014288544654846,
-0.26262563467025757,
0.3968833386898041,
0.10736342519521713,
-0.0754009261727333,
-0.39948853850364685,
0.1497439444065094,
-0.762531578540802,
-0.5917393565177917,
0.5681241750717163,
0.47439301013946533,
0.018689490854740143,
-0.1695304661989212,
0.8735110759735107,
-0.7472332119941711,
-0.0987970158457756,
-0.03609061241149902,
0.4885011613368988,
-0.7957927584648132,
-0.3397168815135956,
0.5191201567649841,
-0.27904585003852844,
-0.21086734533309937,
0.33135947585105896,
0.19207961857318878,
0.6851913332939148,
0.3588012754917145,
-0.5014595985412598,
0.5971537232398987,
0.13873690366744995,
-0.10736983269453049,
0.010116823017597198,
0.04973827302455902,
0.30568182468414307,
-0.028969092294573784,
0.012321459129452705,
0.2738151550292969,
-0.5557236075401306,
-0.18379263579845428,
0.025533804669976234,
0.12978625297546387,
-0.6803847551345825,
0.988073468208313,
-0.07248726487159729,
0.18638284504413605,
-0.004332129377871752,
0.5504538416862488,
0.08754392713308334,
0.07284654676914215,
0.24125279486179352,
0.032182466238737106,
0.4693666398525238,
-0.05113885551691055,
-0.6397110819816589,
0.6604875326156616,
0.04532681033015251,
0.20032499730587006,
-0.02010274864733219,
0.0370255783200264,
0.7359158992767334,
0.39370542764663696,
-0.31793412566185,
0.2822040617465973,
0.04889741539955139,
-0.6619666218757629,
-0.15675540268421173,
0.09882567822933197,
0.2353876382112503,
-0.9009255170822144,
-0.1803181916475296,
-0.6822285056114197,
0.13490110635757446,
0.2928362488746643,
-0.3878542184829712,
-0.10771573334932327,
-0.5250733494758606,
0.07101333886384964,
-0.17071545124053955,
0.5244462490081787,
0.1347096860408783,
0.12136620283126831,
-0.01194725465029478,
0.20282474160194397,
-0.49988770484924316,
-0.18298521637916565,
1.0941060781478882,
0.9737812280654907,
-0.04200505465269089,
-0.15043121576309204,
0.41421326994895935,
-0.4556042551994324,
0.3244358003139496,
0.4146381616592407,
0.02166648767888546,
0.4683741629123688,
0.08065624535083771,
-0.37460240721702576,
-0.48520833253860474,
0.7160443663597107,
0.43923303484916687,
-0.5854501128196716,
-0.6219806671142578,
-0.2048017978668213,
0.8980066776275635,
0.21816758811473846,
0.32459208369255066,
0.5862175226211548,
-0.49288690090179443,
0.16331981122493744,
-0.4380655884742737,
-1.0611424446105957,
0.5361577868461609,
-0.2639435827732086,
-0.3383232355117798,
-0.015812473371624947,
-0.7570023536682129,
-0.557953953742981,
0.015430998988449574,
0.6086677312850952,
-0.0418836772441864,
-0.6272398233413696,
0.14583410322666168,
0.26874375343322754,
-0.06417214125394821,
0.1264249086380005,
0.00022889432148076594,
-0.4705002009868622,
0.35176753997802734,
0.237173393368721,
-0.18088479340076447,
-0.017026158049702644,
0.15575526654720306,
-0.41210097074508667,
-0.36097079515457153,
0.011107677593827248,
-0.31991344690322876,
-0.2567978501319885,
-0.491563081741333,
-0.21529780328273773,
1.0425662994384766,
-0.2314573973417282,
-0.6968876123428345,
0.1703953742980957,
0.5484296083450317,
0.3508739471435547,
-0.37340685725212097,
0.4854969084262848,
0.29005762934684753,
0.12643125653266907,
-0.29060107469558716,
-0.38607481122016907,
0.19725485146045685,
0.31510689854621887,
0.3486006259918213,
-0.48325660824775696,
-0.14965906739234924,
0.48902222514152527,
0.3001037538051605,
-0.17448186874389648,
-0.435237854719162,
0.05102788656949997,
0.5978095531463623,
-0.020927079021930695,
-0.06331127882003784,
-0.07472731918096542,
0.03413527458906174,
0.07674599438905716,
0.6821491122245789,
0.06562262773513794,
0.06137895956635475,
0.5531373620033264,
-0.26914259791374207,
0.2744663953781128,
-0.47683656215667725,
0.22736389935016632,
0.7564688920974731,
0.6218916773796082,
-0.058331578969955444,
-0.0013380516320466995,
0.07169625908136368,
0.3654596507549286,
0.01476908940821886,
-0.5299315452575684,
-0.11724233627319336,
0.3528069853782654,
-0.3853801190853119,
0.3591766655445099,
-0.297482430934906,
-0.24571943283081055,
0.42221906781196594,
0.13286854326725006,
0.2697586417198181,
-1.1293665170669556,
0.23422428965568542,
0.2558305263519287,
0.1097366213798523,
-0.5186761021614075,
0.1986854523420334,
0.11908300220966339,
0.2600802481174469,
-0.5812777876853943,
0.24079164862632751,
-0.06508218497037888,
0.841922402381897,
0.3565453886985779,
-0.891848087310791,
0.4909663200378418,
0.4341045916080475,
0.35469046235084534,
0.07296077162027359,
0.06036019325256348,
-0.22066032886505127,
0.6248992085456848,
-0.009757204912602901,
-0.09611878544092178,
0.4221082329750061,
-0.42451825737953186,
0.02267983742058277,
0.22346638143062592,
-0.21451203525066376,
0.5166012048721313,
0.3029422461986542,
-0.11349745094776154,
-0.024553922936320305,
0.8025043606758118,
-0.5398210287094116,
-0.06995941698551178,
0.5507650971412659,
-0.6263755559921265,
-0.01593802683055401,
-0.38163918256759644,
0.12932375073432922,
0.2578844428062439,
0.07162287086248398,
-0.39941635727882385,
0.29615235328674316,
-0.5133807063102722,
-0.12947207689285278,
-0.20052362978458405,
-0.3016352951526642,
0.050556913018226624,
0.26705700159072876,
0.45343291759490967,
0.7982838153839111,
-0.20598934590816498,
-0.07031483203172684,
-0.5022016763687134,
0.5417606830596924,
0.34720438718795776,
0.5263106822967529,
-0.12777428328990936,
0.28518858551979065,
0.4487844705581665,
-0.05995248630642891,
0.5742412209510803,
0.06926371157169342,
-0.44815030694007874,
-0.1509983241558075,
-0.027871858328580856,
-0.3144797086715698,
0.6369142532348633,
0.6163519620895386,
-0.3311861753463745,
0.49244093894958496,
0.18088962137699127,
0.057233285158872604,
-0.28290146589279175,
0.4134290814399719,
0.49898573756217957,
-0.5752158761024475,
0.7718513011932373,
0.2118636816740036,
-0.4523566961288452,
0.3791676163673401,
-0.18337325751781464,
0.3267391622066498,
-0.12785778939723969,
-0.972149670124054,
0.44844886660575867,
0.6182182431221008,
-0.3875466287136078,
-0.25555557012557983,
-0.2859536111354828,
-0.25322598218917847,
0.004033762030303478,
-0.6269511580467224,
0.18090566992759705,
-0.159043088555336,
0.052495554089546204,
0.2014348953962326,
0.08767705410718918,
0.34372377395629883,
-0.19935797154903412,
-0.5827617645263672,
0.19123971462249756,
-0.04711226373910904,
-0.08845560997724533,
0.3791097104549408,
-0.7264977097511292,
0.4401739835739136,
0.8183186054229736,
-0.18297767639160156,
-0.14881040155887604,
-0.16287975013256073,
0.5268609523773193,
-0.44062063097953796,
-0.4340784251689911,
0.3495846688747406,
-0.25689056515693665,
0.12380001693964005,
-0.41461658477783203,
0.20978611707687378,
0.09068725258111954,
-0.2135906219482422,
-0.5120388269424438,
0.6588753461837769,
-0.09246198832988739,
-0.11536776274442673,
0.25568386912345886,
-0.5046483874320984,
0.21224473416805267,
-0.09453272819519043,
-0.7079600095748901,
0.3355536162853241,
0.4460027515888214,
0.0941728875041008,
0.3329298496246338,
0.055408746004104614,
0.1591910719871521,
-0.2652534544467926,
-0.14175526797771454,
0.5367866158485413,
0.2876192629337311,
-0.06330636143684387,
-0.5160273909568787,
0.5459398031234741,
0.17353424429893494,
-0.28945857286453247,
-0.038298700004816055,
0.2348654717206955,
0.04434230551123619,
-0.20473352074623108,
-0.10578019171953201,
0.5665818452835083,
-0.6873847246170044,
0.20363260805606842,
-0.12651482224464417,
0.4201591908931732,
-0.6053741574287415,
-0.8233055472373962,
-1.000152826309204,
-0.2760584354400635,
0.83409184217453,
0.030084706842899323,
-0.020884325727820396,
-0.39326125383377075,
-0.19352072477340698,
0.0053083160892128944,
0.005160993430763483,
-0.6550536751747131,
-0.13534048199653625,
0.5385847687721252
] |
217682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20IV%2C%20King%20of%20the%20Romans | Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans | Ferdinand IV (8 September 1633 – 9 July 1654) was made and crowned King of Bohemia in 1646, King of Hungary and Croatia in 1647, and King of the Romans on 31 May 1653. He also served as Duke of Cieszyn.
Born in Vienna on 8 September 1633, and baptised as Ferdinand Franz, Ferdinand IV was the eldest son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Maria Anna, the daughter of Philip III of Spain. At a young age, Ferdinand IV took his father's role as Archduke of Austria. In 1646, Ferdinand IV became King of Bohemia as he shared the role with his father Emperor Ferdinand III. He was crowned on 5 August 1646, and also shared the role of Duke of Cieszyn with Ferdinand III. Ferdinand IV also shared the role as King of Hungary and Croatia with his father; his coronation took place on 16 June 1647 in Pressburg, present-day Slovakia.
After the French attempted to modify the system of the election of King of the Romans, Emperor Ferdinand III made an opportunity of a recent decline in the prestige of France, and was able to install Ferdinand IV as King of the Romans, and de facto heir to the Holy Roman Empire. He was crowned in Ratisbon (Regensburg, present-day south-east Germany) on 18 June 1653 after gaining the position on 31 May 1653. However, Ferdinand IV unexpectedly died of smallpox in Vienna on 9 July 1654, and was later succeeded by his brother Leopold I as King of the Romans. Prior to his death, it was planned that he would marry Philip IV of Spain's daughter Maria Theresa of Spain, his cousin. Upon the death of Ferdinand III, Leopold I was elected as Holy Roman Emperor.
Ancestors
References
|-
|-
|-
1633 births
1654 deaths
17th-century Kings of the Romans
Habsburg kings of Bohemia
Kings of Hungary
Dukes of Teschen
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Nobility from Vienna
Deaths from smallpox
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
17th-century House of Habsburg
Heirs apparent who never acceded | [
-0.33245378732681274,
0.49850258231163025,
0.41508203744888306,
-0.02808792144060135,
-0.4400734007358551,
0.591232419013977,
0.6939241886138916,
0.01666475087404251,
-0.598172664642334,
0.1382177174091339,
-0.06115183234214783,
-0.127689391374588,
-0.3573739528656006,
0.17023363709449768,
0.09496045112609863,
0.4414145052433014,
0.3855111300945282,
0.13749860227108002,
0.2258194386959076,
-0.05563095211982727,
0.7244942784309387,
0.2239876687526703,
0.5165731906890869,
0.4983726739883423,
-0.312827467918396,
0.320413738489151,
0.6218619346618652,
-0.2509734034538269,
-0.31122344732284546,
-0.34916526079177856,
-0.09487339854240417,
0.21727487444877625,
-0.3683575987815857,
-0.31709274649620056,
-0.43058130145072937,
-0.43245959281921387,
0.043866150081157684,
-0.6091957688331604,
0.2644612193107605,
-0.4055851995944977,
-0.3341987431049347,
-0.019214941188693047,
0.19904884696006775,
0.0719757154583931,
0.17653951048851013,
-0.3400671184062958,
-1.2648019790649414,
0.30438607931137085,
-0.5357224941253662,
0.11516686528921127,
0.1514192819595337,
0.4422120153903961,
0.23461076617240906,
0.9910032749176025,
0.0936894342303276,
-0.2844720184803009,
-0.9162634015083313,
-0.8418146967887878,
0.501870334148407,
-0.05878594517707825,
0.9409676194190979,
0.41453391313552856,
0.041224539279937744,
-0.186919167637825,
0.005930101964622736,
-0.5255382657051086,
0.19428889453411102,
0.5541871786117554,
0.03689256310462952,
-0.38545963168144226,
-0.5380708575248718,
-0.1549222618341446,
-0.2891862690448761,
-0.2965083718299866,
0.3219541907310486,
-0.9916207194328308,
0.013082098215818405,
0.3228857219219208,
0.143457293510437,
-0.20681127905845642,
0.2006041705608368,
-0.4025094509124756,
0.5189087986946106,
0.7650132179260254,
0.6114475727081299,
0.3134375214576721,
0.048425327986478806,
-0.12869074940681458,
-0.25192007422447205,
-0.5698992609977722,
-0.5654513835906982,
0.20892198383808136,
0.6733516454696655,
-0.16218674182891846,
-0.6356183886528015,
-0.0037541985511779785,
-0.3474229872226715,
-0.3405785858631134,
0.17762954533100128,
-0.08313416689634323,
0.15179909765720367,
0.0989820584654808,
0.30794060230255127,
-0.31214839220046997,
-0.6520863175392151,
-0.07097823917865753,
0.08560748398303986,
0.4008851945400238,
-0.018473191186785698,
0.5076237320899963,
-0.5113025903701782,
0.007599762640893459,
0.21616752445697784,
-0.08155064284801483,
-0.047237828373909,
0.29940974712371826,
-0.26440173387527466,
-0.835567057132721,
-0.3289507329463959,
0.35553058981895447,
-0.09139320999383926,
0.7794291377067566,
-0.5800639390945435,
0.670313835144043,
-0.06664308905601501,
-0.20328563451766968,
0.12519551813602448,
0.3465808033943176,
-0.1693686693906784,
0.6858593225479126,
0.49350014328956604,
1.1134371757507324,
0.016159160062670708,
-0.10195896774530411,
0.12391684949398041,
-0.2659294307231903,
0.33850857615470886,
-0.07393738627433777,
-0.13325244188308716,
-0.14093580842018127,
-0.6906822323799133,
-0.5725309252738953,
0.35022494196891785,
0.3225734829902649,
-0.05051325261592865,
-0.021455727517604828,
0.2934897243976593,
-0.343632310628891,
0.029779450967907906,
-0.527232825756073,
0.01563461497426033,
-0.2907811403274536,
-0.4075302481651306,
-0.6778571009635925,
-0.22160381078720093,
1.1186901330947876,
0.5080433487892151,
-0.2734815180301666,
-0.28346046805381775,
0.5738136172294617,
0.3531455099582672,
0.05022873356938362,
0.12395444512367249,
-0.4309849441051483,
0.3587525188922882,
-0.1760130226612091,
0.3042880892753601,
0.2901895344257355,
-0.26167818903923035,
0.2999962568283081,
-0.6801112294197083,
0.10070054978132248,
-0.09032230079174042,
-0.50628262758255,
-0.12137137353420258,
0.3301998972892761,
0.9816237092018127,
-0.22582362592220306,
0.2783885896205902,
-0.1461399495601654,
-0.26404985785484314,
0.41327419877052307,
-0.593607485294342,
-0.12106239050626755,
0.22417935729026794,
0.37869104743003845,
0.24657776951789856,
-0.5648211240768433,
0.03270890936255455,
-0.00706459628418088,
0.2185269594192505,
-0.24559059739112854,
-0.0570279024541378,
-0.2344638854265213,
1.612078309059143,
-0.5189535021781921,
-1.2138950824737549,
-0.051500022411346436,
-0.34610655903816223,
0.7250750064849854,
-0.44810810685157776,
-0.20079107582569122,
0.4454978108406067,
-0.002666057785972953,
-0.02017863467335701,
0.1737811416387558,
-0.06299585103988647,
-0.2868070602416992,
0.9838890433311462,
0.7442662119865417,
0.4670127034187317,
-0.06778629869222641,
0.14770108461380005,
-0.14746329188346863,
-0.1940869688987732,
0.33301109075546265,
-0.28892529010772705,
0.6397599577903748,
-0.3254219889640808,
-0.037249643355607986,
0.6901631951332092,
-0.2513626217842102,
-0.1492757797241211,
0.5596426129341125,
-0.29593420028686523,
0.5154758095741272,
-0.0976070761680603,
0.16611546277999878,
-0.513590931892395,
-0.5188789367675781,
-0.1336992233991623,
0.22772818803787231,
-0.08777446299791336,
-0.15151825547218323,
-0.35754454135894775,
-0.23616358637809753,
-0.34325361251831055,
-0.23128293454647064,
0.006825943477451801,
0.1213325634598732,
0.20254556834697723,
0.3911391794681549,
-0.2824426293373108,
-0.40512678027153015,
-0.44081389904022217,
0.7952503561973572,
0.2700687050819397,
-0.0017025988781824708,
-0.8792279362678528,
-0.3645838499069214,
0.0907159224152565,
0.4694055914878845,
-0.37663909792900085,
-0.17613616585731506,
0.8900737762451172,
-0.2430691421031952,
0.37356996536254883,
-0.230887770652771,
0.2171233743429184,
0.3441726863384247,
0.11436934024095535,
-0.5811672806739807,
0.2363545447587967,
-0.14836876094341278,
0.8199111223220825,
0.550104558467865,
-0.10660947114229202,
-0.03651779517531395,
-0.28122687339782715,
0.08859589695930481,
0.05697612091898918,
-0.31458747386932373,
-0.23917102813720703,
0.23487858474254608,
0.35060185194015503,
-0.14944419264793396,
-0.8646469712257385,
-0.12896427512168884,
-0.13929329812526703,
-0.4062766134738922,
-0.2582959234714508,
0.2498176246881485,
-0.07194545120000839,
0.060383811593055725,
-0.045789361000061035,
0.19805362820625305,
0.5775221586227417,
-0.24271003901958466,
0.21232473850250244,
-0.059311848133802414,
0.048159338533878326,
0.4464738070964813,
0.00005870348104508594,
0.1637948751449585,
0.006035113241523504,
0.4075721502304077,
-0.5229600071907043,
-0.19340579211711884,
0.2926625907421112,
-0.23801745474338531,
-0.569240927696228,
0.5366196036338806,
-0.6842280030250549,
0.05801326036453247,
0.6447623372077942,
-0.07826027274131775,
-0.25306615233421326,
0.32144057750701904,
-5.697071552276611,
0.09159162640571594,
-0.4199082851409912,
-0.015417269431054592,
0.24462494254112244,
0.02575872838497162,
0.35230281949043274,
-0.09820203483104706,
0.3138512074947357,
-0.0729227364063263,
0.533921480178833,
0.01368441991508007,
-0.678587019443512,
0.7233476042747498,
0.4818391501903534,
0.31082847714424133,
0.565630316734314,
-0.3055818974971771,
-0.05523493140935898,
0.09785424917936325,
-0.051432035863399506,
-0.010877372696995735,
-0.07676859945058823,
0.2579970359802246,
0.45801690220832825,
0.3843264579772949,
0.19387286901474,
0.698866069316864,
-0.5748320817947388,
-0.22004534304141998,
-0.07617363333702087,
-0.2809055745601654,
0.5441379547119141,
-0.26405975222587585,
-0.3242984414100647,
0.20165686309337616,
0.4433741867542267,
0.6649768352508545,
0.3817219138145447,
0.49087828397750854,
0.19012154638767242,
-0.31575489044189453,
-0.3602578639984131,
0.03692661225795746,
0.009701825678348541,
-0.38171008229255676,
-0.46925637125968933,
1.0472649335861206,
-0.43246760964393616,
0.43803495168685913,
0.1161113902926445,
-0.023597288876771927,
0.1862441748380661,
0.0005544869345612824,
0.24503138661384583,
0.2165709137916565,
-0.28396058082580566,
0.759520947933197,
-0.1775931864976883,
0.602653980255127,
0.1624940186738968,
-0.5209425687789917,
-0.13090264797210693,
0.10572082549333572,
0.0639825165271759,
-0.198491632938385,
-0.5910033583641052,
0.14922162890434265,
0.2868727445602417,
0.30529332160949707,
0.22754153609275818,
0.2253805249929428,
-0.2792166471481323,
-0.9461619257926941,
0.4817245304584503,
-0.4430266320705414,
-0.16964612901210785,
-0.2529808282852173,
-0.11531689018011093,
0.7190731763839722,
0.15573735535144806,
0.1812220960855484,
-0.2981463670730591,
0.46439579129219055,
0.48111528158187866,
0.9300290942192078,
0.005398014094680548,
-0.42548373341560364,
-0.4432942867279053,
-0.07436861097812653,
0.23568572103977203,
-1.0926737785339355,
-0.44178900122642517,
0.08380529284477234,
-0.5720826983451843,
0.051928937435150146,
-0.43612614274024963,
-0.42058882117271423,
0.3126179575920105,
0.0778818354010582,
0.1940150409936905,
0.14924456179141998,
-0.32778698205947876,
-0.44877511262893677,
0.07815669476985931,
-0.5448223352432251,
-0.23056340217590332,
0.2959718406200409,
-0.13766604661941528,
0.3436661958694458,
-0.3546244204044342,
-0.0012578883906826377,
-0.5266526937484741,
-0.9955025315284729,
0.7163091897964478,
-0.17021523416042328,
-0.10199686139822006,
0.5818795561790466,
0.12326452881097794,
-0.5185617804527283,
0.004548477474600077,
0.04343200474977493,
0.18363593518733978,
-0.3230297565460205,
0.058708541095256805,
0.31001290678977966,
-0.3809577226638794,
0.13682328164577484,
-0.4851864278316498,
-0.2541770339012146,
-0.39005786180496216,
-0.020395468920469284,
0.2210807353258133,
1.0435292720794678,
0.3403393030166626,
-0.004041892942041159,
-0.32378342747688293,
-0.15697753429412842,
0.20415909588336945,
-0.2173670381307602,
-0.7798277735710144,
-0.4193102717399597,
-0.18661445379257202,
0.373096764087677,
0.12410621345043182,
-0.11658979952335358,
-0.09417170286178589,
-0.011647415347397327,
-0.5352058410644531,
0.487417608499527,
-0.046809934079647064,
0.23561900854110718,
0.4917758107185364,
0.48861804604530334,
-0.515225887298584,
-0.5767492055892944,
0.2361968755722046,
0.48828834295272827,
0.2966190278530121,
-0.6075341701507568,
0.2214702069759369,
-0.0614980049431324,
-0.615398645401001,
-0.22112791240215302,
-0.061676040291786194,
-0.1066536009311676,
-0.3329698443412781,
-0.7230615019798279,
-0.13072550296783447,
0.6753080487251282,
0.29802218079566956,
-0.26151832938194275,
-0.3905719220638275,
0.03868645802140236,
0.2815071940422058,
-0.6501761078834534,
-0.2981349527835846,
0.09129317104816437,
-0.017509715631604195,
-0.0947028324007988,
0.08952359110116959,
0.19387170672416687,
-0.41766178607940674,
0.036969300359487534,
0.48817676305770874,
0.2460373342037201,
0.0010507110273465514,
-0.41537153720855713,
0.43224960565567017,
-0.42610135674476624,
-0.21355658769607544,
-0.3902580738067627,
0.1591222733259201,
-0.0625225380063057,
-0.36824148893356323,
-0.592174768447876,
0.2773054540157318,
0.25099387764930725,
-0.44416382908821106,
-0.5746960043907166,
-0.2701762914657593,
-0.22849041223526,
-0.005104672629386187,
-0.2361786961555481,
0.30800899863243103,
-0.07254653424024582,
0.40694528818130493,
0.4644874930381775,
-0.04070669412612915,
0.5359649658203125,
0.02014918439090252,
-0.8413589596748352,
0.021106136962771416,
0.9813106060028076,
-0.49858757853507996,
0.7562832236289978,
0.09709179401397705,
-0.04622171074151993,
-0.4705881178379059,
-0.4555651843547821,
-0.2328801155090332,
-0.11000662297010422,
-0.7096256613731384,
-0.19505466520786285,
-0.31972360610961914,
0.22455230355262756,
0.24092209339141846,
0.31486794352531433,
0.2714180052280426,
-0.2595204710960388,
0.2992793321609497,
-0.260669082403183,
-0.1113872081041336,
0.2297237664461136,
-0.25980839133262634,
0.3146883547306061,
0.2207459658384323,
0.10670451074838638,
-0.4620935618877411,
0.40443888306617737,
0.2609514892101288,
1.0936462879180908,
0.1081145703792572,
0.0142917325720191,
0.8580158948898315,
-0.0732036754488945,
-0.47844409942626953,
-0.01973114162683487,
0.012384524568915367,
-0.3263930380344391,
-0.23191528022289276,
0.24326646327972412,
-0.46609678864479065,
-0.023168623447418213,
0.8439940810203552,
-0.1679859459400177,
-0.20135216414928436,
-0.13870815932750702,
0.009793555364012718,
0.24581187963485718,
-0.41128259897232056,
0.9412448406219482,
0.6625268459320068,
0.18254896998405457,
0.05897245183587074,
0.05610160529613495,
0.3577275574207306,
0.37920883297920227,
0.22226709127426147,
0.02531375363469124,
-0.4073950946331024,
-0.9600783586502075,
-0.06688926368951797,
0.15103507041931152,
-0.7978295087814331,
-0.09203602373600006,
-0.3293881118297577,
-0.6196683049201965,
0.6329328417778015,
0.16313445568084717,
-1.0010634660720825,
-0.012326519005000591,
-0.12455888837575912,
-0.077839694917202,
0.3035832941532135,
-0.6615748405456543,
-0.47290322184562683,
0.4595652222633362,
0.2319144904613495,
0.6617897748947144,
-0.6757831573486328,
0.0795389786362648,
0.11702480167150497,
0.3963109254837036,
0.22713540494441986,
0.04768288508057594,
-0.2169872224330902,
0.563636302947998,
0.03802137449383736,
-0.26501569151878357,
-0.3697173297405243,
0.8148240447044373,
0.5283160209655762,
-0.216836079955101,
-0.13177740573883057,
0.8499699831008911,
-0.3347431719303131,
-0.25327199697494507,
-0.34544435143470764,
0.317457914352417,
0.4743300676345825,
-0.36799684166908264,
0.11240557581186295,
0.08300977945327759,
-0.7060170769691467,
0.18510635197162628,
0.616983950138092,
-0.23961131274700165,
-0.29380783438682556,
-0.18958070874214172,
-0.14588044583797455,
0.43041813373565674,
0.0055658514611423016,
-0.78519207239151,
0.291573166847229,
0.5486840605735779,
-0.07377580553293228,
-0.37236288189888,
-0.3920174539089203,
-0.19134671986103058,
0.0013422450283542275,
0.11299967020750046,
-0.5572670102119446,
0.15905901789665222,
-0.43100041151046753,
-0.03661000728607178,
0.2516408860683441,
-0.6476645469665527,
0.344323068857193,
0.4289630949497223,
0.14430968463420868,
0.4937640428543091,
-0.7545943260192871,
0.2558369040489197,
-0.025913598015904427,
0.4694148898124695,
-0.5781761407852173,
-0.5662994384765625,
0.720790445804596,
0.08121473342180252,
0.710594117641449,
-0.004334735684096813,
0.05138203874230385,
-0.2501083314418793,
0.32262906432151794,
0.2610152065753937,
0.23015184700489044,
0.18734392523765564,
-0.32253772020339966,
-0.39372020959854126,
0.1454540640115738,
-0.3491329252719879,
0.6579267382621765,
-0.06916443258523941,
-0.09521013498306274,
0.12304369360208511,
0.023447221145033836,
-0.07468509674072266,
0.027632102370262146,
-0.5084455013275146,
0.10577305406332016,
-0.17029207944869995,
-0.37914159893989563,
-0.5103457570075989,
0.34542977809906006,
-0.27328765392303467,
0.06992097198963165,
0.26370322704315186,
0.05201614648103714,
0.16465632617473602,
-0.17965489625930786,
-0.3641121983528137,
-0.2855931520462036,
-0.6598265767097473,
-0.10914157330989838,
-0.19554965198040009,
-0.007570906542241573,
-0.051264625042676926,
0.06906545907258987,
-0.539985716342926,
-0.34300336241722107,
-0.6267773509025574,
0.3204052150249481,
0.02304179035127163,
-0.7276722192764282,
-0.3299018144607544,
-0.15397830307483673,
1.2385754585266113,
0.180312842130661,
0.04569469019770622,
0.5834392309188843,
-0.06100093200802803,
-0.29773765802383423,
0.09091248363256454,
-0.09643218666315079,
0.6300815343856812,
-0.33020561933517456,
-0.5376039147377014,
0.066928930580616,
0.43903985619544983,
-0.12349079549312592,
-0.11706831306219101,
-0.20441266894340515,
0.5765492916107178,
-0.28976500034332275,
0.24898360669612885,
0.6947844624519348,
-0.3311809301376343,
-0.11637166887521744,
0.40342241525650024,
0.14076732099056244,
-0.19875586032867432,
0.20739015936851501,
-0.11655756086111069,
0.27256089448928833,
0.40232405066490173,
0.41699403524398804,
0.1388055384159088,
-0.4875078499317169,
0.1270820051431656,
-0.23059529066085815,
-0.009591430425643921,
0.14309020340442657,
-0.015996726229786873,
-0.25909721851348877,
-0.01760230027139187,
0.6623908281326294,
-0.02085435390472412,
-0.44764870405197144,
-0.9005149602890015,
0.08398739993572235,
0.035152629017829895,
0.8461173176765442,
0.034071311354637146,
-0.048493530601263046,
-0.46820634603500366,
-0.4165472984313965,
-0.510287880897522,
-0.25454917550086975,
0.3246800899505615,
-0.002835021587088704,
0.6119239330291748,
0.5166219472885132,
-0.5182417035102844,
0.35268476605415344,
-0.31647294759750366,
-0.2517666220664978,
-0.7165107727050781,
0.002913237549364567,
-0.45867738127708435
] |
217685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyan%20Cannon | Dyan Cannon | Dyan Cannon (born Samille Diane Friesen; January 4, 1937) is an American actress, director, screenwriter, producer, and editor. She was nominated for three Academy Awards.
Early life
Cannon was born Samille Diane Friesen in Tacoma, Washington on January 4, 1937, the daughter of housewife Claire (née Portnoy) and life insurance salesman Ben Friesen. She was raised in the Jewish faith of her Ashkenazi Jewish mother, who was an immigrant from Russia; though her father was Baptist. She attended West Seattle High School and spent two-and-a-half years at the University of Washington. Her younger brother is jazz musician David Friesen.
Career
Cannon made her film debut in 1960 in The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond; she had appeared on television since the late 1950s, including a guest appearance on Bat Masterson as Mary Lowery in the 1959 episode "Lady Luck" and again in a 1961 episode as Diane Jansen in "The Price of Paradise". She appeared in 1959 on CBS's Wanted: Dead or Alive, in episode 52, "Vanishing Act", as Nicole McCready. About this time, she was on the CBS western Johnny Ringo, starring Don Durant, and on Jack Lord's western Stoney Burke on ABC. She also appeared on Hawaiian Eye, using her name Diane Cannon, in 1961, opposite Tracey Steele, Robert Conrad, and Connie Stevens.
In 1963, Cannon joined the national touring production of the Broadway musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, in which she played Rosemary.
In 1964 she guest starred on Gunsmoke, playing "Ivy Norton", an abused daughter looking to marry the man she loves in the episode "Aunt Thede" (S10E13).
She portrayed Mona Elliott in the episode "The Man Behind the Man" of the 1964 CBS drama series The Reporter. She also made guest appearances on 77 Sunset Strip, The Untouchables, the perennial western series Gunsmoke, the 1960 episode "Sheriff of the Town" of the first-run syndicated western series Two Faces West with Walter Coy as Cauter and the 1962 Ripcord episode "The Helicopter Race" as Ripcord Inc.'s secretary and receptionist Marion Hines.
Cannon's first major film role came in 1969's Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice, which earned her Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations. In 1971 she starred in five films: The Love Machine, Doctors' Wives, The Anderson Tapes with Sean Connery, The Burglars, and Such Good Friends, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress. Cannon co-starred opposite Burt Reynolds in Shamus (1973), in the mystery The Last of Sheila, and gave a critically acclaimed performance in Child Under a Leaf in 1974. She starred in the TV movie Virginia Hill with Harvey Keitel. Following this she took a four-year absence from acting.
She became the first Oscar-nominated actress to be nominated in the Best Short Film, Live Action Category for Number One (1976), a project which Cannon produced, directed, wrote and edited. It was a story about adolescent sexual curiosity. In 1978, Cannon co-starred in Revenge of the Pink Panther. That same year, she appeared in Heaven Can Wait, for which she received another Oscar nomination and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.
In 1976, she hosted Saturday Night Live during its first season and she guest starred in the fourth season of The Muppet Show in 1979.
In the 1980s, Cannon, who is also a singer/songwriter, appeared in Honeysuckle Rose (1980) with Willie Nelson, Author! Author! with Al Pacino, Deathtrap (1982) with Christopher Reeve and Michael Caine, Caddyshack II (1988), as well as several made-for-TV movies.
For her contributions to the film industry, Cannon was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1983 with a motion pictures star located at 6608 Hollywood Boulevard.
Cannon wrote, directed, and starred in the semi-autobiographical film The End of Innocence, and had roles in Jailbirds and Christmas in Connecticut.
In the 1990s, she appeared on the popular television shows Diagnosis: Murder and The Practice, as well as being a semi-regular on Ally McBeal. She made appearances in the films That Darn Cat (1997), 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag (1997), and Out to Sea (1997) with Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon. In 2005, she appeared in Boynton Beach Club, a movie about aging Floridians who have just lost their spouses.
Personal life
On July 22, 1965, Cannon married actor Cary Grant, who was 33 years her senior. They had one daughter, Jennifer (born February 26, 1966), who also is an actress. Grant and Cannon separated in August 1967.
In March 1968, Grant was involved in a car accident while in the company of Baroness Gratia von Furstenberg, who was also injured. Nine days later, Cannon divorced Grant.
Cannon married real estate investor Stanley Fimberg in 1985. They divorced in 1991.
In 1972, Cannon revealed that she engaged in primal therapy. She is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers and has attended Lakers games for over three decades. She is a born-again Christian.
Filmography
References
External links
1937 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Tacoma, Washington
American film actresses
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
American women film directors
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Converts to Evangelicalism from Judaism
Film directors from Washington (state)
Jewish American actresses
Sports spectators
West Seattle High School alumni
21st-century American Jews
American Ashkenazi Jews | [
-0.36687472462654114,
-0.1392967253923416,
-0.6271683573722839,
-0.1465139538049698,
0.1759232133626938,
0.8033505082130432,
0.6731056571006775,
-0.03362986445426941,
-0.4296601712703705,
0.07534772902727127,
-0.44552287459373474,
0.6655041575431824,
0.29123252630233765,
0.7565541863441467,
0.21699479222297668,
0.3981250822544098,
0.38288620114326477,
0.11671165376901627,
-0.3816058933734894,
-0.38050004839897156,
-0.35171908140182495,
-0.04653095081448555,
0.26654258370399475,
0.09900659322738647,
-0.7872679233551025,
0.8563438653945923,
-0.2818587124347687,
0.45651939511299133,
0.3129567503929138,
0.08888278156518936,
-0.183486208319664,
-0.06777409464120865,
0.34119898080825806,
-0.09916172176599503,
-0.13426585495471954,
0.6156207919120789,
-0.46168068051338196,
0.06136166304349899,
-0.33821967244148254,
-0.16208867728710175,
-0.27464258670806885,
0.07447388023138046,
0.014294157736003399,
-0.33829256892204285,
-0.4969850480556488,
-0.5144398808479309,
-1.5029281377792358,
0.059029415249824524,
-0.766677975654602,
-0.7952060699462891,
-0.2601040005683899,
0.2791532278060913,
0.493079274892807,
-0.38600146770477295,
0.4287722110748291,
-0.3232818841934204,
-0.42328694462776184,
-0.322740763425827,
0.29004570841789246,
-0.042816273868083954,
0.2749192416667938,
-0.27292683720588684,
0.08574388176202774,
-0.3490960896015167,
-0.3315708637237549,
0.2218441218137741,
0.6029594540596008,
0.4231080412864685,
0.06316997855901718,
-0.8346843719482422,
0.18154746294021606,
0.7326602339744568,
0.613075852394104,
-0.17538820207118988,
0.21760918200016022,
-0.2849990129470825,
0.49438831210136414,
-0.2193172127008438,
-0.09177291393280029,
0.08802086859941483,
0.14561644196510315,
0.32903972268104553,
0.5987005829811096,
0.4334449768066406,
-0.05274293199181557,
-0.3951113820075989,
-0.20077009499073029,
0.20212721824645996,
-0.5813766717910767,
0.602200984954834,
-0.8332766890525818,
0.05052586644887924,
-0.024428103119134903,
0.4165429174900055,
0.23409676551818848,
-0.4675317704677582,
-0.08532357960939407,
0.2804068326950073,
0.7861414551734924,
-0.04951237887144089,
-0.3517513871192932,
-0.44261014461517334,
-0.08212359994649887,
-0.5905593633651733,
-0.5887168645858765,
0.2668977677822113,
-0.0023508723825216293,
-0.20008988678455353,
-0.851483941078186,
0.16490042209625244,
-0.19323627650737762,
0.40270623564720154,
0.1339041292667389,
-0.22935280203819275,
0.05750058963894844,
0.3555314540863037,
0.3791443109512329,
-0.04056154936552048,
-0.7141655087471008,
0.3743233382701874,
0.290911465883255,
-0.036406710743904114,
0.21866999566555023,
0.06996525824069977,
-0.5684266090393066,
0.026404043659567833,
-0.16134785115718842,
0.10117439180612564,
-0.8016486763954163,
0.0040107001550495625,
0.10125630348920822,
0.41452541947364807,
-0.31281837821006775,
-0.08729535341262817,
-0.4088903069496155,
-0.44967639446258545,
0.057800665497779846,
-0.1472170054912567,
-0.008347171358764172,
-0.25657331943511963,
-0.4305999279022217,
0.3720617890357971,
-0.7337489128112793,
0.16585569083690643,
1.017200231552124,
0.08095315098762512,
0.29570814967155457,
0.1850866675376892,
-0.24879740178585052,
0.2250738888978958,
-0.5016061067581177,
0.24210795760154724,
0.378039687871933,
-0.6166603565216064,
-0.8158813118934631,
0.03903822600841522,
0.5816926956176758,
0.47979438304901123,
-0.06259811669588089,
0.1803068369626999,
0.49528148770332336,
0.053409822285175323,
0.02862676791846752,
0.1337926983833313,
0.5576388239860535,
-0.3107962906360626,
0.10949049890041351,
-0.6993544697761536,
-0.09032024443149567,
0.1207028478384018,
-0.046113938093185425,
0.6816110014915466,
0.3755160868167877,
-0.06014912202954292,
-0.5674566030502319,
0.4164887070655823,
0.18437941372394562,
0.6243521571159363,
-0.4016765356063843,
-0.02941839024424553,
-0.3269803524017334,
0.05869998410344124,
0.19400280714035034,
0.25091004371643066,
0.1026439443230629,
-0.01846466213464737,
0.22570280730724335,
-0.4502621591091156,
0.6026732921600342,
-0.04250660911202431,
-0.7497502565383911,
-0.0802878588438034,
0.022024357691407204,
0.2999301850795746,
0.4150812327861786,
-0.19981247186660767,
-0.31487950682640076,
0.07369671016931534,
0.39125117659568787,
0.14833441376686096,
0.03453407809138298,
-0.8275639414787292,
0.06962931156158447,
0.0022176550701260567,
-0.10184161365032196,
-0.009752225130796432,
0.8404391407966614,
0.4266236126422882,
0.12317956984043121,
0.42429763078689575,
-0.09436381608247757,
-0.7169007658958435,
0.7986515760421753,
0.42239558696746826,
0.16223083436489105,
-0.45714765787124634,
-0.7979790568351746,
-0.4886746406555176,
0.26362961530685425,
-0.21956069767475128,
0.13957169651985168,
0.6020188331604004,
-0.30125001072883606,
0.24229799211025238,
-0.3943592309951782,
0.4079444408416748,
-0.17813359200954437,
-0.09537969529628754,
0.38616907596588135,
-0.210664302110672,
0.1387527734041214,
0.3621896505355835,
-0.2866714298725128,
-0.6632430553436279,
0.16474172472953796,
0.2890746295452118,
0.42537590861320496,
-0.1971786767244339,
-0.3247295618057251,
-0.9675252437591553,
0.4427778124809265,
0.2634934186935425,
-0.187456414103508,
0.5475677847862244,
-0.056382790207862854,
0.08897135406732559,
0.609758734703064,
-0.13962848484516144,
-0.09834679961204529,
-0.013315586373209953,
0.19430144131183624,
0.23058734834194183,
0.18490548431873322,
0.05681585520505905,
0.1698925942182541,
-0.14955909550189972,
0.10035693645477295,
-0.16263173520565033,
0.6463581919670105,
0.339709609746933,
0.35257479548454285,
-0.19336974620819092,
-0.05136549472808838,
-0.11928727477788925,
-0.7682126760482788,
0.039202336221933365,
0.02343730814754963,
-0.7735080122947693,
0.09734949469566345,
0.2511152923107147,
-0.10710024833679199,
-0.30297261476516724,
-0.12337242066860199,
0.24454982578754425,
0.14710797369480133,
0.21189482510089874,
0.14568117260932922,
0.006481279153376818,
-0.41914820671081543,
-0.8360103964805603,
0.4273252785205841,
0.4135894179344177,
-0.12479459494352341,
-0.42228132486343384,
-0.15629185736179352,
-0.4270477294921875,
0.15383753180503845,
0.163377046585083,
-0.251571387052536,
0.05341600999236107,
-0.26830846071243286,
0.44501620531082153,
-0.012153706513345242,
0.599768340587616,
-0.43254220485687256,
0.19324353337287903,
-0.09467623382806778,
0.3975691497325897,
-0.24777601659297943,
0.2836075723171234,
-0.25783562660217285,
0.5316237211227417,
-0.19505637884140015,
0.3085275888442993,
0.746752142906189,
0.22381798923015594,
-0.2784216105937958,
-0.2563793659210205,
-5.63196325302124,
0.07088529318571091,
0.27034738659858704,
-0.21941016614437103,
0.8150855302810669,
-0.28887420892715454,
-0.16491396725177765,
-0.20148198306560516,
0.364125519990921,
-0.10783615708351135,
-0.11359437555074692,
0.20108814537525177,
-0.7038843631744385,
0.25434181094169617,
0.20727749168872833,
-0.11242980509996414,
0.277442067861557,
-0.3469030559062958,
-0.3314689099788666,
0.7728782296180725,
-0.09530778229236603,
-0.2170514315366745,
-0.3111529052257538,
-0.013147199526429176,
-0.30764129757881165,
-0.14811426401138306,
-0.2996642589569092,
-0.06540864706039429,
-0.6369894742965698,
-0.47890982031822205,
-0.5364561676979065,
-0.06937723606824875,
-0.5431960225105286,
0.3306202292442322,
-0.07216019928455353,
0.4877476394176483,
0.07303322106599808,
-0.6788044571876526,
0.13636846840381622,
-0.4926344156265259,
0.1217622235417366,
0.07370399683713913,
-0.5609349608421326,
0.34860819578170776,
0.39907345175743103,
-0.41773635149002075,
-0.36196354031562805,
-0.4430188834667206,
-0.17947746813297272,
0.24745942652225494,
0.5135170221328735,
0.1711839884519577,
0.34309080243110657,
-0.4316122829914093,
0.5764822363853455,
-0.15938396751880646,
0.0841759592294693,
0.04332541301846504,
-0.9906354546546936,
0.21309685707092285,
-0.089018814265728,
0.14162661135196686,
-0.07127603888511658,
0.27290064096450806,
-0.08173798769712448,
-0.4392608404159546,
0.19730976223945618,
0.39028751850128174,
0.055059872567653656,
-0.6175244450569153,
-0.2833770513534546,
0.4205174148082733,
0.2573677599430084,
-1.166626214981079,
0.15674126148223877,
-0.4992598295211792,
0.14937075972557068,
-0.2599148154258728,
-1.0328567028045654,
-0.31613069772720337,
0.2047652304172516,
-0.17876121401786804,
0.9501551985740662,
0.5727110505104065,
0.08965065330266953,
-0.37701770663261414,
0.005088622681796551,
0.4009898602962494,
-0.18010316789150238,
-0.382178395986557,
-0.33679473400115967,
-0.29891082644462585,
0.11645626276731491,
0.17470017075538635,
0.2567615509033203,
0.23764388263225555,
0.2284083068370819,
0.6250273585319519,
0.03707581013441086,
0.18904311954975128,
0.1256633996963501,
-0.5057750344276428,
0.459237277507782,
-0.7151597142219543,
-0.04042506217956543,
-0.09842994064092636,
0.4818320870399475,
0.20641779899597168,
0.7228500247001648,
-0.5638516545295715,
0.14898014068603516,
0.7312315702438354,
0.2056775540113449,
-0.23888908326625824,
0.2451309859752655,
-0.09542635083198547,
-0.10717332363128662,
0.5390060544013977,
0.1025196835398674,
0.5393911600112915,
-0.04413795843720436,
0.628743052482605,
-0.06982550024986267,
-0.09481614083051682,
0.05441732704639435,
-0.38591960072517395,
-0.19193638861179352,
-0.654904842376709,
0.29531386494636536,
0.2234978824853897,
-0.7044681310653687,
-0.01417204737663269,
0.1475793570280075,
0.041907597333192825,
0.5055463314056396,
-0.5286483764648438,
-0.4293676018714905,
-0.09494424611330032,
-0.2640150189399719,
0.2739514708518982,
0.08537691086530685,
-0.1726364940404892,
0.37023791670799255,
0.3143801987171173,
0.3175145089626312,
-0.6122616529464722,
0.3331862688064575,
0.3150385022163391,
-0.2183074802160263,
0.2526511251926422,
0.1400047093629837,
-0.008556396700441837,
0.7038247585296631,
-0.9774628281593323,
-0.5968040227890015,
-0.15093961358070374,
-0.4452236294746399,
-0.1894027441740036,
0.7755183577537537,
-0.26327836513519287,
0.09087744355201721,
-0.5688404440879822,
-0.6552266478538513,
0.24388271570205688,
-0.04365531727671623,
0.471937358379364,
-0.06921694427728653,
-0.45000791549682617,
-0.4820341467857361,
0.36791789531707764,
-0.17309924960136414,
-0.5975722670555115,
0.03651297837495804,
0.11041542142629623,
0.12935389578342438,
0.40269747376441956,
-0.24400855600833893,
-0.490238219499588,
0.03060176968574524,
0.20308201014995575,
-0.1661316156387329,
-0.5312557220458984,
-0.5893222689628601,
-0.32312846183776855,
0.257247656583786,
-0.37062868475914,
-0.7617273330688477,
-0.14312966167926788,
-0.3331093490123749,
0.2777939736843109,
-0.12184891849756241,
-0.20330750942230225,
0.04791323468089104,
0.3028198182582855,
-0.3543018698692322,
-0.24494598805904388,
0.03566538169980049,
0.17512771487236023,
0.28574419021606445,
0.19541281461715698,
-0.5797836780548096,
0.30924883484840393,
-0.8832747936248779,
0.2543177008628845,
0.5828341245651245,
-0.46270084381103516,
0.0628119558095932,
0.4854130148887634,
0.25331395864486694,
0.3875207006931305,
-0.3574811518192291,
-0.0075609018094837666,
-0.08526288717985153,
-0.1652388721704483,
0.08186102658510208,
0.3706791400909424,
0.3573298156261444,
-0.3922857642173767,
0.13903430104255676,
-0.8025648593902588,
-0.3146136701107025,
-1.172417402267456,
-0.2015998661518097,
0.19293716549873352,
-0.7526467442512512,
0.0036620779428631067,
0.19710762798786163,
-0.31400713324546814,
0.3853605091571808,
-0.005278115160763264,
-0.0851343423128128,
0.20162560045719147,
0.06959475576877594,
0.29812657833099365,
-0.2591453492641449,
-0.505560040473938,
-0.03672706335783005,
0.5662092566490173,
-0.4878336191177368,
0.00547817861661315,
0.5142502784729004,
0.5911000370979309,
-0.0972893238067627,
0.21226325631141663,
0.1575804501771927,
0.5041016936302185,
-0.01556672714650631,
-0.521310031414032,
-0.3770626485347748,
0.29689085483551025,
0.3242616653442383,
0.04990106448531151,
-0.4618286192417145,
-0.13121870160102844,
0.3795247972011566,
-0.9179627299308777,
0.18916849792003632,
-0.020535077899694443,
-0.2703855633735657,
-0.2308964878320694,
0.36098718643188477,
0.03777150437235832,
-0.1964554339647293,
-0.06122155487537384,
-0.6113908886909485,
0.12232847511768341,
-0.054340165108442307,
-0.46156200766563416,
0.23698003590106964,
-0.6075551509857178,
0.015661943703889847,
0.30929461121559143,
-0.04106134921312332,
0.2804469168186188,
-0.40854647755622864,
0.7936939001083374,
0.23545409739017487,
-0.039576008915901184,
-0.1714608073234558,
-0.13914702832698822,
-0.24810688197612762,
0.6179144978523254,
-0.3349766433238983,
-1.0237095355987549,
0.4448690712451935,
-0.4731113016605377,
0.1993389129638672,
-0.35727575421333313,
-0.3512285351753235,
0.09784823656082153,
0.2586331069469452,
0.5821045637130737,
-0.3797391951084137,
-0.276669979095459,
-0.2252500206232071,
-0.05778255686163902,
-0.29007792472839355,
0.974536120891571,
-0.12597590684890747,
0.04193975403904915,
-0.07692687213420868,
0.4074561595916748,
0.23565085232257843,
-0.37806829810142517,
-0.19073008000850677,
-0.6760069131851196,
0.06648483872413635,
-0.7005293965339661,
-0.06542032957077026,
0.42188042402267456,
0.09983652085065842,
0.28271761536598206,
0.7774010300636292,
0.6717620491981506,
0.0800510048866272,
0.11086216568946838,
1.0001294612884521,
0.34502407908439636,
-0.4958736300468445,
-0.07948356866836548,
-0.5690128803253174,
-0.042577601969242096,
0.404774010181427,
-0.8137409090995789,
0.6094615459442139,
0.9610174298286438,
0.18757450580596924,
0.1337943822145462,
-0.04444694519042969,
0.5882082581520081,
-0.17466218769550323,
-0.691985011100769,
0.52302485704422,
0.726717472076416,
0.32428744435310364,
-0.8852697014808655,
0.7028232216835022,
0.3370503783226013,
0.7635851502418518,
0.03829605504870415,
-0.6924492716789246,
0.4382174611091614,
-0.0007090684375725687,
0.2220022827386856,
0.05316196754574776,
-0.17975743114948273,
0.07010990381240845,
0.6825268268585205,
-0.6706445813179016,
-0.3964460492134094,
0.45476752519607544,
-0.2267906218767166,
0.13791795074939728,
-0.08313937485218048,
0.962285041809082,
-0.31991341710090637,
0.2609894871711731,
-0.12213809788227081,
-0.20981688797473907,
-0.08153393119573593,
-0.5036459565162659,
-0.9090582728385925,
0.7910972237586975,
0.655147910118103,
0.023208629339933395,
-0.21522244811058044,
-0.049296315759420395,
-0.7709394097328186,
-0.024469027295708656,
0.12457958608865738,
0.08010638505220413,
0.9093993306159973,
-0.0493130125105381,
0.5793449282646179,
0.6397035121917725,
0.11441008001565933,
0.15518271923065186,
-0.6019866466522217,
-0.39159706234931946,
-0.0723632276058197,
-0.5475432872772217,
0.08834485709667206,
-0.06862668693065643,
-0.14764173328876495,
0.14468158781528473,
-0.2283809632062912,
0.1835465282201767,
0.08981813490390778,
0.43442031741142273,
-0.49754858016967773,
0.9239705801010132,
-0.5865060687065125,
-0.8118811845779419,
0.1434718668460846,
-0.38854020833969116,
0.6293862462043762,
-0.2687239646911621,
0.7353847026824951,
0.541871190071106,
0.6515438556671143,
0.440886914730072,
0.94190913438797,
0.3375799357891083,
0.47267958521842957,
-0.2819060981273651,
-0.23217551410198212,
-0.12131322920322418,
0.1710565686225891,
-0.7104659080505371,
-0.06258434057235718,
0.2973536252975464,
-0.218703493475914,
-0.19656795263290405,
0.03938863053917885,
0.0015953010879456997,
0.12444619089365005,
1.1473214626312256,
0.6884609460830688,
0.27059227228164673,
-0.49646830558776855,
0.05871935188770294,
0.06136487424373627,
-0.12780866026878357,
0.12697851657867432,
-0.24952395260334015,
0.7235122323036194,
-0.6230796575546265,
-0.3452502489089966,
-0.25917378067970276,
-0.00019216509826947004,
0.15436658263206482,
0.07756786793470383,
-0.32993370294570923,
0.21869227290153503,
-0.6319735646247864,
-0.4994378685951233,
0.4911411702632904,
0.7199243903160095,
0.5308828353881836,
-0.35082364082336426,
0.034837909042835236,
0.2908395528793335,
-0.24249334633350372,
0.07523299008607864,
0.15112124383449554,
-0.10319393128156662,
-0.08243827521800995,
-0.17741914093494415,
0.5030990839004517,
0.514033854007721,
-0.28122255206108093,
-0.4931773245334625,
0.15899543464183807,
-0.5527539253234863,
-0.6958228349685669,
0.1432119756937027,
0.0968763455748558,
-0.01819528453052044,
0.7860680818557739,
-0.07531179487705231
] |
217686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Morrison | Tommy Morrison | Thomas David Morrison (January 2, 1969 – September 1, 2013) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1988 to 2008, and held the WBO heavyweight title in 1993. He retired from boxing in 1996 when he tested positive for HIV. Morrison is also known for his acting career, having starred alongside Sylvester Stallone in the 1990 film Rocky V as Tommy Gunn.
Morrison had previously attempted a comeback to boxing in 2007 when the Nevada commission lifted the indefinite worldwide suspension in July 2006. In August 2013, Morrison's mother announced that her son was in the final stages of AIDS, and he died on September 1, 2013 at the age of 44 from septicemia, septic shock, multi-system organ failure and, ultimately, cardiac arrest.
Early life and amateur career
Morrison was born in Gravette, Arkansas. His mother, Diana, was Native American (half Ponca and half Otoe) while his father Tim was of Irish ancestry. Morrison was raised in Delaware County, Oklahoma, spending most of his teenage years in Jay. His nickname, "The Duke", is based on the claim that he was a grand-nephew (or otherwise distant relative) of the Hollywood star John Wayne (né Marion Morrison). Tommy's father urged him to take up boxing at age ten. When Tommy was 13 years old, his mother used a fake ID and entered her son into 15 "toughman" contests (the minimum age for contestants was 21). He later told The New York Times that he lost only one of these matches.
After graduating from high school in 1988, Morrison received a football scholarship to Emporia State University. In the same year, Morrison won the Regional Heavyweight Title – Kansas City Golden Gloves from Donald Ellis and advanced to the National Golden Gloves in Omaha, Nebraska, where he decisioned Javier Alvarez in the preliminaries, decisioned Warren Williams in the quarterfinals, but lost a split decision to Derek Isaman in the semifinals. Two weeks later, Morrison took part in the Western Olympic trials in Houston, Texas, defeating Robert Hargrove by a 4–1 majority decision in the semifinals, and John Bray by a 5–0 unanimous decision in the finals, and qualifying for the nationals, and garnering the "Outstanding Fighter" award of the tournament. Two weeks after that, fighting out of Republic, Missouri, at the National Olympic Trials in Concord, California, July 6, 1988, Morrison lost a 0–5 unanimous decision to Ray Mercer, who went on to win the gold medal at the Seoul Olympics. (They also had a prior match-up scheduled to be held June 16, 1988, at the Felt Forum, New York City, but no further information available on that one as to why it did not happen.)
As an amateur, Morrison claimed 222 fights (most of which were local match-ups), with the 1988 Olympic Trials being the top of his amateur career. His amateur record is 202 wins, 20 losses.
Professional career
Morrison started his professional boxing career on November 10, 1988, with a first-round knockout of William Muhammad in New York City. Three weeks later, he scored another first-round knockout. In 1989, Morrison had 19 wins and no losses, 15 by knockout. In 1989, actor Sylvester Stallone observed one of Morrison's bouts. Stallone arranged a script reading and cast Morrison in the movie Rocky V as Tommy "The Machine" Gunn, a young and talented protege of the retired Rocky Balboa. Morrison took a six-month break from boxing to work on the movie in 1990.
In 1991, Morrison won fights against opponents James Tillis and former world champion Pinklon Thomas. He was given an opportunity to face fellow undefeated fighter Ray Mercer, the WBO title holder in a Pay Per View card held on October 18, 1991. Morrison suffered the first loss of his career, losing by 5th-round knockout.
He had six wins in 1992, including fights with Art Tucker and Joe Hipp, who later became the first Native American to challenge for the world heavyweight title. In the Hipp fight, held June 19, 1992, Morrison was suffering from what was later discovered to be a broken hand and broken jaw, but rallied to score a knockout in the ninth round. After two wins in 1993, including one over two-time world title challenger Carl "The Truth" Williams, Morrison found himself fighting for the WBO title again, against heavyweight boxing legend George Foreman, who was himself making a comeback.
Morrison chose to avoid brawling with Foreman and spent the fight boxing from long range. He was able to hit and move effectively in this manner, which resulted in him winning a unanimous 12-round decision and the WBO title.
Morrison's first title defense was scheduled against Mike Williams, but when Williams withdrew on the night of the fight, Tim Tomashek stood in as a replacement. Although Tomashek had been prepared to fight as a backup plan, some news reports created the impression that he had just been pulled out of the crowd. The WBO later rescinded their sanctioning of this fight due to Tomashek's lack of experience. Almost immediately, talks of a fight with WBC champion Lennox Lewis began, but were halted when virtually unknown Michael Bentt upset Morrison in his next bout. Bentt knocked Morrison down three times, and the fight was stopped in the first round in front of a live HBO Boxing audience. Morrison recovered by winning three bouts in a row in 1994, but his last fight of the year, against Ross Puritty, ended with a draw.
Morrison won three fights in 1995 before meeting former #1 contender Razor Ruddock. Ruddock dropped Morrison to his knees in the first round, but Morrison recovered to force a standing count in round two and compete on even terms for five rounds. In the sixth round, Ruddock hurt Morrison with a quick combination, but just as it seemed Morrison was in trouble, he countered with a tremendous hook that put Ruddock on the canvas. Ruddock regained his feet, but Morrison drove him to the ropes and showered him with an extended flurry of blows. Just as the bell was about to sound, the referee stepped in and declared Morrison the winner by TKO.
The much-anticipated fight with Lewis, who had also lost his world championship, finally took place following the Ruddock match. Morrison was knocked out in the sixth round.
Personal life
At one point in 1996, Morrison was married to two women at the same time: Dawn Freeman and Dawn Gilbert. Morrison had two children by age 19. Tommy and Trisha Morrison were engaged in 2009 and married in 2011.
Health
In 1996, Morrison was scheduled to fight Arthur Weathers. The Nevada Athletic Commission determined that Morrison had tested positive for HIV. The commission suspended Morrison from boxing in Nevada. Several days later, Morrison's physician administered a test, which was also positive. At a news conference on February 15, 1996, Morrison said he had contracted HIV because of a "permissive, fast and reckless lifestyle." Morrison stated that he would "absolutely" never fight again.
At another news conference on September 19, 1996, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Morrison announced he wished to fight "one last time" when he could find an opponent, the proceeds of which would benefit his KnockOut AIDS Foundation. A spokesman for the Oklahoma Professional Boxing Advisory Board said Morrison would probably not be permitted to fight in Oklahoma because of his Nevada suspension. To treat his infection, Morrison said he took antiretroviral medication, which reduced his viral load to almost undetectable levels.
In 2006, Morrison said his HIV tests had been false positives. The Nevada commission's medical advisory board reviewed Morrison's 1996 test results and concluded they were "ironclad and unequivocal." Morrison said he tried to get a copy of the original test result but was unable to do so, adding: "I don't think it ever existed." The commission said Morrison could "contact the laboratory, and they would immediately release the results to him."
Morrison tested negative for HIV four times in January 2007. That year, he began fighting again. After passing medical tests in Texas, West Virginia licensed Morrison to fight in that state. In February 2007 he fought and beat John Castle. In June, Morrison's former agent, Randy Lang, alleged that Morrison had tested positive in January and that the boxer had tampered with blood samples. Morrison responded that he had fired Lang when he discovered that Lang was not a lawyer.
On July 22, 2007, the New York Times reported that Morrison took two HIV tests in 2007 and a third specifically for the Times. Ringside doctors, including Nevada's chief ringside physician, implied that the negative results were not based on Morrison's blood.
In January 2011, the RACJ, the boxing commission for the province of Quebec, required that Morrison take a supervised HIV test in advance of a scheduled 2011 fight. Morrison invited the Quebec commission to attend a public test, but the commission did not come. Morrison stated that if Quebec refused to license him, he would "take the dog and pony show somewhere else."
Legal issues
In December 1993, Morrison was charged with assault and public intoxication when he allegedly punched a University of Iowa student. Morrison said that the student had been staring at him. Morrison pleaded guilty and paid a $310 fine, but said he was innocent. In October 1996, Morrison pleaded guilty to transporting a loaded firearm in Jay, Oklahoma; he received a 6-month suspended sentence and a $100 fine. In 1997, an Oklahoma jury convicted him of DUI in an accident that left three people injured; the court ordered Morrison to spend time in treatment.
In September 1999, an Oklahoma court gave a two-year suspended sentence for a DUI elevated to felony level by his previous DUI conviction. On September 16, 1999, the police stopped Morrison for driving erratically and found drugs and weapons in his car, which resulted in various drugs and firearms charges. While awaiting trial on the September 16 charges, Morrison was again arrested on charges of intoxication and weapon possession while a felon in November 1999. On January 14, 2000, Morrison was sentenced to two years in prison on the September 16 charges. On April 3, 2002, he was sentenced to another year in prison after violating parole in Tulsa, Oklahoma, but was given credit for time previously served.
Death
In August 2013, Elizabeth Merrill of ESPN.com reported that Morrison's mother Diana said that Tommy had "full-blown AIDS" and was "in his final days." She also stated that Morrison had been bedridden for over a year. The same article also stated that Morrison's wife, Trisha, did not believe Morrison had AIDS.
On September 1, 2013, Morrison died at the Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska at the age of 44. According to the Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services, Morrison's cause of death was cardiac arrest, resulting from multiorgan failure due to septic shock caused by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
Professional boxing record
Filmography
References
External links
Tommy Morrison Fight-by-Fight Career Record at About.com
1969 births
2013 deaths
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of drug offenses
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Native American descent
American sportspeople in doping cases
Boxers from Oklahoma
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from multiple organ failure
AIDS-related deaths in Nebraska
Doping cases in boxing
Infectious disease deaths in Nebraska
People from Delaware County, Oklahoma
Sportspeople from Arkansas
World heavyweight boxing champions
World Boxing Organization champions
People from Gravette, Arkansas
American male boxers
Native American boxers | [
-0.5005729794502258,
0.00226041954010725,
-0.408204048871994,
-0.6999201774597168,
0.13352425396442413,
0.4692688584327698,
0.3441564440727234,
-0.05965861678123474,
-0.31760385632514954,
0.07049072533845901,
0.14537829160690308,
0.49004650115966797,
-0.7442572116851807,
-0.3293205201625824,
-0.0014170716749504209,
0.0004928095731884241,
0.090098537504673,
-0.44577303528785706,
-0.19794374704360962,
-0.1434289515018463,
-0.7133613228797913,
-0.12795771658420563,
0.15988819301128387,
0.24677257239818573,
0.16448324918746948,
0.9033790826797485,
-0.7023851275444031,
-0.03611096739768982,
-0.35709649324417114,
0.21965716779232025,
0.6429915428161621,
-0.0723225399851799,
0.5509748458862305,
-0.4507831335067749,
-0.35038667917251587,
0.05729339271783829,
-0.09666410833597183,
-0.5147680640220642,
-0.32275497913360596,
-0.33629322052001953,
-0.40420109033584595,
0.3017372190952301,
0.20074395835399628,
0.32146933674812317,
-0.29887568950653076,
0.19170546531677246,
-0.8790068030357361,
-0.22151611745357513,
-0.36919307708740234,
-0.5461498498916626,
0.032664090394973755,
-0.4019973576068878,
-0.3382261395454407,
0.054465144872665405,
-0.03759300708770752,
-0.39049023389816284,
-0.09878320246934891,
-0.23166388273239136,
-0.3063264787197113,
-0.30836227536201477,
0.05587996169924736,
-0.5152360200881958,
0.40700095891952515,
-0.13586388528347015,
0.10183960199356079,
0.1295175999403,
0.15648296475410461,
0.14768685400485992,
0.04822578653693199,
0.16444848477840424,
0.6136013269424438,
0.4642179012298584,
0.5637001395225525,
0.1398516148328781,
0.5264062881469727,
-0.14213596284389496,
-0.1672927886247635,
0.11374279111623764,
0.1854262351989746,
0.3093833327293396,
0.24265196919441223,
-0.16886238753795624,
0.4996499717235565,
0.048491522669792175,
0.061708830296993256,
-0.3204375207424164,
-0.5332129597663879,
0.6466437578201294,
-0.5543833374977112,
0.14707745611667633,
-0.5225920677185059,
0.018701056018471718,
0.054979193955659866,
0.4996830224990845,
-0.4507591724395752,
-0.24354824423789978,
0.05556187406182289,
0.43737563490867615,
0.30846846103668213,
-0.8459815979003906,
0.17930851876735687,
0.1815740466117859,
0.26419419050216675,
-0.8498069047927856,
-0.1986972540616989,
-0.22093428671360016,
0.4104425609111786,
0.02583210915327072,
-0.1631283313035965,
0.12014748901128769,
-0.8638466000556946,
-0.037801798433065414,
0.33675897121429443,
-0.4931916892528534,
0.2374596744775772,
0.5694276690483093,
0.10227946192026138,
-0.030665408819913864,
-0.15457436442375183,
-0.038307443261146545,
-0.17798006534576416,
0.19177676737308502,
-0.2025320678949356,
0.5307782888412476,
-0.275238573551178,
0.01535692811012268,
-0.053645290434360504,
0.46548715233802795,
-0.13067707419395447,
0.07613909989595413,
-0.2061263471841812,
0.8430789709091187,
-0.3930172324180603,
0.1690509021282196,
-0.2508496344089508,
0.5040919184684753,
0.5873070359230042,
-0.14503630995750427,
-0.0927245244383812,
0.015776854008436203,
0.026605460792779922,
0.28710827231407166,
-0.14362818002700806,
-0.051415275782346725,
-0.8529964685440063,
0.009385596960783005,
0.12352145463228226,
-0.2440192550420761,
0.5639216899871826,
-0.28228679299354553,
-0.1623462438583374,
0.4385543465614319,
0.3751724660396576,
-0.24528340995311737,
-0.4189949631690979,
0.45540711283683777,
-0.17327289283275604,
-0.024908751249313354,
0.30641284584999084,
-0.3620063364505768,
0.045904941856861115,
0.09550590068101883,
0.13115110993385315,
0.20689985156059265,
0.6851957440376282,
-0.4298994541168213,
0.0768912062048912,
-0.4906539022922516,
-0.20124228298664093,
-0.6539549231529236,
0.2069578468799591,
0.34744831919670105,
0.12759804725646973,
0.2862044870853424,
-0.2315756380558014,
0.4961967170238495,
0.8041120171546936,
0.40520599484443665,
-0.2784384489059448,
-0.6850118637084961,
-0.7690351009368896,
-0.026512261480093002,
0.2834884226322174,
0.022900257259607315,
0.7184712886810303,
0.18685267865657806,
0.7040385603904724,
-0.1530878245830536,
0.7127967476844788,
0.2400907278060913,
-0.4331151843070984,
-0.5200984477996826,
-0.15464258193969727,
-0.41506069898605347,
0.4786604940891266,
-0.15933538973331451,
0.13336361944675446,
0.18542826175689697,
0.290798157453537,
0.8837554454803467,
-0.12697993218898773,
-0.44078031182289124,
0.3902484178543091,
-0.2705298066139221,
0.35637226700782776,
0.197357639670372,
0.39719003438949585,
0.5148609280586243,
0.5906378030776978,
0.6703904867172241,
0.39901748299598694,
-0.4393981695175171,
-0.4854245185852051,
0.6278253793716431,
-0.6154305338859558,
-0.6694657206535339,
-0.10712819546461105,
-0.22033803164958954,
0.11602280288934708,
-0.3209484815597534,
0.9638897180557251,
0.8389065265655518,
0.10480047017335892,
0.6534819602966309,
0.14636561274528503,
1.3994073867797852,
0.004045818001031876,
-0.006614466197788715,
-0.04584851115942001,
-0.7418578267097473,
-0.23547805845737457,
0.37352263927459717,
-0.6505261659622192,
-0.6576303243637085,
0.45558232069015503,
-0.16025319695472717,
0.46754011511802673,
-0.753145158290863,
-0.5630855560302734,
-0.5981299877166748,
0.12782733142375946,
-0.41024959087371826,
-0.1670733094215393,
0.11818229407072067,
0.1412077248096466,
0.5070242285728455,
0.11453827470541,
0.4340888261795044,
-0.6599200367927551,
0.13827092945575714,
0.05862922966480255,
0.11566656082868576,
0.5906761884689331,
0.1365976184606552,
0.3787420392036438,
0.03943097963929176,
-0.314534991979599,
0.1464426964521408,
-0.03798481449484825,
0.1283596307039261,
0.020231666043400764,
0.06907776743173599,
0.1819315105676651,
-0.034703053534030914,
-0.19960956275463104,
-0.15356799960136414,
-0.0270279198884964,
-0.6046285629272461,
-0.0714048519730568,
-0.4421323537826538,
0.5727165341377258,
-0.09532760083675385,
-0.42294350266456604,
-0.3371469974517822,
-0.19062022864818573,
0.3881009817123413,
-0.0067941416054964066,
-0.42059051990509033,
-0.4933743476867676,
-0.7197078466415405,
0.37799784541130066,
0.6282788515090942,
-0.21586188673973083,
-0.6490501165390015,
0.14790993928909302,
0.09269524365663528,
-0.6211336851119995,
-0.7093727588653564,
0.17669162154197693,
-0.11021869629621506,
-0.16387440264225006,
0.3930152356624603,
-0.13289739191532135,
0.20479930937290192,
-0.32581764459609985,
0.05417954549193382,
0.3734484314918518,
-0.04738197475671768,
0.37389251589775085,
0.28633731603622437,
-0.12623916566371918,
0.43615278601646423,
0.10627381503582001,
0.3924267590045929,
0.5095266103744507,
-0.2807919383049011,
-0.36548566818237305,
-0.8513174653053284,
-5.775395393371582,
0.6654351353645325,
0.12112756818532944,
-0.3085537850856781,
0.7649614810943604,
0.10612858831882477,
0.4011844992637634,
0.010048309341073036,
0.12484089285135269,
-0.05584753304719925,
-0.28598278760910034,
-0.23597022891044617,
0.2665315270423889,
-0.0643516331911087,
0.2698618769645691,
-0.19280724227428436,
0.6163145303726196,
-0.32138752937316895,
0.11899244040250778,
0.44160953164100647,
-0.3782437741756439,
-0.45322245359420776,
0.05138658732175827,
-0.18287135660648346,
-0.5479695200920105,
0.6025074124336243,
-0.009329362772405148,
-0.011266916990280151,
-0.2591930627822876,
-0.18508777022361755,
-0.48379942774772644,
0.5788324475288391,
-0.6386492252349854,
0.357100248336792,
0.12308167666196823,
-0.28365954756736755,
0.4864341616630554,
-0.1001785472035408,
0.025309203192591667,
-0.7733290791511536,
0.20772239565849304,
0.07058364897966385,
-0.18158312141895294,
-0.013690570369362831,
0.6212590932846069,
-0.14747390151023865,
0.20674966275691986,
-0.21301479637622833,
-0.6996761560440063,
0.9281697869300842,
0.5954471230506897,
-0.10792764276266098,
0.6222789883613586,
-0.029984643682837486,
0.7029706239700317,
0.06432680785655975,
-0.017575344070792198,
-0.4378611445426941,
-0.2444118708372116,
0.5578829646110535,
-0.2101370245218277,
-0.5363930463790894,
-0.2387848198413849,
-0.6673435568809509,
-0.19606655836105347,
-0.1383371502161026,
0.21479889750480652,
-0.1590825617313385,
0.7672443985939026,
-0.15998156368732452,
-0.3265102803707123,
0.5327706933021545,
-0.019982071593403816,
-0.9999118447303772,
0.2770260274410248,
-0.026051359251141548,
0.07686683535575867,
0.24718531966209412,
-0.7737904191017151,
-0.5846406817436218,
0.0387689508497715,
-0.5051947236061096,
0.20543721318244934,
0.008215431123971939,
0.16386693716049194,
-0.0626319944858551,
-0.15847937762737274,
0.594043493270874,
0.3309989273548126,
-0.15320943295955658,
0.6009953618049622,
0.09797240048646927,
0.05644042417407036,
0.06533263623714447,
0.4115247130393982,
0.14348061382770538,
0.07400701940059662,
0.14660587906837463,
0.2506718039512634,
0.2954610288143158,
0.171791210770607,
-0.12505429983139038,
0.24086402356624603,
-0.9464797973632812,
0.1659485399723053,
-0.5625879168510437,
-0.2437373399734497,
0.18277814984321594,
0.120207279920578,
0.17668087780475616,
0.4374949634075165,
-0.2154499888420105,
-0.7264862656593323,
-0.07066025584936142,
0.40221312642097473,
-0.004644927568733692,
-0.07385780662298203,
-0.3802284300327301,
0.11687273532152176,
0.3729669153690338,
0.18865153193473816,
0.2451474815607071,
-0.18180929124355316,
-0.4943518042564392,
-0.3220345973968506,
-0.04676282778382301,
0.014011402614414692,
0.15072226524353027,
-0.02517571672797203,
-0.12534166872501373,
0.2667434811592102,
0.408856064081192,
0.3108566701412201,
0.6057373285293579,
-0.014010666869580746,
0.271892786026001,
-0.2706396281719208,
-0.995185911655426,
-0.15059861540794373,
0.33684733510017395,
0.142844095826149,
-0.39366722106933594,
-0.0669536367058754,
0.24206674098968506,
0.4507896602153778,
-0.29235950112342834,
-0.41381049156188965,
0.09867032617330551,
0.06336747854948044,
0.6245216131210327,
0.5163595676422119,
-0.9964844584465027,
0.7421101927757263,
-0.12230629473924637,
-0.2985093891620636,
0.4737403392791748,
-0.5270100235939026,
-0.11715492606163025,
-0.13492833077907562,
-0.5417335629463196,
-0.1374685913324356,
0.06505975872278214,
-0.6808590292930603,
-0.22666841745376587,
0.44537705183029175,
0.25565892457962036,
-0.06615585088729858,
-0.05596616864204407,
-0.3857486844062805,
0.4636853337287903,
0.25278639793395996,
-0.6602583527565002,
-0.6014067530632019,
-0.2392682433128357,
0.20839457213878632,
-0.14772255718708038,
-0.16659002006053925,
-0.1708771139383316,
-0.028622902929782867,
0.11079122871160507,
0.7058604955673218,
0.15089790523052216,
-0.4571085274219513,
-0.08427401632070541,
0.6683138608932495,
-0.25069907307624817,
-0.45672136545181274,
-0.5290770530700684,
0.15595179796218872,
0.44332438707351685,
1.191655158996582,
-0.27464723587036133,
0.06030917912721634,
0.3678564429283142,
0.23195120692253113,
-0.09338801354169846,
-0.07188944518566132,
-0.1142185851931572,
0.13776175677776337,
0.4387120306491852,
0.2450285702943802,
-0.3605082929134369,
-0.3456627130508423,
-0.45367076992988586,
0.35112813115119934,
-0.6320768594741821,
0.30506688356399536,
-0.12131364643573761,
-0.0422833226621151,
-0.11338487267494202,
0.687771201133728,
-0.12425190955400467,
-0.42702439427375793,
-0.00817004032433033,
0.059387583285570145,
0.3593985140323639,
-0.1117296889424324,
-0.17262423038482666,
-0.4198519289493561,
-0.8928626775741577,
-0.29069897532463074,
-0.5609644651412964,
-0.5211588740348816,
0.09163868427276611,
-0.1663684844970703,
-0.14465370774269104,
0.08942548930644989,
0.07295946031808853,
0.4446312487125397,
-0.3698141872882843,
-1.0402828454971313,
-0.15222583711147308,
-0.09632062166929245,
0.017744481563568115,
-0.025037413462996483,
-0.25846999883651733,
0.4691801071166992,
0.35330820083618164,
-0.3886060416698456,
0.15286950767040253,
0.7592265009880066,
1.4649466276168823,
0.39946460723876953,
-0.12923644483089447,
-0.03441489860415459,
-0.23760434985160828,
0.5879415273666382,
-0.6995252966880798,
-0.1378496140241623,
0.05138060450553894,
0.5529762506484985,
0.2884466350078583,
-0.6962538361549377,
0.2646549940109253,
0.45760926604270935,
-0.3364674150943756,
-0.1561153531074524,
-0.30109041929244995,
0.3657970428466797,
-0.046311620622873306,
-0.09069541096687317,
-0.03978718817234039,
-0.16711464524269104,
-0.2940492630004883,
0.3492390215396881,
0.09578827023506165,
-0.4979132413864136,
-0.32701510190963745,
0.07165231555700302,
-1.085326075553894,
-0.8310641646385193,
-0.305957168340683,
0.3442121744155884,
0.26668792963027954,
-0.23287062346935272,
0.7418271899223328,
0.4837591052055359,
-0.34256288409233093,
-0.3739139437675476,
0.07329362630844116,
-0.4316541254520416,
0.3578226864337921,
-0.4637914001941681,
-0.24024495482444763,
-0.3758457899093628,
-0.48663631081581116,
0.0814027190208435,
-0.3288959860801697,
0.20978116989135742,
0.05064588040113449,
-0.06753278523683548,
0.4223785698413849,
-0.1423124372959137,
-0.4268072247505188,
-0.5747963786125183,
-0.5827076435089111,
-0.18140055239200592,
1.035071849822998,
-0.38660410046577454,
0.08274871855974197,
-0.11985744535923004,
0.4883517324924469,
0.6522318720817566,
-0.3010512888431549,
0.1698647141456604,
-0.0622326135635376,
-0.1400434821844101,
-0.5803806185722351,
-0.08133520931005478,
0.1945243775844574,
0.47925350069999695,
0.020899463444948196,
-0.3295927941799164,
0.02411779761314392,
-0.8372225761413574,
-0.5546489953994751,
1.0610077381134033,
-0.2981369197368622,
-0.05041605606675148,
0.01475030928850174,
0.21164141595363617,
0.06517492979764938,
0.40971052646636963,
0.11659475415945053,
-0.26736533641815186,
0.5938762426376343,
-0.2693489193916321,
0.31850847601890564,
0.14494965970516205,
0.10032855719327927,
0.42482757568359375,
-0.16435904800891876,
0.18958020210266113,
0.1686951071023941,
0.4508810341358185,
-0.5080419778823853,
0.47770756483078003,
-0.04069790244102478,
0.05444375425577164,
0.8603412508964539,
-0.1097155436873436,
0.8616008758544922,
-0.10307635366916656,
0.49011093378067017,
0.1163346916437149,
-0.09252974390983582,
0.048124760389328,
0.06089124456048012,
-0.08470994234085083,
-0.07010956853628159,
0.16742873191833496,
0.07619130611419678,
0.2888961732387543,
-0.34195247292518616,
-0.04289371147751808,
-0.057418689131736755,
0.16945548355579376,
-0.6464775204658508,
-0.16521845757961273,
0.068275086581707,
0.19850344955921173,
-0.09190579503774643,
0.8409583568572998,
0.25435709953308105,
-0.1614311784505844,
-0.05946097522974014,
0.06316139549016953,
-0.4509275257587433,
0.14087623357772827,
0.8069953322410583,
-0.2783374488353729,
-0.2510186433792114,
-0.21697264909744263,
0.29911214113235474,
-0.2850058078765869,
-0.50881028175354,
0.8127046823501587,
-0.17042958736419678,
-0.8438072800636292,
-0.03919203579425812,
-0.15033084154129028,
-0.32205840945243835,
-0.3835192918777466,
-0.47722548246383667,
-0.25251492857933044,
0.3501088321208954,
-0.2876407206058502,
0.6009517312049866,
-0.10347969084978104,
-0.014760917983949184,
0.3383227586746216,
-0.04395325481891632,
-0.09505321085453033,
0.3273853659629822,
0.3659175634384155,
-0.07043670117855072,
-0.19156639277935028,
0.34794893860816956,
0.7260013222694397,
0.22947588562965393,
0.09657701849937439,
0.15632128715515137,
-0.11640781909227371,
-0.15739460289478302,
-0.5699169635772705,
0.33586791157722473,
-0.20890381932258606,
-0.0015046697808429599,
-0.3294883370399475,
0.6527626514434814,
-0.12489936500787735,
0.8416768908500671,
-0.20651456713676453,
0.32522180676460266,
-0.3785650134086609,
-0.041697870939970016,
0.5346081256866455,
0.12984555959701538,
-0.14712926745414734,
-0.24376419186592102,
-0.05287056416273117,
-0.311624139547348,
0.2148861587047577,
0.0010452269343659282,
0.11154933273792267,
-0.019190320745110512,
0.2863059937953949,
0.047259923070669174,
-0.5888366103172302,
0.4824650287628174,
0.22153913974761963,
-0.4725354313850403,
-0.3799301087856293,
-0.230797678232193,
-0.58067387342453,
-0.6645099520683289,
0.14102666079998016,
0.33199578523635864,
0.4043460786342621,
-0.5007404088973999,
0.9301241636276245,
0.1486566960811615,
0.30911198258399963,
-0.17211240530014038,
0.39172598719596863,
-0.09893865138292313,
0.19953997433185577,
-0.2703199088573456,
-0.23430649936199188,
0.09131372720003128,
-0.10757927596569061,
-0.5221797823905945,
0.3336491882801056,
-0.31410473585128784,
0.5647816061973572,
-0.0127720283344388,
-0.4481024742126465,
0.002448863349854946,
0.34203848242759705,
-0.2093614935874939
] |
217688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28South%20Carolina%20governor%29 | John Taylor (South Carolina governor) | John Taylor (May 4, 1770April 16, 1832) was the 51st Governor of South Carolina from 1826 to 1828. He was born May 4, 1770 in Granby in the Province of South Carolina. He attended Mount Zion Institute in Winnsboro, South Carolina, and graduated in 1790 from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and became a lawyer. He opened his practice in Columbia but also had farming interests.
After school, Taylor served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1796 to 1802 and again from 1804 to 1805. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1807, and served there until he became a U.S. Senator in 1810 filling the vacancy left by Thomas Sumter. He was elected to serve a full term beginning in 1811. As senator, he was known for his especially persuasible personality. While also serving the senate, he developed the first version of what is now known as the Taylor foundation. This foundation is a gathering of aspiring politicians to come together and talk and help each other. But soon afterwards he left federal service in 1816 and returned to his home state to become a South Carolina state senator from 1818 to 1826.
Taylor was elected to state governor in 1826. He also served as a trustee of South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) and as director of the Columbia Theological Seminary. His term in office was primarily known for rallying the state to oppose federal tariffs. He died in 1832 in Camden, South Carolina.
External links
SCIway Biography of John Taylor
NGA Biography of John Taylor
United States Congress Biography of John Taylor
1770 births
1832 deaths
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
Princeton University alumni
United States senators from South Carolina
South Carolina state senators
Governors of South Carolina
University of South Carolina trustees
South Carolina Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
18th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians | [
-1.4147001504898071,
0.07383167743682861,
-0.26937729120254517,
-0.07671073824167252,
0.3105368912220001,
0.31169643998146057,
1.2132829427719116,
0.26909416913986206,
-1.1100823879241943,
-0.45870569348335266,
0.2866092324256897,
-0.03280588611960411,
-0.4985823333263397,
1.3074347972869873,
-0.13901464641094208,
1.3684520721435547,
0.0845627561211586,
-0.11497517675161362,
-0.4503313899040222,
-0.3762170076370239,
-0.5039611458778381,
-0.06767838448286057,
0.4594848155975342,
-0.03939772769808769,
0.028035255149006844,
-0.28235772252082825,
0.22314056754112244,
-0.20060937106609344,
0.3446638584136963,
0.18369388580322266,
-0.07238015532493591,
0.5020317435264587,
0.4619259834289551,
0.33042845129966736,
-0.19573505222797394,
-0.3641127049922943,
-0.017737315967679024,
-0.020362822338938713,
0.08958041667938232,
0.2096666842699051,
-0.7512754201889038,
0.0668359100818634,
0.1585262417793274,
-0.14106784760951996,
0.19341161847114563,
-0.42487379908561707,
-1.259027123451233,
-0.0811617374420166,
-0.08827140182256699,
-0.61954265832901,
0.2643008530139923,
0.7733919024467468,
-0.03591456636786461,
0.34205424785614014,
-0.7833618521690369,
0.06287813186645508,
-0.14053598046302795,
-0.2979677617549896,
0.027747007086873055,
-0.1995779126882553,
0.7333617806434631,
0.4025723338127136,
0.2093857377767563,
0.392422616481781,
-0.5019227862358093,
0.05451821908354759,
-0.3659767806529999,
0.9401761293411255,
-0.4352942705154419,
-0.18874675035476685,
-0.4421427845954895,
0.12599506974220276,
0.6456268429756165,
0.30972474813461304,
0.22156192362308502,
-0.4046057164669037,
0.40184876322746277,
0.004185328260064125,
0.2322644740343094,
-0.16337871551513672,
-0.29727721214294434,
-0.4231228232383728,
0.6206234097480774,
0.22275453805923462,
0.06244799867272377,
0.41526126861572266,
-0.374981164932251,
0.11140894144773483,
0.3966708481311798,
-0.11636052280664444,
-0.38995030522346497,
0.0932990163564682,
0.36013397574424744,
0.11985337734222412,
-0.5062511563301086,
-0.5240294337272644,
0.27021870017051697,
0.04222302511334419,
-0.2555522620677948,
-0.18106605112552643,
-0.2908882200717926,
0.31331607699394226,
0.2998286485671997,
0.4438605010509491,
-0.25552576780319214,
0.036652032285928726,
-0.003705313429236412,
-0.3424563407897949,
-0.5031501650810242,
-0.1391419917345047,
-0.7280481457710266,
0.3340620994567871,
-0.36554238200187683,
-0.557054340839386,
-0.6834998726844788,
0.7365980744361877,
0.12978236377239227,
-0.9990090131759644,
0.2792523503303528,
-0.28926828503608704,
0.14225758612155914,
0.4469594955444336,
-0.12132932990789413,
0.5762051343917847,
-0.27931737899780273,
0.22529584169387817,
0.5921356678009033,
-0.3497813642024994,
-0.022647732868790627,
0.7829658389091492,
0.5260363817214966,
0.945103108882904,
-0.20255780220031738,
0.08692207932472229,
-0.39152806997299194,
-0.15397973358631134,
0.031884368509054184,
0.46367737650871277,
-0.4162554442882538,
0.0550280436873436,
-0.39681652188301086,
-0.37776026129722595,
-0.596401035785675,
-0.26098957657814026,
0.012553478591144085,
0.06674384325742722,
0.1571819931268692,
0.3259512186050415,
-0.46288496255874634,
0.18178416788578033,
0.16425500810146332,
-0.1222127228975296,
0.14496994018554688,
0.033805396407842636,
-0.4354208707809448,
0.8251500725746155,
0.14236347377300262,
-0.6289864182472229,
0.5063133239746094,
0.6958684325218201,
-0.20493683218955994,
0.49978017807006836,
0.30074819922447205,
-0.36375680565834045,
0.5914821624755859,
0.42192342877388,
0.08876831084489822,
-0.25493618845939636,
-0.09394991397857666,
-0.02774912863969803,
-0.29916486144065857,
-0.025045542046427727,
-0.047730911523103714,
-0.518674910068512,
-0.07800762355327606,
0.3709668815135956,
0.8795003294944763,
0.32988831400871277,
-0.31321457028388977,
-0.5082273483276367,
-0.8532636761665344,
-0.44374793767929077,
0.23282073438167572,
0.08140147477388382,
0.13783133029937744,
0.04038306698203087,
0.24301865696907043,
-0.13595297932624817,
0.7400592565536499,
-0.23493602871894836,
-0.21123626828193665,
-0.8205993175506592,
0.08793086558580399,
-0.25184741616249084,
1.0140074491500854,
0.7167303562164307,
-0.33550330996513367,
0.5204150080680847,
0.20705623924732208,
0.6501356959342957,
0.02842582017183304,
-0.4486842751502991,
0.13350069522857666,
0.08590827882289886,
0.15776607394218445,
0.654106616973877,
0.3570578694343567,
-0.08557699620723724,
0.25356683135032654,
0.8981006145477295,
-0.16298949718475342,
-0.48718979954719543,
-0.43119892477989197,
0.0035022608935832977,
0.014592575840651989,
-0.589634120464325,
0.10748632252216339,
-0.5201054215431213,
0.3427332639694214,
-0.31068047881126404,
0.49732962250709534,
-0.13223913311958313,
0.0902666375041008,
0.8519273996353149,
0.21069924533367157,
0.3296475112438202,
-0.31521326303482056,
-0.0482015460729599,
-0.8141940236091614,
-0.3560691773891449,
-0.08615455031394958,
0.40874528884887695,
0.4146173596382141,
-1.0673574209213257,
0.01869339495897293,
-0.15787146985530853,
-0.5993403792381287,
-0.7645402550697327,
-0.2832517623901367,
-0.49719706177711487,
0.3563663959503174,
0.4340905249118805,
-0.19092349708080292,
0.01489925105124712,
0.221217542886734,
-0.04074520617723465,
-0.5153290629386902,
-0.20080320537090302,
-0.01665884256362915,
-0.4059440493583679,
0.6251347064971924,
0.606922447681427,
0.3400457799434662,
-0.07870878279209137,
0.3652639091014862,
0.23760360479354858,
-0.14164131879806519,
-0.21748028695583344,
-0.24720098078250885,
0.3561932444572449,
-0.531696617603302,
-0.0809786468744278,
-0.2147475779056549,
-0.015182522125542164,
0.08141469955444336,
0.29484573006629944,
-0.6145229935646057,
-0.037112701684236526,
-0.22673256695270538,
0.07243769615888596,
-0.09707067161798477,
-0.3691297769546509,
-0.11374606192111969,
0.08203652501106262,
0.6194812655448914,
-0.2445712387561798,
0.10495009273290634,
-0.11293407529592514,
-0.7348992824554443,
-0.54222571849823,
0.7869916558265686,
0.8390597105026245,
-0.3825388550758362,
-0.06316349655389786,
-0.4833982586860657,
-0.4107939898967743,
0.5123112797737122,
0.3528442084789276,
-0.007803099229931831,
0.35638973116874695,
0.11762578785419464,
0.3564102053642273,
-0.595308780670166,
0.12595009803771973,
-0.18628215789794922,
0.8681745529174805,
0.1549137532711029,
-0.46950313448905945,
0.3744393587112427,
-0.41967418789863586,
-1.0244489908218384,
-0.2364179491996765,
-0.08123383671045303,
-0.29336753487586975,
0.7234828472137451,
-0.640172004699707,
-0.08432334661483765,
-0.0763743594288826,
-5.246088981628418,
-0.1262861043214798,
-0.43164384365081787,
-0.08993659168481827,
0.441208153963089,
0.24997612833976746,
0.6171290278434753,
-0.06560492515563965,
0.21758556365966797,
0.11013108491897583,
0.9706900119781494,
0.4748603403568268,
-0.4914138615131378,
0.44601044058799744,
0.6355738043785095,
0.8246705532073975,
1.0779176950454712,
0.13108597695827484,
0.43534189462661743,
0.12143626064062119,
0.21531890332698822,
-0.0737510547041893,
-0.3927172124385834,
-0.3029789328575134,
0.5688260197639465,
0.7623421549797058,
-0.5214639902114868,
0.12448818236589432,
-0.3044860064983368,
0.02989077754318714,
-0.07490316033363342,
0.48926088213920593,
-0.30708763003349304,
-0.0774582102894783,
-0.276821106672287,
-0.5942384004592896,
-0.3224709630012512,
0.2674293518066406,
-0.10975285619497299,
0.029394416138529778,
0.19568459689617157,
0.5081827044487,
-1.6694258451461792,
0.5311405658721924,
0.022947292774915695,
-0.5298891067504883,
-0.5680475234985352,
0.5993872284889221,
-0.3474116623401642,
0.6662477850914001,
-0.1522773951292038,
0.13655801117420197,
0.5211362838745117,
0.5073329210281372,
0.47472742199897766,
0.09881874173879623,
0.21857202053070068,
0.699133574962616,
-0.5145036578178406,
0.24218472838401794,
0.39126330614089966,
-0.6807149648666382,
-0.32796093821525574,
-0.19359004497528076,
-0.6005591154098511,
-0.4712279438972473,
-0.08931238949298859,
-0.16177748143672943,
0.25730645656585693,
0.15871545672416687,
0.40289708971977234,
0.3288361728191376,
0.5406898260116577,
-0.8818856477737427,
0.6895877718925476,
-0.19970987737178802,
-1.0307444334030151,
0.08733463287353516,
-0.4638500213623047,
-0.13462628424167633,
0.09622673690319061,
0.08899101614952087,
0.4302915036678314,
0.9050475358963013,
0.31167668104171753,
0.006977408193051815,
-0.05911540985107422,
0.15023836493492126,
-0.47966986894607544,
-0.23503826558589935,
-0.10963410139083862,
-0.8083807826042175,
0.183959499001503,
-0.031138572841882706,
0.3650887906551361,
0.6059378385543823,
0.1251676231622696,
-0.07793721556663513,
-0.09673618525266647,
-0.31314000487327576,
0.14487507939338684,
0.07452578842639923,
-0.21099545061588287,
-0.4702816605567932,
0.020612994208931923,
0.2804787755012512,
-0.5831332802772522,
0.17703932523727417,
0.3562658131122589,
0.6459210515022278,
0.1714659184217453,
-0.3008597493171692,
-0.19843009114265442,
-0.12028156965970993,
0.09862124174833298,
-0.11233963817358017,
0.08834979683160782,
0.026690106838941574,
0.9533035159111023,
0.5119302868843079,
-0.002745924750342965,
0.3490086793899536,
-0.4536131024360657,
-0.16244558990001678,
-0.4524135887622833,
0.29456770420074463,
0.6951833963394165,
0.006340135354548693,
-0.2875663638114929,
0.5192112326622009,
0.5240117311477661,
0.20323005318641663,
-0.7131901979446411,
-0.2822706997394562,
0.14111503958702087,
-0.39072129130363464,
0.5860762596130371,
-0.4848950207233429,
-0.07075684517621994,
-0.3914177417755127,
-0.3461540639400482,
-0.2674456834793091,
-0.3863016963005066,
0.11222492903470993,
-0.23107974231243134,
0.17102046310901642,
0.5659933090209961,
0.24895936250686646,
-0.424212783575058,
0.28294333815574646,
-1.0992052555084229,
-0.6280224919319153,
-0.1918007731437683,
-0.4039892256259918,
0.08313543349504471,
-0.7333494424819946,
0.18216700851917267,
-0.22456900775432587,
-0.023875797167420387,
-0.004461346194148064,
0.0313689224421978,
0.5543107986450195,
-1.36459219455719,
-0.03629322722554207,
-0.060435015708208084,
-0.07078792154788971,
-0.4157077670097351,
-0.15052762627601624,
-0.1710049957036972,
0.8744754791259766,
0.29344478249549866,
-0.4582139551639557,
-0.07859362661838531,
-0.392044335603714,
0.4880092144012451,
-0.30314964056015015,
-0.058144934475421906,
0.6719863414764404,
0.04879742115736008,
0.22071965038776398,
-0.25488579273223877,
-0.010205498896539211,
-0.643750011920929,
-0.30651113390922546,
0.29384708404541016,
-0.9420657157897949,
-0.4298454523086548,
-0.4848112165927887,
0.11349974572658539,
-0.3010207414627075,
-0.20448772609233856,
-0.1442936360836029,
0.15107467770576477,
0.6131507754325867,
0.21871724724769592,
-0.17193178832530975,
0.5941218733787537,
-0.33610910177230835,
0.44095343351364136,
-0.8214026689529419,
-0.05937046930193901,
0.5599980354309082,
0.06962622702121735,
0.29437878727912903,
-0.5063084959983826,
-0.45566290616989136,
0.06616594642400742,
-0.19729653000831604,
0.1574757844209671,
1.1236156225204468,
0.44897016882896423,
-0.5315181016921997,
0.0370190367102623,
0.3589399755001068,
-0.2501465380191803,
0.19860251247882843,
0.23846304416656494,
0.2519359290599823,
-0.23785072565078735,
-0.4170447289943695,
-0.8100131750106812,
-0.3553856611251831,
-0.9646536707878113,
-0.3492562174797058,
-0.3650984764099121,
-0.08496753871440887,
0.648428201675415,
-0.785569965839386,
0.8341508507728577,
-0.20081546902656555,
-0.5152698159217834,
-0.04058047756552696,
-0.2944020628929138,
0.17471913993358612,
-0.5298915505409241,
0.1872342824935913,
0.12123553454875946,
0.20219384133815765,
-0.27811479568481445,
0.22307051718235016,
0.24900168180465698,
1.415064811706543,
0.2959817349910736,
-0.8773475885391235,
-0.14627186954021454,
-0.32918742299079895,
0.19966381788253784,
0.13195185363292694,
0.04197901859879494,
0.2771467864513397,
0.6710553765296936,
-0.17522861063480377,
-0.9593641757965088,
-0.2110132873058319,
0.8967061638832092,
0.1995319277048111,
0.22469623386859894,
0.5121306777000427,
0.5636870861053467,
0.13091936707496643,
-0.31291112303733826,
0.5830031037330627,
-0.6086665987968445,
-0.4708385169506073,
0.1092992052435875,
-0.3738861083984375,
0.31773048639297485,
-0.17222563922405243,
0.8686035871505737,
-0.5239824652671814,
-0.9670369029045105,
-0.49272578954696655,
-0.5475512146949768,
0.421123743057251,
-0.15994589030742645,
-0.04213280975818634,
0.08483411371707916,
-0.21351443231105804,
0.21192260086536407,
-0.1809830665588379,
-0.870444118976593,
-0.05211374908685684,
-0.1396477073431015,
-0.2068692445755005,
0.30196428298950195,
-0.9655181765556335,
-0.4018459916114807,
-0.3613399565219879,
-0.22644414007663727,
-0.44363918900489807,
0.052791528403759,
0.17437224090099335,
-0.11883292347192764,
-0.610038697719574,
-0.8263466358184814,
0.32695847749710083,
-0.37238559126853943,
0.32925570011138916,
-0.044864170253276825,
-0.0049459184519946575,
-0.9545247554779053,
1.0050456523895264,
0.10594324767589569,
0.1952393651008606,
0.1697397381067276,
-0.07639122754335403,
-0.14092712104320526,
-0.19290758669376373,
-0.15581785142421722,
-0.025633815675973892,
0.1670890599489212,
-0.13105283677577972,
0.6054157018661499,
0.10836263000965118,
-0.7547478079795837,
-0.3848782777786255,
0.7391695380210876,
-0.013613183982670307,
-0.19237789511680603,
-0.2589399814605713,
0.11508641391992569,
0.4069281816482544,
0.21564483642578125,
0.04511995241045952,
0.43307241797447205,
0.9246792197227478,
-0.25244978070259094,
0.5131007432937622,
0.30481797456741333,
-0.15274624526500702,
0.22076427936553955,
-0.322920560836792,
-1.041275143623352,
0.7071062922477722,
-0.3656453490257263,
0.6028768420219421,
0.3674734830856323,
-0.5625230073928833,
-0.7786700129508972,
0.7318304777145386,
0.007919684052467346,
0.7737066149711609,
0.21626707911491394,
-0.16298766434192657,
0.1328691691160202,
-0.24013040959835052,
-0.31627383828163147,
-0.05143541097640991,
-0.055704716593027115,
-0.811849057674408,
-0.04665137082338333,
0.4395560026168823,
-0.012358778156340122,
-0.20440416038036346,
-0.33609554171562195,
-0.007298484910279512,
0.6004408001899719,
-0.11399974673986435,
-0.5994502902030945,
-0.44182369112968445,
0.35962116718292236,
-0.441698282957077,
0.6487866640090942,
-0.039818212389945984,
-0.008159544318914413,
0.340729296207428,
0.276590496301651,
-0.6256266832351685,
-0.2631663680076599,
0.3506295084953308,
0.6112910509109497,
-0.4043143093585968,
0.5560052394866943,
0.30222615599632263,
0.7552297115325928,
0.09051627665758133,
0.5909141302108765,
0.10644573718309402,
-0.27718546986579895,
0.2785610258579254,
-0.05382171645760536,
-0.033118490129709244,
0.2034074366092682,
-0.6268889904022217,
0.1906723827123642,
0.325729638338089,
-0.09232456237077713,
0.008659915067255497,
-0.33154088258743286,
-0.3783093988895416,
0.4598337411880493,
-0.2467489242553711,
-0.2588132917881012,
0.10265722125768661,
-0.48673996329307556,
0.39106130599975586,
0.15414193272590637,
0.9544349312782288,
0.6415853500366211,
0.22725611925125122,
0.24223315715789795,
0.003856357652693987,
-0.4300329387187958,
0.34937089681625366,
-0.2920728921890259,
0.22998516261577606,
-0.8363085389137268,
0.6031976938247681,
-0.7532042264938354,
0.7515708804130554,
-0.24239590764045715,
0.275309294462204,
-0.2620401978492737,
0.792374312877655,
0.28337767720222473,
0.09447518736124039,
0.6633069515228271,
-0.5429220199584961,
-0.6066867113113403,
-0.037105340510606766,
0.20900508761405945,
-0.19230784475803375,
-0.25923866033554077,
1.065456748008728,
-0.15487399697303772,
-0.6067710518836975,
0.16279175877571106,
-0.058904003351926804,
0.034655895084142685,
0.3301875591278076,
0.4384714961051941,
-1.005237340927124,
-0.1597454845905304,
-0.28349900245666504,
-0.19911469519138336,
-0.04713850095868111,
0.10496381670236588,
1.00215744972229,
0.2657703161239624,
-0.17749693989753723,
-0.127619206905365,
-0.5115422606468201,
0.8005620241165161,
0.11905621737241745,
-0.41389530897140503,
0.1101316437125206,
-0.04126877710223198,
-0.7998231649398804,
0.25651490688323975,
0.4655841886997223,
0.049621354788541794,
0.0221451073884964,
-0.05318677797913551,
-0.312988817691803,
0.9252180457115173,
-0.15448352694511414,
-0.6258379220962524,
-0.5980974435806274,
0.1996791660785675,
-0.08390546590089798
] |
217693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster%20F2A%20Buffalo | Brewster F2A Buffalo | The Brewster F2A Buffalo is an American fighter aircraft which saw service early in World War II. Designed and built by the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation, it was one of the first U.S. monoplanes with an arrestor hook and other modifications for aircraft carriers. The Buffalo won a competition against the Grumman F4F Wildcat in 1939 to become the U.S. Navy's first monoplane fighter aircraft. Although superior to the Grumman F3F biplane it replaced, and the early F4Fs, the Buffalo was largely obsolete when the United States entered the war, being unstable and overweight, especially when compared to the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero.
Several nations, including Finland, Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands, ordered the Buffalo. The Finns were the most successful with their Buffalos, flying them in combat against early Soviet fighters with excellent results. During the Continuation War of 1941–1944, the B-239s (de-navalized F2A-1s) operated by the Finnish Air Force proved capable of engaging and destroying most types of Soviet fighter aircraft operating against Finland at that time, and achieved in the first phase of that conflict 32 Soviet aircraft shot down for every B-239 lost, producing 36 Buffalo "aces".
In December 1941, Buffalos operated by both British Commonwealth (B-339E) and Dutch (B-339C/D) air forces in South East Asia suffered severe losses in combat against the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero and the Japanese Army's Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar". The British attempted to lighten their Buffalos by removing ammunition and fuel and installing lighter guns to improve performance, but it made little difference. After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammunition load in the wings, which allowed their Buffalos (and their Hurricanes) to stay with the Oscars in turns.
The Buffalo was built in three variants for the U.S. Navy: the F2A-1, F2A-2 and F2A-3. (In foreign service, with lower horsepower engines, these types were designated B-239, B-339, and B-339-23 respectively.) The F2A-3 variant saw action with United States Marine Corps (USMC) squadrons at the Battle of Midway. Shown by the experience of Midway to be no match for the Zero, the F2A-3 was derided by USMC pilots as a "flying coffin". Indeed, the F2A-3s performance was substantially inferior to the F2A-2 variant used by the Navy before the outbreak of the war despite detail improvements.
Design and development
United States Navy
In 1935, the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a carrier-based fighter intended to replace the Grumman F3F biplane. The Brewster XF2A-1 monoplane, designed by a team led by Dayton T. Brown, was one of two aircraft designs that were initially considered. The XF4F-1 with a double-row radial engine was a "classic" biplane. The U.S. Navy competition was re-opened to allow another competitor, the XFNF-1, a navalized Seversky P-35 eliminated early on when the prototype could not reach more than . The XF2A-1 first flew on 2 December 1937 and early test results showed it was far in advance of the Grumman biplane entry. While the XF4F-1 did not enter production, it later re-emerged as a monoplane, the Wildcat.
The Buffalo was manufactured at the Brewster Building in Long Island City, New York.
The new Brewster fighter had a modern look with a stubby fuselage, mid-set monoplane wings and a host of advanced features. It was all-metal, with flush-riveted, stressed aluminum construction, although control surfaces were still fabric-covered. The XF2A-1 also featured split flaps, a hydraulically operated retractable main undercarriage (and partially retractable tailwheel), and a streamlined framed canopy. However (as was still common at this time), the aircraft lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and pilot armor. Fuel capacity was only , stored in the fuselage. Powered by a single-row Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone radial engine, it had a good initial climb rate of and a top speed of . The aircraft was then tested in 1938 in the Langley Research Center full-scale wind tunnel, where it was determined that certain factors were contributing to parasitic drag. Based on the tests, improvements were made to the cowling streamlining and carburetor and oil cooler intakes, and the Buffalo's speed rose to at without any increase in power. Other manufacturers took notice of this 10% increase in speed and efficiency, and wind tunnel tests became standard procedure in the US. With only a single-stage supercharger, high-altitude performance fell off rapidly. Fuselage armament was one fixed M2 Browning machine gun with 200 rounds and one fixed AN Browning machine gun with 600 rounds, both in the nose. The Navy awarded Brewster Aeronautical Corporation a production contract for 54 aircraft, the F2A-1s.
Service testing of the XF2A-1 prototype began in January 1938 and in June, production started on the F2A-1. They were powered by Wright R-1820-34 engines and had larger fins. The added weight of two additional Browning wing guns and other equipment specified by the Navy for combat operations reduced the initial rate of climb to . Plagued by production difficulties, Brewster delivered only 11 F2A-1 aircraft to the Navy; the remainder of the order was later diverted to the Finnish Air Force in modified form under the export designation Model 239.
A later variant, the F2A-2, of which 43 were ordered by the U.S. Navy, included a more powerful R-1820-40 engine, a better propeller, and integral flotation gear, while still lacking pilot armor and self-sealing tanks. The increase in engine power was welcomed, but to some extent offset by the increased loaded weight () of the aircraft; while top speed was increased to a respectable at , initial climb rates dropped to . Both the F2A-1 and the F2A-2 variants of the Brewster were liked by early Navy and Marine pilots, including Pappy Boyington, who praised the good turning and maneuvering abilities of the aircraft. Boyington is alleged to have opined "...the early models, before they weighed it all down with armor plate, radios, and other [equipment], they were pretty sweet little ships. Not real fast, but the little [aircraft] could turn and roll in a phone booth" as he stated in his autobiography Baa Baa Black Sheep. This might be expected from the low wing loading, in earlier versions comparable with the Mitsubishi A6M Zero's 22 pounds per square foot.
The F2A-3 was the last version of the Buffalo to enter service with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. A total of 108 examples were ordered in January 1941. By this time, the Navy had become disenchanted with the Buffalo, and had become especially annoyed at Brewster Aeronautical Corporation's frequent production delays and its frequent management difficulties. This order was seen more as a way of keeping Brewster's production lines running; they would eventually build Corsair fighters for the Navy as well as Buccaneer/Bermuda dive bombers.
The F2A-3s were conceived as long range reconnaissance fighters with new wet wings with self-sealing features and larger fuselage tanks which provided increased fuel capacity and protection, but this also increased the aircraft weight by more than . The wing and enlarged fuselage tank carried an additional of fuel; at , the fuel alone weighed nearly . The addition of armor plating for the pilot and increased ammunition capacity further increased the aircraft's weight, resulting in a reduced top speed and rate of climb, while substantially degrading the Brewster's turning and maneuvering capability. The Navy found that the added weight of the F2A-3 also aggravated the problem of landing gear failure during carrier landings. However, the −40 two-speed supercharged Cyclone engine in the F2A-3 was an excellent "cruising" engine, and as such the F2A-3 had some value and saw initial service on the carriers Saratoga and Lexington.
Even in late 1940 it was apparent that the Buffalo was rapidly becoming obsolete. It badly needed a more powerful engine, but the limits of the airframe had been reached, making installation of a larger engine impossible. Soon after deliveries of the F2A-3 began, the Navy decided to eliminate the type altogether. By then, considered a second line aircraft, some were transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps, which deployed two F2A-3 squadrons to the Pacific, one at Palmyra Atoll, and another at Midway Island. Those which still remained on board aircraft carriers narrowly missed a combat opportunity when a relief mission was dispatched to Wake Island, but the relief force was withdrawn before completing the mission. Shortly thereafter, F2A-3s still in naval service were transferred to training squadrons for use as advanced trainers.
Operational history
The first unit to be equipped with the F2A-1 was Lt. Cdr. Warren Harvey's VF-3, assigned to air group. On 8 December 1939, VF-3 received 10 of the 11 Buffalos delivered to the U.S. Navy. The remaining 43 F2A-1s were declared surplus and sold to Finland. Ralph Ingersoll wrote in late 1940 after visiting Britain that the Buffalo and other American aircraft "cannot compete with either the existing English or German fighters", so Britain used them "either as advanced trainers --or for fighting equally obsolete Italian planes in the Middle East. That is all they are good for". Even the Eagle Squadrons's American pilots used Hawker Hurricanes instead of the Buffalo. Early in the war all modern monoplane fighter types were in high demand, however. Consequently, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands East Indies purchased several hundred export models.
Finland
In April 1939, the Finnish government contacted the Roosevelt administration, requesting the supply of modern combat aircraft as quickly as possible. On 17 October, the Finnish Embassy in Washington, D.C., received a telegram clearing the purchase of fighter aircraft. The only strict requirements laid down by Finnish authorities were that the aircraft be already operational and able to use 87-octane fuel. Part of an F2A-1 shipment – 44 aircraft originally intended for the US Navy – was diverted to Finland, by the US State Department, after the USN agreed to instead accept a later shipment of F2A-2 variants.
On 16 December, the Finnish government signed a contract to purchase 44 aircraft: a F2A-1 variant designated Model B-239E by Brewster. Unlike other fighters already in service, the F2A-1 and B-239E lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and cockpit armor. However, the B-239E was built with a more powerful engine than the F2A-1, in the form of the Wright R-1820-G5, producing , and the capacity to carry four machine guns (rather than the two carried by the F2A-1). The B-239E was also "de-navalized" before shipment: equipment such as tailhooks and life raft containers were removed. The upgraded engine and slightly reduced net weight (i.e. from the omitted armor and de-navalization) resulted in an improved power-to-weight ratio and better general performance.
In four batches the B-239E was shipped initially to Bergen, in Norway, in January and February 1940 from New York City. The crated fighters were then sent by railway to Sweden and assembled by SAAB at Trollhättan, northeast of Gothenburg.
After delivery of the B-239E, the Finnish Air Force added armored backrests, metric flight instruments, the Väisälä T.h.m.40 gunsight, and four machine guns. The top speed of the Finnish B-239s, as modified, was at , and their loaded weight was .
In February 1940, pilot Lieutenant Jorma "Joppe" Karhunen flight-tested the first B-239 to become operational in Finland. Unfamiliar with the aircraft, he burned out the engine while flying very low at high speed; crashing on a snow-covered field, damaging the propeller and some belly panels. Initially unimpressed, the Finns later witnessed a demonstration by a Brewster test pilot, who was able to stay on the tail of a Finnish Fiat G.50 Freccia fighter from Italy; although the Fiat fighter was faster in level flight, the Brewster could out-turn it.
None of the B-239E fighters saw combat in the Winter War (1939–1940). However, five of the six delivered during the war became combat-ready before it ended.
The B-239E was never referred to as the name Buffalo in Finland; it was known simply as the Brewster, or by the nicknames Taivaan helmi ("sky pearl") or Pohjoisten taivaiden helmi ("pearl of the northern skies"). Other nicknames were Pylly-Valtteri (lit. "butt-walter"), Amerikanrauta ("American hardware" or "American car") and Lentävä kaljapullo ("flying beer-bottle"). The total of 44 examples of the B-239E fighters used by the FAF received serial numbers BW-351 to BW-394.
Finnish pilots regarded the B-239E as being easy to fly, or in the words of ace Ilmari Juutilainen, a "gentlemen's travelling [or touring] plane". The Buffalo was also popular within the FAF because of its relatively long range and good maintenance record. This was in part due to the efforts of the Finnish mechanics, who solved a problem that plagued the Wright Cyclone engine by inverting one of the piston rings in each cylinder, which had a positive effect on reliability. The cooler weather of Finland also helped, because the engine was prone to overheating as noted in tropical Pacific use. The Brewster Buffalo earned a reputation in Finnish Air Force service as one of its more successful fighter aircraft, along with the Fiat G.50, which scored an unprecedented kill-loss ratio of 33-1.
In service from 1941 to 1945, Buffalos of Lentolaivue 24 (Fighter Squadron 24) claimed 477 Soviet Air Force warplanes destroyed, with the combat loss of just 19 Buffalos, an outstanding victory ratio of 26:1.
During the Continuation War, Lentolaivue 24 (Fighter Squadron 24) was equipped with the B-239s until May 1944, when the Buffalos were transferred to Hävittäjälentolaivue 26 (Fighter Squadron 26). Most of the pilots of Lentolaivue 24 were Winter War combat veterans. This squadron claimed a total of 459 Soviet aircraft with B-239s, while losing 15 Buffalos in combat.
The Brewsters had their baptism by fire in Finland on 25 June 1941, when a pair of Buffalos from 2/LLv24, operating from Selänpää airfield (ICAO:EFSE) intercepted 27 Soviet Tupolev SBs from 201st SBAP near Heinola. Five SBs were claimed as downed. Subsequent attacks were repelled by LLv24 pilots who, by dusk, had flown 77 sorties.
Many Finnish pilots racked up enormous scores by using basic tactics against Soviet aircraft. The default tactic was the four-plane "parvi" (swarm), with a pair flying lower as bait, and a higher pair to dive on enemy interceptors. The Soviet Air Force was never able to counteract this tactic. The top-scoring B-239 pilot was Hans Wind, with 39 kills. Lt Hans Wind, with six other Buffalos of LeLv 24, intercepted some 60 Soviet aircraft near Kronstad. Two Soviet Pe-2 bombers, one Soviet Hawker Hurricane fighter, and 12 I-16s were claimed for the loss of just one B-239 (BW-378). After evaluation of claims against actual Soviet losses, aircraft BW-364 was found to have been used to achieve 42½ kills in total by all pilots operating it, possibly making it the highest-scoring fighter airframe in the history of air warfare. The top scoring Finnish ace, Ilmari Juutilainen, scored 34 of his 94½ kills in B-239s, including 28 in BW-364.
During the Continuation War, a lack of replacements led the Finns to develop a copy of the Buffalo built from non-strategic materials such as plywood, however the Humu, as they called it, was already obsolete and only a single prototype was built. By late 1943, the lack of spares, wear-and-tear, and better Soviet fighters and training greatly reduced the effectiveness of Finnish B-239s, though LeLv 26 pilots would still claim some 35 victories against Soviet aircraft in mid-1944. The last victory by a Buffalo against Soviet aircraft was claimed over the Karelian Isthmus on 17 June 1944.
From 1943, Finland's air force received Messerschmitt Bf 109Gs from Germany, and this much-superior fighter re-equipped most Finnish Air Force fighter squadrons.
After Finland signed an armistice with the Soviet Union in September, 1944, they had to drive Finland's former ally, Nazi Germany out of the country during the "Lapland War". The only clash with the Luftwaffe took place on 3 October 1944 when HLeLV 26 intercepted Junkers Ju 87s, claiming two, the last victories to be made by Brewster pilots in World War II. By the end of the war in Lapland, only eight B-239s were left.
Five B-239s continued to fly until 1948, with last flights of Brewsters by the Finnish Air Force on 14 September 1948, when they were stored until scrapped in 1953.
Belgium
Just before the start of the war, Belgium sought more modern aircraft to expand and modernize its air force. Belgium ordered 40 Brewster B-339 aircraft, a de-navalized F2A-2, fitted with the Wright R-1820-G-105 engine approved for export use. The G-105 engine had a power output of (peak) on takeoff, some less than the engine fitted to the U.S. Navy F2A-2. The arrestor hook and liferaft container were removed, and the aircraft was modified with a slightly longer tail.
Only one aircraft reached France by the time Germany launched its Blitzkrieg in the West on 10 May 1940. The Buffalo was later captured intact by the Germans, and it was partially rediscovered near Darmstadt in 1945.
Six more Belgian Brewsters were offloaded at the French Caribbean island of Martinique and languished on a coastal hillside, never to be flown. The rest of the order went to the RAF.
British Commonwealth (Malaya)
Facing a shortage of combat aircraft in January 1940, the British government established the British Purchasing Commission to acquire U.S. aircraft that would help supplement domestic production. Among the U.S. fighter aircraft that caught the Commission's attention was the Brewster. The remaining 32 B-339 aircraft ordered by the Belgians, suspended at the fall of France, were passed on to the United Kingdom. Appraisal by Royal Air Force acceptance personnel criticized it on numerous points including inadequate armament and lack of pilot armor, poor high-altitude performance, engine overheating, maintenance issues, and cockpit controls, while it was praised for its handling, roomy cockpit, and visibility. With a top speed of about at , but with fuel starvation issues over , it was considered unfit for duty in western Europe. Still desperately in need of fighter aircraft in the Pacific and Asia for British and Commonwealth air forces, the UK ordered an additional 170 aircraft under the type specification B-339E. The aircraft were sent to Royal Australian Air Force, RAF and Royal New Zealand Air Force fighter squadrons in Singapore, Malaya and Burma, shortly before the outbreak of war with Japan.
The B-339E, or Brewster Buffalo Mk I as it was designated in British service, was initially intended to be fitted with an export-approved Wright R-1820-G-105 Cyclone engine with a (peak takeoff) engine. The Brewster aircraft delivered to British and Commonwealth air forces were significantly altered from the B-339 type sold to the Belgium and French forces in accordance with their purchase order. The Brewster factory removed the Navy life raft container and arrestor hook, while adding many new items of equipment, including a British Mk III reflector gun sight, a gun camera, a larger fixed pneumatic tire tail wheel, fire extinguisher, engine shutters, a larger battery, and reinforced armor plating and armored glass behind the canopy windshield.
The Brewster Model B-339E, as modified and supplied to Great Britain was distinctly inferior in performance to the F2A-2 (Model B-339) from the original order. It had a less powerful () engine compared to the F2A-2's Cyclone, yet was substantially heavier due to all of the additional modifications by some . The semi-retractable tail wheel had been exchanged for a larger fixed model, which was also less aerodynamic. Top speed was reduced from at combat altitudes.
In its original form, the B-339 had a theoretical maximum speed of at a rather unrealistic , but fuel starvation problems and poor supercharger performance at higher altitudes meant that this figure was never achieved in combat; the B-339E was no different in this regard. Its maneuverability was severely impaired (the aircraft was unable to perform loops), and initial rate of climb was reduced to . The Wright Cyclone 1890-G-105 engine designated for use in the Brewster Mk I was in short supply; many aircraft were fitted with secondhand Wright engines sourced from Douglas DC-3 airliners and rebuilt to G105 or G102A specifications by Wright. In service, some effort was made by at least one Brewster squadron to improve the type's sluggish performance; a few aircraft were lightened by some by removing armor plate, armored windshields, radios, gun camera, and all other unnecessary equipment, and by replacing the machine guns with machine guns. The fuselage tanks were filled with a minimum of fuel, and run on high-octane aviation petrol where available. At Alor Star airfield in Malaya, the Japanese captured over of high-octane aviation petrol from British forces, which they promptly used in their own fighter aircraft.
Many of the pilots assigned the Buffalo lacked adequate training and experience in the type. A total of 20 of the original 169 Buffalos were lost in training accidents during 1941. By December 1941, approximately 150 Buffalo B-339E aircraft made up the bulk of the British fighter defenses of Burma, Malaya and Singapore. The two RAAF, two RAF, and one RNZAF squadrons, during December 1941 – January 1942, were beset with numerous problems, including poorly built and ill-equipped aircraft. Aviation historian Dan Ford characterized it as, "The performance... was pathetic." Inadequate spare parts and support staff, airfields that were difficult to defend against air attack, lack of a clear and coherent command structure, a Japanese spy in the Army air liaison staff, antagonism between RAF and RAAF squadrons and personnel, and inexperienced pilots lacking appropriate training would lead to disaster. Although the Mk I had .50-inch guns, many aircraft were equipped with .303 Browning mounts and electric firing solenoids, which tended to fail in service.
When the Japanese invaded northern Malaya on 8 December 1941, the B-339E initially performed adequately. Against the Nakajima Ki-27 "Nate", the overloaded Brewsters could at least hold their own if given time to get to altitude, and at first achieved a respectable number of kills. However, the appearance of ever greater numbers of Japanese fighters, including markedly superior types such as the Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" soon overwhelmed the Buffalo pilots, both in the air and on the ground. Another significant factor was the Brewster engine's tendency to overheat in the tropical climate, which caused oil to spray over the windscreen, usually forcing an aborted mission and greatly complicating attempts to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft. In the end, more than 60 Brewster Mk I (B-339E) aircraft were shot down in combat, 40 destroyed on the ground, and approximately 20 more destroyed in accidents. Only about 20 Buffalos survived to reach India or the Dutch East Indies. The last airworthy Buffalo in Singapore flew out on 10 February, five days before the island fell.
It is not entirely clear how many Japanese aircraft the Buffalo squadrons shot down, although RAAF pilots alone managed to shoot down at least 20. Eighty were claimed in total, a ratio of kills to losses of just 1.3 to 1. Additionally, most of the Japanese aircraft shot down by the Buffalos were bombers. The Hawker Hurricane, which fought in Singapore alongside the Buffalo from 20 January, also suffered severe losses from ground attack; most were destroyed. The Fleet Air Arm also used the Buffalo in the Mediterranean in the Battle of Crete in early 1941.
The Brewster Mark I produced four Commonwealth aces: Geoff Fisken, Maurice Holder, A. W. B. (Alf) Clare and R. D. (Doug) Vanderfield. New Zealander Fisken, the top-scoring pilot, later flew RNZAF P-40s and became the highest-scoring Commonwealth pilot within the Pacific theatre.
Burma
No. 67 Squadron RAF was equipped with thirty Buffalos when the Japanese invaded Burma. They were joined by Curtiss P-40 fighters of the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers). AVG crews were initially impressed with the Buffalo, some even urging General Claire Chennault to trade a squadron of P-40s for Buffalos. In response, Chennault arranged a mock dogfight between both fighters, with 1st Lieutenant Erik Shilling flying the P-40 and Squadron Leader Jack Brandt flying the Buffalo. Over their training base in Toungoo, the P-40 proved to be superior to the Buffalo. When Shilling and Brandt met again fifty years later, the RAF pilot said, "how I wish I could have swapped my aircraft for yours".
The Buffalos and P-40s carried out air defenses over Rangoon and Mingaladon as well as strafing missions on Japanese airfields. Like Malaya and Singapore, lack of effective early warning systems greatly hampered British and AVG efforts to defend Burma from air raids. Reports of Japanese aircraft performance from the Malayan Campaign prompted Buffalo pilots in Burma to employ different tactics; according to Flight Sergeant Vic Bargh, "come in from above, or at the same level at the very least, then dive away before they got onto you, because if they did get onto you, well, you were shot down". One of the Buffalo's final victories of the Burma Campaign was claimed by Bargh; he found the wreckage of the bomber and had his picture taken with it as proof.
The IJAAF secured air superiority over Rangoon by early February 1942, and with the situation on the ground rapidly deteriorating, No. 67 Squadron withdrew north to Toungoo. On 13 February, the squadron moved further north to Magwe with only eight Buffalos, where they continued to carry out reconnaissance flights as well as escorting Westland Lysanders on ground attack missions. The Buffalo flew its last combat sortie with the RAF on 5 March, escorting Hawker Hurricanes and Bristol Blenheims for an attack on a Japanese airbase in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Only six Buffalos remained when the squadron withdrew to Calcutta, India on 11 March to re-equip with Hurricanes. They were swiftly relegated to training duties, though two were briefly acquired by No. 146 Squadron RAF in early April, one of which was regularly flown by Squadron Leader Count Manfred Czernin. No. 67 Squadron claimed 27 Japanese aircraft destroyed; eight Buffalos were shot down and eight pilots were killed. For their actions, Squadron Leader Jack Brandt and Flight Lieutenant Colin Pinckney were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (the latter posthumously), while Sergeant Gordon Williams received the Distinguished Flying Medal.
Netherlands East Indies
The Militaire Luchtvaart van het Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger ("Military Air Service of the Royal Netherlands East Indian Army", ML-KNIL) had ordered 144 Brewster B-339C and 339D models, the former with rebuilt Wright G-105 engines supplied by the Dutch and the latter with new Wright R-1820-40 engines Brewster purchased from Wright. At the outbreak of war, only 71 had arrived in the Dutch East Indies, and not all were in service. A small number served briefly at Singapore before being withdrawn for the defense of Borneo and Java.
As the Brewster B-339 aircraft used by the ML-KNIL were lighter than the modified B-339E Brewster Mark Is used by British, Australian, and New Zealand air forces, they were able to successfully engage the Japanese Army Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar", although both the "Oscar" and the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero still out-climbed the B-339 at combat altitudes (the Zero was faster as well). After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammo load in the wing, which allowed their Buffalos (and their Hurricanes) to stay with the Oscars in turns. In February 1942 they received new model gunsights. Around the same time the Dutch started to use tracer ammunition as well. These two improved their hit ratio. Still, their lack of heavy machine guns (.50") meant their success rate wasn't as high as it could have been.
Apart from their role as fighters, the Brewster fighters were also used as dive bombers against Japanese troopships. Although reinforced by British Commonwealth Buffalo Mk I (B-339E) aircraft retreating from Malaya, the Dutch squadrons faced superior numbers in the air, usually odds of one against two or three. Timely early warning from British radar would have countered this deficit, especially in avoiding unnecessary losses from raids on airfields, but the British government had decided too late to send these: the first British radar stations became operational only towards the end of February. Had they been ready two weeks earlier, the outcome of the Japanese invasion here might well have been different (read Boer's book).
In a major engagement above Semplak on 19 February 1942, eight Dutch Brewster fighters intercepted a formation of about 35 Japanese bombers with an escort of about 20 Zeros. The Brewster pilots destroyed 11 Japanese aircraft and lost four Brewsters; two Dutch pilots died.
Only four airworthy Buffalos remained on 7 March. Capt. Jacob van Helsdingen led this flight on its final sortie that day, and was credited with a Zero before he was killed. This made him and Lt. August Deibel the most successful Dutch pilots on the Buffalo with three victories each. Altogether, 17 ML-KNIL pilots were killed, and 30 aircraft shot down; 15 were destroyed on the ground, and several were lost to misadventure. Dutch pilots claimed 55 enemy aircraft destroyed.
USAAF/RAAF in Australia
Following the surrender of the Netherlands East Indies on 8 March 1942, 17 B339-23 belonging to the ML-KNIL (diverted to Australia because of late delivery) were transferred to the U.S. Fifth Air Force in Australia.
All of these USAAF aircraft were lent to the RAAF, with which they were used mainly for air defence duties outside frontline areas, photo-reconnaissance and gunnery training. Buffalos served with 1 PRU, 24 Sqn, 25 Sqn, 85 Sqn and the RAAF Gunnery Training School.
Between August 1942 and November 1943, 10 of these Brewsters constituted the air defense force for Perth, Western Australia, while assigned to 25 and 85 Sqns at RAAF Pearce and RAAF Guildford.
In 1944, all of the surviving aircraft were transferred to the USAAF.
U.S. Marine Corps
At Midway Island, United States Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-221 operated a mixed group of 20 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalos and seven Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats. They were originally assigned to as part of a relief force bound for Wake Island, but were diverted to Midway instead after the force was controversially recalled on 22 December 1941. Wake Island fell on the following day. The squadron first saw action on 10 March 1942 when a Kawanishi H8K "Emily" flying boat was shot down by Captain James L. Neefus near Midway, the Buffalo's first kill in U.S. service.
During the Battle of Midway in 1942, VMF-221 was destined to participate in one of the few aerial combats involving the Buffalo in U.S. military service. The initial Buffalo interception of the first Japanese air raid was led by Major Floyd B. Parks, whose 13-aircraft division did not fly in paired flights of mutually supporting aircraft. After attacking a formation of 30–40 Aichi D3A1 "Val" dive bombers escorted by 36 Zeros, the Marines, flying in two divisions of aircraft, downed several Japanese bombers before the escorting Zeros reacted; a furious dogfight developed. Thirteen out of 20 Buffalos were lost; of the six Wildcats, only two remained flyable at the end of the mission. The losses included the Marine air commander, Major Parks, who bailed out of his burning Buffalo, only to be strafed by Zeros after parachuting into the sea.
The Marine pilots who managed to shake off the Zeros used high speed split-s turns or very steep dives. These maneuvers were later found to be the best means to evade pursuit by the highly maneuverable Japanese fighters. One F2A-3 pilot, Marine Captain William Humberd, dove away from his pursuers, then attacked a Zero in a head-on pass, shooting his opponent down. In the battle, some F2A-3s suffered from inoperative guns. The nose-mounted guns' occasional failure to fire was noticed by other users as well; the phenomenon may have been caused by frayed electrical wires in the mechanism that synchronized the nose guns with the propeller. Other Buffalos had not been fitted with plate armor behind the pilot, making them vulnerable to even a single bullet or shell. Losses were aggravated due to the Japanese practice of strafing pilots who had bailed out. Second Lt. Charles S. Hughes, whose Buffalo was forced to retire at the start of the raid due to engine trouble, had a ringside view of the aerial combat:
The Zeros came in strafing immediately afterward. I saw two Brewsters trying to fight the Zeros. One was shot down and the other was saved by ground fires covering his tail. Both looked like they were tied to a string while the Zeros made passes at them.
Second Lt. Charles M. Kunz reported that after successfully downing two Val bombers, he was attacked by Japanese fighters:
I was at an altitude of about 9,000 ft, and shoved over in a dive trying to shake the plane on my tail until I was about 20 feet from the water. I was making radical turns hoping the pilot couldn't get steadied on me. I glanced out of the rear and saw that it was a Zero fighter. I continued flying on a rapid turning course at full throttle when I was hit in the head by a glancing bullet. After he fired a few short bursts he left as I had been in a general direction of 205 degrees heading away from the island. My plane was badly shot up... In my opinion, the Zero fighter has been far underestimated. I think it is probably one of the finest fighters in the present war. As for the F2A-3, (or Brewster trainer), it should be in Miami as a training plane, rather than used as a first-line fighter.
Claire Chennault's report on the Zero and air combat reached Washington in 1941, where it was disseminated to aviation forces of the U.S. Army and Navy. This information, along with the development of two-plane mutual defensive formations and tactics, were incorporated into U.S. and Marine Corps air combat training doctrine by some prescient U.S. commanders, including Lieutenant Commander "Jimmy" Thach. The Thach Weave was developed for use by Wildcat pilots against the Zero and was later adopted by other Wildcat squadrons in the Pacific.
With the emergence of new tactics for the F4F-3 and F4F-4 Wildcat, the Battle of Midway marked the end of the Buffalo in both U.S. Navy and Marine Corps fighting squadrons. Surviving F2A-3 aircraft were transported to the U.S. mainland, where they were used as advanced trainers. The introduction in late 1943 of vastly superior American carrier-borne fighters such as the F6F Hellcat and Vought F4U Corsair soon relegated the Brewster F2A-3 to a distant memory.
Buffalo aces
The Finnish Air Force produced 36 Buffalo aces. The top three were Capt. Hans Wind, with 39 Buffalo air victories (out of 75), WO Eino Ilmari Juutilainen, with 34 (out of 94) and Capt. Jorma Karhunen, with 25.5 (out of 31.5). First Lt Lauri Nissinen also had victories in the type (22.5 out of 32.5).
The non-Finnish Buffalo aces were: Geoff Fisken (RNZAF), with six air victories, and Doug Vanderfield (RAAF) with five individual kills, plus one shared. Alf Clare (RAAF) and Maurice Holder (RAF) had five victories each.
Variants
XF2A-1 Prototype
F2A-1 (with Wright R-1820-34 Cyclone engine and two guns above engine cowling, plus two optional guns in the wings) for the United States Navy, 11 built
F2A-2 (with Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone engine and four guns) for the United States Navy and Marines, 43 built
F2A-3 Improved F2A-2 for the United States Navy with larger fuel tank, heavier armour, and provision to carry two underwing bombs, 108 built
XF2A-4 One converted from an F2A-3
B-239 Export version of the F2A-1 for Finland (with Wright R-1820-G5 Cyclone engines and four guns), 44 built
B-339B Export version for Belgium, 40 built (only two delivered to Belgium, the rest to the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm)
B-339C Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with Wright GR-1820-G105 Cyclone engines; 24 built
B-339D Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone engines; 48 built (47 delivered to Dutch East Indies)
B-339E Export version of the F2A-2 for the Royal Air Force with Wright GR-1820-G105 Cyclone engines as the Buffalo Mk I; 170 built (also used by the RAAF and RNZAF)
B-339-23 a.k.a. B-439 Export version of the F2A-3 for the Netherlands East Indies with Wright GR-1820-G205A engines; 20 built (17 later to the RAAF, some used by the USAAF)
Operators
Royal Australian Air Force
No. 21 Squadron RAAF
No. 24 Squadron RAAF
No. 25 Squadron RAAF (ex-Dutch)
No. 43 Squadron RAAF
No. 85 Squadron RAAF (ex-25 Sqn.)
No. 453 Squadron RAAF
No. 452 Squadron RAAF
No. 1 PRU RAAF (ex-Dutch, Photo Reconnaissance Unit)
Finnish Air Force
No. 24 Squadron (1941–1944)
No. 26 Squadron (1944–1945)
Captured Buffalos were repaired and test flown, both in Japanese markings, and – starring in recreated combat footage – in incorrect RAF markings.
Militaire Luchtvaart KNIL
Vliegtuiggroep IV, 3e Afdeling (3-VLG-IV: 3rd Squadron, IV Group)
Vliegtuiggroep V, 1e Afdeling (1-VLG-V)
Vliegtuiggroep V, 2e Afdeling (2-VLG-V, helped defend Singapore)
Vliegtuiggroep V, 3e Afdeling (3-VLG-V)
Royal New Zealand Air Force
No. 14 Squadron RNZAF
No. 488 Squadron RNZAF
Royal Air Force
No. 60 Squadron RAF
No. 67 Squadron RAF (ex-60 Sqn., most pilots were RNZAF)
No. 71 Squadron RAF
No. 146 Squadron RAF (ex-67 Sqn.)
No. 243 Squadron RAF (most pilots were RNZAF)
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm
711 Naval Air Squadron
759 Naval Air Squadron
760 Naval Air Squadron
804 Naval Air Squadron
805 Naval Air Squadron
813 Naval Air Squadron
885 Naval Air Squadron
United States Army Air Forces
5th Air Force, Australia (ex-Dutch)
United States Marine Corps
VMF-111, based at Camp Kearney, Calif.
VMF-112, based at Camp Kearney, Calif.
VMD-2
VMF-211, based at Palmyra Atoll
VMF-212, based at MCAS Ewa
VMF-213, based at MCAS Ewa
VMF-214, based at MCAS Ewa
VMF-221, used in Battle of Midway
VMF-222, based at MCAS Ewa
VMF-224
VMO-251
United States Navy
VF-2
VF-3
VF-9
VJ-5
VJ-6
VS-201
Training Units at NAS Pensacola and NAS Miami
Surviving aircraft and replicas
Only export models of the Buffalo are preserved. There is currently a complete Finnish B-239 (BW-372), a VL Humu variant (HM-671 at the Central Finland Aviation museum), and two replicas – one in ML-KNIL markings and the other in U.S. Navy markings.
Finnish B-239 (serial no. BW-372) flown by Lt. Lauri Pekuri was damaged by a Soviet Hawker Hurricane and crashed in 1942 on Lake Big Kolejärvi, about from Segezha, Russia and was rediscovered in 1998 and is now on display at the Keski-Suomen Ilmailumuseo (Aviation Museum of Central Finland). The Finnish museum also has components from FAF BW-393.
In June 2012, divers discovered the partial wreckage of a Buffalo in shallow water just off Midway Atoll. The aircraft had been ditched during February 1942, after an aborted landing attempt in bad weather by 1stLt Charles W. Somers Jr., USMC (later Colonel, USMC Ret). Officials at the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, where the wreckage was found, have not decided whether to recover any of the parts or leave them in place.
In July 2008, a static full-scale replica B-339C was completed by the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Long Island, New York. The aircraft carries the markings of an ML-KNIL fighter flown by Lt. Gerard Bruggink (two kills). It was built for the Militaire-Luchtvaartmuseum (Military Aviation Museum) at Soesterberg, the Netherlands. The Cradle of Aviation Museum houses a static full-scale replica/model F2A-2, carrying the markings of unit "201-S-13" from VS-201, aboard USS Long Island.
Specifications (F2A-3)
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Arena, Nino. I caccia a motore radiale Fiat G.50 (in Italian). Modena: Mucchi editore, 1996. NO ISBN
Boer, P.C. The Loss of Java. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011. .
Boer, P.C. Het Verlies van Java (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 2006. .
Byk, Gary. Buffalo Down Under: The Modeller's Guide to Australia's Inherited Fighter. Glen Waverly, Victoria, Australia: Red Roo Models Publication, 1998.
Cull, Brian, Paul Sortenhaug and Mark Haselden. Buffaloes over Singapore: RAF, RAAF, RNZAF and Dutch Brewster Fighters in Action over Malaya and the East Indies 1941–1942. London: Grub Street, 2003. .
Dann, Richard S/Ginter, Steve. Brewster F2A Buffalo and Export Variants. Simi Valley, CA: Ginter Publications, 2017. .
Dennis, Peter et al. The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008 (Second edition). .
Drendel, Lou. U.S. Navy Carrier Fighters of World War II. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1987.
Ford, Daniel. "The Sorry Saga of the Brewster Buffalo". Air&Space/Smithsonian, July 1996. Expanded and revised digital edition, Warbird Books, 2013.
Gerdessen, F. "Talkback". Air Enthusiast. No. 13, August–November 1980. p. 78.
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Brewster F2A Buffalo". WW2 Fact Files: US Navy and Marine Corps Fighters. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1976, pp. 5–15. .
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Brewster's Benighted Buffalo". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 1, n.d., pp. 66–83.
Horn, Steve. "The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II". Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. .
Huggins, Mark. "Falcons on Every Front: Nakajima's KI-43-I Hayabusa in Combat." Air Enthusiast, Issue 131, September/October 2007.
Keskinen, Kalevi, Kari Stenman and Klaus Niska. Brewster B-239 ja Humu (in Finnish). Espoo, Finland: Tietoteos, 1977. . Expanded and revised edition published in two parts:
Brewster Model 239: Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 1A. Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman Publishing, 2005. .
Brewster Model 239: Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 1B. Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman Publishing, 2005. .
Lamp, C. O. The Flying Tigers Poke Payoff: They Saved China. iUniverse, 2007. .
Lundstrom, John B. The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. .
Maas, Jim. F2A Buffalo in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1988. .
Moran, Jim. Wake Island 1941: A Battle to Make the Gods Weep (Osprey Campaign 144). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2011. .
Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2000. .
O'Leary, Michael. United States Naval Fighters of World War II in Action. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press, 1980. .
Pacco, John. "Brewster B-339" Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930–1940 (in French). Artselaar, Belgium: J.P. Publications, 2003, pp. 70–71. .
Raunio, Jukka. Lentäjän näkökulma 2 – Pilot's viewpoint 2 (in Finnish). Self-published, 1993. .
Shores, Christopher. The Brewster Buffalo (Aircraft in Profile 217). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1971.
Stanaway, John. Nakajima Ki.43 "Hayabusa": Allied Code Name "Oscar". Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press, 1998. .
Stenman, Kari and Andrew Thomas. Brewster F2A Buffalo Aces of World War 2 (Aircraft of the Aces). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. .
Stenman, Kari and Kalevi Keskinen. Finnish Aces of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. .
Stenman, Kari. Lentolaivue 24. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. .
Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second Edition, 1976. .
Taylor, John W.R. "Brewster F2A Buffalo." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .
Wheeler, Barry C. The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. London: Chancellor Press, 1992. .
Winchester, Jim. "Brewster Buffalo." The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. .
Wixey, Ken. A Rotund New Yorker: Brewster's Embattled Buffalo. Air Enthusiast 105, May/June 2003, pp. 26–40.
Zbiegniewski, Andre R. Brewster F2A Buffalo (bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2003. .
External links
Manual: (1939) AP 1806A – Pilot's Notes – The Buffalo I Aeroplane – Wright Cyclone GR. 1820 G. 105A Engine
Squadron Leader W.J. Harper, 1946, "Report on NO. 21 and NO. 453 RAAF squadrons" (transcribed by Dan Ford for Warbird's Forum.)
Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo
Finnish Buffalo BW372 recovery
F02A
1930s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
World War II aircraft of Finland | [
-0.23259590566158295,
-0.08749013394117355,
-0.9620952606201172,
0.3412247896194458,
-0.09377940744161606,
0.12177342921495438,
0.5318204760551453,
-0.5044711828231812,
-0.39347389340400696,
-0.318217396736145,
-0.04697811231017113,
0.373620867729187,
-0.6023958921432495,
0.09173580259084702,
-0.07141239196062088,
0.23829013109207153,
0.6234879493713379,
0.3148399889469147,
-0.4630599617958069,
-0.4023798108100891,
-0.04755450412631035,
-0.21666650474071503,
0.67352694272995,
0.5050573348999023,
-0.42616018652915955,
0.24386824667453766,
1.2225549221038818,
0.19332760572433472,
0.21242745220661163,
0.4985218644142151,
-0.27964213490486145,
0.4755004048347473,
0.06950202584266663,
-0.325531005859375,
-0.13288342952728271,
0.02117602713406086,
0.013784551061689854,
-0.3164091110229492,
0.1582431048154831,
-0.5970838069915771,
-0.20161524415016174,
0.00554050924256444,
0.028808826580643654,
0.3970499336719513,
-0.30015596747398376,
0.08344440907239914,
-1.0601731538772583,
0.03569303825497627,
-0.19343478977680206,
-0.0027719340287148952,
-0.6881937384605408,
0.5378221869468689,
0.13982228934764862,
0.4645839333534241,
0.3464926779270172,
1.260404109954834,
-0.1483055055141449,
-0.019796891137957573,
-0.13158126175403595,
-0.7759993076324463,
0.2938658595085144,
-0.05801531672477722,
0.2985554337501526,
0.2654304802417755,
-0.6996480226516724,
-0.34341511130332947,
0.07411084324121475,
0.6230580806732178,
-0.2003922015428543,
-0.10056443512439728,
0.02689465321600437,
-0.41684162616729736,
-0.17118428647518158,
0.2597213387489319,
0.331706166267395,
-0.29217469692230225,
0.11975077539682388,
-0.44447362422943115,
0.1274728626012802,
0.2719854712486267,
0.2672608196735382,
0.5121145248413086,
0.40727993845939636,
0.25104424357414246,
-0.30303049087524414,
-0.005015125032514334,
-0.41226813197135925,
-0.03556765988469124,
-0.48383086919784546,
0.3306030333042145,
-0.6412885189056396,
-0.5381407141685486,
0.12156751751899719,
0.09636486321687698,
-0.28525134921073914,
-0.05027899518609047,
0.09170204401016235,
0.18014246225357056,
0.9693352580070496,
0.2372342199087143,
0.6058771014213562,
-0.3211817741394043,
0.560704231262207,
-0.046896107494831085,
-1.046532154083252,
0.1568070352077484,
-0.37280410528182983,
-0.6958974003791809,
-0.06583800911903381,
0.4496849775314331,
-0.5272104740142822,
0.08239977061748505,
0.30585744976997375,
-0.5446347594261169,
-0.13742555677890778,
0.01347430981695652,
0.362619012594223,
-0.9228721261024475,
-0.3014938235282898,
0.4773634076118469,
0.35351061820983887,
1.1845778226852417,
-0.7771153450012207,
0.26714888215065,
-0.04033316299319267,
0.42212361097335815,
0.8993231058120728,
0.7751995325088501,
-0.960709273815155,
-0.22290891408920288,
0.8197458386421204,
0.8593985438346863,
-0.35756659507751465,
-0.2512860596179962,
-0.47953253984451294,
-0.02063247188925743,
-0.36356109380722046,
0.21846461296081543,
-0.30407851934432983,
0.10624679177999496,
-0.9146920442581177,
-0.3628822863101959,
-0.36038699746131897,
-0.26584693789482117,
0.6495983004570007,
0.07610541582107544,
0.021073821932077408,
-0.16759559512138367,
0.18197612464427948,
-0.6561336517333984,
-0.16200435161590576,
-0.4881432354450226,
0.5440428256988525,
0.3773130774497986,
-0.4051031768321991,
0.32808467745780945,
0.4296744465827942,
-0.5128520727157593,
0.5370100736618042,
0.6460638046264648,
0.35682448744773865,
0.014855707995593548,
-0.35709720849990845,
0.15915030241012573,
-0.09584694355726242,
0.4575798511505127,
0.17252293229103088,
-0.4631248414516449,
0.3574749827384949,
-0.24564099311828613,
-0.11480408906936646,
-0.4539329707622528,
0.4825296700000763,
-0.07418447732925415,
-0.5112569332122803,
0.07861923426389694,
0.8417982459068298,
-0.030692869797348976,
0.48885709047317505,
-0.18429653346538544,
-0.45770585536956787,
-0.3956049978733063,
0.43064555525779724,
-0.3547179400920868,
0.09332460165023804,
0.3660232424736023,
0.466444194316864,
0.21649928390979767,
0.18691936135292053,
-0.36877360939979553,
-0.8593613505363464,
-0.0002260103792650625,
0.24978923797607422,
-0.6998596787452698,
1.716146469116211,
-0.3947807252407074,
-1.1031420230865479,
-0.15979623794555664,
0.45527204871177673,
0.17998650670051575,
0.5290528535842896,
-0.0418521873652935,
0.629650354385376,
0.12942183017730713,
-0.47223809361457825,
-0.3513590693473816,
0.24158607423305511,
0.6866992712020874,
0.7319684028625488,
0.638477087020874,
0.23218132555484772,
-0.3870275616645813,
0.03472747653722763,
0.2172023057937622,
-0.19078095257282257,
0.015341252088546753,
-0.2432662397623062,
-0.12503433227539062,
0.4241275191307068,
-0.6482946872711182,
0.6226178407669067,
0.40992259979248047,
-0.7062425017356873,
-0.1849905550479889,
-0.39499229192733765,
0.13023243844509125,
0.11908484995365143,
-0.10951322317123413,
0.08056411892175674,
0.12395304441452026,
0.032300446182489395,
0.5221813321113586,
-0.024676429107785225,
-0.48183923959732056,
-0.21866481006145477,
0.20479975640773773,
0.38046059012413025,
0.11290948837995529,
0.5466842651367188,
-0.2351565808057785,
0.15921390056610107,
1.091689109802246,
-0.8794600367546082,
0.19436198472976685,
0.2392667531967163,
-0.22416603565216064,
0.1329534649848938,
0.3627835214138031,
0.7094841003417969,
-0.8932656049728394,
0.3116106688976288,
0.8120682239532471,
0.6433760523796082,
-0.3092891275882721,
0.06291038542985916,
0.39059799909591675,
-0.14955607056617737,
-0.0021288625430315733,
0.5681137442588806,
-0.1987101435661316,
-0.13063199818134308,
0.2306784838438034,
0.11233150213956833,
0.21035738289356232,
0.18113721907138824,
-0.5641623139381409,
-0.038694556802511215,
-0.3769887685775757,
-0.4576609134674072,
0.6296467185020447,
0.8443512916564941,
-0.4066804051399231,
0.24250341951847076,
0.012929449789226055,
0.3134659230709076,
0.19902995228767395,
-0.2663605511188507,
0.3458268344402313,
-0.8882642388343811,
-0.7641412615776062,
0.2843647599220276,
1.035302996635437,
0.7688856720924377,
-0.6554158926010132,
-0.3545435667037964,
-0.019915100187063217,
0.030084555968642235,
-0.32306158542633057,
-0.1267169564962387,
-0.23360462486743927,
-0.4801207482814789,
-0.1594342738389969,
-0.8303512930870056,
0.553030252456665,
-0.29280978441238403,
0.3703445494174957,
0.1043776199221611,
0.05515341833233833,
0.219667449593544,
-0.1510404795408249,
-0.4976048767566681,
-0.13443110883235931,
-0.527633547782898,
-0.16850289702415466,
0.19142134487628937,
-0.3597985804080963,
-0.4122888743877411,
-0.04833769425749779,
-5.224440097808838,
-0.35923412442207336,
-0.6642417311668396,
-0.35866740345954895,
0.42895427346229553,
0.2069324105978012,
-0.6182917952537537,
-0.1351487636566162,
-0.25392672419548035,
-0.8554176688194275,
0.6724593043327332,
0.17380064725875854,
-0.27356570959091187,
-0.30948150157928467,
-0.27010947465896606,
0.44914352893829346,
0.33359846472740173,
-0.07439658790826797,
0.648181140422821,
-0.10827407985925674,
0.5345342755317688,
0.06667600572109222,
-0.4022558033466339,
-0.06011447310447693,
0.3943980634212494,
-0.02814972773194313,
-0.9482142329216003,
0.18263183534145355,
-0.3213214874267578,
0.3696509003639221,
-0.16981704533100128,
0.1942661553621292,
-0.16950196027755737,
-0.4101622998714447,
0.08178740739822388,
-0.17954878509044647,
0.6849740743637085,
-0.3077264130115509,
0.5443204045295715,
-0.021718183532357216,
-0.37865501642227173,
-0.11190425604581833,
0.09023842215538025,
0.4757458567619324,
0.4364219307899475,
0.016700757667422295,
-0.13823413848876953,
-0.20344948768615723,
0.36988720297813416,
0.3780727982521057,
0.2318779081106186,
0.18826943635940552,
0.7506479620933533,
0.38925671577453613,
0.7013843059539795,
-0.4971722662448883,
-0.10188007354736328,
0.14062759280204773,
-0.21956776082515717,
-0.11835335195064545,
-0.201627716422081,
-0.4319605231285095,
-0.2233220934867859,
-0.2888782322406769,
-0.49152278900146484,
0.05146794021129608,
0.2633780539035797,
0.12370546162128448,
0.36872148513793945,
-0.3795214295387268,
-0.3235427737236023,
1.2598131895065308,
-0.21188031136989594,
-1.164376139640808,
0.768576443195343,
-0.7375903129577637,
-0.20392441749572754,
0.29176393151283264,
-0.718411386013031,
-0.2789074182510376,
0.09371279180049896,
-0.6099939942359924,
-0.8086879253387451,
-0.04777988791465759,
0.31996265053749084,
-0.3249282240867615,
-0.34661373496055603,
0.1086631491780281,
-0.28945213556289673,
0.2471092939376831,
1.0700218677520752,
-0.41998714208602905,
0.7352484464645386,
0.1432013213634491,
0.3924906849861145,
-0.4214218854904175,
-0.5147781372070312,
0.21848122775554657,
0.035212256014347076,
0.222976416349411,
0.270274817943573,
0.1933451145887375,
-0.37925848364830017,
-0.778348445892334,
-0.9823017120361328,
-0.3816114068031311,
-0.03841158747673035,
0.4066367745399475,
0.888551652431488,
0.2369321882724762,
-0.2826145589351654,
-0.7994709014892578,
-0.5184013247489929,
-0.06137683615088463,
0.014074479229748249,
-0.0770225077867508,
0.24113225936889648,
0.580954372882843,
0.5309467911720276,
-0.23782706260681152,
-0.12586559355258942,
0.3763705790042877,
-0.2659596800804138,
-0.9936416149139404,
-0.35962697863578796,
-0.14621692895889282,
-0.12543363869190216,
-0.16626577079296112,
0.05932331457734108,
-0.02464503049850464,
-0.2575031518936157,
0.7506622076034546,
-0.4683544635772705,
0.5475268959999084,
-0.09200597554445267,
-0.2306196391582489,
-0.010592582635581493,
0.31448894739151,
0.43032383918762207,
-0.3904847204685211,
-0.38785451650619507,
-0.03399594873189926,
-0.0742499828338623,
-0.18613101541996002,
0.2833074927330017,
0.2600780427455902,
0.2204132229089737,
-0.2435314953327179,
-0.7430647015571594,
0.578208863735199,
-0.08124767988920212,
-0.4984563887119293,
0.4943975806236267,
-0.6541132926940918,
-0.07155180722475052,
-0.01627996191382408,
0.34640514850616455,
0.6859319806098938,
-0.262905091047287,
-0.46333256363868713,
0.6002758741378784,
-0.3914337158203125,
-0.5582519769668579,
-0.10273891687393188,
0.10577767342329025,
-0.05591430515050888,
0.5491187572479248,
-0.5641819834709167,
-0.2588213384151459,
0.5269434452056885,
0.43416985869407654,
-0.7700544595718384,
-0.4274095892906189,
0.35647329688072205,
0.7790849208831787,
0.08965665847063065,
-0.45384061336517334,
-0.33125242590904236,
-0.13333091139793396,
0.5488505959510803,
-0.3040485382080078,
0.21934349834918976,
-0.5653039216995239,
-0.07794499397277832,
0.7270948886871338,
-1.1966933012008667,
-0.4163462519645691,
0.2051479071378708,
-0.14415664970874786,
-0.1202932819724083,
0.07296863943338394,
-0.24783095717430115,
0.746579647064209,
0.5437853932380676,
-0.05962085723876953,
0.013439713977277279,
0.05966603755950928,
0.14448940753936768,
0.08961421996355057,
-0.5295704007148743,
0.03373856469988823,
0.32803112268447876,
-0.503893256187439,
0.20182335376739502,
-0.1257716417312622,
-0.10250383615493774,
0.0733514130115509,
-0.06550605595111847,
0.3845043182373047,
0.8830488920211792,
0.05889955908060074,
-0.9880972504615784,
0.5774815082550049,
0.37627896666526794,
-0.27599987387657166,
0.8832441568374634,
-0.22781682014465332,
0.706671416759491,
-0.40774375200271606,
-0.3964761197566986,
-0.14373590052127838,
-0.27413883805274963,
-0.20147088170051575,
-0.4278244078159332,
-1.1550321578979492,
0.21069711446762085,
-0.11768589168787003,
-0.6289703845977783,
0.08125677704811096,
-0.5433940887451172,
-0.06091943010687828,
-0.29091164469718933,
-0.5407506227493286,
-0.4865536689758301,
0.5303618311882019,
-0.14049872756004333,
0.0888960063457489,
0.13522043824195862,
0.08578650653362274,
0.1427791565656662,
0.6727933883666992,
1.3872145414352417,
0.15685467422008514,
-0.2525765597820282,
-0.2728803753852844,
0.08737651258707047,
0.7723162770271301,
-0.6073954105377197,
-0.3698876202106476,
0.2518095374107361,
-0.14469042420387268,
-0.5480135083198547,
-0.8645334839820862,
0.1408502459526062,
1.0371485948562622,
-0.9021901488304138,
-0.4007541239261627,
0.2546140253543854,
-0.0344369038939476,
0.355021595954895,
0.5307904481887817,
0.8475926518440247,
-1.2052526473999023,
-0.06253717839717865,
-0.2633488178253174,
0.33360928297042847,
-0.008597597479820251,
-0.49521341919898987,
0.4800339937210083,
-0.40044543147087097,
0.18488217890262604,
0.37824445962905884,
-0.0490260124206543,
0.2416471242904663,
-0.3387165069580078,
-0.16614682972431183,
-0.12335599958896637,
-0.12019363045692444,
-0.03641949221491814,
0.31999802589416504,
-0.33840492367744446,
0.43487709760665894,
0.27647632360458374,
-0.2819824814796448,
-0.5702481269836426,
-0.2867126166820526,
-0.31655704975128174,
-0.5209474563598633,
0.3157443106174469,
0.1831967681646347,
-0.3563600778579712,
0.0946965366601944,
-0.4384424686431885,
-0.44265973567962646,
0.05810663476586342,
0.12957049906253815,
-0.34809455275535583,
0.13897621631622314,
-0.11497442424297333,
0.15635347366333008,
-0.4081563949584961,
0.6133500933647156,
0.14818347990512848,
-0.14231377840042114,
-0.2626742124557495,
-0.33247971534729004,
0.49249380826950073,
-0.12126365303993225,
-0.054907847195863724,
-0.023693298920989037,
0.2561625838279724,
-0.9646280407905579,
-0.5218616127967834,
0.4009675085544586,
-0.4879481792449951,
0.12352637946605682,
0.283710777759552,
0.297574907541275,
-0.5532591938972473,
-0.1775607168674469,
0.06066211313009262,
0.6284226179122925,
0.16244997084140778,
-0.025579243898391724,
-0.4631156027317047,
0.5153282284736633,
-0.810140073299408,
-0.5008938312530518,
-0.15557341277599335,
0.8146637678146362,
0.1879047453403473,
-0.655549943447113,
-0.6682222485542297,
0.8384263515472412,
-0.06992461532354355,
0.2396482229232788,
0.35848551988601685,
-0.37920811772346497,
0.06392211467027664,
1.017179012298584,
-0.30658966302871704,
-0.022454148158431053,
-0.06601756811141968,
-0.6396640539169312,
-0.24017944931983948,
0.30670443177223206,
0.054232675582170486,
-0.2988903522491455,
0.9574107527732849,
0.017265789210796356,
0.27504462003707886,
0.36956503987312317,
0.23588141798973083,
0.429516077041626,
0.08143030107021332,
-0.0913563147187233,
0.2107866257429123,
-0.39139899611473083,
0.3456119894981384,
0.397225558757782,
0.4497925043106079,
0.05787046626210213,
0.5862796902656555,
-0.3096066117286682,
-0.7277491092681885,
0.0768890380859375,
-0.377415269613266,
-0.3899182081222534,
0.16414320468902588,
0.156475231051445,
-0.44987207651138306,
0.7211886644363403,
-0.04979090020060539,
0.19780300557613373,
0.3447320759296417,
0.3894648253917694,
0.6301192045211792,
0.1360582709312439,
0.0032946609426289797,
0.12076497822999954,
-0.14154277741909027,
0.5718148946762085,
-0.5640540719032288,
-0.4305758476257324,
0.3190355598926544,
-0.35665032267570496,
0.13129448890686035,
-0.09236766397953033,
0.2637200653553009,
-0.6768168807029724,
-0.07663686573505402,
-1.2327886819839478,
-0.9136775135993958,
-0.27680253982543945,
-0.01609884202480316,
-0.09620890021324158,
-0.1598365157842636,
0.2697410583496094,
-0.055996373295784,
0.9218833446502686,
0.1381823867559433,
0.03953393176198006,
0.2110016793012619,
0.3010130226612091,
0.359160840511322,
-0.4433952271938324,
-0.0009483181638643146,
-0.030074646696448326,
-0.4825676381587982,
0.43881744146347046,
0.02950255759060383,
0.45512405037879944,
0.09341217577457428,
0.15179672837257385,
0.3153063654899597,
-0.6285696029663086,
0.5443493127822876,
-0.39795738458633423,
-0.5606753826141357,
-0.14692345261573792,
0.33287644386291504,
-0.9308057427406311,
0.027788501232862473,
-0.045513030141592026,
-0.48389604687690735,
-0.3022637963294983,
0.42899802327156067,
-0.49688175320625305,
-0.18436188995838165,
0.46213075518608093,
0.34782299399375916,
0.30321064591407776,
-0.09598041325807571,
-0.36268284916877747,
-0.41873687505722046,
-0.3568286597728729,
0.6585242748260498,
0.6842679977416992,
0.3683854341506958,
0.4202117919921875,
0.8138693571090698,
-0.2742824852466583,
0.19862690567970276,
0.3447590172290802,
0.46419230103492737,
-0.49548017978668213,
0.22223064303398132,
-0.6519051790237427,
0.11072467267513275,
0.6155357956886292,
0.13044945895671844,
0.24785611033439636,
0.539544939994812,
-1.2514296770095825,
-0.17998546361923218,
0.5438347458839417,
0.7331451773643494,
-0.3787936568260193,
-0.00045397787471301854,
-0.38852280378341675
] |
217696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%20Driver | Minnie Driver | Amelia Fiona Jessica "Minnie" Driver (born 31 January 1970) is a British-American actress and singer. She rose to prominence with her break-out role in 1995's Circle of Friends. She went on to star in a wide range of films including the cult classic Grosse Pointe Blank, Gus Van Sant's Good Will Hunting for which she was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Screen Actors Guild Award, the musical The Phantom of the Opera, Owning Mahowny, and providing the voice of Lady Eboshi in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke.
In television, Driver starred with Eddie Izzard in The Riches for which she was nominated for both an Emmy and a Golden Globe. She has starred in the ABC sitcom Speechless, the NBC sitcom About a Boy, and in a recurring role in the NBC series Will & Grace. She has also starred in several miniseries in the UK including The Deep for BBC One.
Predating her work as an actress, Driver started as a singer and has released three full solo albums over the span of her career. She has also lent her voice to a variety of animated series and films including SuperMansion and Tarzan as well as video games including Jurassic Park: Trespasser.
Early life and education
Minnie Driver was born Amelia Fiona Jessica in London and raised in Barbados until she was seven. The nickname Minnie was given to her by her older sister Kate in childhood.
Her mother, Gaynor Churchward (née Millington) (1937–2021), was a fabric designer and former couture model. Her father, Charles Ronald Driver (1921–2009), was born in Swansea, Wales, and was of English and Scottish descent. He earned the Distinguished Flying Medal for his role in the Battle of Heligoland Bight and was a director of London United Investments.
Her parents never married as her father was married to another woman throughout his relationship with Minnie's mother. Her parents broke off their relationship when Minnie was six years old. She was sent to Bedales School in Hampshire as a boarder soon after. She later attended the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, and Collingham College, an independent college in Kensington. Minnie's older sister Kate is a film producer and manager. She also has one older half-sister, Susan Driver, from her father's prior marriage, and two younger half-brothers: Charlie Driver from Ronald's subsequent marriage, and Ed Churchward from her mother's subsequent one.
Career
Acting
Driver's television debut was in a 1991 TV advertisement for Right Guard deodorant. Driver also made her stage debut in 1991, supplementing her income by performing as a jazz vocalist and guitarist. In 1993 she featured in an episode of Maigret, alongside Michael Gambon and Michael Sheen. She appeared on British television with comedians Steve Coogan and Armando Iannucci, and had small parts in Casualty, The House of Eliott, Lovejoy and Peak Practice. Driver gained broader public attention when she played the lead role in Circle of Friends in 1995. She followed this with supporting roles in GoldenEye (1995), Sleepers (1996), Big Night (1996) and Grosse Pointe Blank (1997). She played opposite Matt Damon as Skylar in the drama Good Will Hunting (1997), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Driver was also considered to play Rose DeWitt Butaker in the 1997 film Titanic, but director James Cameron felt she was too old so Kate Winslet was cast instead.
In 1998, Driver starred in Sandra Goldbacher's film The Governess. That year, she co-starred opposite Christian Slater and Morgan Freeman in the action thriller Hard Rain. Driver has also worked on several animated features, voicing Jane in Disney's 1999 version of Tarzan and Lady Eboshi in the 1999 English-dubbed release of the Japanese film Princess Mononoke. In 2003 and 2004, she had a recurring role on Will & Grace as Lorraine Finster, the nemesis of Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) and daughter of Karen's lover, Lyle Finster (John Cleese).
In March 2007, Driver made her return to television in the FX Network show The Riches. She was nominated for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award as Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2007 and 2008, respectively. She was scheduled to appear in The Simpsons Movie, although her appearance was cut from the final version. Driver appeared in the January 2010 episode of Modern Family entitled "Moon Landing". She also starred in the television series The Deep and appeared in Conviction, in the comedy-drama Barney's Version, winning a Genie Award for Best Supporting Actress.
In October 2013, Driver started filming for The Crash, released 13 January 2017.
Driver landed the lead role in the ABC sitcom Speechless, playing the mother of three children, one of whom has cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair. The series debuted in the 2016–17 TV season. It was cancelled in May 2019 after three seasons.
Music
Driver began making music at boarding school. She collaborated on Bomb the Bass's album Clear, in 1994, as part of the outfit River. She was part of the Milo Roth Band, which received a recording contract when she was 19. In 2001 she signed with EMI and Rounder Records and performed at the SXSW music festival. The title song of Everything I've Got in My Pocket, her first album, reached No. 34 in the UK, and the song "Invisible Girl" peaked at No. 68. Driver wrote 10 of the 11 songs on the album. In 2004, Driver was the supporting act for the Finn Brothers on the UK portion of their world tour.
In 2004, Driver played Carlotta Giudicelli in Joel Schumacher's film The Phantom of the Opera, based on the musical of the same name by Andrew Lloyd Webber. Driver sang "Learn to be Lonely", an original song written for the film by Lloyd Webber. However, because of her lack of opera experience, all her songs as Carlotta were dubbed by opera singer Margaret Preece. Driver released her second album, Seastories, in July 2007, featuring guest appearances by Ryan Adams, the Cardinals and Liz Phair. Driver released a third album in October 2014 called Ask Me to Dance that includes songs by Elliott Smith, Neil Young and The Killers.
Podcast
In 2021, Driver started a podcast, Minnie Questions with Minnie Driver, in which she asks guests a series of seven questions, inspired by the Proust Questionnaire. Guests have included Chelsea Clinton, Nick Jonas and Cindy Crawford.
Personal life
Driver has been in a relationship with Addison O'Dea since 2019. She was briefly engaged in 2001 to Josh Brolin.
She has a son from a brief relationship with television writer and producer Timothy J. Lea.
In 2016, Driver revealed that she had been sexually assaulted at the age of 17 while on holiday in Greece.
On 21 December 2017, Driver became an American citizen.
Driver was a long-time ambassador for and supporter of Oxfam, before withdrawing her support over the sexual abuse scandal affecting the organisation in 2018.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Other media
Web
Video games
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century English actresses
21st-century English singers
21st-century English women singers
Actresses from London
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
American film actresses
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
American singer-songwriters
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women singer-songwriters
Best Supporting Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
British emigrants to the United States
British expatriates in Barbados
British women podcasters
English film actresses
English people of Scottish descent
English podcasters
English television actresses
English voice actresses
English women singer-songwriters
People educated at Bedales School
People with acquired American citizenship
Rounder Records artists
Zoë Records artists | [
-0.08848132938146591,
-0.2008320391178131,
-0.5353364944458008,
-0.5613715648651123,
0.41683700680732727,
1.1075565814971924,
0.3066830337047577,
0.3096758723258972,
0.22439774870872498,
0.5365580916404724,
-0.291808158159256,
0.9102928042411804,
0.17365753650665283,
0.372827410697937,
-0.17222250998020172,
0.524986743927002,
0.19134780764579773,
0.662528932094574,
-0.14598257839679718,
-0.3103591501712799,
-0.3912268280982971,
0.013857152312994003,
0.24080690741539001,
-0.08220882713794708,
-0.48631614446640015,
0.48546406626701355,
0.08409769088029861,
0.5383145213127136,
0.02262948639690876,
-0.29947319626808167,
-0.28948017954826355,
0.03551945462822914,
0.42536577582359314,
0.04431919381022453,
-0.0861993208527565,
0.08208800107240677,
-0.3598049283027649,
-0.2772359549999237,
-0.6475003957748413,
0.03394465893507004,
-0.7030901908874512,
-0.4357505738735199,
0.5142417550086975,
0.07602224498987198,
-0.42376813292503357,
0.026968220248818398,
-1.7853760719299316,
0.11271177232265472,
0.17990216612815857,
-0.7253330945968628,
-0.08872378617525101,
0.16996625065803528,
0.4526805281639099,
0.21396951377391815,
0.27116233110427856,
-0.28072839975357056,
-0.14561505615711212,
-0.2920205593109131,
-0.004671618342399597,
-0.3748154640197754,
0.5488855242729187,
0.3497704267501831,
0.07149267196655273,
-0.9385129809379578,
0.10527302324771881,
-0.19275705516338348,
-0.3717934787273407,
0.05566182732582092,
-0.7011544704437256,
-0.5990625619888306,
0.3180789351463318,
0.3512476980686188,
0.009784937836229801,
-0.6664919257164001,
-0.5429622530937195,
-0.4412342309951782,
0.5243913531303406,
0.10792713612318039,
0.7111989259719849,
0.5678026080131531,
0.38512685894966125,
-0.12323553115129471,
1.0835667848587036,
0.9459896683692932,
0.2709507346153259,
0.22233255207538605,
-0.0935639962553978,
0.15724460780620575,
-0.4675421714782715,
0.4400593042373657,
-1.070029616355896,
-0.25493553280830383,
-0.046017084270715714,
0.5949070453643799,
-0.44908300042152405,
-0.3302706182003021,
0.32593613862991333,
0.035604484379291534,
0.42146894335746765,
-0.32985782623291016,
-0.586505115032196,
-0.8616821765899658,
-0.12131017446517944,
-0.7799274325370789,
-0.5952171087265015,
0.1923193782567978,
-0.522475004196167,
0.00006235128967091441,
-0.284953773021698,
0.5720936059951782,
-0.26492175459861755,
0.19989396631717682,
0.1945749670267105,
0.035769570618867874,
-0.2855500876903534,
0.06878994405269623,
0.04143371805548668,
0.0074035124853253365,
-0.4200497567653656,
0.2271769791841507,
0.5902420878410339,
-0.5533514618873596,
0.17307962477207184,
0.06617633998394012,
-0.3073488473892212,
0.22183986008167267,
-0.19667702913284302,
-0.11130241304636002,
0.11114027351140976,
0.04347626492381096,
0.30946147441864014,
0.6505752801895142,
-0.5348930954933167,
-0.17144115269184113,
-0.3970831632614136,
0.031548645347356796,
0.05614934116601944,
-0.03613130375742912,
0.5626333951950073,
-0.3274496793746948,
-0.8065938949584961,
0.4938204884529114,
-0.8599088191986084,
0.06540744751691818,
0.6525593996047974,
0.1944911926984787,
-0.5332294702529907,
0.6793386936187744,
-0.6361295580863953,
-0.16488347947597504,
-0.440457284450531,
-0.26646101474761963,
-0.02034088410437107,
-1.0354135036468506,
-0.5686769485473633,
-0.20710664987564087,
0.18039347231388092,
-0.4607783555984497,
-0.5139093995094299,
0.10629915446043015,
0.2613675892353058,
0.003959937021136284,
-0.19068142771720886,
0.07836353033781052,
0.5692977905273438,
-0.1840348243713379,
0.27561426162719727,
-0.11495821923017502,
-0.28597891330718994,
0.09879766404628754,
-0.40214988589286804,
0.11583263427019119,
0.3763985335826874,
0.03931184113025665,
-0.620799720287323,
0.2830812931060791,
0.30194854736328125,
-0.17914968729019165,
0.17187181115150452,
0.018857330083847046,
-0.5811349153518677,
-0.1913512796163559,
0.32832035422325134,
0.3405892848968506,
0.21550892293453217,
-0.05510951951146126,
0.013557763770222664,
-0.05027114227414131,
0.4187140464782715,
-0.11284340173006058,
-0.8283737301826477,
-0.7325239181518555,
0.21193067729473114,
0.4938875734806061,
-0.2976933419704437,
-0.43349704146385193,
0.01914246194064617,
-0.040006667375564575,
0.5892558693885803,
0.27326372265815735,
-0.4824957251548767,
-0.3772377073764801,
0.28264567255973816,
-0.36539095640182495,
-0.05714862793684006,
0.46813392639160156,
0.8919431567192078,
-0.04868388921022415,
0.32487916946411133,
0.6528622508049011,
-0.4269856810569763,
-0.4017619490623474,
0.6125343441963196,
0.26595592498779297,
0.34227892756462097,
-0.9293752908706665,
-0.7974956035614014,
-0.013877223245799541,
0.423115611076355,
0.1644912213087082,
-0.3611226975917816,
0.9549911022186279,
-0.5723171234130859,
-0.5623560547828674,
-0.06909830868244171,
0.4006889760494232,
0.007084214594215155,
-0.03418542817234993,
0.6877649426460266,
-0.30806347727775574,
0.28812476992607117,
0.07777391374111176,
-0.39901140332221985,
-0.5219278335571289,
-0.31403735280036926,
0.11712662875652313,
0.2692439556121826,
0.15969420969486237,
-0.1715981662273407,
-0.48181065917015076,
0.39520716667175293,
0.6465878486633301,
-1.1789042949676514,
0.07892490178346634,
-0.4536256790161133,
-0.0953502282500267,
0.06511971354484558,
0.22059853374958038,
-0.3277895748615265,
-0.3530372977256775,
0.3814341425895691,
0.07454227656126022,
0.49243223667144775,
0.41488155722618103,
0.17214268445968628,
-0.20648261904716492,
-0.29012537002563477,
0.5130826234817505,
0.8117498159408569,
0.6252784729003906,
0.14807423949241638,
0.44938209652900696,
0.22940748929977417,
0.19971399009227753,
-0.14929744601249695,
0.34005987644195557,
-0.46803465485572815,
-0.41005951166152954,
0.28256386518478394,
0.5220358371734619,
0.27039554715156555,
-0.07673153281211853,
0.20961523056030273,
0.5779845118522644,
0.0065459078177809715,
0.30251023173332214,
-0.30953851342201233,
0.059303272515535355,
-0.37549373507499695,
-0.7155596017837524,
0.16263821721076965,
0.3071732819080353,
-0.22143615782260895,
-0.3583177328109741,
-0.4586179554462433,
0.023279638960957527,
0.07752003520727158,
0.03196658194065094,
-0.32784196734428406,
-0.11277487128973007,
-0.25474992394447327,
0.45347657799720764,
0.035486795008182526,
0.33767518401145935,
0.12807336449623108,
-0.4110219180583954,
0.14881683886051178,
0.6168794631958008,
-0.11950802057981491,
0.1395619660615921,
-0.4275955259799957,
0.6776493787765503,
-0.02094416320323944,
-0.11259686201810837,
0.733465313911438,
0.4751347601413727,
-0.028178846463561058,
0.08233297616243362,
-5.376768589019775,
0.23495128750801086,
0.08071961998939514,
-0.23478512465953827,
1.18013334274292,
-0.35633012652397156,
0.06860844790935516,
0.014302984811365604,
-0.044130925089120865,
0.5801504254341125,
-0.049718208611011505,
0.6184412837028503,
-0.5544924736022949,
0.09323282539844513,
0.09175976365804672,
-0.012333272024989128,
0.27526116371154785,
-0.8862895965576172,
0.15669041872024536,
0.870581865310669,
-0.18210913240909576,
-0.3233976364135742,
-0.6008021831512451,
0.5009238719940186,
-0.18227718770503998,
0.204758420586586,
-0.18402381241321564,
-0.20900246500968933,
-0.5241570472717285,
-0.030829118564724922,
-0.0493447445333004,
-0.5538703799247742,
-0.6204789876937866,
-0.11361003667116165,
-0.06814099103212357,
-0.028373129665851593,
0.1281633973121643,
-0.4566971957683563,
0.7062913775444031,
-0.8680468201637268,
-0.15521779656410217,
0.011419855058193207,
-0.38809776306152344,
0.32918140292167664,
0.4291001856327057,
-0.8117205500602722,
-0.38475459814071655,
-0.33264636993408203,
0.21022042632102966,
0.5423679947853088,
0.5705288052558899,
0.024659153074026108,
0.5786870121955872,
-0.23505212366580963,
0.9115539789199829,
-0.15469419956207275,
0.20174561440944672,
0.08063803613185883,
-0.26084092259407043,
0.09733554720878601,
-0.04452386125922203,
-0.4509478509426117,
-0.24512571096420288,
-0.11534114181995392,
-0.5517354607582092,
-0.4134909510612488,
0.20387883484363556,
0.39858296513557434,
-0.07127123326063156,
-0.5081601738929749,
-0.05634837597608566,
-0.20575377345085144,
-0.1616220772266388,
-1.181283712387085,
0.2363945096731186,
-0.2813597619533539,
-0.02863491326570511,
-0.008456837385892868,
-0.7367137670516968,
-0.4761616885662079,
0.5336408019065857,
-0.5426296591758728,
0.9593895077705383,
0.6791274547576904,
-0.2847128212451935,
-0.5837582349777222,
-0.24231597781181335,
0.13327620923519135,
0.004309270530939102,
-0.48383811116218567,
-0.4228494465351105,
-0.31166955828666687,
-0.13917693495750427,
0.30885055661201477,
-0.09214852005243301,
0.1556067168712616,
0.4621155858039856,
0.5711044669151306,
-0.06939267367124557,
0.5713286399841309,
0.017178839072585106,
-0.2598549723625183,
0.47369080781936646,
-0.21593229472637177,
0.07657027244567871,
-0.28678473830223083,
0.600487232208252,
-0.06497950106859207,
0.9626297950744629,
-0.19656676054000854,
0.11248557269573212,
1.0733191967010498,
-0.14128467440605164,
-0.4915784001350403,
0.13984717428684235,
0.29175040125846863,
-0.06878572702407837,
0.02722480520606041,
0.4987986087799072,
0.05262153223156929,
0.0012077812571078539,
-0.08878237009048462,
-0.42903533577919006,
0.31043606996536255,
-0.013759860768914223,
0.1899305284023285,
0.5702347755432129,
-0.03833116590976715,
-0.3633970618247986,
-0.16091014444828033,
-0.7465792894363403,
0.024526843801140785,
-0.01778961718082428,
0.3945109248161316,
0.2457866221666336,
-0.5472296476364136,
-0.21763385832309723,
-0.11860518157482147,
0.032444946467876434,
-0.0419175885617733,
-0.2726762294769287,
-0.17293880879878998,
-0.08292113989591599,
0.13533976674079895,
0.3585054278373718,
-0.08470471203327179,
0.16495753824710846,
0.16856276988983154,
0.08215735852718353,
0.573049008846283,
0.24928021430969238,
-0.2783183753490448,
0.40977227687835693,
-0.5052235126495361,
0.184083953499794,
-0.18019653856754303,
-0.36097902059555054,
-0.27081578969955444,
0.4766956567764282,
-0.3246200978755951,
0.5065977573394775,
-0.5532510280609131,
-0.8046766519546509,
-0.05180633068084717,
-0.21121978759765625,
0.3932074010372162,
0.3499646782875061,
-0.42015740275382996,
-0.15118271112442017,
0.6224097013473511,
-0.2405146211385727,
-0.17004483938217163,
-0.024105986580252647,
-0.08294366300106049,
0.4540069103240967,
0.16266018152236938,
-0.2767382860183716,
-0.13856716454029083,
-0.2988995909690857,
-0.3588116765022278,
0.21424198150634766,
-0.06903871148824692,
-0.2880019247531891,
-0.5038177967071533,
-0.08922998607158661,
0.265794962644577,
-0.577583372592926,
0.1142551377415657,
0.20581795275211334,
0.05686292052268982,
-0.637084424495697,
0.4124484062194824,
0.32928067445755005,
0.2757093906402588,
-1.0960323810577393,
-0.0008225481724366546,
-0.09461383521556854,
0.47851240634918213,
0.032501526176929474,
-0.15986889600753784,
-0.6093502044677734,
-0.12660053372383118,
-0.6872227191925049,
-0.15972891449928284,
0.9479472637176514,
-0.611125648021698,
0.3287934958934784,
0.12327097356319427,
-0.2749750018119812,
0.98614102602005,
0.09290044754743576,
-0.3843778967857361,
0.09431544691324234,
0.1259693056344986,
-0.7278946042060852,
0.2781899571418762,
0.3137606382369995,
-0.008492995984852314,
0.2656230330467224,
-0.6404966115951538,
-0.9572447538375854,
-0.7945989966392517,
-0.2874899208545685,
0.23011799156665802,
-0.08621085435152054,
0.11851271241903305,
0.2877008318901062,
-0.27695319056510925,
0.8756938576698303,
-0.1640872061252594,
-0.30025503039360046,
0.0868789553642273,
0.47391489148139954,
0.6005536913871765,
-0.07716846466064453,
-0.24527280032634735,
-0.10450863838195801,
0.470702201128006,
-0.998430073261261,
0.16347509622573853,
0.8896987438201904,
0.30125221610069275,
-0.21132278442382812,
0.08864150941371918,
-0.10599278658628464,
0.05483779311180115,
-0.29893654584884644,
-0.2261122167110443,
-0.5364593267440796,
-0.14951765537261963,
0.36476194858551025,
0.16651831567287445,
-0.33938300609588623,
0.5394281148910522,
0.15306530892848969,
-1.1401008367538452,
0.2847224771976471,
-0.20656320452690125,
-0.05259295552968979,
-0.019873380661010742,
0.44997459650039673,
-0.20764704048633575,
0.05212339758872986,
0.22896555066108704,
-0.09460515528917313,
0.20039084553718567,
0.07844334840774536,
-0.22112146019935608,
0.20451200008392334,
-0.14122718572616577,
0.5991293787956238,
0.7343015670776367,
0.15586410462856293,
0.5828665494918823,
-0.12963782250881195,
0.048615358769893646,
0.31979066133499146,
-0.8755978345870972,
0.4417845904827118,
-0.16651591658592224,
-0.2944754362106323,
0.3549184501171112,
-0.3375508189201355,
-0.9237759113311768,
0.5408153533935547,
-0.44731104373931885,
0.5682284235954285,
-0.3978038728237152,
-0.22941043972969055,
0.15489442646503448,
-0.2096882313489914,
0.6833428740501404,
-0.37474969029426575,
0.03149937093257904,
-0.2940341830253601,
0.07342301309108734,
-0.01557910442352295,
0.9798139333724976,
0.5196025967597961,
-0.3106395900249481,
-0.04314073920249939,
0.9394586682319641,
0.4392583966255188,
0.15090346336364746,
-0.12639372050762177,
-0.4151601791381836,
-0.22778093814849854,
-0.7653038501739502,
-0.19892558455467224,
0.2942024767398834,
0.27712932229042053,
0.3517321050167084,
0.24850837886333466,
0.9917091727256775,
0.3689979612827301,
0.08148445188999176,
0.4510901868343353,
-0.3800964653491974,
-0.4356411099433899,
0.44534045457839966,
-0.7929858565330505,
-0.18104413151741028,
0.18208467960357666,
-0.11569134145975113,
0.1510584056377411,
0.6491475701332092,
0.028115464374423027,
0.5644756555557251,
0.5975375771522522,
0.14404529333114624,
0.11424992978572845,
-0.20339104533195496,
1.014034628868103,
0.7448430061340332,
-0.30325189232826233,
-0.7136929035186768,
0.5766472220420837,
-0.41513824462890625,
0.5439239740371704,
0.1920550912618637,
-0.28543564677238464,
0.4594055712223053,
-0.0017061849357560277,
-0.11119166016578674,
0.10758934170007706,
0.5542669296264648,
-0.11600449681282043,
0.405537873506546,
-1.0982937812805176,
-0.09523040801286697,
-0.14995096623897552,
-0.060737237334251404,
0.23466984927654266,
-0.9463775753974915,
0.5802235007286072,
-0.17767439782619476,
0.5362110733985901,
-0.6300453543663025,
-0.5966069102287292,
0.38791516423225403,
-0.1981658786535263,
-0.15401756763458252,
1.1459147930145264,
0.24540454149246216,
-0.3721989095211029,
-0.4001021683216095,
0.1459479033946991,
-0.6724514365196228,
0.7302301526069641,
0.11643023788928986,
0.34228119254112244,
0.694298267364502,
-0.5297080874443054,
0.01884128712117672,
0.8424199819564819,
0.37818801403045654,
0.14904581010341644,
-0.1799049824476242,
-0.6469971537590027,
0.13581232726573944,
-0.920512318611145,
-0.08818702399730682,
-0.10981088131666183,
-0.3153352737426758,
-0.16543011367321014,
-0.4387778639793396,
-0.24915070831775665,
-0.22345885634422302,
-0.08686761558055878,
0.06995424628257751,
0.4303872585296631,
-0.43151721358299255,
-0.2110336869955063,
-0.3420089781284332,
-0.7021500468254089,
-0.23503516614437103,
0.061499692499637604,
0.26208654046058655,
0.26481160521507263,
0.46057504415512085,
0.5946348905563354,
1.3014377355575562,
0.24859373271465302,
-0.027268419042229652,
-0.3950017988681793,
0.6330066323280334,
-0.10546989738941193,
0.16399921476840973,
-0.33789071440696716,
0.021993035450577736,
0.875962495803833,
-0.1776794195175171,
-0.21485888957977295,
-0.10865648835897446,
-0.32730308175086975,
0.0726839229464531,
0.9989987015724182,
0.5882516503334045,
0.14691492915153503,
-0.5069742798805237,
-0.004097095690667629,
0.18539929389953613,
0.06179868429899216,
-0.25451400876045227,
-0.47440212965011597,
0.9744492769241333,
-0.7362827658653259,
-0.3195345103740692,
-0.33635807037353516,
0.09743371605873108,
-0.47454139590263367,
0.45336365699768066,
-0.689061164855957,
-0.02397114783525467,
-0.5044598579406738,
-0.4901907444000244,
0.5113434195518494,
0.28260520100593567,
0.6412481069564819,
-0.2643950283527374,
0.04424739256501198,
0.6010971069335938,
0.089121013879776,
0.3554941713809967,
-0.5500308275222778,
0.1007039025425911,
-0.05996687710285187,
-0.5190823674201965,
0.23249702155590057,
0.22623588144779205,
-0.36536842584609985,
-0.2546064257621765,
0.198430597782135,
-0.3560473918914795,
-0.17820686101913452,
-1.0155580043792725,
0.4108960032463074,
-0.8247546553611755,
0.1763114184141159,
0.3276298940181732
] |
217701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura | Matura | Matura or its translated terms (Mature, Matur, Maturita, Maturità, Maturität, Maturité, Mатура, Érettségi) is a Latin name for the secondary school exit exam or "maturity diploma" in various European countries, including Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.
It is taken by young adults (usually aged from 17 to 20) at the end of their secondary education, and generally must be passed in order to apply to a university or other institutions of higher education. Matura is a matriculation examination and can be compared to A-Level exams, the Abitur or the Baccalauréat.
In Albania
The official name is Matura Shtetërore (State Matura) which was introduced in 2006 by the Ministry of Education and Science replacing the school based Provimet e Pjekurisë (Maturity Examination). The Matura is the obligatory exam after finishing the gjimnaz (secondary school) to have one's education formally recognized and to become eligible to enroll in universities. Vocational schools, art schools and schools participating in pilot programs are part of the Matura with different exam structures and subjects. The Matura is a centralized affair, conducted by the QSHA (Center for Educational Services) which is in charge of selecting tasks, appointing national examiners, grading the sheets; other agencies ensure the safety and integrity of the exams.
The three compulsory subjects to complete secondary education are Albanian language and literature, mathematics and a foreign language (English, except for students in dual-language schools). Students in high schools must also take one additional exam which they choose themselves out of a list of eight subjects. The Matura exams take place in four separate days usually in the June/July period. The first three days are for each of the compulsory subjects; the fourth day is for the additional exam. The basic marks range from 4 to 10 where a 5 is the lowest passing mark; applicants fill out forms indicating their preferred universities with no ranking between them. The State Matura replaced an admission system conducted individually by each faculty/university which was seen as abusive.
In Austria
The official term for Matura in Austria is Reifeprüfung. The document received after the successful completion of the written and oral exams is called Maturazeugnis.
In the Gymnasium (AHS), which, as opposed to vocational schools, focuses on general education, the Matura consists of 3–4 written exams (referred to as Klausurarbeiten, four to five hours each) to be taken on consecutive mornings (usually in May) and three to four oral exams to be taken on the same half-day about a month later (usually in June); The higher vocational education schools (BHS) such as HBLAs, HTLs, and HTBLAs follow a similar format. All examinations are held at the school which the candidate last attended. Candidates have the option to write a scholarly paper (called Fachbereichsarbeit) to be submitted at the beginning of the February preceding the final exams, which, if accepted, reduces the number of written exams by one, as the Fachbereichsarbeit is seen as an equivalent to a subject. This paper also needs to be defended in the corresponding oral exam.
The grading system is the one universally used in Austrian schools: 1 (sehr gut) is excellent; 2 (gut) is good; 3 (befriedigend) is satisfactory; 4 (genügend) is passed and 5 (nicht genügend) means that the candidate has failed. In addition, a candidate's Maturazeugnis contains a formalized overall assessment: "mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden" (pass with distinction: an average of 1.5 or better, no grade above 3), "mit gutem Erfolg bestanden" (pass with merit: an average of 2.0 or better, no grade above 3), "bestanden" (pass: no grade above 4); and '"nicht bestanden" (fail: at least one grade 5). Candidates who have failed may re-take their exams in September/October or February/March of the following school year.
Compulsory subjects for the written finals are always German and Mathematics, as well as a foreign language (usually English, French, Spanish, Italian, Latin or sometimes Ancient Greek). Schools with a focus on science may require their students to take written finals in Biology or Physics.
The Austrian "Matura" used to be a decentralized affair, however since 2014 tests in Mathematics, German and foreign languages, are now centralized and held at the same day throughout Austria. There is only one external examiner: candidates are set tasks both for their written and oral finals by their own (former) teachers. Formally, however, there is an examination board consisting of a candidate's teachers/examiners, the headmaster/headmistress and one external Vorsitzende(r) (head), usually a high-ranking school official or the head of another school. Oral exams are held publicly, but attendance by anyone other than a candidate's former schoolmates is not encouraged, and indeed rare.
It is possible for Austrians of all age groups to take the Matura. Adults from their twenties on are usually tutored at private institutions of adult education before taking their final tests, held separately before a regional examination board.
The new centralized Matura (Zentralmatura)
In 2015, the old Matura system was replaced by a new concept called Zentralmatura (centralized Matura). Graduation exams are now put together by bifie (an institution for research in education) and every graduation exam in Austria is now held on the same day. However, the teachers still correct all the exams themselves using an answer sheet that is included in the exam packages.
Students can still choose either four or three written exams (maths, German and one foreign language are compulsory; one additional language can also be chosen). When students choose three written exams, they will have to do another three oral exams. When choosing four written exams, only two additional oral exams are necessary.
What is also new is that every student now has to write a graduation paper called VWA (Vorwissenschaftliche Arbeit or, literally translated, "Pre-scientific paper"). They can choose any topic they want, usually one year before graduating. When they have finished writing it (it should usually be 30.000 to 60.000 characters long), they have to present it to teachers and to the head (Vorsitzende(r)). The VWA is another grade in the Maturazeugnis.
In Bulgaria
In Bulgarian the matura is formally called държавен зрелостен изпит (Romanization: darzhaven zrelosten izpit, State Maturity Exam) or ДЗИ (DZI), but usually it is called simply матура. There is only one compulsory subject – Bulgarian Language and Literature, but students are required to select an additional subject of their choice; they can also request a third subject. Each exam consists of a single written test. The second subject must be chosen between:
A foreign language (English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian)
Mathematics
Physics and astronomy
Biology and health education
Chemistry and environmental science
History and civilization
Geography and economics
cycle of "Philosophy"
In 2008, according to the statistics on the web site of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, 76,013 students have registered for the matura exams. Of them only 1748 students registered for a third, voluntary subject. Only 845 of them passed the third examination successfully. Because of the exam's challenging nature, students who request a third subject have a significant advantage in the university admissions process.
In Croatia
The nationwide leaving exams (državna matura) were introduced for gymnasium (and other four-year high school programme) students in the school year 2009/2010. The examinations are conducted by the National Center for External Evaluation of Education (Nacionalni centar za vanjsko vrednovanje obrazovanja - NCVVO). There are two available terms during which candidates can take their exams: the summer term, taking place usually during June, and the fall term, typically occurring during September. Many university faculties and other higher-education institutions already have their applications closed by the end of the summer term due to having reached their first-year students enrollment quota for the upcoming academic year.
The compulsory subjects are available at the basic (B) or higher (A) level exams. Certain higher-education institutions require the candidate to take certain or all compulsory subject exams at the A level. On the other hand, there are higher-education programmes requiring only the B level exams. In such cases, the candidate taking an exam in a certain subject on the A level is credited more points than a candidate taking the B level exam: 1 point of the A level exam is worth 1.6 points of the B level exam.
The three compulsory subjects are:
Croatian (or Serbian, Hungarian, Italian or Czech for minorities),
Mathematics,
a foreign language (English, German, Italian, Spanish or French). Students can only take the exam in a language that they had a positive grade in for at least two years of their high school education. Students of classical gymnasiums are therefore also able to choose Latin or Ancient Greek instead of (or in addition to) a modern foreign language.
The Croatian language exam has two parts: literature written exam, and an essay. The literature exam is composed mostly of the multiple choice assignments and matching questions assignments, whereas the essay part of the exam requires an essay ranging from 400 to 600 words written with notable understanding of a given literature text.
The literature appearing in the exam changes annually; however, the list of works that can appear remains the same. The B level exam literature list consists of the following: Camus' The Stranger, Cesarić's Lirika, Gundulić's Dubravka, Ibsen's A Doll's House, Krleža's The Glembays, Matoš's Pjesme, Novak's Posljednji Stipančići, and Sophocles' Antigone. The A level works are: Camus' Stranger, Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, Držić's Dundo Maroje, Flaubert's Madame Bovary, Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther, Kafka's The Metamorphosis, Krleža's The Glembays and The Return of Filip Latinovicz, Marinković's Ruke, Nehajev's Bijeg, Poe's The Black Cat, Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Sophocles' Antigone, Šimić's Preobraženja, and Šoljan's Kratki izlet.
The optional subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Computer science, Ethics, Geography, History, Logics, Music, Philosophy, Physics, Politics, Psychology, Religious studies, Sociology, and Visual arts. Optional subjects are available only at a single level. A gymnasium student is considered to have finished their high school education program upon passing only the three compulsory subjects (alongside fulfilling the other prerequisites set by their high school); if a student fails a Matura exam on an optional subject, that subject simply won't be listed on their certificate.
Students receive their exams in sealed opaque silver bags which they personally open typically by piercing the top with a pen and thus breaking the seal. Inside they get the exam booklet, the answer sheet (used for scanning students' answers for faster grading process), a concept booklet, a new opaque silver bag, and a piece of paper with barcode stickers used for candidate identification. Before they start taking the exam, students need to stick the barcodes on every booklet, paper and bag that they received. At the end, students gather all the examination material and seal it in the opaque silver bag they had received, which will then be sent back to NCVVO for grading. The answers of the exam questions are published typically two days after the exam day.
Examinees are allowed to file a complaint on grading, or even on the exam questions. On the 2012 Croatian language exam, a total of 7 exam questions were nullified due to multiple possible interpretations of the source text and the indiscrimination by the examinees shown by the psychometric analysis.
Further enrollment into higher education is conducted on-line via the National Computer System for Applications for Higher Education Institutions (Nacionalni informacijski sustav prijava na visoka učilišta - NISpVU). Each candidate has the right to attempt to enroll at a maximum of 10 colleges, faculties, schools, and academies of universities, or other types of higher-education institutions. Lists of students with the right to enrollment are processed by the central computers of each institution's division. The rank is formed based on Matura exams points and optional additional criteria or extra points set by the institution that ranks the applicants, for example, admission exams, or GPA of final grades of each year in certain or all high school subjects.
For example, for a domestic student to enroll at the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, the following criteria needs to be met: they have acquired at least 55 % on the compulsory admission exam (select advanced areas in Chemistry, Biology and Physics), and they have passed the A level exams of the compulsory Matura subjects. Their final points are then calculated based on the following:
the compulsory admission exam (60 %),
the A level Matura exams: Croatian (10%), Mathematics (4%), foreign language (10%),
grade point average in all high school subjects (16 %).
In the Czech Republic
The official term for matura in the Czech Republic is maturita or maturitní zkouška. In 2010 the Czech Republic introduced a system of state exams which divided the previous system into two parts. The first is the state exam which consists of two compulsory subjects: Czech language and literature and either a foreign language (mostly English, but also German, Russian, Spanish or French) or mathematics (the combination is chosen by students). The second part consists of Czech language and literature and minimum of two but usually of three school, so called "profile" subjects which vary between schools. Gymnázium (similar to grammar school) students usually choose from:
Biology
Chemistry
Foreign language
Geography
History
Information Technologies
Mathematics
Physics
Social Sciences (usually includes psychology, sociology, economics, law, political science, philosophy and international relations)
The state part of the exam is supervised by CERMAT (formerly Centrum pro reformu maturitní zkoušky, "Centre for Maturita Reform; now Centrum pro zjišťování výsledků vzdělávání, "Centre for Detection of Education Results"), a state managed company. CERMAT issues final tests for the state part of the exam, documentation and practical tests, holds training for teachers who correct essays and supervise the students during the exams. The main part of the company is the tech centre, which is used for auto correcting the students exams. State exams are subject to continual improvement. Today the tests consist of four exams from which two are state organized and two school organized, in the future the state wants to add at least one more state exam and one more compulsory school exam.
In 2012 the state part of the maturita exam was split into two difficulty levels – students could choose between basic and advanced tests. This solution was found to be ineffective and was canceled the following year.
The Czech Republic also has a separate examination system called Národní srovnávací zkoušky ("National Comparative Test"), owned and managed by the private company Scio, s.r.o. which provides tests for all subjects. Some Czech universities recognize the results of these tests and students can be accepted based on these results, however, they still have to succeed in the maturita exam.
The examination itself is also divided between written and oral parts but not all subjects require both written and spoken input (for example math is formed by a written test only). Usually both the written and the oral part of the exam are set in late spring. The state part of the written exam is set to one day in which students in the whole country write identical tests, different tests are always issued on the day the exam takes place. The school (profile) part is always different and is based on requirements of the school which issues the test so it may be both written and spoken, but it can also be only one of the options.
The oral part of the maturita exam takes part in a classroom in which a commissioner must be present. The oral exam is divided into two 15 minute parts (except Czech language and literature, where the preparation time is 20 minutes), first a student draws a number of his question and then begins 15 minutes of preparation often called potítko ("sweat lodge") after the first 15 minutes he is called in to the 15 minute oral exam. The commission is composed of the class teacher, commissioner and either a principal or a representative principal. The student is examined by the examiner and an assessor. The examiner and the assessor usually agree on a grade which should be assigned to the student and if not the commission takes a vote for the grade. Students can graduate with a grade better than 5 (grades are 1–5, where 1 is the best).
Exam duration, for both oral and written exams, as well as preparation time, can be longer for students with disabilities.
If students fail in one subject, they have the option to repeat the subject, if they fail more than one subject, then they have to repeat the complete set of exams including the written part. All students have a maximum of three attempts to succeed in this exam, if they fail to succeed they end secondary school without the maturita and are unable to apply for college or university. They still have a chance to do maturita exam on another secondary school in the future, but this mostly means that they should finish study on that another school in full length, e.g. 4 years.
In Hungary
The official term for the matura exam in Hungary is "érettségi vizsga" or simply "érettségi". It is usually taken after 12 or 13 years of schooling, at the age of 17 to 19, but may also be taken at a later age. Each person who passes their final exams receives a document that contains their grades and which enables them to go to a university.
Hungarian students have to take an exam of Hungarian literature and grammar ("magyar nyelv és irodalom"), Mathematics ("matematika"), History ("történelem"), one foreign language ("idegen nyelv"), and one more subject of the student's choice that can be anything that the student had learned for at least 2 years in school. While these five subject are mandatory for obtaining a degree, students may choose as many additional exam subjects as they wish. Students can choose between standard (közép) or higher (emelt) level for each subject. The exam can be taken in any language.
The Hungarian literature and grammar, History and foreign language exams are made up of a written and an oral part, while the standard-level Mathematics exam contains only a written part. (Should a student fail their standard-level Mathematics exam, they can have an oral exam in order to pass). The advanced Mathematics exam consists of both a written and an oral part.
The grading of the érettségi is the same as the usual grading used in Hungarian schools but the percentages differ: excellent (5), good (4), medium (3), pass (2), and fail (1).
In Italy
In Italy the examination is commonly called (Esame di) Maturità ('maturity exam') or just Esame di Stato ('state exam'), but the official name is Esame di Stato conclusivo del corso di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore ('Final state exam of the upper secondary cycle of studies'). This is the final exam for secondary school, which students are normally required to pass in order to be admitted to colleges and universities.
In Italy, the maturità is informally regarded as a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood, after which secondary school graduates get ready for higher education and/or a job.
Examination boards are composed of three internal teachers belonging to the student's school, three external teachers and an external president of the board. Every year the Ministry of Education decides which subjects will be assigned to external teachers; these are different depending on the type of school.
The exam is divided into written and oral sections. The written section consists of three tests. The first one is Italian and is identical nationwide: students are required to write an essay, an article on a given topic, but they can also choose to analyse and comment on a text (usually a poem). The second test changes according to the type of school the student attended, so it can be on a wide variety of different subjects, such as pedagogy and psychology, mathematics, foreign language, Latin, and Ancient Greek. It is identical nationwide for schools of the same type. The subject is decided by the Ministry a few months before the exam: it is almost always the same for some types of school (for example Mathematics for liceo scientifico) and it is chosen among the "written" subjects for other schools (for example, it is chosen between Latin and Ancient Greek for liceo classico or one of the three different foreign languages studied, included English, in liceo linguistico). Finally, the third test is about a maximum of five selected subjects of the last year, and it is written by every single examining commission. The student doesn't know before which subjects are in the text. Starting the school year 2018–2019 the third test will be abolished leaving the first and the second written tests and the oral test. The interview section is to assess that the student has really reached a personal and intellectual maturity concerning the various subjects of his or her last school year; the examining commission is supposed to ask about every subject, but has got to make sure that the candidate is also able to discuss about a variety of themes explaining and justifying his or her opinion; also, in recent years has become customary for each student to prepare a short essay (tesina) on a free topic, intended to showcase the ability to cover different sides of the topic using extensively the notions and methods learnt in school.
The scoring has been changed various times since 1969:
1969–1998: pass 36, maximum 60
1999–2006: pass 60, maximum 100 (45 + 35 + 20)
2007–2008: pass 60, maximum 100 cum laude (40 + 45 + 30)
2009–2018: pass 60, maximum 100 cum laude (45 + 30 + 25)
2019: pass 60, maximum 100 cum laude (40 + 20 + 40)
The score is calculated by adding up:
Credits: up to 25 points from school grades; the top score is assigned to students who have an average above 9 out of 10. Starting the school year 2018–2019 up to 40 points.
Written exam: the pass mark is of 30 points out of 45. The candidate sits 3 written tests. For each one the passing mark is 10 points out of 15. Starting the school year 2018–2019 up to 40 points. The candidate sits 2 written tests. For each one up to 20 points.
Oral exam: the passing mark is 20 points out of 30. Starting the school year 2018–2019 up to 20 points.
Bonus: an extra 5 points can be awarded to the candidate by the examining commission. In order to get this bonus, candidates must have received at least 15 credits and the sum of their oral and written exams must be at least 70.
The students who are able to reach 100 points without needing a bonus can be awarded the "lode" (cum laude) praise by the examination board.
In Kosovo
In Kosovo Testi i Maturës Shtetërore/Državni maturski ispit (the State Mature Exam) is mandatory for every high school student in order to get the high school certificate. Without passing the Matura Exam, one cannot apply to any university within Kosovo. It has different number of questions per subject, depending on the High School's profile.
It is held every year in June, and with the latest reforms, there are two tests, on two different days:
the First one has 100 questions, and has questions about general subjects;
the Second one has 100 questions, and has professional subjects questions.
The tests are held on the same day for every school, usually in the middle of June. There is also a similar test for the Primary School pupils as well, called Testi i Semi-Maturës Shtetërore/Državni malomaturski ispit (State Semi-Matura Exam) which has 100 questions, and is mandatory for every pupil who will continue to High School.
The Tests are provided by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, and are in Albanian, Serbian, Turkish and Bosniak, who make the ethnical groups of Kosovo.
In North Macedonia
In North Macedonia the matura is obligatory for every high school student who is planning on going to college afterwards. It is called државна матура ("state matura") or simply матура ("matura"). Every student who intends to pass the matura is required to complete four exams:
Native language (either Macedonian, Albanian or Turkish): demonstrating knowledge of literature and grammar of the four-year high school studying, as well as essay writing.
Mathematics/foreign language: students choose whether they will take mathematics (basic or advanced level) or a foreign language (typically English, German, French or Russian).
two subjects by student's choice (subjects available, beside the aforementioned ones, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography, Sociology, Informatics, Latin, Art, Music, History, Philosophy, Business etc)
a project task
In Poland
In the Polish education system, the exam is officially called egzamin maturalny, but it is commonly known as matura. It is taken on completion of high school, in May (with additional dates in June, and retakes available in August). The exam is not compulsory, although Polish students must pass it in order to be able to apply for higher education courses in Poland and elsewhere.
A major reform of the exam (originally enacted in 1999, although its introduction was delayed) came into effect as from 2005. Under the old system (popularly called stara matura) candidates' performance was assessed solely by teachers from their own schools. In the new system (nowa matura) written work is assessed by independent examiners. This is considered to make the results more objective, and as a result Polish higher education institutions no longer run entrance exams (as they did under the old system), but base their admissions primarily on matura results.
As of 2015, every student taking the matura takes three compulsory exams at "basic level" (poziom podstawowy) in:
Polish (including knowledge of Polish and European literature)
A selected modern language (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish or Russian)
Mathematics
as well as at least one subject at "extended level" (poziom rozszerzony). These include the above as well as biology, chemistry, geography, social studies, history, history of art, history of music, information technology, physics and astronomy, Latin and Ancient History, philosophy, another modern language, languages of ethnic groups in Poland (Belarusian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian), Kashubian and Lemko.
Exams in Polish and other languages include both a written paper and an oral examination.
Results are currently expressed as percentages. To pass the matura it is necessary to score at least 30% in each of the three compulsory exams, and from 2023, in at least one "extended level" subject. The results of the additional exams do not affect whether a student passes, but are usually a factor when applying for higher education places. Since the year 2015 the results are expressed not only as percentages, but are also accompanied by percentiles on the Matura certificate. This aims to make comparisons between Matura scores from different years fairer.
The exams are conducted by the Central Examination Board (Centralna Komisja Egzaminacyjna; CKE) , assisted by a number of Regional Examination Boards (Okręgowa Komisja Egzaminacyjna; OKE). The same bodies also conduct tests for pupils completing primary school.
A custom associated with the matura is the studniówka, a ball organized for students and their teachers approximately one hundred days before the examinations begin. Following a popular superstition, candidates (particularly female ones) wear red underwear at the ball, and then wear the same items for the exam itself, to bring luck.
In Serbia
Matura () is an obligatory exam at the end of primary school and high school. The exam taken at the end of primary school is called (Minor) while the one at the end of high school is called (Major). For there are three exams: Serbian language and literature, mathematics, and a combined one consisting of questions about biology, geography, history, chemistry and physics.
In Slovakia
In Slovakia the matura is formally called Maturitná skúška. It consists of several parts. The first "written" part is usually held in March. In this part every student has to undergo tests from Slovak language and literature, foreign language (English, German, French, Russian or Spanish) and math (only if chosen by student). There are also tests in Ukrainian or Hungarian for students of schools with these as teaching languages. These tests are prepared and electronically assessed by NÚCEM (Národný ústav certifikovaných meraní vzdelávania, eng. National Institute for Certified Educational Measurements). This part also includes writing an essay in every language student is tested in. Topics are prepared by NÚCEM, but essays are assessed by student's school. Ranges of essays are 1.5 – 3 pages (A4 format) in Slovak and 160 – 180 words for level B1, 200 – 220 for B2 level or 260 – 320 words for C1 level of foreign language tests. There are only two compulsory subjects – Slovak language and literature and a foreign language. Gymnázium (similar to grammar school) students have to choose at least two additional subjects such as:
Mathematics
Physics
Biology
Chemistry
History
Geography
Philosophy
Arts and cultures
Economics
Informatics and IT
Social Sciences (usually includes psychology, sociology, economics, law, political science, philosophy and international relations)
Exam from these additional subjects consists only of oral part usually held in May. One exception is Mathematics which consists of both written and oral parts. Students can also choose another foreign language as additional subject.
The students can choose a level of matura from the foreign language according to CEFR – B1 (intermediate) or B2 (upper intermediate). Students of gymnázium school have to choose at least one foreign language at level B2. Students of linguist-specialized (bilingual) gymnázium school have to pass test from the foreign language at level C1 (English level of bachelor's degree). In the past, if the student had got an additional certificate from foreign language (IELTS, TOEFL, CAE, FCE), at least at level B1, he/she did not need to pass the foreign language exam. However, this was cancelled in 2014 and now all secondary education students are required to pass the foreign language exam as a part of their matura.
In Slovenia
In Slovenia, the splošna matura (college-prep leaving exam) is an obligatory exam after finishing gimnazija (upper secondary school) to have one's education formally recognised and to become eligible to enroll in colleges and universities. It should not be confused with the poklicna matura (vocational leaving exam), which is the final examination at vocational schools and does not lead to university studies. Since there is no entrance examination at the vast majority of Slovenian universities programmes (notable exceptions are only art and music programmes, architecture studies and sports studies), the score on this exam is the main criterion for admission (grades achieved during studies also play a small part).
It consists of three compulsory and two elective subjects. One must take Slovene (Italian or Hungarian for members of minorities), Mathematics and one foreign language (usually English, although French, German, Spanish, Russian, and Italian are provided, as well). The elective subjects can be chosen among all the other subjects, one has encountered during his schooling (Greek, Latin, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history or history of art, philosophy or sociology or psychology, music or graphic arts, history of drama, economics, informatics, biotechnology, electrotechnics, mechanics, materials science). It is possible to choose the second foreign language as one of the elective subjects.
The leaving exam is a centralised affair, conducted by the National Examination Centre, which is in charge of selecting tasks, appointing national examiners, grading the sheets and sending the scores to all Slovenian universities the applicants have applied for.
Grading is somewhat complicated, as there exist three different criteria for different sets of subjects.
Slovene is unique and is graded on scale of 1 to 8.
It is possible to take mathematics and all foreign languages on a higher or basic level. Basic marks range from 1 to 5, whereas marks for the higher level range from 1 to 8. The examinee may only take up to two subjects on the higher level (two foreign languages, or mathematics and one foreign language).
All other subjects are graded from 1 to 5.
The only failing score is 1; all other scores are passes.
It is also possible to pass the exam with grade 1 in one subject, however, two conditions must be met:
The examinee has achieved at least 80% of the points required for grade 2 on a basic level in this subject, and
The examinee received at least grade 2 in all other subjects, whereof
At least 2 subjects have received grade 3 or higher (if the subject passed with grade 1 is a compulsory subject), or
At least 1 subject has received grade 3 or higher (if the subject passed with grade 1 is an elective subject).
Thus, it is possible to gain from 10 to 34 points. Students who have achieved 30 or more points are awarded leaving exam diplomas cum laude (Slovene: zlata matura 'golden leaving exam') and are usually congratulated by the president of Slovenia at a festive reception in September.
Structure of particular exams:
Mother tongue – Slovene (Hungarian or Italian for members of minorities respectively)
Sheet 1: Students write an essay (1000 words) on the two pieces of literature (in 2010: Prišleki by Lojze Kovačič, Dreams of My Russian Summers by Andreï Makine; in 2011: Ločil bom peno od valov by Feri Lainšček and Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert). The national committee for Slovene (Državna predmetna komisija za splošno maturo za slovenščino) publishes the titles of the two works the examinees are expected to know one year ahead. This sheet represents 50% of the final score.
Sheet 2: Students are given an unknown text from a newspaper, magazine etc., followed by some 30 tasks, testing their ability to read, interpret, and understand the text. Also, students' knowledge of Slovene grammar, word-formation and spelling is tested. The last task is to form a certain type of text, being an invitation, a letter of complaint, biography etc. This sheet represents 30% of the final mark.
Oral exam: A candidate is given three questions. The first two are related to the world literature, whereas the third asks about the historical development of literary Slovene from its beginnings in the year 1551 to the present. It is possible to gain 20%.
The final score is expressed in points from 1 (failure) to 8 (the highest standard of knowledge).
Mathematics
It is possible to take this subject on a higher or basic level.
Sheet 1: Students are given approximately ten tasks, evaluating their knowledge of different fields in mathematics. This sheet accounts for 53.3% (on a higher level) or 80% (on a basic level).
Sheet 2 (only on a higher level): Students are given three more difficult tasks. This sheet is worth 26.7%.
Oral exam: An examinee is given three questions, testing their ability to prove certain theorems or explain some mathematical axioms and definitions.
The final score is expressed in points from 1 (failure) to 5 (the highest mark on a basic level) or 8 (the highest mark on a higher level).
Foreign languages
Chemistry
Information technology, Computer science (separate)
Physics
Geography
History
Sociology, Philosophy, Psychology
The nationwide leaving exam was reintroduced in Slovenia in 1994, after all upper secondary schools had been suspended in the 1980s and reopened in 1991. The exam is conducted in two terms, the first one being in spring (May/June) and the second one in autumn (September). Due to the university admittance procedure, of which the first call concludes in July, applicants passing the exam in September have usually a very limited choice of university programmes for that year.
There has been a heated debate lately whether this leaving exam should once again be completely abolished. As of January 2007, the position of the Ministry of Education remains that the matura will still be the only way of completing secondary education. The decision on whether universities should introduce entrance examinations and reduce the importance of the leaving exam to a mere pass/fail has not been made yet.
In Switzerland
Gymnasiale Matura, Maturité gymnasiale, Maturità liceale
In Switzerland's education system, secondary school has several tiers oriented towards different professional tracks. The gymnasium, leading to the Matura graduation, is the highest tier, offering broad and thorough academic foundations to prepare its students for direct entry to university. Approximately 20% of youth attain the Matura every year, although this figure varies among the different cantons, which are in charge of (upper) secondary education. The gymnasial Matura is required and sufficient (except for medicine, where the number of students is restricted) for Swiss students to study at a university or a federal institute of technology irrespective of their subject choice.
The specific requirements for a Matura graduation vary slightly among the cantons. In general they involve two parts: The grades of the last school year and standardized Matura exams at the end of 12th or 13th grade, depending on the canton. Also a scientific Matura paper of about 25 pages has to be executed. Grades attained in classes during the last school year and at the exams, as well as the Matura paper contribute equally to the final grade. With a revision in 2007, among others an appreciation of science subjects were carried out by individual graduation of biology, physics and chemistry, increasing the proportion of teaching mathematics and natural science subjects as well as the introduction of computer science as a supplementary subject.
6 is the best grade, 1 is the lowest. The required average grade to attain Matura is 4. In order to pass, all grades below 4 have to be compensated by better grades in double, and no more than four grades lower than 4 are allowed.
The cantons are responsible for the organisation of the final tests. Exams include a series of oral and written tests. Tests are typically administered by a team consisting of a teacher who was involved in the student's classes and an independent expert. This cantonal Matura exam is recognised in the whole country but there is no single standardised test on a national level in contrary to what exists in France, for instance where the same test with the same questions and the same themes is passed by all students on the same day.
The gymnasial Matura subjects by federal ordinance (MAV/ORM, SR 413.11) are (Art. 9):
The Matura consists of:
all 10 or 11 (depends on the canton) basic subjects
one major subject
one additional subject
Matura paper, evaluated by work process, written paper, and oral presentation
Basic subjects are:
a first national language, such as French, German, Italian, or Romansh (only in canton of Grisons); including its related literature
a second national language
a third language: either a third national language, or English, or a classical language, either Latin or Ancient Greek
Mathematics
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
History
Geography
Visual Arts or Music
Cantons (such as Lucerne) may voluntarily provide an additional basic subject: Philosophy
The major subject is selected from:
Classic languages (Latin and/or Ancient Greek)
A modern language (a third national language, English, Spanish, or Russian)
Physics and Applied Mathematics
Biology and Chemistry
Economics and Law
Philosophy, Education, Psychology
Visual Arts
Music
The additional subject is selected from (must not be equal to major subject):
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Applied Mathematics
Informatics (Computer Science)
History
Geography
Philosophy
Religion
Economics and Law
Education/Psychology
Visual Arts (excluded, if major subject is either Visual Arts or Music)
Music (excluded, if major subject is either Visual Arts or Music)
Sports (excluded, if major subject is either Visual Arts or Music)
The distribution of teaching hours among the subjects must adhere to the following scheme:
For basic subjects:
Languages (first, second, and third): 30–40%
Mathematics and Natural Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biology): 25–35%
Human and Social Sciences (History, Geography, Introduction in Economics and Law, possibly also Philosophy): 10–20%
Arts (Visual Arts and/or Music): 5–10%
For major and additional subjects, and Matura paper: 15–25%
Matura exams are executed on at least five of the following subjects (all written exams and optionally also oral):
The first language
A second national (or cantonal) Language
Mathematics
the major subject
another subject chosen by cantonal preferences
A Federal Matura exists on a national level, though each Cantonal Matura is also inherently approved on a federal level. The Federal Matura is organised by the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) twice a year in each linguistical region.
An additional exam called Latinum Helveticum, also organised by the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation, allows the student to study a field at a university that requires Latin knowledges.
Fachmatura / Maturité de culture générale / Maturità specializzata / Maturita media spezialisada
The Fachmatura/Maturité de culture générale/Maturità specializzata/Maturita media spezialisada is a relatively new program (success rates were first published in 2008). The exam is taken after completion of a Fachmittelschule and it opens up certain technical college courses. The program requires successful completion of general education subjects as well as one year of additional training in one or two professional fields and writing a matura paper. The following fields may be chosen from; health, social work, science, communication and information, music/dance/theater, art and design and education.
Berufsmatura / Maturité professionelle / Maturità professionale
The advanced vocational certificate (Berufsmatura/Maturité professionelle/Maturità professionale) allows access to the Fachhochschule or University of Applied Sciences and indicated both successful completion of the vocational program as well as additional advanced studies. It can be earned either during the vocation course or after course completion. Originally there were six specialties in which the certificate could be earned. Following the new vocational regulations of May 2015 there are now five orientations with two variants for each of the first three; "Technology, Architecture and Life Sciences", "Economics and Services", "Health and Welfare", "Art and Design", and "Nature, Agriculture and Food Services".
In the Ukrainian diaspora
Matura is common in Ukrainian secondary education in the Ukrainian diaspora, specifically in the United States and Canada. It is usually run by Saturday Ukrainian Education schools sponsored by the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, which regulates and writes the various tests. Children of Ukrainian descent are tested on Saturdays during a month-long period toward the end of their junior or senior year of high school on their knowledge of Ukrainian, geography, history, culture, and literature. Often, these tests are approved by local governments' accreditation standards as a second-language school which can, under certain circumstances, be applied to other schools.
See also
Baccalaureat
Bologna process
High school diploma
References
External links
Esame di Stato in Italy
Matriculation Certificate in Switzerland
Matura in Poland
Matura in Slovakia
Matura in Slovakia
Matura in Bulgaria
site of CERMAT
site of State exams in Czech Republic
Education in Austria
Education in Hungary
Education in Italy
Education in Poland
Education in Slovenia
School examinations
School qualifications
Standardized tests
Education in the Czech Republic
Education in Slovakia | [
-0.08395147323608398,
-0.11665798723697662,
0.3489172160625458,
-0.21949294209480286,
0.2545357942581177,
0.15204185247421265,
0.4760468304157257,
0.3435288965702057,
-0.0313124805688858,
-0.08916673809289932,
-0.4082129895687103,
0.2962353229522705,
0.8136908411979675,
0.025765322148799896,
-0.28037452697753906,
-0.5143113732337952,
0.8763063549995422,
0.27657780051231384,
-0.020235389471054077,
-0.059782203286886215,
-0.35240229964256287,
0.45004966855049133,
0.43090128898620605,
-0.30708402395248413,
-0.11577972769737244,
-0.19279098510742188,
0.089389868080616,
-0.000679501099511981,
-0.31932035088539124,
-0.2370128631591797,
-0.009325876832008362,
0.04032334312796593,
0.07402222603559494,
-0.08375832438468933,
-0.10652868449687958,
0.1180732399225235,
0.12121595442295074,
-0.14185626804828644,
-0.20698247849941254,
-0.8478096127510071,
0.22511963546276093,
-0.29607585072517395,
-0.02796018496155739,
-0.06285127252340317,
-0.7268295288085938,
-0.3889261484146118,
-0.8422990441322327,
0.18891173601150513,
-0.6630417704582214,
-0.02565682679414749,
-0.2128724902868271,
0.646592915058136,
-0.14952842891216278,
0.07448245584964752,
-0.26741623878479004,
-0.13594692945480347,
-0.21108224987983704,
-0.23102308809757233,
0.2979772090911865,
-0.09199166297912598,
0.6312476396560669,
0.6010326743125916,
0.14576594531536102,
0.4644964635372162,
0.19650933146476746,
-0.29487869143486023,
-0.19053924083709717,
0.03128167986869812,
-0.6409135460853577,
-0.6394131183624268,
-0.5169441103935242,
-0.37569698691368103,
-0.33892151713371277,
-0.1404743194580078,
-0.37792426347732544,
-0.22288276255130768,
-0.19849568605422974,
0.2539273500442505,
-0.3005514144897461,
-0.3407280445098877,
-0.1619548350572586,
0.03762218356132507,
0.6460273861885071,
-0.3391014039516449,
0.5432248115539551,
-0.04792577773332596,
0.144555926322937,
-0.07963787764310837,
0.07361146807670593,
-0.020939795300364494,
0.04159838706254959,
0.08847503364086151,
0.6544309854507446,
0.46524110436439514,
0.09846466779708862,
-0.07807125896215439,
-0.467708557844162,
-0.159284770488739,
-0.02177031897008419,
-0.6488588452339172,
0.17359356582164764,
0.23016564548015594,
0.21558977663516998,
-0.11522994935512543,
-0.06175049766898155,
-0.4213427007198334,
0.028830232098698616,
-0.22041985392570496,
0.1924525499343872,
0.08300162851810455,
-0.2334168702363968,
-0.193263977766037,
0.10185539722442627,
0.33412647247314453,
-0.2674678564071655,
0.07636988162994385,
-0.2625201642513275,
0.24493157863616943,
-0.47586554288864136,
0.074873186647892,
-0.21646511554718018,
0.22969487309455872,
0.3673045039176941,
-0.2854696810245514,
0.574954628944397,
0.6604960560798645,
0.36093997955322266,
0.3802897036075592,
-0.6279057264328003,
0.291998952627182,
0.1717412918806076,
0.12670990824699402,
0.39722928404808044,
0.41279006004333496,
-0.32162123918533325,
0.1525958627462387,
0.41288331151008606,
-0.5690329074859619,
0.4889211654663086,
0.7175948023796082,
-1.0822679996490479,
0.25309911370277405,
-0.15191400051116943,
-0.06966547667980194,
0.17252111434936523,
-0.6728228330612183,
0.031240427866578102,
0.10052840411663055,
-0.5093631744384766,
0.022855635732412338,
-0.11414200812578201,
-0.442548930644989,
0.12119656056165695,
-0.18919990956783295,
0.23897571861743927,
0.4111498296260834,
0.10751008242368698,
0.21667905151844025,
-0.30529603362083435,
-0.34905117750167847,
0.06308871507644653,
0.28741347789764404,
0.047018975019454956,
-0.05709713697433472,
0.2415635734796524,
0.19530466198921204,
0.2712871730327606,
0.42934951186180115,
0.009999721311032772,
0.2712857723236084,
-0.02404673956334591,
0.11882618814706802,
0.6826105117797852,
-0.4584210515022278,
-0.9149754643440247,
0.28793513774871826,
0.11504236608743668,
0.062194861471652985,
1.0622010231018066,
-0.6328132152557373,
-0.5507291555404663,
0.695423424243927,
-0.020459119230508804,
0.4037902355194092,
-0.1605091691017151,
-0.47346433997154236,
0.033601582050323486,
-0.008312170393764973,
-0.31430304050445557,
-0.5767486691474915,
-0.5801553726196289,
-0.38408634066581726,
0.026757540181279182,
-0.2294650375843048,
0.7811229825019836,
-0.6247586011886597,
-0.15026234090328217,
1.0608593225479126,
-0.2036508023738861,
0.40969422459602356,
-0.1311562955379486,
-0.10560598224401474,
0.4234468638896942,
0.005598472431302071,
0.09307332336902618,
0.23825427889823914,
0.03733966499567032,
0.4512351453304291,
0.42343562841415405,
-0.21461519598960876,
0.4246748983860016,
-0.5281108021736145,
0.34999150037765503,
-0.11091902107000351,
-0.01577811874449253,
0.38976073265075684,
-0.26528292894363403,
0.0557253398001194,
0.4387485980987549,
-0.17556323111057281,
0.7862754464149475,
-1.0678757429122925,
0.03260015323758125,
-0.07762748748064041,
-0.14980007708072662,
0.14199276268482208,
-0.22906823456287384,
0.17897184193134308,
0.44507619738578796,
-0.49388813972473145,
0.2115703672170639,
-0.4906255602836609,
0.736763596534729,
0.19905564188957214,
-0.3061719238758087,
-0.2672640085220337,
-0.574756920337677,
-0.06702212989330292,
0.34765759110450745,
-0.2981310486793518,
-0.32354843616485596,
0.4811897575855255,
0.2611893117427826,
0.33363452553749084,
0.5928278565406799,
0.019164936617016792,
-0.11914724856615067,
0.7454084753990173,
-0.17452000081539154,
0.04486345499753952,
0.169139564037323,
-0.23011787235736847,
-0.6487393379211426,
-0.10324151068925858,
-0.5625540614128113,
0.03697658330202103,
0.2703693211078644,
0.2027728259563446,
0.3170638978481293,
-0.14840303361415863,
-0.20603807270526886,
0.5766308903694153,
0.3906755745410919,
0.12145444750785828,
0.39419522881507874,
0.11677903681993484,
-0.3775368332862854,
-0.31365928053855896,
0.16392870247364044,
0.3965318202972412,
0.1566227376461029,
-0.03887733817100525,
-0.3249776363372803,
0.17725490033626556,
-0.4188005030155182,
-0.4565725326538086,
0.06938944011926651,
-0.23008210957050323,
-0.5998213887214661,
-0.42757874727249146,
-0.2482893168926239,
0.20544122159481049,
-0.2172885239124298,
-0.5103594064712524,
-0.02913638949394226,
-0.10333111137151718,
0.06589754670858383,
0.13695159554481506,
0.5895504355430603,
-0.02959451638162136,
0.21411950886249542,
0.8328089714050293,
-0.43425509333610535,
0.005152586847543716,
0.60346919298172,
-0.0539037361741066,
0.552690327167511,
0.23005357384681702,
0.939998984336853,
0.14357121288776398,
-0.2785946726799011,
-0.12739244103431702,
-0.5254467129707336,
0.45127204060554504,
0.30756425857543945,
-0.05304665118455887,
0.06046894192695618,
0.054796259850263596,
-5.895772933959961,
-0.23688696324825287,
-0.7134429216384888,
-0.12630058825016022,
0.38846272230148315,
-0.17702597379684448,
0.42280417680740356,
-0.20267772674560547,
-0.5369588136672974,
-0.039697106927633286,
-0.26588085293769836,
0.2338380366563797,
0.12180797010660172,
1.0542548894882202,
-0.385284960269928,
-0.08234433084726334,
-0.29228973388671875,
0.42889660596847534,
-0.10186408460140228,
0.6873390674591064,
0.13972531259059906,
-0.3888821005821228,
-0.05246846005320549,
0.6222794651985168,
0.07965290546417236,
0.22512215375900269,
-0.28594687581062317,
0.36364296078681946,
-0.6236833930015564,
-0.031108278781175613,
0.1979876160621643,
-0.4944947063922882,
0.10766270011663437,
-0.15012022852897644,
0.2791917026042938,
0.2785855531692505,
0.7571390271186829,
0.21831047534942627,
0.39963221549987793,
-0.01539787370711565,
0.10003691911697388,
0.10113126039505005,
0.4090145528316498,
0.2053728997707367,
-0.1839761584997177,
-0.05679485574364662,
0.36753466725349426,
0.12389106303453445,
-0.5552552342414856,
0.7566636800765991,
0.10335037112236023,
0.3646881580352783,
-0.08193743973970413,
-0.00425379816442728,
-0.39243096113204956,
0.4209247827529907,
0.4026239514350891,
0.04768066108226776,
-0.3933396339416504,
0.39585283398628235,
-0.2840682864189148,
-0.40259185433387756,
0.31715574860572815,
-1.0831283330917358,
-0.1934434473514557,
-0.5621152520179749,
-0.5787016153335571,
-0.0954752266407013,
0.19481141865253448,
0.45612069964408875,
0.10712353885173798,
-0.43872910737991333,
-0.14677245914936066,
-0.738815426826477,
0.0200229212641716,
-0.7922619581222534,
-0.13993039727210999,
0.11517252773046494,
-0.17964771389961243,
0.05950641259551048,
-0.03984328359365463,
0.15390923619270325,
0.1555105596780777,
0.09365522861480713,
0.7258381247520447,
-0.20875373482704163,
-0.0706302672624588,
0.2514588534832001,
-0.04281605780124664,
-0.28256192803382874,
0.8238744735717773,
-0.41673290729522705,
0.11617495864629745,
-0.4031432271003723,
0.3763920068740845,
0.7534906268119812,
-0.6208891272544861,
0.20200075209140778,
0.2904001772403717,
-0.2716578245162964,
-0.15300868451595306,
-0.23057688772678375,
0.3627639412879944,
-0.07091180980205536,
-0.4713170826435089,
-0.11957132816314697,
-0.5839053392410278,
0.3530416786670685,
0.9428349733352661,
-0.39818650484085083,
-0.16066177189350128,
0.12298429012298584,
-0.5527541041374207,
-0.291229248046875,
-0.28171560168266296,
0.09906605631113052,
-0.7136961221694946,
0.4948803186416626,
-0.3844943642616272,
0.1770368069410324,
-0.4567623734474182,
-0.14689645171165466,
-0.21681492030620575,
0.10129987448453903,
-0.36576464772224426,
-0.41838541626930237,
-0.3084839880466461,
0.3836500346660614,
0.4494011700153351,
-0.029096391052007675,
0.33064523339271545,
0.031541675329208374,
-0.4470185339450836,
-0.02543407306075096,
0.22302688658237457,
-0.012177519500255585,
0.11442963033914566,
0.37030714750289917,
0.26007887721061707,
-0.7224963307380676,
-0.19369511306285858,
-0.5444278120994568,
0.4544011950492859,
-0.1292894184589386,
1.0521365404129028,
-0.32314521074295044,
-0.4993060827255249,
-0.20424386858940125,
-0.7636057138442993,
0.1389959752559662,
0.6810885071754456,
-0.38161200284957886,
0.2341335266828537,
-0.2097626030445099,
-0.4173867702484131,
0.06814846396446228,
-0.3540266752243042,
0.5152055621147156,
0.28238826990127563,
0.07634081691503525,
0.239516943693161,
-0.5375068783760071,
-0.872623085975647,
-0.2622724175453186,
0.2122185081243515,
0.32598358392715454,
-0.45808812975883484,
0.007189460564404726,
-0.2807272970676422,
0.5234590172767639,
0.14856502413749695,
-0.6195966601371765,
-0.058304719626903534,
-0.7630051374435425,
-0.03650282695889473,
-0.21450167894363403,
-0.10133551806211472,
-0.42087745666503906,
0.004836970008909702,
0.09035061299800873,
0.19354347884655,
-0.6967931985855103,
-0.021469714120030403,
0.02387201599776745,
-0.05022300407290459,
-0.06881783902645111,
-0.11292828619480133,
0.4461112916469574,
-0.28685298562049866,
-0.5379719138145447,
-0.35694828629493713,
-0.35115760564804077,
0.6075787544250488,
-0.46195554733276367,
-0.4671747088432312,
-0.43296360969543457,
-0.22444750368595123,
0.8646914958953857,
-0.09171464294195175,
0.5144219398498535,
0.27392610907554626,
-0.3657524883747101,
-0.3709350526332855,
-0.25568312406539917,
0.7849294543266296,
-0.07196604460477829,
0.07952840626239777,
-0.49969083070755005,
-0.0022128985729068518,
-0.05559181794524193,
-0.30631905794143677,
-1.070641279220581,
-0.02484486810863018,
0.5532439351081848,
-0.4368949234485626,
0.042094532400369644,
-0.19652019441127777,
-0.42100322246551514,
-0.6016153693199158,
0.057673219591379166,
0.271254301071167,
0.3687228560447693,
-0.3576446771621704,
-0.1802762895822525,
-0.31750279664993286,
-0.4265914857387543,
0.09327241778373718,
-0.5761275887489319,
0.2658015191555023,
-0.19905273616313934,
0.4462800621986389,
-0.3740782141685486,
0.101510189473629,
-0.37475815415382385,
0.07675520330667496,
-0.5394402742385864,
-0.3345615565776825,
-0.11401955783367157,
-0.025380361825227737,
0.36377906799316406,
0.09143083542585373,
0.39447903633117676,
0.19126001000404358,
-0.15364336967468262,
-0.14855891466140747,
0.6197187900543213,
0.4995715320110321,
-0.2045167088508606,
-0.3637470006942749,
0.8830950856208801,
0.5689090490341187,
-0.18572017550468445,
-0.16870348155498505,
0.326327919960022,
0.6105186939239502,
-0.16333244740962982,
0.43215423822402954,
-0.28878670930862427,
-0.10941667854785919,
1.1853108406066895,
-0.06660181283950806,
-0.10127995163202286,
0.17119905352592468,
-0.26426538825035095,
0.08595262467861176,
-0.1862328201532364,
-0.40450310707092285,
0.03925799950957298,
0.2602442502975464,
-0.5332726836204529,
0.3607301414012909,
-0.615844190120697,
0.19846992194652557,
-0.055122919380664825,
0.06296680867671967,
-0.022063247859477997,
0.05683891475200653,
-0.46977007389068604,
0.25537994503974915,
0.46238940954208374,
-0.5277360081672668,
0.23938068747520447,
-0.21598371863365173,
-0.04851073399186134,
-0.11865823715925217,
-0.6007270216941833,
0.05834507569670677,
0.3978225886821747,
-0.7300201058387756,
0.4913254976272583,
-0.441943883895874,
0.18151535093784332,
-0.4504085183143616,
0.5256454944610596,
-0.6770155429840088,
0.22293919324874878,
0.3413315415382385,
0.3894435167312622,
-0.049434512853622437,
0.5326938629150391,
0.3930474817752838,
0.5574751496315002,
0.5726791620254517,
0.1602037400007248,
-0.11948775500059128,
0.5354408621788025,
-0.00448034331202507,
-0.3313217759132385,
0.26612618565559387,
-0.2572541832923889,
0.3184833228588104,
-0.05131276696920395,
0.7236834168434143,
0.4659530818462372,
0.14584699273109436,
-0.2812846302986145,
0.1039961576461792,
-0.17854711413383484,
0.0337928831577301,
0.3371959626674652,
0.6750288605690002,
0.01872689090669155,
0.2748006582260132,
-0.4124250113964081,
0.2045818418264389,
0.47814497351646423,
0.06167151406407356,
-0.7551440000534058,
0.1245158389210701,
0.12869417667388916,
0.388925701379776,
0.16447396576404572,
0.2536792755126953,
0.25362831354141235,
0.038555048406124115,
-0.6890384554862976,
0.2163674682378769,
-1.0193952322006226,
0.33344030380249023,
0.6317353844642639,
1.0511682033538818,
0.23054713010787964,
-0.04913412407040596,
0.36051928997039795,
0.1515125036239624,
0.19360291957855225,
0.3762468695640564,
0.046000830829143524,
-0.22978587448596954,
0.11964965611696243,
0.10115408152341843,
-0.610033392906189,
0.18422597646713257,
-0.08650202304124832,
0.27586284279823303,
-0.3389880955219269,
0.19413673877716064,
0.019046181812882423,
-0.4142950177192688,
-0.1954706907272339,
-0.08122633397579193,
0.35393226146698,
0.6502797603607178,
-0.2993698716163635,
-0.3421665132045746,
-0.2382737398147583,
0.2602531909942627,
-0.012724562548100948,
-0.08567387610673904,
-0.10772621631622314,
0.2899291515350342,
0.3717394173145294,
-0.06195497885346413,
-0.03928060457110405,
0.16684167087078094,
-0.017033781856298447,
0.48698267340660095,
0.4248644709587097,
0.44817599654197693,
0.12151385098695755,
-0.3051113784313202,
-0.7082713842391968,
-0.14376281201839447,
-0.05709071457386017,
-0.6742010116577148,
-0.5306509137153625,
0.5102000832557678,
-0.12184356153011322,
-0.6417656540870667,
0.3980114161968231,
-0.6425367593765259,
-0.02011256478726864,
0.27083760499954224,
0.43660345673561096,
-0.09580742567777634,
-0.5100405812263489,
-0.39966821670532227,
0.5503118634223938,
0.000504203955642879,
0.41875186562538147,
-0.2421344518661499,
-0.16403287649154663,
-0.1253378838300705,
-0.37987032532691956,
-0.9426128268241882,
-0.06038162484765053,
-0.03283197060227394,
0.6332232356071472,
-0.2817744314670563,
0.04200081527233124,
0.7804873585700989,
-0.05006645992398262,
0.4920995831489563,
0.6705638766288757,
0.2374608814716339,
0.6545271873474121,
0.3019880950450897,
0.1437481790781021,
0.05631931126117706,
-0.5558835864067078,
0.13557006418704987,
-0.197795569896698,
0.44657281041145325,
0.0759306475520134,
-0.22243164479732513,
0.5286746621131897,
0.022111913189291954,
0.1375425159931183,
-0.8145368099212646,
0.4473350942134857,
-0.46895572543144226,
-0.36590030789375305,
0.3126910328865051,
0.6258971095085144,
-0.6796698570251465,
0.061565298587083817,
0.1567748486995697,
-0.2938523590564728,
-0.11823393404483795,
-0.688403844833374,
0.10202474147081375,
0.023079384118318558,
0.24116767942905426,
0.27831876277923584,
-0.0597492940723896,
0.2539181113243103,
-0.3878454864025116,
0.08700203895568848,
-0.6678898334503174,
-0.5462350249290466,
0.021425750106573105,
-0.2780175805091858,
0.7734373211860657,
0.07271859794855118,
-0.005070919636636972,
-0.5386828780174255,
-0.19386671483516693,
-0.3435289263725281,
0.05708514526486397,
0.5476884245872498
] |
217702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geena%20Davis | Geena Davis | Virginia Elizabeth Davis (born January 21, 1956), professionally known as Geena Davis, is an American actress, activist, producer, and former model. She is the recipient of an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and has been nominated for a British Academy Film Award and a Primetime Emmy Award. In 2019, she received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for her work fighting gender bias on- and off- screen in Hollywood.
Early life
Davis was born on January 21, 1956, in Wareham, Massachusetts. Her mother, Lucille (; June 19, 1919 – November 15, 2001), was a teacher's assistant, and her father, William F. Davis (November 7, 1913 – April 2, 2009), was a civil engineer and church deacon. Both were from small towns in Vermont. Davis has an older brother, Danforth ("Dan").
She became interested in music at an early age. She learned piano and flute and played organ well enough as a teenager to be organist at her Congregationalist church in Wareham. She attended Wareham High School and was an exchange student in Sandviken, Sweden, where she became fluent in Swedish. She studied at New England College, then earned a bachelor's degree in drama from Boston University in Her first post-university work was as a window mannequin for Ann Taylor; she then signed with New York's Zoli modeling agency.
Davis is said to have adopted the nickname Geena after seeing shows with the characters Cheburashka and Gena the Crocodile (Swedish Druttem och Gena), which aired as a children's segment in a national television show in Sweden in the late 1970s.
Career
Rise to fame (1982–1987)
Davis was working as a model when she was cast by director Sydney Pollack in his film Tootsie (1982) as a soap opera actress, whom she has described as "someone who's going to be in their underwear a lot of time". It was the second most profitable film of 1982, received ten Academy Awards nominations and is considered a cult classic. She next won the regular part of Wendy Killian in the television series Buffalo Bill, which aired from June 1983 to March 1984; and had a writing credit in one episode. Despite the series' eleven Emmy Awards nominations, lukewarm ratings led to its cancellation after two seasons. Davis concurrently guest-starred in Knight Rider, Riptide, Family Ties and Remington Steele, and followed with a series of her own, Sara, which lasted 13 episodes.
During this period, she also auditioned for the 1984 science fiction/action film The Terminator, reading for the lead role of Sarah Connor, which eventually went to Linda Hamilton. In Fletch (1985), an action comedy, she appeared with Chevy Chase as the colleague of a Los Angeles Times undercover reporter trying to expose drug trafficking on the beaches of Los Angeles. She also starred in the horror comedy Transylvania 6-5000 as a nymphomaniac vampire alongside future husband Jeff Goldblum. They also starred in the sci-fi thriller The Fly (1986), loosely based on George Langelaan's 1957 short story of the same name, where Davis portrayed a science journalist and an eccentric scientist's love interest. It was a commercial success and helped establish her as an actress. In 1987 she appeared with Goldblum again in the offbeat comedy Earth Girls Are Easy.
Recognition and critical acclaim (1988–1992)
Director Tim Burton cast Davis in his film Beetlejuice (1988) as one of a recently deceased young couple who become ghosts haunting their former house; it also starred Alec Baldwin, Michael Keaton and Winona Ryder. It made $73.7 million from a budget of $15 million, and Davis's performance and the overall film received mostly positive reviews.
Davis took on the role of an animal hospital employee and dog trainer with a sickly son in the drama The Accidental Tourist (1988), opposite William Hurt and Kathleen Turner. Critic Roger Ebert, who gave the film four stars out of four, wrote: "Davis, as Muriel, brings an unforced wackiness to her role in scenes like the one where she belts out a song while she's doing the dishes. But she is not as simple as she sometimes seems [...]". The film was a critical and commercial success, and she received an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress for her appearance in it.
Davis appeared as the girlfriend of a man who, dressed as a clown, robs a bank in midtown Manhattan, in the comedy Quick Change (1990). Based on a book of the same name by Jay Cronley, it is a remake of the 1985 French film Hold-Up starring Jean-Paul Belmondo. Despite modest box office returns, the Chicago Tribune found the lead actors "funny and creative while keeping their characters life-size". Davis next starred with Susan Sarandon in Ridley Scott's road film Thelma & Louise (1991), as friends who embark on a road trip with unforeseen consequences. A critical and commercial success, it is considered a classic, as it influenced other films and artistic works and became a landmark feminist film. Davis received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for her role. It also featured Brad Pitt in his breakout role as a drifter; in his 2020 acceptance speech for Best Supporting Actor, Pitt thanked director Ridley Scott and Geena Davis for "giving me my first shot."
In 1992, Davis starred alongside Madonna and Tom Hanks in A League of Their Own as a baseball player on an all-women's team. It reached number one at the box office, became the tenth highest-grossing film of the year in North America, and brought Davis a Best Actress Golden Globe Award nomination. She played a television reporter in the comedy Hero (also 1992) alongside Dustin Hoffman and Andy Garcia. Although it flopped at the box office, Roger Ebert felt Davis was "bright and convincing as the reporter (her best line, after surviving the plane crash, is shouted through an ambulance door: "This is my story! I did the research!")".
Career downturn, hiatus, sitcom and other television roles (1993–2009)
In 1994's Angie, Davis played an office worker who lives in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn and dreams of a better life. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who felt she could have been better in this movie or another one set in Brooklyn, and was a commercial failure. In her other 1994 release, Speechless, Davis reunited with Michael Keaton to play insomniac writers who fall in love until they realize that both are writing speeches for rival candidates in a New Mexico election. Despite negative reviews and modest box office returns, she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy for her performance.
Davis teamed up with her then-husband, director Renny Harlin, for the films Cutthroat Island (1995) and The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996), with Harlin hoping that they would turn her into an action star. While The Long Kiss Goodnight managed to become a moderate success, Cutthroat Island flopped critically and commercially and was once listed as having the "largest box office loss" by Guinness World Records. The film is credited to be a contributing factor in the demise of Davis as a bankable star. She divorced Harlin in 1998 and took an "unusually long" two years off to reflect on her career, according to The New York Times. She appeared as Eleanor Little in the well-received family comedy Stuart Little (1999), a role she reprised in Stuart Little 2 (2002) and again in Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild (2005).
By the mid and late 1990s, Davis's film career had become less noteworthy and critical acclaim had waned. In a 2016 interview with Vulture, she recalled: "Film roles really did start to dry up when I got into my 40s. If you look at IMDb, up until that age, I made roughly one film a year. In my entire 40s, I made one movie, Stuart Little. I was getting offers, but for nothing meaty or interesting like in my 30s. I'd been completely ruined and spoiled. I mean, I got to play a pirate captain! I got to do every type of role, even if the movie failed."
Davis starred in the sitcom The Geena Davis Show, which aired for one season on ABC during the 2000–01 U.S. television season. She went on to star in the ABC television series Commander in Chief, portraying the first female president of the United States. While this role garnered her a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Drama Series in 2006, the series was cancelled after its first season; Davis admitted she was "devastated" by its cancellation in a 2016 interview. "I still haven't gotten over it. I really wanted it to work. It was on Tuesday nights opposite House, which wasn't ideal. But we were the best new show that fall. Then, in January, we were opposite American Idol. They said, 'The ratings are going to suffer, so we should take you off the air for the entire run of Idol, and bring it back in May. I put a lot of time and effort into getting it on another network, too, but it didn't work". She was also nominated for an Emmy Award and a SAG Award for Outstanding Female Actor in a Drama Series. She was awarded the 2006 Women in Film Lucy Award.
Davis was the only American actor to be cast in the Australian-produced film Accidents Happen (2009), portraying a foul-mouthed and strict mother. She stated that it was the most fun she had ever had on a film set, and felt a deep friendship and connection to both of the actors who played her sons. Written by Brian Carbee and based on his own childhood and adolescence, the film received a limited theatrical release and mixed reviews from critics. Variety found it to be "led by a valiant Geena Davis", despite a "script that mistakes abuse for wit".
Professional expansion (2010s)
Following a long period of intermittent work, Davis often ventured into television acting, and through her organization, the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, saw her career expand during the 2010s. In 2012, she starred as a psychiatrist in the miniseries Coma, based on the 1977 novel Coma by Robin Cook and the subsequent 1978 film. She played a powerful female movie executive in the critically acclaimed comedy In a World... (2013), the directorial debut of Lake Bell. Bell found her only dialogue to be her favorite in the film and called it her "soapbox moment".
In 2014, Davis provided her voice for the English version of the Studio Ghibli animated film When Marnie Was There, as she was drawn to the film's abundant stories and strong use of female characters. She played the recurring role of Dr. Nicole Herman, an attending fetal surgeon with a life-threatening brain tumor, during the 11th season of Grey's Anatomy (2014–15). In 2015, Davis launched an annual film festival to be held in Bentonville, Arkansas, to highlight diversity in film, accepting films that prominently feature minorities and women in the cast and crew. The first Bentonville Film Festival took place from May 5–9, 2015. Davis appeared as the mother of a semi-famous television star in the comedy Me Him Her (2016).
In the television series The Exorcist (2016), based on the 1973 film of the same name, Davis took on the role of grown-up Regan MacNeil, who has renamed herself Angela Rance to find peace and anonymity from her ordeal as a child. The Exorcist was a success with critics and audiences. In 2017, Davis starred in the film adaptation Marjorie Prime, alongside Jon Hamm, playing the daughter of an 85-year old experiencing the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and appeared as the imaginary god of a heavyset 13-year-old girl in the comedy Don't Talk to Irene. Vanity Fair felt that she "shine[d]" and stole "every scene" in Marjorie Prime, while Variety, on her role in Don't Talk to Irene, remarked: "There's no arguing the preternatural coolness of Geena Davis—a fact celebrated in self-conscious fashion by Don't Talk to Irene, a familiar type of coming-of-age film whose most distinguishing feature is the presence of the actress".
In 2018, Davis returned to Grey's Anatomy, reprising the role of Dr. Nicole Herman in the show's 14th season, and executive produced the documentary This Changes Everything, in which she was also interviewed about her experiences in the industry. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was named first runner-up for the People's Choice Award: Documentaries. In 2019, she joined the voice cast of She-Ra and the Princesses of Power as Huntara. Also in Netflix in 2019, she joined the cast of Glow as Sandy Devereaux St. Clair, a former showgirl turned entertainment director of the Fan-Tan Hotel and Casino. In 2022, Davis' likeness will be used for the character of Poison Ivy in the DC Entertainment comic book series Batman '89, set between the events of Batman Returns (1992) and The Flash (2022).
Personal life
Marriages and family
Davis began dating restaurateur Richard Emmolo in December 1977 and moved in with him a month later. The two married on March 25, 1981, but separated in February 1983 and divorced on June 27, 1984.
In 1985, she met her second husband, actor Jeff Goldblum, on the set of Transylvania 6-5000. The couple married on November 1, 1987, and appeared together in two more films: The Fly and Earth Girls Are Easy. Davis filed for divorce in October 1990, and it was finalized the following year.
After a five-month courtship, Davis married filmmaker Renny Harlin on September 18, 1993. He directed her in Cutthroat Island and The Long Kiss Goodnight. Davis filed for divorce on August 26, 1997, a day after her personal assistant gave birth to a child fathered by Harlin. The divorce became final in June 1998.
In 1998, Davis started dating Iranian-American craniofacial plastic surgeon Reza Jarrahy (born 1971), and allegedly married him on September 1, 2001. They have three children: a daughter, Alizeh (born April 2002), and fraternal twin sons, Kaiis and Kian (born May 2004). In May 2018, Jarrahy filed for divorce from Davis, listing their date of separation as November 15, 2017. Davis responded by filing a petition in which she claimed that she and Jarrahy were never legally married.
Activism
Davis is a supporter of the Women's Sports Foundation and an advocate for Title IX, an Act of Congress focusing on equality in sports opportunities, now expanded to prohibit gender discrimination in American educational institutions.
In 2004, while watching children's television programs and videos with her daughter, Davis noticed an imbalance in the ratio of male to female characters. She went on to sponsor the largest-ever research project on gender in children's entertainment (resulting in four discrete studies, including one on children's television) at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California. The study, directed by Stacy Smith, showed that there were nearly three male characters to every female one in the nearly 400 G, PG, PG-13, and R-rated movies analyzed. In 2005, Davis teamed up with the non-profit group Dads and Daughters to launch a venture dedicated to balancing the number of male and female characters in children's television and movie programming.
Davis launched the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media in 2007, which works collaboratively with the entertainment industry to increase the presence of female characters in media aimed at children, and to reduce inequality in Hollywood and the stereotyping of females by the male-dominated industry. For her work in this field she received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from Bates College in May 2009; and an honorary Oscar, the Academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, in 2019.
In 2011, Davis became one of a handful of celebrities attached to USAID and Ad Council's FWD campaign, an awareness initiative tied to that year's East Africa drought. She joined Uma Thurman, Chanel Iman and Josh Hartnett in television and internet ads to "forward the facts" about the crisis.
Athletics
In July 1999, Davis was one of 300 women who vied for a semifinals berth in the U.S. Olympic archery team to participate in the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. She placed 24th and did not qualify for the team, but participated as a wild-card entry in the Sydney International Golden Arrow competition. In August 1999, she stated that she was not an athlete growing up and that she entered archery in 1997, two years before her tryouts.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media
Geena Davis Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
1956 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Massachusetts
American activists
American female archers
American feminists
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women film producers
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni
David di Donatello winners
Female models from Massachusetts
Feminist artists
Film producers from Massachusetts
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners
Mensans
New England College alumni
People from Wareham, Massachusetts | [
0.07331978529691696,
-0.29602015018463135,
-0.5627438426017761,
-0.19287864863872528,
0.4700402617454529,
0.7060049772262573,
0.47070711851119995,
-0.08914759010076523,
-0.38632604479789734,
0.3883720338344574,
0.07682359218597412,
0.572706401348114,
-0.021692350506782532,
0.2298540323972702,
-0.6412053108215332,
0.3787792921066284,
0.4130854904651642,
0.2951761782169342,
-0.11749840527772903,
-0.663815975189209,
-0.23938153684139252,
0.294035404920578,
0.18172627687454224,
0.11311471462249756,
-0.8884625434875488,
0.8192496299743652,
-0.35920172929763794,
0.004935595206916332,
0.6745256781578064,
-0.007800185587257147,
-0.013575460761785507,
0.03580779954791069,
0.9390783309936523,
-0.011483692564070225,
-0.27606651186943054,
0.632563591003418,
-0.5441654920578003,
0.2527737319469452,
-0.3376701772212982,
0.008802583441138268,
-0.5178646445274353,
-0.33479708433151245,
0.11014586687088013,
-0.015615026466548443,
-0.47986936569213867,
-0.1238626092672348,
-1.811447024345398,
-0.09104039520025253,
-0.5128874182701111,
-0.7260642051696777,
0.045503634959459305,
0.5717546343803406,
0.197391077876091,
0.09011824429035187,
0.26969242095947266,
-0.2798062860965729,
-0.26967161893844604,
-0.4462851881980896,
0.20592164993286133,
-0.22725127637386322,
0.5221765041351318,
-0.5292840600013733,
0.36575981974601746,
-0.9991925358772278,
-0.022103942930698395,
-0.21519792079925537,
0.784741997718811,
-0.03183891996741295,
0.12789282202720642,
-0.4924684464931488,
0.10129468888044357,
0.70540851354599,
0.4485712945461273,
-0.4691244065761566,
-0.22443567216396332,
0.3330703377723694,
0.6106554865837097,
-0.06757494807243347,
0.10233814269304276,
0.3942147195339203,
0.04574284330010414,
-0.13649098575115204,
0.6652126312255859,
0.8578289747238159,
0.07680906355381012,
-0.7230949997901917,
-0.3492019772529602,
0.25585517287254333,
-0.39465758204460144,
0.27422890067100525,
-0.9736616015434265,
0.13407409191131592,
0.008100375533103943,
0.6433629989624023,
-0.23384155333042145,
-0.42292511463165283,
0.22335313260555267,
-0.2754196524620056,
0.7686230540275574,
-0.15801413357257843,
-0.3940798044204712,
0.0365460030734539,
-0.01099560596048832,
-0.5932888984680176,
-0.6110235452651978,
0.4471457004547119,
0.024900006130337715,
-0.09632284939289093,
-0.6268572807312012,
0.31004008650779724,
-0.09537838399410248,
0.31139811873435974,
-0.13163450360298157,
-0.23910711705684662,
-0.07619474828243256,
0.45826128125190735,
0.25669872760772705,
0.01117864903062582,
-0.5652279257774353,
0.327177494764328,
0.16813604533672333,
0.016548018902540207,
0.1406833678483963,
0.28370368480682373,
-0.4008907675743103,
0.49528011679649353,
0.10063451528549194,
-0.24600906670093536,
-0.12644672393798828,
0.5642140507698059,
0.012553076259791851,
0.31785640120506287,
-0.2449815720319748,
0.09965594857931137,
-0.44665834307670593,
-0.20638422667980194,
0.29129451513290405,
0.23238137364387512,
0.5979827642440796,
-0.11321377754211426,
-0.4846973121166229,
0.10856298357248306,
-0.3844780921936035,
0.35670316219329834,
0.8586558103561401,
-0.2935021221637726,
0.3720718324184418,
0.46912214159965515,
-0.39852339029312134,
-0.1184176653623581,
-0.5497233271598816,
0.22019457817077637,
0.4466620087623596,
-0.9506112337112427,
-0.757763683795929,
0.2111613005399704,
0.3481651842594147,
-0.13983258605003357,
0.14064151048660278,
0.02978462725877762,
0.2135271430015564,
0.10501953959465027,
0.2454778254032135,
0.42076829075813293,
0.11600802838802338,
-0.056265395134687424,
-0.12726792693138123,
0.03516718000173569,
-0.04286981746554375,
0.15219029784202576,
-0.061118509620428085,
0.20154666900634766,
-0.03994958475232124,
0.021224409341812134,
-0.74437016248703,
0.3056540787220001,
0.08070860803127289,
0.4216110408306122,
-0.46909594535827637,
0.03304110839962959,
-0.5330788493156433,
-0.028474152088165283,
0.03551328182220459,
0.26761695742607117,
0.2886020541191101,
0.1229831799864769,
0.23071932792663574,
-0.26183146238327026,
0.19675220549106598,
-0.4389513432979584,
-0.6869349479675293,
-0.41767001152038574,
0.3690683841705322,
0.3087056279182434,
-0.07871530950069427,
0.2188224494457245,
-0.010831581428647041,
-0.1079365536570549,
-0.011620902456343174,
0.07722021639347076,
0.27252909541130066,
-0.15613599121570587,
0.18589572608470917,
-0.06061692163348198,
-0.2428574413061142,
-0.1283164918422699,
0.7180574536323547,
0.2190723866224289,
-0.05477304384112358,
0.7619527578353882,
-0.2247425764799118,
-0.5936126112937927,
0.17740826308727264,
0.5901105403900146,
0.16907937824726105,
-0.23271429538726807,
-0.8587871789932251,
0.12300673127174377,
0.6478878855705261,
-0.4039932191371918,
0.5435904860496521,
0.4971005618572235,
-0.38839393854141235,
-0.26910632848739624,
-0.08941886574029922,
0.6127305626869202,
-0.39601776003837585,
-0.2797255516052246,
0.5419488549232483,
-0.38197267055511475,
0.04679137468338013,
0.25376564264297485,
-0.32482853531837463,
-0.7982149124145508,
0.06777182966470718,
0.12390245497226715,
0.6634159684181213,
-0.41667139530181885,
-0.21690785884857178,
-0.9883818626403809,
0.3045983612537384,
0.01783432811498642,
-0.6808918118476868,
0.2197839617729187,
-0.2799866795539856,
-0.023939471691846848,
0.024330927059054375,
-0.5848795771598816,
-0.11228101700544357,
-0.22985303401947021,
0.3191685676574707,
0.4575127065181732,
0.5933725237846375,
0.10633445531129837,
0.043541837483644485,
0.07158201932907104,
-0.11427109688520432,
0.43270647525787354,
0.9843384027481079,
0.23502033948898315,
0.06037731096148491,
0.0723603367805481,
0.3159642815589905,
0.29336583614349365,
-0.38857415318489075,
-0.08402927219867706,
0.180777445435524,
-0.4806044399738312,
0.1945430040359497,
-0.1736399084329605,
0.37731876969337463,
-0.5491964221000671,
-0.2257300317287445,
0.3465080261230469,
0.06956198811531067,
0.6363306641578674,
-0.44628772139549255,
-0.14974838495254517,
-0.43554362654685974,
-0.8769239783287048,
0.7969770431518555,
0.6220599412918091,
-0.33723580837249756,
-0.45348963141441345,
-0.1635325402021408,
-0.4856482744216919,
-0.0930938646197319,
-0.07727858424186707,
-0.27948904037475586,
-0.21211187541484833,
-0.2383248209953308,
0.6932761669158936,
-0.4108196198940277,
0.1947035789489746,
0.16267435252666473,
0.004768399987369776,
-0.1336151659488678,
0.7411119341850281,
-0.5126513838768005,
0.11105339229106903,
-0.25949224829673767,
0.7150553464889526,
-0.4042114317417145,
0.2090526968240738,
0.6466938853263855,
0.3420577049255371,
0.10116308927536011,
-0.3317817747592926,
-5.5434112548828125,
0.4927671551704407,
0.30852511525154114,
0.10888545215129852,
0.5649397373199463,
-0.24420246481895447,
-0.3596094846725464,
-0.39046356081962585,
0.3819737434387207,
0.3526724874973297,
0.0032396523747593164,
0.11599037796258926,
-0.728722333908081,
0.5718865394592285,
0.3122420310974121,
0.319257915019989,
0.05054580792784691,
-0.5557840466499329,
0.06283216178417206,
1.114441990852356,
-0.047620125114917755,
-0.2088422328233719,
-0.2858917713165283,
-0.008827254176139832,
-0.31767311692237854,
0.1731092631816864,
0.16560757160186768,
-0.3753214180469513,
-0.49222204089164734,
-0.2037489116191864,
-0.609494686126709,
-0.25058481097221375,
-0.633418083190918,
0.13654720783233643,
-0.07289974391460419,
-0.025689229369163513,
0.4660049378871918,
-0.9832112193107605,
-0.011136760003864765,
-0.7675374746322632,
-0.049560755491256714,
0.2671361565589905,
-0.8304505944252014,
0.5892894864082336,
0.513763427734375,
-0.17668810486793518,
-0.5202519297599792,
-0.6263656616210938,
0.13553179800510406,
0.20359037816524506,
0.5066118240356445,
-0.07401137053966522,
0.1152167096734047,
-0.5325828194618225,
0.46398887038230896,
-0.08391334861516953,
0.021207956597208977,
-0.16626043617725372,
-0.15129372477531433,
0.12006676942110062,
0.17251719534397125,
-0.6076991558074951,
0.27371835708618164,
-0.09408233314752579,
-0.3441719710826874,
0.07733620703220367,
0.4194491505622864,
0.15153825283050537,
0.2932165265083313,
-0.5739298462867737,
0.4444311857223511,
0.19145654141902924,
-0.0333998017013073,
-1.266235589981079,
0.06351926922798157,
-0.2739408612251282,
-0.09774517267942429,
-0.05154662951827049,
-0.9525319933891296,
0.16045041382312775,
0.3530171811580658,
-0.24546021223068237,
1.2054681777954102,
0.45210108160972595,
-0.032075509428977966,
-0.6219474077224731,
-0.10169696807861328,
0.7918381094932556,
-0.2823253273963928,
0.013558008708059788,
-0.20294733345508575,
-0.25272196531295776,
0.21349528431892395,
0.4281660318374634,
0.7135415077209473,
0.5022813677787781,
0.6039488911628723,
0.6256380677223206,
-0.08036636561155319,
0.47579818964004517,
-0.3681789040565491,
-0.3658684194087982,
0.5503717660903931,
-0.4575657844543457,
0.3097088634967804,
0.018733955919742584,
0.10931354016065598,
-0.24639764428138733,
0.6577284932136536,
-0.49409914016723633,
0.18595312535762787,
0.36335545778274536,
-0.06305356323719025,
-0.3506612777709961,
0.12258348613977432,
-0.3584321439266205,
-0.052668988704681396,
0.38038888573646545,
0.38497889041900635,
0.14791028201580048,
0.15739679336547852,
0.6446607112884521,
-0.09987348318099976,
0.07311560213565826,
-0.06517600268125534,
-0.4097932279109955,
0.16259649395942688,
0.11138247698545456,
-0.4290803074836731,
0.1126231700181961,
-0.5588779449462891,
0.018715767189860344,
0.03340710327029228,
0.19478687644004822,
0.31419771909713745,
-0.03070990927517414,
-0.6712809801101685,
-0.3717106282711029,
0.03808460384607315,
0.32626667618751526,
0.1678946316242218,
-0.32671427726745605,
0.08510084450244904,
0.47420594096183777,
0.540276825428009,
-0.4210464060306549,
0.26753491163253784,
-0.20760761201381683,
-0.07517194747924805,
0.22633348405361176,
0.22188711166381836,
-0.05212222784757614,
0.4670291543006897,
-0.6486829519271851,
-0.47993865609169006,
-0.742220401763916,
-0.1051265224814415,
-0.5297292470932007,
0.3438093364238739,
-0.32475629448890686,
0.17559322714805603,
-0.5357297658920288,
-0.7915743589401245,
0.5100027918815613,
-0.3514581322669983,
0.2156497836112976,
0.1037539541721344,
-0.39662423729896545,
-0.5300531983375549,
0.6493881940841675,
0.015861259773373604,
-0.8795822858810425,
0.35212114453315735,
0.2940256893634796,
-0.037961483001708984,
0.40143972635269165,
0.0026155507657676935,
0.030411209911108017,
-0.24710018932819366,
0.029078282415866852,
-0.32163628935813904,
-0.45295125246047974,
-0.7911640405654907,
-0.4584932327270508,
0.22010409832000732,
-0.2966562807559967,
-0.5180354714393616,
-0.05028016120195389,
-0.5044587850570679,
0.4381485879421234,
-0.12571227550506592,
0.10218561440706253,
0.020650135353207588,
0.45740172266960144,
-0.6580719947814941,
-0.11280088126659393,
-0.0418497659265995,
0.11496389657258987,
0.32465869188308716,
-0.24627119302749634,
-0.49292486906051636,
-0.14130447804927826,
-0.770808219909668,
0.07861785590648651,
0.5123599767684937,
-0.6165435910224915,
0.16983039677143097,
0.11727672815322876,
-0.011541458778083324,
0.7639914751052856,
-0.4269890785217285,
0.1125972643494606,
0.4531399607658386,
0.2138221561908722,
-0.10809442400932312,
0.18843179941177368,
0.3036138713359833,
0.0409737229347229,
0.22242240607738495,
-0.9345073699951172,
-0.306810587644577,
-1.0371884107589722,
-0.155784010887146,
0.08143530786037445,
-0.8536776304244995,
0.3264930546283722,
0.23553094267845154,
-0.16792534291744232,
0.5840171575546265,
-0.07217670977115631,
-0.8468397259712219,
0.22271940112113953,
0.1814735233783722,
0.03039633296430111,
-0.5186553597450256,
-0.46095010638237,
0.5058051347732544,
0.5279027223587036,
-0.20434027910232544,
0.2680804431438446,
0.3559553921222687,
0.4404048025608063,
-0.3454630970954895,
0.22221259772777557,
0.1280161738395691,
0.38284653425216675,
-0.18223804235458374,
-0.5641037821769714,
-0.5003470778465271,
0.08760754019021988,
0.49838125705718994,
0.2862282693386078,
-0.5269832015037537,
0.37941569089889526,
0.25821030139923096,
-0.8403703570365906,
0.04260355979204178,
-0.23582985997200012,
-0.1771022230386734,
-0.2520948350429535,
0.31128957867622375,
-0.31240957975387573,
-0.5721235275268555,
-0.08280706405639648,
-0.10009749233722687,
0.11882820725440979,
-0.15408533811569214,
-0.28538158535957336,
0.25459209084510803,
-0.6739819049835205,
0.4614395499229431,
0.11412978172302246,
-0.3358812928199768,
0.5862128734588623,
-0.02908805012702942,
0.4688797891139984,
0.24255888164043427,
-0.3772982060909271,
0.2575445771217346,
-0.15056923031806946,
-0.5210756063461304,
0.22512869536876678,
-0.6883052587509155,
-0.623637318611145,
0.41184836626052856,
-0.6331773400306702,
0.3199411630630493,
-0.5112221837043762,
-0.27450671792030334,
0.07158495485782623,
0.2032662034034729,
0.6257237792015076,
0.006322192493826151,
-0.43768757581710815,
-0.5075236558914185,
-0.19661515951156616,
0.016660165041685104,
0.9481090307235718,
-0.02890091761946678,
0.022360146045684814,
-0.07975130528211594,
0.052884042263031006,
0.35908108949661255,
-0.3190608322620392,
0.3564837872982025,
-0.3918616473674774,
-0.22155943512916565,
-0.9215943813323975,
-0.28128987550735474,
0.4341522753238678,
0.055810824036598206,
-0.0843290388584137,
0.6059180498123169,
0.2130095362663269,
-0.5230133533477783,
-0.09346722066402435,
0.6068998575210571,
-0.2103501260280609,
0.17732810974121094,
0.10148461908102036,
-0.4021777808666229,
-0.4211661219596863,
0.4117990732192993,
-0.23576970398426056,
0.6934645771980286,
0.9679072499275208,
0.534704864025116,
0.1378520131111145,
-0.005343900062143803,
0.016816943883895874,
0.25987115502357483,
-0.7598494291305542,
0.5329771041870117,
0.7528635263442993,
0.4915219247341156,
-0.8782137036323547,
-0.025872021913528442,
-0.04198848828673363,
0.2889769971370697,
0.5558908581733704,
-0.3511001169681549,
0.7419124245643616,
0.2803797721862793,
0.004915294237434864,
-0.2530316114425659,
0.4909785985946655,
0.004374752286821604,
0.38243526220321655,
-0.7385982871055603,
-0.5688315033912659,
-0.14508606493473053,
0.0393141508102417,
0.18275313079357147,
-0.33759772777557373,
0.8032059073448181,
-0.3090200126171112,
-0.1411331593990326,
-0.2295471727848053,
-0.613263726234436,
0.2695552408695221,
-0.4007265269756317,
-0.5333587527275085,
0.9797184467315674,
0.7831719517707825,
-0.3257201015949249,
-0.15936163067817688,
-0.4553664028644562,
-0.27650219202041626,
-0.15060803294181824,
0.30236274003982544,
-0.0011708971578627825,
0.37517377734184265,
-0.4098007082939148,
0.5661168098449707,
0.4812032878398895,
0.17963460087776184,
-0.008816516026854515,
-0.6094120144844055,
-0.31490474939346313,
-0.2251877635717392,
-0.5339952707290649,
-0.24521055817604065,
0.11723382771015167,
-0.06096800044178963,
0.3088685870170593,
-0.06041880324482918,
-0.11930400133132935,
0.2365976721048355,
0.3618495464324951,
-0.10023690015077591,
0.506976306438446,
-0.1995641589164734,
-0.07361315190792084,
0.27421727776527405,
-0.2388104349374771,
0.5014329552650452,
0.005680270027369261,
0.8984915018081665,
0.6404306292533875,
-0.07872351258993149,
0.5950197577476501,
0.947708785533905,
0.12158641964197159,
0.15125969052314758,
-0.9108946323394775,
0.24498583376407623,
-0.5061405897140503,
0.18545079231262207,
-0.40584656596183777,
-0.06854180991649628,
0.34224316477775574,
-0.18847498297691345,
-0.10619940608739853,
0.12223736196756363,
-0.2771155536174774,
0.5584538578987122,
0.9503247737884521,
0.735601007938385,
0.14888307452201843,
-0.04455936327576637,
-0.1583663672208786,
0.6080893874168396,
-0.14480724930763245,
0.17490774393081665,
-0.12581866979599,
0.7971707582473755,
-0.3366054892539978,
-0.4699956178665161,
-0.34153690934181213,
0.08760406076908112,
0.06719759851694107,
0.10080403834581375,
-0.40371251106262207,
-0.04251788929104805,
-0.5779250264167786,
-0.3541901707649231,
0.6050847768783569,
0.3520233929157257,
0.8526269197463989,
-0.511238694190979,
0.29563280940055847,
0.23558230698108673,
0.09815552830696106,
-0.16831634938716888,
-0.21725158393383026,
-0.4568254351615906,
0.2379586398601532,
-0.3655857443809509,
0.6155952215194702,
0.5896614193916321,
-0.17469213902950287,
-0.5548757314682007,
0.0649755448102951,
-0.4737355709075928,
-0.8407676815986633,
-0.1444445699453354,
0.5601217746734619,
-0.14154082536697388,
0.22550827264785767,
-0.5136297941207886
] |
217704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebulon%20Pike | Zebulon Pike | Zebulon Montgomery Pike (January 5, 1779 – April 27, 1813) was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named. As a U.S. Army officer he led two expeditions under authority of President Thomas Jefferson through the Louisiana Purchase territory, first in 1805–1806 to reconnoiter the upper northern reaches of the Mississippi River, and then in 1806–1807 to explore the southwest to the fringes of the northern Spanish-colonial settlements of New Mexico and Texas. Pike's expeditions coincided with other Jeffersonian expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the Red River Expedition in 1806.
Pike's second expedition crossed the Rocky Mountains into what is now southern Colorado, which led to his capture by the Spanish colonial authorities near Santa Fe, who sent Pike and his men to Chihuahua (present-day Mexico) for interrogation. Later in 1807, Pike and some of his men were escorted by the Spanish through Texas and released near American territory in Louisiana.
In 1810, Pike published an account of his expeditions, a book so popular that it was translated into several languages for publication in Europe. He later achieved the rank of brigadier general in the American Army and served during the War of 1812, until he was killed during the Battle of York in April 1813, outside the British colonial capital of Upper Canada.
Early and family life
Early life and education
Pike was born on January 5, 1779, in Lamington, New Jersey. He was the son of Isabella (Brown) and Zebulon Pike, and would follow in the footsteps of his father, who had begun his own career in the military service of the United States in 1775 at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Through his father he was a direct descendant of Robert Pike, who was famous being an opponent of the Salem witchcraft prosecutions of 1692.
Zebulon Pike Jr. grew to adulthood with his family at a series of outposts in Ohio and Illinois—the United States' northwestern frontier at the time. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry in 1799 and promoted to first lieutenant later that same year.
Marriage and family
Pike married Clarissa Harlow Brown in 1801. They had one child who survived to adulthood, Clarissa Brown Pike, who later married President William Henry Harrison's son, John Cleves Symmes Harrison. They had four other children who died before reaching adulthood.
Military career
Pike's military career included working on logistics and payroll at a series of frontier posts, including Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis. General James Wilkinson, appointed Governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory and headquartered there, became his mentor.
In 1796, Pike shadowed the expedition of General Georges Henri Victor Collot, a French officer who had been tasked to tour the Mississippi frontier and draw maps that France might use if it were to try and seize the lightly settled territory from the nascent United States.
First expedition
In the summer of 1805, Wilkinson ordered Pike to locate the source of the Mississippi River, explore the northern portion of the newly created Louisiana Territory, and expel Canadian fur traders illegally trading within the borders of the United States. Pike left St. Louis on August 9, 1805, proceeding upstream by pirogue. They reached the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers on September 21, where he negotiated a treaty with the Dakota, purchasing the future site of Fort Snelling. The expedition proceeded further upriver, stopping to construct a winter camp at the mouth of the Swan River, south of present-day Little Falls, on October 16. On December 10, they continued upstream along the frozen river on foot, visiting several British North West Company fur posts along the way.
They reached the fur post at Leech Lake on February 1 and stayed nearly three weeks. Pike informed the traders they were within the boundaries of the United States and henceforth required to abide by its laws and regulations. Pike met with many prominent Ojibwe chiefs, prevailing on them to surrender the medals and flags given to them as tokens of allegiance by the British and offering American peace medals. He also relayed the United States' desire that the Ojibwe and Dakota cease their mutual hostility and invited the chiefs to attend a peace conference in St. Louis (all declined the invitation to travel through several hundred miles of hostile territory). On February 10, they ceremonially shot the British red ensign from the fur company's flag pole, replacing it with an American flag. On a short side trip (February 12 to 14), Pike traveled to the North West Company fur post on Upper Red Cedar Lake (later renamed Cass Lake), designating the lake as the upper source of the Mississippi and taking celestial observations to determine its latitude.
Pike and his men left Leech Lake on February 18, carrying diplomatic tokens from the Ojibwe chiefs to present to the Dakota chiefs as a gesture of reconciliation, arriving at their winter encampment on March 5. They re-embarked in their pirogues for the downriver journey on April 7, reaching St. Louis on April 20. Pike's was the second expedition dispatched by the government into its new territory, and the first to return.
Second expedition
After Pike returned from this first expedition, General Wilkinson almost immediately ordered him to mount a second expedition, this time to explore, map, and find the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red rivers. Additional objectives of this exploratory expedition into the southwestern part of the Louisiana Territory were to evaluate natural resources and establish friendly relations with Native Americans. Beginning July 15, 1806, Pike led what became known as the "Pike Expedition".
In early November 1806, Pike and his team sighted and tried to climb to the summit of the peak later named after him (Pikes Peak). They made it as far as Mt. Rosa, located southeast of Pikes Peak, before giving up the ascent in waist-deep snow. They had already gone almost two days without food.
They then continued south, searching for the Red River's headwaters, and built a fort for shelter during the winter. However, they had crossed the border, whether through confusion or deliberation. Spanish authorities captured Pike and some of his party on February 26, 1807.
Pike and his men were taken to Santa Fe and on to the capital of Chihuahua province, and presented to Commandant General Salcedo, who was governor of the state. Pike was treated well and invited to formal social dinners but still not quite given the treatment of a visiting dignitary, and his men were kept prisoner. Salcedo housed Pike with Juan Pedro Walker, a cartographer who also acted as an interpreter. Walker transcribed and translated Pike's confiscated documents, including his journal. Spanish authorities feared the spread of both democracy and Protestant Christian sects that might undermine their rule.
During this time, Pike had access to various maps of the southwest and learned about Mexico's discontentment with Spanish rule. Spain filed official protests with the United States about Pike's expedition, but since the nations were not at war (and Spain was rebelling against Napoleon's brother, who was fighting England in the Peninsular War), Commandant Salcedo released the military men. The Spanish escorted Pike and most of his men north, releasing them at the Louisiana border on July 1, 1807.
War of 1812
Pike was promoted to captain during the southwestern expedition. In 1811, Pike fought with the 4th Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was promoted to colonel of the 15th Infantry Regiment in July 1812. Pike's military career also included service as deputy quartermaster-general in New Orleans and inspector general during the War of 1812.
Pike commanded the advance guard of an American force which was defeated - primarily because of the poor planning and half-hearted effort of his commander, Henry Dearborn - at the first Battle of Lacolle Mills in November 1812. Pike was promoted to brigadier general in March 1813. Along with General Jacob Brown, Pike departed from the newly fortified rural military outpost of Sackets Harbor, on the New York shore of Lake Ontario, for what became his last military campaign. On this expedition, Pike commanded combat troops in the successful attack on York (now Toronto) on April 27, 1813. Pike was killed, along with numerous other American troops, by flying rocks and other debris when the withdrawing British garrison blew up its ammunition magazine as Pike's troops approached Fort York. His body was brought by ship back to Sackets Harbor, where his remains were buried at the military cemetery.
Journals
The Spanish authorities confiscated Pike's journals, which were not recovered by the United States from Mexico until the 20th century. Pike wrote an account from memory of his expeditions, which was published in 1810 as The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to Headwaters of the Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, during the Years 1805-6-7. It was popular and was later translated into Dutch, French, and German editions. It became popular reading for all American explorers who followed him in the 19th century.
Pike's capture by the Spanish and travel through the Southwest gave Pike insight into the region. For example, he described the politics in Chihuahua, which led to the Mexican independence movement, and described trade conditions in the Spanish territories of New Mexico and Chihuahua.
In some eastern regions of North America, a tradition or legend pervades often referred to as The Lost City of Palanor or Zebulon's Gift which has been attributed to Pike's journals. The myth, said to be derived from a missing portion of Pike's confiscated journals, is usually told in two segments. The first sequence involves Pike's unlikely acquisition of a great treasure. The second is a description of Pike's discovery of the lost city "Palanor," said to be built by pre-Columbian European settlers, and his decision to hide the treasure there.
Legacy
As Michael Olsen shows, after Pike's death in battle, his military accomplishments were widely celebrated in terms of biographies, mourning memorials, paintings, poems, and songs, and he became the namesake for dozens of towns, counties, and ships. His memory faded after the Civil War but rebounded in 1906, at the centennial of his Southwest Expedition. His 20th-century reputation focused on his exploration, and his name appeared often on natural features, such as dams, islands, lakes, and parks.
Pike was honored in 1901 by General William Jackson Palmer with a marble statue placed near the main entrance of the Antlers Hotel. Pike was later honored in 1926 with a bronze medallion portrait placed in the pavilion at Tahama Spring in Monument Valley Park, Colorado Springs.
Military
Fort Pike
Camp Pike, Arkansas (A sub-section of Camp Joe T. Robinson Arkansas National Guard)
USS General Pike
A building at Fort Knox is named in his honor
Liberty ship SS Zebulon Pike (appears in Episode 1 of Victory At Sea, and also in footage at the end of the film Action in the North Atlantic'')
Landforms
Pike Bay
Pike Creek
Pike Island at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers in Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota
Pikes Peak
Zebulon Pike Lake Reservoir in Morrison County, Minnesota
CommunitiesPike County''' in:
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia and its county seat Zebulon
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Mississippi
Missouri
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Pike, New York
Piketon, Ohio
Pikeville, Kentucky
Pikeville, Tennessee
Pikesville, Maryland
Pike Bay Township, Cass County, Minnesota
Pike Creek Township, Morrison County, Minnesota
Pike Township, Marion County, Indiana
Pike Township, Wyoming County, New York
Pike Township, Stark County, Ohio
Other
Pike National Forest in Colorado
Pikes Peak State Park in Clayton County, Iowa
Pike Trail League, Kansas high school activities league
Pike Valley School District, Kansas School District, U.S.D. 426
General Zebulon Pike Lock and Dam No. 11 in Dubuque, Iowa
Zebulon Ice, a Colorado Department of Transportation snowplow, in a winning name submitted by a Colorado child as part of a 2021 contest.
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
National Park Service biography
Santa Fe Trail Research
"Butler County connections to the Mexican War" Hamilton Journal-News Hamilton, Ohio
Pike's Explorations - related to Pike's journey to find the source of the Mississippi River and the building of his fort in what is now Morrison County, Minnesota
Pike's Menagerie - the animals Pike and his men encountered in central Minnesota
Was Pike a Failure? - an examination of the often-heard critique of Pike's Mississippi River expedition
Zebulon Pike and the Blue Mountain - award-winning film produced with the help of Pike Historian W. Eugene Hollon, the U.S. Army, the Smithsonian and the National Archives about the explorer's time in what is now Colorado
1779 births
1813 deaths
Adjutants general of the United States Army
American explorers
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
Explorers of North America
Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
History of United States expansionism
Inspectors General of the United States Army
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Pikes Peak
United States Army generals
American military personnel killed in the War of 1812
Explorers of the United States
Red River of the South
People from Bedminster, New Jersey
Military personnel from New Jersey | [
-0.29034423828125,
0.9224561452865601,
-0.44582775235176086,
0.1276913583278656,
0.04175937548279762,
0.5337826609611511,
0.9059082269668579,
0.35038620233535767,
0.07933816313743591,
-0.11899425834417343,
-0.24277305603027344,
0.09270425885915756,
-0.4341207444667816,
0.8839369416236877,
-0.671678364276886,
0.298825204372406,
0.0010872726561501622,
0.08437363803386688,
-0.204722598195076,
0.039970457553863525,
0.04689837992191315,
-0.40679338574409485,
0.31697869300842285,
0.000024892886358429678,
0.17994160950183868,
0.41965553164482117,
0.08913223445415497,
-0.3575846552848816,
0.4177461564540863,
0.31897950172424316,
-0.11095871776342392,
0.5154858231544495,
0.3499567210674286,
-0.1403823047876358,
-1.2376675605773926,
0.15968869626522064,
-0.4543391764163971,
0.00007891139102866873,
0.21238553524017334,
-0.050715360790491104,
0.08838725835084915,
0.052881669253110886,
0.10526831448078156,
-0.05664980411529541,
-0.2654014229774475,
-0.011892437003552914,
-1.9131985902786255,
0.10968714952468872,
-0.25650545954704285,
-1.038029670715332,
-0.6169980764389038,
0.462736576795578,
0.5443359613418579,
0.054761629551649094,
-0.39498868584632874,
-0.08723872154951096,
-0.2096700817346573,
-0.13578186929225922,
0.3632642328739166,
-0.5412980914115906,
0.28920575976371765,
0.3619108200073242,
0.7414461374282837,
-0.13834254443645477,
-0.6689224243164062,
0.01900569722056389,
-0.045957282185554504,
0.7452583312988281,
0.3566211760044098,
0.07923800498247147,
-0.09476354718208313,
0.1908087134361267,
0.19962573051452637,
0.45390069484710693,
-0.09803670644760132,
0.2638170123100281,
0.15726251900196075,
0.6052541732788086,
0.14479275047779083,
0.2996777594089508,
0.007814784534275532,
-0.26261624693870544,
0.9360439777374268,
-0.4449007213115692,
-0.7460488080978394,
0.38883617520332336,
-0.39128369092941284,
0.19639693200588226,
-0.047170355916023254,
0.5463334918022156,
-0.8882181644439697,
-0.32616645097732544,
0.12613514065742493,
0.19302073121070862,
0.04545527696609497,
-0.009394317865371704,
0.5871732234954834,
0.019461551681160927,
-0.05129024013876915,
-0.14771424233913422,
0.24802914261817932,
-0.1201634332537651,
0.33487415313720703,
-0.09724313765764236,
0.009435879997909069,
0.2931517958641052,
0.29783332347869873,
0.09628693014383316,
-0.1080310270190239,
-0.2299683541059494,
-0.9705491065979004,
0.14507849514484406,
-0.2759641706943512,
0.07353974133729935,
0.20913289487361908,
0.48991817235946655,
-0.002337896265089512,
-0.7249235510826111,
-0.22926567494869232,
-0.8851321935653687,
-0.0629052221775055,
0.4761020839214325,
-0.2627779543399811,
0.0820193961262703,
-0.08413469791412354,
0.6636422872543335,
0.07584484666585922,
-0.3103575110435486,
-0.41348156332969666,
0.4025503695011139,
-0.035904452204704285,
-0.05752815678715706,
0.2271098792552948,
-0.2823265492916107,
-0.26070263981819153,
-0.9519012570381165,
-0.01348054502159357,
0.2111666351556778,
-0.337738573551178,
0.2110854983329773,
-0.5590887069702148,
-0.24441488087177277,
-0.7817339301109314,
-0.33657923340797424,
0.76283198595047,
-0.3013220727443695,
0.23856744170188904,
-0.14234593510627747,
-0.008289075456559658,
0.5372494459152222,
-0.2762325406074524,
-0.182671919465065,
-0.365106999874115,
0.018208330497145653,
-0.4468795657157898,
0.11906249076128006,
0.43136927485466003,
0.1319223791360855,
0.6690996289253235,
0.08322837948799133,
-0.11034972220659256,
0.3745127022266388,
-0.47729381918907166,
-0.101299948990345,
0.3159996271133423,
-0.14643162488937378,
0.19060121476650238,
-0.9689432382583618,
-0.3152911961078644,
0.22419679164886475,
0.037372887134552,
0.1724073439836502,
0.22165124118328094,
0.09969150274991989,
-0.1062304675579071,
0.616983950138092,
0.14193882048130035,
0.25852280855178833,
0.13545452058315277,
-0.29777929186820984,
-0.4697513282299042,
-0.14993219077587128,
0.664245069026947,
0.03771461546421051,
-0.13335871696472168,
-0.08251410722732544,
0.6138345003128052,
-0.23823793232440948,
0.26336926221847534,
-0.47526001930236816,
-1.0145413875579834,
-0.4881696105003357,
-0.3445329964160919,
0.09278102219104767,
1.5729979276657104,
-0.011855902150273323,
-0.4504069685935974,
0.28819045424461365,
0.2570178508758545,
0.09531521052122116,
0.045495204627513885,
-0.402785062789917,
0.29499197006225586,
-0.49096137285232544,
-0.36359038949012756,
0.13382218778133392,
-0.14342162013053894,
-0.21457752585411072,
0.5422143936157227,
0.12467969208955765,
0.45236697793006897,
-0.7370995879173279,
0.0464470349252224,
-0.1607617437839508,
-0.5856770277023315,
0.035618606954813004,
-0.18799005448818207,
-0.22963054478168488,
0.3674348294734955,
-0.39205577969551086,
0.4486130475997925,
-0.019070615991950035,
-0.24890559911727905,
0.4960208535194397,
0.28837716579437256,
0.3480817973613739,
-0.5061584115028381,
0.3237641453742981,
-0.5692554116249084,
-0.1851312220096588,
-0.0797499269247055,
0.1580173820257187,
0.4554204046726227,
-0.5117390751838684,
0.8095870614051819,
-0.03326982259750366,
-0.05280325934290886,
-0.35985198616981506,
0.20765680074691772,
-0.6445823311805725,
0.009684651158750057,
0.3267991840839386,
-0.30961593985557556,
0.6192322969436646,
0.0190487802028656,
0.04469931870698929,
0.34962037205696106,
-0.20297591388225555,
-0.368540495634079,
-0.3321465253829956,
-0.30454254150390625,
0.5845269560813904,
0.3174377381801605,
0.5435411334037781,
0.5888237953186035,
-0.6079502701759338,
0.19457143545150757,
-0.29837483167648315,
-0.042057666927576065,
0.28626948595046997,
0.5155937075614929,
-0.10147232562303543,
-0.6149849891662598,
0.7598357796669006,
0.6388429999351501,
-0.05577372759580612,
0.3806767463684082,
-0.24945655465126038,
0.1265564113855362,
-0.1672261357307434,
0.6781012415885925,
-0.21548868715763092,
0.3033675253391266,
0.32353588938713074,
0.2806694209575653,
-0.09744986891746521,
-0.14791418612003326,
0.1595538705587387,
-0.4436802864074707,
-0.29696184396743774,
0.471725732088089,
0.664191722869873,
-0.15986379981040955,
-0.014111376367509365,
-0.34042736887931824,
-0.8026990294456482,
-0.15606079995632172,
0.06454039365053177,
-0.6979216933250427,
0.1178877055644989,
-0.33714425563812256,
0.48256024718284607,
-0.0681145191192627,
0.45284727215766907,
-0.7133715152740479,
0.8991195559501648,
-0.27969658374786377,
0.06990150362253189,
0.2352757602930069,
-0.5629549622535706,
-0.5749370455741882,
0.32197073101997375,
-0.49777254462242126,
0.12334728986024857,
0.41794341802597046,
-0.5879822373390198,
0.14668624103069305,
-0.06562680006027222,
-5.362143516540527,
0.20596374571323395,
-0.5846716165542603,
-0.48823896050453186,
-0.15778645873069763,
0.2588528096675873,
0.4769117832183838,
-0.2525957226753235,
-0.03991448134183884,
-0.03153756260871887,
0.5138891339302063,
0.031396470963954926,
-0.2966673672199249,
-0.045809030532836914,
0.37463104724884033,
0.23712342977523804,
0.9091653823852539,
0.43803220987319946,
0.12657751142978668,
0.36500656604766846,
0.2396276593208313,
-0.2558583617210388,
-0.11666904389858246,
0.10247153788805008,
-0.007714261766523123,
0.03372127562761307,
-0.5518710017204285,
-0.12999078631401062,
-0.47131913900375366,
-0.08034313470125198,
0.7663101553916931,
0.22517912089824677,
-0.7798663973808289,
0.2564598321914673,
-0.1379840075969696,
-0.22331449389457703,
0.496627539396286,
-0.010446914471685886,
0.21518920361995697,
-0.03304415941238403,
-0.435029000043869,
-0.12757843732833862,
-0.633961021900177,
0.16493651270866394,
0.9230980277061462,
-0.0600956529378891,
-0.5036343336105347,
0.4795272946357727,
-0.47598037123680115,
0.2788309156894684,
-0.20123161375522614,
0.035337310284376144,
0.28730639815330505,
-0.24749507009983063,
0.1848745197057724,
0.06625500321388245,
0.2280784696340561,
0.6376512050628662,
-0.22802625596523285,
0.46770089864730835,
0.45792877674102783,
-0.4356694221496582,
0.05641493946313858,
-0.5518118143081665,
-0.03831781819462776,
-0.02460913173854351,
-0.03440013900399208,
0.10132862627506256,
-0.17994661629199982,
-0.5115571618080139,
0.40258482098579407,
1.3668980598449707,
0.24182626605033875,
-0.9537070393562317,
0.5745441317558289,
-0.7680820822715759,
-0.27703073620796204,
0.24125494062900543,
-1.0076559782028198,
0.5019717812538147,
-0.045086853206157684,
0.1969461590051651,
0.551567018032074,
0.8694959282875061,
0.36159539222717285,
0.23447877168655396,
-0.5297297835350037,
-0.10065533965826035,
0.13148033618927002,
-0.22687596082687378,
-0.09403101354837418,
-0.23369301855564117,
0.2415245771408081,
0.34693610668182373,
0.08819321542978287,
0.040755849331617355,
0.1702432632446289,
0.990627646446228,
0.3137701153755188,
-0.21552786231040955,
0.3320930302143097,
-0.27405232191085815,
0.16021762788295746,
-0.3262232542037964,
0.37697720527648926,
-0.36683040857315063,
0.2898608148097992,
-0.02928978204727173,
1.2583211660385132,
-0.1735164374113083,
0.020244300365447998,
0.25854426622390747,
-0.5967597961425781,
-0.5121610164642334,
-0.18880128860473633,
-0.5698100328445435,
0.5798398852348328,
0.19613862037658691,
1.0253723859786987,
0.26654815673828125,
-0.2910118103027344,
0.08382772654294968,
0.15632179379463196,
-0.8182565569877625,
0.559265673160553,
-0.13974221050739288,
0.008616945706307888,
-0.41484907269477844,
-0.174257293343544,
0.17718523740768433,
-0.019103558734059334,
0.6317622661590576,
-0.5051127672195435,
0.5095580220222473,
-0.16153322160243988,
-0.16883806884288788,
0.1357256919145584,
-1.0852552652359009,
0.040462810546159744,
0.3709581196308136,
-0.4486512839794159,
0.18693630397319794,
-0.5507918000221252,
0.5964621901512146,
0.6659742593765259,
0.043590448796749115,
-0.10747911036014557,
-0.27377989888191223,
-0.579212486743927,
0.6729478240013123,
-0.39915579557418823,
-0.22290630638599396,
0.13430701196193695,
0.08194481581449509,
-0.012508726678788662,
0.15506301820278168,
-0.17872613668441772,
0.20414963364601135,
-0.9014819264411926,
0.18234768509864807,
0.05321827158331871,
-0.10313421487808228,
-0.5243090987205505,
0.29248395562171936,
-0.09826444834470749,
0.4295459985733032,
-0.7706043124198914,
-0.25998055934906006,
-0.21336600184440613,
0.5001022815704346,
0.770583987236023,
-0.48579514026641846,
-0.5879270434379578,
0.041032347828149796,
-0.0014914014609530568,
0.27168020606040955,
-0.8397713899612427,
0.16659681499004364,
0.6207582950592041,
-0.22627566754817963,
0.07162768393754959,
0.07343827933073044,
-0.4548923969268799,
-0.12354239821434021,
0.07256222516298294,
-0.37854060530662537,
-0.9265812039375305,
-0.1988086849451065,
0.48653990030288696,
0.06369110196828842,
-0.06047391518950462,
-0.8704065680503845,
0.1098993793129921,
0.5735381245613098,
0.5096852779388428,
-0.2744219899177551,
0.20751650631427765,
0.08260110765695572,
-0.1473006010055542,
-0.6792428493499756,
-0.2947218120098114,
-0.2276202291250229,
-0.753807544708252,
0.04661805182695389,
-0.1934928297996521,
-0.5935676693916321,
-0.019889269024133682,
0.3186449408531189,
-0.44997328519821167,
0.5984796285629272,
-0.12065207213163376,
-0.7261410355567932,
0.06743783503770828,
0.5862548351287842,
0.5188646912574768,
0.11300244182348251,
0.1655808389186859,
0.48609650135040283,
-0.339800089597702,
-0.6702629923820496,
-0.43629592657089233,
-0.4509872794151306,
-0.3488061726093292,
-0.3258064389228821,
-0.2037172019481659,
0.13043196499347687,
0.2264632135629654,
0.24000319838523865,
0.7364004254341125,
-0.6118332743644714,
-0.5531593561172485,
0.4550330340862274,
0.21229173243045807,
0.718634843826294,
0.2600918114185333,
0.6672323942184448,
0.37209880352020264,
-0.2871139943599701,
0.09565043449401855,
0.1360415667295456,
0.4090637266635895,
1.204378604888916,
0.1747238039970398,
-0.11304309219121933,
0.01809966377913952,
0.14952459931373596,
0.3018413186073303,
-0.2926740348339081,
-0.5068436861038208,
-0.014507212676107883,
0.577033281326294,
-0.802987813949585,
-0.6116742491722107,
-0.04007963836193085,
0.6118125319480896,
-0.4354965388774872,
-0.2864648401737213,
-0.08494468778371811,
-0.01799139194190502,
-0.4948144853115082,
-0.06321609765291214,
0.3381105959415436,
0.0984678566455841,
-0.056215714663267136,
-0.4964770972728729,
0.029574181884527206,
-0.6779162883758545,
-0.4074115753173828,
0.07174981385469437,
-0.5831822752952576,
-0.043908290565013885,
-0.4984474182128906,
0.20139572024345398,
1.0297715663909912,
-0.048010408878326416,
0.43226000666618347,
0.43109896779060364,
0.26959356665611267,
-0.27294161915779114,
-0.3229849338531494,
-0.728333592414856,
0.20658554136753082,
-0.5692776441574097,
-0.08565077930688858,
-0.06882994621992111,
-0.6917787790298462,
-0.2035185545682907,
-0.3794615566730499,
-0.23183244466781616,
0.16011105477809906,
-0.6699667572975159,
0.9366409778594971,
0.21238990128040314,
-0.3704584836959839,
-0.34524261951446533,
0.22530928254127502,
-0.0401642806828022,
0.38343575596809387,
-0.343519389629364,
0.13399650156497955,
-0.43817558884620667,
0.906504213809967,
0.48086076974868774,
-0.4634344279766083,
-0.11059269309043884,
-0.06587311625480652,
-0.11499715596437454,
0.35399118065834045,
0.400717169046402,
-0.5117670297622681,
0.2925944924354553,
0.0008293756982311606,
0.1331157237291336,
0.22465737164020538,
-0.9481982588768005,
-0.3999543786048889,
0.7791146636009216,
-0.2325742095708847,
-0.24751067161560059,
0.26846614480018616,
-0.2253788709640503,
0.05533939227461815,
1.014210820198059,
0.021753884851932526,
1.0499560832977295,
0.4325602948665619,
-0.2339031994342804,
0.42602866888046265,
-0.49441230297088623,
0.489970862865448,
-0.3805873692035675,
-1.0369895696640015,
-0.3187023997306824,
0.053401947021484375,
0.23471753299236298,
-0.23274379968643188,
0.2849067449569702,
-0.3323398530483246,
-0.6097162961959839,
0.5188120007514954,
-0.14685477316379547,
0.3593870997428894,
0.1963326781988144,
0.6280521750450134,
0.041211869567632675,
-0.025297192856669426,
0.3516470789909363,
0.5043061375617981,
-0.04500487446784973,
-0.2508258521556854,
0.05774352326989174,
0.2628175616264343,
0.34358957409858704,
-0.2695956528186798,
-0.11463838070631027,
-0.004273138474673033,
0.701026201248169,
0.37695518136024475,
-0.7531036138534546,
0.27141115069389343,
0.023191452026367188,
-0.7209931015968323,
1.0068035125732422,
-0.45513567328453064,
-0.13088233768939972,
0.1577194333076477,
-0.9065619111061096,
-1.18436861038208,
-0.1298215687274933,
0.3305089771747589,
0.33344975113868713,
-0.033774424344301224,
-0.27508601546287537,
0.48333314061164856,
0.17008164525032043,
0.2937888503074646,
0.35647717118263245,
0.8517189025878906,
0.6102653741836548,
0.20853814482688904,
-0.4946366250514984,
0.11405881494283676,
0.09433215111494064,
-0.04567304998636246,
0.669983446598053,
-0.11559765785932541,
-0.06140347197651863,
0.4220723509788513,
-0.24954940378665924,
-0.7122331261634827,
0.9105325937271118,
-0.1722889244556427,
-0.39414241909980774,
-0.6728650331497192,
0.1921936720609665,
0.33700987696647644,
0.4444439709186554,
0.8201800584793091,
0.16985739767551422,
0.39732348918914795,
-0.2235971987247467,
0.019842956215143204,
0.44379574060440063,
-0.2900719940662384,
-0.2104795128107071,
0.4364269971847534,
-0.47653597593307495,
-0.18297608196735382,
-0.4767617881298065,
0.48569241166114807,
-0.2450954020023346,
-0.007041339296847582,
-0.35256078839302063,
-0.07199016213417053,
-0.4904230535030365,
-0.09198464453220367,
0.39846962690353394,
-0.16817247867584229,
-0.46064671874046326,
-1.0276883840560913,
-0.014785702340304852,
-0.08134068548679352,
0.11958863586187363,
-0.0582004114985466,
-0.2792579233646393,
-0.2788586914539337,
0.21353307366371155,
-0.23207275569438934,
-0.2367703765630722,
0.7743874788284302,
0.2783508896827698,
-1.2469713687896729,
-0.19256606698036194,
-0.06768082082271576,
-0.3608826696872711,
-1.2258862257003784,
0.44494521617889404,
0.8995068073272705,
-0.00648744311183691,
-0.49700817465782166,
0.177303746342659,
-0.5294345617294312,
-0.17438970506191254,
-0.1715935617685318,
0.3562110662460327,
0.47709929943084717,
-0.3003476560115814,
-0.7631586194038391,
-0.22081933915615082,
0.9987031817436218,
0.060583896934986115,
-0.4884919226169586,
-0.06528891623020172,
-0.798583447933197,
0.5798590183258057,
-0.13933387398719788,
0.32982122898101807,
-0.5149890780448914,
0.4477899670600891,
-0.2330108880996704
] |
217705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveridge | Beveridge | Beveridge is a Scottish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ada Beveridge (1875–1964), Australian leader of the Country Women's Association
Albert Beveridge (1862–1927), American historian and politician
Bill Beveridge (1909–1995), Canadian ice-hockey goaltender
Bob Beveridge (1909–1998), English cricketer
Christine Beveridge, Australian plant physiologist
Corie Beveridge, Canadian female curler, 1996 World and Canadian champion
Crawford Beveridge (born 1947), Scottish businessman, Sun Microsystems
Daeida Wilcox Beveridge (1861–1914), co-developer of Hollywood, California
George D. Beveridge (1922–1987), American journalist
Gordon Beveridge (1933–1999), Scottish academic and university administrator
Graeme Beveridge (born 1976), Scottish rugby union player
Henry Beveridge (1837–1929), English civil servant and orientalist
James Beveridge (1917–1993), Canadian filmmaker, author and educator
Jane Marsh Beveridge (1915–1998), Canadian filmmaker, educator and sculptor
John Beveridge (mayor) (1848–1916), New South Wales businessman and Alderman
John Lourie Beveridge (1824–1910), American politician, Governor of Illinois 1873–1877
Judith Beveridge (born 1956), Australian poet, editor and academic
Luke Beveridge (born 1970), Australian rules footballer and coach
Rabbie Beveridge (1877–1901), Scottish footballer
William Beveridge (bishop) (1637–1708), English Bishop of St Asaph
William Beveridge (footballer) (1858–1941), Scottish footballer and athlete
William Beveridge (1879–1963), British economist and social reformer
William Ian Beardmore Beveridge (1908–2006), Australian animal pathologist
First name
Beveridge C. Dunlop (1879–1961), New York politician
See also
Beveridge, Victoria, town in Victoria, Australia
Beveridge, California, unincorporated community in California, United States
Beveridge curve
Beveridge Locks, canal locks connecting the Tay River to the Rideau Canal Waterway in Drummond/North Elmsley, Ontario, Canada
Beveridge Reef
Beveridge Report
Scottish surnames | [
-0.08525162935256958,
0.6596161723136902,
-0.36768731474876404,
-0.8261470794677734,
-0.512429416179657,
0.34174829721450806,
0.45636919140815735,
0.1961851865053177,
-0.20099163055419922,
-0.396273672580719,
-0.420367956161499,
0.07126007974147797,
-0.3108677268028259,
0.6801984906196594,
-0.13716404139995575,
-0.3488534092903137,
-0.27790963649749756,
1.0919822454452515,
0.20013447105884552,
-0.41941168904304504,
-0.32952362298965454,
-0.28772664070129395,
0.030788395553827286,
-0.31777840852737427,
-0.0539667084813118,
-0.02980724722146988,
0.4032132625579834,
-0.2110033631324768,
0.22612431645393372,
0.022676216438412666,
0.30953624844551086,
0.7147695422172546,
-0.1157764121890068,
-0.3586456775665283,
-0.05117638781666756,
-0.00965014286339283,
0.48250919580459595,
-0.21144531667232513,
0.2015572041273117,
-0.43349841237068176,
0.1654643565416336,
-0.12236178666353226,
0.15981708467006683,
0.22014126181602478,
-0.4458337426185608,
-0.7737424373626709,
-2.3882882595062256,
0.03788558766245842,
-0.6424980759620667,
-0.4486098289489746,
-0.22846636176109314,
-0.15869715809822083,
0.16014108061790466,
0.34249523282051086,
-0.03389326110482216,
0.4173918068408966,
-0.5549928545951843,
-0.0039495741948485374,
0.7827560901641846,
0.14364537596702576,
0.3267754018306732,
-0.1987328678369522,
0.1273459494113922,
0.22916650772094727,
0.20730623602867126,
0.8027457594871521,
-0.29295504093170166,
0.6880495548248291,
-0.4286959767341614,
0.03438521921634674,
-0.4799133539199829,
-0.31128084659576416,
0.5424116253852844,
0.07221321761608124,
-0.3899434804916382,
0.35919392108917236,
-0.06750962138175964,
-0.07999454438686371,
0.07436780631542206,
-0.13786281645298004,
0.27566346526145935,
0.20611390471458435,
0.28267085552215576,
-0.08988292515277863,
0.24776577949523926,
0.45211124420166016,
-0.7751498818397522,
0.15769928693771362,
0.291189044713974,
1.0817945003509521,
-0.06055964529514313,
-0.3574046790599823,
0.03413283824920654,
0.3351883292198181,
0.12380292266607285,
-0.3059189021587372,
-0.23886439204216003,
-0.3246381878852844,
-0.17173737287521362,
0.22232352197170258,
0.2893219292163849,
0.3552587628364563,
0.2839089035987854,
-0.2159142643213272,
-0.011135566979646683,
-0.4113917648792267,
-0.9592267274856567,
-0.18261709809303284,
0.17016370594501495,
-2.1189441680908203,
-0.12702497839927673,
-0.06483247876167297,
-0.47089818120002747,
0.20870456099510193,
0.181348517537117,
0.9255181550979614,
0.6609929800033569,
-0.11113858968019485,
0.02097589522600174,
0.042994312942028046,
0.24345280230045319,
0.7524099946022034,
-0.38689950108528137,
-0.29670968651771545,
-0.07349865138530731,
0.5043196678161621,
0.05634916573762894,
0.3780784606933594,
0.08332649618387222,
0.5180345177650452,
-0.4916454553604126,
1.1288267374038696,
-0.036316223442554474,
-0.7591831684112549,
-0.1876789927482605,
-0.5899136662483215,
0.5719223022460938,
0.42678624391555786,
0.03847300633788109,
0.3000456392765045,
-0.4155998229980469,
0.07548592239618301,
-2.3942182064056396,
0.10792214423418045,
0.6255481839179993,
0.19109021127223969,
-0.1420021653175354,
-0.3861536383628845,
0.2700386643409729,
0.5800398588180542,
0.19261540472507477,
-0.488033264875412,
0.14329399168491364,
0.5972223281860352,
-0.2576298415660858,
-0.060294587165117264,
0.12623631954193115,
-0.2796408236026764,
0.24382136762142181,
0.08474983274936676,
-0.09620866924524307,
-0.13161548972129822,
0.40707024931907654,
-0.3217507004737854,
0.15027855336666107,
0.12531472742557526,
0.43095389008522034,
-0.4719026982784271,
0.06528644263744354,
0.1998029500246048,
-0.5526148080825806,
0.04126027598977089,
0.2880638837814331,
-0.3171827495098114,
0.4137862026691437,
0.11713098734617233,
0.4039914608001709,
0.11435683816671371,
0.05639510974287987,
-1.07200026512146,
-0.6290983557701111,
0.1343759447336197,
0.3091140687465668,
-0.2035784274339676,
0.3659711480140686,
-0.044276800006628036,
0.18040484189987183,
-0.17152062058448792,
0.018152864649891853,
0.6509551405906677,
-0.6556065678596497,
-0.2484917789697647,
0.5043293833732605,
-0.2692815065383911,
0.5051002502441406,
0.30319836735725403,
0.321950227022171,
0.03711553290486336,
0.25728511810302734,
1.1631255149841309,
-0.5629699230194092,
-0.18557699024677277,
-0.007951898500323296,
-0.18056254088878632,
-0.5503091812133789,
2.702305555343628,
0.4257037937641144,
0.43863752484321594,
0.32979318499565125,
0.24374301731586456,
0.8565376400947571,
-0.2591623365879059,
0.2639659345149994,
-0.0004431836714502424,
0.033662304282188416,
-0.19168607890605927,
0.309795618057251,
0.15164941549301147,
-0.2669745683670044,
-0.32819172739982605,
0.025449205189943314,
0.22942084074020386,
-0.16323742270469666,
0.3446085453033447,
0.24004186689853668,
0.2448955923318863,
0.18398602306842804,
-0.21197964251041412,
-0.18835386633872986,
-1.3781473636627197,
0.587283194065094,
-0.19210921227931976,
0.034535061568021774,
-0.07396688312292099,
-0.6805499792098999,
-0.4696793854236603,
-0.3572918176651001,
-0.3221346139907837,
0.06695196777582169,
-0.11909350752830505,
0.205765038728714,
0.5253243446350098,
-0.7798906564712524,
0.080787293612957,
-0.30635789036750793,
0.5410617589950562,
0.014790035784244537,
0.2641390860080719,
0.27886536717414856,
0.015004371292889118,
0.7098180055618286,
-0.04808715358376503,
0.31266525387763977,
-0.465602308511734,
0.3193970024585724,
-0.08360248059034348,
-0.2519295811653137,
1.012097954750061,
-0.19058196246623993,
0.27207738161087036,
-0.8285020589828491,
0.2657132148742676,
0.16953641176223755,
0.6752151250839233,
-0.3949497938156128,
-0.5405198335647583,
-0.34287965297698975,
-0.14747115969657898,
-0.1463354527950287,
-0.23966209590435028,
-0.07255607843399048,
0.01579884998500347,
-0.30751004815101624,
-2.9914801120758057,
0.4807407557964325,
0.4124390184879303,
0.06237639859318733,
0.09938077628612518,
-0.8329809308052063,
0.06498178094625473,
0.052850861102342606,
1.0926342010498047,
-0.47070494294166565,
-0.08356495201587677,
-0.3149228096008301,
0.04764111340045929,
0.3798515796661377,
-0.11311371624469757,
0.2155293971300125,
-0.0052244714461266994,
0.12552963197231293,
-0.10154900699853897,
-0.02562553808093071,
1.1044963598251343,
-0.6791017651557922,
0.12334650009870529,
-0.02784324437379837,
-0.6272659301757812,
-0.13287918269634247,
-0.022673778235912323,
-0.062260325998067856,
0.16006286442279816,
-0.3896998167037964,
0.21189329028129578,
0.0785943791270256,
-0.04291681945323944,
-0.22817637026309967,
0.19261644780635834,
-3.8149874210357666,
0.19321931898593903,
0.12077656388282776,
-0.1725027710199356,
0.23273701965808868,
-0.0929618701338768,
0.6356361508369446,
-0.2847152650356293,
0.023689953610301018,
0.449973464012146,
-0.03502562642097473,
-0.20956239104270935,
-0.04468439146876335,
0.42631182074546814,
0.7481116652488708,
0.44330912828445435,
0.699280321598053,
0.4476647973060608,
0.17326249182224274,
0.08716727048158646,
0.09220264852046967,
0.1394951194524765,
-0.16345368325710297,
0.2891605496406555,
0.33650848269462585,
0.3715367615222931,
0.10633400827646255,
-0.12454363703727722,
-0.5791059136390686,
0.08928931504487991,
0.44097086787223816,
0.2728320360183716,
0.4288325309753418,
-0.31032276153564453,
-0.898493230342865,
0.08859329670667648,
0.6451952457427979,
0.31839513778686523,
0.5171066522598267,
-0.23251448571681976,
-0.1324671506881714,
0.7995428442955017,
-0.11844445765018463,
0.3791661560535431,
0.6254337430000305,
-0.3118302524089813,
-1.0613640546798706,
-0.0023117614910006523,
-0.24560979008674622,
0.6809747815132141,
-0.4752521514892578,
-0.12629751861095428,
0.8141888380050659,
0.5136511325836182,
0.3164817690849304,
0.055319543927907944,
0.3818994462490082,
-0.3779415190219879,
-0.531345784664154,
0.48272985219955444,
0.7404687404632568,
-0.3403063714504242,
0.22354428470134735,
0.03089302033185959,
0.25189048051834106,
-1.1143624782562256,
-0.20003409683704376,
-0.32824036478996277,
-0.189267098903656,
0.3004390299320221,
0.08016975969076157,
0.472515732049942,
-0.14377622306346893,
-0.9798849821090698,
-0.050221238285303116,
-0.05858222767710686,
0.029567722231149673,
0.5674527287483215,
0.3781842887401581,
-0.34020233154296875,
0.06015395000576973,
-0.15429838001728058,
-0.4306895434856415,
0.8764051198959351,
-0.046098753809928894,
0.14121310412883759,
-0.5775180459022522,
0.2191246598958969,
-0.7302059531211853,
-0.37881672382354736,
0.23434722423553467,
0.20151843130588531,
-0.15722160041332245,
0.14242473244667053,
-0.1747961789369583,
0.2490164190530777,
0.3489663004875183,
-0.6159986853599548,
-0.06029937043786049,
-0.464702308177948,
0.06368860602378845,
-0.5670576095581055,
-0.16727954149246216,
-0.36359143257141113,
-0.10179777443408966,
-0.3247946798801422,
-0.17131081223487854,
0.5103930830955505,
0.16314686834812164,
0.16043323278427124,
0.2656758725643158,
0.13954773545265198,
-0.3124002516269684,
-0.14358314871788025,
0.25671130418777466,
0.022169161587953568,
-0.4954794943332672,
-0.0721052810549736,
0.25694015622138977,
0.6635913848876953,
0.2526494264602661,
0.42769336700439453,
-0.036796171218156815,
-0.113514244556427,
-0.6481415033340454,
-0.31923702359199524,
0.40379807353019714,
-0.23184476792812347,
-0.5974640250205994,
-0.378816157579422,
-0.06705328077077866,
0.008565093390643597,
-0.2240552008152008,
-0.6095038056373596,
-0.15673485398292542,
-0.6515650153160095,
-0.5842707753181458,
0.00863295141607523,
0.04562588036060333,
-0.599760115146637,
0.4170513451099396,
-0.10600994527339935,
-0.03139800950884819,
0.15497788786888123,
0.3170093595981598,
0.6027548909187317,
0.6021618843078613,
-0.25693854689598083,
-0.6804020404815674,
0.6394203305244446,
0.23614239692687988,
-0.433817058801651,
-0.22119140625,
-0.7797865867614746,
0.038467347621917725,
0.12920044362545013,
-0.029812248423695564,
0.2578016221523285,
-0.25665283203125,
0.24467416107654572,
-0.36945202946662903,
0.5454347729682922,
-0.8736498355865479,
0.335791677236557,
0.652461051940918,
-0.29568397998809814,
-0.04393842816352844,
-0.5242084860801697,
-0.5802314877510071,
0.7440990805625916,
-0.22576545178890228,
-0.4205615818500519,
-1.1985576152801514,
-0.6439818143844604,
0.7230278849601746,
0.1769171953201294,
0.02205009013414383,
-0.06401348114013672,
0.2522859573364258,
-0.22153572738170624,
-0.14563530683517456,
0.10483832657337189,
0.03467898443341255,
0.7699989080429077,
0.46734946966171265,
-0.5061637163162231,
-0.3802381157875061,
-0.34754398465156555,
-0.7605622410774231,
-0.33833134174346924,
0.07290623337030411,
0.1559811383485794,
0.3925759196281433,
0.2062523365020752,
-0.8872820138931274,
-0.5860067009925842,
-0.0068535213358700275,
0.2077406346797943,
0.3322928249835968,
-0.7135206460952759,
0.21858817338943481,
0.6810045838356018,
-0.3046243190765381,
0.39377066493034363,
0.4537208378314972,
-0.8233263492584229,
0.09769178181886673,
0.19762416183948517,
-0.6924842000007629,
0.9268446564674377,
0.18543359637260437,
-0.9621884226799011,
0.13999643921852112,
-0.09304752200841904,
-0.15864530205726624,
-0.36073365807533264,
0.4546867311000824,
0.18908032774925232,
0.17928314208984375,
-0.3831222951412201,
-0.21804678440093994,
-0.30605775117874146,
-0.04580625891685486,
-0.29849404096603394,
-0.2568715810775757,
0.11220502108335495,
-0.12623032927513123,
0.08321692049503326,
0.7058910727500916,
-0.27318882942199707,
-0.6393039226531982,
-0.04313430190086365,
0.39185670018196106,
-0.1054987981915474,
-0.26025399565696716,
0.1736399382352829,
-0.449830025434494,
0.4063878357410431,
0.04216654971241951,
0.409350723028183,
0.28408536314964294,
0.9002218246459961,
0.38964560627937317,
-0.3729856610298157,
-0.6474137306213379,
-0.09574995934963226,
0.13740186393260956,
-0.23959341645240784,
-0.4671532213687897,
0.5555309653282166,
-0.1767202466726303,
-0.4054015874862671,
-0.7091120481491089,
-0.3831746280193329,
0.5973541140556335,
-0.2923513650894165,
0.5341019034385681,
0.2913309931755066,
0.5130909085273743,
0.10618459433317184,
0.07785069197416306,
0.528249979019165,
-0.278375506401062,
0.6613230109214783,
0.17914949357509613,
0.4933474063873291,
0.1787707656621933,
0.06041882559657097,
0.9379050731658936,
-0.2756984233856201,
-0.5869746804237366,
-0.49738290905952454,
0.017977923154830933,
0.27730366587638855,
-0.046850092709064484,
-0.32088541984558105,
0.31763559579849243,
-0.37033337354660034,
0.13887575268745422,
-0.7708648443222046,
1.3977560997009277,
0.2633577287197113,
0.4825253486633301,
-0.44906309247016907,
0.24487245082855225,
-0.5536502599716187,
-0.14374509453773499,
-0.48618537187576294,
-0.4082670509815216,
0.08986862748861313,
-0.6363571882247925,
-0.050598401576280594,
-0.059224117547273636,
0.3105151057243347,
-0.28713810443878174,
0.3124634325504303,
-0.8113216757774353,
-0.2985345721244812,
-0.1536121368408203,
-0.20541103184223175,
-0.6477876305580139,
0.675829291343689,
0.0847824439406395,
-0.23157899081707,
0.3143137991428375,
0.24494889378547668,
-0.02031014859676361,
-0.002353335963562131,
0.05276882275938988,
-0.18382182717323303,
-0.4429572820663452,
0.282047837972641,
-0.15521420538425446,
0.913359522819519,
-0.31838420033454895,
-0.20180578529834747,
0.3729099929332733,
-0.7775649428367615,
-0.03284098580479622,
0.25745150446891785,
-0.13410203158855438,
-0.8178351521492004,
0.42301908135414124,
0.47382667660713196,
-0.18970797955989838,
0.8733654022216797,
-0.202559232711792,
-0.26671943068504333,
0.08439681679010391,
-0.17815539240837097,
-0.08012314885854721,
-0.15155401825904846,
-0.7985689640045166,
0.39283761382102966,
-0.7932767271995544,
-0.15811489522457123,
0.7825937867164612,
-0.10050640255212784,
-0.44916772842407227,
0.5970993041992188,
0.04477367550134659,
0.7388935685157776,
0.43045151233673096,
-0.1822485625743866,
-0.4972023665904999,
-0.15530887246131897,
-0.27084097266197205,
0.5190336108207703,
0.3626719117164612,
-0.18101350963115692,
0.504813551902771,
0.16938067972660065,
0.4083395302295685,
-0.3988759517669678,
0.038894087076187134,
-0.013265546411275864,
0.09749811142683029,
-0.3731398284435272,
-0.28683939576148987,
-2.3211746215820312,
-0.18466395139694214,
-0.38606011867523193,
0.2594098746776581,
-0.17725770175457,
0.04162779450416565,
-0.3826093375682831,
-0.056901466101408005,
-0.10027492046356201,
-0.1668391227722168,
0.8178549408912659,
0.46330317854881287,
0.2336544245481491,
0.45533066987991333,
0.04395478963851929,
0.5727094411849976,
0.3335669934749603,
0.1793808788061142,
-0.11761638522148132,
-0.06197810918092728,
-0.29837578535079956,
0.1854107528924942,
0.11203829944133759,
-0.19184039533138275,
-0.4192236363887787,
0.4134065508842468,
-0.31999683380126953,
-0.25394877791404724,
0.5369313955307007,
0.023859508335590363,
-0.3134082555770874,
0.5965142250061035,
-0.029358698055148125,
-0.38602474331855774,
0.14241932332515717,
-0.5038284659385681,
0.13215938210487366,
-0.20726047456264496,
0.5611381530761719,
-0.09620925039052963,
-0.15100125968456268,
0.09888763725757599,
0.4913972020149231,
0.009438524022698402,
0.33239391446113586,
0.23084960877895355,
0.31154435873031616,
-0.02499346435070038,
1.1463420391082764,
-0.29036617279052734,
0.5325713157653809,
0.11920211464166641,
-0.2813660800457001,
0.21461121737957,
0.1503465622663498,
0.1358025074005127,
-0.44955897331237793,
-0.04331658408045769,
-0.2192295491695404,
-0.28716161847114563,
-0.1500186324119568,
0.5897720456123352,
0.2604919373989105,
0.33154603838920593,
0.4199416935443878,
-0.3124658465385437,
-0.34328627586364746,
0.3838387131690979,
0.2244800627231598,
-0.23350942134857178,
0.15558676421642303,
-0.2781851291656494,
0.44133302569389343,
0.1397811770439148,
-0.24329392611980438,
0.061993878334760666,
0.21999001502990723,
0.4164966344833374,
0.8165750503540039,
0.15562944114208221,
0.36974459886550903,
0.02939816564321518,
-0.42500659823417664,
0.4949992597103119,
0.452671080827713,
-5.550590991973877,
-0.1812502145767212,
-0.20011849701404572,
-0.6012492179870605,
0.3935619592666626,
-0.11663159728050232,
0.3764009475708008,
-0.313232421875,
0.3236306607723236,
0.19647498428821564,
0.20095816254615784,
-0.25428858399391174,
-0.4570995271205902,
-0.6103077530860901,
0.3039654791355133,
0.493191123008728
] |
217706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo%20Leopold | Aldo Leopold | Aldo Leopold (January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) was an American author, philosopher, naturalist, scientist, ecologist, forester, conservationist, and environmentalist. He was a professor at the University of Wisconsin and is best known for his book A Sand County Almanac (1949), which has been translated into fourteen languages and has sold more than two million copies.
Leopold was influential in the development of modern environmental ethics and in the movement for wilderness conservation. His ethics of nature and wildlife preservation had a profound impact on the environmental movement, with his ecocentric or holistic ethics regarding land. He emphasized biodiversity and ecology and was a founder of the science of wildlife management.
Early life
Rand Aldo Leopold was born in Burlington, Iowa on January 11, 1887. His father, Carl Leopold, was a businessman who made walnut desks and was first cousin to his wife, Clara Starker. Charles Starker, father of Carl and uncle to Clara, was a German immigrant, educated in engineering and architecture. Rand Aldo was named after two of his father's business partners—C. W. Rand and Aldo Sommers—although he eventually dropped the use of "Rand". The Leopold family included younger siblings Mary Luize, Carl Starker, and Frederic. Leopold's first language was German, although he mastered English at an early age.
Aldo Leopold's early life was highlighted by the outdoors. Carl would take his children on excursions into the woods and taught his oldest son woodcraft and hunting. Aldo showed an aptitude for observation, spending hours counting and cataloging birds near his home. Mary would later say of her older brother, "He was very much an outdoorsman, even in his extreme youth. He was always out climbing around the bluffs, or going down to the river, or going across the river into the woods." He attended Prospect Hill Elementary, where he ranked at the top of his class, and then, the overcrowded Burlington High School. Every August, the family vacationed in Michigan on the forested Marquette Island in Lake Huron, which the children took to exploring.
Schooling
In 1900, Gifford Pinchot, who oversaw the newly implemented Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture, donated money to Yale University to begin one of the nation's first forestry schools. Hearing of this development, the teenaged Leopold decided on forestry as a vocation. His parents agreed to let him attend The Lawrenceville School, a preparatory college in New Jersey, to improve his chances of admission to Yale. The Burlington High School principal wrote in a reference letter to the headmaster at Lawrenceville that Leopold was "as earnest a boy as we have in school... painstaking in his work.... Moral character above reproach." He arrived at his new school in January 1904, shortly before he turned 17. He was considered an attentive student, although he was again drawn to the outdoors. Lawrenceville was suitably rural, and Leopold spent much time mapping the area and studying its wildlife. Leopold studied at the Lawrenceville School for a year, during which time he was accepted to Yale. Because the Yale School of Forestry granted only graduate degrees, he first enrolled in Sheffield Scientific School's preparatory forestry courses for his undergraduate studies, in New Haven, Connecticut. While Leopold was able to explore the woods and fields of Lawrenceville daily, sometimes to the detriment of his studying, at Yale he had little opportunity to do so; his studies and social life engagements made his outdoor trips few and far between.
Career
In 1909, Leopold was assigned to the Forest Service's District 3 in the Arizona and New Mexico territories. At first, he was a forest assistant at the Apache National Forest in the Arizona Territory. In 1911, he was transferred to the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico. Leopold's career, which kept him in New Mexico until 1924, included developing the first comprehensive management plan for the Grand Canyon, writing the Forest Service's first game and fish handbook, and proposing Gila Wilderness Area, the first national wilderness area in the Forest Service system.
On April 5, 1923, he was elected an associate member (now called "professional member") of the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell.
In 1924, he accepted transfer to the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, and became an associate director.
In 1933, he was appointed Professor of Game Management in the Agricultural Economics Department at the University of Wisconsin, the first such professorship of wildlife management. At the same time he was named Research Director of the University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum. Leopold and other members of the first Arboretum Committee initiated a research agenda around re-establishing "original Wisconsin" landscape and plant communities, particularly those that predated European settlement, such as tallgrass prairie and oak savanna.
Under the Oberlaender Trust of the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Leopold was part of the 1935 group of six U.S. Forest Service associates who toured the forests of Germany and Austria. Leopold was invited specifically to study game management, and this was his first and only time abroad. His European observations would have a significant impact on his ecological thinking.
Personal life and death
Leopold married Estella Bergere in northern New Mexico in 1912 and they had five children together. They lived in a modest two-story home close to the UW–Madison campus. His children followed in his footsteps as teachers and naturalists: Aldo Starker Leopold (1913–1983) was a wildlife biologist and professor at UC Berkeley; Luna B. Leopold (1915–2006) became a hydrologist and geology professor at UC Berkeley; Nina Leopold Bradley (1917–2011) was a researcher and naturalist; Aldo Carl Leopold (1919–2009) was a plant physiologist, who taught at Purdue University for 25 years; and daughter Estella Leopold (b. 1927) is a noted botanist and conservationist and professor emerita at the University of Washington.
Leopold purchased 80 acres in the sand country of central Wisconsin. The once-forested region had been logged, swept by repeated fires, overgrazed by dairy cows, and left barren. He put his theories to work in the field and eventually set to work writing his best-selling A Sand County Almanac (1949) which was finished just prior to his death. Leopold died of a heart attack while battling a wild fire on a neighbor's property. Today, Leopold's home is an official landmark of the city of Madison.
Ideas
Early on, Leopold was assigned to hunt and kill bears, wolves, and mountain lions in New Mexico. Local ranchers hated these predators because of livestock losses, but Leopold came to respect the animals. One day after fatally shooting a wolf, Leopold reached the animal and was transfixed by a "fierce green fire dying in her eyes." That experience changed him and put him on the path toward an ecocentric outlook. He developed an ecological ethic that replaced the earlier wilderness ethic that stressed the need for human dominance. His rethinking the importance of predators in the balance of nature has resulted in the return of bears and mountain lions to New Mexico wilderness areas.
By the early 1920s, Leopold had concluded that a particular kind of preservation should be embraced in the national forests of the American West. He was prompted to this by the rampant building of roads to accommodate the "proliferation of the automobile" and the related increasingly heavy recreational demands placed on public lands. He was the first to employ the term "wilderness" to describe such preservation. Over the next two decades, he added ethical and scientific rationales to his defense of the wilderness concept. In one essay, he rhetorically asked, "Of what avail are forty freedoms without a blank spot on the map?" Leopold saw a progress of ethical sensitivity from interpersonal relationships, to relationships to society as a whole, to relationships with the land, leading to a steady diminution of actions based on expediency, conquest, and self-interest. Leopold thus rejected the utilitarianism of conservationists such as Theodore Roosevelt.
By the 1930s, Leopold was the nation's foremost expert on wildlife management. He advocated the scientific management of wildlife habitats by both public and private landholders rather than a reliance on game refuges, hunting laws, and other methods intended to protect specific species of desired game. In his 1933 book Game Management, Leopold defined the science of wildlife management as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use." But, as Curt Meine has pointed out, he also considered it to be a technique for restoring and maintaining diversity in the environment.
The concept of "wilderness" also took on a new meaning; Leopold no longer saw it as a hunting or recreational ground, but as an arena for a healthy biotic community, including wolves and mountain lions. In 1935, he helped found the Wilderness Society, dedicated to expanding and protecting the nation's wilderness areas. He regarded the society as "one of the focal points of a new attitude—an intelligent humility toward Man's place in nature." Science writer Connie Barlow says Leopold wrote eloquently from a perspective that today would be called Religious Naturalism.
Nature writing
Leopold's nature writing is notable for its simple directness. His portrayals of various natural environments through which he had moved, or had known for many years, displayed impressive intimacy with what exists and happens in nature. This includes detailed diaries and journals of his Forest Service activity, hunting and field experience, as well as observations and activities at his Sand County farm. He offered frank criticism of the harm he believed was frequently done to natural systems (such as land) out of a sense of a culture or society's sovereign ownership over the land base – eclipsing any sense of a community of life to which humans belong. He felt the security and prosperity resulting from "mechanization" now gives people the time to reflect on the preciousness of nature and to learn more about what happens there; however, he also wrote, "Theoretically, the mechanization of farming ought to cut the farmer's chains, but whether it really does is debatable."
A Sand County Almanac
The book was published in 1949, shortly after Leopold's death. One of the well-known quotes from the book which clarifies his land ethic is,
A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. (p.262)
The concept of a trophic cascade is put forth in the chapter, "Thinking Like a Mountain", wherein Leopold realizes that killing a predator wolf carries serious implications for the rest of the ecosystem — a conclusion that found sympathetic appreciation generations later:
Land ethic
In "The Land Ethic", a chapter in A Sand County Almanac, Leopold delves into conservation in "The Ecological Conscience" section. He wrote: "Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land." He noted that conservation guidelines at the time boiled down to: "obey the law, vote right, join some organizations, and practice what conservation is profitable on your own land; the government will do the rest." (p. 243–244)
Leopold explained:
Legacy
In 1950 The Wildlife Society honored Leopold by creating an annual award in his name.
The Aldo Leopold Foundation of Baraboo, Wisconsin, was founded in 1982 by Aldo and Estella Leopold's five children as a 501(c)3 not-for-profit conservation organization whose mission is "to foster the land ethic through the legacy of Aldo Leopold." The Aldo Leopold Foundation owns and manages the original Aldo Leopold Shack and Farm and 300 surrounding acres, in addition to several other parcels. Its headquarters is the green-built Leopold Center where it conducts educational and land stewardship programs. The foundation also acts as the executor of Leopold's literary estate, encourages scholarship on Leopold, and serves as a clearinghouse for information regarding Leopold, his work, and his ideas. It provides interpretive resources and tours for thousands of visitors annually, distributes a curriculum about how to use Leopold's writing and ideas in environmental education. The center maintains a robust website and numerous print resources. In 2012, in collaboration with the United States Forest Service, the foundation and the Center for Humans and Nature released the first high-definition, full-length film about Leopold, entitled Green Fire: Aldo Leopold and a Land Ethic for Our Time. The film aired on public television stations across the nation and won a Midwest regional Emmy award in the documentary category.
The Aldo Leopold Wilderness in New Mexico's Gila National Forest was named after him in 1980.
The Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture was established in 1987 at Iowa State University in Ames. It was named in honor of Leopold. Since its founding, it has pioneered new forms of sustainable agriculture practices.
The U.S. Forest Service established the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute at the University of Montana, Missoula in 1993. It is "the only Federal research group in the United States dedicated to the development and dissemination of knowledge needed to improve management of wilderness, parks, and similarly protected areas."
The Aldo Leopold Neighborhood Historic District, which includes Leopold's former home in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
The Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System, a system of 42 state trails in Wisconsin, was created by the state in 2007.
The Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture in Iowa, created through the 1987 Iowa Groundwater Protection Act is committed to "new ways to farm profitably while conserving natural resources as well as reducing negative environmental and social impacts".
An organization, the Leopold Heritage Group, is "dedicated to promoting the global legacy of Aldo Leopold in his hometown of Burlington, Iowa."
Works
Report on a Game Survey of the North Central States (Madison: SAAMI, 1931)
Game Management (New York: Scribner's, 1933)
A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford, 1949)
Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold (New York: Oxford, 1953)
A Sand County Almanac and Other Writings on Ecology and Conservation (New York: Library of America, 2013)
See also
Grey Owl
Timeline of environmental events
Land Ethic
Sand County Foundation
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
Aldo Leopold Legacy Trail System
Aldo Leopold Wilderness
Leopold Wetland Management District
Ian McTaggart-Cowan
J. Drew Lanham
Notes
References
Errington, P. L. 1948. "In Appreciation of Aldo Leopold". The Journal of Wildlife Management, 12(4).
Flader, Susan L. 1974. Thinking like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. .
Lorbiecki, Marybeth. 1996. Aldo Leopold: A Fierce Green Fire. Helena, Mont.: Falcon Press. .
Meine, Curt. 1988. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. .
Further reading
Callicott, J. Baird. 1987. Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. .
Knight, Richard L. and Suzanne Riedel (ed). 2002. Aldo Leopold and the Ecological Conscience. Oxford University Press. .
Lannoo, Michael J. 2010. Leopold's Shack and Ricketts's Lab: The Emergence of Environmentalism. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
Lutz, Julianne. Aldo Leopold's Odyssey: Rediscovering the Author of A Sand County Almanac. Washington, D.C.: Shearwater Books/Island Press, 2006.
McClintock, James I. 1994. Nature's Kindred Spirits. University of Wisconsin Press. .
Newton, Julianne Lutz. 2006. Aldo Leopold's Odyssey. Washington: Island Press/Shearwater Books. .
Nash, Roderick. 1967. Wilderness and the American Mind, New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Sutter, Paul S. 2002. Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement. Seattle: University of Washington press. .
Tanner, Thomas. 1987. Aldo Leopold: The Man and His Legacy. Ankeny, Iowa Soil Conservation Soc. of America.
External links
Aldo Leopold Foundation
Leopold Heritage Group
The Aldo Leopold Archives Digitized archival materials held by the University of Wisconsin–Madison Archives.
Leopold Conservation Award
Excerpts from the Works of Aldo Leopold
The Land Ethic—neohasid.org
The Encyclopedia of Earth
Leopold Education Project
Aldo Leopold: Learning from the Land Documentary produced by Wisconsin Public Television
1887 births
1948 deaths
American conservationists
American environmentalists
American foresters
American hunters
American naturalists
American non-fiction environmental writers
American people of German descent
Environmental ethicists
Green thinkers
John Burroughs Medal recipients
People from Burlington, Iowa
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
Lawrenceville School alumni
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies alumni
Activists from Iowa
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
People from Baraboo, Wisconsin
20th-century naturalists
20th-century American male writers | [
-0.24061141908168793,
0.5488819479942322,
-0.663497805595398,
0.24389585852622986,
0.2737179100513458,
0.18181456625461578,
0.76373690366745,
-0.09209968894720078,
-0.03267868235707283,
-0.07317675650119781,
-0.34349197149276733,
0.0008234719862230122,
-0.18311597406864166,
0.32466554641723633,
0.061837516725063324,
0.07731600850820541,
-0.2875675857067108,
-0.10027822107076645,
-0.24426062405109406,
-0.28075528144836426,
-0.1046534925699234,
0.022565070539712906,
0.1796685755252838,
0.21691648662090302,
0.0922403633594513,
-0.23315522074699402,
0.18277859687805176,
-0.4571211636066437,
0.17371584475040436,
0.11777478456497192,
-0.22771883010864258,
0.2858857214450836,
0.13297505676746368,
-0.2357013076543808,
-0.607460618019104,
0.1315421164035797,
-0.4706684648990631,
-0.5716796517372131,
-0.19552703201770782,
0.2796076536178589,
0.19763031601905823,
0.48585209250450134,
0.11849061399698257,
0.07267293334007263,
-0.10661659389734268,
0.2804145812988281,
-1.6051676273345947,
0.1975097358226776,
-0.4894108176231384,
-0.329217791557312,
-0.2950592339038849,
0.061412688344717026,
0.41147756576538086,
0.19865529239177704,
-0.4039728045463562,
0.4308813512325287,
-0.43369346857070923,
-0.07808329164981842,
-0.18776898086071014,
-0.4677213430404663,
0.14866651594638824,
-0.23713092505931854,
0.3670847713947296,
-0.2179224193096161,
0.19563454389572144,
0.33680421113967896,
0.21251973509788513,
0.16714051365852356,
0.2116377204656601,
-0.10534027218818665,
-0.2458956092596054,
-0.07264107465744019,
0.2199343889951706,
0.35418352484703064,
0.11409099400043488,
-0.7288693785667419,
0.37739449739456177,
0.004104955121874809,
-0.2485497146844864,
0.18296696245670319,
-0.2027374655008316,
-0.024075614288449287,
0.4050408601760864,
0.15815402567386627,
0.07411367446184158,
0.16137182712554932,
-0.28172415494918823,
0.1519339233636856,
-0.6790519952774048,
-0.06455474346876144,
-0.4559561312198639,
-0.25748828053474426,
0.44067510962486267,
0.10516873002052307,
0.3134155571460724,
-0.28782761096954346,
0.4929509460926056,
-0.06475649774074554,
-0.4371982514858246,
-0.4426229000091553,
-0.38067153096199036,
-0.08134881407022476,
0.28602856397628784,
0.12698906660079956,
-0.34798750281333923,
-0.3808836042881012,
0.07119441777467728,
-0.38138365745544434,
0.09406906366348267,
-0.01087222620844841,
-0.5686176419258118,
0.10953445732593536,
-0.12443840503692627,
-0.07283694297075272,
-0.0981837660074234,
0.5580365657806396,
0.32969751954078674,
-0.7978113293647766,
-0.2065003514289856,
0.02036864496767521,
-0.24312296509742737,
0.16736926138401031,
-0.037998516112565994,
0.014039382338523865,
-0.9550899267196655,
-0.18705669045448303,
0.3188569247722626,
0.04801253601908684,
-0.3164452910423279,
0.33214810490608215,
0.18042495846748352,
0.383390337228775,
0.2449297457933426,
-0.3355003297328949,
-0.4187071621417999,
-0.36510297656059265,
0.21313917636871338,
-0.2599416673183441,
-0.6562201976776123,
0.39944231510162354,
-0.21830938756465912,
-0.199542835354805,
-0.1961131989955902,
0.1759335845708847,
0.7073937654495239,
-0.2170761078596115,
0.17545709013938904,
0.02606225199997425,
0.15772376954555511,
-0.33808836340904236,
-0.2696898877620697,
0.2068919688463211,
-0.2035171091556549,
-0.320309579372406,
-0.02778739109635353,
1.1445509195327759,
0.1262633204460144,
0.2810615301132202,
0.5747214555740356,
-0.18257936835289001,
0.6012874841690063,
-0.10071828216314316,
0.22610676288604736,
-0.07786358147859573,
0.13373349606990814,
-0.4435262680053711,
0.10055476427078247,
0.41957342624664307,
-0.2649807333946228,
0.3125509023666382,
-0.4000140130519867,
-0.23088698089122772,
-0.06855494529008865,
0.10234189033508301,
-0.5055842995643616,
0.3230304718017578,
0.5385674834251404,
0.26632294058799744,
0.22927117347717285,
-0.23479890823364258,
-0.24015486240386963,
-0.2550005614757538,
-0.3572689890861511,
0.17118801176548004,
0.358737975358963,
-0.08743637055158615,
0.5225846171379089,
-0.07099726051092148,
0.5704729557037354,
-0.3498563766479492,
0.13861408829689026,
-0.46383869647979736,
-0.2727298438549042,
-0.19206543266773224,
0.9200456738471985,
0.06094680353999138,
-0.7430076599121094,
0.4350418448448181,
0.035527389496564865,
0.2157456874847412,
-0.3186724781990051,
-0.4007376730442047,
-0.18132610619068146,
-0.3370065987110138,
0.0610051266849041,
0.34911835193634033,
0.49974900484085083,
-0.25000256299972534,
0.21195319294929504,
0.38372284173965454,
0.3591667115688324,
0.17704643309116364,
0.4423646628856659,
0.019581958651542664,
-0.1894163340330124,
-0.10788600891828537,
-0.37603336572647095,
0.08648556470870972,
0.20497411489486694,
-0.3701951801776886,
0.48944589495658875,
0.5704483985900879,
-0.16721051931381226,
0.5321357250213623,
0.47169244289398193,
0.528555154800415,
0.32076457142829895,
0.0559406578540802,
0.35528871417045593,
-0.06115211173892021,
0.08199221640825272,
-0.013089616782963276,
-0.2678937613964081,
-0.2679784595966339,
0.13696415722370148,
-0.01857919432222843,
0.33919811248779297,
-0.3003118336200714,
0.16771100461483002,
-0.39854711294174194,
0.26435625553131104,
0.08478444814682007,
-0.29714107513427734,
0.24710936844348907,
-0.29942551255226135,
0.11056412011384964,
0.09840551018714905,
-0.3861820101737976,
-0.8755736351013184,
0.3400520086288452,
-0.03173467889428139,
0.932961642742157,
0.3404446840286255,
0.46807435154914856,
0.008951496332883835,
-0.17898960411548615,
-0.0883486345410347,
-0.06434335559606552,
0.9450005292892456,
0.3292335569858551,
0.7661572694778442,
-0.2173694223165512,
-0.20754581689834595,
-0.12195473164319992,
0.07734598964452744,
-0.5477344989776611,
0.004104731138795614,
-0.17104579508304596,
0.09514503926038742,
0.32424449920654297,
0.49248284101486206,
0.007818745449185371,
0.3235153257846832,
0.5263270139694214,
0.28393855690956116,
-0.45038464665412903,
0.004434734582901001,
0.03934789448976517,
-0.46449175477027893,
-0.6434476375579834,
0.4436245560646057,
0.7651985883712769,
-0.2810395061969757,
0.24348220229148865,
0.16779984533786774,
-0.3489615023136139,
-0.1062907949090004,
-0.23616720736026764,
0.30574831366539,
0.5138903856277466,
-0.17397180199623108,
0.6603726148605347,
-0.03163573145866394,
-0.5417777895927429,
-0.3530814051628113,
0.8924842476844788,
-0.047782715409994125,
-0.5044306516647339,
-0.17884421348571777,
0.024485301226377487,
-0.3522001802921295,
-0.037367939949035645,
-0.3562018573284149,
0.11361449211835861,
0.5844721794128418,
0.7676674723625183,
0.08197332173585892,
-0.04161888360977173,
-5.88429069519043,
0.0680183544754982,
-0.24504414200782776,
0.014267230406403542,
-0.5309650301933289,
0.4088974893093109,
0.0672328993678093,
0.03934779390692711,
-0.4519111216068268,
-0.6023983359336853,
0.05339275300502777,
-0.5485270619392395,
-0.3306165337562561,
0.8392263054847717,
0.38479092717170715,
0.32078292965888977,
0.3168553411960602,
-0.052747875452041626,
-0.23245297372341156,
0.8750970959663391,
-0.09741753339767456,
-0.23916473984718323,
-0.3269890248775482,
0.4302965998649597,
0.2674761414527893,
-0.012668129056692123,
-0.254487544298172,
0.4636596143245697,
-0.5910895466804504,
-0.06330426037311554,
0.25111883878707886,
-0.33303049206733704,
-0.3806564211845398,
-0.11979958415031433,
0.5329959392547607,
0.6498075723648071,
0.5657060742378235,
0.43590518832206726,
0.3904031217098236,
0.48878952860832214,
-0.055200546979904175,
-0.2056291252374649,
-0.5592686533927917,
-0.06926634162664413,
0.1458938717842102,
0.11097551137208939,
-0.4701616168022156,
0.5489396452903748,
-0.4361654818058014,
0.10787375271320343,
0.18884962797164917,
0.5613765716552734,
0.13501757383346558,
0.044486284255981445,
0.344597190618515,
0.46388405561447144,
0.33383578062057495,
-0.2140323668718338,
-0.78726726770401,
0.16670936346054077,
0.9193997383117676,
-0.13881681859493256,
0.20791327953338623,
-0.015044265426695347,
-0.1298847794532776,
-0.09640833735466003,
-0.031917158514261246,
0.04097175598144531,
-0.39236870408058167,
-0.23585322499275208,
-0.1799168735742569,
0.8531080484390259,
-0.034381937235593796,
-1.3446760177612305,
-0.8569255471229553,
-0.5462930798530579,
-0.14489097893238068,
-0.4502499997615814,
-0.34929975867271423,
0.500097930431366,
-0.158809095621109,
-0.48418480157852173,
-0.42552271485328674,
0.9018596410751343,
0.6026995778083801,
0.32982370257377625,
-0.36542215943336487,
0.4355962872505188,
-0.8256628513336182,
-0.14349979162216187,
-0.38264694809913635,
-0.09899777919054031,
-0.04405813291668892,
0.030441707000136375,
0.2465154230594635,
0.2706774175167084,
-0.16355116665363312,
-0.05708533525466919,
0.6151493787765503,
0.29434481263160706,
-0.5105276107788086,
-0.05600738152861595,
0.2751971483230591,
-0.13611039519309998,
0.1827215552330017,
-0.2836257219314575,
0.002285023918375373,
0.17107097804546356,
1.001310110092163,
0.38734370470046997,
-0.13492372632026672,
0.4545087218284607,
-0.15344756841659546,
-0.5105504393577576,
0.3866611421108246,
0.13374577462673187,
0.052810899913311005,
0.16567586362361908,
0.5616416931152344,
0.10195333510637283,
-0.3630746603012085,
0.20946191251277924,
-0.1210649237036705,
-0.35164517164230347,
0.6034054756164551,
0.08951998502016068,
0.09534561634063721,
-0.2152014672756195,
-0.35126233100891113,
-0.23374807834625244,
-0.2609238624572754,
0.8047902584075928,
0.23115865886211395,
0.4680105745792389,
-0.14831404387950897,
-0.34368911385536194,
-0.4838866889476776,
-0.5743715167045593,
-0.19632486999034882,
-0.29128891229629517,
-0.05910221487283707,
0.0713854432106018,
0.08246868848800659,
0.28215786814689636,
0.19085927307605743,
-0.3341519236564636,
-0.2395351380109787,
-0.20503711700439453,
-0.087070032954216,
0.28136497735977173,
0.040082454681396484,
0.11860691010951996,
0.36794665455818176,
0.1456184685230255,
-0.8097760081291199,
-0.47594454884529114,
-0.3651471734046936,
0.20034891366958618,
0.2646839916706085,
0.1723550707101822,
0.1300077736377716,
-0.3911546766757965,
-0.8614499568939209,
-0.39334702491760254,
-0.03260426223278046,
0.4272688925266266,
-0.15495742857456207,
-0.4326252043247223,
-0.5408503413200378,
0.3457774817943573,
0.218103289604187,
-0.7108529806137085,
-0.5287674069404602,
-0.3001188039779663,
-0.17356917262077332,
0.019306588917970657,
0.02011098340153694,
-0.329227477312088,
-0.19015279412269592,
-0.2869543433189392,
0.009721934795379639,
-0.4016795754432678,
-0.8212554454803467,
-0.26469841599464417,
0.08195705711841583,
-0.5859869122505188,
0.1105223298072815,
-0.17296865582466125,
0.12444262951612473,
0.001783778890967369,
-0.14051073789596558,
0.1725146472454071,
0.3080459535121918,
0.5518185496330261,
-0.17170071601867676,
0.0569196380674839,
0.2226155698299408,
-0.09393960237503052,
-0.27442240715026855,
-0.07337962090969086,
-0.19055648148059845,
-0.38718029856681824,
-0.017054036259651184,
-0.32220152020454407,
0.37671783566474915,
-1.134032130241394,
-0.5162922143936157,
0.15361331403255463,
-0.1894332468509674,
0.6652683615684509,
-0.5208256244659424,
-0.2282884418964386,
-0.05428988113999367,
-0.2607327401638031,
0.16537559032440186,
0.7772824168205261,
0.07562334835529327,
-0.2853015661239624,
-0.9855272769927979,
-0.5329638123512268,
-0.20155686140060425,
0.13871105015277863,
-0.5347450375556946,
-0.5485401153564453,
-0.23915518820285797,
-0.14140069484710693,
0.2554891109466553,
0.7125840187072754,
0.46118056774139404,
-0.276510626077652,
-0.3685548007488251,
0.25010907649993896,
-0.6976583003997803,
0.412238746881485,
-0.16445207595825195,
-0.017125098034739494,
0.43965500593185425,
0.5722845792770386,
-0.47831791639328003,
-0.047629352658987045,
0.48925697803497314,
1.1759685277938843,
0.2768533527851105,
-0.08867958188056946,
0.26399821043014526,
-0.022780636325478554,
-0.2253313511610031,
-0.22810404002666473,
-0.06688092648983002,
-0.07373728603124619,
0.18017633259296417,
-0.13846004009246826,
-0.5342051386833191,
0.17316584289073944,
0.44171375036239624,
-0.2993229925632477,
-0.4276304244995117,
0.34772196412086487,
0.2277790904045105,
-0.007712972350418568,
0.3162570595741272,
0.47897350788116455,
-0.3901783227920532,
0.2399653047323227,
-0.2998039126396179,
-0.15457847714424133,
0.019596848636865616,
0.12534910440444946,
-0.14591866731643677,
-0.7988731861114502,
0.609919011592865,
-0.31363776326179504,
-1.0287777185440063,
0.38079577684402466,
-0.36570292711257935,
0.3561515212059021,
0.13711684942245483,
-0.07347063720226288,
-0.3364814519882202,
-0.81389981508255,
-0.838006854057312,
0.37262076139450073,
-0.40043115615844727,
-0.33214256167411804,
-0.2630504369735718,
-0.504388689994812,
-0.2008291631937027,
-0.03745995834469795,
-0.40322479605674744,
0.03926413878798485,
-0.9858454465866089,
0.4448690116405487,
-0.14636488258838654,
-0.22366070747375488,
-0.06548406928777695,
0.03804340586066246,
0.06719717383384705,
0.6800041794776917,
-0.2748735547065735,
-0.17582370340824127,
-0.08981810510158539,
0.9260066151618958,
0.5397237539291382,
-0.7717193365097046,
0.04865530878305435,
-0.1403142362833023,
-0.09267301112413406,
0.030829867348074913,
-0.351780503988266,
0.24830426275730133,
0.6427242159843445,
0.15218721330165863,
-0.4264794588088989,
0.7772284150123596,
-0.8063089847564697,
0.274543821811676,
0.6122890114784241,
-0.17977212369441986,
0.37050771713256836,
0.11703667789697647,
-0.012603634037077427,
0.23771332204341888,
0.2293929159641266,
-0.9978048205375671,
0.11833319813013077,
0.21201404929161072,
-0.14988163113594055,
0.11931349337100983,
0.037973497062921524,
0.5520967841148376,
0.3687015771865845,
-0.1493167281150818,
-0.34548261761665344,
0.506411612033844,
0.15367364883422852,
-0.4094063639640808,
0.22127754986286163,
-0.40389859676361084,
-0.3962568938732147,
-0.07291781157255173,
0.35187646746635437,
0.519263744354248,
-0.2485416680574417,
0.2005206197500229,
-0.040972329676151276,
-0.2619194984436035,
-0.0067026205360889435,
0.5372229814529419,
-0.42635640501976013,
0.6060768365859985,
0.8463472127914429,
0.20718275010585785,
0.21705715358257294,
-0.30587586760520935,
0.20034024119377136,
-0.5808299779891968,
0.08786570280790329,
0.2492017149925232,
-0.3344131410121918,
0.22072836756706238,
0.271737277507782,
0.06932529807090759,
0.8291657567024231,
-0.3300064206123352,
0.4960165321826935,
0.07560859620571136,
-0.2014244794845581,
-0.4497256278991699,
-0.16613732278347015,
0.08623073250055313,
0.4126961827278137,
0.13715001940727234,
-0.29121920466423035,
0.7988606691360474,
0.05509147047996521,
0.15316225588321686,
0.27901047468185425,
-0.19326159358024597,
0.15572062134742737,
0.06223316490650177,
-0.2186768501996994,
0.12619929015636444,
-0.052921753376722336,
0.2640438675880432,
0.028981413692235947,
-0.5790950059890747,
0.49227869510650635,
0.2983573079109192,
-0.11900008469820023,
-0.17071975767612457,
0.2055983990430832,
-0.2416854351758957,
-0.06942518055438995,
0.3279819190502167,
-0.043373726308345795,
0.3111027181148529,
-0.5157137513160706,
0.6720218062400818,
-0.04917432367801666,
-0.6802542209625244,
-0.01376357488334179,
0.3210052251815796,
0.31841370463371277,
-0.25516802072525024,
0.13303455710411072,
0.015886666253209114,
-0.582755982875824,
-0.31649214029312134,
-0.5606363415718079,
0.7214978337287903,
-0.2814289331436157,
-0.4210754334926605,
-0.4689474105834961,
0.6451897025108337,
0.10840386152267456,
0.6822482347488403,
0.37708500027656555,
0.14340536296367645,
0.029964901506900787,
-0.5371864438056946,
0.22442230582237244,
0.18703898787498474,
-0.14700450003147125,
0.11992029845714569,
-0.3883022964000702,
0.3266458213329315,
0.3001433312892914,
-0.27778881788253784,
-0.35283297300338745,
0.1976812183856964,
0.19037215411663055,
-0.41376978158950806,
-0.6050677299499512,
0.2790760397911072,
-0.2310800701379776,
-1.1158080101013184,
0.5634692311286926,
0.7462829947471619,
-0.01954101398587227,
-0.8219916224479675,
0.14276227355003357,
0.12577387690544128,
0.5351963639259338,
0.05151313915848732,
0.20722812414169312,
-0.06934674829244614,
0.2816913425922394,
-0.20555134117603302,
0.10686813294887543,
0.40365445613861084,
0.044062722474336624,
0.4805927276611328,
-0.3762974441051483,
-0.5307753682136536,
0.3918670415878296,
0.5652977824211121,
0.29540836811065674,
-0.18161514401435852,
0.5040131211280823,
-0.05699780210852623
] |
217707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20ranges%20for%20blood%20tests | Reference ranges for blood tests | Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.
Interpretation
A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
Plasma or whole blood
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
All values in Hematology – white blood cells
Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Units
Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.
International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.
Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.
Arterial or venous
If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.
Usual or optimal
Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.
Variability
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity. Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.
Sorted by concentration
By mass and molarity
Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.
Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).
The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:
Numerically:
Measured directly in distance on the scales:
,
where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540, is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.
Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.
The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.
By units
Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.
A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.
By enzyme activity
White blood cells
Sorted by category
Ions and trace metals
Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.
Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.
Acid–base and blood gases
If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.
Liver function
Cardiac tests
Lipids
Tumour markers
Endocrinology
Thyroid hormones
Sex hormones
The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.
Other hormones
Vitamins
Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acid homocysteine.
Toxins
Hematology
Red blood cells
These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
White blood cells
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
Coagulation
Immunology
Acute phase proteins
Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.
Isotypes of antibodies
Autoantibodies
Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.
Other immunology
Other enzymes and proteins
Other electrolytes and metabolites
Electrolytes and metabolites:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
Medication
See also
Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
Comprehensive metabolic panel
Medical technologist
Reference range
Notes
References
External links
Descriptions at amarillomed.com
Values at lymphomation.org
Further reading
Blood tests | [
0.8938444256782532,
0.3216979205608368,
-0.24223652482032776,
0.35904616117477417,
0.2142363041639328,
0.12939278781414032,
0.3917135000228882,
-0.35158878564834595,
0.37722185254096985,
-0.49920645356178284,
0.006759108975529671,
0.3719274401664734,
0.10323376208543777,
0.5717966556549072,
0.08077310025691986,
0.6688354015350342,
0.4883667230606079,
0.7469700574874878,
0.2817564904689789,
-0.35818201303482056,
-0.2261056900024414,
-0.34307149052619934,
0.41257980465888977,
-0.7439526915550232,
-0.19358603656291962,
0.13009679317474365,
0.24921225011348724,
-0.23931239545345306,
-0.20956707000732422,
0.10754209011793137,
0.2045387178659439,
1.1153095960617065,
-0.27383092045783997,
0.09622915089130402,
0.094678595662117,
0.13793134689331055,
0.5121709108352661,
0.006551054771989584,
0.21833333373069763,
-0.9563131332397461,
-0.27776992321014404,
-0.3943820893764496,
-0.15852956473827362,
0.44552356004714966,
-0.3903753161430359,
-0.5166634321212769,
-1.742050051689148,
-0.26260673999786377,
-0.9386500120162964,
0.20279937982559204,
0.024552693590521812,
0.6393663287162781,
0.24647417664527893,
0.778660237789154,
-0.2488955557346344,
0.6402879953384399,
-0.6855384111404419,
-0.12672485411167145,
0.1073961928486824,
0.07243490219116211,
1.0798554420471191,
-0.04813816025853157,
-0.08261316269636154,
0.19132639467716217,
0.7278569340705872,
-0.0803968608379364,
0.36036035418510437,
-0.09613162279129028,
-0.28035783767700195,
-0.6188476085662842,
-0.2494717836380005,
-0.1280241757631302,
0.15204641222953796,
0.33748817443847656,
-0.47209054231643677,
0.27049991488456726,
-0.26856985688209534,
-0.1558157503604889,
-0.1182374507188797,
-0.05521551892161369,
0.012242523953318596,
0.13800199329853058,
0.21807456016540527,
-0.20566053688526154,
0.36270052194595337,
0.10506129264831543,
0.060779280960559845,
-0.4143798053264618,
-0.13895882666110992,
0.8261428475379944,
0.355730801820755,
-0.07443921267986298,
0.21365655958652496,
-0.12960608303546906,
0.23733946681022644,
-0.22263458371162415,
-0.10024801641702652,
-0.44617563486099243,
-0.26202157139778137,
0.3459339141845703,
-0.10166603326797485,
-0.13290230929851532,
0.23211537301540375,
-0.45764124393463135,
-0.4618498384952545,
-0.37110134959220886,
-0.23128777742385864,
-0.4788883328437805,
0.12347143888473511,
-0.5411880016326904,
-0.612103283405304,
0.454743891954422,
0.07294866442680359,
0.0449540875852108,
-0.8407652974128723,
0.48047733306884766,
0.44196295738220215,
-0.06847944110631943,
-0.13857756555080414,
0.19854997098445892,
0.17072637379169464,
0.26319602131843567,
0.021806035190820694,
-0.4819401800632477,
-0.03323325514793396,
0.8923370242118835,
1.0493477582931519,
0.44987502694129944,
0.3050341308116913,
0.1934676170349121,
-0.531662106513977,
0.7428149580955505,
0.2863878607749939,
-0.4164746105670929,
-0.2633596360683441,
-0.31389012932777405,
0.37331637740135193,
-0.23094411194324493,
0.27107110619544983,
0.36001524329185486,
-0.11832726746797562,
-0.8908066749572754,
-0.37166541814804077,
-0.45273834466934204,
0.8459392786026001,
-0.15546925365924835,
0.07922443002462387,
-0.35358068346977234,
0.03712492808699608,
-0.07005412131547928,
0.5251100659370422,
0.373534232378006,
0.04934218153357506,
0.045877933502197266,
0.21345862746238708,
0.3416560888290405,
0.05914362892508507,
0.06465154141187668,
-0.07315725833177567,
0.11556912213563919,
0.19749605655670166,
0.6615388989448547,
-0.1972120702266693,
-0.10618385672569275,
0.14053186774253845,
-0.1804412305355072,
0.36186861991882324,
0.966195821762085,
-0.013859782367944717,
0.6212742924690247,
-0.13987526297569275,
-0.22135750949382782,
0.3096452057361603,
-0.01413754839450121,
-0.05441732332110405,
0.6244685053825378,
0.5716277360916138,
0.3012990951538086,
1.0887625217437744,
-0.16209445893764496,
-0.25290873646736145,
0.5428135395050049,
0.039651501923799515,
0.06667137891054153,
0.6222079396247864,
-0.20325925946235657,
0.801330029964447,
-0.07575643062591553,
-0.4092322587966919,
-0.005192501470446587,
0.11063200980424881,
-0.2779678702354431,
0.3474425971508026,
-0.7174186110496521,
1.2053744792938232,
-0.3980562686920166,
0.3271457552909851,
0.6096940040588379,
-0.4647432267665863,
0.20034989714622498,
-0.25957441329956055,
0.0628269612789154,
0.381853312253952,
-0.1647060364484787,
-0.4471952021121979,
0.3873603940010071,
0.2894277274608612,
-0.5079549551010132,
-0.37391239404678345,
0.09356039762496948,
0.605026364326477,
-0.16095776855945587,
-0.26218220591545105,
-0.5697110891342163,
-0.1882893592119217,
0.0490126758813858,
-0.352090984582901,
0.5069326758384705,
0.1273515671491623,
0.09598561376333237,
0.6967350840568542,
-0.2500760555267334,
0.164982408285141,
-0.06628043204545975,
-0.28368061780929565,
0.19547154009342194,
0.016152340918779373,
-0.23422004282474518,
0.5043304562568665,
-1.0075949430465698,
0.45978155732154846,
-0.2349887490272522,
0.6503452062606812,
-0.12543509900569916,
-0.649813175201416,
-0.5932816863059998,
0.04616379737854004,
-0.22534005343914032,
0.22352144122123718,
-0.2602648138999939,
0.136240154504776,
0.7908807992935181,
-0.3078685998916626,
0.1408226490020752,
-0.05542261153459549,
0.02917739562690258,
-0.13609902560710907,
0.051155369728803635,
-0.5266100168228149,
-0.22107326984405518,
0.2628931999206543,
0.14458347856998444,
-0.11150909215211868,
0.05178963392972946,
-0.03442330285906792,
-0.0677388608455658,
0.1971358358860016,
0.182790607213974,
-0.06495775282382965,
-0.13731880486011505,
-0.14972305297851562,
0.1649918407201767,
0.5201653838157654,
0.025128880515694618,
-0.10324044525623322,
-1.041151762008667,
-0.9476125240325928,
-0.6151639223098755,
0.21609091758728027,
0.5387014150619507,
0.7303138375282288,
0.1679614633321762,
-0.2696675956249237,
-0.4207426905632019,
0.009401350282132626,
-0.7690302133560181,
0.14940717816352844,
0.39045625925064087,
-0.736246645450592,
0.30049777030944824,
0.7129847407341003,
0.32475796341896057,
0.7195706963539124,
-0.16527429223060608,
-0.45019784569740295,
-0.6665980815887451,
0.15423786640167236,
-0.15057185292243958,
0.500023603439331,
-0.22637173533439636,
-0.44283729791641235,
0.7080786824226379,
-0.030180025845766068,
-0.47200870513916016,
-0.009056251496076584,
0.020732339471578598,
0.2037844955921173,
0.1237642914056778,
-0.13977627456188202,
-0.08439917862415314,
-0.6388902068138123,
0.08847113698720932,
0.11416064947843552,
-0.11706699430942535,
0.17710059881210327,
0.07974953204393387,
-0.25312575697898865,
0.20556703209877014,
-5.6740641593933105,
-0.1409885585308075,
-0.5587142109870911,
-0.20166099071502686,
0.05124801769852638,
0.061454229056835175,
0.9977516531944275,
-0.3336317539215088,
-0.545395016670227,
-0.10203248262405396,
0.015479713678359985,
-0.025089915841817856,
0.2941166162490845,
0.8526891469955444,
0.8552144765853882,
-0.03179660439491272,
0.11658986657857895,
-0.11295077204704285,
0.595716118812561,
0.49949735403060913,
0.24238184094429016,
-0.15488946437835693,
-0.27831709384918213,
0.6810103058815002,
0.14526261389255524,
0.6804136633872986,
-0.6426234245300293,
0.3962079882621765,
-0.6817169785499573,
0.02654579095542431,
0.2083314210176468,
-0.5671119689941406,
-0.5442419648170471,
-0.564373254776001,
0.10058719664812088,
0.03224823996424675,
0.35409805178642273,
0.08980932086706161,
0.18075934052467346,
-0.260673463344574,
-0.1838904321193695,
0.41545361280441284,
0.12700864672660828,
-0.09769342094659805,
-0.16410160064697266,
-0.0031766872853040695,
-0.15266276895999908,
0.5386475920677185,
-0.17260776460170746,
0.2817957103252411,
-0.6271328926086426,
0.048203643411397934,
0.2532061040401459,
-0.3254672884941101,
-0.4467456340789795,
-0.24681633710861206,
0.43752074241638184,
0.09465857595205307,
-0.1065368801355362,
0.21523140370845795,
0.22889307141304016,
-0.6898744106292725,
0.07264842092990875,
-0.40433064103126526,
-0.2687181532382965,
-0.21630629897117615,
-0.7970640659332275,
-0.7652928233146667,
-0.01986151747405529,
0.6039519906044006,
-0.04067248851060867,
0.11798173934221268,
-0.21375523507595062,
-0.6854305267333984,
0.11060180515050888,
-0.6234449744224548,
0.5306982398033142,
0.4698944389820099,
0.18167009949684143,
0.20399877429008484,
-0.5865775942802429,
-0.47301357984542847,
-0.48387089371681213,
0.5111104249954224,
0.4507673382759094,
0.015043012797832489,
-0.5476488471031189,
0.004996560513973236,
-0.5343056917190552,
-0.4564242959022522,
0.5233030319213867,
-0.44344034790992737,
0.6064872145652771,
-0.014724604785442352,
-0.20194236934185028,
0.0069164554588496685,
0.7652398943901062,
0.1867629736661911,
0.508398711681366,
-0.5029659867286682,
0.1407909244298935,
-0.1205475926399231,
0.36642685532569885,
-0.8209570646286011,
-0.40396273136138916,
-0.35654547810554504,
-0.7710007429122925,
0.7271318435668945,
0.5868402719497681,
-0.42129695415496826,
-0.23484860360622406,
-0.06398715823888779,
-0.00281475274823606,
-0.004297022242099047,
-0.11424947530031204,
-0.010272854939103127,
0.03980270028114319,
0.42297297716140747,
0.6637440323829651,
0.3384582996368408,
0.052996985614299774,
0.007108111400157213,
-0.4763142764568329,
-0.351826012134552,
0.1925986409187317,
-0.5210550427436829,
0.04472346976399422,
0.027515899389982224,
-0.3967258930206299,
-0.026237979531288147,
0.2256477177143097,
0.3815811574459076,
-0.06830599159002304,
0.35233181715011597,
0.2235374003648758,
-0.14795970916748047,
-0.3183899521827698,
0.43010810017585754,
0.27475494146347046,
-0.5342822670936584,
0.4547632932662964,
-0.3238147795200348,
-0.025303915143013,
0.06107405200600624,
0.5621363520622253,
0.2004222273826599,
0.13580180704593658,
-0.44092774391174316,
-0.28497228026390076,
0.4529736042022705,
0.1452120840549469,
-0.22148217260837555,
-0.12986168265342712,
-0.3750400245189667,
0.22687828540802002,
0.10822750627994537,
0.5750329494476318,
0.12873105704784393,
-0.29929637908935547,
-0.8304193615913391,
-0.18473565578460693,
0.04764122515916824,
-1.1408754587173462,
-0.4431978464126587,
-0.059894632548093796,
-0.6558796167373657,
-0.4587404429912567,
0.2153874784708023,
-0.37329575419425964,
1.0184495449066162,
-0.0818755254149437,
-0.5182148814201355,
-0.08815416693687439,
-0.26071804761886597,
-0.14486539363861084,
0.49928170442581177,
0.10067267715930939,
0.3363739848136902,
-0.5167209506034851,
-0.1630834937095642,
0.20863699913024902,
-0.4133073389530182,
-0.3472442030906677,
0.13654093444347382,
0.29006093740463257,
0.5725112557411194,
-0.09026888012886047,
0.3356538414955139,
-0.36627545952796936,
0.1279345005750656,
0.09490766376256943,
0.07997828722000122,
0.27064788341522217,
-0.37260881066322327,
-0.6437020897865295,
-0.43146347999572754,
-0.11068960279226303,
0.624201238155365,
-0.14469267427921295,
-0.12952709197998047,
0.5453779101371765,
0.6072856187820435,
-0.0053544603288173676,
0.11792624741792679,
0.15636572241783142,
-0.5729251503944397,
-0.04117034748196602,
0.7271801829338074,
-0.8276597261428833,
0.33273762464523315,
-0.523365318775177,
-0.4387139081954956,
0.0033047886099666357,
0.350700318813324,
-0.5976802110671997,
-0.19151225686073303,
0.3783942759037018,
-0.10793991386890411,
0.04001088812947273,
-0.2776329219341278,
0.6001474857330322,
0.5421911478042603,
-0.05951201915740967,
0.10866040736436844,
-0.12658299505710602,
-0.6794203519821167,
0.5067194104194641,
-0.6947208046913147,
0.310194730758667,
0.133583202958107,
-0.335448682308197,
-0.20557616651058197,
0.13107343018054962,
-0.1928308755159378,
-0.24040767550468445,
-0.053808968514204025,
-0.38513854146003723,
0.38262829184532166,
-0.12288045883178711,
-0.4298904538154602,
-0.16208644211292267,
0.6789892911911011,
0.07819473743438721,
-0.2045997530221939,
-0.08453132957220078,
0.3981620669364929,
0.5330243110656738,
-1.0762945413589478,
-0.32372623682022095,
0.08099738508462906,
-0.1862008422613144,
-0.5489043593406677,
-0.48894748091697693,
-0.3198225498199463,
0.7222997546195984,
0.7164474129676819,
0.029483644291758537,
-0.43154090642929077,
0.029919849708676338,
0.47427040338516235,
0.24430213868618011,
-0.6515023112297058,
-0.29638516902923584,
0.18391366302967072,
0.6126646995544434,
-0.07607468217611313,
0.18384131789207458,
0.2866319417953491,
0.5287453532218933,
-0.364978164434433,
0.4314272701740265,
-0.15157845616340637,
0.24314381182193756,
0.5722337365150452,
0.28091949224472046,
-0.3655184507369995,
0.22639226913452148,
-0.2179880142211914,
0.08493529260158539,
-0.22239930927753448,
0.18673594295978546,
-0.18541362881660461,
1.0416643619537354,
-0.053117863833904266,
0.04931696876883507,
-0.4454994201660156,
0.013363148085772991,
-0.02585996501147747,
-0.40051206946372986,
-0.04298017919063568,
-0.45676931738853455,
-0.16055519878864288,
-0.7187342643737793,
0.19650797545909882,
-0.10113190859556198,
0.34860721230506897,
0.3029942512512207,
0.6991563439369202,
-0.04892738536000252,
-0.516868531703949,
-0.20173586905002594,
0.8596975803375244,
0.5982025265693665,
-0.618061900138855,
0.17676053941249847,
0.3207544684410095,
0.5506715178489685,
-0.15131819248199463,
0.24077841639518738,
-0.22444117069244385,
0.12139978259801865,
-0.22333712875843048,
0.32999423146247864,
0.41687625646591187,
0.07805975526571274,
-0.3257850706577301,
-0.08832558244466782,
-0.13008956611156464,
0.434688925743103,
0.5105676651000977,
0.05310710147023201,
-0.4114614725112915,
0.749550461769104,
-0.3526495397090912,
-0.4826050400733948,
0.605880856513977,
0.15636597573757172,
-0.15410035848617554,
0.2660572826862335,
-0.06231630966067314,
0.9701145887374878,
0.37082886695861816,
-0.3905796706676483,
0.0750504732131958,
-0.8102092146873474,
-0.04850815609097481,
-0.3318353593349457,
-0.4668784439563751,
-0.2422175109386444,
0.6568769812583923,
0.5526862144470215,
0.26943135261535645,
0.24225537478923798,
0.02158339135348797,
-0.5061480402946472,
0.14680516719818115,
-0.29898011684417725,
0.24961328506469727,
0.09273037314414978,
-0.15275900065898895,
-0.00826234370470047,
0.03229560703039169,
0.13300614058971405,
0.3015012741088867,
0.32122644782066345,
-0.3761533498764038,
0.5955941081047058,
-0.3388962149620056,
-0.2895241379737854,
-0.7626798152923584,
-0.44635647535324097,
0.38467079401016235,
0.026482926681637764,
-0.03926936909556389,
0.22495819628238678,
0.00517440028488636,
0.4158923923969269,
-0.6711804270744324,
-0.06926321983337402,
0.2215571403503418,
-0.1212623193860054,
0.311012327671051,
-0.3657493591308594,
0.5870022773742676,
0.2623133957386017,
-0.7420850396156311,
0.09222730994224548,
-0.058729514479637146,
-0.2292742282152176,
-0.12772443890571594,
-0.18075695633888245,
-0.10800204426050186,
-0.3798776865005493,
-0.8507418632507324,
0.14594610035419464,
0.1683177500963211,
-0.10479479283094406,
-0.24015724658966064,
-0.12040289491415024,
-0.1298694759607315,
0.6476832032203674,
-0.49344131350517273,
0.5488776564598083,
-0.47270017862319946,
-0.7596559524536133,
-0.18043282628059387,
-0.1835869997739792,
0.6867765784263611,
0.13367825746536255,
-0.5193184018135071,
-0.40574654936790466,
0.21258506178855896,
-0.0051734368316829205,
-0.09416361153125763,
-0.7511200308799744,
0.4554544687271118,
0.11657005548477173,
0.648655354976654,
0.05737130716443062,
0.3663344085216522,
0.6410296559333801,
-0.7411780953407288,
-0.3215855360031128,
0.3804613947868347,
-0.17737866938114166,
-0.13775433599948883,
0.11002903431653976,
-0.5354720950126648,
0.10695809870958328,
-0.15211811661720276,
0.07482565939426422,
-0.13643544912338257,
0.12874481081962585,
0.1307077407836914,
-0.8070490956306458,
-0.25075748562812805,
0.0075998068787157536,
0.03556691110134125,
-0.11188888549804688,
0.3197144567966461,
-0.6570991277694702,
0.32759755849838257,
-0.31564098596572876,
0.22060120105743408,
-0.4209609627723694,
-0.26242852210998535,
0.1648038774728775,
0.1259693205356598,
0.3331556022167206,
-0.05637979879975319,
-0.4342053532600403,
-0.47948846220970154,
0.13712017238140106,
0.2002321481704712,
-0.8594123125076294,
-0.06464073061943054,
-0.2697450816631317,
-0.7107457518577576,
-0.45904025435447693,
0.6774085164070129,
-0.15353228151798248,
-0.18366225063800812,
-0.12796182930469513,
-0.41140511631965637,
-0.4938248097896576,
-0.2945195138454437,
0.2406110316514969,
-0.8583264350891113,
0.26217859983444214,
0.7625120282173157
] |
217709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Thompson | Tommy Thompson | Tommy George Thompson (born November 19, 1941) is an American Republican politician and most recently served as interim President of the University of Wisconsin System. He previously served as the 42nd Governor of Wisconsin and was the 19th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, in the cabinet of U.S. President George W. Bush.
He is the longest-serving governor in Wisconsin history, holding office from January 1987 until February 2001, and is the only person to be elected to the office four times. During his tenure as governor he was also chair of Amtrak, the nation's passenger rail service. He was chairman of the Republican Governors Association in 1991 and 1992, and the National Governors Association in 1995 and 1996. After his time in the Bush Administration, Thompson became a partner in the law-firm Akin Gump and Independent Chairman of Deloitte's Center for Health Solutions. He has served on the boards of 22 other organizations.
Thompson was a candidate for President of the United States, running in the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries, but withdrew from the race before voting began. He was the Republican nominee for United States Senate in Wisconsin in the 2012 election, vying to replace retiring senator Herb Kohl, but was defeated by Democrat Tammy Baldwin in what was his only statewide election loss.
Early life, education, and military service
Childhood and family
Thompson was born in Elroy, Wisconsin. His mother, Julie (née Dutton), was a teacher, and his father, Allan Thompson, owned and ran a gas station and country grocery store. His brother, the late Ed Thompson, was a mayor of Tomah, Wisconsin, and was the Libertarian Party nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in 2002.
Education
Thompson earned his bachelor and law degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1963 and 1966, respectively. While in law school, Thompson was elected chairman of the Madison Young Republicans.
Vietnam and military service
Thompson held a student deferment from military service during the Vietnam War until he completed law school in June 1966. The following year, 1966, Thompson enlisted in the National Guard.
After completing six years in the National Guard, Thompson served in the Army Reserves for another four years. His final rank was captain.
Early political career (1966–1987)
Wisconsin Assembly
Immediately after completing law school in 1966, Thompson ran for the Wisconsin State Assembly. In the Republican primary, he defeated incumbent Assemblyman Louis Romell by 635 votes, after Romell had underestimated the challenge Thompson represented.
In 1973, Thompson became the Assembly's assistant minority leader and, in 1981, its minority leader. Thompson aggressively used parliamentary procedure to block bills favored by the Democratic majority and stop legislative progress, earning him the nickname "Dr. No" by the frustrated majority.
American Legislative Exchange Council
As a state legislator, Thompson was involved in the early years of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a conservative legislative organization. Speaking at a 2002 ALEC meeting, Thompson stated: "I always loved going to [ALEC] meetings because I always found new ideas. Then I'd take them back to Wisconsin, disguise them a little bit, and declare, 'That's mine.'" ALEC awarded Thompson its "Thomas Jefferson Award" in 1991.
1979 congressional election
While Thompson was Assistant Minority Leader in the Assembly, incumbent Republican U.S. Congressman William Steiger of Wisconsin's 6th congressional district died at the age of 40 from a heart attack. Thompson was one of seven Republican candidates who ran to replace Steiger in the special election in 1979. Tom Petri won the primary and general elections and represented the 6th district until his retirement in January 2015.
Governor of Wisconsin (1987–2001)
Thompson served as the 42nd Governor of Wisconsin, having been elected to an unprecedented four terms. As of April 2013, Thompson has the tenth longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history at days.
Elections
1986
Thompson decided to run for Governor of Wisconsin in 1986 against incumbent Democrat Anthony Earl. He ran and won the Republican primary with 52% of the vote in a five candidate field. He defeated Earl 53%–46%.
1990
Thompson won election to a second term defeating Democrat Thomas Loftus, the Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, 58%–42%.
1994
Thompson won election to a third term defeating Democratic State Senator Chuck Chvala 67%–31%. He won every county in the state except Menominee County.
1998
Thompson won election to a fourth term defeating Democrat Ed Garvey, a Wisconsin Deputy Attorney General, 60%–39%.
Tenure
Thompson is best known nationally for changes in Wisconsin's welfare system, which was radically downsized, before similar ideas were adopted nationally. Under his leadership, Wisconsin reduced its welfare rolls by almost 90%, cutting welfare spending but increasing investments in child care and health care, especially for low-income working families.
Thompson was called a "pioneer" for two key initiatives of his governorship, the Wisconsin Works welfare reform (sometimes called W-2) and school vouchers. In 1990 Thompson pushed for the creation of the country's first parental school-choice program, which provided Milwaukee families with a voucher to send children to the private or public school of their choice. He created the BadgerCare program, designed to provide health coverage to those families whose employers don't provide health insurance but make too much money to qualify for Medicaid. Through the federal waiver program, Thompson helped replicate this program in several states when he became Secretary of Health and Human Services.
Thompson was well known for his extensive use of the veto, particularly his sweeping line-item veto powers. At the time, Wisconsin governors had the power to strike out words, numbers, and even entire sentences from appropriations bills. In his first two terms alone, he used the line-item veto 1,500 times to cancel a total of $150 million in spending; none of these vetoes were overridden.
Thompson's welfare reform policies were criticized. Wendell Primus of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities wrote that "Many families have actually lost ground even though they are no longer on welfare." Many of Wisconsin's poor remained well below the federal poverty line. In addition, slightly more of the state's poorest children reportedly lacked health insurance than before Thompson's welfare overhaul.
The growth of the state budget during Thompson's 14-year tenure became a subject of attacks on his record as governor later by conservative opponents in the 2012 U.S. Senate primary.
Transportation focus
While governor, Thompson was appointed to the Amtrak Board of Directors by President Bill Clinton, served as chairman, and had an Amtrak locomotive named for him from 2001 through 2006, when his name was removed from the side of the locomotive as part of a routine overhaul.
Thompson is a rail enthusiast, and was a supporter of mass transit, which earned him distrust on the issue from other Republicans. Prior to being selected as HHS Secretary, Thompson made clear that his first choice in the Bush Administration would be Secretary of Transportation.
Taxes
In 1996, Thompson bragged that he never raised taxes in Wisconsin. Thompson claimed to cut taxes 91 times—including eliminating the estate tax in 1987, cutting income tax rates three times and a $1.2 billion property tax cut in 1995.
When Thompson made the same claim, in 2012, that he "never raised taxes", he earned a rating of "False" from PolitiFact-Wisconsin. PolitiFact found numerous examples of taxes that had increased during Thompson's terms. Politifact said in its rating, "Thompson has a long list of taxes he cut and, on balance, he can claim to have reduced taxes. But he also raised some specific taxes along the way." Politifact rated Mostly True Thompson's claim that Wisconsin's overall tax burden went down while he served as governor from 1987 to 2001.
Two of the tax increases that Thompson did fight, using the Wisconsin governor's partial-veto power, were taxes on the state's wealthiest residents. In a budget bill in 1987, Thompson vetoed two tax increases on capital gains and the alternative minimum tax, that would have largely affected the wealthy, at the same time that he pushed forward a six percent cut in welfare benefits.
Executive power consolidation
As governor, Thompson took major steps to transfer decision making power from elected constitutional officers and independent agencies to his political appointees. Among the changes:
The Secretary of State's office was gutted of its responsibilities concerning business registration and Uniform Commercial Code administration. These functions were in turn vested in Thompson's appointee at the newly created Department of Financial Institutions, which also regulates depository institutions and the securities industry.
Enforcement of consumer protection laws was taken away from the elected Wisconsin Attorney General and transferred to Thompson's appointee at what is now the Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection.
The Wisconsin Office of Public Intervenor, which for decades prior functioned as an ombudsman for the state's natural resources protected under the Public Trust Doctrine, had its budget significantly reduced, shrinking its staff and eliminating its power to sue in environmental cases; Thompson effectively shifted these powers to an appointed natural resources secretary.
An attempt was made to transfer education policy to an appointed education secretary after the constitutional head of the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, the elected Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin, saw most of the office's powers gutted. The Wisconsin Supreme Court later ruled the move unconstitutional.
Thompson also had two other acts overturned by the courts as unconstitutional. His plan to include church schools in his school voucher plan was found unconstitutional. Thompson also insisted on keeping Good Friday as a half-holiday for state workers, "despite a clear ruling" from the Seventh Circuit, earning a rebuke from the court.
Tobacco
As governor, Thompson was friendly to tobacco interests. His campaign accepted tens of thousands of dollars in campaign contributions and trips from Philip Morris. He also vetoed a tobacco excise tax and "delayed authorizing the state attorney general to join other state[s] in a lawsuit against cigarette manufacturers.
Abortion
Thompson is Catholic and opposes abortion. His support for legislation in Wisconsin restricting abortions led Planned Parenthood, NARAL, and other pro-choice groups to oppose his nomination to head HHS.
Treatment of Ojibwa spearfishers
In 1983, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit issued its "Voigt Decision", which found that Wisconsin's Ojibwa tribe had a treaty-guaranteed right to engage in traditional spearfishing off-reservation and that the state of Wisconsin was prohibited from regulating fishing on Ojibwa land. The decision was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1983.
During his 1986 gubernatorial campaign, Thompson suggested abrogating the Ojibwa's rights. Once in office, Thompson called on two Ojibwa tribes to sell their treaty-guaranteed rights: the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, for $42 million, and the Mole Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, for $10 million. Thompson's administration tried an unsuccessful legal challenge to the "Voigt Decision". The State of Wisconsin argued that Native Americans' lives were in danger from protesters if they continued spearfishing.
In 1989, federal judge Barbara Crabb ruled against the Thompson Administration's legal efforts. The judge rebuked the state for attempting to avoid violence by punishing the Ojibwa, since it was violence by non-Native American protesters that was the threatened danger. Crabb issued an injunction against violent anti-spearfishing protests in 1991, and made it permanent in 1992. On May 20, 1991, the Thompson administration declared it would no longer attempt to appeal the 1983 Voight Decision.
Other leadership roles
During his time as governor, Thompson served as chairman of the National Governors Association and the Education Commission of the States, in addition to the Council of State Governments, the Republican Governors Association, the Council of Great Lakes Governors, and the Midwestern Governors Association.
Vice presidential discussion
Thompson's name had been in the press as a possible vice presidential pick during several election seasons. By 1992, Thompson himself had openly discussed his desire to be the Republican vice presidential nominee for 1996.
Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole considered Thompson as a possible vice presidential nominee in 1996 and Thompson openly lobbied for the position. However, Thompson was forced to fight off perceptions of being someone to "bluster through a speech, turn bombastic during public statements", and have difficulty thinking on his feet. During the 1996 vetting process, Dole also reportedly remarked on Thompson's lack of finesse in their interactions.
After Dole disclosed that Thompson was no longer under consideration, Thompson stated that he was relieved because he had been "scared to death" of the process and the spotlight of the position.
Health and Human Services Secretary
Thompson left the governorship when he was appointed by President George W. Bush as HHS Secretary. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 24, 2001. Thompson announced his resignation from HHS on December 3, 2004, and served until January 26, 2005, when the Senate confirmed his successor, Michael O. Leavitt.
While Secretary, he launched initiatives to increase funding for the National Institutes of Health, reorganize the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to encourage greater responsiveness and efficiency, and clear the backlog of waivers and state plan amendments. He approved 1,400 state plans and waiver requests, thereby providing health insurance to 1.8 million lower-income Americans. In the aftermath of 9/11, he also worked on strengthening the nation's preparedness for a bio-terrorism attack, by stockpiling smallpox vaccines and investing heavily in state and local public health infrastructure.
Key initiatives
Thompson's major initiatives were "efforts to strengthen U.S. preparedness for a bioterrorism attack, increase funding for the National Institutes of Health, expand health insurance coverage to lower-income Americans, and focus attention on health problems such as obesity and diabetes." He also was elected chairman of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2003.
Medicare prescription drug-benefit
Thompson was one of the key architects of the 2003 passage of Bush's Medicare Modernization Act, which was slated to provide public funding for prescription drugs for Medicare recipients starting in 2006. On the prescription drug-benefit issue, the major piece of health care legislation of President Bush's first term, Thompson frequently served as the president's point man. National analysts cite the passage of Medicare reform as the most important achievement of Thompson's tenure as HHS secretary.
As part of the debate over the adoption of Medicare Part D, Thompson was involved in a dispute over whether the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services had to share cost estimates to Congress for legislation that would create a prescription drug benefit. Critics accused Thompson and HHS of downplaying the true cost of the law by $150 billion. CMS Administrator Tom Scully threatened to fire a CMS actuary if he revealed to Congress his estimate. Investigators determined that the data was improperly hidden from Congress, but did not conclude whether laws had been broken. In 2011 the trustees of Medicare found that the prescription drug benefit had come in 40% below estimates, the Congressional Budget Office (using different budgeting numbers) determined that the program had come in 28% below projections.
In her Senate campaign, Rep. Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) said in 2012 that Thompson was responsible for forbidding Medicare to negotiate drug prices, a statement that Politifact rated as "True." Thompson said that he had nothing to do with that provision, a statement Politifact rated as "False." The New York Times reported, "In December (2004), just before leaving office, Mr. Leavitt’s predecessor, Tommy G. Thompson, said he wished Congress had given him the authority to negotiate prices for Medicare beneficiaries, as he negotiated discounts on antibiotics during the anthrax scare of 2001."
2001 anthrax scare
Early in his term, Thompson faced an emergency situation with the 2001 anthrax attacks. Thompson was given poor marks for seeming "utterly overtaken by events" and issuing "early statements that the government was prepared to deal with any biological emergency [that] never squared with the facts."
At a White House briefing following the first anthrax death of the scare, Thompson made a statement to the press that "would be cited for years afterward as a historic blunder in crisis communication." Thompson offered the media a "far-fetched" suggestion that the individual who died had come into contact with anthrax from drinking water from a creek.
Thompson's words were criticized by a range of experts as unwarranted, potentially undermining public confidence, and as the "kind of statements that lead to mistrust of officials and experts." Thompson was also faulted for positioning himself as the voice of the Administration to the public on this issue, having had no formal training in medicine or public health.
Alleged politicizing of science
In 2001, early in his term as Secretary of Health and Human Services, Thompson's office rejected 19 of 26 people, including a Nobel laureate, recommended for seats on the advisory board for the NIH developing nations unit by the unit's director. In return, Thompson's office sent back to the unit's director, Gerald Keusch of the Fogarty International Center, résumés for other scientists that Keusch described as "lightweights" with "no scientific credibility." Keusch relayed to one of those rejected, Nobel laureate Torsten Wiesel, that he was pushed aside for having "signed too many full-page letters in The New York Times critical of President Bush." This incident was cited by the advocacy group Union of Concerned Scientists as part of a report detailing their allegations of a "politicization of science" under President George W. Bush's administration.
Resignation press conference
Thompson resigned on December 3, 2004, in a press conference at which he issued warnings over the dangers of avian flu and the poisoning of U.S. food supplies by terrorists. Thompson stated that he had attempted to resign in 2003, but remained until after the President's reelection at the administration's request. Some noted, in particular, his words: "I, for the life of me, cannot understand why the terrorists have not, you know, attacked our food supply because it is so easy to do. And we are importing a lot of food from the Middle East, and it would be easy to tamper with that."
Post-government career
After leaving the public sector at the end of the Bush Administration, Thompson joined the law firm Akin Gump, and the consulting firm Deloitte and joined the boards of directors of other companies.
Thompson also joined the board of about two dozen private companies and nonprofit groups.
In 2011, Thompson was paid more than $1.1 million in cash and stock incentives from five public companies, Thompson's consulting firm was paid $471,000 by six companies, and Thompson himself received $3 million from the sale of a healthcare firm he chaired. Thompson's work with these companies and other investments led him to accumulate a disclosed net worth of $13 million.
A number of those companies and organizations "he helps oversee have faced an array of troubles, including claims of making faulty and dangerous medical implants, failing grades from a corporate watchdog and allegations of misleading investors." An expert with one agency that gave failing marks three of the six public companies who boards Thompson sits on commented that "either [Thompson] has really bad luck choosing companies...or he is one of the directors on company boards who is not exercising sufficient oversight."
Health care consulting and law firm
Thompson became a partner at law firm Akin Gump, a Washington, D.C., law firm that engages in federal lobbying. There, Thompson provided "strategic advice" to the lobbyists in the firm's health care practice, advising them on how to most successfully lobby government officials on behalf of the firm's clients.
He also became a senior advisor at the professional services firm Deloitte and became Independent Chairman of its Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. Thompson was no longer associated with Deloitte by October 2011.
For the United States presidential election in 2016 Thompson initially endorsed fellow Republican John Kasich.
In early July Thompson, a delegate to the Republican national convention, endorsed Donald Trump.
Medicare
After leaving office, Thompson began offering policy solutions for a variety of programs that he had overseen as HHS Secretary. However, critics claimed many changes would benefit companies Thompson owned or had a financial stake in (including Centene and the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions). These included transferring some Medicaid beneficiaries from federal to state responsibility and requiring digitization of medical records, which would directly benefit those companies.
Public interest activities
Thompson spoke as a panelist at a 2005 Kennedy School of Government conference on global poverty, where he discussed medical diplomacy. Thompson also authored a Boston Globe op-ed on the topic.
One of the nonprofit organizations that Thompson joined the board of, Medical Missions for Children, recruited Thompson to co-host a number of episodes of one of its health instructional series, Plain Talk about Health.
2008 presidential campaign
After first announcing the formation of an exploratory committee in late 2006, Thompson announced his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election on April 1, 2007.
Statement about sexual orientation and workplace protections
During a May 3, 2007, presidential debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Thompson was asked by moderator Chris Matthews whether a private employer opposed to homosexuality should have the right to fire a gay worker. He said, "I think that is left up to the individual business. I really sincerely believe that that is an issue that business people have got to make their own determination as to whether or not they should be." He called CNN the following morning to say he did not hear the question correctly. He apologized, saying, "It's not my position. There should be no discrimination in the workplace."
Political contributions
Thompson made campaign contributions to two Democrats in 2008 – $250 to Michigan Senator Carl Levin and $100 to Bev Perdue, who was running for Governor of North Carolina. Both Democrats won in that year's elections. All told, Thompson contributed $11,350 to Republican candidates for federal office in the 2008, 2010 and 2012 election cycles, while contributing another $4,900 to Wisconsin Republicans during those same cycles.
Gaffe about Jews, Israel
In April 2007, Thompson was compelled to apologize for remarks he made about Jews and Israel during an address to an assembled crowd of Jewish social activists in Washington, D.C.
On April 16, 2007, appearing before a conference organized by the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, Thompson referenced his lucrative transition from public service to the private sector and invoked old, slanderous stereotypes linking Judaism with finance. Thompson stated: "You know that's sort of part of the Jewish tradition and I do not find anything wrong with that." Thompson then returned to the podium with the intention of clearing up his earlier comments, adding: "I just want to clarify something because I didn't (by) any means want to infer or imply anything about Jews and finances and things. What I was referring to, ladies and gentlemen, is the accomplishments of the Jewish religion. You've been outstanding business people and I compliment you for that." Thompson's comments caused "unease in the room" as the attendees tried to decode the meaning of Thompson's use of this stereotype.
Thompson made a variety of other lesser gaffes, including referring to the Anti Defamation League as the fringe Jewish Defense League, and to Israel bonds as "Jewish bonds". He discussed his connections to politically conservative Israeli and Jewish leaders while speaking to the mostly liberal leaning group
Conference organizers noted the unease with Thompson's words but otherwise limited their comments on the faux pas, instead thanking Thompson for being one of the speakers at the conference.
The national director of the Anti-Defamation League, Abraham Foxman, later wrote of the incident that "there could be no more vivid illustration of how deeply ingrained these stereotypes [about Jews and finances] have become" than Thompson's belief that "repeating an age-old stereotype about Jews and money would please his Jewish listeners!"
After the event, Thompson told Politico that his remarks could be blamed on fatigue and a persistent cold. Journalists believed that Thompson had instead failed to prepare for the event, acquaint himself beforehand with the likely audience, and recruit an adviser to properly brief him before the event.
Iowa Straw Poll
Thompson had stated he would drop out of the race if he did not finish either first or second in the Ames straw poll on August 11, 2007. Thompson finished sixth, with just 7% of the vote, despite the fact that some major contenders were not competing in the poll. On August 12, Thompson officially announced he would drop out of the race.
Endorses Giuliani
In October 2007, Thompson endorsed Rudy Giuliani. Thompson told the Associated Press in a statement that "Rudy Giuliani has shown that he is a true leader. He can and will win the nomination and the presidency. He is America's mayor, and during a period of time of great stress for this country he showed tremendous leadership." He then endorsed Senator John McCain after Giuliani's withdrawal from the presidential race. In a New York Times article published October 11, 2008, Thompson was quoted in response to a question regarding whether he was happy with McCain's campaign as saying, "No. I don't know who is."
2012 U.S. Senate election
On September 19, 2011; Thompson announced he would run for the seat vacated by Sen. Herb Kohl, formally announcing on December 1, 2011. He won the Republican nomination on August 14, 2012 after a bitter four-way primary battle against a field that included millionaire hedge fund manager Eric Hovde, former Congressman Mark Neumann, and Wisconsin State Assembly Speaker Jeff Fitzgerald.
The attacks on Thompson led to his defense and endorsement by former Arkansas governor, presidential candidate, and conservative media figure Mike Huckabee.
ALEC member the American Chemistry Council spent nearly $650,000 in support of Thompson's bid for US Senate in the autumn of 2012. Thompson faced Democratic Congresswoman Tammy Baldwin in the general election. Although most polls from the spring through September showed Thompson ahead, he ultimately lost to Baldwin in the general election, taking 45.9 percent to Baldwin's 51.5 percent. Ultimately, Thompson could not overcome a combined 260,000-vote deficit in the state's two largest counties, Milwaukee and Dane – home to Milwaukee and Madison, respectively. It was the first time Thompson had lost a statewide election.
Political positions
During the 2012 campaign, Thompson, speaking to a Tea Party group, said, "who better than me, that's already finished one of the entitlement programs, to come up with programs that do away with Medicaid and Medicare?" When a videotape of his remarks surfaced, Thompson stated that he did not want to eliminate Medicare, but instead wanted a system that would provide a subsidy to individuals to help them purchase private health insurance.
Thompson favors making the Bush tax cuts permanent and adopting a 15 percent flat tax.
Later years
University of Wisconsin System President
In the fall of 2019, incumbent University of Wisconsin System President Ray Cross announced his intention to retire. This kicked off a search by the University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents to find his successor. In what was seen as a flawed candidate search, complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin, the board initially was poised to offer the position to University of Alaska System President Jim Johnsen. Johnsen was ultimately forced to withdraw amidst vocal opposition from University of Wisconsin System faculty and students. A week later, after closed-door sessions, the board named Thompson as the interim president. Thompson served nearly two years as interim president before announcing in January 2022 that he would step down, effective March 18, 2022.
Electoral history
Wisconsin Assembly (1966, 1968, 1970)
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Republican Primary, September 13, 1966
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 8, 1966
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 5, 1968
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 5, 1968
Wisconsin Assembly (1972, 1974, 1976, 1978)
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 7, 1972
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 5, 1974
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 2, 1976
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 7, 1978
United States House of Representatives (1979)
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Special Republican Primary, February 20, 1979
Wisconsin Assembly (1980, 1982, 1984)
Wisconsin Governor (1986, 1990, 1994, 1998)
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Republican Primary, September 9, 1986
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 4, 1986
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Republican Primary, September 11, 1990
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 6, 1990
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 8, 1994
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Republican Primary, September 8, 1998
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 3, 1998
United States Senate (2012)
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Republican Primary, August 14, 2012
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 6, 2012
References
External links
Tommy Thompson for U.S. Senate (Archived copy of official 2012 U.S. Senate campaign website)
(House, 1979)
(President, 2008)
(Senate, 2012)
"Tommy Thompson and the Conservative Revolution"; primary source material compiled by the Wisconsin Historical Society
Tommy G. Thompson Collection, 1957-ongoing Special Collections & Archives, Marquette University (archive of materials donated by Thompson and others)
Presidential campaign
Federal Election Commission – Tommy G. Thompson (President) campaign finance reports
PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer – Vote 2008: Tommy Thompson
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
1941 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
Governors of Wisconsin
Living people
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Military personnel from Wisconsin
People from Elroy, Wisconsin
Republican Party state governors of the United States
United States Army officers
Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
Wisconsin Republicans
Bipartisan Policy Center
University of Wisconsin people
Conservatism in the United States | [
-0.27813446521759033,
0.40159347653388977,
-0.1725929230451584,
-0.22029775381088257,
0.31133145093917847,
0.20845291018486023,
0.26851779222488403,
0.3847499489784241,
-0.3095063269138336,
-0.10384493321180344,
0.2554202377796173,
0.585453450679779,
-0.0481596365571022,
0.39399972558021545,
0.15656085312366486,
0.07636557519435883,
-0.15844455361366272,
0.06766384840011597,
0.013964792713522911,
-0.17592307925224304,
-0.5638266801834106,
-0.20303991436958313,
0.33488160371780396,
0.2577766478061676,
-0.3197568655014038,
0.5210421681404114,
-0.08293717354536057,
-0.08222190290689468,
-0.16722558438777924,
0.32255396246910095,
0.22798757255077362,
-0.17124444246292114,
0.6878548264503479,
-0.28077542781829834,
0.02788536064326763,
0.19128106534481049,
0.14410176873207092,
-0.06278092414140701,
0.18834522366523743,
0.2947615683078766,
-0.7583641409873962,
-0.1916157454252243,
-0.5550400614738464,
-0.04378819838166237,
-0.501825213432312,
-0.14311297237873077,
-0.9897788763046265,
-0.13020072877407074,
-0.3766408860683441,
-0.29863211512565613,
-0.48298773169517517,
-0.0038106853608042,
0.25835540890693665,
-0.27137330174446106,
-0.19005873799324036,
-0.28063324093818665,
0.10073556751012802,
-0.2210100144147873,
-0.1339406967163086,
-0.8897359371185303,
-0.13712693750858307,
-0.335871160030365,
-0.24120856821537018,
-0.034125905483961105,
-0.00836658850312233,
0.1193423643708229,
0.08295940607786179,
0.43217238783836365,
-0.5798227190971375,
0.1379767805337906,
0.15880097448825836,
0.1957182139158249,
0.003640411188825965,
0.151170551776886,
0.3486184775829315,
-0.26562678813934326,
0.022589631378650665,
0.09564739465713501,
0.0723385363817215,
0.23260393738746643,
-0.043890777975320816,
-0.164280503988266,
0.8045669198036194,
0.6863917708396912,
0.08624554425477982,
0.00854587834328413,
-0.44660618901252747,
0.14597384631633759,
-0.6315467357635498,
0.45945045351982117,
-1.117906928062439,
-0.29660624265670776,
0.3828912675380707,
-0.08973746746778488,
-0.4650552570819855,
-0.4703204035758972,
0.7919462323188782,
0.018321601673960686,
0.16065707802772522,
-0.43250733613967896,
-0.3182477056980133,
-0.3903217017650604,
0.2231462299823761,
-0.1652565598487854,
-0.23912209272384644,
0.24357926845550537,
-0.27097246050834656,
-0.47903427481651306,
-0.5272447466850281,
-0.2541728913784027,
-0.859555184841156,
0.26188549399375916,
0.3463006317615509,
0.09459609538316727,
0.5126671195030212,
0.9767491817474365,
0.14552144706249237,
-0.7968969345092773,
-0.5313223600387573,
0.0036492538638412952,
-0.3010912835597992,
0.15561798214912415,
0.0960247740149498,
-0.08774882555007935,
-0.4188137948513031,
0.28962263464927673,
-0.052762098610401154,
-0.24674686789512634,
-0.3669729232788086,
-0.36958569288253784,
0.3678881525993347,
0.3586411476135254,
-0.5691758394241333,
0.051992207765579224,
-0.30738988518714905,
0.26202747225761414,
0.34056341648101807,
-0.08054040372371674,
-0.14189933240413666,
0.3918861150741577,
0.31630462408065796,
0.029743842780590057,
-0.5051460266113281,
-0.4031985402107239,
-0.3895884156227112,
-0.12097442895174026,
-0.26732853055000305,
0.11960677057504654,
0.08107245713472366,
0.13931579887866974,
-0.1270132213830948,
0.5054024457931519,
-0.10770668089389801,
0.07175275683403015,
-0.2845892310142517,
1.1480175256729126,
-0.0012892395025119185,
0.031979650259017944,
0.3348389267921448,
0.4113472104072571,
0.11296765506267548,
0.48830705881118774,
-0.14976432919502258,
0.045997947454452515,
0.34527942538261414,
0.035607486963272095,
0.49731191992759705,
-0.615557849407196,
-0.3479470908641815,
-0.6865793466567993,
-0.10357564687728882,
0.01871732622385025,
0.9557849764823914,
-0.7757906913757324,
-0.31401240825653076,
0.3310990035533905,
0.1983875334262848,
-0.059594329446554184,
0.20690622925758362,
-0.5861621499061584,
-0.41446349024772644,
-0.4439404010772705,
0.5725664496421814,
0.41291144490242004,
0.054039642214775085,
-0.5179478526115417,
0.03935743123292923,
-0.22576884925365448,
0.9770593643188477,
-0.3175640404224396,
0.06682082265615463,
-0.47950780391693115,
-0.19648903608322144,
-0.14202873408794403,
0.6748758554458618,
0.21200259029865265,
0.04464446008205414,
0.5164104700088501,
-0.14216406643390656,
0.6243996620178223,
-0.08199906349182129,
-0.4859984219074249,
0.009444751776754856,
-0.7533118724822998,
0.5258964896202087,
0.6556648015975952,
0.708939254283905,
0.07874710857868195,
0.07553303241729736,
0.9859594106674194,
0.21485601365566254,
-0.9020678400993347,
0.05600644648075104,
0.16805227100849152,
-0.3938509225845337,
-0.6128004193305969,
0.11849474906921387,
-0.6588051915168762,
0.09074343740940094,
-0.4467090964317322,
1.0625594854354858,
0.5730674862861633,
-0.22630593180656433,
0.8483883738517761,
0.11329945921897888,
0.6193537712097168,
-0.09715603291988373,
0.2123342603445053,
-0.06481269001960754,
-0.30725499987602234,
0.6671360731124878,
0.05225209891796112,
-0.45011329650878906,
-0.4728699326515198,
0.3545021414756775,
-0.19837507605552673,
-0.31338950991630554,
-0.43974363803863525,
0.2309475541114807,
-0.7177269458770752,
0.34469929337501526,
0.27850762009620667,
-0.2851657271385193,
0.5255563855171204,
0.027122842147946358,
-0.15839016437530518,
-0.0198659747838974,
0.13429394364356995,
-0.37104615569114685,
-0.05164540931582451,
0.11725262552499771,
0.4441957175731659,
0.7871302366256714,
0.07445161789655685,
0.055566489696502686,
0.1308562010526657,
0.4286876916885376,
0.14054469764232635,
0.03626346215605736,
0.12689675390720367,
0.3483981490135193,
-0.1269317865371704,
0.13206686079502106,
0.07896342128515244,
-0.14828261733055115,
-0.04125140234827995,
-0.014338756911456585,
-0.4169982969760895,
-0.09764984250068665,
0.03384145349264145,
-0.3414733409881592,
-0.06520164012908936,
0.07909494638442993,
0.0785922035574913,
-0.009932602755725384,
0.02811071090400219,
0.1585138738155365,
-0.12221591174602509,
-1.0014762878417969,
-0.9251009821891785,
0.6577508449554443,
0.42104440927505493,
-0.501659095287323,
-0.4435827136039734,
0.07996723055839539,
-0.1063351035118103,
-0.4570178985595703,
-0.21566729247570038,
-0.12331151217222214,
-0.0630243718624115,
-0.4228239059448242,
0.41385263204574585,
0.2013322114944458,
0.036725517362356186,
-0.11919888854026794,
0.2604472041130066,
0.8029323220252991,
-0.8429367542266846,
0.6015320420265198,
0.07035273313522339,
-0.22931388020515442,
0.015160487964749336,
-0.19621969759464264,
0.19084873795509338,
0.4484032988548279,
-0.25641724467277527,
0.2049836367368698,
-0.6514145731925964,
-5.765443801879883,
0.09622171521186829,
-0.29298263788223267,
-0.17288760840892792,
0.5336609482765198,
-0.3421839773654938,
0.18336698412895203,
0.07152871787548065,
-0.2760702073574066,
-0.08862915635108948,
-0.2075674831867218,
0.4659009277820587,
-0.01896309293806553,
0.8160818219184875,
0.5346112251281738,
-0.16848360002040863,
1.1627248525619507,
-0.338871031999588,
0.45117318630218506,
0.45762497186660767,
-0.2862628996372223,
0.054367683827877045,
-0.689469039440155,
0.286145955324173,
0.01915261521935463,
0.27521246671676636,
-0.8000618815422058,
0.3370703160762787,
-0.7410781979560852,
-0.24235805869102478,
0.36454129219055176,
0.18665526807308197,
-0.633110761642456,
-0.058092132210731506,
-0.15183670818805695,
-0.11068446934223175,
0.19109368324279785,
0.17028337717056274,
-0.044824518263339996,
-0.2909059226512909,
0.6832002401351929,
0.23159043490886688,
-0.9943485260009766,
0.00375026254914701,
0.14612475037574768,
0.09091082960367203,
-0.3964216113090515,
-0.2085380256175995,
-0.525187611579895,
0.5973085761070251,
-0.16581323742866516,
0.3181626796722412,
0.9769439697265625,
0.3172198235988617,
0.8613161444664001,
-0.3620518147945404,
0.3800539970397949,
-0.23458907008171082,
-0.4568444490432739,
-0.26810193061828613,
0.5035607814788818,
-0.5029311776161194,
-0.233073890209198,
-0.4323909878730774,
-0.5515674948692322,
-0.7590405344963074,
0.29732125997543335,
0.41100239753723145,
0.11398123949766159,
-0.4108055531978607,
-0.23677586019039154,
0.30124250054359436,
-0.19068092107772827,
-1.109718680381775,
0.17421114444732666,
-0.2567152678966522,
-0.17899662256240845,
0.427756667137146,
-0.5987799763679504,
-0.4562930464744568,
-0.021784130483865738,
0.0830216184258461,
0.26508617401123047,
0.5295059680938721,
0.4066949486732483,
-0.24959935247898102,
-0.02515876479446888,
0.25364935398101807,
0.5332884788513184,
-0.12049853056669235,
-0.022494768723845482,
-0.2220967561006546,
0.08280222862958908,
0.03222387284040451,
0.09691616892814636,
0.10508444905281067,
-0.09620276838541031,
0.536471962928772,
-0.21338307857513428,
-0.06982453912496567,
0.19302809238433838,
-0.2512890696525574,
-0.3817490041255951,
-0.6634569764137268,
-0.060755252838134766,
0.17043863236904144,
0.010060503147542477,
-0.01726936362683773,
0.475249320268631,
0.3352220058441162,
0.24436898529529572,
-0.0997234433889389,
-0.03283616900444031,
-0.29476553201675415,
-0.0777575895190239,
0.019673390313982964,
-0.18068164587020874,
0.27839767932891846,
0.11876717209815979,
0.6524683833122253,
-0.025490032508969307,
0.18640562891960144,
-0.1581936478614807,
0.10433080047369003,
0.3534460663795471,
-0.30863749980926514,
0.24478904902935028,
-0.34579160809516907,
-0.10421796888113022,
0.18798013031482697,
0.08410663157701492,
0.3707132339477539,
0.16473007202148438,
0.5711183547973633,
0.01639016531407833,
0.3832882344722748,
-0.06851575523614883,
-0.5255177021026611,
-0.692450761795044,
-0.2282589226961136,
0.12578068673610687,
-0.10929160565137863,
-0.10691229999065399,
0.0979386642575264,
0.6776875853538513,
0.10413798689842224,
-0.12742821872234344,
0.5296163558959961,
-0.7018212080001831,
0.43289607763290405,
-0.10472127050161362,
-0.7949113249778748,
0.6571502685546875,
-0.3520004451274872,
0.07477264851331711,
0.03933222219347954,
-0.41620931029319763,
0.11112648993730545,
0.011539414525032043,
0.5093597769737244,
0.009782116860151291,
-0.3753282427787781,
-0.6957935690879822,
-0.3284410834312439,
0.16896562278270721,
0.6129669547080994,
-0.3745274245738983,
0.11594036221504211,
-0.19428567588329315,
0.17929792404174805,
0.338020920753479,
-0.08233266323804855,
-0.927222728729248,
-0.3006628453731537,
0.27779242396354675,
-0.2602221667766571,
-0.052460648119449615,
0.3479211628437042,
0.16729037463665009,
0.5368046760559082,
0.19265758991241455,
-0.0630236342549324,
-0.3902628421783447,
0.155742809176445,
0.43821653723716736,
-0.7701132893562317,
-0.27263930439949036,
-0.36246174573898315,
0.2891603410243988,
0.5891603827476501,
0.4377336800098419,
-0.41607412695884705,
0.4832231402397156,
0.781700074672699,
-0.16382794082164764,
-0.6148478984832764,
0.0804249569773674,
-0.28389114141464233,
-0.17177748680114746,
-0.5295406579971313,
0.5557762980461121,
0.2929230332374573,
-0.4548732042312622,
0.1881151795387268,
0.03976302593946457,
-0.8143973350524902,
-0.2280007004737854,
-0.28945231437683105,
0.3531232178211212,
0.5116549730300903,
0.13692276179790497,
-0.3633175194263458,
0.2593861222267151,
0.22374719381332397,
-0.1732727289199829,
-0.03843314200639725,
0.2744266986846924,
-0.2578037679195404,
-0.47411492466926575,
-0.61896812915802,
-0.5244463086128235,
-0.26845782995224,
-0.29058340191841125,
-0.05604661628603935,
-0.11720466613769531,
-0.18133150041103363,
0.06211512163281441,
-0.16811826825141907,
0.5432844758033752,
-0.31400489807128906,
-0.17314480245113373,
-0.33215776085853577,
-0.06168470159173012,
0.32360967993736267,
0.06334272027015686,
0.182766392827034,
0.23334094882011414,
0.9235984086990356,
-0.3499981462955475,
-0.016255682334303856,
0.1983436644077301,
1.3745825290679932,
0.04821602255105972,
-0.580440878868103,
-0.3433735966682434,
0.21464309096336365,
0.46362122893333435,
-0.22542446851730347,
-0.07408992201089859,
0.7029907703399658,
0.8265407681465149,
0.2874497175216675,
-0.20591843128204346,
0.16243404150009155,
0.314395010471344,
-0.17480413615703583,
-0.06797438114881516,
-0.4301242232322693,
0.4815550446510315,
-0.320928156375885,
-0.1474277228116989,
-0.2593322992324829,
-0.4593833088874817,
-0.0899154394865036,
-0.44646719098091125,
-0.007592013105750084,
-0.5657172203063965,
-0.47466617822647095,
0.3421897292137146,
-1.2826640605926514,
-0.5363326668739319,
-0.5555859208106995,
-0.13203535974025726,
0.3683176338672638,
-0.3855428695678711,
0.3644840717315674,
0.22784821689128876,
-0.0719786137342453,
-0.3674880862236023,
-0.7800207138061523,
-0.3286112844944,
0.18067309260368347,
-0.710627555847168,
0.1309022307395935,
0.3415168821811676,
-0.4216645061969757,
0.007115715648978949,
-0.03988957405090332,
0.1920584738254547,
-0.1968710869550705,
-0.7246578931808472,
0.5006816387176514,
-0.2981433570384979,
0.057839423418045044,
-0.8918716311454773,
0.5599837303161621,
0.5848699808120728,
0.8899557590484619,
0.20311926305294037,
0.15755212306976318,
-0.10359075665473938,
0.36765581369400024,
0.8899080753326416,
0.04721270501613617,
-0.005613590124994516,
-0.3448953330516815,
-0.6025640368461609,
-0.7011871933937073,
0.27484580874443054,
-0.25047099590301514,
0.5482622981071472,
0.32484468817710876,
0.5756909251213074,
0.634890079498291,
-0.25261127948760986,
-0.14306308329105377,
0.40965190529823303,
-0.23131701350212097,
0.03997908532619476,
-0.25119245052337646,
-0.27067136764526367,
0.2718099057674408,
0.3089408278465271,
-0.3473924398422241,
0.6781314015388489,
0.6515082716941833,
-0.23068654537200928,
0.5248062014579773,
-0.0007540077203884721,
0.11998654901981354,
-0.06933417171239853,
-0.02752089872956276,
0.08942846953868866,
0.14203038811683655,
0.05139337480068207,
-0.11145872622728348,
0.3346298635005951,
-0.6298813819885254,
0.07446039468050003,
0.06477205455303192,
0.08297563344240189,
0.6704791188240051,
0.17634600400924683,
0.13165529072284698,
0.5708818435668945,
-0.08446580171585083,
0.09010687470436096,
0.43906888365745544,
-0.16308549046516418,
-0.03243381530046463,
0.09887824952602386,
-0.28621456027030945,
0.08965328335762024,
-0.4935341477394104,
-0.1635490357875824,
-0.788142204284668,
0.39179107546806335,
-0.2443941831588745,
-0.05727016180753708,
0.0047114016488194466,
-0.13290289044380188,
-0.6535904407501221,
0.7471104860305786,
-0.16984938085079193,
-0.29520612955093384,
-0.35081684589385986,
0.13170699775218964,
-0.6252791285514832,
-0.10993929207324982,
0.7389002442359924,
-0.14005757868289948,
-0.1412421464920044,
-0.3648926317691803,
-0.027902496978640556,
0.2391895055770874,
-0.13973474502563477,
0.5817981362342834,
-0.08729956299066544,
-0.495924174785614,
0.21044695377349854,
-0.3587934672832489,
0.25416117906570435,
0.08618425577878952,
0.44860386848449707,
-0.10625477880239487,
0.38852906227111816,
-0.022899404168128967,
0.8246069550514221,
-0.2141219675540924,
-0.11034860461950302,
0.4292767345905304,
-0.08723971247673035,
-0.2600683271884918,
0.6241438984870911,
0.07161927223205566,
0.046496301889419556,
-0.15320390462875366,
0.7626393437385559,
0.9257796406745911,
0.8703486323356628,
-0.21537336707115173,
0.12318437546491623,
-0.04428790509700775,
0.22811295092105865,
-0.40756431221961975,
0.06694949418306351,
-0.2831047475337982,
0.1597920060157776,
-0.05444301292300224,
0.3268933892250061,
-0.1309748888015747,
0.42067524790763855,
-0.49056631326675415,
0.5707568526268005,
-0.3881816565990448,
0.4059006869792938,
0.8484601974487305,
-0.2510508596897125,
-0.32075679302215576,
-0.15702255070209503,
-0.2961844205856323,
-0.06920067220926285,
0.5882636308670044,
0.4706878662109375,
-0.4324760437011719,
-0.37838882207870483,
-0.1736094057559967,
0.09152495115995407,
-0.5813276767730713,
0.2029297649860382,
-0.3534911274909973,
-0.5264371633529663,
-0.39668408036231995,
0.05555294081568718,
-0.23326456546783447,
-0.6864969730377197,
-0.13622596859931946,
0.6492123007774353,
0.5182484984397888,
-0.39579156041145325,
0.21227656304836273,
0.19785480201244354,
0.3105657696723938,
0.08350245654582977,
0.06161395460367203,
0.4421740770339966,
-0.047569286078214645,
-0.5430086255073547,
-0.08619130402803421,
-0.31417837738990784,
-0.4281580448150635,
-0.8954087495803833,
0.3446662724018097,
-0.06471753120422363,
0.6754884719848633,
-0.07864393293857574,
-0.02893742546439171,
0.41318732500076294,
0.3994840979576111,
0.21878103911876678
] |
217711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Short | Nigel Short | Nigel David Short (born 1 June 1965) is an English chess grandmaster, columnist, coach, commentator and, since October 2018, Vice-President of FIDE. Short earned the Grandmaster title at the age of 19, and was ranked third in the world by FIDE from July 1988 to July 1989. In 1993 he became the first English player to play a World Chess Championship match, when he qualified to play Garry Kasparov in the World Chess Championship 1993 in London, where Kasparov won 12½ to 7½.
Early life, family, and education
Short was born 1 June 1965 in Atherton, Lancashire. He is the second of three children (all boys) of David and Jean Short. His father was a journalist and his mother was a school secretary. He grew up in Atherton, going to the St Philip's Primary School on Bolton Old Road. He studied at the independent Bolton School and Leigh College. He was a member both of Atherton Chess Club, which was founded by his father, David, and later of Bolton Chess Club, which had initially rejected him, aged seven, for being too young. His parents divorced when he was 13 years old. Short left school at age 17, having completed four O-levels, to focus on chess full-time.
Prodigy to Grandmaster
Short learned chess at age five from his father. A chess prodigy, Short first attracted significant media attention as a 10-year-old, by defeating Viktor Korchnoi, then ranked No. 2 in the world, in a simultaneous exhibition in London over 31 boards, where Short was the only victor. He was virtually self-taught. In 1977 he became the youngest ever participant in the British Chess Championship by qualifying through the North West Zonal three days before his 12th birthday. In the event itself, he defeated ten-time British champion Jonathan Penrose, and finished with 5/11, an excellent showing for a debutant. Short dominated British youth chess during this period, and earned a Master rating with his showing in the 1977 British finals.
Two years later, in the British Championship at Chester, Short tied for first place with John Nunn and Robert Bellin, earning his first International Master norm; Bellin won the title on tiebreak. Later in 1979, Short tied for first place in the World Championship for players under age 16, the World Cadet Championship, at Belfort, France, but lost to Argentinian Marcello Tempone on tiebreak. He became (at the time) the youngest International Master in chess history by scoring 8/15 in the Hastings Premier in 1979/80, breaking Bobby Fischer's record from 1958.
Participating in four World Junior Championships (1980–83), Short achieved his best result during his first attempt, when he placed second to Garry Kasparov in 1980 at Dortmund. Short represented England in international team play for the first time at the 1983 European Team finals in Plovdiv. He was awarded the grandmaster title in 1984, aged 19—becoming the youngest grandmaster in the world at the time, being later supplanted by Simen Agdestein.
World Championship candidate
Short's arrival on the World Chess Championship title began in earnest in 1985 when he narrowly qualified from the Biel Interzonal to become Britain's first-ever candidate. He needed a playoff to advance past John van der Wiel and Eugenio Torre for the last berth, after the three had tied in regulation play. But the Montpellier Candidates Tournament brought Short little success, as he scored 7/15 to finish in 10th place. In the next cycle, he again qualified by winning the 1987 Subotica Interzonal with Jon Speelman. The Candidates stage had by this time reverted to its traditional match format: Short defeated Gyula Sax (+2=3) in Saint John, Canada, in 1988, but then unexpectedly lost (−2=3) to Speelman in London.
Short's next attempt proved his most successful. He defeated Mikhail Gurevich in the last round of the Manila Interzonal and finished equal third with Viswanathan Anand, behind Vassily Ivanchuk and Boris Gelfand, qualifying him as a Candidate for the third successive time. Meeting Speelman again in the 8/Final, in London, he tied a close match (+2-2=4) before edging his older opponent 1.5-0.5 in the tie-break. The 1/4 final, against Gelfand, in Brussels, was a bloodthirsty affair in which Short eventually prevailed (+4-2=2). In the semifinal, in 1992, the Englishman overcame former World Champion Anatoly Karpov (+4−2=4) in a match that was described as "the end of an era". In the final, in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Short defeated Dutchman Jan Timman (+5−3=5) to earn the right to meet defending World Champion Garry Kasparov.
World title match, London 1993
According to Short and Kasparov, the head of the chess world's governing body FIDE, Florencio Campomanes, in breach of FIDE rules, decided the location of the match (Manchester) and the prize fund without consulting them. In her book Nigel Short: Quest for the Crown (Cadogan 1993), the British WIM and author Cathy Forbes wrote that at no time in the 1993 bidding process did FIDE actually receive a conforming world championship match bid. In response, Short and Kasparov promptly formed a rival organisation, the Professional Chess Association. The resulting match—sponsored by The Times newspaper—was held under the new body's auspices in London from September to October 1993. Kasparov won convincingly (+6−1=13) – the largest margin of victory in a world title contest since Botvinnik defeated Tal in 1961.
Controversy
The unprecedented rebellion organized by Kasparov and Short resulted in a parallel World Championship cycle organized by FIDE, featuring Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman playing a title match later in 1993, which was won by Karpov. Short and Kasparov were both sanctioned by FIDE, and the situation led to enormous controversy and upheaval in the chess world for the next several years.
Major tournament results
Short won the British Chess Championship in 1984, 1987 and 1998, and the English Championship in 1991 (the only year in which the latter event was held). He was the Commonwealth Champion in 2004 (Mumbai), 2006 (Mumbai) and 2008 (Nagpur). He won the 2006 EU Individual Open Chess Championship in Liverpool and took a share of second place in 2008 when it was held there again. He has finished outright first, or tied for first, in dozens of other international tournaments, including Geneva (1979), Belfort, World Under 16 (1979), the BBC Master Game (1981), Amsterdam OHRA (1982), Baku (1983), Esbjerg (1984), British Rapidplay Chess Championship (1986), Wijk aan Zee (1986, 1987), Reykjavík (1987), Amsterdam VSB (1988, 1991, 1992, 1993), Hastings (1987/88, 1988/89), Pärnu (1996), Groningen (1996), Tallinn/Pärnu (1998), Isle of Man Monarch Assurance 1998, Dhaka United Insurance (1999), Shymkent (1999), Pamplona (1999/2000), Linares Open (2000), Tan Chin Nam Cup, Beijing (2000), Sigeman and Co. Malmö (2002, 2009, 2013 joint first shared with Richárd Rapport and Nils Grandelius), Gibraltar (2003, 2004, 2012), Budapest Hunguest Hotels (2003), Samba Cup, Skanderborg (2003), Taiyuan (2004), the Politiken Cup (2006), Bazna (2008), the Staunton Memorial (2009), Bangkok Chess Club Open (2011, 2012, 2015, 2017), Luanda (2011), 7th Edmonton International (2012), Bunratty (2012, 2016, 2017, 2020), RA Club Ottawa (2012), Pühajärve Rapid Chess Tournament (2012), Spicenet Tanzania Open (2013), PokerStars Isle of Man (2014), Zaw Win Lay Memorial Yangon (2014), the South African Open (2015) the 1st Stars Cup in Anzali (2016), the British Knockout Championship (2016), the Bacolod Negros Open (2017), the Pre-League Blitz Open in Kampala (2018) and the GM Nigel Short Blitz in Lagos (2018).
Short won the 50th edition of the Canadian Open Chess Championship in Ottawa in 2013, edging Canadian Grandmaster Eric Hansen on tiebreak after both finished with unbeaten 7½/9 scores.
Arguably Short's finest tournament performance came at the Amsterdam VSB tournament in 1991, where he tied for first place with Valery Salov ahead of both Kasparov and Karpov.
Match results
In addition to World Championship cycle results already mentioned above, Short has enjoyed other success as a match player, beating US Champion Lev Alburt in Foxborough, Massachusetts in 1985 by the score of 7–1 (+6=2). He has also defeated Utut Adianto (+3=3) in Jakarta 1995, Étienne Bacrot in Albert 2000 (+3−1=2), Hannes Stefansson in Reykjavík 2002 (+4−1=1), Ehsan Ghaem Maghami in Tehran 2003 (+2=4) Zahar Efimenko in Mukachevo 2009 (+2−1=3) and Hou Yifan in Hoogeveen 2016 (+2-1=3). Short lost to Joel Benjamin by 2½–1½ at London 1983, drew with Eugenio Torre (+1−1=4) in Manila 1988, drew with Timman (3–3) in an exhibition match at Hilversum in 1989, defeated Boris Gulko in extra games in the PCA Candidates' quarterfinals at New York 1994, lost to Gata Kamsky by (5½–1½) in the PCA semi-finals at Linares 1995, and drew with Anish Giri in Amsterdam 2010 (+1-1=2).
In a return to Tehran in March 2013, Short played a second match against the Iranian player Ehsan Ghaem Maghami. Billed as Talking Chess, the contest comprised four games with a classic time control, four games of rapid chess and eight games of blitz. As the classic games progressed, the players gave an intermittent live commentary, aimed at increasing the understanding of the live and television audiences, who could contrast and compare the player's own thoughts and assessments. Short won the classic games (+2=2), the rapid games (+3−1) and the blitz games (+3−2=3).
International team record
Short made his international team debut in the European Team Chess Championship at age 17 at Plovdiv 1983. He represented England in 17 consecutive Olympiads between 1984 and 2016. Short's main highlights are: team silver medals in the chess Olympiads of Thessaloniki 1984, Dubai 1986 (where he also took gold medal for the best individual performance on board three) and Thessaloniki 1988. He took a team bronze in the Novi Sad Olympiad of 1990, and led England to fourth-place finishes in both 1994 and 1996. He led the English team to victory in the 1997 Euroteams at Pula, and was a member of the bronze winning team in 1992, and of fourth place teams in 1983 and 2001. He was a member of three English teams in the World Team Chess Championships of 1985 (team bronze), 1989 (team bronze), and 1997 (team fourth). His complete log when representing England in major international team events follows.
Olympiad:
Thessaloniki 1984 2nd reserve, 3/6 (+1−1=4) team silver
Dubai 1986 board 3, 10/13 (+8−1=4), individual gold medal, team silver
Thessaloniki 1988 board 1, 7/12 (+3−1=8), team silver
Novi Sad 1990 board 1, 6/12 (+2−2=8) team bronze
Manila 1992, board 1, 6/11 (+3−2=6)
Moscow 1994, board 1, 8½/13 (+6−2=5)
Yerevan 1996, board 1, 7/12 (+3−1=8)
Elista 1998, board 2, 6½/11 (+2−0=9)
Istanbul 2000, board 2, 7/12 (+3−1=8)
Bled 2002, board 2, 8½/13 (+5−1=7)
Calvià 2004, board 2, 1½/4 (+1−2=1)
Turin 2006, board 2, 8/11 (+5−0=6)
Dresden 2008, board 2, 7/10 (+6−2=2)
Khanty-Mansiysk 2010, board 2, 4/8 (+2−2=4)
Istanbul 2012, board 3, 7½/10 (+6−1=3)
Tromso 2014, board 3, 1½/5 (+1-3=1)
Baku 2016, reserve, 6½/9 (+5-1=3)
European Team Championship:
Plovdiv 1983 board 7, 4½/7 (+3−1=3)
Debrecen 1992 board 1, 5½/8 (+4−1=3), individual bronze medal, team bronze
Pula 1997 board 1, 4/7 (+2−1=4) team gold
Batumi 1999 board 1, 5/8 (+3−1=4)
León 2001 board 2, 6/9 (+3−0=6)
Porto Carras 2011 board 2, 3/7 (+2-3=2)
Warsaw 2013 board 3, 4½/7 (+2-0=5)
Reykjavík 2015 board 4, 3/5 (+2-1=2)
Hersonissos 2017 board 2, 3½/7 (+2-2=3)
World Team Championship:
Lucerne 1985 board 4, 4/8 (+1−1=6) team bronze
Lucerne 1989, board 1, 4½/8 (+3−2=3), individual silver medal, team bronze
Lucerne 1997, board 1, 4/8 (+0−0=8)
World Senior Team Championship:
Dresden 2015 board 1, 7/8 (+6-0=2) individual gold medal, team bronze
Hersonissos 2017 board 1, 8/9 (+7-0=2) individual gold medal, team bronze
Other activities
Short was appointed to serve as one of several Vice Presidents of the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in October 2018. He has written chess columns and book reviews for the British newspapers The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Mail and The Spectator. He wrote for The Sunday Telegraph for a decade and for The Guardian between 2005 and 19 October 2006. He reported on the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in San Luis, Argentina, for the ChessBase website. He wrote a column, "Short Stories", for New in Chess magazine from January 2011 until December 2018. During the World Chess Championship 2013 he wrote a series of articles for The Indian Express. In 2014 he began writing a column for the Financial Times, interviewing Sol Campbell in the first article.
He has individually coached young prodigies Pentala Harikrishna, Sergey Karjakin, David Howell and Parimarjan Negi. He worked as national coach of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 2006 to 2007. His first assignment led to their unexpectedly capturing a team bronze medal at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. In the nine chess events at the Asian Indoor Games in Macau 2007, Iran took a silver and two bronze medals.
Short was made an honorary Fellow of the then Bolton Institute of Higher Education in 1993, and was admitted to the honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Bolton in 2010. In 1999 he was appointed MBE, in recognition of his chess accomplishments. In August 2005, he was unanimously elected secretary general of the Commonwealth Chess Association. He became its president in June 2006, stepping down in January 2008. He was the FIDE delegate for the ECF between 2009 and 2014.
During important chess events in recent years, Short is often engaged for commentary as part of live broadcasts on the Internet. Chess historian Edward Winter has named him one of the top five Internet broadcasters.
Incidents
In 2001, Short told The Sunday Telegraph chess column that he believed he had been secretly playing the reclusive former chess champion Bobby Fischer on the online chess platform Internet Chess Club in speed chess matches. Fischer denied ownership of the account.
In January 2007, Short gave an interview to the Indian newspaper DNA, in which he called for an inquiry to examine allegations that Veselin Topalov cheated during the World Championship in San Luis.
In the same DNA interview, Short was critical of the role of members of the Appeals Committee at the 2005 and 2006 World Championships, in particular FIDE Vice President Zurab Azmaiparashvili, whom he described as "singularly inappropriate for such work having, by his own admission, cheated in winning the 2003 European Championship." Azmaiparashvili filed a formal complaint to the FIDE Ethics Commission, which convened in July 2007. While dismissing the main complaints against Short, the commission sanctioned him for a minor violation of the FIDE Code of Ethics for his use of the word "dunderhead".
In 2015, Short was criticised for saying that men are biologically superior to women at chess, although he also stated that women are better in other areas.
Personal life
Short resides in Greece, and married drama therapist Rhea Argyro Karageorgiou in 1987. The couple have two children. He is an atheist.
Works
See also
List of chess grandmasters
References
Further reading
Short, by R. O'Brien, Andrew Martin, and Jonathan Tisdall; Tournament Chess, London, 1993.
External links
"Nigel Short" by Edward Winter
1965 births
Living people
English chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
English atheists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Bolton School
People from Leigh, Greater Manchester
English non-fiction writers
British chess writers
English male non-fiction writers
Chess coaches | [
0.041957367211580276,
-0.11811788380146027,
-0.15683582425117493,
-0.5209820866584778,
0.27454033493995667,
0.48456454277038574,
0.2208288460969925,
0.125620499253273,
-0.3852578103542328,
0.5829041600227356,
-0.5306136608123779,
-0.19755300879478455,
-0.3898424804210663,
0.25122344493865967,
0.4914564788341522,
0.13227508962154388,
-0.051481571048498154,
-0.4590144157409668,
-0.5242651700973511,
-0.3768479824066162,
0.2109655886888504,
0.1508689969778061,
-0.20428761839866638,
-0.12234704941511154,
-0.6030058264732361,
0.35447537899017334,
0.11605753004550934,
-0.4980860948562622,
-0.26493290066719055,
-0.5674497485160828,
0.2846561670303345,
-0.013404248282313347,
0.7804419994354248,
-0.2307148277759552,
0.24347750842571259,
-0.21815811097621918,
0.004751741420477629,
-0.03762529045343399,
-0.4780474007129669,
-0.010684052482247353,
-0.630443274974823,
0.10388845950365067,
0.6413885354995728,
0.48208916187286377,
-0.2528199553489685,
-0.04999029263854027,
-1.2640166282653809,
0.5731785893440247,
-0.7149987816810608,
-0.2320719212293625,
-0.001417502062395215,
0.5726351141929626,
0.5755685567855835,
-0.1845354288816452,
0.5914904475212097,
0.27739495038986206,
-0.01959075964987278,
-0.20317114889621735,
-0.18004879355430603,
-0.5751297473907471,
0.061229266226291656,
-0.1677357405424118,
0.35230752825737,
-0.1753455251455307,
0.35377976298332214,
0.05063154548406601,
0.08460284769535065,
0.5013464093208313,
-0.14529724419116974,
-0.08745923638343811,
-0.21475498378276825,
-0.1004495918750763,
-0.15208229422569275,
0.7660342454910278,
0.14598141610622406,
-0.39424318075180054,
0.2582663297653198,
0.5623764395713806,
0.21238858997821808,
0.059145595878362656,
0.5686979293823242,
-0.021175840869545937,
0.480092316865921,
0.39724138379096985,
0.1718965619802475,
-0.09169239550828934,
-0.3007303476333618,
0.05259402096271515,
-0.7821218371391296,
0.665215015411377,
-0.300153911113739,
-0.5015109777450562,
0.3622523844242096,
-0.0729210153222084,
-0.27226540446281433,
-0.5800197720527649,
-0.22342966496944427,
0.32856038212776184,
0.38949325680732727,
-0.009034594520926476,
0.2308354377746582,
-0.06886404752731323,
0.6264652609825134,
-0.6088696718215942,
-0.03918355703353882,
0.04952706769108772,
0.035639964044094086,
-1.1896589994430542,
0.17225219309329987,
0.4999677240848541,
-0.9766517281532288,
-0.055718980729579926,
0.40946313738822937,
-0.07589395344257355,
0.013544511049985886,
0.8924875855445862,
-0.08137235790491104,
-0.3274538815021515,
-0.31052741408348083,
0.05832163617014885,
0.4009345471858978,
0.4153709411621094,
0.06593343615531921,
0.11638317257165909,
-0.5248603224754333,
-0.5989981293678284,
0.15938420593738556,
0.17072933912277222,
-0.028159908950328827,
0.029107749462127686,
0.31796449422836304,
0.3339167535305023,
-1.1544971466064453,
-0.41294702887535095,
-0.41895347833633423,
0.0739196389913559,
0.643397331237793,
-0.5414761900901794,
-0.14468346536159515,
0.42238515615463257,
-0.46630144119262695,
0.2522076964378357,
-0.11409938335418701,
-0.10811799019575119,
0.694104790687561,
0.3207099437713623,
-0.3152988851070404,
-0.11922824382781982,
0.4968436360359192,
0.2152700275182724,
-0.39993342757225037,
-0.06107994168996811,
0.2051946520805359,
-0.261599063873291,
-0.03487066179513931,
0.27755507826805115,
0.508364200592041,
-0.2317257523536682,
-0.02576073631644249,
0.08008135110139847,
0.6556207537651062,
-0.6755971312522888,
0.1769517958164215,
-0.02978350967168808,
0.24396680295467377,
0.10715582966804504,
0.6845663189888,
-0.30017802119255066,
-0.6740939617156982,
0.10649601370096207,
-0.15100175142288208,
0.3465971052646637,
0.9860327243804932,
-0.4887576401233673,
-0.2744292914867401,
0.25876492261886597,
0.04849359020590782,
0.13229747116565704,
0.30569279193878174,
-0.4374524652957916,
-0.70284503698349,
-0.7181863784790039,
0.4317088723182678,
0.3833249807357788,
0.9085221886634827,
-0.35278865694999695,
0.23410166800022125,
-0.2027536928653717,
0.8867821097373962,
0.4331008195877075,
-0.4114547371864319,
0.09376207739114761,
-0.13721154630184174,
-0.6364603638648987,
0.463754266500473,
0.10895466804504395,
-0.6921154856681824,
0.28063955903053284,
0.31618160009384155,
0.7909561395645142,
-0.09408646821975708,
-0.37260210514068604,
-0.33982524275779724,
0.08072999119758606,
0.22926141321659088,
0.6595733761787415,
0.674808144569397,
-0.006050064694136381,
0.4113576114177704,
0.6189953088760376,
-0.05893334746360779,
-0.8303131461143494,
-0.014303403906524181,
0.3592197597026825,
-0.6829732060432434,
-0.24864429235458374,
0.3480536937713623,
0.2150232493877411,
-0.11179476231336594,
-0.6093496084213257,
0.976333737373352,
0.42594727873802185,
-0.06841571629047394,
0.4567064344882965,
-0.17836977541446686,
1.0091030597686768,
-0.3163701295852661,
-0.07295671105384827,
-0.14236891269683838,
-0.39952147006988525,
-0.30517470836639404,
0.2973601520061493,
0.3223308026790619,
-0.1546972095966339,
0.2740980386734009,
-0.23602743446826935,
-0.40835437178611755,
-0.7649573087692261,
0.005809810012578964,
-0.4847588837146759,
0.7616638541221619,
-0.10943623632192612,
-0.4381907880306244,
0.26680514216423035,
0.007890142500400543,
0.3730725944042206,
0.09635813534259796,
0.4515964686870575,
-0.4032127261161804,
-0.12487586587667465,
0.7224714756011963,
0.3068593740463257,
0.9676125049591064,
-0.09780303388834,
-0.4348486363887787,
0.39294323325157166,
-0.38381320238113403,
0.31374382972717285,
1.0247231721878052,
0.6623726487159729,
-0.11530839651823044,
-0.07874664664268494,
0.21400846540927887,
0.053028177469968796,
-0.3794437348842621,
-0.5360653400421143,
-0.3915421962738037,
-0.7363866567611694,
0.2469557821750641,
-0.40751707553863525,
0.7839577198028564,
-0.6104245185852051,
-0.9980923533439636,
0.26026004552841187,
-0.08103968948125839,
0.11945328116416931,
0.3292124271392822,
-0.5511655211448669,
-0.8122028708457947,
-0.7334430813789368,
0.7630707621574402,
0.20245079696178436,
-0.31995517015457153,
-0.3989950716495514,
-0.24792151153087616,
-0.3159419298171997,
-0.3826267123222351,
0.20759540796279907,
-0.13738250732421875,
0.2548788785934448,
-0.3024202585220337,
1.2268216609954834,
-0.5490531921386719,
0.24779073894023895,
0.11541748046875,
0.47373318672180176,
-0.35514917969703674,
-0.6149728894233704,
-0.25698548555374146,
-0.272384911775589,
0.3402024507522583,
0.5895915031433105,
0.16577105224132538,
-0.12632381916046143,
0.44250577688217163,
0.07307349145412445,
-0.5671746730804443,
-0.37201374769210815,
-5.5041069984436035,
0.22516702115535736,
-0.18712228536605835,
0.06900157779455185,
-0.35390597581863403,
0.001814766670577228,
-0.02617775835096836,
-0.1853492259979248,
-0.5126340389251709,
-0.7120950222015381,
-0.7172346115112305,
-0.31899696588516235,
0.032141342759132385,
0.6259923577308655,
0.9761394262313843,
1.055811882019043,
-0.0433194674551487,
-0.438191682100296,
0.85480797290802,
0.8690871596336365,
-0.07322800904512405,
-0.21494755148887634,
-0.18683061003684998,
0.09636315703392029,
-0.1254865676164627,
0.6768093705177307,
-0.874138593673706,
0.1384609490633011,
-0.3522178828716278,
-0.339656800031662,
-0.25084295868873596,
-0.13764727115631104,
-0.3318336009979248,
-0.4010562300682068,
0.09508191794157028,
-0.10765665769577026,
0.4418413043022156,
0.04244784265756607,
-0.08794692903757095,
-0.3695238530635834,
0.441561222076416,
0.2531976103782654,
-0.12424258142709732,
0.1851576268672943,
0.7189595699310303,
-0.16228392720222473,
-0.8652492761611938,
0.28368738293647766,
-0.6182547807693481,
-0.25761672854423523,
0.33501487970352173,
0.38742053508758545,
-0.07697391510009766,
-0.21472492814064026,
-0.2383868396282196,
0.04607701674103737,
0.2147497534751892,
-0.47533002495765686,
-0.43609127402305603,
-0.05188043788075447,
0.23691391944885254,
-0.4718698561191559,
0.547208309173584,
0.44212162494659424,
-0.040647611021995544,
-0.03472498431801796,
0.3580462336540222,
0.3021077811717987,
0.08955460041761398,
0.2777860462665558,
-0.26818716526031494,
0.07567843049764633,
0.42650875449180603,
-0.7940812706947327,
0.03333974629640579,
-0.5624354481697083,
0.3600194454193115,
0.010199875570833683,
0.026935623958706856,
0.04336189106106758,
-0.022275829687714577,
-0.46889564394950867,
-0.13408465683460236,
0.674666702747345,
0.12714558839797974,
-0.8773365616798401,
-0.1688607931137085,
0.7208268046379089,
-0.20329174399375916,
0.29830071330070496,
-0.4762876331806183,
-0.5522447228431702,
0.01881345361471176,
-0.04388148710131645,
0.3715881407260895,
-0.05769526958465576,
0.0024687950499355793,
0.5828949809074402,
0.10734978318214417,
0.5108834505081177,
-0.3776737451553345,
-0.6224005222320557,
-0.2927783131599426,
-1.1500111818313599,
0.3170693814754486,
0.1886066049337387,
-0.14396926760673523,
0.30028414726257324,
0.4302181601524353,
0.3988981246948242,
0.35042867064476013,
0.3010392487049103,
-0.8905567526817322,
0.27642834186553955,
-0.16763919591903687,
-0.039988067001104355,
-0.05663842335343361,
0.4405551850795746,
-0.24436578154563904,
0.38445907831192017,
-0.9390934705734253,
0.16472266614437103,
-0.051729459315538406,
-0.08238616585731506,
-0.40181541442871094,
-0.22702138125896454,
0.03369326889514923,
-0.31659457087516785,
0.1378469318151474,
0.036801859736442566,
-0.2973197102546692,
0.7953852415084839,
0.12758265435695648,
-0.09303533285856247,
0.04549742490053177,
0.04196982458233833,
-0.43192461133003235,
-0.5109356045722961,
-0.1041254848241806,
-0.3531937301158905,
0.180470809340477,
0.18940970301628113,
0.6054010987281799,
0.37553298473358154,
0.12969399988651276,
-0.28578850626945496,
0.15532630681991577,
0.5387832522392273,
-0.15894091129302979,
0.5490798354148865,
0.3020251989364624,
0.09577245265245438,
0.641024112701416,
-0.7012491226196289,
-0.36817389726638794,
-0.3383970260620117,
-0.5511312484741211,
-0.013065256178379059,
0.31865841150283813,
-0.13406683504581451,
0.3337883949279785,
-0.6568039655685425,
-0.9164510369300842,
-0.2164333164691925,
0.6661221385002136,
0.12285039573907852,
-0.3218882381916046,
-0.23791508376598358,
-0.36417850852012634,
0.2637738883495331,
-0.11919111758470535,
-0.7758427262306213,
-0.24369244277477264,
-0.40046191215515137,
0.21468240022659302,
-0.29653096199035645,
-0.09737855195999146,
-0.18426504731178284,
-0.39012885093688965,
0.1762506067752838,
-0.053216055035591125,
-0.2662680447101593,
-0.5363155007362366,
0.47550708055496216,
0.7183687090873718,
-0.31500497460365295,
-0.35911116003990173,
-0.24499133229255676,
-0.27799123525619507,
-0.3548508882522583,
0.21832656860351562,
0.3826506733894348,
0.7847111225128174,
0.8023179769515991,
-0.2177286148071289,
-0.30986014008522034,
0.7625743746757507,
0.0497540608048439,
-0.5556802153587341,
-0.49098891019821167,
-0.004602239932864904,
-0.3043307960033417,
-0.2831822633743286,
-0.1816989928483963,
0.5741092562675476,
-0.2107294350862503,
-0.6368069648742676,
-0.0031102525535970926,
0.31469637155532837,
0.7240798473358154,
-0.5277194976806641,
-0.5211106538772583,
0.3226716220378876,
0.2386593520641327,
-0.8405517935752869,
0.23218297958374023,
-0.11916866153478622,
-0.11328873038291931,
-0.4389280378818512,
-0.2978437542915344,
0.055111583322286606,
-0.42951905727386475,
-0.5025850534439087,
-0.13266794383525848,
-0.25651097297668457,
-0.07367152720689774,
0.8371206521987915,
-0.030507652088999748,
0.85491943359375,
-0.4348430931568146,
-0.24320551753044128,
-0.2785132825374603,
-0.17863641679286957,
0.7134987115859985,
-0.2784767746925354,
-0.18865542113780975,
-0.4981096684932709,
0.601387083530426,
-0.13231530785560608,
-0.5131852626800537,
0.5051115155220032,
0.7638395428657532,
0.3220463693141937,
-0.46061956882476807,
-0.43891358375549316,
0.332518070936203,
0.4564974308013916,
-0.5268158912658691,
-0.16920755803585052,
0.34830760955810547,
0.8203134536743164,
-0.05908630043268204,
-0.34008321166038513,
-0.036152228713035583,
0.5740507245063782,
-0.1747448742389679,
0.15999054908752441,
-0.45045873522758484,
0.14525189995765686,
-0.17609700560569763,
0.4264838695526123,
0.21582698822021484,
0.380428284406662,
0.46671444177627563,
-0.055332332849502563,
0.21114195883274078,
0.22317713499069214,
-0.6058384776115417,
0.0902266576886177,
-0.29733040928840637,
-0.31799182295799255,
-0.6040551066398621,
-0.06079898774623871,
0.7971158623695374,
-0.309679239988327,
0.4686358869075775,
0.3644048571586609,
-0.44011422991752625,
-0.29825085401535034,
-0.0035241255536675453,
-0.610228955745697,
0.29945385456085205,
0.4708491563796997,
-0.8149890303611755,
-0.02362748794257641,
-0.6955932974815369,
-0.021872952580451965,
0.20931501686573029,
0.27685198187828064,
0.07621365785598755,
-0.3078252375125885,
0.02508843131363392,
-0.20755387842655182,
-0.1786668449640274,
-0.5877894759178162,
-0.2007913440465927,
-0.26730719208717346,
-0.011984904296696186,
0.27525562047958374,
-0.5336976647377014,
-0.403927743434906,
0.5466736555099487,
0.7045749425888062,
-0.10504811257123947,
-0.3124634027481079,
-0.033903710544109344,
-0.3569383919239044,
-0.4845827519893646,
-0.2557179927825928,
-0.0375201515853405,
0.21515744924545288,
0.29051464796066284,
0.13898542523384094,
0.5008066892623901,
-0.3893290162086487,
-0.5696056485176086,
0.31822237372398376,
-0.26074790954589844,
-0.2878636419773102,
0.2589047849178314,
-0.04987331107258797,
-0.18552061915397644,
0.515619158744812,
-0.07639586925506592,
-0.30045947432518005,
0.323147714138031,
0.2011042684316635,
-0.18806129693984985,
-0.20553790032863617,
-0.019272305071353912,
0.006290514953434467,
0.17494644224643707,
-0.24905012547969818,
0.6730445027351379,
-0.06433779746294022,
-0.5696417689323425,
-0.011119663715362549,
-0.561555802822113,
0.2539597153663635,
-0.046273261308670044,
0.3398135304450989,
0.6899429559707642,
-0.10112708806991577,
0.15114730596542358,
-0.10744895786046982,
0.1248975545167923,
-0.012404145672917366,
0.6243630647659302,
-0.6605268120765686,
0.33725693821907043,
0.6714266538619995,
0.12784147262573242,
0.2613573372364044,
-0.390214741230011,
0.16740024089813232,
-0.13832885026931763,
-0.08035203814506531,
-0.4542771279811859,
-0.28497835993766785,
0.05643731728196144,
0.29605206847190857,
0.08847794681787491,
0.5687623023986816,
0.15122520923614502,
0.03156600147485733,
0.16568826138973236,
0.11533810943365097,
-1.0006555318832397,
0.3260954022407532,
0.5218587517738342,
0.38820162415504456,
0.3254486620426178,
-0.1256588250398636,
0.4930868446826935,
-0.20138832926750183,
0.3257494866847992,
-0.005126024130731821,
0.32074040174484253,
-0.05638853833079338,
0.06315945833921432,
-0.570732057094574,
0.020113063976168633,
-0.31097614765167236,
0.08787080645561218,
-0.23709283769130707,
-0.7594895362854004,
-0.254131555557251,
0.34448203444480896,
-0.6157048940658569,
0.11687671393156052,
-0.13856008648872375,
-0.8138871788978577,
-0.3425830006599426,
-0.15398389101028442,
0.1715175211429596,
-0.5681778192520142,
-0.4791293442249298,
0.8607354164123535,
0.9839385747909546,
0.24993014335632324,
-0.10403426736593246,
-0.22513331472873688,
0.2720727026462555,
0.08068735897541046,
-0.040135838091373444,
0.07742498070001602,
-0.24595478177070618,
-0.528312623500824,
-0.8434372544288635,
0.5879034996032715,
0.7394186854362488,
0.2055571973323822,
-0.2841094434261322,
1.0737167596817017,
-0.02154892310500145,
0.6498664617538452,
0.294838547706604,
0.06227980554103851,
0.33711400628089905,
-0.41779041290283203,
-0.08275362849235535,
-0.2514139413833618,
-0.28289324045181274,
0.13635270297527313,
-0.26138803362846375,
0.661742627620697,
0.18858961760997772,
-0.18543539941310883,
-0.4049036204814911,
0.6189709901809692,
-0.4818282425403595,
-0.13251522183418274,
0.16841772198677063,
0.09310515969991684,
-0.33896559476852417,
-0.4631121754646301,
1.0251929759979248,
0.973637580871582,
-0.3065473735332489,
-0.5292818546295166,
-0.015039537101984024,
0.6548248529434204,
0.1782665103673935,
0.10091489553451538,
0.5469948053359985,
0.5170314908027649,
0.1331593543291092,
-0.7152899503707886,
-0.4464672803878784,
0.34757769107818604,
0.8586302399635315,
-0.630698025226593,
0.19362947344779968,
-0.6655453443527222,
0.49570178985595703,
0.42378222942352295,
0.016620278358459473,
-0.12561774253845215,
0.15420149266719818,
0.056747760623693466
] |
217715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare%20state%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Welfare state in the United Kingdom | The welfare state of the United Kingdom began to evolve in the 1900s and early 1910s, and comprises expenditures by the government of the United Kingdom intended to improve health, education, employment and social security. The British system has been classified as a liberal welfare state system.
History
The welfare state in the modern sense was anticipated by the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832 which found that the old poor law (a part of the English Poor laws) was subject to widespread abuse and promoted squalor, idleness and criminality in its recipients, compared to those who received private charity. Accordingly, the qualifications for receiving aid were tightened up, forcing many recipients to either turn to private charity or accept employment.
Opinions began to be changed late in the century by reports drawn up by men such as Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth into the levels of poverty in Britain. These reports indicated that in the massive industrial cities, between one-quarter and one-third of the population were living below the poverty line.
Liberal reforms
The Liberal Party launched the welfare state in Britain with a series of major Liberal welfare reforms in 1906–1914. The reforms were greatly extended over the next forty years.
The minimum wage was introduced in Great Britain in 1909 for certain low-wage industries and expanded to numerous industries, including farm labour, by 1920. However, by the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasise the usefulness of family allowance targeted at low-income families was the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market. The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view. In 1945, family allowances were introduced; minimum wages faded from view.
The experience of almost total state control during the Second World War had encouraged the belief that the state might be able to solve problems in wide areas of national life.
The Liberal government of 1906–1914 implemented welfare policies concerning three main groups in society: the old, the young and working people.
Beveridge Report and Labour
The aftermath of the First World War boosted demands for social reform, and led to a permanent increase in the role of the state in British society. The end of the war also brought a slump, particularly in northern industrial towns, that deepened into the Great Depression by the 1930s.
During the war, the government became much more involved in people's lives via governmental organisation of the rationing of foodstuffs, clothing and fuel and extra milk and meals being given to expectant mothers and children. The wartime coalition, and the introduction of family allowances. Many people welcomed this government intervention and wanted it to go further.
The Beveridge Report of 1942, (which identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease) essentially recommended a national, compulsory, flat rate insurance scheme which would combine health care, unemployment and retirement benefits. Beveridge himself was careful to emphasise that unemployment benefits should be held to a subsistence level, and after six months would be conditional on work or training, so as not to encourage abuse of the system. That was however predicated on the concept of the "maintenance of employment" which meant ‘it should be possible to make unemployment of any individual for more than 26 weeks continuously a rare thing in normal times’ and recognised that the imposition of a training condition would be impractical if the unemployed were numbered by the million. After its victory in the 1945 general election, the Labour Party pledged to eradicate the Giant Evils, and undertook policy measures to provide for the people of the United Kingdom "from the cradle to the grave."
Included among the laws passed were the National Assistance Act 1948, National Insurance Act 1946, and National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946.
Impact
This policy resulted in increased expenditure and a widening of what was considered to be the state's responsibility. In addition to the central services of education, health, unemployment and sickness allowances, the welfare state also included the idea of increasing redistributive taxation, increasing regulation of industry, food, and housing (better safety regulations, weights and measures controls, etc.)
The foundation of the National Health Service (NHS) did not involve building new hospitals, but nationalisation of existing municipal provision and charitable foundations. The aim was not to substantially increase provision but to standardise care across the country; indeed William Beveridge believed that the overall cost of medical care would decrease, as people became healthier and so needed less treatment.
However, instead of falling, the cost of the NHS has risen by 4% annually on average due to an ageing population, leading to a reduction in provision. Charges for dentures, and spectacles were introduced in 1951 by the same Labour government that had founded the NHS three years earlier, and prescription charges by the successive Conservative Government were introduced in 1952. In 1988, free eye tests for all were abolished, although they are now free for the over-60s.
Policies differ in different regions of the United Kingdom, but the provision of a welfare state is still a basic principle of government policy in the United Kingdom today. The principle of health care "free at the point of use" became a central idea of the welfare state, which later Conservative governments, although critical of some aspects of the welfare state, did not reverse.
Welfare spending on poor people dropped by 25% during the decade of austerity, cuts to benefits that disabled people receive were significant, Personal Independence Payments and Employment and Support Allowance have both dropped by 10%. Over half of families living below the breadline have at least one relative with a disability. Cuts include, tax credits (£4.6bn), universal credit (£3.6bn), child benefit (£3.4bn), disability benefits (£2.8bn), ESA and incapacity benefit (£2bn) and housing benefit (£2.3bn). Frank Field said, "A £37bn attack has been mounted on the living standards of many of our fellow citizens to such an extent that possibly millions struggle to keep on top of their rent, pay the bills and buy adequate food. Likewise, an unknown number are unable to clothe their children properly before sending them to school where all too many of these children not only rely on free school dinners as a cornerstone of their diet, but on breakfast and supper clubs as well."
Expenditure
In the financial year 2014/15, state pensions were overwhelmingly the largest governmental welfare expense, costing £86,500,000,000 followed by housing benefit, which accounted for over £20,000,000,000 Expenditure in 2015–16 on benefits included: £2,300,000,000 paid to unemployed people and £27,100,000,000 to people on low incomes, and £27,600,000,000 for personal tax credits.
Criticisms
Conservative thinkers have debated the structural incompatibility between the liberal principles and welfare state's principles. Certain sectors of society have argued that the welfare state creates a disincentive for working and investment. Also suggesting that the welfare state at times does not eliminate the causes of individual contingencies and needs. Economically, the net losers of the welfare state are often more against its values and role within society.
Sometimes women who have nothing and cannot feed themselves or their children choose prostitution. Delays in benefit payments when claimants have no money to buy food or to pay rent can force claimants to crime or prostitution, Emma Mullins said, "We had just been made homeless and we had nothing, no food, nothing. I still feel angry when I think about it now that I had to degrade myself – but it was either that or see my children starve. I would do it again if I had to, but I hope I’m never in that situation again."
In 2010, the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition government led by David Cameron argued for a reduction of welfare spending in the United Kingdom as part of their programme of austerity. Government ministers have argued that a growing culture of welfare dependency is perpetuating welfare spending, and claim that a cultural change is required to reduce the welfare bill. Public opinion in the UK appears to support a reduction in welfare spending, however commentators have suggested that negative public perceptions are founded on exaggerated assumptions about the proportion of spending on unemployment benefit and the level of benefit fraud.
Figures from the Department for Work and Pensions show that benefit fraud is thought to have cost taxpayers £1.2 billion during 2012–13, up 9% on the year before. This is lower than the £1.5 billion of benefit underpayment due to error.
In some cases, relatives who bring up a child when the parents cannot bring up the child face sanctions and financial penalties, they can be left poor and homeless. There are also widespread complaints from church groups and others that the UK welfare state does insufficient work to prevent poverty, deprivation even hunger.
Support for raising taxes to finance more provision on health, education and social benefits is the highest it has been since 2002, NatCen Social Research maintains. Two-thirds of Labour supporters favour tax rises and 53% of Conservatives also favour that.
In 2018 the House of Commons library estimated that by 2021, £37bn less would be spent on working-age social security than in 2010, despite rising prices and rising cost of living. Cuts to disability benefits, Personal Independence Payments (PIP) and employment and support allowance (ESA) are noteworthy, they will have fallen by 10%, since 2010. Over half of families with income below the breadline include at least one person with a disability. There are also cuts to tax credits Universal Credit child benefit disability benefits ESA and incapacity benefit and housing benefit. Alison Garnham of the Child Poverty Action Group said, "Cuts and freezes have taken family budgets to the bone as costs rise and there is more pain to come as the two-child limit for tax credits and universal credit, the bedroom tax, the benefit cap and the rollout of universal credit push families deeper into poverty."
In 2019 Social security payments were the lowest they had been since the welfare state was started, millions are excluded from mainstream society and food bank use had increased. The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) found £73 per week, (which is standard for Universal Credit that 2.3 million people claim) amounted to 12.5% of median earnings. When unemployment benefit was introduced in 1948 it amounted 20%. Due to this millions of people are, "excluded from mainstream society, with the basic goods and amenities needed to survive let alone thrive increasingly out of their grip". A senior government adviser stated that economic insecurity was now, "the new normal." The IPPR urges all parties to add an emergency £8.4bn into the welfare system, which has become harder than previous systems because debt deductions are made from payments, there is increasing underpayment and strict sanctions are applied. One in three universal credit claimants are working. Clare McNeil of the IPPR said, "Social security should offer a safety net, not a tightrope over poverty. It is remarkable that in postwar Britain the support for those living in poverty was closer to average earnings than it is today. This is the very simple fact that lies behind the record levels of personal debt, rising use of food banks and increasing destitution that we see in the UK."
Historical statistics on welfare trends
Benefit rates as a percentage of industrial earnings
Note on source, as quoted in the text: "based on statistics of weekly earnings, Employment and Productivity Gazette."
Changes in National Assistance/Supplementary Benefit
Notes
(a) As quoted in the text: "the scale is calculated using the average discretionary addition (adjusted to spread winter fuel costs throughout the year) for retirement pensioners. It does not include any allowance for rent. The price index used for the single pensioner is that in the Employment and Productivity Gazette."
(b) As quoted in the text: "it is assumed that the children are aged four, six, and eleven."
Increases in National Insurance benefits
Notes
(a) As quoted by text: "Based on average earnings for adult male manual workers in manufacturing, allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions."
(b) As quoted by text: "Calculated on the special price index for single pensioner households published by the Employment and Productivity Gazette adjusted for housing expenditure using the housing component of the retail price index. Since a disproportionate number of pensioners have controlled tenancies, this may overstate the increase in prices."
(c) This column is deflated by use of the Retail Price Index
Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings
a,b Man plus dependent wife.
c Man plus dependent wife on his insurance.
d Married couple.
e For one child.
Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1964–69
Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income
Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit
Changes in real terms in social security benefits
Notes
(a) Refers to married couple.
(b) Refers to man plus dependent wife.
(c) Refers to man plus wife on his insurance. After 1971 refers to recipients under 80 years old.
(d) Includes family allowance and tax allowance combined for second child up to 1977, when these were unified into the child benefit.
Percentage change in social security benefits, prices and earnings
(a) Single person.
(b) Single pensioner under age 80.
(c) General index of retail prices.
(d) Average gross weekly earnings of full-time adult male manual workers. For November 1978, October 1977 to October 1978 increase used.
Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income
(a) After allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions.
(b) Average earnings of adult male manual workers.
(c) Earnings Related Supplement calculated using average earnings in October of the relevant tax year.
The real value of social security benefits, 1948–75
See also
Social welfare
Universal basic income in the United Kingdom
Welfare reform
Housing:
Public housing
Housing estate
Council house
References
Bibliography
Béland, Daniel, and Alex Waddan. "Conservatives, partisan dynamics and the politics of universality: reforming universal social programmes in the UK and Canada." Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 22#2 (2014): 83–97.
Calder, Gideon, and Jeremy Gass. Changing Directions of the British Welfare State (University of Wales Press, 2012).
Esping-Andersen, Gosta; The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press (1990).
Ferragina, Emanuele and Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin. "Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures?" Policy & Politics 39#4 pp. 583–611 (2011).http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010.**
Fraser, Derek. The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution (2nd ed. 1984).
Gilbert, Bentley B. The Evolution Of National Insurance In Great Britain: The Origins of the Welfare State (1966).
Harris, Bernard. The origins of the British welfare state: social welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945 (Palgrave, 2004).
Häusermann, Silja, Georg Picot, and Dominik Geering. "Review article: Rethinking party politics and the welfare state–recent advances in the literature." British Journal of Political Science 43.01 (2013): 221–40. online
Hay, Roy. "Employers and social policy in Britain: The evolution of welfare legislation, 1905–14." Social History 2.4 (1977): 435–55.
Hay, James Roy. Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906–14 (1975) 78pp full text online
Levine-Clark, Marjorie. Unemployment, Welfare, and Masculine Citizenship: So Much Honest Poverty in Britain, 1870–1930 (Springer, 2015).
Mommsen, Wolfgang J., and Wolfgang Mock, eds. The emergence of the welfare state in Britain and Germany, 1850–1950 (Taylor & Francis, 1981).
Slater, Tom. "The myth of “Broken Britain”: welfare reform and the production of ignorance." Antipode 46.4 (2014): 948–69. online
Weiler, Peter. The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914 (Routledge, 2016).
Welshman John. Underclass: A History of the Excluded, 1880–2000 (2006) excerpt
External links
Text of the Beveridge Report
The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform Brief history of the Welfare State by Frank Field (BBC website)
The UK Economy at the Crossroads, research paper from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
Taxation in the United Kingdom
Social security in the United Kingdom
Child welfare in the United Kingdom
es:Estado del bienestar inglés
ku:Hukmeta jînfirehiyê | [
0.46702712774276733,
-0.20668645203113556,
-0.10178627818822861,
-0.512513279914856,
-0.11006021499633789,
0.548740804195404,
0.22763071954250336,
0.5806490182876587,
-0.1781967133283615,
-0.4027341306209564,
-0.27987396717071533,
0.2470434159040451,
-0.13589033484458923,
0.40966323018074036,
-0.4903600513935089,
0.3625994622707367,
0.9850836396217346,
0.7078638672828674,
0.07550517469644547,
0.022063469514250755,
-0.7236048579216003,
0.26683172583580017,
0.015579918399453163,
0.16920937597751617,
0.44300052523612976,
-0.5935094952583313,
0.6368981003761292,
-0.6693110466003418,
-0.06366658210754395,
-0.41250529885292053,
0.05871102586388588,
0.13762256503105164,
-0.09039366990327835,
0.1079411655664444,
0.08372604101896286,
-0.17150633037090302,
-0.1818731129169464,
-0.7174856662750244,
-0.4822079539299011,
-0.8269205689430237,
-0.29210421442985535,
-0.0429459884762764,
0.3960089087486267,
0.028972001746296883,
-0.8236744403839111,
-0.3119508624076843,
-1.1051602363586426,
0.5233088135719299,
-0.49914976954460144,
-0.13111233711242676,
-0.962745726108551,
0.3943854570388794,
-0.18889220058918,
-0.2110760658979416,
0.049184683710336685,
0.22783026099205017,
-0.1814616322517395,
0.1823245882987976,
-0.3006848096847534,
-0.29909399151802063,
0.9342341423034668,
0.03036000020802021,
0.4451885521411896,
0.1770324558019638,
0.14355488121509552,
-0.41430792212486267,
0.012877480126917362,
0.7788323163986206,
-0.07059941440820694,
-0.9469437003135681,
-0.8257210850715637,
-0.35505327582359314,
-0.23674072325229645,
-0.12107760459184647,
-0.938698947429657,
-0.19263049960136414,
0.17024895548820496,
-0.4348128139972687,
0.24827763438224792,
-0.5063832998275757,
0.1710217446088791,
0.46507564187049866,
0.16660122573375702,
0.20350852608680725,
0.34622353315353394,
0.32127463817596436,
-0.06622707098722458,
0.4081697463989258,
-0.22850185632705688,
1.121444821357727,
0.5787706971168518,
0.25171706080436707,
0.6668676137924194,
-0.5371253490447998,
0.040244124829769135,
-0.18530093133449554,
0.07105349004268646,
-0.513597309589386,
0.21246829628944397,
-0.002937739249318838,
-0.22834420204162598,
0.1438521295785904,
-0.04788663983345032,
-0.5362623929977417,
-0.31762462854385376,
-0.16776353120803833,
0.18861182034015656,
-0.3073268234729767,
-0.14395539462566376,
-0.10223259776830673,
0.2862514555454254,
0.2671971917152405,
-0.3181415796279907,
0.7881121635437012,
-0.09961031377315521,
0.179031640291214,
-0.24958372116088867,
-0.25695961713790894,
-0.685994565486908,
0.10857187956571579,
0.35245558619499207,
-0.2847515642642975,
-0.09419681131839752,
-0.24135038256645203,
0.25580570101737976,
0.051682136952877045,
0.22870713472366333,
0.29829511046409607,
-0.24249804019927979,
-0.49285566806793213,
0.6853817105293274,
0.5633873343467712,
-0.9295378923416138,
0.011799647472798824,
-0.03620362654328346,
0.15115416049957275,
0.30262696743011475,
0.052368711680173874,
0.5405017137527466,
0.2852294147014618,
-0.14988701045513153,
-0.2919808030128479,
-0.044302307069301605,
0.21884894371032715,
0.5078485608100891,
-0.49533167481422424,
0.18641412258148193,
-0.39469075202941895,
-0.38579443097114563,
-0.14850448071956635,
0.1595672369003296,
0.22403275966644287,
-0.06902934610843658,
0.12755261361598969,
0.08781575411558151,
0.24298688769340515,
0.7069083452224731,
-0.37052643299102783,
0.10104447603225708,
0.3394225537776947,
0.4258374273777008,
0.3272572159767151,
-0.22806109488010406,
-0.15502533316612244,
0.12756049633026123,
-0.286767840385437,
0.1015138179063797,
0.4877340495586395,
0.23609672486782074,
0.4631950855255127,
-0.5514352917671204,
0.39700809121131897,
0.7738211750984192,
-0.184993177652359,
0.19480600953102112,
-0.25952351093292236,
0.4414405822753906,
0.4398343563079834,
0.5126808881759644,
0.14371466636657715,
-0.6964919567108154,
0.07415588945150375,
0.5702475905418396,
0.1937541663646698,
0.3194928765296936,
-0.22611354291439056,
0.5303476452827454,
-0.00757574150338769,
0.08425906300544739,
0.08423876017332077,
-0.2526620328426361,
-0.4575209319591522,
0.2140534520149231,
-0.6507766246795654,
0.9245091676712036,
-0.06587303429841995,
-0.4645516872406006,
0.8476143479347229,
-0.09845559298992157,
-0.14368559420108795,
-0.30072057247161865,
-0.3947245180606842,
0.28470122814178467,
-0.09782344847917557,
-0.7323687672615051,
0.01337787788361311,
0.2805217504501343,
0.32132482528686523,
-0.0609363429248333,
0.0048450892791152,
0.06764007359743118,
-0.3403222858905792,
0.31132134795188904,
-0.33525896072387695,
-0.01950930990278721,
0.08982879668474197,
-0.3751186728477478,
0.5227498412132263,
0.013110115192830563,
-0.15607328712940216,
0.2829606533050537,
0.2360144704580307,
0.11101342737674713,
0.6635160446166992,
0.2983059585094452,
0.10590791702270508,
0.4342944324016571,
0.06261610239744186,
0.3176826238632202,
-0.41548919677734375,
-0.12667912244796753,
0.03218454495072365,
0.02873954363167286,
0.19162751734256744,
-0.19077585637569427,
0.18834719061851501,
-0.6938061714172363,
-0.009610766544938087,
-0.6546684503555298,
-0.40092140436172485,
-0.0345832034945488,
0.09604912251234055,
-0.43078723549842834,
0.36908528208732605,
-0.08488158136606216,
0.07632900774478912,
-0.24462388455867767,
0.33394521474838257,
-0.2601872980594635,
0.2642364203929901,
-0.060235463082790375,
0.47320830821990967,
0.4283859133720398,
-0.0337127223610878,
0.12505201995372772,
-0.06415973603725433,
-0.10304173827171326,
0.22730842232704163,
0.6291439533233643,
0.09732145816087723,
-0.39417609572410583,
0.20798738300800323,
-0.12198809534311295,
0.39937812089920044,
0.007469749543815851,
-0.6114866733551025,
-0.6850497126579285,
-0.3840791583061218,
-0.25747907161712646,
0.08177214115858078,
0.7892577648162842,
-0.10082142800092697,
-0.503903865814209,
0.4130493998527527,
0.3840232193470001,
-0.6426685452461243,
0.8244970440864563,
0.46716174483299255,
-0.43073132634162903,
-0.36458122730255127,
-0.2682682275772095,
0.8111361861228943,
0.21990665793418884,
-0.9934845566749573,
0.2756826877593994,
-0.4897342622280121,
0.25693073868751526,
-0.37876448035240173,
0.2566773593425751,
0.5259197354316711,
-0.0640806332230568,
0.01840394362807274,
-0.3773109018802643,
-0.4881041646003723,
0.15289951860904694,
0.6981514096260071,
-0.10450269281864166,
0.36296921968460083,
0.04206831380724907,
-0.19372247159481049,
0.12606863677501678,
-0.07157011330127716,
-0.1694835126399994,
0.08160188794136047,
0.35017213225364685,
0.13856610655784607,
-0.054408516734838486,
-0.6818476915359497,
-5.770247936248779,
-0.05675165355205536,
0.14190955460071564,
-0.18284150958061218,
0.8183634281158447,
0.3744218349456787,
0.4647558331489563,
0.2046651989221573,
-0.38021284341812134,
-0.2830306887626648,
-0.2177351415157318,
-0.3684236407279968,
0.1432562917470932,
0.8674896359443665,
0.49819415807724,
0.1605408936738968,
0.6647902727127075,
0.10166449844837189,
0.2489556223154068,
0.40467149019241333,
-0.21846026182174683,
-0.23317639529705048,
-0.08234558999538422,
0.9427703619003296,
-0.27954861521720886,
-0.11755719035863876,
-0.2737443745136261,
-0.27278196811676025,
-0.8020353317260742,
-0.013926091603934765,
0.04828694835305214,
-0.4352256655693054,
0.47317105531692505,
-0.3492055833339691,
0.09904555231332779,
0.014998633414506912,
0.5928893685340881,
1.0187681913375854,
0.14168903231620789,
-1.0175520181655884,
-0.43388354778289795,
0.6917820572853088,
-0.24371835589408875,
-0.07007015496492386,
0.12393685430288315,
-0.12423965334892273,
-0.08032739907503128,
-0.04879092425107956,
-0.49100401997566223,
0.5069981813430786,
0.05549495294690132,
0.8326606154441833,
0.06816822290420532,
-0.4368082284927368,
-0.38692706823349,
0.005547137465327978,
-0.05363281071186066,
0.6279118657112122,
0.17937110364437103,
0.0914873331785202,
-0.08508501946926117,
0.17146742343902588,
0.23327089846134186,
-0.08578658103942871,
0.06474962830543518,
-0.015550300478935242,
-1.0272146463394165,
-0.7219270467758179,
0.6055240035057068,
0.3492353558540344,
-0.35203656554222107,
-0.31711381673812866,
-0.015496086329221725,
-0.8338798880577087,
-0.12423835694789886,
-1.0678960084915161,
0.31289324164390564,
-0.07705692201852798,
0.6534253358840942,
0.23502005636692047,
0.29137957096099854,
-0.2987813353538513,
-0.21765409409999847,
0.22525109350681305,
-0.38465604186058044,
-0.6086829900741577,
0.18177945911884308,
0.343038946390152,
-0.3288920819759369,
-0.2628757059574127,
0.13021495938301086,
-0.08552883565425873,
0.017642773687839508,
0.5418145060539246,
0.4454456567764282,
0.4250178337097168,
-0.30671584606170654,
-0.05581008642911911,
-0.2120760977268219,
-0.1696282923221588,
0.3076784908771515,
-0.20495669543743134,
-0.5750873684883118,
-0.6350067257881165,
0.18553029000759125,
-0.13735444843769073,
-0.35655245184898376,
0.40121325850486755,
0.29596471786499023,
-0.5642523765563965,
-0.2088513970375061,
0.13679823279380798,
-0.6320704817771912,
-0.28860047459602356,
-0.0035084260161966085,
0.10693168640136719,
-0.6391207575798035,
0.02474607154726982,
0.13109709322452545,
-0.10502083599567413,
0.28025275468826294,
0.1876491904258728,
-0.16885808110237122,
-0.15149538218975067,
-0.292786180973053,
-0.12847401201725006,
0.2369505912065506,
-0.10257290303707123,
0.15115097165107727,
0.0127405459061265,
0.8302119970321655,
0.4290826916694641,
-0.2982119917869568,
-0.30666080117225647,
0.3483835458755493,
0.037073347717523575,
0.28696784377098083,
0.2001858800649643,
-0.508857011795044,
-0.18025746941566467,
0.17152470350265503,
-0.008892625570297241,
0.19871269166469574,
-0.13448259234428406,
0.38051822781562805,
0.014896230772137642,
-0.13411252200603485,
-0.08716584742069244,
0.16762994229793549,
0.033193424344062805,
0.07487919926643372,
0.29752790927886963,
-0.18502524495124817,
-0.5558323264122009,
-0.23520803451538086,
-0.5809124708175659,
0.4780229926109314,
-0.5207804441452026,
-0.40248987078666687,
-0.6652761697769165,
-0.15710780024528503,
-0.5851366519927979,
-1.35916006565094,
0.27823761105537415,
0.40205085277557373,
0.2551560401916504,
-0.43073612451553345,
-0.5809575319290161,
0.614435076713562,
0.744308590888977,
0.06446871906518936,
-0.04567636176943779,
0.05622995272278786,
-0.33110299706459045,
0.3247007131576538,
-0.033822085708379745,
-0.017193304374814034,
0.11181686073541641,
-0.32362258434295654,
-0.07611020654439926,
-0.0026898900978267193,
-0.062090639024972916,
-0.410428911447525,
-0.2903340458869934,
-0.06953877210617065,
-0.30304160714149475,
-0.2996463477611542,
0.441464364528656,
-0.1479949802160263,
-0.5591710805892944,
0.08996157348155975,
0.008295394480228424,
0.8524739742279053,
0.6954383254051208,
-0.44757044315338135,
-0.19687749445438385,
-0.4817986488342285,
0.6698923707008362,
-0.27982139587402344,
-0.007022136822342873,
0.5051512718200684,
0.43392473459243774,
-0.19776947796344757,
-0.41948479413986206,
-0.11545947939157486,
-0.3966227173805237,
-0.2768406569957733,
0.30806875228881836,
-0.5338399410247803,
1.035683512687683,
-0.7531712651252747,
-0.17269310355186462,
-0.3043266236782074,
0.29204896092414856,
-0.4212133586406708,
-0.7426459789276123,
-0.688406229019165,
-0.32831692695617676,
-0.07471408694982529,
-0.38780519366264343,
0.024127785116434097,
-0.08402975648641586,
-0.42705804109573364,
0.23799818754196167,
-0.37129566073417664,
-0.7162692546844482,
0.33396682143211365,
-0.7830102443695068,
0.08068935573101044,
-0.31119418144226074,
-0.0712902620434761,
0.08855878561735153,
-0.1004289835691452,
-0.11606857925653458,
0.004236634820699692,
-0.24827279150485992,
0.34199240803718567,
0.3457459807395935,
0.18220500648021698,
-0.08445177972316742,
-0.22263595461845398,
0.9384222030639648,
0.23328623175621033,
-1.0557128190994263,
0.08590603619813919,
0.6240211129188538,
0.525879979133606,
-0.15252743661403656,
-0.19431309401988983,
0.5239858031272888,
-0.1963602602481842,
-0.3912963271141052,
-0.4533560276031494,
-0.028628839179873466,
-0.20815682411193848,
-0.5039425492286682,
0.054403506219387054,
-0.48847582936286926,
0.4079474210739136,
0.3553868234157562,
0.4162765443325043,
-0.01570228487253189,
-0.15674111247062683,
-0.1719755083322525,
0.9773843288421631,
-0.32267725467681885,
-0.17783436179161072,
-0.26320648193359375,
0.08269744366407394,
-0.46200379729270935,
0.5710317492485046,
0.17801648378372192,
-0.0683206096291542,
-0.326729416847229,
1.1263049840927124,
-0.6356956958770752,
0.45053496956825256,
-0.531047523021698,
0.503469705581665,
-0.1789412647485733,
-0.23167471587657928,
0.0284134354442358,
0.47742125391960144,
-0.5367499589920044,
0.29987069964408875,
-1.2570881843566895,
0.3259924054145813,
-0.18662869930267334,
-0.5202592611312866,
-0.1497940719127655,
-0.12942048907279968,
-0.15903803706169128,
-0.1398114562034607,
-0.04470697045326233,
-0.6959973573684692,
0.2651132643222809,
-0.3362986743450165,
-0.2161615937948227,
0.034158170223236084,
-0.16617994010448456,
-0.11317747831344604,
0.1558753103017807,
-0.5624902248382568,
0.2511594593524933,
0.11903417855501175,
0.23064349591732025,
0.1187976822257042,
-0.2312418818473816,
-0.29010626673698425,
0.09582144767045975,
0.10327459126710892,
-0.1773049682378769,
0.6091011762619019,
0.6624931693077087,
-0.6619006395339966,
0.026246560737490654,
0.11741310358047485,
-0.8720774054527283,
0.2665387690067291,
0.6476690173149109,
-0.1407257616519928,
0.21568997204303741,
-0.04980506747961044,
0.11167063564062119,
0.027923284098505974,
-0.10908470302820206,
-0.01611609011888504,
0.4630369246006012,
-0.03907839208841324,
0.4825780391693115,
0.4548771381378174,
0.5686615705490112,
-0.21524380147457123,
0.5715169906616211,
-0.0874435156583786,
0.06176140904426575,
0.2854939103126526,
-0.7027991414070129,
-0.22442521154880524,
0.39123964309692383,
0.5376479625701904,
-0.24427680671215057,
0.20665064454078674,
-0.13713786005973816,
0.4733158051967621,
0.4647560119628906,
0.04546153172850609,
-0.04601629078388214,
0.0308408010751009,
0.443570613861084,
1.0829992294311523,
-0.2837606966495514,
0.5651934146881104,
0.25943613052368164,
0.32093390822410583,
-0.3634796142578125,
0.6199254393577576,
-0.07064897567033768,
-0.12140064686536789,
-0.4966726005077362,
0.3050908148288727,
0.27500128746032715,
-0.10090164095163345,
-0.14773689210414886,
0.48078009486198425,
-0.08858727663755417,
0.5530239939689636,
-0.5258389711380005,
0.26406845450401306,
0.4556420147418976,
0.42457956075668335,
0.3227469027042389,
-0.12120549380779266,
0.31467077136039734,
0.16214770078659058,
0.1429070681333542,
0.311262845993042,
0.33516332507133484,
0.2997836172580719,
-0.23217491805553436,
-0.14087174832820892,
0.3073316216468811,
-0.30043452978134155,
-0.785984218120575,
-0.47486862540245056,
-0.02629454992711544,
-0.5078870058059692,
-0.04792365804314613,
-0.40550047159194946,
0.10503962635993958,
-0.5231611132621765,
0.001656761160120368,
0.013438540510833263,
0.19782209396362305,
-0.4149883985519409,
-0.011173740960657597,
-0.12132290750741959,
0.4886051118373871,
0.6267454624176025,
-0.4009253680706024,
0.14452113211154938,
0.889913022518158,
-0.2832809388637543,
0.13208508491516113,
0.16922394931316376,
0.274105042219162,
-0.3266061544418335,
-0.18030157685279846,
0.03997637704014778,
0.2063969522714615,
0.4156382381916046,
0.12762008607387543,
-0.0666593462228775,
0.3149183392524719,
0.0078032915480434895,
0.46992480754852295,
0.6073690056800842,
-0.014343778602778912,
-0.046277835965156555,
-0.32620617747306824,
0.3621194064617157,
0.22376783192157745,
0.0636463388800621,
-0.17999370396137238,
-0.09717822074890137,
0.2485238015651703,
0.0015424658777192235,
0.11291688680648804,
-0.320038765668869,
0.6851044297218323,
-1.2250124216079712,
-0.08201482146978378,
-0.4986394941806793,
-0.0105200856924057,
-0.4553734362125397,
0.17354415357112885,
0.34545373916625977,
-0.03438205644488335,
-0.202580988407135,
-0.36991575360298157,
-0.2929013967514038,
-0.09975268691778183,
0.9654130935668945,
0.1506563127040863,
0.6225810647010803,
-0.08614739775657654,
-0.01402805745601654,
0.007926973514258862,
-0.4944658875465393,
0.2242288589477539,
0.08859030157327652,
-0.25297045707702637,
-0.17944934964179993,
0.09223131090402603,
0.08538879454135895,
-0.287954717874527,
-0.043336134403944016,
-0.2772134840488434,
-0.5210872888565063,
0.4054318070411682
] |
217717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-burning%20process | Carbon-burning process | The carbon-burning process or carbon fusion is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in the cores of massive stars (at least 8 at birth) that combines carbon into other elements. It requires high temperatures (> 5×108 K or 50 keV) and densities (> 3×109 kg/m3).
These figures for temperature and density are only a guide. More massive stars burn their nuclear fuel more quickly, since they have to offset greater gravitational forces to stay in (approximate) hydrostatic equilibrium. That generally means higher temperatures, although lower densities, than for less massive stars. To get the right figures for a particular mass, and a particular stage of evolution, it is necessary to use a numerical stellar model computed with computer algorithms. Such models are continually being refined based on nuclear physics experiments (which measure nuclear reaction rates) and astronomical observations (which include direct observation of mass loss, detection of nuclear products from spectrum observations after convection zones develop from the surface to fusion-burning regions – known as dredge-up events – and so bring nuclear products to the surface, and many other observations relevant to models).
Fusion reactions
The principal reactions are:
:{| border="0"
|- style="height:3em;"
|| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||4.617 MeV
|- style="height:3em;"
| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||2.241 MeV
|- style="height:3em;"
| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ ||1n ||− ||2.599 MeV
|- style="height:3em;"
|colspan=99|Alternatively:
|- style="height:3em;"
| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||13.933 MeV
|- style="height:3em;"
| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ ||2 ||colspan=2|− 0.113 MeV
|}
Reaction products
This sequence of reactions can be understood by thinking of the two interacting carbon nuclei as coming together to form an excited state of the 24Mg nucleus, which then decays in one of the five ways listed above. The first two reactions are strongly exothermic, as indicated by the large positive energies released, and are the most frequent results of the interaction. The third reaction is strongly endothermic, as indicated by the large negative energy indicating that energy is absorbed rather than emitted. This makes it much less likely, yet still possible in the high-energy environment of carbon burning. But the production of a few neutrons by this reaction is important, since these neutrons can combine with heavy nuclei, present in tiny amounts in most stars, to form even heavier isotopes in the s-process.
The fourth reaction might be expected to be the most common from its large energy release, but in fact it is extremely improbable because it proceeds via electromagnetic interaction, as it produces a gamma ray photon, rather than utilising the strong force between nucleons as do the first two reactions. Nucleons look a lot bigger to each other than they do to photons of this energy. However, the 24Mg produced in this reaction is the only magnesium left in the core when the carbon-burning process ends, as 23Mg is radioactive.
The last reaction is also very unlikely since it involves three reaction products, as well as being endothermic — think of the reaction proceeding in reverse, it would require the three products all to converge at the same time, which is less likely than two-body interactions.
The protons produced by the second reaction can take part in the proton–proton chain reaction, or the CNO cycle, but they can also be captured by 23Na to form 20Ne plus a 4He nucleus. In fact, a significant fraction of the 23Na produced by the second reaction gets used up this way. In stars between 9 and 11 solar masses, the oxygen (O-16) already produced by helium fusion in the previous stage of stellar evolution manages to survive the carbon-burning process pretty well, despite some of it being used up by capturing He-4 nuclei. So the end result of carbon burning is a mixture mainly of oxygen, neon, sodium and magnesium.
The fact that the mass-energy sum of the two carbon nuclei is similar to that of an excited state of the magnesium nucleus is known as 'resonance'. Without this resonance, carbon burning would only occur at temperatures one hundred times higher.
The experimental and theoretical investigation of such resonances is still a subject of research. A similar resonance increases the probability of the triple-alpha process, which is responsible for the original production of carbon.
Neutrino losses
Neutrino losses start to become a major factor in the fusion processes in stars at the temperatures and densities of carbon burning. Though the main reactions don't involve neutrinos, the side reactions such as the proton–proton chain reaction do. But the main source of neutrinos at these high temperatures involves a process in quantum theory known as pair production. A high energy gamma ray which has a greater energy than the rest mass of two electrons (mass-energy equivalence) can interact with electromagnetic fields of the atomic nuclei in the star, and become a particle and anti-particle pair of an electron and positron.
Normally, the positron quickly annihilates with another electron, producing two photons, and this process can be safely ignored at lower temperatures. But around 1 in 1019 pair productions end with a weak interaction of the electron and positron, which replaces them with a neutrino and anti-neutrino pair. Since they move at virtually the speed of light and interact very weakly with matter, these neutrino particles usually escape the star without interacting, carrying away their mass-energy. This energy loss is comparable to the energy output from the carbon fusion.
Neutrino losses, by this and similar processes, play an increasingly important part in the evolution of the most massive stars. They force the star to burn its fuel at a higher temperature to offset them. Fusion processes are very sensitive to temperature so the star can produce more energy to retain hydrostatic equilibrium, at the cost of burning through successive nuclear fuels ever more rapidly. Fusion produces less energy per unit mass as the fuel nuclei get heavier, and the core of the star contracts and heats up when switching from one fuel to the next, so both these processes also significantly reduce the lifetime of each successive fusion-burning fuel.
Up to the helium burning stage the neutrino losses are negligible. But from the carbon burning stage onwards, the reduction in stellar lifetime due to energy lost in the form of neutrinos roughly matches the increased energy production due to fuel change and core contraction. In successive fuel changes in the most massive stars, the reduction in lifetime is dominated by the neutrino losses. For example, a star of 25 solar masses burns hydrogen in the core for 107 years, helium for 106 years and carbon for only 103 years.
Stellar evolution
During helium fusion, stars build up an inert core rich in carbon and oxygen. The inert core eventually reaches sufficient mass to collapse due to gravitation, whilst the helium burning moves gradually outward. This decrease in the inert core volume raises the temperature to the carbon ignition temperature. This will raise the temperature around the core and allow helium to burn in a shell around the core. Outside this is another shell burning hydrogen. The resulting carbon burning provides energy from the core to restore the star's mechanical equilibrium. However, the balance is only short-lived; in a star of 25 solar masses, the process will use up most of the carbon in the core in only 600 years. The duration of this process varies significantly depending on the mass of the star.
Stars of below 8–9 solar masses never reach high enough core temperature to burn carbon, instead ending their lives as carbon-oxygen white dwarfs after shell helium flashes gently expel the outer envelope in a planetary nebula.
In stars with masses between 8 and 12 solar masses, the carbon-oxygen core is under degenerate conditions and carbon ignition takes place in a carbon flash, that lasts just milliseconds and disrupts the stellar core. In the late stages of this nuclear burning they develop a massive stellar wind, which quickly ejects the outer envelope in a planetary nebula leaving behind an O-Ne-Na-Mg white dwarf core of about 1.1 solar masses. The core never reaches high enough temperature for further fusion burning of heavier elements than carbon.
Stars of more than 12 solar masses start carbon burning in a non-degenerate core, and after carbon exhaustion proceed with the neon-burning process once contraction of the inert (O, Ne, Na, Mg) core raises the temperature sufficiently.
See also
Alpha process
Carbon detonation
CNO cycle
Neon-burning process
Proton–proton chain reaction
Triple-alpha process
References
Nucleosynthesis | [
0.34049490094184875,
0.5000242590904236,
-0.3964894115924835,
0.08851355314254761,
0.202373206615448,
-0.12475107610225677,
-0.37413251399993896,
0.22009968757629395,
-0.26604315638542175,
-0.05719947814941406,
-0.36741405725479126,
0.16584163904190063,
-0.012303713709115982,
0.31695112586021423,
-0.5456831455230713,
-0.02845039777457714,
0.007863592356443405,
0.3695991039276123,
-0.24780577421188354,
-0.38794228434562683,
-0.2732282280921936,
0.07113800942897797,
0.2421763688325882,
0.45523205399513245,
0.1685653179883957,
0.04013298079371452,
-0.19478139281272888,
-0.2728003263473511,
0.3284868001937866,
0.03125299885869026,
-0.36239442229270935,
0.3432783782482147,
0.1258026361465454,
-0.4970378279685974,
0.3747173547744751,
-0.17651477456092834,
-0.47283968329429626,
-0.06933847814798355,
0.18346168100833893,
-0.6890829205513,
-0.4639130234718323,
0.04213457554578781,
0.594170093536377,
0.35682401061058044,
-0.23218733072280884,
0.10439472645521164,
-0.5803097486495972,
0.7208210825920105,
-0.6507307291030884,
-0.18167778849601746,
-0.23228700459003448,
-0.2921888828277588,
0.309835821390152,
0.1510634571313858,
-0.03712313994765282,
0.5746275782585144,
-0.6063665747642517,
0.5107789039611816,
0.137848898768425,
-0.028895584866404533,
0.061072275042533875,
0.04635833203792572,
-0.37980917096138,
0.35486310720443726,
0.5005269050598145,
-0.37420758605003357,
-0.0572185255587101,
0.2876231372356415,
-0.2689346969127655,
0.14081653952598572,
-0.17165568470954895,
-0.38998323678970337,
-0.22993771731853485,
0.04034562408924103,
-0.17547351121902466,
0.2363211214542389,
-0.07731463015079498,
-0.14987261593341827,
0.04288077354431152,
0.12114619463682175,
-0.018547920510172844,
0.15686790645122528,
-0.2081855982542038,
-0.03477691859006882,
0.3216680586338043,
0.36566296219825745,
-0.5455923676490784,
0.573421835899353,
-0.30349621176719666,
0.13190676271915436,
-0.14803336560726166,
0.015031731687486172,
0.41007035970687866,
0.5704420804977417,
-0.1760498434305191,
-0.36578208208084106,
0.4542328715324402,
-0.3392161428928375,
0.32986360788345337,
0.09719357639551163,
-0.07918752729892731,
0.05876796692609787,
0.5086600184440613,
-0.1434847116470337,
0.13470818102359772,
0.0833539217710495,
-0.4986952543258667,
-0.6567186713218689,
0.4450177252292633,
-0.3428588807582855,
0.03273836895823479,
0.2468351125717163,
-0.3242870569229126,
0.590679407119751,
-0.4766434133052826,
0.12676942348480225,
-0.48612818121910095,
-0.2326178252696991,
0.3835146427154541,
-0.43941354751586914,
-0.3477265238761902,
1.357125997543335,
-0.10284891724586487,
0.28737694025039673,
-0.3171048164367676,
0.5727234482765198,
0.605542778968811,
0.7265186905860901,
-0.32353177666664124,
-0.09451106935739517,
0.214225634932518,
0.9158719778060913,
0.14964056015014648,
-0.5022619366645813,
0.048648957163095474,
-0.1702985167503357,
0.45548972487449646,
0.08665848523378372,
0.9044754505157471,
0.4734348952770233,
-0.9321101903915405,
-0.615032970905304,
0.4524648189544678,
0.09898868948221207,
0.2214970737695694,
-0.043444808572530746,
-0.5603119134902954,
-0.8722590208053589,
0.15362004935741425,
0.23292399942874908,
0.06282167881727219,
0.01717989705502987,
-0.3017248809337616,
0.27308276295661926,
-0.8217951655387878,
-0.1867498755455017,
0.12041234970092773,
-0.302933931350708,
-0.2667945921421051,
-0.14641064405441284,
0.32859089970588684,
-0.5855785608291626,
0.05428401008248329,
0.12057563662528992,
0.14517542719841003,
-0.2853071987628937,
0.47777679562568665,
0.45481327176094055,
-0.8384419083595276,
-0.18139171600341797,
-0.12589159607887268,
0.04122525826096535,
-0.09210629016160965,
-0.43841809034347534,
-0.2029486447572708,
-0.18754971027374268,
0.44119951128959656,
0.267343133687973,
0.5409297943115234,
0.43624600768089294,
-0.6945725679397583,
0.5661709308624268,
0.21667559444904327,
-0.2629680335521698,
-0.4267047941684723,
-0.3429197669029236,
0.027501896023750305,
-0.14502432942390442,
-0.4563099443912506,
0.5903601050376892,
-0.7486348152160645,
0.1271553486585617,
0.3732296824455261,
-0.7128022909164429,
1.2965927124023438,
-0.41024258732795715,
0.10453778505325317,
0.4479467570781708,
-0.2924250364303589,
-0.13451209664344788,
-0.47576504945755005,
0.32839226722717285,
0.5119370818138123,
-0.8483126163482666,
-0.5698715448379517,
0.0771847516298294,
0.3276995122432709,
-0.18804757297039032,
0.46203067898750305,
-0.5214975476264954,
-0.18624667823314667,
0.23856166005134583,
0.6633300185203552,
-0.28411638736724854,
0.07241695374250412,
-0.23888705670833588,
-1.1944553852081299,
0.37681859731674194,
0.49736639857292175,
0.14413219690322876,
0.6846025586128235,
-0.15386013686656952,
0.09876171499490738,
-0.22378568351268768,
0.13150165975093842,
0.716614305973053,
0.7883307933807373,
-0.3531707525253296,
0.39714357256889343,
-0.14777755737304688,
0.4928086996078491,
0.0733833909034729,
0.1775086224079132,
-0.12289026379585266,
0.11409499496221542,
0.04307166114449501,
-0.3207095265388489,
-0.1910286396741867,
-0.2680879235267639,
-0.5202475190162659,
-0.0036997508723288774,
0.11227644234895706,
-0.7038301825523376,
-0.02306966856122017,
0.07464898377656937,
0.422503262758255,
-0.2569657862186432,
0.35828518867492676,
-0.41838619112968445,
-0.05954751372337341,
-0.2606974244117737,
0.29094740748405457,
0.20499910414218903,
-0.7187690138816833,
0.23034879565238953,
-0.733283519744873,
-0.15805089473724365,
0.32618796825408936,
0.16724011301994324,
0.04101267084479332,
0.08263298124074936,
-0.9214151501655579,
-0.273768812417984,
0.041996847838163376,
-0.17446069419384003,
-0.5807369351387024,
-0.7487225532531738,
-0.5385338664054871,
0.5842735171318054,
0.33047857880592346,
0.4646693766117096,
0.046574417501688004,
0.12359298020601273,
0.03659948334097862,
-0.3315766155719757,
-0.7301252484321594,
0.15773533284664154,
0.03997167572379112,
-0.43733903765678406,
0.1019764244556427,
0.01938074640929699,
0.21076713502407074,
-0.26877787709236145,
-0.661335825920105,
-0.3922499120235443,
0.45570605993270874,
0.2564219534397125,
-0.4219134449958801,
0.15322501957416534,
-0.3952736556529999,
0.025156253948807716,
-0.01628294214606285,
0.11059872061014175,
0.009180660359561443,
0.5233271718025208,
0.25448963046073914,
-0.21198105812072754,
0.3143833875656128,
0.08759768307209015,
-0.22713924944400787,
-0.03919977694749832,
0.11759533733129501,
-0.6028655767440796,
-0.15272922813892365,
-0.0016857488080859184,
0.03417045623064041,
0.005112431477755308,
0.3093172013759613,
-5.9226531982421875,
0.02162325195968151,
-0.1835692971944809,
-0.5922145843505859,
-0.24204885959625244,
-0.10327719897031784,
0.5077785849571228,
-0.2426537424325943,
-0.03049391508102417,
0.2564651668071747,
-0.28367534279823303,
0.13644367456436157,
-0.22406917810440063,
0.21631312370300293,
0.1129482313990593,
0.48350608348846436,
0.25074127316474915,
-0.08222270011901855,
0.31607893109321594,
0.5326712727546692,
0.1296587884426117,
-0.012240201234817505,
-0.26222336292266846,
0.4826335608959198,
-0.19742877781391144,
-0.5174931287765503,
-0.2387268990278244,
-0.28319498896598816,
-0.2838076949119568,
0.2627544701099396,
0.03024613857269287,
-0.3648815155029297,
0.3797753155231476,
0.021928219124674797,
-0.008269130252301693,
-0.02572787180542946,
0.13791444897651672,
-0.2195894867181778,
0.016993753612041473,
0.17742250859737396,
-0.08260174840688705,
0.2542876899242401,
-0.35752853751182556,
-0.3684501349925995,
0.5632390379905701,
-0.5018337368965149,
-0.18202842772006989,
-0.32536983489990234,
-0.1100807934999466,
0.668560802936554,
0.012800035066902637,
0.2723711133003235,
0.5391959547996521,
-0.8072015047073364,
0.13017724454402924,
0.3261280357837677,
-0.09861579537391663,
0.4167530834674835,
0.07442638278007507,
-0.3653135299682617,
-0.24863336980342865,
0.02879825420677662,
0.07243424654006958,
-0.05329044163227081,
-0.17336952686309814,
0.42886635661125183,
-0.41840994358062744,
-0.4226591885089874,
0.39316046237945557,
0.162037193775177,
-0.45991766452789307,
0.40428102016448975,
0.21802668273448944,
-0.4096810221672058,
0.1667211800813675,
-0.27243325114250183,
-0.21015523374080658,
-0.0016719012055546045,
0.292718768119812,
0.758870005607605,
-0.2634238600730896,
0.14075522124767303,
-0.1318528652191162,
-0.3171384930610657,
0.8603730797767639,
0.2717849910259247,
-0.6987993121147156,
0.11887805163860321,
0.37808892130851746,
0.2475629597902298,
0.8994205594062805,
-0.18478979170322418,
0.2508167326450348,
0.39569416642189026,
0.5953684449195862,
0.4292546510696411,
0.2207919955253601,
0.1879953145980835,
0.4533998668193817,
0.2432166039943695,
0.4183546304702759,
0.4101615250110626,
0.10744307935237885,
-0.22017163038253784,
-0.31864437460899353,
-0.24578723311424255,
0.091671884059906,
0.33829250931739807,
0.1968749612569809,
0.015458134934306145,
0.1924954354763031,
0.6382164359092712,
-0.20758993923664093,
-0.45114800333976746,
0.04022679105401039,
0.16576126217842102,
-0.5495744347572327,
0.6550273299217224,
0.44417303800582886,
0.1568654328584671,
0.012056478299200535,
0.16857999563217163,
-1.0086287260055542,
-0.08438827097415924,
-0.24115484952926636,
-0.9312937259674072,
-0.09582939743995667,
0.35816988348960876,
0.47105464339256287,
-0.008061625063419342,
-0.42243528366088867,
-0.10622326284646988,
0.2002200335264206,
0.23249147832393646,
0.24997460842132568,
0.4555814266204834,
0.03888421133160591,
-0.2834423780441284,
0.18332834541797638,
-0.039221182465553284,
0.35592177510261536,
0.16554275155067444,
-0.030301149934530258,
-0.21567435562610626,
0.29577112197875977,
0.8463451266288757,
-0.6674473285675049,
-0.08695808798074722,
0.04629601538181305,
0.10384801775217056,
0.0852651372551918,
-0.16200488805770874,
-0.3172895014286041,
-0.11527065187692642,
-0.7077568173408508,
0.04239563271403313,
0.07375181466341019,
0.24344193935394287,
0.5048211216926575,
-0.3395383656024933,
0.504923403263092,
-0.5812095999717712,
-1.0852326154708862,
-0.19210146367549896,
-0.23307585716247559,
0.15388333797454834,
-0.6530212759971619,
0.06792405992746353,
-0.5140790939331055,
0.2276458889245987,
-0.7550845146179199,
-0.3883917033672333,
-0.0613248348236084,
-0.482136607170105,
0.30952778458595276,
-0.006314977537840605,
0.24075007438659668,
-0.1428239494562149,
-0.16283230483531952,
-0.6229966878890991,
-0.2619117796421051,
-0.31904304027557373,
-0.38619816303253174,
0.19722141325473785,
-0.07671799510717392,
-0.481663316488266,
-0.14018504321575165,
0.5210791826248169,
-0.19850389659404755,
-0.18326641619205475,
0.6576507091522217,
-0.4129723608493805,
0.10328371077775955,
0.15421859920024872,
0.31779977679252625,
-0.36076757311820984,
-0.3634824752807617,
0.22565977275371552,
0.40585824847221375,
-0.49125975370407104,
-0.10988495498895645,
-0.32215210795402527,
-0.48776495456695557,
0.36260107159614563,
0.764272928237915,
0.10022465139627457,
-0.3392396569252014,
0.44982823729515076,
0.10838080942630768,
-0.14983364939689636,
0.20557324588298798,
-0.8894757628440857,
-0.25686851143836975,
0.4952397048473358,
-0.05436035990715027,
0.3895784318447113,
0.4491496682167053,
-0.0438394621014595,
0.4903002679347992,
-0.1520535945892334,
0.24322274327278137,
0.05596719682216644,
-0.15077106654644012,
-0.31279659271240234,
0.3513621687889099,
0.5335885286331177,
0.3168613016605377,
-0.18980517983436584,
-0.29217368364334106,
-0.4491328299045563,
-0.2949465215206146,
0.4473654329776764,
-0.16901202499866486,
-0.32644063234329224,
0.15671293437480927,
0.01429400872439146,
-0.1192791610956192,
0.3137068450450897,
0.12756295502185822,
-0.3175360858440399,
0.4609083831310272,
0.29079413414001465,
0.29004567861557007,
0.09176522493362427,
-0.5123166441917419,
0.18961785733699799,
0.904194712638855,
-0.36261841654777527,
-0.4888154864311218,
-0.5460724234580994,
0.3123975992202759,
-0.633074164390564,
-0.4725848138332367,
-0.32647615671157837,
0.5253375768661499,
0.13650016486644745,
0.03191961348056793,
-0.12406735122203827,
-0.32575100660324097,
0.03317399322986603,
0.010457313619554043,
-0.23883865773677826,
-0.41988736391067505,
-0.20712587237358093,
0.7207248210906982,
0.44778305292129517,
-0.9058014750480652,
-0.4265262484550476,
-0.29540008306503296,
-0.24259261786937714,
0.7133278250694275,
0.08932522684335709,
0.3529389500617981,
0.7114724516868591,
0.49674302339553833,
0.659626305103302,
-0.3398621082305908,
0.2583378553390503,
-0.5727294087409973,
0.23596104979515076,
-0.03873350843787193,
0.06443502008914948,
0.6094669699668884,
0.0316162146627903,
0.32369282841682434,
-0.5408803224563599,
0.11147020757198334,
-0.6514107584953308,
-0.21301575005054474,
0.10725963115692139,
-0.22629176080226898,
0.02604403905570507,
0.22643350064754486,
-0.4497729241847992,
0.3115118443965912,
0.0362764447927475,
0.3271811902523041,
0.3633521795272827,
-0.19767652451992035,
0.24958190321922302,
-0.6301188468933105,
0.5293778777122498,
0.40652698278427124,
-0.6662057638168335,
0.38295331597328186,
0.06050247699022293,
0.30726706981658936,
-0.2350589632987976,
-0.10648229718208313,
-0.11581149697303772,
0.23143063485622406,
0.4632270336151123,
-0.44844454526901245,
0.0517723523080349,
-0.6259108185768127,
-0.05792056396603584,
0.4581585228443146,
-0.28690046072006226,
0.16222649812698364,
0.3055284917354584,
0.4745555818080902,
0.060525696724653244,
0.5001793503761292,
-0.7624392509460449,
-0.3573898673057556,
0.05891568586230278,
-0.20755353569984436,
-0.13245713710784912,
-0.578471839427948,
-0.1414986252784729,
0.9722463488578796,
0.25235024094581604,
-0.002606238005682826,
0.9638150930404663,
-0.541301429271698,
-0.18130822479724884,
-0.446347177028656,
-0.4767446219921112,
-0.712812066078186,
0.4864884316921234,
0.4239380359649658,
0.7418275475502014,
-0.08912990987300873,
0.09281623363494873,
0.0016770570073276758,
0.3128614127635956,
-0.0595390647649765,
0.5936306715011597,
-0.24592849612236023,
0.35236915946006775,
0.13280373811721802,
-0.7705646753311157,
-0.14731727540493011,
-0.4544605314731598,
0.08338729292154312,
-0.44586336612701416,
0.5557107329368591,
0.3276318907737732,
0.5301893949508667,
0.28394922614097595,
0.321535587310791,
1.0892553329467773,
0.6113702058792114,
0.04517234116792679,
0.14417438209056854,
0.0003569922409951687,
-0.11716118454933167,
-0.2638159990310669,
-0.29838448762893677,
0.020912153646349907,
-0.1470298320055008,
-0.23860813677310944,
-0.07973582297563553,
-0.30303165316581726,
0.18725788593292236,
-0.3628559410572052,
-0.2635239064693451,
0.7270107269287109,
-0.21933166682720184,
0.06761959940195084,
-0.3114202320575714,
-0.4859110116958618,
-0.49001345038414,
-0.3388461768627167,
-0.08104676008224487,
0.48140981793403625,
-0.2795848548412323,
0.049974001944065094,
0.36441680788993835,
0.21493317186832428,
0.23132146894931793,
-0.0678962916135788,
0.35104504227638245,
-0.16424699127674103,
-0.32734763622283936,
-0.15349364280700684,
0.15204094350337982,
0.1740099936723709,
0.20986294746398926,
0.3364815413951874,
0.12813332676887512,
0.36930590867996216,
0.10314042121171951,
0.2641094923019409,
-0.06189312785863876,
0.3707544803619385,
-0.47398656606674194,
0.48184680938720703,
-0.6291038393974304,
0.6808270215988159,
0.325624018907547,
-0.5293707847595215,
0.2029072791337967,
0.5431050062179565,
-0.03694341704249382,
0.06414825469255447,
0.46088871359825134,
-0.34980764985084534,
0.49651461839675903,
-0.36559778451919556,
0.03856971487402916,
-0.5015383362770081,
0.2506946921348572,
0.26583290100097656,
-0.003123639617115259,
-0.10698951780796051,
0.10982073843479156,
0.06139085441827774,
-0.27882492542266846,
0.4031631350517273,
-0.11585763096809387,
-0.1252894103527069,
-0.21204300224781036,
0.4339686632156372,
-0.6237640976905823,
-0.9941633343696594,
0.09993072599172592,
0.0941069945693016,
-0.14985238015651703,
-0.4933582842350006,
0.15018506348133087,
0.25821825861930847,
-0.43890154361724854,
-0.32319703698158264,
0.24743349850177765,
0.039415717124938965,
0.0667075663805008,
-0.30018773674964905,
-0.4673091769218445,
0.5084607601165771,
-0.1990116983652115,
-0.37551626563072205,
-0.08685891330242157,
0.2965715229511261,
-0.7633651494979858,
-0.5022059679031372,
0.20726127922534943,
-0.46379831433296204,
0.3743237853050232,
-0.21924571692943573
] |
217720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-burning%20process | Oxygen-burning process | The oxygen-burning process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in massive stars that have used up the lighter elements in their cores. Oxygen-burning is preceded by the neon-burning process and succeeded by the silicon-burning process. As the neon-burning process ends, the core of the star contracts and heats until it reaches the ignition temperature for oxygen burning. Oxygen burning reactions are similar to those of carbon burning; however, they must occur at higher temperatures and densities due to the larger Coulomb barrier of oxygen.
Reactions
Oxygen ignites in the temperature range of (1.5–2.6)×109 K and in the density range of (2.6–6.7)×1012 kg·m−3. The principal reactions are given below, where the branching ratios assume that the deuteron channel is open (at high temperatures):
{| border="0"
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||9.593 MeV (34%)
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||7.676 MeV (56%)
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ ||1.459 MeV (5%)
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ ||2 ||+ ||0.381 MeV
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ || ||− ||2.409 MeV (5%)
|- style="height:2em;"
|colspan=99|Alternatively:
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ ||
| +
|16.539 MeV
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ ||2
| −
|0.393 MeV
|}
Near 2×109 K, the oxygen-burning reaction rate is approximately 2.8×10−12(T9/2)33, where T9 is the temperature in billion kelvins. Overall, the major products of the oxygen-burning process are 28Si, 32,33,34S, 35,37Cl, 36,38Ar, 39,41K, and 40,42Ca. Of these, 28Si and 32S constitute 90% of the final composition. The oxygen fuel within the core of the star is exhausted after 0.01–5 years, depending on the star's mass and other parameters. The silicon-burning process, which follows, creates iron, but this iron cannot react further to create energy to support the star.
During the oxygen-burning process, proceeding outward, there is an oxygen-burning shell, followed by a neon shell, a carbon shell, a helium shell, and a hydrogen shell. The oxygen-burning process is the last nuclear reaction in the star's core which does not proceed via the alpha process.
Pre-oxygen burning
Although 16O is lighter than neon, neon burning occurs before oxygen burning, because 16O is a doubly-magic nucleus and hence extremely stable. Compared to oxygen, neon is much less stable. As a result, neon burning occurs at lower temperatures than 16O + 16O. During neon burning, oxygen and magnesium accumulate in the core of the star. At the onset of oxygen burning, oxygen in the stellar core is plentiful due to the helium-burning process (4He(2α,γ)12C(α,γ)16O), carbon-burning process (12C(12C,α)20Ne, 12C(α,γ)16O), and neon-burning process (20Ne(γ,α)16O). The reaction 12C(α,γ)16O has a significant effect on the reaction rates during oxygen burning, as it produces large quantities of 16O.
Convectively bounded flames and off-center oxygen ignition
For stars with masses greater than 10.3 solar masses, oxygen ignites in the core or not at all. Similarly, for stars with a mass of less than 9 solar masses (without accretion of additional mass) oxygen ignites in the core or not at all. However, in the 9–10.3 solar mass range, oxygen ignites off-center.
For stars in this mass range neon-burning occurs in a convective envelope rather than at the core of the star. For the particular example of a 9.5 solar mass star, the neon-burning process takes place in an envelope of approximately 0.252 solar masses (~1560 kilometers) off center. From the ignition flash, the neon convective zone extends further out to 1.1 solar masses with a peak power around 1036 W. After only a month, the power declines to about 1035 W and stays at this rate for about 10 years. After this phase, the neon in the shell is depleted, resulting in greater inward pressure on the star. This raises the shell's temperature to 1.65 billion kelvins. This results in a neon-burning, convectively-bound flame front that moves toward the core. The motion of the flame is what eventually leads to oxygen-burning. In approximately 3 years, the flame's temperature reaches about 1.83 billion kelvins, enabling the oxygen-burning process to commence. This occurs around 9.5 years before the iron core develops. Similarly to the beginning of neon-burning, off-center oxygen-burning commences with another flash. The convectively burning flame then results from both neon and oxygen burning as it advances towards the core, while the oxygen-burning shell continuously shrinks in mass.
Neutrino losses
During the oxygen-burning process, energy loss due to neutrino emission becomes relevant. Due to the large energy loss, oxygen must burn at temperatures higher than a billion kelvins in order to maintain a radiation pressure strong enough to support the star against gravity. Further, (which produce neutrinos) become significant when the matter density is high enough (ρ > 2×107 g/cm3). Due to these factors, the timescale of oxygen burning is much shorter for heavy, dense stars.
Explosive oxygen burning
The oxygen-burning process can occur under hydrostatic and under explosive conditions. The products of explosive oxygen burning are similar to those in hydrostatic oxygen burning. However, stable oxygen burning is accompanied by a multitude of electron captures, while explosive oxygen burning is accompanied by a significantly greater presence of photodisintegration reactions. In the temperature range of (3–4)×109 K, photodisintegration and oxygen fusion occur with comparable reaction rates.
Pair-instability supernovae
Very massive (140–260 solar masses) population III stars may become unstable during core oxygen burning due to pair production. This results in a thermonuclear explosion, which completely disrupts the star.
References
External links
Fusion of Carbon and Oxygen / The Astrophysics spectator, 2005
Arnett, W. D. Advanced evolution of massive stars. VI – Oxygen burning / Astrophysical Journal, vol. 194, Dec. 1, 1974, pt. 1, p. 373–383.
Nucleosynthesis | [
0.1748558133840561,
0.5075317621231079,
-0.3681645095348358,
-0.16604384779930115,
0.09257388114929199,
-0.19011054933071136,
-0.16162946820259094,
0.008409502916038036,
0.005538619123399258,
-0.4272044003009796,
-0.4505833685398102,
0.09947237372398376,
-0.2475442886352539,
0.19474069774150848,
-0.23212100565433502,
0.06801560521125793,
0.21696829795837402,
0.6132137179374695,
-0.3412306010723114,
-0.597435712814331,
-0.015256509184837341,
0.2717567980289459,
0.30267488956451416,
0.6692837476730347,
0.13160574436187744,
-0.13698795437812805,
-0.36774179339408875,
-0.4266655445098877,
0.3416360914707184,
0.30281221866607666,
-0.5036110877990723,
0.5710926055908203,
-0.16052913665771484,
-0.3788435459136963,
0.3063167631626129,
-0.2099444568157196,
-0.4621824622154236,
0.13492730259895325,
0.22332559525966644,
-0.3103547990322113,
-0.5669142603874207,
-0.13720789551734924,
0.5186037421226501,
0.44842010736465454,
-0.048961225897073746,
0.13920962810516357,
-0.7784546613693237,
0.4824804365634918,
-0.6077964901924133,
-0.27453210949897766,
0.025534044951200485,
-0.09192110598087311,
0.25919878482818604,
0.6344810128211975,
-0.16176952421665192,
0.39086925983428955,
-0.5182626247406006,
0.6517751812934875,
0.1597079187631607,
-0.23074115812778473,
0.049420613795518875,
0.11081954836845398,
-0.8379054069519043,
0.27380475401878357,
0.3910972774028778,
-0.1358262449502945,
-0.08662757277488708,
0.27426743507385254,
-0.37321504950523376,
-0.05380480736494064,
0.1700427532196045,
-0.3711560070514679,
-0.17802554368972778,
-0.03234568610787392,
-0.07586047798395157,
0.1326514631509781,
0.13138623535633087,
-0.08023697882890701,
-0.32295137643814087,
0.06174151971936226,
0.07446442544460297,
0.09624012559652328,
-0.22525601089000702,
0.4495358467102051,
-0.043061256408691406,
0.14481112360954285,
-0.6301855444908142,
0.6095377802848816,
-0.4029002785682678,
0.1482495367527008,
-0.28162044286727905,
-0.1903601884841919,
0.5969846844673157,
0.4367479681968689,
0.1666153371334076,
0.03359131142497063,
0.6212940812110901,
-0.3723524510860443,
0.3667724132537842,
0.06654379516839981,
-0.26812744140625,
-0.26384347677230835,
0.24657587707042694,
-0.38774964213371277,
-0.04002752900123596,
-0.2233809381723404,
-0.47657981514930725,
-0.5188813805580139,
0.5278617143630981,
-0.07612977176904678,
0.013296921737492085,
0.2656670808792114,
-0.3764076232910156,
0.3421798050403595,
-0.2435447871685028,
0.047295939177274704,
-0.4397921562194824,
-0.5435101389884949,
0.3578168451786041,
-0.17642955482006073,
0.08301395922899246,
1.5575368404388428,
-0.3632130026817322,
0.49653857946395874,
-0.41558438539505005,
0.6359191536903381,
0.961568295955658,
0.6771765351295471,
-0.37853485345840454,
0.01132878102362156,
0.2756170928478241,
0.9770671725273132,
0.12238136678934097,
-0.33608248829841614,
-0.001113780541345477,
-0.12085074186325073,
0.7807000279426575,
0.2661084830760956,
0.7105539441108704,
0.37998828291893005,
-0.691065788269043,
-0.3391105532646179,
0.025556139647960663,
0.179253950715065,
0.09832815080881119,
0.08381185680627823,
-0.5527049899101257,
-0.7461417317390442,
0.45653656125068665,
0.057501912117004395,
0.09151031076908112,
-0.26274555921554565,
-0.34489259123802185,
0.29041311144828796,
-0.5301854014396667,
-0.2545309066772461,
0.19773584604263306,
-0.32146698236465454,
0.06711316853761673,
-0.01447148248553276,
0.1964709758758545,
-0.5930243730545044,
0.03314293175935745,
0.37306246161460876,
0.17149613797664642,
-0.07380857318639755,
0.3940037488937378,
0.5119554996490479,
-0.8089890480041504,
-0.3717747926712036,
-0.0986471027135849,
-0.030748046934604645,
0.05311591550707817,
-0.6561012864112854,
-0.21472087502479553,
-0.20729666948318481,
0.6017248630523682,
0.6186835765838623,
0.5027894973754883,
0.19122080504894257,
-0.7873703241348267,
0.27058088779449463,
0.15546415746212006,
-0.18302686512470245,
0.01735622249543667,
-0.31139835715293884,
0.15797795355319977,
-0.10273417085409164,
-0.14223581552505493,
0.6774666905403137,
-0.9558659195899963,
0.15728656947612762,
0.41155704855918884,
-0.7860979437828064,
1.2405328750610352,
-0.27467960119247437,
0.3240710198879242,
0.4413215219974518,
-0.20218078792095184,
-0.28365570306777954,
-0.2969313859939575,
0.1992383897304535,
0.5995709896087646,
-0.7580990791320801,
-0.5007296800613403,
0.20250771939754486,
0.16431789100170135,
-0.10354535281658173,
0.12122399359941483,
-0.3350144326686859,
0.24148647487163544,
0.07250533998012543,
0.5980262756347656,
-0.028051048517227173,
-0.0009328908636234701,
-0.17949549853801727,
-1.0742448568344116,
0.29382559657096863,
0.3365553319454193,
0.23484687507152557,
0.7225285172462463,
-0.28229761123657227,
0.3264901340007782,
-0.31133905053138733,
0.049922019243240356,
0.6925774216651917,
0.9344709515571594,
-0.13173100352287292,
0.3409782648086548,
0.029391484335064888,
0.41406524181365967,
-0.046141814440488815,
-0.14374105632305145,
-0.00980336032807827,
0.18224962055683136,
-0.16628284752368927,
-0.14934255182743073,
-0.30275049805641174,
-0.24697715044021606,
-0.5080644488334656,
-0.005724763497710228,
0.2141110599040985,
-0.7722045183181763,
-0.01956506259739399,
0.01584802381694317,
0.3333161771297455,
-0.1518050730228424,
0.3013620674610138,
-0.4903612434864044,
-0.16668076813220978,
-0.20031237602233887,
0.3406628668308258,
-0.0622970350086689,
-0.6920403838157654,
0.2238684892654419,
-0.46352723240852356,
-0.25586268305778503,
0.5678461790084839,
0.3333938419818878,
-0.10638784617185593,
0.17814840376377106,
-0.6879151463508606,
-0.20718243718147278,
0.013528513722121716,
-0.14145438373088837,
-0.3943897783756256,
-0.5966244339942932,
-0.5621190667152405,
0.34811052680015564,
0.1721714437007904,
0.45488327741622925,
0.06657803058624268,
0.18905387818813324,
-0.07475919276475906,
-0.5777552723884583,
-0.5218924283981323,
-0.09968705475330353,
0.22153815627098083,
-0.6736770868301392,
0.08181518316268921,
0.24433031678199768,
0.3587871193885803,
-0.29452189803123474,
-0.5550099015235901,
-0.4044557809829712,
0.7046791911125183,
0.2155250757932663,
-0.34212592244148254,
-0.26751086115837097,
-0.19211168587207794,
0.17716504633426666,
-0.21671614050865173,
0.008423347026109695,
-0.05696580186486244,
0.46622198820114136,
0.36079251766204834,
-0.18502098321914673,
0.46986937522888184,
0.0036843789275735617,
-0.12538285553455353,
-0.19068758189678192,
0.02452360838651657,
-0.5670594573020935,
-0.23146742582321167,
-0.1816679984331131,
-0.1780906766653061,
-0.17643551528453827,
0.49475279450416565,
-5.887265682220459,
-0.0013653155183419585,
-0.09907075017690659,
-0.06397270411252975,
-0.2672715485095978,
0.10474830865859985,
0.3453887701034546,
-0.2834019064903259,
-0.25706836581230164,
0.21217958629131317,
-0.02600168064236641,
0.27927058935165405,
-0.3395909070968628,
0.20993691682815552,
-0.15072596073150635,
0.5083766579627991,
0.3821578323841095,
-0.026119384914636612,
0.18979229032993317,
0.2202112078666687,
0.2112235575914383,
0.26641786098480225,
-0.34726056456565857,
0.31596583127975464,
-0.06440691649913788,
-0.3926771581172943,
0.07461994141340256,
-0.09080308675765991,
-0.2156161218881607,
-0.0018536531133577228,
0.01089158933609724,
-0.1824629008769989,
0.38624584674835205,
0.07118338346481323,
0.0795130506157875,
-0.07722663134336472,
0.336741179227829,
-0.31842851638793945,
0.19517940282821655,
-0.031206484884023666,
-0.10569943487644196,
0.25344711542129517,
-0.6126793026924133,
-0.29313036799430847,
0.6006633639335632,
-0.5601249933242798,
-0.2964909076690674,
0.009889562614262104,
0.1471911519765854,
0.7000942230224609,
0.00827533658593893,
0.11165386438369751,
0.29191574454307556,
-0.47588637471199036,
0.24016182124614716,
0.6676499843597412,
-0.49964264035224915,
0.626446545124054,
0.457325279712677,
-0.31676185131073,
-0.2894784212112427,
0.14898566901683807,
-0.31362608075141907,
-0.26749730110168457,
-0.14325886964797974,
0.4801357686519623,
-0.45147454738616943,
-0.39139285683631897,
0.16377629339694977,
-0.001914399559609592,
-0.4797619581222534,
0.5000849366188049,
0.22030788660049438,
-0.6060581803321838,
0.11278561502695084,
-0.3373683989048004,
-0.005685354582965374,
-0.16574405133724213,
0.07971417158842087,
0.5226952433586121,
-0.4581398367881775,
0.03163439780473709,
-0.10115718841552734,
-0.40762194991111755,
0.7349386215209961,
0.3387549817562103,
-0.44482776522636414,
0.13705357909202576,
0.40987592935562134,
0.29161855578422546,
0.7423079609870911,
-0.19706615805625916,
-0.007721324451267719,
0.5582157373428345,
0.8023701906204224,
0.5172322988510132,
0.1790681630373001,
0.0259007029235363,
0.6655867099761963,
0.4103604853153229,
0.27427196502685547,
0.020513586699962616,
0.36432960629463196,
-0.4505317807197571,
-0.22159290313720703,
-0.1255839765071869,
-0.2833719253540039,
0.29421254992485046,
0.5061025619506836,
-0.015570342540740967,
0.16125060617923737,
0.565258264541626,
-0.05463967099785805,
-0.40927329659461975,
0.4133574962615967,
0.012983900494873524,
-0.46719157695770264,
0.5519824028015137,
0.5702313184738159,
0.3768075406551361,
0.1671619862318039,
0.3947528600692749,
-0.8415148854255676,
-0.43203315138816833,
-0.03721580281853676,
-0.5993248224258423,
-0.0775495395064354,
0.5590461492538452,
0.24088214337825775,
0.1738670915365219,
-0.48033562302589417,
-0.018263371661305428,
0.06522046029567719,
0.4391216039657593,
0.36615344882011414,
0.2359093427658081,
-0.17962969839572906,
-0.09530334919691086,
0.36755475401878357,
0.1117464229464531,
0.34697648882865906,
0.08895527571439743,
-0.2958037555217743,
-0.5445222854614258,
0.37502312660217285,
0.9946087002754211,
-0.48597678542137146,
-0.577796220779419,
0.03810358792543411,
0.1422119140625,
0.1952044814825058,
-0.36832043528556824,
-0.2725313603878021,
-0.11187988519668579,
-0.5460585355758667,
0.010759164579212666,
0.043376948684453964,
0.0034882829058915377,
0.3922574818134308,
-0.22678351402282715,
0.622549831867218,
-0.5635186433792114,
-0.9810993075370789,
-0.047576844692230225,
-0.25870761275291443,
-0.18278072774410248,
-0.3864225447177887,
-0.1843961775302887,
-0.4867173135280609,
0.47204264998435974,
-0.6921271681785583,
-0.07335811108350754,
-0.18156588077545166,
-0.5117363333702087,
0.3198825418949127,
-0.08444690704345703,
-0.20469826459884644,
0.11712855845689774,
-0.13460806012153625,
-0.8848587870597839,
0.11615306884050369,
-0.1859860122203827,
-0.7525359392166138,
-0.06633677333593369,
-0.22648540139198303,
-0.7306559085845947,
0.002948785899206996,
0.4353824853897095,
-0.2956206202507019,
-0.24272166192531586,
0.5592007040977478,
-0.15866628289222717,
-0.024351879954338074,
-0.13700269162654877,
0.2580520808696747,
-0.41114112734794617,
-0.4219226837158203,
0.10514002293348312,
0.5125288963317871,
-0.410479873418808,
0.1149163469672203,
-0.19217410683631897,
-0.6797789931297302,
0.4938197135925293,
0.21038231253623962,
-0.21255731582641602,
-0.4349762499332428,
0.40321895480155945,
0.2906462848186493,
-0.14151597023010254,
0.06442228704690933,
-0.9587473273277283,
-0.2610728442668915,
0.5889175534248352,
-0.22177885472774506,
0.395050585269928,
0.30776235461235046,
-0.0943722054362297,
0.3465860188007355,
-0.17584066092967987,
0.12674714624881744,
0.09193292260169983,
-0.14390642940998077,
-0.16193239390850067,
0.375723272562027,
0.4711591303348541,
0.4151878356933594,
-0.23685403168201447,
-0.34016022086143494,
-0.7114810943603516,
-0.47575247287750244,
0.4241568148136139,
-0.2103387415409088,
-0.2117081731557846,
0.20522335171699524,
-0.051209013909101486,
0.2959766387939453,
0.08117180317640305,
-0.13909830152988434,
-0.26173147559165955,
0.5904627442359924,
0.4224188029766083,
0.18473921716213226,
-0.1796652376651764,
-0.25614118576049805,
-0.10568688809871674,
0.6718924641609192,
-0.49693500995635986,
-0.6100872159004211,
-0.6446377635002136,
0.45164957642555237,
-0.7928952574729919,
-0.6207446455955505,
-0.6089767217636108,
0.6461908221244812,
-0.5248459577560425,
0.14942310750484467,
-0.22441942989826202,
-0.5504235029220581,
-0.032118059694767,
0.10383643954992294,
-0.28880414366722107,
-0.5163488984107971,
-0.27134576439857483,
0.6686564087867737,
0.5645965337753296,
-0.878738284111023,
-0.40279659628868103,
-0.16179166734218597,
-0.4490712881088257,
0.7447801232337952,
0.015694119036197662,
0.36860203742980957,
0.4421059191226959,
0.4554372727870941,
0.8704159259796143,
-0.23879005014896393,
0.14260554313659668,
-0.4792155921459198,
0.02227048948407173,
-0.10024187713861465,
0.08869553357362747,
0.4384760558605194,
0.1333637535572052,
0.32363229990005493,
-0.7458609938621521,
-0.03319055587053299,
-0.4526052176952362,
-0.30371153354644775,
0.130668044090271,
-0.31297218799591064,
-0.20723757147789001,
-0.20014052093029022,
-0.5704710483551025,
0.2071971893310547,
0.2000872641801834,
0.12920404970645905,
0.2914683222770691,
-0.19758914411067963,
-0.18536213040351868,
-0.7162773013114929,
0.5631880164146423,
0.32288768887519836,
-0.37175363302230835,
0.18947231769561768,
0.12732774019241333,
0.3486269414424896,
-0.29493823647499084,
0.018323024734854698,
-0.17010682821273804,
0.6198878884315491,
0.2790306508541107,
-0.3550873100757599,
0.3986990451812744,
-0.6302470564842224,
0.0682833269238472,
0.5522716641426086,
-0.2054709941148758,
0.2323177307844162,
0.26909592747688293,
0.38820964097976685,
0.19717951118946075,
0.6853117942810059,
-0.4088321924209595,
-0.5167811512947083,
0.14111602306365967,
-0.22926491498947144,
-0.05161714181303978,
-0.38244953751564026,
-0.031012464314699173,
0.9823052287101746,
0.44182145595550537,
0.05193217098712921,
0.585397481918335,
-0.5024969577789307,
-0.16673259437084198,
-0.18129752576351166,
-0.6904671788215637,
-0.8628894686698914,
0.32739514112472534,
0.3960114121437073,
0.7139965295791626,
0.15985949337482452,
-0.09480781853199005,
-0.0910828560590744,
0.2904706597328186,
-0.4174370765686035,
0.5438938736915588,
-0.2510051429271698,
-0.07398267835378647,
-0.18768545985221863,
-0.6222591400146484,
-0.44472721219062805,
-0.3708791732788086,
-0.09906981140375137,
-0.15872275829315186,
0.562619149684906,
0.26481345295906067,
0.5497760772705078,
0.38769230246543884,
0.34236767888069153,
0.6907967329025269,
0.42098602652549744,
-0.14761210978031158,
0.17635099589824677,
0.009980151429772377,
-0.30773448944091797,
-0.45889508724212646,
-0.26305267214775085,
-0.3496359586715698,
-0.16868054866790771,
-0.14572489261627197,
0.04957439750432968,
-0.325033575296402,
0.38212844729423523,
-0.09144841134548187,
-0.1895977258682251,
0.5427348613739014,
-0.058265894651412964,
0.26448434591293335,
-0.07267046719789505,
-0.32741206884384155,
-0.2657037675380707,
-0.4705910086631775,
-0.06437049061059952,
0.38085249066352844,
-0.4250352680683136,
-0.02934928610920906,
0.6651715040206909,
0.34004950523376465,
0.22978506982326508,
-0.010819685645401478,
0.3828623294830322,
0.06928426772356033,
-0.2808833122253418,
-0.46324971318244934,
0.07435981929302216,
0.18811212480068207,
0.2166694551706314,
0.48371782898902893,
0.42277953028678894,
0.2310609221458435,
0.20063386857509613,
0.28034675121307373,
-0.24616190791130066,
0.5654165744781494,
-0.714530885219574,
0.3447922468185425,
-0.5456658601760864,
0.8947651982307434,
0.2809619903564453,
-0.5599449872970581,
0.10377098619937897,
0.532221257686615,
0.06219787523150444,
0.06012416630983353,
0.43236833810806274,
-0.1888868659734726,
0.3727525472640991,
-0.208498015999794,
-0.2005021572113037,
-0.38577622175216675,
0.27782949805259705,
0.22359305620193481,
-0.18359607458114624,
-0.0353487953543663,
-0.026503821834921837,
0.09032648056745529,
-0.12222010642290115,
0.3970887064933777,
-0.06850757449865341,
0.11787990480661392,
-0.7063930034637451,
0.5868411064147949,
-0.6511151790618896,
-0.3066748380661011,
-0.08059979230165482,
0.04153944551944733,
-0.1675729602575302,
-0.5987364649772644,
0.18083757162094116,
0.3028249144554138,
-0.3377614915370941,
0.20813226699829102,
0.30477601289749146,
-0.09369874000549316,
0.028502540662884712,
-0.4786352813243866,
-0.04620968922972679,
0.8113406896591187,
-0.02742360159754753,
-0.33359789848327637,
0.1042582243680954,
0.40544211864471436,
-0.7164124846458435,
-0.2332177460193634,
0.2877222001552582,
-0.5323724746704102,
0.4152887761592865,
-0.2613223195075989
] |
217723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che | Crèche | Crèche or creche (from Latin cripia "crib, cradle") may refer to:
Child care center, an organization of adults who take care of children in place of their parents
Nativity scene, a group of figures arranged to represent the birth of Jesus Christ
Preschool or nursery school
Crèche (zoology), animals taking care of young that are not their own | [
0.4457102119922638,
0.5043889284133911,
-0.41767486929893494,
0.4328453242778778,
0.523709774017334,
0.41478100419044495,
-0.09150480479001999,
0.36226481199264526,
-0.5685180425643921,
-0.6857386827468872,
-0.5681271553039551,
0.019234001636505127,
0.05960363894701004,
0.490532249212265,
-0.7988536953926086,
0.2017439603805542,
0.6060506701469421,
0.7499987483024597,
-0.7027618885040283,
-0.7520896792411804,
-0.7810781598091125,
-0.7568838000297546,
0.07763276249170303,
0.22607538104057312,
0.21281737089157104,
-0.07636887580156326,
0.24042144417762756,
-0.3451104164123535,
0.41529199481010437,
-0.012349968776106834,
0.13021014630794525,
0.2558302879333496,
0.5716108083724976,
-0.2718261480331421,
0.20584264397621155,
-0.5038401484489441,
0.2879786789417267,
-0.4437611699104309,
-0.4618500769138336,
-0.8733409643173218,
0.45876064896583557,
-0.022170525044202805,
0.4827989935874939,
0.27581509947776794,
-0.16357263922691345,
-0.22321824729442596,
-1.44379723072052,
0.7528418898582458,
-0.5597218871116638,
0.1128772422671318,
-0.19572266936302185,
-0.10217905044555664,
0.638009250164032,
0.45182567834854126,
-0.5936515927314758,
0.6005750894546509,
-0.5852652788162231,
-0.13894115388393402,
0.560520589351654,
-0.6036070585250854,
0.06432770192623138,
0.48902732133865356,
0.48291659355163574,
0.5841948390007019,
0.03685152158141136,
-0.17664943635463715,
0.33992528915405273,
0.2828896939754486,
-0.4159862995147705,
-0.8629539012908936,
-0.6524713635444641,
-0.5982211232185364,
-0.1227426826953888,
0.04188259318470955,
-0.115872323513031,
-0.4475324749946594,
-0.3259216248989105,
-0.33916348218917847,
0.18436706066131592,
-0.15282177925109863,
-0.471588134765625,
0.6673582792282104,
-0.2790149450302124,
0.11615610867738724,
0.6132105588912964,
0.19994434714317322,
-0.27106955647468567,
0.02024279721081257,
-0.420380562543869,
0.2999234199523926,
0.408550888299942,
-0.44042500853538513,
0.016351809725165367,
0.14164207875728607,
0.1190205067396164,
0.3176744282245636,
0.5953618884086609,
-0.2005535364151001,
0.2382146269083023,
0.48147326707839966,
-0.2520619332790375,
0.17869627475738525,
0.06104191765189171,
-0.2579895555973053,
-0.23376204073429108,
-0.30343955755233765,
0.1894145905971527,
-0.4907076358795166,
-0.09817145764827728,
-0.031381577253341675,
-0.4181177020072937,
-0.04194367676973343,
-0.350823312997818,
0.46302616596221924,
0.06558037549257278,
-0.6162745356559753,
0.22577033936977386,
-0.25108131766319275,
-0.8268589377403259,
-0.5685864686965942,
-0.18122778832912445,
0.2725691497325897,
0.058545202016830444,
-0.07631844282150269,
-0.05747772380709648,
0.49989745020866394,
0.047661539167165756,
0.7386465072631836,
-0.8090407848358154,
0.007439837791025639,
0.33211612701416016,
0.3563710153102875,
0.1370503455400467,
-0.3279307782649994,
-0.10758832842111588,
0.10584529489278793,
0.03234438970685005,
-0.08519019186496735,
0.3490203619003296,
0.5000248551368713,
-0.4439101219177246,
-0.73407381772995,
-0.11958343535661697,
0.05124863237142563,
0.4923434257507324,
-0.6482482552528381,
0.1481730341911316,
-0.12362441420555115,
-0.6208106279373169,
0.051159098744392395,
0.1331520676612854,
0.17472265660762787,
-0.17660640180110931,
-0.31053903698921204,
-0.2864551544189453,
0.26789209246635437,
0.13634854555130005,
-0.7147241830825806,
0.2040015012025833,
0.0014105625450611115,
-0.023739343509078026,
0.44646286964416504,
-0.5667828917503357,
-0.5387129187583923,
-0.22207021713256836,
-0.010921163484454155,
0.4182267189025879,
0.4311729967594147,
-0.3591466546058655,
0.4724937379360199,
-0.3992827832698822,
0.1525602787733078,
-0.256061315536499,
-0.17697535455226898,
-0.7169387340545654,
-0.1639799177646637,
0.8662868142127991,
-0.2763160765171051,
0.37283778190612793,
0.20409123599529266,
-0.7310930490493774,
0.20975326001644135,
0.0025669019669294357,
-0.41425612568855286,
-0.19381797313690186,
-0.4637520909309387,
0.1525723785161972,
0.005564989987760782,
-0.5231979489326477,
-0.19504998624324799,
-0.6444119811058044,
-0.5487784743309021,
-0.17479267716407776,
-0.3924872875213623,
1.444314956665039,
-0.6706037521362305,
-0.2283143252134323,
1.0958207845687866,
0.22216825187206268,
-0.36576369404792786,
-0.5755484104156494,
0.33365675806999207,
-0.018772978335618973,
-0.028719481080770493,
-0.8599467873573303,
0.17690438032150269,
0.31382808089256287,
0.08385326713323593,
0.17704437673091888,
-0.03395245224237442,
0.058123745024204254,
0.31598377227783203,
0.5730941295623779,
0.07630974054336548,
0.166115403175354,
0.21400019526481628,
-0.2742958664894104,
0.25202882289886475,
-0.20006206631660461,
-0.15027856826782227,
0.2510703206062317,
-0.6427209973335266,
-0.056980349123477936,
0.07581865787506104,
-0.03482629358768463,
0.34635889530181885,
0.3107452690601349,
0.024125391617417336,
0.6421510577201843,
-0.5713042616844177,
0.28411775827407837,
0.16051709651947021,
0.3652946949005127,
-0.21260124444961548,
-0.46645697951316833,
0.24804748594760895,
0.32240357995033264,
-0.7058449983596802,
-0.26631277799606323,
-0.07701423764228821,
-0.5487700700759888,
-0.06916691362857819,
0.02818259224295616,
-0.2373843938112259,
0.8016760945320129,
-0.45538854598999023,
-0.4951840341091156,
0.1899004578590393,
-0.40898486971855164,
0.11366178095340729,
-0.371133029460907,
0.36832761764526367,
0.4526250660419464,
0.00022552434529643506,
0.2604658305644989,
-0.5847653746604919,
0.10195402055978775,
0.19868305325508118,
0.031843751668930054,
0.34391331672668457,
-0.10993802547454834,
0.005052680615335703,
0.08009729534387589,
0.044133737683296204,
-0.5467086434364319,
-0.5797562003135681,
0.010050279088318348,
-0.36586883664131165,
0.3204111158847809,
0.695209264755249,
0.45180943608283997,
0.26400983333587646,
-0.5951617360115051,
0.054363466799259186,
-0.08404805511236191,
-0.5082051157951355,
0.2763098478317261,
0.42462557554244995,
0.2644379734992981,
-0.4356839656829834,
-0.5402606129646301,
-0.08312331140041351,
0.5866405963897705,
-0.4382804334163666,
0.08801530301570892,
0.19109272956848145,
0.42271050810813904,
-0.6816647052764893,
-0.4031977355480194,
-0.19736245274543762,
0.16831377148628235,
0.5465396642684937,
0.21655233204364777,
-0.04552765190601349,
0.5500737428665161,
0.5136072635650635,
0.13841544091701508,
0.18358787894248962,
0.33460426330566406,
-0.425346314907074,
-0.11913751065731049,
0.3149186074733734,
0.03772633522748947,
-0.1818121373653412,
0.3462662100791931,
0.18768200278282166,
0.5579828023910522,
-0.28974011540412903,
-5.847097873687744,
-0.10225232690572739,
-0.44157874584198,
-0.3908655643463135,
0.2612200379371643,
0.017165036872029305,
0.7152208685874939,
-0.46639707684516907,
-0.0554133877158165,
0.44992655515670776,
-0.002120496705174446,
0.0018258728086948395,
0.18588396906852722,
0.24573592841625214,
0.638558566570282,
0.2762254476547241,
-0.1827174574136734,
0.5744507908821106,
-0.17794007062911987,
0.15480725467205048,
0.02998695895075798,
-0.02294274792075157,
-0.09762535244226456,
1.1374762058258057,
0.08243759721517563,
-0.5977792739868164,
-0.07823001593351364,
-0.18084003031253815,
-0.3023541271686554,
0.042033739387989044,
0.16047129034996033,
0.0015087786596268415,
0.09953733533620834,
-0.20012067258358002,
0.14571219682693481,
0.559866189956665,
0.552363932132721,
-0.2948075532913208,
0.23248396813869476,
-0.2336389273405075,
-0.09001099318265915,
0.5355578064918518,
0.29003453254699707,
-0.26051363348960876,
-0.11320838332176208,
-0.19205637276172638,
-0.25206369161605835,
-0.2661140561103821,
-0.5034058690071106,
1.1920702457427979,
0.051492709666490555,
0.4040236473083496,
0.26116570830345154,
0.17408344149589539,
0.5259464979171753,
-0.22019405663013458,
0.4113956093788147,
-0.02394690364599228,
-0.49904072284698486,
-0.2167779803276062,
0.5809532403945923,
-0.1805787831544876,
-0.5582006573677063,
-1.0780096054077148,
-0.03237614035606384,
-0.2550036907196045,
-0.8983494639396667,
-0.36404621601104736,
0.1614978015422821,
0.42272257804870605,
-0.5693165063858032,
-0.4038803279399872,
0.06702205538749695,
-0.8688930869102478,
-0.1336805373430252,
-0.3317275047302246,
-0.42459097504615784,
-0.09998331218957901,
-0.1879846304655075,
0.08004062622785568,
-0.00881762895733118,
-0.025463227182626724,
-0.4365452527999878,
0.103395476937294,
0.15702851116657257,
-0.07491188496351242,
-0.3722963333129883,
-0.4741731882095337,
-0.5585830211639404,
0.20048737525939941,
0.6151634454727173,
0.07618001848459244,
-0.4461124837398529,
0.2611856460571289,
0.28178954124450684,
0.722898006439209,
-0.051121436059474945,
0.1565997153520584,
0.5197035670280457,
-0.022787800058722496,
0.46198171377182007,
0.06979744136333466,
0.056809913367033005,
0.5871589779853821,
0.23746098577976227,
-0.20347648859024048,
-0.03400145098567009,
0.30572959780693054,
0.5661540627479553,
0.20780642330646515,
0.1933453530073166,
0.0670069083571434,
-0.31908509135246277,
-0.9493036270141602,
-0.22241108119487762,
0.16542638838291168,
0.2279873490333557,
0.500232994556427,
0.39873501658439636,
0.13690432906150818,
0.025623532012104988,
-0.06784787774085999,
-0.5116942524909973,
0.3654227554798126,
-0.17257162928581238,
-0.4342004358768463,
0.42617595195770264,
0.2294352948665619,
0.24012775719165802,
0.00037557160248979926,
0.7615700960159302,
0.004711218643933535,
0.6056442260742188,
-0.3651190400123596,
-0.026396745815873146,
0.2381010204553604,
0.12751394510269165,
-0.26174405217170715,
0.05957210808992386,
-0.4649622142314911,
-0.14043070375919342,
-0.060277219861745834,
-0.4753723740577698,
0.12909197807312012,
0.39844363927841187,
0.34993013739585876,
-0.5437812805175781,
0.09060434252023697,
0.06869371980428696,
-0.06686478853225708,
-0.3085843324661255,
0.2776183485984802,
0.1637967824935913,
0.532189667224884,
-0.090400330722332,
-0.4543757140636444,
-0.16695179045200348,
-0.23601779341697693,
-0.1496347337961197,
-0.3109976351261139,
-0.1531023532152176,
-0.20696645975112915,
-0.9740537405014038,
-0.4581725597381592,
-0.04315940663218498,
0.10797783732414246,
-0.11468090116977692,
-0.8231093287467957,
-0.07563814520835876,
0.5416972041130066,
0.22826197743415833,
-0.34357383847236633,
-0.4141261577606201,
-0.05581941083073616,
0.01395921129733324,
0.2608070373535156,
0.45821043848991394,
0.1506841480731964,
-0.059880685061216354,
-0.1314508020877838,
-0.20136220753192902,
-0.140321746468544,
0.5340122580528259,
-0.11795945465564728,
0.11875556409358978,
-0.009063306264579296,
-0.2673787772655487,
0.21084696054458618,
-0.6492511034011841,
-0.27726060152053833,
-0.03753550723195076,
0.36617785692214966,
0.07695259898900986,
0.29555532336235046,
0.020429497584700584,
0.015645360574126244,
-0.22878186404705048,
-0.24365583062171936,
0.38745835423469543,
-0.1700463443994522,
-0.4576805830001831,
0.18910762667655945,
-1.029272437095642,
0.28320229053497314,
0.23039494454860687,
-0.6282275915145874,
0.6846365928649902,
0.12161322683095932,
-0.07281404733657837,
0.5034140348434448,
-0.6495760083198547,
-0.1548149287700653,
0.13335877656936646,
0.42897602915763855,
0.05493803694844246,
0.3067604899406433,
0.19620367884635925,
-0.4589410424232483,
-0.23174287378787994,
-0.16132602095603943,
0.5011853575706482,
-0.024742327630519867,
-0.4214484691619873,
-0.0396154411137104,
-0.24905851483345032,
0.261903315782547,
0.06487179547548294,
-0.790779709815979,
0.5808334946632385,
-0.12341800332069397,
0.025341037660837173,
0.16515395045280457,
0.03635475039482117,
-0.3836519420146942,
-0.6584464907646179,
-0.4308405816555023,
0.26054489612579346,
-0.025395767763257027,
0.5917854309082031,
0.2321290373802185,
0.48685431480407715,
0.4367377460002899,
0.17893078923225403,
-0.15587885677814484,
-0.0604398250579834,
0.5749329924583435,
0.027337243780493736,
-0.4282187223434448,
-0.11202818900346756,
0.2863767743110657,
0.09036323428153992,
-0.5658518671989441,
0.2947489321231842,
-0.537254273891449,
-0.0626436173915863,
0.0831436812877655,
-1.1391899585723877,
0.19571416079998016,
0.35448622703552246,
0.5023931860923767,
0.13059286773204803,
-0.8112838864326477,
-0.23434919118881226,
-0.07056517899036407,
0.3492435812950134,
0.11493589729070663,
0.18996526300907135,
0.2311236411333084,
-0.13724149763584137,
-0.570106565952301,
0.6945815682411194,
0.5075096487998962,
0.6373852491378784,
0.23154288530349731,
0.6814691424369812,
-0.2097078561782837,
-0.1644560694694519,
-0.7113049626350403,
0.1177370697259903,
-0.3227686882019043,
0.016837771981954575,
-0.03618071228265762,
0.005401709116995335,
-0.06722725927829742,
0.07709600031375885,
-0.41908884048461914,
-0.14185717701911926,
-0.2994409501552582,
-0.35131728649139404,
0.19622094929218292,
-0.18011271953582764,
0.017537813633680344,
0.38308393955230713,
0.5659604072570801,
0.14831653237342834,
0.5815625190734863,
0.6173622012138367,
0.14737074077129364,
0.3239368200302124,
0.048142798244953156,
-0.9938061833381653,
0.6746819019317627,
0.019979478791356087,
-1.211597204208374,
0.5024805665016174,
0.17819634079933167,
0.008978164754807949,
-0.4255550801753998,
-0.770168125629425,
0.42090460658073425,
-0.031020423397421837,
-0.4171890318393707,
0.28381842374801636,
0.3033849895000458,
-0.24054691195487976,
-0.08685385435819626,
0.25368282198905945,
-0.6834798455238342,
0.2390126734972,
0.2799791693687439,
0.11246554553508759,
0.38002482056617737,
0.07237286865711212,
-0.38929399847984314,
0.1133832260966301,
0.1772628128528595,
-0.1544007956981659,
-0.14461761713027954,
-0.14887268841266632,
0.6727456450462341,
0.6799865365028381,
0.5689255595207214,
-0.18159151077270508,
0.6134892702102661,
-0.2350834608078003,
-0.3122609257698059,
-0.29771703481674194,
-0.4872865676879883,
-0.4074040353298187,
0.6841040253639221,
0.01424093171954155,
0.33068767189979553,
-0.13779892027378082,
0.4167954921722412,
-0.1309124082326889,
-0.008271371945738792,
0.38056692481040955,
0.2765808701515198,
-0.21083544194698334,
0.2770689129829407,
0.3039649724960327,
-0.2863853871822357,
0.10059574246406555,
0.10341248661279678,
0.10955045372247696,
-0.11062686145305634,
0.6840984225273132,
-0.08229946345090866,
-0.5553751587867737,
0.17478890717029572,
-0.2881298363208771,
0.46830177307128906,
0.45297613739967346,
-0.19347453117370605,
0.33923473954200745,
-0.11269675195217133,
-0.018031112849712372,
-0.4703347980976105,
0.014007756486535072,
-0.08605815470218658,
0.324422150850296,
0.5180038809776306,
-0.6465355753898621,
0.36144623160362244,
0.3155200779438019,
-0.07930362224578857,
0.5447472333908081,
0.5664469599723816,
-0.01771489530801773,
-0.047891195863485336,
-0.030784858390688896,
-0.5069344639778137,
-0.20492911338806152,
-0.4941902458667755,
-0.0011066016741096973,
-0.09001491218805313,
0.6072787046432495,
0.3034859299659729,
0.1489025503396988,
0.1664348542690277,
0.519759476184845,
-0.38349923491477966,
0.8124029040336609,
-0.06403440982103348,
-0.25851380825042725,
0.3347199857234955,
0.02925436943769455,
0.6106292009353638,
0.1127854660153389,
-0.037685979157686234,
-0.8350712656974792,
0.2130141705274582,
-0.4674046039581299,
-0.29037603735923767,
-0.1974327564239502,
-0.4386245012283325,
0.14246034622192383,
-0.21079351007938385,
-0.511486828327179,
0.33876746892929077,
0.6078692078590393,
-0.5138713717460632,
0.28634002804756165,
-0.09826808422803879,
0.19751083850860596,
0.6974031329154968,
0.4120626151561737,
-0.1876366287469864,
0.3699004054069519,
-0.37798959016799927,
0.22313837707042694,
-0.24866873025894165,
0.5292280912399292,
0.42958974838256836,
-0.14685647189617157,
-0.38068628311157227,
0.5783624649047852,
-0.12687891721725464,
-0.5695731043815613,
-0.01158870942890644,
-0.08007609099149704,
0.3690313994884491,
-0.3127559721469879,
0.6053411960601807,
-0.32747259736061096,
-0.12981747090816498,
0.2071649432182312,
0.23920726776123047,
0.8478804230690002,
-0.47423845529556274,
-0.38782596588134766,
-0.4121572971343994,
0.24186940491199493,
0.12648214399814606,
0.22778207063674927,
0.4132014811038971,
-0.06457485258579254,
-0.007500016130506992,
-0.6149401664733887,
-0.16652436554431915,
0.3814444839954376,
-0.32070764899253845,
-0.11682767421007156,
0.12430866807699203,
-0.26340606808662415,
-0.14382247626781464,
0.04467668756842613,
-0.36484646797180176,
0.09985028207302094,
0.4897806942462921
] |
217724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Cusack | Joan Cusack | Joan Mary Cusack Burke (; born October 11, 1962) is an American actress and comedian. She received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles in the comedy-drama Working Girl (1988) and the romantic comedy In & Out (1997). She has also provided the voice of Jessie in the Toy Story franchise and Abby Mallard in Chicken Little.
Cusack was a cast member on the comedy sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1985 to 1986. She starred on the Showtime hit drama/comedy Shameless as Sheila Jackson, a role for which she has received five consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning for the first time in 2015. She is the sister of actress Ann Cusack and actor John Cusack.
Early life
Cusack was born on October 11, 1962, in New York City and was raised in Evanston, Illinois. Her mother, Ann Paula "Nancy" Cusack (née Carolan), is a former mathematics teacher and political activist. Her father, Dick Cusack (1925–2003), was an actor and filmmaker, and two of her four siblings, Ann (born 1961) and John (born 1966), are actors. Her family is Irish American and Catholic. Cusack is an alumna of the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1984).
Career
Cusack has twice been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in Working Girl and In & Out. She has appeared with her brother John in 10 movies: Class (1983), Sixteen Candles (1984), Grandview, U.S.A. (1984), Broadcast News (1987), Say Anything... (1989), Grosse Pointe Blank (1997), Cradle Will Rock (1999), High Fidelity (2000), Martian Child (2007), and War, Inc. (2008).
In the film Addams Family Values, she played serial divorcee and murderer Debbie Jellinsky. She also starred in the short-lived ABC sitcom What About Joan? in 2001–02 and the hit film Arlington Road. For many years, Cusack was also the commercial spokeswoman for U.S. Cellular. One of Cusack's most well-known roles was the principal of Horace Green Elementary School, Rosalie 'Roz' Mullins, in School of Rock. She also voiced Jessie in the Pixar hits Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3, and Toy Story 4, and played Dr. Burton, the therapist of Charlie (Logan Lerman), in the teen film The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012). She also played Erin's mom in the final season of NBC's The Office.
Cusack was a cast member on the NBC sketch show Saturday Night Live from 1985 to 1986. Her recurring characters on SNL included Salena, a socially inept girl who tries to ask out her boyfriend, Biff (played by Jon Lovitz), who is also socially inept. In addition, she did celebrity impersonations of Brooke Shields, Jane Fonda, and Queen Elizabeth II.
She has been nominated four times for the American Comedy Award in the category of Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture and has won three times, for Runaway Bride (1999), In & Out (1997), and Working Girl (1988). She has also won the New York Film Critics Circle Award and the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for In & Out.
Cusack narrates the public-TV animated series Peep and the Big Wide World. In September 2010, Cusack guest-starred on NBC's Law & Order: SVU.
She also appeared as Justice Strauss in Netflix's adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events, which premiered in 2017.
Cusack also appeared as the Tin Foil Lady in the Netflix movie Let It Snow, which was released in November 2019.
Shameless
In 2010, Cusack joined the Showtime drama/comedy Shameless as Sheila Jackson, the mother of Karen Jackson (Laura Slade Wiggins). The first season premiered on January 9, 2011, and had its first finale March 27, 2011. Cusack replaced actress Allison Janney, who originally portrayed the role in the first edit of the pilot episode, but was forced to drop out of the part owing to her series regular commitment on the ABC comedy Mr. Sunshine. Janney took the role with the understanding the character would be less prominent on the show, but when producers decided to increase the character's screen presence, she was forced to pull out of the part. Cusack has received critical acclaim for her performance, receiving Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series nominations in 2011, 2012, and 2013, as well as a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015, winning in the later year.
Personal life
Cusack married attorney Richard Burke, President and CEO of Envoy Global, Inc. in 1996. They have two sons: Dylan John (b. 1997) and Miles (b. 2000). She discovered she was pregnant with her first son, Dylan, on her first day of shooting the movie Mr. Wrong (1996). Cusack owns a home in Three Oaks Township, Michigan, and lives in Chicago, Illinois.
In 2003, both Joan and her brother John signed the "Not in My Name" resolution (along with people such as Noam Chomsky and Susan Sarandon) opposing the invasion of Iraq.
Since 2011, Cusack has owned Judy Maxwell Home, a gift shop in Old Town, Chicago. The shop is named for Barbra Streisand's character in What's Up Doc?, Cusack's favorite movie.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Sac Ticket: Joan Cusack
1962 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Annie Award winners
Cusack family (United States)
Primetime Emmy Award winners
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni | [
-0.8182940483093262,
-0.16428858041763306,
-0.6690330505371094,
-0.5051884055137634,
0.39517879486083984,
0.8085669279098511,
0.9023410081863403,
0.3859446346759796,
-0.3772866427898407,
0.06491606682538986,
-0.15585775673389435,
0.6825548410415649,
0.24540764093399048,
0.1325034499168396,
-0.5451293587684631,
0.6862934231758118,
0.31834056973457336,
0.4016222655773163,
-0.2502439022064209,
-0.6758006811141968,
-0.35542815923690796,
0.041161637753248215,
-0.034631259739398956,
0.4219892621040344,
-0.7028301954269409,
0.643997073173523,
-0.5091696977615356,
-0.15742000937461853,
0.028171241283416748,
-0.10385327786207199,
-0.10494549572467804,
-0.08992757648229599,
0.650666356086731,
-0.37082362174987793,
-0.3155750632286072,
0.4922795295715332,
-0.22852416336536407,
0.07620522379875183,
-0.5035625100135803,
0.6085264682769775,
-0.45570990443229675,
0.03421986103057861,
-0.08254612982273102,
-0.12328631430864334,
-0.2389712780714035,
-0.14037089049816132,
-1.3058748245239258,
0.106548011302948,
-0.708136260509491,
-0.4573916494846344,
0.05317382887005806,
0.221808061003685,
0.2641908526420593,
0.10025140643119812,
0.006133067887276411,
-0.35156485438346863,
-0.484917551279068,
0.15476550161838531,
0.29234904050827026,
-0.19663503766059875,
-0.04803532734513283,
-0.41927000880241394,
0.0945921391248703,
-0.7641105055809021,
-0.11327209323644638,
0.10290302336215973,
0.8210256099700928,
0.39727798104286194,
-0.05775729939341545,
-0.4082163870334625,
0.5684873461723328,
0.403282105922699,
0.36916035413742065,
-0.6135472059249878,
0.40106821060180664,
-0.3540167212486267,
0.495945543050766,
-0.48769134283065796,
-0.15317730605602264,
-0.0830090269446373,
-0.020451277494430542,
0.10544756799936295,
0.41646143794059753,
0.9130557775497437,
0.4134008288383484,
-0.5469346642494202,
-0.28549686074256897,
0.4074208736419678,
-0.5332363843917847,
0.44641411304473877,
-0.8860068917274475,
0.2340163141489029,
-0.315168559551239,
0.12809516489505768,
-0.12785230576992035,
-0.37867796421051025,
-0.12363391369581223,
-0.15651200711727142,
0.5193244218826294,
-0.14909709990024567,
-0.6038981080055237,
-0.5083910822868347,
0.4007839560508728,
-0.736127495765686,
-0.5961510539054871,
0.3365977704524994,
0.3012388348579407,
-0.13880093395709991,
-0.11401133239269257,
-0.07215256243944168,
-0.3704870045185089,
0.2626725733280182,
-0.07389127463102341,
-0.11451207101345062,
-0.16615381836891174,
0.23476706445217133,
0.3374994993209839,
-0.13598713278770447,
-0.9497621059417725,
0.22947829961776733,
0.3752027451992035,
-0.025849303230643272,
0.14284247159957886,
0.6519020199775696,
-0.4313671588897705,
-0.3340335786342621,
0.08271227777004242,
0.21109765768051147,
0.13924622535705566,
0.40433451533317566,
0.12065981328487396,
0.47170063853263855,
-0.44312211871147156,
-0.31053343415260315,
-0.3585232198238373,
0.4253113567829132,
0.15140491724014282,
0.40856319665908813,
0.4891906678676605,
0.17660711705684662,
-0.5784660577774048,
0.4124176502227783,
-0.4890444874763489,
0.2523764669895172,
0.8763014078140259,
-0.48120614886283875,
0.07330445200204849,
0.4024094045162201,
-0.3729816675186157,
0.04580298811197281,
-0.6662697196006775,
0.12311345338821411,
0.1846708506345749,
-0.6236642003059387,
-0.39534759521484375,
0.42379656434059143,
0.6404446959495544,
0.397502601146698,
0.10835409164428711,
0.06783369928598404,
0.6289328932762146,
0.23889009654521942,
-0.0858566015958786,
0.017261646687984467,
0.4836742877960205,
0.022678378969430923,
0.10805721580982208,
-0.19789807498455048,
-0.22937463223934174,
0.053101345896720886,
-0.4039636254310608,
0.31703120470046997,
0.5507721900939941,
-0.06711366027593613,
-1.0143107175827026,
0.4472900331020355,
-0.0747099295258522,
0.023338157683610916,
-0.23267856240272522,
0.3285781443119049,
-0.31457164883613586,
-0.2539104223251343,
0.1478368490934372,
0.24413032829761505,
0.28767329454421997,
-0.11200357228517532,
0.13362282514572144,
-0.6420196294784546,
0.5900442004203796,
-0.20519407093524933,
-0.8562400937080383,
-0.4960937798023224,
0.08241771161556244,
0.30450430512428284,
0.22586077451705933,
-0.029355570673942566,
-0.17638613283634186,
0.2375815212726593,
0.31886234879493713,
0.26815930008888245,
-0.15152817964553833,
-0.8974870443344116,
0.31069204211235046,
0.11954347789287567,
-0.1226562112569809,
0.40847596526145935,
0.7037806510925293,
0.30831554532051086,
0.26649776101112366,
0.6983036398887634,
-0.2203824371099472,
-0.9400873780250549,
0.3880539834499359,
0.8510649800300598,
-0.26034483313560486,
-0.6113361716270447,
-0.6061752438545227,
-0.8259066343307495,
0.23655538260936737,
-0.46527746319770813,
0.2414836436510086,
0.6157384514808655,
0.06489193439483643,
-0.01444751862436533,
-0.5058746933937073,
0.7422770261764526,
-0.07237020134925842,
0.427310585975647,
0.7253274917602539,
-0.16447944939136505,
0.01302115898579359,
0.2796989977359772,
0.07939674705266953,
-0.8995697498321533,
-0.1975371092557907,
0.2322077453136444,
0.7492483854293823,
-0.1563604772090912,
-0.3520747721195221,
-0.9425728917121887,
0.3294123113155365,
0.5665034651756287,
-0.28170159459114075,
0.25855231285095215,
-0.27269411087036133,
-0.11256997287273407,
0.3664833605289459,
0.15223708748817444,
0.40838801860809326,
-0.18124069273471832,
0.33054372668266296,
0.30292943120002747,
0.5305299162864685,
0.19746962189674377,
-0.05436542257666588,
0.26629218459129333,
0.005270449910312891,
0.3212251663208008,
0.9817387461662292,
0.6091613173484802,
0.3954780399799347,
0.02206990495324135,
0.023625485599040985,
-0.04506175220012665,
-0.4750017821788788,
-0.055837202817201614,
-0.01052924059331417,
-0.8781408071517944,
0.3477230966091156,
0.07846788316965103,
0.4199717342853546,
-0.5301162004470825,
-0.3292359709739685,
0.16997383534908295,
0.15769129991531372,
0.42936578392982483,
-0.23111431300640106,
0.08586379885673523,
-0.8602178692817688,
-0.7941820621490479,
0.10246340930461884,
0.6928696632385254,
0.22109775245189667,
-0.087222620844841,
-0.13493028283119202,
-0.32384780049324036,
-0.048315152525901794,
-0.24159666895866394,
-0.7781743407249451,
0.3320820927619934,
-0.2311074435710907,
0.30344271659851074,
-0.23563458025455475,
0.42432570457458496,
-0.12780645489692688,
0.007242120336741209,
0.07082553207874298,
0.25159600377082825,
-0.3551470637321472,
0.05964558571577072,
-0.11659622192382812,
0.2897566854953766,
-0.08468972146511078,
0.31788912415504456,
0.5277256965637207,
0.3465260863304138,
-0.2137535810470581,
-0.4938792288303375,
-5.310670375823975,
0.03461242467164993,
0.10314496606588364,
-0.3846322298049927,
0.8337909579277039,
-0.20483629405498505,
-0.051335658878088,
-0.4027070105075836,
0.4161956310272217,
0.18262292444705963,
0.11931567639112473,
0.18514542281627655,
-0.683205246925354,
0.5313624739646912,
0.24069105088710785,
-0.2242509424686432,
-0.10022665560245514,
-0.793350338935852,
-0.11366179585456848,
0.9327035546302795,
-0.07061320543289185,
-0.3108431398868561,
-0.4685629904270172,
-0.204947367310524,
-0.24691197276115417,
0.04185253754258156,
-0.3978430926799774,
-0.17196975648403168,
-0.4970051944255829,
-0.2905295491218567,
-0.3717831075191498,
-0.22096261382102966,
-0.8069897294044495,
-0.021553628146648407,
-0.5022319555282593,
-0.08659244328737259,
0.38581031560897827,
-0.6389058828353882,
0.16558444499969482,
-0.7230914235115051,
0.27100029587745667,
0.1732514351606369,
-0.7794185876846313,
0.1966000646352768,
0.614204466342926,
-0.2886207401752472,
-0.5334579944610596,
-0.7530367970466614,
0.3701375424861908,
0.5097882747650146,
0.5833754539489746,
0.3863186240196228,
0.28308746218681335,
-0.18969853222370148,
0.8754454255104065,
-0.4687236547470093,
-0.03042636811733246,
0.22698475420475006,
-0.8070542812347412,
0.14794570207595825,
0.07931599020957947,
-0.2763304114341736,
0.04259124770760536,
-0.27789106965065,
-0.22102509438991547,
-0.1263524442911148,
0.3379541039466858,
0.37802934646606445,
0.33455121517181396,
-0.924875795841217,
-0.12003257870674133,
0.036446619778871536,
0.5479305386543274,
-1.368769645690918,
0.34572601318359375,
-0.7004463076591492,
0.3543476164340973,
-0.31228339672088623,
-0.9867831468582153,
-0.4792090952396393,
0.35868608951568604,
-0.41924214363098145,
0.8751323819160461,
0.3990767002105713,
0.3903254270553589,
-0.3544159531593323,
0.07698816061019897,
0.5179284811019897,
-0.24798418581485748,
-0.1897277683019638,
-0.4534948766231537,
-0.037433821707963943,
0.22053076326847076,
0.18031726777553558,
0.08125749975442886,
0.43852412700653076,
0.5592027306556702,
0.6772552132606506,
-0.11443506181240082,
0.7164650559425354,
-0.42478978633880615,
-0.7639044523239136,
0.67130047082901,
-0.30736371874809265,
-0.07895110547542572,
-0.03372831270098686,
0.7823485732078552,
0.11371020972728729,
1.0398738384246826,
-0.7348030209541321,
-0.10818389058113098,
0.6314346194267273,
-0.2679981291294098,
-0.5053367614746094,
0.12729685008525848,
0.2791048586368561,
-0.32377293705940247,
-0.25323957204818726,
0.08146773278713226,
0.6148615479469299,
0.4254673719406128,
0.1510441154241562,
-0.037717029452323914,
0.353982150554657,
-0.08090026676654816,
-0.5931958556175232,
0.30034276843070984,
-0.4705394208431244,
0.4051535725593567,
-0.1618392914533615,
-0.91303551197052,
0.09783431887626648,
0.1952943205833435,
0.05896801874041557,
0.7922195196151733,
0.34850648045539856,
-0.39425593614578247,
0.08133211731910706,
0.0868072435259819,
0.2397233545780182,
0.6140966415405273,
-0.7551864385604858,
-0.32489126920700073,
0.41323041915893555,
-0.2556118369102478,
-0.1534634381532669,
0.09466283768415451,
0.40038326382637024,
-0.21158504486083984,
0.3085283935070038,
0.22491903603076935,
0.28748005628585815,
0.38815513253211975,
-0.5115875005722046,
-0.2424265742301941,
0.10048989951610565,
-0.29682812094688416,
-0.3635992407798767,
0.3735036551952362,
-0.12152951955795288,
-0.1474088877439499,
-0.7242423892021179,
-0.6360628604888916,
0.18542219698429108,
-0.3584479093551636,
0.1714077889919281,
-0.06220005452632904,
-0.5096196532249451,
-0.774723470211029,
0.6393056511878967,
-0.5012590885162354,
-0.4471653401851654,
0.35706600546836853,
0.19189691543579102,
0.1896541714668274,
0.13310322165489197,
-0.09517810493707657,
-0.03180679678916931,
-0.2871783673763275,
0.5641005635261536,
0.03402146324515343,
-0.4797508120536804,
-0.6492956876754761,
-0.06093607842922211,
0.1669217199087143,
-0.256792277097702,
-0.48418131470680237,
0.20453310012817383,
-0.2990007996559143,
0.4057649075984955,
-0.09878559410572052,
-0.4226580560207367,
-0.06792830675840378,
0.3591269552707672,
-0.48899760842323303,
0.15240603685379028,
-0.14891162514686584,
-0.046419594436883926,
0.31228652596473694,
-0.06880533695220947,
-0.45027047395706177,
0.04654199257493019,
-0.8569730520248413,
-0.22501333057880402,
0.2757781147956848,
-0.7560990452766418,
-0.0488005094230175,
-0.16427931189537048,
0.18075138330459595,
0.7461217641830444,
-0.34033602476119995,
0.22420307993888855,
0.26880720257759094,
0.43444252014160156,
0.12990331649780273,
0.09427451342344284,
0.37929782271385193,
0.31180891394615173,
0.2224319726228714,
-0.6854764819145203,
-0.6227341890335083,
-1.124709129333496,
0.09899570047855377,
0.362836629152298,
-0.6741796731948853,
0.397122323513031,
0.13664193451404572,
-0.5300467014312744,
0.6103973388671875,
-0.0011292066192254424,
0.19462250173091888,
0.13052020967006683,
0.2191338986158371,
0.468321830034256,
-0.19688858091831207,
-0.44101759791374207,
0.3313188850879669,
0.81004798412323,
-0.871784508228302,
0.005596705246716738,
0.9886248111724854,
0.6090267300605774,
-0.21072529256343842,
0.297896146774292,
0.016367696225643158,
0.4661821126937866,
-0.1291368007659912,
-0.6399838924407959,
0.03569130599498749,
0.2543865442276001,
0.5770061016082764,
0.02513386495411396,
-0.2726248502731323,
0.6615573167800903,
0.4596301019191742,
-0.8694719672203064,
0.15071097016334534,
-0.19704167544841766,
-0.4342232644557953,
-0.12473087757825851,
0.3936665654182434,
-0.45883500576019287,
-0.08249478042125702,
0.018212642520666122,
-0.1567731499671936,
-0.2659446895122528,
-0.16816996037960052,
-0.5556243658065796,
0.038795243948698044,
-0.46872109174728394,
0.042951539158821106,
0.22522513568401337,
-0.423705518245697,
0.5018157958984375,
-0.33123311400413513,
0.6626463532447815,
0.30141669511795044,
-0.4837956428527832,
0.062362220138311386,
-0.0316263884305954,
-0.16886144876480103,
0.13904312252998352,
-0.7014264464378357,
-0.7290666699409485,
-0.058178193867206573,
-0.4921821355819702,
0.5628475546836853,
-0.2594923675060272,
-0.33363261818885803,
0.23261089622974396,
-0.15262150764465332,
0.6138409376144409,
-0.11313541978597641,
-0.5463993549346924,
-0.20941932499408722,
-0.3739972710609436,
0.07081102579832077,
1.088902473449707,
0.14156927168369293,
0.17140613496303558,
-0.3317759335041046,
-0.20022006332874298,
0.0809030681848526,
-0.6365435123443604,
-0.5923638343811035,
-0.39593997597694397,
-0.5427680611610413,
-0.9812637567520142,
-0.3840164244174957,
0.45529839396476746,
0.01526990532875061,
0.19123435020446777,
1.0318045616149902,
0.4699834883213043,
0.05107266828417778,
-0.11947866529226303,
0.4795965850353241,
-0.6613624691963196,
-0.5043400526046753,
-0.24764813482761383,
-0.36825117468833923,
-0.1579405665397644,
-0.1087854653596878,
-0.4427732527256012,
0.6307138800621033,
1.4303436279296875,
0.37197890877723694,
0.4656817317008972,
-0.15201851725578308,
0.20595034956932068,
0.061833832412958145,
-0.2655348479747772,
0.652753472328186,
0.5126811861991882,
0.21843445301055908,
-1.1773804426193237,
0.5521550178527832,
0.218502014875412,
1.0233075618743896,
0.29694029688835144,
-0.5801318287849426,
0.32754844427108765,
-0.18003898859024048,
0.22404079139232635,
-0.2962176203727722,
-0.04345576837658882,
-0.08338090777397156,
0.4866129457950592,
-0.9358027577400208,
-0.656416654586792,
0.21781079471111298,
-0.2786101698875427,
0.4058847725391388,
-0.4199383854866028,
1.1024549007415771,
-0.05585194379091263,
0.07109815627336502,
-0.3739209771156311,
-0.5378941297531128,
0.17386634647846222,
-0.17792312800884247,
-0.7287065982818604,
0.9567418098449707,
0.893762469291687,
-0.04851623624563217,
-0.512427568435669,
-0.04436435177922249,
-0.6218070387840271,
-0.09678270667791367,
0.30642226338386536,
-0.1940707266330719,
0.8283301591873169,
-0.3869868516921997,
0.5701342225074768,
0.5940722227096558,
0.4521360993385315,
0.3325723111629486,
-0.4728107452392578,
-0.21564598381519318,
0.049193091690540314,
-0.623519778251648,
-0.02935815416276455,
-0.059968505054712296,
0.13950049877166748,
0.018194768577814102,
0.047990985214710236,
0.22688674926757812,
-0.000558073166757822,
0.13947151601314545,
-0.028134459629654884,
0.5316120982170105,
-0.41358625888824463,
-0.08414354175329208,
0.3794490396976471,
-0.14025014638900757,
0.5926299095153809,
-0.4825931191444397,
0.5923613905906677,
0.8049907684326172,
0.4804539382457733,
0.30344489216804504,
0.9371492862701416,
0.2761616110801697,
0.3067903518676758,
-0.7676347494125366,
0.022167427465319633,
0.3435487747192383,
-0.0443645678460598,
-0.42626553773880005,
-0.460053414106369,
0.10332562029361725,
-0.13863706588745117,
-0.26095035672187805,
-0.19109098613262177,
-0.08711262792348862,
0.5130805969238281,
0.7512416839599609,
0.41643303632736206,
0.31627950072288513,
-0.26702722907066345,
0.012400449253618717,
0.29174116253852844,
0.16977912187576294,
-0.05010826513171196,
-0.024212777614593506,
0.8634894490242004,
-0.5730284452438354,
-0.43518513441085815,
-0.25779277086257935,
-0.05800963193178177,
-0.17552509903907776,
0.47026512026786804,
-0.34137752652168274,
0.3829032778739929,
-0.3471621870994568,
-0.3582221567630768,
0.442237913608551,
0.38451123237609863,
1.132780909538269,
-0.15087786316871643,
0.0497000627219677,
0.13827107846736908,
-0.33133724331855774,
-0.08838726580142975,
-0.48279911279678345,
-0.03466169908642769,
-0.06253661215305328,
-0.5211056470870972,
0.29252365231513977,
0.2730374038219452,
-0.30332043766975403,
-0.6872022747993469,
0.2543718218803406,
-0.5956432223320007,
-0.41368725895881653,
-0.4006291627883911,
0.3348826467990875,
-0.11412635445594788,
0.6876962184906006,
-0.35280129313468933
] |
217726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-burning%20process | Silicon-burning process | In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8–11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. It follows the previous stages of hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon and oxygen burning processes.
Silicon burning begins when gravitational contraction raises the star's core temperature to 2.7–3.5 billion kelvin (GK). The exact temperature depends on mass. When a star has completed the silicon-burning phase, no further fusion is possible. The star catastrophically collapses and may explode in what is known as a Type II supernova.
Nuclear fusion sequence and silicon photodisintegration
After a star completes the oxygen-burning process, its core is composed primarily of silicon and sulfur. If it has sufficiently high mass, it further contracts until its core reaches temperatures in the range of 2.7–3.5 GK (230–300 keV). At these temperatures, silicon and other elements can photodisintegrate, emitting a proton or an alpha particle. Silicon burning proceeds by photodisintegration rearrangement, which creates new elements by the alpha process, adding one of these freed alpha particles (the equivalent of a helium nucleus) per capture step in the following sequence (photoejection of alphas not shown):
:{| border="0"
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ ||
|}
Although the chain could theoretically continue, steps after nickel-56 are much less exothermic and the temperature is so high that photodisintegration prevents further progress.
The silicon-burning sequence lasts about one day before being struck by the shock wave that was launched by the core collapse. Burning then becomes much more rapid at the elevated temperature and stops only when the rearrangement chain has been converted to nickel-56 or is stopped by supernova ejection and cooling. The nickel-56 decays in a few days or weeks first to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56, but this happens later, because only minutes are available within the core of a massive star. The star has run out of nuclear fuel and within minutes its core begins to contract.
During this phase of the contraction, the potential energy of gravitational contraction heats the interior to 5 GK (430 keV) and this opposes and delays the contraction. However, since no additional heat energy can be generated via new fusion reactions, the final unopposed contraction rapidly accelerates into a collapse lasting only a few seconds. The central portion of the star is now crushed into either a neutron star or, if the star is massive enough, a black hole. The outer layers of the star are blown off in an explosion known as a Type II supernova that lasts days to months. The supernova explosion releases a large burst of neutrons, which may synthesize in about one second roughly half of the supply of elements in the universe that are heavier than iron, via a rapid neutron-capture sequence known as the r-process (where the "r" stands for "rapid" neutron capture).
Binding energy
This graph shows the binding energy per nucleon of various nuclides. The binding energy is the difference between the energy of free protons and neutrons and the energy of the nuclide. If the product or products of a reaction have higher binding energy per nucleon than the reactant or reactants, then the reaction is exothermic (releases energy) and can go forward, though this is valid only for reactions that do not change the number of protons or neutrons (no weak force reactions). As can be seen, light nuclides such as deuterium or helium release large amounts of energy (a big increase in binding energy) when combined to form heavier elements—the process of fusion. Conversely, heavy elements such as uranium release energy when broken into lighter elements—the process of nuclear fission. In stars, rapid nucleosynthesis proceeds by adding helium nuclei (alpha particles) to heavier nuclei. As mentioned above, this process ends around atomic mass 56. Decay of nickel-56 explains the large amount of iron-56 seen in metallic meteorites and the cores of rocky planets.
See also
Alpha nuclide
Alpha process
Stellar evolution
Supernova nucleosynthesis
Neutron capture:
p-process
r-process
s-process
Notes
References
External links
Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of Our Luminous Neighbors, by Arthur Holland and Mark Williams of the University of Michigan
The Evolution and Death of Stars, by Ian Short
Origin of Heavy Elements, by Tufts University
Chapter 21: Stellar Explosions, by G. Hermann
Arnett, W. D., Advanced evolution of massive stars. VII – Silicon burning / Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 35, Oct. 1977, p. 145–159.
Nucleosynthesis | [
0.13442949950695038,
0.5585423111915588,
-0.12589006125926971,
-0.09478925913572311,
0.07786568999290466,
-0.13330885767936707,
-0.0802074670791626,
0.08217161148786545,
-0.05648854374885559,
-0.04567302390933037,
-0.4522656500339508,
0.36837440729141235,
0.007262478116899729,
0.047280870378017426,
-0.45059800148010254,
0.08123156428337097,
0.3483341634273529,
0.17273665964603424,
-0.17628756165504456,
-0.3614025413990021,
-0.018347779288887978,
0.2700045108795166,
0.48234882950782776,
0.19573400914669037,
-0.18894484639167786,
-0.19909586012363434,
-0.18538948893547058,
-0.32819175720214844,
0.43250179290771484,
0.23747938871383667,
-0.5674508810043335,
0.43153977394104004,
-0.16335804760456085,
-0.39135003089904785,
0.48979079723358154,
0.014039566740393639,
-0.3427340090274811,
0.14563453197479248,
0.018638357520103455,
-0.19011373817920685,
-0.4219703674316406,
-0.22835825383663177,
0.22151799499988556,
0.2655162513256073,
-0.10029885172843933,
0.02094278112053871,
-0.7683331966400146,
0.49685126543045044,
-0.3399861454963684,
-0.012499427422881126,
-0.03039146214723587,
-0.194882333278656,
0.31721076369285583,
0.46139028668403625,
0.06185269355773926,
0.5378293395042419,
-0.5755767226219177,
0.4379063844680786,
0.07020897418260574,
-0.11906491965055466,
0.2610397934913635,
-0.03128658980131149,
-0.9287088513374329,
0.20830625295639038,
0.13197505474090576,
-0.031963199377059937,
-0.06507464498281479,
0.29775509238243103,
-0.24939660727977753,
-0.1484341025352478,
0.22058294713497162,
-0.39915281534194946,
0.02841288596391678,
0.33730730414390564,
-0.12585826218128204,
0.10998173803091049,
0.052970629185438156,
0.1303708702325821,
-0.35959213972091675,
-0.1826886385679245,
-0.13222865760326385,
0.02102275937795639,
-0.09899991005659103,
0.359656423330307,
-0.02626636251807213,
-0.1977922022342682,
-0.6873183846473694,
0.7484082579612732,
-0.3914033770561218,
0.3382500410079956,
-0.21911011636257172,
0.17835870385169983,
0.6217401623725891,
0.4385077953338623,
-0.1315503567457199,
-0.1550709456205368,
0.022862674668431282,
-0.24627259373664856,
0.4591449201107025,
0.3284369111061096,
-0.40353694558143616,
0.2344055473804474,
0.18443913757801056,
-0.11934143304824829,
0.04673979803919792,
-0.10587235540151596,
-0.39971429109573364,
-0.5239948034286499,
0.043680865317583084,
-0.1471336930990219,
-0.36126482486724854,
0.3668302595615387,
-0.08437782526016235,
0.3923529386520386,
-0.7987803220748901,
0.13705161213874817,
-0.5915387868881226,
-0.5226280689239502,
0.43621760606765747,
-0.3042358458042145,
0.17828401923179626,
1.5934425592422485,
-0.3197696805000305,
0.21798406541347504,
0.0017352112336084247,
0.5775536894798279,
0.99965900182724,
0.8719680905342102,
-0.2583306133747101,
0.06480688601732254,
0.07675342261791229,
0.8876702785491943,
-0.17466498911380768,
-0.22748644649982452,
0.198451429605484,
-0.012468641623854637,
0.6781748533248901,
0.17475292086601257,
0.8042706847190857,
0.3820037841796875,
-0.5794406533241272,
-0.4464108943939209,
-0.019083919003605843,
0.30438554286956787,
0.10275629907846451,
0.09613347798585892,
-0.22619152069091797,
-0.7989744544029236,
-0.22333316504955292,
0.13999098539352417,
-0.30383700132369995,
-0.0871080532670021,
-0.17973297834396362,
0.2912962734699249,
-0.6192986369132996,
-0.1570175737142563,
0.09312506020069122,
-0.10777093470096588,
-0.3764534294605255,
0.09209337085485458,
0.31276288628578186,
-0.624800443649292,
-0.17945310473442078,
-0.08475271612405777,
0.25240346789360046,
-0.20590507984161377,
0.4264170825481415,
0.6692214012145996,
-0.3261032700538635,
-0.09729359298944473,
-0.12606282532215118,
-0.08969505876302719,
-0.06456661224365234,
-0.4471253752708435,
-0.08768901973962784,
-0.17501771450042725,
0.6428302526473999,
0.41363561153411865,
0.30176031589508057,
0.3974151015281677,
-0.8774082660675049,
0.18403317034244537,
0.3011707365512848,
0.22013503313064575,
-0.09608034789562225,
-0.4838351011276245,
0.26436594128608704,
-0.19183550775051117,
-0.014632322825491428,
0.5896559357643127,
-0.9907490611076355,
0.39507877826690674,
0.6396300196647644,
-0.7537133097648621,
1.1321054697036743,
0.031678251922130585,
0.016427241265773773,
0.5203471779823303,
-0.343877911567688,
0.006389272399246693,
-0.45516008138656616,
0.24120664596557617,
0.4168309271335602,
-0.5872170925140381,
-0.5671991109848022,
0.02696613036096096,
0.2637898921966553,
-0.18639378249645233,
0.06431471556425095,
-0.21039271354675293,
-0.10848181694746017,
-0.026788216084241867,
0.5323152542114258,
-0.27717092633247375,
0.04984135925769806,
-0.04346058517694473,
-0.8620980381965637,
0.39299362897872925,
0.5096087455749512,
-0.0736481174826622,
0.7358217239379883,
-0.2299787551164627,
0.46256566047668457,
-0.005097166635096073,
0.0055733551271259785,
1.0589635372161865,
0.8395245671272278,
0.1446201354265213,
0.4518197476863861,
-0.13640910387039185,
0.34976041316986084,
-0.19594907760620117,
0.27777233719825745,
-0.176778644323349,
0.38635677099227905,
0.10341314971446991,
0.023319074884057045,
-0.33407270908355713,
-0.21820367872714996,
-0.31914058327674866,
-0.03029458411037922,
0.3734467625617981,
-0.7088198065757751,
0.11291758716106415,
-0.30519264936447144,
0.2379475235939026,
-0.09029251337051392,
0.04641508311033249,
-0.4714321196079254,
-0.4400721788406372,
0.0474369153380394,
0.4576677680015564,
0.02505842223763466,
-0.8124301433563232,
-0.19247856736183167,
-0.3085693120956421,
-0.15179090201854706,
0.21781054139137268,
0.07977217435836792,
-0.31000766158103943,
-0.09281715750694275,
-0.5825398564338684,
-0.21041099727153778,
-0.046216756105422974,
-0.033947039395570755,
-0.44528859853744507,
-0.6797225475311279,
-0.5197791457176208,
0.49989014863967896,
0.1895013004541397,
0.17647646367549896,
-0.00630172248929739,
0.004699192941188812,
-0.1320287138223648,
-0.6922505497932434,
-0.6824032664299011,
-0.4403884708881378,
0.040893808007240295,
-0.4097253084182739,
0.019919242709875107,
0.3023298382759094,
0.49844831228256226,
0.09959828853607178,
-0.21305853128433228,
-0.8287378549575806,
0.7963911294937134,
0.04715342074632645,
-0.2968755066394806,
-0.30128908157348633,
-0.5220168232917786,
0.011604467406868935,
-0.23170368373394012,
0.013409583829343319,
0.07702425867319107,
0.4400787055492401,
0.34418463706970215,
-0.0010146006243303418,
0.13960623741149902,
0.17886212468147278,
-0.18504706025123596,
-0.007852642796933651,
-0.15853875875473022,
-0.5820177793502808,
-0.2105325162410736,
-0.1587637960910797,
-0.08657453209161758,
-0.15914815664291382,
0.22280751168727875,
-5.902981758117676,
-0.06474293768405914,
-0.09924132376909256,
-0.31431254744529724,
-0.09191565960645676,
-0.02054247260093689,
0.5179064869880676,
-0.12613490223884583,
-0.03399612382054329,
0.0874364972114563,
-0.24564577639102936,
-0.006727667059749365,
-0.5431286692619324,
0.21796351671218872,
0.1917942315340042,
0.47278493642807007,
0.38177570700645447,
-0.2862549424171448,
0.4076588749885559,
0.19704309105873108,
0.32056793570518494,
0.035584595054388046,
-0.21069873869419098,
0.3058324158191681,
-0.22464679181575775,
-0.22999809682369232,
-0.13685005903244019,
-0.34677547216415405,
-0.32499420642852783,
-0.1571173369884491,
-0.016137728467583656,
-0.38153189420700073,
0.1950114667415619,
0.3893831968307495,
-0.11021371930837631,
0.13632479310035706,
0.41720691323280334,
-0.3998227119445801,
-0.04258979856967926,
0.17467431724071503,
0.1506636142730713,
0.3299313485622406,
-0.3763989508152008,
-0.06879334151744843,
0.4222542345523834,
-0.5019856691360474,
-0.28608283400535583,
0.07444537431001663,
0.20965392887592316,
0.7647761702537537,
0.00747528113424778,
0.020656675100326538,
0.39025697112083435,
-0.29580578207969666,
0.010046043433248997,
0.34305423498153687,
-0.24355383217334747,
0.7281199097633362,
0.025050343945622444,
-0.26210901141166687,
-0.6942888498306274,
-0.09110470116138458,
-0.27364179491996765,
-0.4911729693412781,
-0.11654099076986313,
0.5499419569969177,
-0.4512312412261963,
-0.36733418703079224,
0.46261492371559143,
0.302002876996994,
-0.3471384048461914,
0.39881324768066406,
0.11077310144901276,
-0.6510400176048279,
0.5265614986419678,
-0.17411908507347107,
-0.10702421516180038,
-0.1741589605808258,
-0.11946675926446915,
0.5431908369064331,
-0.173488050699234,
0.055445145815610886,
0.18008416891098022,
-0.7327092289924622,
0.6320300698280334,
-0.013703565113246441,
-0.4295918047428131,
-0.1389203518629074,
0.697086751461029,
0.11424930393695831,
1.2448866367340088,
-0.3787229359149933,
0.3428831398487091,
0.4694625437259674,
0.7275219559669495,
0.5189052224159241,
0.277133971452713,
0.2980947494506836,
0.542046844959259,
0.039994530379772186,
0.2249757945537567,
-0.08251301199197769,
0.06591447442770004,
-0.4493601322174072,
-0.7955522537231445,
0.061923086643218994,
-0.1837824285030365,
0.21656958758831024,
0.5012166500091553,
-0.06462695449590683,
0.3708021640777588,
0.5479222536087036,
-0.2909758687019348,
-0.28685975074768066,
0.3875953257083893,
0.09729243069887161,
-0.707963764667511,
0.4184192419052124,
0.32493290305137634,
0.04125459864735603,
0.06321240961551666,
0.041733622550964355,
-0.8334859609603882,
-0.11318113654851913,
-0.004603540990501642,
-0.5675926208496094,
0.02820541523396969,
0.7145026922225952,
0.31478697061538696,
0.3401933014392853,
-0.39003849029541016,
0.31726205348968506,
-0.0823776125907898,
0.27945026755332947,
-0.02006532996892929,
0.06311364471912384,
-0.2034890204668045,
0.11165391653776169,
-0.008165921084582806,
0.06510816514492035,
0.6442692875862122,
0.09038475900888443,
0.04388834163546562,
-0.20522023737430573,
0.3104288578033447,
1.0207321643829346,
-0.5132076740264893,
-0.41477373242378235,
0.07638103514909744,
0.6251336932182312,
0.048884157091379166,
-0.18799631297588348,
-0.5217946767807007,
-0.14217497408390045,
-0.4460802674293518,
0.23019982874393463,
-0.08335067331790924,
0.11151964962482452,
0.3496971130371094,
0.05998606979846954,
0.4134857654571533,
-0.06374416500329971,
-1.2009726762771606,
0.09047739207744598,
-0.2218223512172699,
-0.0876646563410759,
-0.406179279088974,
-0.13534192740917206,
-0.34845665097236633,
0.46974578499794006,
-0.7183956503868103,
0.07053115218877792,
0.09186743944883347,
-0.6849371194839478,
0.48055195808410645,
0.035472024232149124,
0.3443337082862854,
0.08509238064289093,
-0.10460183769464493,
-0.7247323393821716,
-0.01264652144163847,
-0.07553232461214066,
-0.5822259187698364,
0.17743271589279175,
0.23806148767471313,
-0.9136850833892822,
-0.18558646738529205,
0.181906059384346,
-0.12838290631771088,
0.009506970643997192,
0.7152332067489624,
-0.004068405833095312,
0.1684385985136032,
-0.0003793506184592843,
0.4830211400985718,
-0.29894980788230896,
-0.33287107944488525,
0.4203566014766693,
0.08515624701976776,
-0.7880615592002869,
0.1363091617822647,
-0.14568667113780975,
-0.735793948173523,
0.5309491753578186,
0.6609847545623779,
-0.07937021553516388,
-0.2545384168624878,
0.3542506694793701,
0.3395145535469055,
-0.3733636736869812,
-0.03483743965625763,
-1.0944325923919678,
-0.3046828508377075,
0.2431257665157318,
-0.21041744947433472,
0.25299084186553955,
0.10719822347164154,
0.10097082704305649,
0.14636142551898956,
-0.1402420699596405,
0.019143853336572647,
-0.16918116807937622,
-0.11695728451013565,
-0.09430328756570816,
0.03750995174050331,
0.3969467282295227,
0.3194822072982788,
-0.5800336003303528,
-0.2161310613155365,
-0.525327205657959,
-0.15338890254497528,
0.38024404644966125,
-0.48315051198005676,
-0.37265855073928833,
0.024809878319501877,
-0.21491315960884094,
-0.07138624042272568,
0.39790692925453186,
0.03922509402036667,
-0.16387641429901123,
0.43862035870552063,
0.39341339468955994,
0.09365653246641159,
0.1979152262210846,
-0.45012983679771423,
-0.10390384495258331,
0.6949496865272522,
-0.5277528762817383,
-0.602217435836792,
-0.301607608795166,
0.37328028678894043,
-0.6846392154693604,
-0.6628610491752625,
-0.5228855609893799,
0.839474618434906,
-0.3964073657989502,
-0.10254761576652527,
-0.6930399537086487,
-0.4001367390155792,
0.07475394755601883,
-0.33281612396240234,
-0.49565285444259644,
-0.2850039601325989,
-0.6005682945251465,
0.5999411344528198,
0.39337873458862305,
-0.3267391324043274,
-0.5428875088691711,
0.12010633200407028,
-0.28781792521476746,
0.4411020278930664,
-0.25127434730529785,
0.41470232605934143,
0.5515838265419006,
0.06598235666751862,
0.4663902223110199,
-0.2604825794696808,
-0.01352755818516016,
-0.47656065225601196,
0.2799758315086365,
0.11002205312252045,
-0.24252335727214813,
0.3886805772781372,
0.14911426603794098,
0.17549347877502441,
-0.6808788776397705,
0.11620885133743286,
-0.4970795214176178,
-0.3644895553588867,
0.2962718904018402,
-0.3188699185848236,
0.011798888444900513,
-0.16748467087745667,
-0.550785481929779,
-0.0539303794503212,
-0.07614441215991974,
0.5114501118659973,
0.14788496494293213,
-0.5913834571838379,
0.07654301822185516,
-0.5715082287788391,
0.44526442885398865,
0.6294811964035034,
-0.598783552646637,
0.24347083270549774,
0.07433971017599106,
0.30927199125289917,
-0.2819618284702301,
-0.08957936614751816,
-0.17288616299629211,
0.3562026023864746,
0.41678881645202637,
-0.14167217910289764,
0.24425652623176575,
-0.4853168725967407,
0.08279243111610413,
0.37950190901756287,
-0.22739852964878082,
-0.05744892731308937,
0.3060179054737091,
0.5413590669631958,
0.42368051409721375,
0.5426341891288757,
-0.6097905039787292,
-0.5835853219032288,
0.2111603170633316,
-0.33353570103645325,
-0.2642098367214203,
-0.20533335208892822,
-0.1508042961359024,
0.7584443688392639,
-0.08647903054952621,
0.21143753826618195,
0.8148400187492371,
-0.27587777376174927,
-0.05985897779464722,
-0.1906118243932724,
-0.54630446434021,
-0.9523851275444031,
0.26340410113334656,
0.27737846970558167,
0.9695753455162048,
0.03771483153104782,
0.0029901249799877405,
0.15113049745559692,
0.2686192989349365,
0.012279179878532887,
0.5474045872688293,
-0.18877193331718445,
-0.04366372525691986,
0.15792661905288696,
-0.6640027761459351,
-0.21479637920856476,
-0.17113544046878815,
-0.14981967210769653,
-0.5333753228187561,
0.3066416084766388,
0.07171795517206192,
0.44863882660865784,
0.33967509865760803,
0.560831606388092,
0.7024986147880554,
0.24307453632354736,
0.03751406446099281,
0.01306647527962923,
-0.17087244987487793,
-0.16926707327365875,
-0.2719994783401489,
-0.21956995129585266,
-0.0001406792871421203,
-0.010223490186035633,
0.12238357961177826,
0.09979104995727539,
-0.1022847443819046,
0.27576515078544617,
-0.3570198714733124,
-0.12956134974956512,
0.587649405002594,
-0.37914785742759705,
-0.02034548856317997,
-0.28387346863746643,
-0.0028887290973216295,
-0.4240157902240753,
-0.4413871467113495,
0.048197392374277115,
0.40298083424568176,
-0.17093493044376373,
0.18419040739536285,
0.39532727003097534,
-0.029912864789366722,
0.05831205099821091,
0.1002233698964119,
0.43470194935798645,
0.032522063702344894,
-0.4874415695667267,
-0.1291937530040741,
-0.05525584518909454,
0.1229638159275055,
0.7123498916625977,
0.7413747906684875,
0.5354000329971313,
-0.09605671465396881,
0.29267799854278564,
0.47222134470939636,
-0.7021634578704834,
0.4225565493106842,
-0.38903185725212097,
0.4292543828487396,
-0.8519330620765686,
0.7037314772605896,
0.3791731297969818,
-0.061857450753450394,
0.37494590878486633,
0.5521147847175598,
-0.17251883447170258,
-0.03759615123271942,
0.6584213376045227,
-0.39812493324279785,
0.42689961194992065,
-0.18271389603614807,
-0.3406260907649994,
-0.7755085825920105,
0.4870171844959259,
0.554375410079956,
0.12496306747198105,
-0.20155856013298035,
0.5346155166625977,
0.1729482263326645,
-0.040846653282642365,
0.08521201461553574,
0.16046741604804993,
0.07039123773574829,
-0.3667539358139038,
0.9504479169845581,
-0.4361724555492401,
-0.7628747820854187,
-0.2048841118812561,
-0.015202327631413937,
-0.09029405564069748,
-0.575239896774292,
0.23535043001174927,
0.2265474647283554,
-0.6718652844429016,
-0.03296099230647087,
0.007427572272717953,
-0.1199328824877739,
0.20200426876544952,
-0.5998877882957458,
-0.336091011762619,
0.7591853141784668,
-0.26047950983047485,
-0.3745824694633484,
0.04274141415953636,
0.11928045004606247,
-0.6360306143760681,
-0.3717600703239441,
0.4745064079761505,
-0.18976135551929474,
0.2144118994474411,
-0.12269876152276993
] |
217730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton%20Wanderers%20F.C. | Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. | Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club (), commonly known as Wolves, is a professional association football club based in Wolverhampton, England. Formed as St. Luke's F.C. in 1877, the club has played at Molineux Stadium since 1889 and has been competing in the , the top division of English football, since winning promotion in 2018. The 2021–22 season is the club's 67th season in total at the highest level and the eighth since the foundation of the Premier League in 1992.
The club was one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888. During 26 consecutive seasons spent in the top flight between 1932 and 1965, the team was crowned English League champions three times (in 1953–54, 1957–58 and 1958–59), all under the management of Stan Cullis. Wolves also finished English League runners-up in five other seasons between 1937–38 and 1959–60.
Wolves has won the FA Cup four times, most recently in 1960, and finished runners-up on a further four occasions. The club has also won the League Cup twice, in 1974 and 1980, and finished top of all four divisions in the English professional game.
After becoming one of the first British clubs to install floodlights at its home ground, Wolves arranged televised "floodlit friendlies" against leading overseas club sides between 1953 and 1956, which were instrumental in the launch of the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League) in 1955. Wolves reached the quarter-finals of the competition in 1959–60 as well as the semi-finals of the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup and the inaugural UEFA Cup Final in 1972. Following a 39-year absence from European competition, they reached the UEFA Europa League quarter-finals in 2020.
Wolves' traditional kit consists of old gold shirts and socks with black shorts. Since 1979, the kit has also featured the club's "wolf's head" logo. Long-standing rivalries exist with other clubs from the West Midlands, the main one being the Black Country derby contested with West Bromwich Albion. The two clubs most recently faced off during the 2020–21 season for the first time since 2011–12, with the match on 16 January 2021 coming nearly nine years after the previous meeting on 12 February 2012.
History
Formation and the Football League (1879–1893)
In the 2000 edition of The Rough Guide to English Football, the history section on the Wolves page begins: "The very name Wolves thunders from the pages of English football history". As with several other clubs, Everton for example, Wolves had humble beginnings shaped by the twin influences of cricket and the church. The club was founded in 1877 as St. Luke's F.C. by John Baynton and John Brodie, two pupils of St Luke's Church School in Blakenhall, who had been presented with a football by their headmaster Harry Barcroft. The team played its first-ever game on 13 January 1877 against a reserve side from Stafford Road, later merging with the football section of a local cricket club called Blakenhall Wanderers to form Wolverhampton Wanderers in August 1879. Having initially played on two strips of land in the town, they relocated to a more substantial venue on Dudley Road in 1881, before lifting their first trophy in 1884 when they won the Wrekin Cup, during a season in which they played their first-ever FA Cup tie. Having become professional, the club were nominated to become one of the twelve founder members of the Football League in 1888, in which they played in the first round of Football League fixtures ever staged, against Aston Villa on 8 September 1888. They ended the inaugural season in third place, as well as reaching their first FA Cup Final, losing 0–3 to the first "Double" winners, Preston North End. At the conclusion of the campaign the club relocated for a final time when they moved to Molineux, then a pleasure park known as the Molineux Grounds.
FA Cup success and world war years (1893–1950)
Wolves lifted the FA Cup for the first time in 1893 when they beat Everton 1–0, and made a third FA Cup Final appearance in 1896. The club added a second FA Cup Final triumph (a 3–1 win against Newcastle United) to their 1893 success in 1908, two years after having dropped into the Second Division for the first time. After struggling during the years either side of the First World War to regain their place in the top division (a period that was punctuated by another FA Cup Final appearance in 1921), the club suffered a further relegation in 1923, entering the Third Division (North), which they won at the first attempt. Eight years after returning to the Second Division, Wolves regained their top-flight status as Second Division Champions under Major Frank Buckley after twenty-six years away. With Buckley at the helm the team became established as one of the leading club sides in England in the years leading up to the Second World War, as they finished runners-up in the league twice in succession (1937–38 & 1938–39), as well as reaching the last pre-war FA Cup Final, in which they suffered a shock defeat to Portsmouth. In 1937–38 Wolves came within a whisker of winning the club's first English league title: a win in the side's last game away to Sunderland would have clinched things, but in the event Wolves lost 0–1 and thus ended the campaign one point behind the eventual champions, Arsenal. One of the things Major Buckley and his Wolves side attracted a lot of attention for in the last two full seasons prior to the suspension of league football during the Second World War was Buckley's insistence that his players be injected with monkey gland extract to enhance their stamina and performance, a practice that the Football League disapproved of but did not prohibit.
When league football resumed after the Second World War, Wolves suffered yet another final day failure in the First Division. Just as in 1938, victory in their last match would have won the title but a 2–1 loss to title rivals Liverpool meant that Liverpool were crowned champions instead. This game had been the last in a Wolves shirt for Stan Cullis, and a year later he became manager of the club. In Cullis's first season in charge, he led Wolves to a first major honour in 41 years as they beat Leicester City to lift the FA Cup, and a year later, only goal average prevented Wolves winning the league title.
The Stan Cullis era (1950–1960)
The 1950s were by far the most successful period in the club's history. Captained by Billy Wright, Wolves finally claimed the league championship for the first time in 1953–54, overhauling local rivals West Bromwich Albion late in the season. Two further titles were soon won in successive years (1957–58 and 1958–59), as Wolves vied with Manchester United to be acknowledged the premier team in English football at that juncture. Wolves were renowned both for the club's domestic success and for the staging of high-profile "floodlit friendlies" against other top club sides from around the world. Wolves had become one of the first club sides in Britain to invest in floodlighting in 1953 at a cost of £10,000 (£281,308.64 at 2019 prices). Perhaps the most famed of these friendlies saw Wolves defeat a Honvéd side including many members of the Hungarian national team that had recently humbled England twice, leading the national media to proclaim Wolves "Champions of the World". This became the final spur for Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, to propose the creation of the European Cup (later rebranded as the UEFA Champions League). Wolves were one of the first British clubs to participate. In the 1957–58 season, Wolves defeated Real Madrid 5–4 (3–2 in Wolverhampton and 2–2 in Madrid) in home and away friendlies.
Cup success in the '60s and '70s (1960–1980)
The 1960s began with a fourth FA Cup victory and Wolves almost achieved the first League and FA Cup 'double' of the 20th century in English football. They were pipped to the league title by a point on the final day of the season by Burnley. Despite that bright start to the decade, the 1960s saw Wolves begin to decline. After finishing as league runners-up in 1959–60 and a creditable third-place league finish in Tottenham Hotspur's 'double'-winning season, the team faded and Cullis himself was sacked after sixteen years in post in September 1964 after a disastrous start to the 1964–65 season. Cullis's sacking did not prevent the season ending with relegation (the first time Wolves had known relegation since 1922–23) and the club's first spell outside the top division since 1932. Exile from the top flight lasted only two seasons however, as Wolves were promoted in 1967 as Second Division runners-up.
During the close season in 1967, Wolves played a mini-season in North America as part of the fledgling United Soccer Association league which imported clubs from Europe and South America. Playing as the "Los Angeles Wolves", they won the Western Division and ultimately the championship by defeating the Eastern Division champions Washington Whips (import of Aberdeen) in a final decider.
The club's return to the English top flight in 1967 heralded another period of relative success under Bill McGarry, with a fourth place league finish in 1971 qualifying Wolves for the newly created UEFA Cup. En route to the UEFA Cup final, they defeated Juventus and Ferencváros before losing to Tottenham Hotspur 3–2 on aggregate; a 2–1 home defeat in the first leg proving decisive. Wolves lifted silverware two years later when they won the League Cup for the first time by beating Manchester City 2–1 in the final. Despite relegation again in 1976, Wolves bounced back at the first attempt as Second Division champions under manager Sammy Chung, and then under manager John Barnwell, the turn of the decade saw them finish in the top six in the league and win the 1980 League Cup, when then-record signing Andy Gray scored the only goal of the final to defeat the reigning European champions and League Cup holders Nottingham Forest.
Financial crisis, decline and recovery (1980–1990)
The multi-million pound rebuilding of the Molineux Street Stand in 1979 was to be the catalyst for the club's near-financial ruin during the next decade. Plunging match attendances in the early-1980s, at least partly due to recession in both the national and local economies, and consequent difficulties in repaying the loans taken out to fund the new John Ireland Stand, led the club to receivership and relegation in 1982. The club was saved from liquidation at the last minute when it was purchased by a consortium fronted by former player Derek Dougan. Initially this takeover, financed by two Saudi brothers, Mahmud and Mohammad Bhatti of the company Allied Properties, brought immediate promotion back to the First Division under manager Graham Hawkins, but the Bhattis' failure to invest sufficiently in the club soon saw things unravel as the team suffered three consecutive relegations through the football divisions under different managers, as well as the almost-constant threat of the club being wound-up.
In 1986, with the club again in receivership, a deal saw Wolverhampton City Council purchase the stadium and surrounding land, while a local developer paid off the club's outstanding debts in return for planning permission to develop the land adjacent to the stadium. The 1986–87 season saw Wolves' first-ever campaign in the Fourth Division, where, with the guidance of new manager Graham Turner and the goals of Steve Bull, who would ultimately score a club record 306 goals, the team reached the final of the inaugural play-offs but were denied promotion by Aldershot. Building on that, the team achieved both the Fourth and Third Division championships in the next two seasons and won the 1988 Football League Trophy Final at Wembley.
The Hayward years (1990–2007)
Lifelong fan Jack Hayward purchased the club in 1990 and immediately funded the extensive redevelopment of a by then dilapidated Molineux into a modern all-seater stadium. With work completed in 1993, Hayward redirected his investment onto the playing side in an attempt to win promotion to the newly formed Premier League. Despite substantial spending, neither Graham Taylor nor Mark McGhee could fulfil this, both managers leading the team to play-off defeats at the semi-final stages in 1995 and 1997 respectively. It was not until 2003 that Wolves were promoted, when they defeated Sheffield United 3–0 in the play-off final under Dave Jones to end a 19-year absence from the top level. Their stay proved short-lived however as they were immediately relegated back to the newly retitled EFL Championship.
Promotion, relegations and turbulent times (2007–2016)
After former England manager Glenn Hoddle failed to bring a swift return to the Premier League, the rebuilding of the squad by Mick McCarthy rejuvenated the club with an unexpected play-off finish. The club was bought from Sir Jack Hayward by Steve Morgan in 2007 and two years later the team returned to the Premier League as 2008–09 Football League Championship title winners. Wolves successfully battled relegation for two seasons before McCarthy's dismissal in the 2011–12 season, which precipitated relegation under his former assistant Terry Connor, who was promoted to replace McCarthy.
Following relegation, Norwegian Ståle Solbakken became the club's first overseas manager but his tenure lasted only six months before a poor run of results saw him replaced by Dean Saunders in January 2013. Saunders failed to bring any upturn, culminating in both the club's relegation to EFL League One, a level the club had not played at since 1989, and Saunders's own dismissal. Following this, Kenny Jackett was appointed in May 2013 in the retitled position of head coach, and led the team back to the EFL Championship in his first season, setting a new club record points total of 103 which is also an all-time record for the most points accumulated by any team during a Tier 3 season.
Fosun: Return to the Premier League and European football (2016–present)
On 21 July 2016, it was confirmed that the Chinese investment group Fosun International had bought the club's parent company, W.W. (1990) Ltd, from Steve Morgan and his own company Bridgemere Group, for an undisclosed amount, with Jez Moxey stepping down from his role as a CEO (replaced by managing director Laurie Dalrymple). Days later, the new regime announced that Kenny Jackett's contract with the club had been terminated and former Italian international Walter Zenga was appointed head coach. Zenga was sacked after just 14 league games and Paul Lambert appointed as his successor in November 2016 but, at the conclusion of the season, Lambert too was dismissed, with former FC Porto boss Nuno Espírito Santo replacing him. Under Nuno, Wolves went on to clinch the 2017–18 Championship title, to return to the Premier League after a 6-year absence.
Wolverhampton Wanderers's return to the Premier League resulted in a seventh-place finish in their first season back, their highest placing in the top division since finishing sixth in 1979–80. This position also earned them a place in the Europa League and their first European campaign since 1980–81. They won 5–3 on aggregate against Torino in the play-off round in August 2019 and advanced to the Group Stage, where they played Slovan Bratislava, Braga and Beşiktaş home and away between September and December 2019. Having finished as runners-up in the group stage, and defeating Espanyol in the Round of 32 (6–3 aggregate), Wolves beat Olympiacos of Greece in the Round of 16 over two legs (12 March 2020, and 6 August 2020), thereby reaching the quarter final stage. In the quarter finals, played as a single tie in a neutral venue in Germany, Wolves lost to Sevilla 0–1 on 11 August 2020. Wolves replicated their seventh-place finish in the Premier League in 2018–19 with the same placing in the 2019–20 Premier League, albeit that they recorded two more points in 2019–20 than the previous season and only missed out on sixth place on goal difference on this latter occasion.
Wolves suffered a difficult season in 2020–21, a season played almost entirely without crowds due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The club lost their talismanic striker Raúl Jiménez to a season-ending injury (a fractured skull) in a game at Arsenal on 29 November 2020, and subsequently struggled for goals for the remainder of the campaign. Wolves finished the season in 13th place with 45 points. The club announced on 21 May 2021 that head coach Nuno Espírito Santo would leave the club "by mutual consent" after the final game of the season against Manchester United on 23 May 2021. On 9 June 2021 Wolves announced the appointment of former Benfica head coach Bruno Lage as Espírito Santo's replacement.
Colours and badge
The club's traditional colours of gold and black allude to the city council's motto "out of darkness cometh light" with the two colours representing light and darkness respectively. Although the team's original colours upon formation were red and white, adopted from the school colours of St Lukes, for much of their history their home colours have been their distinctive old gold shirts with black shorts.
In the early decades of the club a variety of shirt designs using these colours were created, including stripes and diagonal halves, until the continual usage of a plain shirt design since the 1930s. Before the 1960s a darker shade of gold was used, known as "old gold", which is still often cited in the media as the club's colour.
Like most English teams, their earliest shirts usually only featured a badge on special occasions such as cup finals. The first such badge to be worn on Wolves shirts was the coat of arms of Wolverhampton City Council. In the late 1960s, Wolves introduced their own club badge that appeared on their shirts consisting of a single leaping wolf, which later became three leaping wolves in the mid-1970s. Since 1979 the badge has consisted of a single "wolf head" design; the current badge was last redesigned in 2002.
In May 2019, the club won a legal challenge by Peter Davies, a 71 year old retired building industry manager, who claimed he drew the wolf head motif as a schoolboy in the 1960s and entered it in an art competition. Mr Davies said he came up with the angular design after a teacher asked him to demonstrate an understanding of Blaise Pascal's Hexagrammum Mysticum Theorem, and entered it in an art competition advertised in the Express and Star newspaper. Mr Davies had made a copyright claim and wanted compensation. Mr Davies lost his copyright infringement claim and now faces legal fees and costs estimated to be about £450,000.
Wolves' traditional away colours have been all-white, but recent decades have seen a variety of colours used, including black, blue, teal, purple and maroon.
Stadium
Former grounds
When first founded the club used a field on Goldthorn Hill in the Blakenhall area as its home, which could accommodate some 2,000 spectators. In 1879 they relocated to John Harper's Field on Lower Villiers Street where they remained for two years before a short move to Dudley Road, with the new ground situated opposite the Fighting Cocks Inn. It was here that they played their first FA Cup tie in 1883 and their first Football League fixture in September 1888. Although the site could only hold 2,500 spectators at first it was eventually developed to be capable of 10,000.
Molineux
In the summer of 1889 the club moved to its permanent home ever since, Molineux, in the Whitmore Reans area of the city. The stadium name originates from the Molineux House built in the area by Benjamin Molineux, a local merchant, in the 18th century and whose grounds were later developed to include numerous public leisure facilities. When the Northampton Brewery Company purchased these grounds in 1889, they rented their use to the city's football club, who were seeking to find a home more befitting a Football League member. After renovating the site, the first ever official game was staged on 7 September 1889 before a crowd of 4,000. The ground was capable of hosting 20,000 spectators, although English football crowds rarely reached that number in the 19th century.
Wolves bought the freehold in 1923 and soon began a series of ground improvements under the auspices of Archibald Leitch, beginning with the construction of a major grandstand on the Waterloo Road side. In 1932, the club also built a new stand on the Molineux Street side and followed this by adding a roof to the South Bank two years later; this South Bank was historically the second largest of all Kop ends in the country and regularly held crowds in excess of 30,000. The stadium finally now had four complete stands that would form its basis for the next half-century.
In the days before seating regulations, the ground could hold more than 60,000 spectators, with the record attendance being 61,315 for a First Division match against Liverpool on 11 February 1939. The 1940s and 1950s saw average attendances for seasons regularly exceed 40,000, coinciding with the club's peak on the field. During this time Molineux became one of the first British grounds to install floodlights, enabling it to host a series of midweek friendlies against teams from around the globe. In the days prior to the formation of the European Cup and international club competitions, these games were highly prestigious and gained huge crowds and interest with the BBC often televising such events.
When the Molineux Street Stand failed to meet new safety legislation, the club began building a new replacement stand behind the existing one on land where housing had been demolished. This new all-seater stand – named the John Ireland Stand after the then-club president – was completed in 1979 and was the first stage of a plan to rebuild the entire stadium. The cost of the Ireland Stand escalated to over £2 million and plunged the club into a financial crisis. As a result, it was forced to enter receivership in 1982. By the time the team dropped into the Fourth Division in 1986, only the John Ireland Stand and the South Bank terrace remained in use. New safety laws were implemented following the Bradford City stadium fire and these forced the closure of both the now-dilapidated North Bank and Waterloo Road Stand. The club did not have the funds necessary to rebuild them.
Following the takeover of the club by Sir Jack Hayward in 1990, £8.5 million of funding was made available to redevelop Molineux comprehensively. Between August 1991 and December 1993 three sides of the stadium were completely rebuilt to form a 28,525 capacity all-seater stadium that complied with the Taylor Report: the Waterloo Road Stand was replaced by the Billy Wright Stand, the North Bank terrace by the Stan Cullis Stand, and the South Bank terrace by the Sir Jack Hayward Stand (named the Jack Harris Stand until 2015). Aside from the addition of a temporary seating area in the southwest corner used during Wolves' seasons in the Premier League; this redevelopment formed the stadium for almost twenty years.
In 2010, plans were unveiled for an extensive redevelopment programme to enlarge the capacity and develop the facilities. The first stage of this saw a new two-tier Stan Cullis Stand become fully operational for the 2012–13 season, raising the current official capacity to 31,700. The proposed second stage concerned the rebuilding of the oldest stand at the stadium (built in 1979 as the John Ireland Stand and renamed the Steve Bull Stand in 2003) to increase capacity to around 36,000, but this and any further work was shelved when it became likely that the club would be relegated from the Premier League in 2012.
Ground redevelopments were once again placed on the agenda following the club's acquisition by Fosun in 2016. In contrast to previously mooted plans, it was publicly revealed in February 2019 that future plans consisting of the demolition and full rebuild of the Steve Bull Stand, followed by the redevelopment of the Sir Jack Hayward Stand, to raise the stadium capacity to 45-46,000, were under active consideration. However, in 2020 the club announced more modest plans for making gradual improvements to the stadium as the club seeks to retain its unique character, and enable prioritisation of investment in the playing side of the club.
Players
First-team squad
Out on loan
Development squad and Academy
Wolverhampton Wanderers Under-23s are competing in Division 2 of the Premier League 2 during the current season, following relegation from the highest level after the previous season was curtailed and decided on a point-per-game basis. The team qualifies as an entrant in Premier League 2 by virtue of Wolves's academy holding Category 1 status. Although the league is designed for players aged 23 and below, three overage players may also feature. Home games are primarily staged at Kidderminster Harriers' Aggborough home.
Wolves Women
Originally founded in 1975, Wolves Women became the club's official women's team in 2008. They currently play at the third level of English women's football in the FA Women's National League North. Their home games are played at the CKW Stadium in the Castlecroft area of the city.
Player of the Year
Source:
Club officials
Football staff
Head Coach: Bruno Lage
Assistant Head Coach: Alexandre Silva
Coach: Luis Nascimento
Goalkeeping Coach: Tony Roberts
Fitness Coach: Carlos Cachada
Head Of Coaching Strategy: Jhony Conceicao
First Team Analyst: Diogo Camacho
Under-23 Head Coach: James Collins
Under-18 Head Coach: Steve Davis
Medical staff
Club Doctor: Matt Perry
First Team Physiotherapist: Ollie Leaper
First Team Sports Therapist: Danny Fishwick
First Team Therapist: Rui Fuste
Soft Tissue Therapist: Matt Wignall
Club executives
Owner: Fosun International
Executive Chairman: Jeff Shi
Technical Director: Scott Sellars
General Manager – Football Operations: Matt Wild
General Manager – Commercial Operations: Vinny Clark
General Manager – Marketing & Commercial Growth: Russell Jones
Non-Executive Directors: John Bowater and John Gough
Honorary Vice-Presidents: Steve Bull, Ron Flowers and Robert Plant
Former players and managers
Notable players
For details on all former players, see List of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
The club has been represented by numerous high-profile players over the years, most notably Billy Wright, who captained England a record 90 times and was the first player to win a century of international caps, as well as earning the Footballer of the Year Award (in 1952), an accolade also won by Wolves half-back Bill Slater in 1960. In total, 36 players have won full England caps during their time with Wolves, including the club's current captain Conor Coady as well as the club's record goalscorer Steve Bull, who was the last of the club's England internationals to play in a major tournament.
Andy Gray, Emlyn Hughes, Paul Ince and Denis Irwin are all previous League Championship medal winners who have also represented Wolves. Joleon Lescott went on to play for England 26 times scoring once. Robbie Keane went on to become Ireland's all-time leading goalscorer with 68 goals in 146 appearances.
The Wolverhampton Wanderers Hall of Fame has inducted the following former players:
Mike Bailey
Peter Broadbent
Steve Bull
Stan Cullis
Derek Dougan
Malcolm Finlayson
Ron Flowers
Johnny Hancocks
Billy Harrison
Kenny Hibbitt
Jackery Jones
John McAlle
Jimmy Mullen
Andy Mutch
Derek Parkin
John Richards
Bill Slater
Roy Swinbourne
Andy Thompson
Dave Wagstaffe
Bert Williams
Billy Wright
Managerial history
Wolves have had 32 different (permanently appointed) managers during the club's existence. The first manager, George Worrall, was identified by the title of "club secretary", a post that continued until the appointment of a full-time manager in the modern sense was made in 1922.
The club's most successful manager is Stan Cullis, whose 16-year tenure brought all three of Wolves' league championships as well as two FA Cup triumphs. Two other managers have been inducted into the Club Hall of Fame: Major Frank Buckley and Graham Turner. Turner oversaw two successive divisional championship wins in the late-1980s, winning the Fourth Division title in 1987-88 and the Third Division title the following season. Bill McGarry and John Barnwell both won the League Cup for Wolves in the 1970s and 1980s.
In the 21st century, Dave Jones, Mick McCarthy and Nuno Espírito Santo have led the club into the Premier League. Kenny Jackett took Wolves to a record EFL League One (Tier 3) points haul of 103 as they won this division in 2013–14.
Wolves have also been managed by two former England national team managers in Graham Taylor and Glenn Hoddle.
Support
As well as having numerous supporters' clubs across the United Kingdom, Wolverhampton Wanderers also have an international support base, with supporters' clubs in Australia, United States, Sweden, Spain, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Malta, Iceland and Norway amongst others. They have a particularly sizeable Scandinavian fanbase, due to the area's television coverage of Midlands football in the 1970s when the club were a regular top-flight team; the first-ever English match shown live in both Sweden and Norway involved Wolves (Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 Sunderland 0, Football League First Division, Saturday 29 November 1969).
Rivalries
Wolves' longest-established and strongest rivalry is with West Bromwich Albion, against whom the club contest the Black Country Derby. The two clubs, separated by eleven miles, have faced each other 162 times; their first competitive clash being an FA Cup tie in 1886. A national survey by the football pools found the rivalry to be the strongest in English football. Both clubs are founder members of the Football League and the two once contested the league title in 1953–54, with Wolves finishing as champions.
Wolves also share rivalries with the two Birmingham clubs, Aston Villa and Birmingham City, against whom there have been numerous matches dating back to the 19th century. Wolves' closest geographic rival is actually Walsall but, as they have rarely competed at the same level, it is of less significance. As Wolverhampton historically sat within the boundaries of Staffordshire, a Staffordshire derby between Wolves and Stoke City is also recognised.
The 2018–19 Premier League season was the first and only time ever that Wolves were the sole representatives of the West Midlands in the top flight of English football. The 2020–21 Premier League season saw Wolves play against both Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion, but Albion's relegation at the end of that season means that Aston Villa is Wolves' only West Midlands rival in the Premier League in 2021–22.
Fan culture
During the club's peak in the 1950s, the home crowd's signature song was "The Happy Wanderer", which was a chart hit in the U.K. in 1954 when Wolves first won the league title. In more recent times, "Hi Ho Silver Lining" – a 1967 rock song by Jeff Beck with its chorus modified to "Hi Ho Wolverhampton!" – has become a staple feature of home games. "The Liquidator" instrumental by the Harry J. Allstars was also popularly used in the stadium until a request from the West Midlands Police to cease due to concerns that the obscene lyrics used by some fans during the chorus could incite trouble.
As with all large city football teams the club attracted a number of hooligans in the 1960s. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, a hooligan firm named "The Subway Army" would often ambush fans in the subway adjacent to the ground. The group was gradually broken up and virtually ceased to exist due to a large number of arrests – many as part of the police's nationwide "Operation GROWTH" (or "Get Rid of Wolverhampton's Troublesome Hooligans") in the late 1980s.
The club invites interaction with its supporters and has a Fans' Parliament, at which independently selected candidates meet with club officials discuss issues relating to the club. An independent fanzine named "A Load of Bull" (ALOB), in part a reference to leading goalscorer Steve Bull, published supporters' views between 1989 and 2012.
Ownership and finances
The club is owned by the Chinese conglomerate group Fosun International, which purchased the parent company of the club, W.W. (1990) Ltd., on 21 July 2016 for a reported £45 million from previous owner Steve Morgan and his company Bridgemere Group. In the last published accounts of Wolves' group parent company (covering the 2018–19 Premier League season), a pre-tax profit of just under £20 million was recorded, with turnover for the year equalling £172.5m. £92.1 million was spent on staff wages and costs.
Like most football clubs, significant commercial income is generated from shirt sponsorship deals. Past shirt sponsorship deals were as follows: Tatung (1982–86), Benjamin Perry (1986), Staw Distribution (1986–88), Manders Paint & Ink (1988–90), Goodyear (1990–2002), Doritos (2002–04), Chaucer Consulting (2004–09), Sportingbet (2009–13), What House? (2013–15), Silverbug (2015–16), The Money Shop (2016–18) and W88 (2018–19). The club's current affiliation is with the betting website ManBetX, who signed a "long term" sponsorship deal in June 2019.
Fosun bought Wolves from Steve Morgan, who had taken ownership in August 2007 for a nominal sum of £10 with the proviso that £30 million was injected into the club, ending an almost four-year search for a new buyer. Morgan oversaw nine full seasons, but placed the club on the market for new owners in September 2015. Morgan had bought the club from Sir Jack Hayward, a lifelong fan of the club, who had himself purchased it in 1990 for £2.1 million. During his tenure Sir Jack invested an estimated £50 million of his personal wealth to rebuild the club's stadium and fund new players, but the team only achieved one season in the top flight during his 17 years at the helm despite this increased spending power.
Hayward's takeover greatly improved the club's financial health, after a turbulent 1980s in which the club twice was declared bankrupt. In 1982 the club was "saved" from liquidation when it was purchased by two Saudi brothers, Mahmud and Mohammad Bhatti, as part of their company Allied Properties. However, their failure to sufficiently invest in the club saw it face several winding-up orders as well as successive relegations through the football divisions. In 1986 the official receiver was again called in and a deal eventually brokered for Wolverhampton City Council to purchase the club's stadium for £1.12 million, along with the surrounding land, while a local developer, Gallagher Estates, in conjunction with the Asda supermarket chain, agreed to pay off the club's outstanding debts in return for the building of an Asda superstore on land adjacent to the stadium.
Honours
In the all-time table since the league's inception in 1888, Wolves sit fourth in terms of points gathered in all divisions (as of the conclusion of the 2018–19 season), with only Manchester United, Liverpool and Arsenal having accumulated more points in total. Wolves were the first side to win all four divisions of the English professional game and have won every competition currently contested in English domestic football.
League
Football League First Division, superseded by the Premier League (Tier 1)
Champions (3): 1953–54, 1957–58, 1958–59
Runners-up (5): 1937–38, 1938–39, 1949–50, 1954–55, 1959–60
EFL Championship/Football League Second Division (1892–1992) (Tier 2)
Champions (4): 1931–32, 1976–77, 2008–09, 2017–18
Runners-up (2): 1966–67, 1982–83
Play-off winners (1): 2002–03
EFL League One/Football League Third Division (Tier 3)
Champions (3): 1923–24 (North), 1988–89, 2013–14
Football League Fourth Division (Tier 4)
Champions (1): 1987–88
Cup
UEFA Cup
Runners-up (1): 1971–72
FA Cup
Winners (4): 1892–93, 1907–08, 1948–49, 1959–60
Runners-up (4): 1888–89, 1895–96, 1920–21, 1938–39
Football League Cup
Winners (2): 1973–74, 1979–80
FA Charity Shield
Winners (4): 1949*, 1954*, 1959, 1960* (* shared)
Runners-up (1): 1958
Football League Trophy
Winners (1): 1987–88
Football League War Cup
Winners (1): 1942
Texaco Cup
Winners (1): 1970–71
League history
Wolverhampton Wanderers was a founder member of the Football League in 1888. The 2021–22 season is Wolves' 123rd in the Football League system. Wolves have spent 116 of their 122 seasons to date within the top two tiers of English football. Wolves played in the third tier on four occasions, each occasion lasting just one season; three of these seasons ended with promotion back to the second tier as Champions, and one ended in relegation to the fourth tier. The club has played two seasons in England's fourth tier (in the 1980s).
Notes
References
External links
Official Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. site
BBC Sport, Wolves
1877 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1877
EFL Cup winners
FA Cup winners
EFL Trophy winners
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Fosun International
Premier League clubs
Sport in Wolverhampton
The Football League founder members
United Soccer Association imported teams
Former English Football League clubs | [
0.7065945267677307,
0.05684598162770271,
-0.5479043126106262,
-1.0924440622329712,
-0.4020789861679077,
-0.0906008705496788,
0.27897948026657104,
-0.23204584419727325,
-0.2947724759578705,
-0.4884706437587738,
0.2527371644973755,
0.3825598359107971,
-0.7305325865745544,
0.3605080544948578,
0.3110734820365906,
0.16526544094085693,
0.13948670029640198,
0.6086456179618835,
0.32850801944732666,
-0.9346076250076294,
0.3795382082462311,
0.4518264830112457,
0.35650843381881714,
-0.02327953279018402,
0.1592133641242981,
0.3068339228630066,
0.3981113135814667,
0.23905813694000244,
0.15585170686244965,
-0.06634096056222916,
0.34645876288414,
0.12039773911237717,
-0.21361929178237915,
-0.5642296075820923,
0.004980981349945068,
0.2811518907546997,
0.30888494849205017,
-0.24334368109703064,
-0.26982271671295166,
-0.48451894521713257,
0.01946946047246456,
0.09782271087169647,
0.012356187216937542,
0.6587095856666565,
-0.31849271059036255,
-0.46869736909866333,
-1.3032981157302856,
0.5004283785820007,
-0.6574658155441284,
-0.2700551152229309,
-0.5724555253982544,
0.36287054419517517,
0.07687193155288696,
0.05304310470819473,
0.5216200947761536,
0.7949287295341492,
-0.25741416215896606,
0.14730653166770935,
-0.18691666424274445,
0.05734268203377724,
0.5981064438819885,
0.3563655614852905,
0.34765416383743286,
-0.09283366799354553,
-0.5242211222648621,
0.36973366141319275,
0.2654663324356079,
0.19341130554676056,
-0.08354483544826508,
0.08847174793481827,
-0.4775431752204895,
0.09185978025197983,
-0.6856129765510559,
0.2719353437423706,
0.11431437730789185,
-0.072025828063488,
0.3276551365852356,
0.05236535146832466,
0.26027265191078186,
0.6252449154853821,
0.2176152765750885,
0.25174930691719055,
0.9788244962692261,
0.3538481593132019,
0.2701743245124817,
0.5065178275108337,
-0.7368951439857483,
-0.305026113986969,
-0.3591216206550598,
1.1631191968917847,
-0.262984037399292,
-0.7975754141807556,
0.4674103856086731,
-0.1523897796869278,
0.017199954017996788,
-0.21342326700687408,
-0.07250430434942245,
0.6193127036094666,
0.3794267475605011,
-0.4416767656803131,
0.06324164569377899,
0.27033376693725586,
0.07607315480709076,
-0.2512810528278351,
-0.7453625798225403,
0.013006324879825115,
-0.46800342202186584,
-0.7476890683174133,
-0.11788172274827957,
-0.30748048424720764,
-0.17761936783790588,
-0.012514054775238037,
0.03805777058005333,
-0.24017180502414703,
0.16357237100601196,
0.22066478431224823,
0.08070806413888931,
0.03414316847920418,
-0.3381023406982422,
0.30634382367134094,
-0.035169970244169235,
0.5864189863204956,
-0.21290436387062073,
0.5694751143455505,
-0.2561783790588379,
0.3349374234676361,
0.6211202144622803,
0.32939934730529785,
0.2618032991886139,
-0.4900604486465454,
0.23064085841178894,
1.2107043266296387,
-0.3962329924106598,
0.2166929692029953,
0.2755192518234253,
-0.05634548142552376,
-0.09091513603925705,
0.2235528826713562,
0.0938485637307167,
-0.06406649947166443,
-1.0942634344100952,
0.08610009402036667,
-0.46724700927734375,
-0.1957879364490509,
0.5908799767494202,
-0.5092288851737976,
0.015755165368318558,
-0.15675978362560272,
0.06233536824584007,
-0.27210724353790283,
0.15387997031211853,
-0.07383269816637039,
-0.26339271664619446,
-0.00840787310153246,
-0.3383025825023651,
0.315607488155365,
0.4262971878051758,
-0.6473057270050049,
0.15071013569831848,
0.28105175495147705,
-0.08661384880542755,
-0.25818273425102234,
-0.02384612336754799,
0.2743958830833435,
-0.14598144590854645,
-0.49683403968811035,
0.09443489462137222,
-0.4151412844657898,
0.09727786481380463,
-0.19677691161632538,
-0.2984393239021301,
-0.32359859347343445,
0.846491813659668,
-0.26534587144851685,
-0.02038302831351757,
-0.07980288565158844,
0.4551319181919098,
0.09127053618431091,
0.19383177161216736,
0.04421991482377052,
-0.5004891753196716,
-0.4962697923183441,
0.8052214980125427,
0.12709149718284607,
0.477174311876297,
-0.4953942596912384,
0.3750119209289551,
0.2543887794017792,
-0.38686826825141907,
-0.07075776904821396,
-0.38788244128227234,
-0.10066279768943787,
0.7313680052757263,
-0.25838983058929443,
1.1214929819107056,
-0.42060375213623047,
-0.8297623991966248,
0.3794727325439453,
-0.012738186866044998,
0.4468328058719635,
0.2679029107093811,
-0.09150664508342743,
-0.2040419727563858,
-0.20586588978767395,
-0.14862142503261566,
0.024550214409828186,
0.39549463987350464,
-0.13276855647563934,
-0.4087652564048767,
0.9190797805786133,
0.2792193293571472,
-0.6270864009857178,
0.08193904161453247,
0.24284864962100983,
-0.168289914727211,
-0.329283744096756,
-0.28588956594467163,
0.3918410837650299,
0.24667485058307648,
-0.5777135491371155,
0.35510751605033875,
0.6735798120498657,
-0.2530020475387573,
0.09251484274864197,
-0.04966416582465172,
0.7030127644538879,
-0.418396532535553,
-0.046683162450790405,
0.22346854209899902,
-0.4363924264907837,
0.04762763902544975,
0.4087032079696655,
-0.07742854952812195,
-0.4191175699234009,
-0.13046219944953918,
-0.6638309955596924,
-0.08362682163715363,
-0.3196491003036499,
0.07260619848966599,
0.24552133679389954,
0.4469337463378906,
0.24495717883110046,
-0.7157630920410156,
-0.22775591909885406,
0.2586207687854767,
0.1948944628238678,
0.5423818826675415,
0.5984276533126831,
-0.16416442394256592,
-0.17126692831516266,
0.032133977860212326,
-0.13400566577911377,
0.2756096124649048,
0.18466466665267944,
-0.12519259750843048,
0.09871818125247955,
0.04962616041302681,
-0.47051316499710083,
0.33532384037971497,
0.23261384665966034,
0.09570478647947311,
-0.7330349683761597,
0.2936500608921051,
-0.06418263912200928,
-0.6312152147293091,
-0.6993982791900635,
-0.17796440422534943,
-0.6193573474884033,
0.2747064232826233,
0.10727034509181976,
1.0076301097869873,
-0.35138630867004395,
-0.04573734477162361,
0.5045573115348816,
-0.09438830614089966,
0.2178892344236374,
0.48309242725372314,
0.10240878164768219,
-0.6360738277435303,
-0.09778788685798645,
0.4794078767299652,
0.11412748694419861,
0.8889520168304443,
-0.43607190251350403,
-0.43851345777511597,
0.24057647585868835,
0.3511657118797302,
-0.3191256821155548,
-0.0826490968465805,
-0.4549078643321991,
-0.5906399488449097,
0.9729372262954712,
-0.2465694695711136,
0.1902230978012085,
-0.22491329908370972,
-0.027698805555701256,
-0.16228625178337097,
0.09327965974807739,
0.38800641894340515,
-0.5707561373710632,
0.366177499294281,
0.363893061876297,
-0.5591938495635986,
-0.6239826679229736,
0.4615035951137543,
-0.28841620683670044,
-0.4994890093803406,
-0.685377299785614,
-5.525158882141113,
0.3950040936470032,
0.12199191004037857,
-0.46175119280815125,
0.48421865701675415,
-0.7317657470703125,
-0.17957378923892975,
-0.5403450131416321,
-0.0682695135474205,
-0.1423514038324356,
-0.3200906217098236,
-0.586789608001709,
-0.10410825908184052,
-0.024545053020119667,
0.3637855052947998,
0.35328301787376404,
1.0303910970687866,
-0.18918897211551666,
0.5752711296081543,
0.4280690550804138,
0.15760241448879242,
0.23283247649669647,
-0.3653225004673004,
0.5102694630622864,
-0.1070709303021431,
1.317441701889038,
-0.551196277141571,
-1.054794192314148,
-0.4286853075027466,
-0.7863591313362122,
-0.09799143671989441,
-0.04633553698658943,
-0.0301230289041996,
0.040086135268211365,
-0.23565015196800232,
0.026549216359853745,
0.5117650032043457,
0.3172409236431122,
-0.02231801114976406,
-0.7110463380813599,
-0.23084168136119843,
0.7509486079216003,
-0.4834957718849182,
-0.2149602621793747,
0.47507932782173157,
-0.2621121406555176,
-0.9183351993560791,
-0.0016649886965751648,
-0.13361695408821106,
0.3702162802219391,
0.45440220832824707,
0.280056893825531,
0.2844439148902893,
0.19043415784835815,
-0.13299305737018585,
-0.1545690894126892,
-0.039694659411907196,
-0.12400523573160172,
0.10237441211938858,
0.507183849811554,
0.21939748525619507,
-0.2526240050792694,
0.26704320311546326,
0.13159450888633728,
-0.7254773378372192,
-0.10453137755393982,
1.0181677341461182,
0.11523958295583725,
0.23087571561336517,
-0.08021727949380875,
0.23365630209445953,
0.15556107461452484,
0.14753025770187378,
-0.7324056029319763,
0.1390271931886673,
-0.18043488264083862,
-0.30707430839538574,
-0.25719350576400757,
0.03771234303712845,
-0.02327837608754635,
0.03389884531497955,
-0.09308401495218277,
-0.3467898368835449,
0.18533597886562347,
-0.37993818521499634,
-0.2462102770805359,
-0.06483915448188782,
1.1523672342300415,
-0.46618470549583435,
-0.4997979700565338,
0.36095765233039856,
-0.5971298217773438,
0.0884602963924408,
1.1463450193405151,
0.05521053448319435,
0.0620666928589344,
0.04724884778261185,
0.13095472753047943,
-0.06829016655683517,
-0.20604431629180908,
0.24193818867206573,
-0.15827445685863495,
0.05546162649989128,
-0.35491490364074707,
-0.253269225358963,
-0.07157854735851288,
-0.4627332091331482,
-0.21745973825454712,
0.8495328426361084,
-0.12975960969924927,
0.8281851410865784,
-0.5609661936759949,
-0.7891672253608704,
0.2268371433019638,
0.24113045632839203,
-0.21884407103061676,
-0.07025090605020523,
0.36589428782463074,
-0.16837598383426666,
0.16457749903202057,
-0.1548181176185608,
0.17795342206954956,
-0.514660120010376,
-0.40762859582901,
-1.0729856491088867,
0.20664818584918976,
0.17304258048534393,
-0.39170604944229126,
-0.04848325252532959,
-0.18983279168605804,
-0.2491558939218521,
0.06369604170322418,
-0.02937174215912819,
0.43055540323257446,
0.10252117365598679,
0.24553750455379486,
-1.2399441003799438,
-0.23793736100196838,
0.6168057322502136,
-0.013452915474772453,
0.4827723205089569,
0.31575024127960205,
0.6360805034637451,
0.08607015758752823,
0.20174172520637512,
0.09866199642419815,
0.20845426619052887,
-0.15024429559707642,
-0.5660597085952759,
0.5508539080619812,
0.15808679163455963,
0.09609086066484451,
0.21852180361747742,
-0.7234856486320496,
-0.2776692807674408,
0.15631410479545593,
0.15495392680168152,
0.05717335641384125,
0.0620400495827198,
-0.704342782497406,
0.10112456232309341,
-0.3075881600379944,
-0.6026152968406677,
0.4165695905685425,
0.17391331493854523,
-0.20663917064666748,
0.37046584486961365,
-0.6060459017753601,
-0.5097784399986267,
0.39182984828948975,
-0.35269129276275635,
-0.7894589900970459,
-0.32076483964920044,
-0.29480817914009094,
-0.23689526319503784,
-0.013953085988759995,
-0.2302459329366684,
-0.19947759807109833,
-0.2670956552028656,
-0.20150424540042877,
-0.2619917690753937,
0.30175668001174927,
0.1062152087688446,
0.5513227581977844,
-0.002833643229678273,
-0.3639124631881714,
-0.7505031228065491,
-0.378806471824646,
0.27647870779037476,
-0.35535553097724915,
0.37886616587638855,
-0.1310693919658661,
0.7401506900787354,
0.04072568938136101,
-0.1863604485988617,
-0.87131267786026,
0.19967080652713776,
0.02334779128432274,
0.08616010844707489,
-0.7224847078323364,
0.21560123562812805,
-0.09303097426891327,
-0.28980934619903564,
-0.10498698800802231,
0.05650729313492775,
-0.415987491607666,
-0.35609230399131775,
0.06613872945308685,
-0.14792987704277039,
0.16699863970279694,
-0.3428514897823334,
-0.5950390100479126,
0.01270295213907957,
-0.04918425530195236,
-0.21567246317863464,
-0.23620355129241943,
0.14806963503360748,
-0.07672775536775589,
0.0344664640724659,
-0.38354599475860596,
-0.7312875986099243,
-0.3920646011829376,
-0.8304566740989685,
-0.22142837941646576,
-0.2405076026916504,
0.28511032462120056,
0.2644135057926178,
-0.295522004365921,
0.07369563728570938,
-0.21334578096866608,
-0.288949191570282,
0.5728685855865479,
0.19389654695987701,
0.07594537734985352,
0.4456278681755066,
0.010949927382171154,
0.014685073867440224,
0.4247920513153076,
1.0199956893920898,
0.05747963860630989,
0.3655603229999542,
0.8789775967597961,
0.10342644155025482,
-0.7407190203666687,
-0.0480499267578125,
-0.3011780083179474,
0.7545657753944397,
-0.20657919347286224,
-0.8444991111755371,
0.3034955859184265,
0.2615242600440979,
-0.07475946843624115,
-0.15030300617218018,
0.24318185448646545,
0.30881282687187195,
-0.1711699515581131,
0.3727034330368042,
0.22204312682151794,
-0.007919742725789547,
-0.4315648674964905,
-0.039393700659275055,
0.6130421757698059,
-0.21477846801280975,
0.7347787618637085,
0.061572957783937454,
0.19565565884113312,
-0.46713221073150635,
-0.6398736238479614,
0.3499576449394226,
-0.29747796058654785,
-0.27654731273651123,
0.0014027404831722379,
0.6211008429527283,
1.1030317544937134,
0.3230142593383789,
0.19137150049209595,
0.14484412968158722,
-0.4534892737865448,
-0.15083588659763336,
0.2154332995414734,
-0.3522941470146179,
0.6666001677513123,
0.3498169183731079,
-0.8527789115905762,
0.3096782863140106,
-0.769053041934967,
-0.2607060372829437,
0.1637534648180008,
-0.689507782459259,
-0.2600526511669159,
-0.15255479514598846,
-0.5872943997383118,
-0.426835834980011,
0.3866065740585327,
-0.5155676007270813,
0.15182214975357056,
0.3546203672885895,
-0.1962088644504547,
0.236033633351326,
0.0795086994767189,
-0.6584348678588867,
0.6234350800514221,
-0.11006516218185425,
-0.04415656626224518,
0.2448095977306366,
0.19474856555461884,
-0.1872820258140564,
-0.179294615983963,
-0.49040666222572327,
-0.14175288379192352,
-0.2689844071865082,
0.0131309125572443,
0.35804152488708496,
0.8115423321723938,
-1.0987439155578613,
0.376168429851532,
0.21046657860279083,
-0.6727074384689331,
0.12349378317594528,
0.485213965177536,
-0.11521915346384048,
0.2872556746006012,
0.4405587911605835,
0.24197441339492798,
-0.2733326852321625,
0.8357473015785217,
-0.2163495570421219,
0.23315401375293732,
0.5055187344551086,
0.46611833572387695,
-0.2316172569990158,
-0.6705020666122437,
-0.6726491451263428,
0.9210001230239868,
0.267600417137146,
-0.17491069436073303,
0.06980733573436737,
-0.46243739128112793,
-0.06980670243501663,
0.5152415633201599,
-0.2980719804763794,
0.14992430806159973,
-0.3894940912723541,
-0.8567216396331787,
0.3852149546146393,
0.1402851641178131,
0.22869110107421875,
0.1450495719909668,
0.7560171484947205,
0.6742410659790039,
0.7326802611351013,
0.01771518774330616,
0.5590336918830872,
1.1395915746688843,
0.17821356654167175,
0.27163225412368774,
0.27833324670791626,
-0.3255039155483246,
-0.7520759105682373,
0.432335764169693,
0.40461674332618713,
0.2556290626525879,
0.651192843914032,
-0.5071408748626709,
-0.3193076252937317,
-0.3786807358264923,
0.0632796660065651,
-0.4096337854862213,
-0.22952444851398468,
0.9273419380187988,
0.5678296089172363,
0.5369435548782349,
0.18547096848487854,
-0.20166760683059692,
-0.27591797709465027,
0.09057523310184479,
0.5294474363327026,
0.3145040273666382,
-0.25595077872276306,
0.19369468092918396,
-0.22073733806610107,
0.623303234577179,
-0.6473349928855896,
-0.04455186426639557,
-0.14721538126468658,
-0.9200407862663269,
-0.7938958406448364,
0.19176505506038666,
-0.30637940764427185,
-0.9333702921867371,
0.499602735042572,
-0.06397765129804611,
-0.6677671074867249,
-0.32870763540267944,
0.32893505692481995,
0.14760513603687286,
0.11447801440954208,
0.6904808878898621,
0.2861482799053192,
-0.08910907804965973,
0.5586444735527039,
0.11438316106796265,
0.2058604210615158,
0.23875904083251953,
-0.10970088094472885,
0.1872233748435974,
-0.38279932737350464,
0.1202893927693367,
-0.4238167703151703,
0.1097901314496994,
0.38181155920028687,
-0.7112119793891907,
0.11087066680192947,
0.7099179029464722,
-0.3664928376674652,
0.1974649429321289,
0.4720413386821747,
-0.17918869853019714,
-0.552685022354126,
-0.28840914368629456,
0.6836840510368347,
0.239995077252388,
0.029448986053466797,
0.42440328001976013,
-0.05483712628483772,
0.21497073769569397,
0.5808236002922058,
-0.5675621628761292,
-0.542205274105072,
0.6725439429283142,
-0.11312874406576157,
-0.38916799426078796,
-0.1270611435174942,
-0.33022356033325195,
-0.6858310103416443,
-1.0762031078338623,
0.3267449140548706,
0.470171183347702,
0.6555008888244629,
-0.17535613477230072,
0.301263689994812,
-0.23667918145656586,
0.5955401062965393,
-0.000933282368350774,
-0.09292872995138168,
0.2365065962076187,
-0.09105590730905533,
-0.5577965974807739,
-0.387206494808197,
0.6163720488548279,
0.3677872121334076,
-0.050629016011953354,
-0.2117762416601181,
-0.5045734643936157,
0.11774115264415741,
-0.03407299146056175,
0.12682710587978363,
-0.6235318779945374,
-0.011317167431116104,
-0.08368606865406036
] |
217732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin | Erythropoietin | Erythropoietin (; EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. Low levels of EPO (around 10 mU/mL) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover. Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO (up to 10 000 mU/mL) include any anemia, and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease.
Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period; renal production predominates in adulthood. It is homologous with thrombopoietin.
Exogenous erythropoietin, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA): two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta. ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease, anemia in myelodysplasia, and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy. Risks of therapy include death, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and tumor recurrence. Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL: this is to be avoided.
rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug. It can often be detected in blood, due to slight differences from the endogenous protein; for example, in features of posttranslational modification.
Pharmacology
EPO is highly glycosylated (40% of total molecular weight), with half-life in blood around 5 h. EPO's half-life may vary between endogenous and various recombinant versions. Additional glycosylation or other alterations of EPO via recombinant technology have led to the increase of EPO's stability in blood (thus requiring less frequent injections).
Function
Red blood cell production
Erythropoietin is an essential hormone for red blood cell production. Without it, definitive erythropoiesis does not take place. Under hypoxic conditions, the kidney will produce and secrete erythropoietin to increase the production of red blood cells by targeting CFU-E, proerythroblast and basophilic erythroblast subsets in the differentiation. Erythropoietin has its primary effect on red blood cell progenitors and precursors (which are found in the bone marrow in humans) by promoting their survival through protecting these cells from apoptosis, or cell death.
Erythropoietin is the primary erythropoietic factor that cooperates with various other growth factors (e.g., IL-3, IL-6, glucocorticoids, and SCF) involved in the development of erythroid lineage from multipotent progenitors. The burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) cells start erythropoietin receptor expression and are sensitive to erythropoietin. Subsequent stage, the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), expresses maximal erythropoietin receptor density and is completely dependent on erythropoietin for further differentiation. Precursors of red cells, the proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts also express erythropoietin receptor and are therefore affected by it.
Nonhematopoietic roles
Erythropoietin was reported to have a range of actions beyond stimulation of erythropoiesis including vasoconstriction-dependent hypertension, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting cell survival via activation of EPO receptors resulting in anti-apoptotic effects on ischemic tissues. However this proposal is controversial with numerous studies showing no effect. It is also inconsistent with the low levels of EPO receptors on those cells. Clinical trials in humans with ischemic heart, neural and renal tissues have not demonstrated the same benefits seen in animals. In addition some research studies have shown its neuroprotective effect on diabetic neuropathy, however these data were not confirmed in clinical trials that have been conducted on the deep peroneal, superficial peroneal, tibial and sural nerves.
Mechanism of action
Erythropoietin has been shown to exert its effects by binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR). EPO binds to the erythropoietin receptor on the red cell progenitor surface and activates a JAK2 signalling cascade. This initiates the STAT5, PIK3 and Ras MAPK pathways. This results in differentiation, survival and proliferation of the erythroid cell. SOCS1, SOCS3 and CIS are also expressed which act as negative regulators of the cytokine signal.
High level erythropoietin receptor expression is localized to erythroid progenitor cells. While there are reports that EPO receptors are found in a number of other tissues, such as heart, muscle, kidney and peripheral/central nervous tissue, those results are confounded by nonspecificity of reagents such as anti-EpoR antibodies. In controlled experiments, a functional EPO receptor is not detected in those tissues. In the bloodstream, red cells themselves do not express erythropoietin receptor, so cannot respond to EPO. However, indirect dependence of red cell longevity in the blood on plasma erythropoietin levels has been reported, a process termed neocytolysis. In addition, there is conclusive evidence that EPO receptor expression is upregulated in brain injury.
Synthesis and regulation
Erythropoietin levels in blood are quite low in the absence of anemia, at around 10 mU/mL. However, in hypoxic stress, EPO production may increase up to 1000-fold, reaching 10 000 mU/mL of blood. In adults, EPO is synthesized mainly by interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed of the renal cortex, with additional amounts being produced in the liver, and the pericytes in the brain. Regulation is believed to rely on a feedback mechanism measuring blood oxygenation and iron availability. Constitutively synthesized transcription factors for EPO, known as hypoxia-inducible factors, are hydroxylated and proteosomally digested in the presence of oxygen and iron. During normoxia GATA2 inhibits the promoter region for EPO. GATA2 levels decrease during hypoxia and allow the promotion of EPO production.
Erythropoietin production can be induced by HIF-2α as well as by PGC-1α. Erythropoietin also activates these factors, resulting in a postive feedback loop.
Medical uses
Erythropoietins available for use as therapeutic agents are produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture, and include Epogen/Procrit (epoetin alfa) and Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa); they are used in treating anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy induced anemia in patients with cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and myelodysplasia from the treatment of cancer (chemotherapy and radiation). The package inserts include boxed warnings of increased risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and tumor recurrence, particularly when used to increase the hemoglobin levels to more than 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL.
History
In 1905, Paul Carnot proposed the idea that a hormone regulates the production of red blood cells. After conducting experiments on rabbits subject to bloodletting, Carnot and his graduate student Clotilde-Camille Deflandre attributed an increase in red blood cells in rabbit subjects to a hemotropic factor called hemopoietin. Eva Bonsdorff and Eeva Jalavisto called the hemopoietic substance 'erythropoietin'. K.R. Reissman and Allan J. Erslev demonstrated that a certain substance, circulated in the blood, is able to stimulate red blood cell production and increase hematocrit. This substance was purified and confirmed as erythropoietin.
In 1977, Goldwasser and Kung purified EPO. Pure EPO allowed the amino acid sequence to be partially identified and the gene to be isolated. Synthetic EPO was first successfully used to correct anemia in 1987. In 1985, Lin et al isolated the human erythropoietin gene from a genomic phage library and used it to produce EPO. In 1989, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the hormone Epogen for use in certain anemias.
Gregg L. Semenza and Peter J. Ratcliffe studied the EPO gene and its oxygen-dependent regulation. Along with William Kaelin Jr., they were awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which regulates the EPO gene, as well as other genes, in response to hypoxia.
Biosimilars
In December 2007, Retacrit and Silapo were approved for use in the European Union.
Usage as doping product
As a performance-enhancing drug, EPO has been banned since the early 1990s, but a first test was not available until the 2000 Summer Olympics. Before this test was available, some athletes were sanctioned after confessing to having used EPO, for example in the Festina affair, when a car with doping products for the Festina cycling team was found.
The first doping test in cycling was used in the 2001 La Flèche Wallonne. The first rider to test positive in that race was Bo Hamburger, although he was later acquitted because his B-sample was not conclusive.
The U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team, under the leadership of Lance Armstrong and Johan Bruyneel, ran a sophisticated doping program that lasted for many years during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Erythropoietin was a common substance used by the cyclists.
A 2007 study showed that EPO has a significant effect on exercise performance, but a 2017 study showed that the effects of EPO administered to amateur cyclists was not distinguishable from a placebo.
In March 2019, American mixed martial artist and former UFC Bantamweight Champion T.J. Dillashaw tested positive for EPO in a drug test administered by USADA, and was stripped of the UFC bantamweight title and suspended for 2 years.
EPO has been used as a performance enhancing agent in horse racing since at least 2019.
See also
Hemopoietic growth factors
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
References
Further reading
External links
Cytokines
Growth factors
Hormones of the kidneys
Nephrology procedures
World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances | [
0.22945334017276764,
0.4747197926044464,
0.04357907921075821,
-0.25228461623191833,
-0.31940630078315735,
0.10537218302488327,
0.4554411470890045,
-0.19011659920215607,
-0.0802798867225647,
0.04969315230846405,
-0.2140604853630066,
0.576757550239563,
-0.5751714110374451,
-0.1506277173757553,
-0.15157008171081543,
0.2489403635263443,
0.6898844242095947,
1.0666550397872925,
-0.608132541179657,
-0.3435957431793213,
0.1667676419019699,
-0.46506839990615845,
0.06542128324508667,
0.1139562651515007,
0.6112543940544128,
-0.10509595274925232,
0.05245854705572128,
-0.4889211654663086,
0.6220386624336243,
-0.4285612404346466,
0.19608618319034576,
1.0014863014221191,
0.12820205092430115,
-0.3111090064048767,
-0.14590612053871155,
0.6222405433654785,
-0.5712308287620544,
-0.36842653155326843,
-0.08580867201089859,
0.02592376247048378,
-0.4247233271598816,
-0.09432235360145569,
-0.242818221449852,
0.2560783326625824,
-0.7378072738647461,
0.3399313688278198,
-1.5184065103530884,
1.1740775108337402,
-0.31681570410728455,
0.4764248728752136,
0.052150752395391464,
0.35518521070480347,
-0.010007676668465137,
0.26943597197532654,
0.43893784284591675,
0.6606409549713135,
-1.3903107643127441,
-0.20025232434272766,
0.13789409399032593,
-0.5803350806236267,
-0.0443466491997242,
-0.23447585105895996,
-0.06733640283346176,
-0.06215045973658562,
0.2358158379793167,
0.7341117858886719,
-0.24056977033615112,
0.49626854062080383,
-0.4467121362686157,
-0.2552449703216553,
-0.2668188214302063,
-0.6599246859550476,
-0.46690428256988525,
0.4241735339164734,
-0.13641729950904846,
-0.3497583866119385,
-0.5566126704216003,
-0.20764493942260742,
0.04288272559642792,
0.6069473624229431,
0.12408050149679184,
0.5272506475448608,
0.16226990520954132,
0.5519323348999023,
0.053451113402843475,
-0.0024452931247651577,
-0.1571226716041565,
1.0631881952285767,
-0.38448983430862427,
-0.1426386684179306,
0.3703695833683014,
0.3460543751716614,
0.6209933161735535,
-0.3983272314071655,
-0.007936578243970871,
0.24494312703609467,
0.12899546325206757,
-0.5751266479492188,
-0.26016879081726074,
-0.15897369384765625,
0.12617053091526031,
0.3685413897037506,
0.08965396881103516,
-0.6448400616645813,
-0.3537054657936096,
0.34102118015289307,
0.05206497386097908,
-0.7342785000801086,
0.33167633414268494,
0.16251283884048462,
-1.0144727230072021,
0.17939768731594086,
-0.2158118635416031,
0.05341380834579468,
-0.15819436311721802,
-0.06861123442649841,
0.23646631836891174,
0.3482154309749603,
-0.40850183367729187,
-0.17709338665008545,
0.22286009788513184,
0.7900137901306152,
0.1703348457813263,
0.05040432885289192,
-0.25860831141471863,
-0.055747758597135544,
-0.2052447497844696,
0.13075754046440125,
0.0074946461245417595,
0.43564078211784363,
-0.08968406915664673,
0.5119374990463257,
-0.2770814001560211,
-0.11941920220851898,
-0.2507288157939911,
0.025115013122558594,
0.15262770652770996,
0.26144713163375854,
1.0543088912963867,
0.5171278119087219,
-0.576470673084259,
-0.6193975210189819,
-0.3966143727302551,
-0.34888604283332825,
-0.13092449307441711,
-0.5820910930633545,
-0.7085803151130676,
0.2687455415725708,
0.5722438097000122,
-0.07421545684337616,
0.1584908366203308,
-0.5476961731910706,
0.33205777406692505,
-0.27529266476631165,
-0.13269783556461334,
0.33919087052345276,
0.378221720457077,
-0.2133108377456665,
0.32330355048179626,
-0.11538476496934891,
0.39894506335258484,
-0.1807519644498825,
0.1156533733010292,
0.04229392856359482,
0.44476237893104553,
0.5374521613121033,
0.21775834262371063,
0.6348158717155457,
0.3065699636936188,
0.2615523040294647,
-0.7014761567115784,
-0.5040109753608704,
0.9083998203277588,
0.14770127832889557,
0.41648387908935547,
-0.17536255717277527,
0.07411164045333862,
0.25265270471572876,
0.3981303870677948,
-0.21706868708133698,
-0.7538182735443115,
0.149336040019989,
-0.1395413726568222,
-0.6874942183494568,
0.28449875116348267,
-0.16473115980625153,
0.7712200880050659,
-0.430360347032547,
0.22299833595752716,
0.7696067094802856,
-0.32150396704673767,
-0.32115083932876587,
0.2603314220905304,
-0.10655379295349121,
1.5684658288955688,
-0.5844876766204834,
-0.5216871500015259,
0.1424829363822937,
0.2890394926071167,
-0.07965323328971863,
-0.15575528144836426,
-0.39590704441070557,
0.7413411736488342,
-0.34975355863571167,
-0.8024072647094727,
0.10252737253904343,
-0.11392343044281006,
-0.23747259378433228,
0.5538879632949829,
0.42130163311958313,
0.24746277928352356,
-0.44337403774261475,
0.5824807286262512,
-0.3435889184474945,
0.11704470962285995,
-0.6757945418357849,
-0.2246697098016739,
0.3538675308227539,
-0.6739140152931213,
0.01437422726303339,
-0.2704380452632904,
-0.2768901288509369,
-0.2100217342376709,
1.1314376592636108,
-0.10065943002700806,
0.5924666523933411,
0.1867850124835968,
-0.09883468598127365,
0.6873125433921814,
-0.13963493704795837,
0.6988237500190735,
-0.12909120321273804,
0.26720383763313293,
0.05238782986998558,
-0.43232259154319763,
-0.19429327547550201,
0.2575507164001465,
-0.42547425627708435,
-0.20860300958156586,
-0.7058406472206116,
-0.029508262872695923,
0.4988052248954773,
-0.5871944427490234,
-0.6480482816696167,
0.4137532114982605,
-0.23105992376804352,
-0.05081869661808014,
0.6716585755348206,
-0.386630654335022,
0.1524883508682251,
0.016663169488310814,
0.1932898312807083,
0.09594958275556564,
-0.4637276828289032,
0.29298722743988037,
-0.28532710671424866,
0.35394537448883057,
0.43912431597709656,
0.32138553261756897,
0.03886733204126358,
-0.6776738166809082,
0.055520571768283844,
0.4261387586593628,
0.2517760694026947,
0.46715283393859863,
-0.7920387983322144,
-0.5756661891937256,
-0.2859030067920685,
1.2325078248977661,
0.2110523283481598,
1.5160242319107056,
-0.10525576025247574,
-0.9974608421325684,
-0.01079381350427866,
-0.23395615816116333,
-0.6897240281105042,
0.06609973311424255,
0.29423561692237854,
-0.7337474226951599,
-0.3779231011867523,
-0.3217107057571411,
0.3873867690563202,
-0.03885310888290405,
0.4642672538757324,
-0.2884818911552429,
0.15253041684627533,
-0.4868296682834625,
-0.8734201192855835,
-0.01720626838505268,
-0.39713650941848755,
-0.2940424978733063,
0.5487759709358215,
-0.11129378527402878,
-0.12038800865411758,
0.4229145646095276,
-0.17737241089344025,
0.24133586883544922,
0.8742755651473999,
0.5362000465393066,
-0.2637885808944702,
-0.05562309920787811,
0.14875708520412445,
-0.16613337397575378,
0.43586257100105286,
0.031018830835819244,
-0.09916936606168747,
0.3464577794075012,
0.4562773108482361,
-5.176846504211426,
0.09808361530303955,
0.17643021047115326,
-0.14440526068210602,
0.5427745580673218,
0.554031491279602,
0.6636872291564941,
0.1517021358013153,
-0.005512142088264227,
0.567413330078125,
0.06961467862129211,
-0.2694114148616791,
0.2385345995426178,
0.10451541095972061,
-0.26155030727386475,
-0.32639452815055847,
-0.9683767557144165,
-0.36564481258392334,
0.8199105858802795,
-0.04320896044373512,
0.33982527256011963,
0.009918074123561382,
-0.14690203964710236,
1.2114967107772827,
-0.42778557538986206,
-0.312616229057312,
-0.14979207515716553,
0.44357797503471375,
-0.41530975699424744,
-0.1486421376466751,
0.3079932928085327,
-0.5333109498023987,
0.23130887746810913,
-0.4482164680957794,
0.22915935516357422,
-0.4424424469470978,
0.5576375722885132,
-0.4265289604663849,
-0.5235422253608704,
-0.6151615381240845,
-0.44327500462532043,
0.14182385802268982,
0.07274382561445236,
-0.2600376307964325,
0.5976018309593201,
-0.42588409781455994,
-0.4457233250141144,
-0.28954967856407166,
-0.14984887838363647,
0.5364216566085815,
-0.025090770795941353,
0.03064308501780033,
-0.35172200202941895,
0.23073320090770721,
0.25118163228034973,
0.5842406749725342,
-0.19192293286323547,
-0.0728716254234314,
0.10944855958223343,
0.20947901904582977,
-0.06935155391693115,
0.28992873430252075,
-0.7226696610450745,
0.5392618179321289,
0.20469823479652405,
0.002257321262732148,
-0.3043457865715027,
-0.31350305676460266,
0.6001495718955994,
-0.5026047229766846,
0.023590339347720146,
0.2533411383628845,
-0.1132877767086029,
-1.1070863008499146,
0.43793684244155884,
-0.1586880087852478,
0.1510433852672577,
0.4660116136074066,
-0.08186260610818863,
0.39959782361984253,
-0.6976590156555176,
0.073377326130867,
0.16574439406394958,
0.4571468234062195,
0.14492402970790863,
-0.009363395161926746,
-0.6210206151008606,
0.29196634888648987,
0.008309761062264442,
0.4813094139099121,
0.577831506729126,
-0.127020463347435,
0.38196325302124023,
0.6478032469749451,
-0.3608626425266266,
0.5518301129341125,
-0.02847810462117195,
0.6461938619613647,
0.625730574131012,
0.6098854541778564,
0.8840838074684143,
0.24127216637134552,
0.03960735350847244,
-0.722877562046051,
-0.41013437509536743,
-0.2862307131290436,
-0.37052157521247864,
0.09391076117753983,
0.8543790578842163,
-0.749883234500885,
-0.2789728045463562,
0.6755470633506775,
0.1049421951174736,
-0.26665350794792175,
0.7561258673667908,
-0.05155811458826065,
0.10416955500841141,
-0.0405438095331192,
1.1518641710281372,
-0.2208353877067566,
-0.1808752715587616,
0.8092682361602783,
-0.7693703770637512,
-0.1776355654001236,
0.2174811214208603,
-0.037586819380521774,
-0.054991789162158966,
0.34103119373321533,
-0.24743933975696564,
-0.06410719454288483,
-0.2179943025112152,
-0.3802875280380249,
0.09718748182058334,
0.27422642707824707,
0.27786126732826233,
-0.34475910663604736,
-0.35252735018730164,
0.6731385588645935,
0.13901673257350922,
-0.1721903681755066,
0.2881046533584595,
-0.7544333934783936,
-0.41359594464302063,
0.6390482187271118,
0.5238140225410461,
0.21624214947223663,
-0.40417182445526123,
0.033384595066308975,
-0.5262547731399536,
-0.09494616091251373,
0.7578172087669373,
0.1898893117904663,
0.08891527354717255,
-0.24877206981182098,
-0.20013558864593506,
0.38352951407432556,
0.3529275953769684,
0.6376354098320007,
0.04944009706377983,
-0.962156355381012,
-0.15646837651729584,
-0.014765485189855099,
-0.8825365900993347,
-0.29531601071357727,
-0.46092045307159424,
-0.6162387728691101,
-0.0979439839720726,
-1.0520241260528564,
-0.1127481609582901,
0.14818869531154633,
-0.48591601848602295,
-0.17706497013568878,
-0.13638849556446075,
0.10935695469379425,
0.24270686507225037,
-0.057018034160137177,
-0.7463246583938599,
0.016858115792274475,
-0.5923448204994202,
-0.015932215377688408,
-0.22010095417499542,
-0.6401986479759216,
-0.36228933930397034,
0.1622411459684372,
0.6028085350990295,
-0.29707759618759155,
-0.028601396828889847,
-0.2521326541900635,
0.2614601254463196,
-0.30009421706199646,
0.044331129640340805,
-0.044018205255270004,
-0.4817143678665161,
-0.23335304856300354,
-0.049198735505342484,
0.5699643492698669,
-0.45148399472236633,
0.3527550995349884,
0.025096729397773743,
-0.603160560131073,
0.42656630277633667,
0.3558180034160614,
-0.1980009526014328,
-0.33065706491470337,
0.694545567035675,
-0.18634136021137238,
-0.04368548095226288,
0.5594095587730408,
-0.7021819353103638,
0.8487316966056824,
-0.11764565110206604,
-0.6356725692749023,
0.1556103229522705,
0.43035826086997986,
-0.3900083303451538,
0.4868701100349426,
-0.24854812026023865,
-0.5242411494255066,
-0.33068734407424927,
-0.2351495623588562,
0.20947110652923584,
0.32128098607063293,
0.21920976042747498,
0.02127879671752453,
-0.5856348872184753,
0.012123871594667435,
0.5473101735115051,
-0.6704992651939392,
0.7747545838356018,
0.03603973239660263,
-0.19219480454921722,
0.4288223683834076,
-0.27085089683532715,
0.30190160870552063,
0.07363869994878769,
-0.21378932893276215,
-0.06425046175718307,
0.4231003224849701,
0.20478779077529907,
0.08868248760700226,
-0.040238332003355026,
0.5385749936103821,
-0.045484043657779694,
0.4696417450904846,
0.015271107666194439,
0.833154559135437,
0.18248164653778076,
-0.7526879906654358,
-0.22446301579475403,
0.2854441702365875,
0.7747042775154114,
-0.1403922587633133,
0.037851136177778244,
-0.005555262789130211,
0.3100905120372772,
-0.847576916217804,
0.6603881120681763,
0.22718028724193573,
-0.50200355052948,
0.01092209666967392,
-0.44108912348747253,
0.0573236458003521,
0.22397680580615997,
0.8541060090065002,
0.28725504875183105,
-0.2364540547132492,
-0.340425044298172,
-0.3618265688419342,
0.7778812050819397,
-0.49141016602516174,
0.15951912105083466,
-0.294409841299057,
0.5345419049263,
0.3154813051223755,
-0.21775734424591064,
0.6343598961830139,
0.10317173600196838,
-1.0542136430740356,
-0.2866958677768707,
-0.03299953043460846,
-0.5065128803253174,
-0.38832393288612366,
0.4606611728668213,
-0.264164000749588,
0.18457698822021484,
-1.3970304727554321,
-0.10795842111110687,
-0.675669252872467,
-0.5106458067893982,
0.10628470033407211,
-0.4093969166278839,
0.11374860256910324,
-0.4345794916152954,
-0.48814821243286133,
-0.3177050054073334,
0.11638765037059784,
-0.44147101044654846,
0.1808943748474121,
-0.22995249927043915,
-0.02424752525985241,
-1.4202451705932617,
0.18567784130573273,
0.49091988801956177,
0.03431570529937744,
-0.5119495987892151,
0.3978350758552551,
0.11341497302055359,
-0.46350327134132385,
-0.6628704071044922,
-0.15948452055454254,
-0.16689392924308777,
-0.4909933805465698,
0.07591564208269119,
0.28608614206314087,
-0.057266965508461,
0.436247855424881,
0.03879635035991669,
-0.35833171010017395,
-0.12813787162303925,
0.9493094086647034,
0.5612393617630005,
0.47134023904800415,
0.30119532346725464,
-0.11258893460035324,
-0.14399519562721252,
0.10965068638324738,
0.49042508006095886,
0.5164289474487305,
-0.2567563056945801,
1.059627890586853,
0.8043012619018555,
-0.03893093764781952,
-0.21667654812335968,
0.8532496690750122,
0.6130569577217102,
-0.4659660756587982,
0.4984818398952484,
-0.7431103587150574,
-0.5344966053962708,
0.275028795003891,
0.7913011312484741,
0.17257675528526306,
-0.13889428973197937,
-0.1641346961259842,
-0.05482719838619232,
0.2712864577770233,
-0.004404067061841488,
-0.20189779996871948,
-0.17330557107925415,
0.11767712235450745,
0.5388070940971375,
-0.1801140308380127,
-0.2730262577533722,
-0.3444196879863739,
-0.6400225162506104,
0.6049463748931885,
0.16567355394363403,
-0.694753885269165,
-0.30593475699424744,
0.4598531126976013,
-0.4270896315574646,
-0.28236421942710876,
0.008502398617565632,
0.7094713449478149,
0.07271341234445572,
0.21239762008190155,
-0.17297233641147614,
-0.5068982839584351,
0.10153301805257797,
0.15683983266353607,
-0.4566076099872589,
-0.24817268550395966,
-0.3350367844104767,
-0.1625870019197464,
0.2166057676076889,
0.0411735475063324,
0.41814589500427246,
-0.01812460459768772,
-0.018846729770302773,
-0.09954150021076202,
-0.8445111513137817,
-0.04435552656650543,
-0.4401082396507263,
-0.9836136698722839,
-0.14464065432548523,
-0.1911807805299759,
-0.32921338081359863,
-0.6791370511054993,
-0.7229661345481873,
0.4166620075702667,
-0.34106501936912537,
-0.10233668237924576,
0.9299569129943848,
-0.1966991275548935,
0.49919384717941284,
0.1624719202518463,
0.2917531430721283,
-0.27443644404411316,
-0.1522594541311264,
0.039053335785865784,
0.12371145933866501,
0.7040907144546509,
0.06112969294190407,
-0.19932489097118378,
-0.4500797986984253,
0.5733804702758789,
-0.30219247937202454,
0.08539467304944992,
-0.594367504119873,
-0.6157509088516235,
0.6410067677497864,
0.6542211174964905,
0.15299974381923676,
0.48461613059043884,
0.6033586263656616,
0.03667392581701279,
0.6345829367637634,
-0.5467859506607056,
-0.5625683665275574,
-0.5352897644042969,
0.19026389718055725,
-0.06968385726213455,
0.11704209446907043,
0.30180805921554565,
-0.563372790813446,
0.23734162747859955,
0.5254076719284058,
-0.40643250942230225,
-0.4359661936759949,
0.21108555793762207,
-0.7454497814178467,
0.6319872140884399,
-0.9379447102546692,
-0.4627743363380432,
-0.27417370676994324,
-0.18235822021961212,
-0.26843833923339844,
0.05502128601074219,
-0.36404383182525635,
0.2020622342824936,
0.6924836039543152,
0.12081830948591232,
-0.1290745884180069,
-0.18024344742298126,
0.2033870369195938,
0.12145020067691803,
-0.3816758096218109,
-1.1301753520965576,
-0.31621426343917847,
-0.02612980082631111,
-0.004437098279595375,
-1.0711328983306885,
-0.40267592668533325,
0.5256035327911377,
-0.12319184094667435,
-0.15863120555877686,
0.36192944645881653,
-0.32951414585113525,
-0.009752500802278519,
0.48260292410850525
] |
217733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation | Confirmation | In Christian denominations that practice infant baptism, confirmation is seen as the sealing of the covenant created in baptism. Those being confirmed are known as confirmands. For adults, it is an affirmation of belief.
Catholicism and Eastern Christianity view confirmation as a sacrament. In the East it is conferred immediately after baptism. In the West, this practice is usually followed when adults are baptized, but in the case of infants not in danger of death it is administered, ordinarily by a bishop, only when the child reaches the age of reason or early adolescence. Among those Christians who practice teen-aged confirmation, the practice may be perceived, secondarily, as a "coming of age" rite.
In many Protestant denominations, such as the Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist and Reformed traditions, confirmation is a rite that often includes a profession of faith by an already baptized person. Confirmation is required by Lutherans, Anglicans and other traditional Protestant denominations for full membership in the respective church. In Catholic theology, by contrast, it is the sacrament of baptism that confers membership, while "reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace". The Catholic and Methodist denominations teach that in confirmation, the Holy Spirit strengthens a baptized individual for their faith journey.
Confirmation is not practiced in Baptist, Anabaptist and other groups that teach believer's baptism. Thus, the sacrament or rite of confirmation is administered to those being received from those aforementioned groups, in addition to those converts from non-Christian religions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints does not practice infant baptism, but individuals can be baptized after they reach the "age of accountability". Confirmation in the LDS Church occurs shortly following baptism, which is not considered complete or fully efficacious until confirmation is received.
There is an analogous ceremony also called confirmation in Reform Judaism. It was created in the 1800s by Israel Jacobson.
Scriptural foundation
The roots of confirmation are found in the Church of the New Testament. In the Gospel of John 14, Christ speaks of the coming of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles (). Later, after his Resurrection, Jesus breathed upon them and they received the Holy Spirit (), a process completed on the day of Pentecost (). That Pentecostal outpouring of the Spirit was the sign of the messianic age foretold by the prophets (cf. Ezek 36:25–27; Joel 3:1–2). Its arrival was proclaimed by Apostle Peter. Filled with the Holy Spirit the apostles began to proclaim "the mighty works of God" (Acts 2:11; Cf. 2:17–18). After this point, the New Testament records the apostles bestowing the Holy Spirit upon others through the laying on of hands.
Three texts make it certain that a laying on of hands for the imparting of the Spirit – performed after the water-bath and as a complement to this bath – existed already in the earliest apostolic times. These texts are: Acts 8:4–20 and 19:1–7, and Hebrews 6:1–6.
In the Acts of the Apostles 8:14–17 different "ministers" are named for the two actions. It is not deacon Philip, the baptiser, but only the apostles who were able to impart the pneuma through the laying on of hands.
Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard that Samaria had accepted the word of God, they sent them Peter and John, who went down and prayed for them, that they might receive the holy Spirit, for it had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had only been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then they laid hands on them and they received the holy Spirit.
Further on in the text, connection between the gift of the Holy Spirit and the gesture of laying on of hands appears even more clearly. Acts 8:18–19 introduces the request of Simon the magician in the following way: "When Simon saw that the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles' hands ... ."
In Acts 19, baptism of the disciples is mentioned in quite general terms, without the minister being identified. If we refer to 1 Cor 1:17 we may presume that Paul left the action of baptising to others. But then Acts 19:6 expressly states that it was Apostle Paul who laid his hands upon the newly baptised.
Hebrews 6:1–6 distinguishes "the teaching about baptisms" from the teaching about "the laying on of hands". The difference may be understood in the light of the two passages in Acts 8 and 19.
Christian denominational views
Roman Catholic Church
In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, confirmation, known also as chrismation, is one of the seven sacraments instituted by Christ for the conferral of sanctifying grace and the strengthening of the union between the individual and God.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church in its paragraphs 1302–1303 states:
In the Latin (i.e., Western) Catholic Church, the sacrament is customarily conferred only on persons old enough to understand it, and the ordinary minister of confirmation is a bishop. "If necessity so requires", the diocesan bishop may grant specified priests the faculty to administer the sacrament, although normally he is to administer it himself or ensure that it is conferred by another bishop. In addition, the law itself confers the same faculty on the following:
within the confines of their jurisdiction, those who in law are equivalent to a diocesan Bishop (for example, a vicar apostolic);
in respect of the person to be confirmed, the priest who by virtue of his office or by mandate of the diocesan Bishop baptises an adult or admits a baptized adult into full communion with the Catholic Church;
in respect of those in danger of death, the parish priest or indeed any priest.
"According to the ancient practice maintained in the Roman liturgy, an adult is not to be baptized unless he receives Confirmation immediately afterward, provided no serious obstacles exist." Administration of the two sacraments, one immediately after the other, to adults is normally done by the bishop of the diocese (generally at the Easter Vigil) since "the baptism of adults, at least of those who have completed their fourteenth year, is to be referred to the Bishop, so that he himself may confer it if he judges this appropriate" But if the bishop does not confer the baptism, then it devolves on the priest whose office it then is to confer both sacraments, since, "in addition to the bishop, the law gives the faculty to confirm to the following, ... priests who, in virtue of an office which they lawfully hold, baptize an adult or a child old enough for catechesis or receive a validly baptized adult into full communion with the Church."
In Eastern Catholic Churches, the usual minister of this sacrament is the parish priest, using olive oil consecrated by a bishop (i.e., chrism) and administering the sacrament immediately after baptism. This corresponds exactly to the practice of the early Church, when at first those receiving baptism were mainly adults, and of the non-Roman Catholic Eastern Churches.
The practice of the Eastern Churches gives greater emphasis to the unity of Christian initiation. That of the Latin Church more clearly expresses the communion of the new Christian with the bishop as guarantor and servant of the unity, catholicity and apostolicity of his Church, and hence the connection with the apostolic origins of Christ's Church.
Rite of Confirmation in the West
The main reason why the West separated the sacrament of confirmation from that of baptism was to re-establish direct contact between the person being initiated with the bishops. In the Early Church, the bishop administered all three sacraments of initiation (baptism, confirmation and Eucharist), assisted by the priests and deacons and, where they existed, by deaconesses for women's baptism. The post-baptismal Chrismation in particular was reserved to the bishop. When adults no longer formed the majority of those being baptized, this Chrismation was delayed until the bishop could confer it. Until the 12th century, priests often continued to confer confirmation before giving Communion to very young children.
After the Fourth Lateran Council, Communion, which continued to be given only after confirmation, was to be administered only on reaching the age of reason. Some time after the 13th century, the age of confirmation and Communion began to be delayed further, from seven, to twelve and to fifteen. In the 18th c. in France the sequence of sacraments of initiation was changed. Bishops started to impart confirmation only after the first Eucharistic communion. The reason was no longer the busy calendar of the bishop, but the bishop's will to give adequate instruction to the youth. The practice lasted until Pope Leo XIII in 1897 asked to restore the primary order and to celebrate confirmation back at the age of reason. That didn't last long. In 1910 his successor, Pope Pius X, showing concern for the easy access to the Eucharist for children, in his Letter lowered the age of first communion to seven. That was the origin of the widespread custom in parishes to organise the First Communion for children at .
The 1917 Code of Canon Law, while recommending that confirmation be delayed until about seven years of age, allowed it be given at an earlier age. Only on 30 June 1932 was official permission given to change the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation: the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments then allowed, where necessary, that confirmation be administered after first Holy Communion. This novelty, originally seen as exceptional, became more and more the accepted practice. Thus, in the mid-20th century, confirmation began to be seen as an occasion for professing personal commitment to the faith on the part of someone approaching adulthood.
However, the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1308) warns: "Although Confirmation is sometimes called the 'sacrament of Christian maturity,' we must not confuse adult faith with the adult age of natural growth, nor forget that the baptismal grace is a grace of free, unmerited election and does not need 'ratification' to become effective."
On the canonical age for confirmation in the Latin or Western Catholic Church, the present (1983) Code of Canon Law, which maintains unaltered the rule in the 1917 Code, lays down that the sacrament is to be conferred on the faithful at about the age of discretion (generally taken to be about 7), unless the Episcopal Conference has decided on a different age, or there is a danger of death or, in the judgement of the minister, a grave reason suggests otherwise (canon 891 of the Code of Canon Law). The Code prescribes the age of discretion also for the sacraments of Reconciliation and first Holy Communion.
In some places the setting of a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has been abandoned in recent decades in favor of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation, Even where a later age has been set, a bishop may not refuse to confer the sacrament on younger children who request it, provided they are baptized, have the use of reason, are suitably instructed and are properly disposed and able to renew the baptismal promises (letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments published in its 1999 bulletin, pages 537–540).
Effects of confirmation
The Roman Catholic Church and some Anglo-Catholics teach that, like baptism, confirmation marks the recipient permanently, making it impossible to receive the sacrament twice. It accepts as valid a confirmation conferred within churches, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, whose Holy Orders it sees as valid through the apostolic succession of their bishops. But it considers it necessary to administer the sacrament of confirmation, in its view for the only time, to Protestants who are admitted to full communion with the Catholic Church.
One of the effects of the sacrament is that "it gives us a special strength of the Holy Spirit to spread and defend the faith by word and action as true witnesses of Christ, to confess the name of Christ boldly, and never to be ashamed of the Cross" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1303). This effect was described by the Council of Trent as making the confirmed person "a soldier of Christ".
The same passage of the Catechism of the Catholic Church also mentions, as an effect of confirmation, that "it renders our bond with the Church more perfect". This mention stresses the importance of participation in the Christian community.
The "soldier of Christ" imagery was used, as far back as 350, by St Cyril of Jerusalem. In this connection, the touch on the cheek that the bishop gave while saying "" (Peace be with you) to the person he had just confirmed was interpreted in the Roman Pontifical as a slap, a reminder to be brave in spreading and defending the faith: "" (Then he strikes him lightly on the cheek, saying: Peace be with you). When, in application of the Second Vatican Council's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, the confirmation rite was revised in 1971, mention of this gesture was omitted. However, the French and Italian translations, indicating that the bishop should accompany the words "Peace be with you" with "a friendly gesture" (French text) or "the sign of peace" (Italian text), explicitly allow a gesture such as the touch on the cheek, to which they restore its original meaning. This is in accord with the Introduction to the rite of confirmation, 17, which indicates that the episcopal conference may decide "to introduce a different manner for the minister to give the sign of peace after the anointing, either to each individual or to all the newly confirmed together."
Eastern Churches
The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches refer to this sacrament (or, more properly, Sacred Mystery) as chrismation, a term which Roman Catholics also use; for instance, in Italian the term is . Eastern Christians link chrismation closely with the sacred mystery of baptism, conferring it immediately after baptism, which is normally on infants.
The sacred tradition of the Orthodox Church teaches that the Apostles themselves established the practice of anointing with chrism (consecrated oil) in place of the laying on of hands when bestowing the sacrament. As the numbers of converts grew, it became physically impossible for the apostles to lay hands upon each of the newly baptized. So the Apostles laid hands upon a vessel of oil, bestowing the Holy Spirit upon it, which was then distributed to all of the presbyters (priests) for their use when they baptized. This same chrism is in use to this day, never being completely depleted but newly consecrated chrism only being added to it as needed (this consecration traditionally is performed only by the primates of certain autocephalous churches on Great Thursday) and it is believed that chrism in use today contains some small amount of the original chrism made by the apostles.
When Roman Catholics and traditional Protestants, such as Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists, convert to Orthodoxy, they are often admitted by chrismation, without baptism; but, since this is a matter of local episcopal discretion, a bishop may require all converts to be admitted by baptism if he deems it necessary. Depending upon the form of the original baptism, some Protestants must be baptized upon conversion to Orthodoxy. A common practice is that those persons who have been previously baptized by triple immersion in the name of the Trinity do not need to be baptized. However, requirements will differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and some traditional Orthodox jurisdictions prefer to baptize all converts. When a person is received into the church, whether by baptism or chrismation, they will often take the name of a saint, who will become their patron saint. Thenceforward, the feast day of that saint will be celebrated as the convert's name day, which in traditional Orthodox cultures is celebrated in lieu of one's birthday.
The Orthodox rite of chrismation takes place immediately after baptism and clothing the "newly illumined" (i.e., newly baptized) in their baptismal robe. The priest makes the sign of the cross with the chrism (also referred to as myrrh) on the brow, eyes, nostrils, lips, both ears, breast, hands and feet of the newly illumined, saying with each anointing: "The seal of the gift of the Holy Spirit. Amen." Then the priest will place his epitrachelion (stole) over the newly illumined and leads them and their sponsors in a procession, circling three times around the Gospel Book, while the choir chants each time: "As many as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. Alleluia" ().
The reason the Eastern Churches perform chrismation immediately after baptism is so that the newly baptized may receive Holy Communion, which is commonly given to infants as well as adults.
An individual may be baptized in extremis (in a life-threatening emergency) by any baptized member of the church; however, only a priest or bishop may perform the mystery of chrismation. If someone who has been baptized in extremis survives, the priest then performs the chrismation.
The Roman Catholic Church does not confirm converts to Catholicism who have been chrismated in a non-Catholic Eastern church, considering that the sacrament has been validly conferred and may not be repeated.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church the sacrament may be conferred more than once and it is customary to receive returning or repentant apostates by repeating chrismation.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
When discussing confirmation the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses the term "ordinance" owing to their origins in a Protestant environment, but the actual doctrine describing their ordinances and their effects is sacramental. Church ordinances are understood as administering Grace and must be conducted by clergy members who are properly ordained through apostolic succession reaching back through Peter to Christ, although the line of authority differs from Catholics and Eastern Orthodox. Baptism by water is understood as representing the death of the old person and their resurrection from that death into a new life in Christ. Through baptism by water, sin and guilt are washed away as the old sinner dies and the new child of Christ emerges. Confirmation is understood as being the baptism by fire wherein the Holy Spirit enters into the confirmant, purges them of the effects of the sin from their previous life (the guilt and culpability of which were already washed away), and introduces them into the Church as a new person in Christ. Through confirmation, the confirmant receives the Gift of the Holy Ghost, granting the individual the permanent companionship of the Holy Ghost as long as the person does not willfully drive Him away through sin.
The ceremony is significantly simpler than in Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Churches and is as follows:
The clergyman lays his hands upon the confirmant's head and states the person's full name.
The clergyman states that the ordinance is performed by the authority of the Melchizedek Priesthood.
The clergyman confirms the person a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The clergyman bestows the gift of the Holy Ghost by saying, "Receive the Holy Ghost."
The clergyman gives a priesthood blessing as the Spirit directs.
The clergyman closes in the name of Jesus Christ.
Other actions typically associated with confirmation in Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the reception of a Christian name, anointing of body parts with chrism, and the clothing of the confirmant in a white garment or chiton are conducted separately as part of a ceremony called the Initiatory.
Lutheran Churches
Lutheran confirmation is a public profession of faith prepared for by long and careful instruction. In English, it is called "affirmation of baptism", and is a mature and public profession of the faith which "marks the completion of the congregation's program of confirmation ministry". The German language also uses for Lutheran confirmation a different word () from the word used for the sacramental rite of the Catholic Church ().
Lutheran churches do not treat confirmation as a dominical sacrament of the Gospel, considering that only baptism and the Eucharist can be regarded as such. Some popular Sundays for this to occur are Palm Sunday, Pentecost and Reformation Sunday (last Sunday in October).
Anglican Communion
Article 25 of The 16th Century 39 Articles lists confirmation among those rites "commonly called Sacraments" which are "not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel" (a term referring to the dominical sacraments, i.e. baptism and the Holy Eucharist), because they were not directly instituted by Christ with a specific matter and form, and they are not generally necessary to salvation. The language of the Articles has led some to deny that confirmation and the other rites are sacraments at all. Others maintain that "commonly called Sacraments" does not mean "wrongly called Sacraments".
Many Anglicans, especially Anglo-Catholics, count the rite as one of seven sacraments. This is the official view in several Anglican provinces. While most provinces of the Anglican Communion do not make provision for ministers other than bishops to administer confirmation, presbyters can be authorized to do so in certain South Asian provinces, which are united churches. Similarly, the American Episcopal Church recognizes that "those who have previously made a mature public commitment in another Church may be received by the laying on of hands by a Bishop of this Church, rather than confirmed." Furthermore, at its General Convention in 2015 a resolution advancing presbyteral confirmation was referred to committee for further review.
"[T]he renewal of the baptismal vows, which is part of the Anglican Confirmation service, is in no way necessary to Confirmation and can be done more than once. [...] When Confirmation is given early, candidates may be asked to make a fresh renewal of vows when they approach adult life at about eighteen." The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England employs the phrase "ratify and confirm" with respect to these vows which has led to the common conception of confirmation as the renewal of baptismal vows. While such a view closely aligns to the doctrine of confirmation held by Lutherans, the dominant Anglican position is perhaps better evidenced in the attempt to replace "ratify and confirm" with "ratify and confess" in the proposed Prayer Book revision of 1928, which was defeated in the House of Commons 14 June of that year. It must be acknowledged that Anglicanism includes a range of approaches to the theology of confirmation.
Methodist Churches
In the Methodist Church, as with the Anglican Communion, Confirmation is defined by the Articles of Religion as one those "Commonly called Sacraments but not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel", also known as the "five lesser sacraments". The Methodist theologian John William Fletcher stated that "it was a custom of the Apostles and elders in the primitive Church, adopted by our own church, to pray that young Believers might be filled with the Spirit through the laying on of hands." As such, the Methodist Worship Book declares that
By Water and Spirit, an official United Methodist publication, states that "it should be emphasized that Confirmation is what the Holy Spirit does. Confirmation is a divine action, the work of the Spirit empowering a person 'born through water and the Spirit' to 'live as a faithful disciple of Jesus Christ'." As with its Anglican patrimony, in Methodism, confirmation is a means of grace. Furthermore, confirmation is the individual's first public affirmation of the grace of God in baptism and the acknowledgment of the acceptance of that grace by faith. For those baptized as infants, it often occurs when youth enter their 6th through 8th grade years, but it may occur earlier or later. For youth and adults who are joining the Church, "those who are baptized are also confirmed, remembering that our ritual reflects the ancient unity of baptism, confirmation (laying on of hands with prayer), and Eucharist." Candidates to be confirmed, known as confirmands, take a class which covers Christian doctrine, theology, Methodist Church history, stewardship, basic Bible study and other topics.
Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Continental Reformed Churches
The Presbyterian Church in America has a process of confirmation, but it is not necessarily public, and depends on the congregation as to the nature of confirmation. In practice, many churches do require and offer classes for Confirmation.
The PC(USA) has a confirmation process. This is a profession of faith that "seeks to provide youth with a foundational understanding of our faith, tradition and Presbyterian practices".
Irvingian Churches
In the New Apostolic Church, the largest of the Irvingian denominations, Confirmation is a rite that "strengthens the confirmands in their endeavour to keep their vow to profess Jesus Christ in word and deed." Confirmation is celebrated within the Divine Service and in it, confirmands take the following vow:
Following the recitation of the vow, "young Christians receive the confirmation blessing, which is dispensed upon them through laying on of hands."
United Protestant Churches
In United Protestant Churches, such as the United Church of Canada, Church of North India, Church of Pakistan, Church of South India, Uniting Church in Australia and United Church of Christ in Japan, confirmation is a rite that is "understood as a Christian person assuming the responsibilities of the promises made at baptism."
Confirmation name
In many countries, it is customary for a person being confirmed in some dioceses of Roman Catholic Church and in parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism to adopt a new name, generally the name of a biblical character or saint, thus securing an additional patron saint as protector and guide. This practice is not mentioned in the official liturgical book of the rite of confirmation and is not in use in Spanish and French-speaking lands, nor in Italy or the Philippines. Although some insist on the custom, it is discouraged by others and in any case is only a secondary aspect of confirmation.
As indicated by the different senses of the word "christening", baptism and the giving of a personal name have traditionally been linked. At confirmation, in which the intervention of a godparent strengthens a resemblance with baptism, it became customary to take a new name, as was also the custom on other occasions, in particular that of religious profession. King Henry III of France (1551–1589) was christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551, but at confirmation received the name Henri, by which he afterwards reigned. Today usually no great use is made of the confirmation name, although some treat it as an additional middle name. For example, A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin was born George Raymond Martin, but added his confirmation name Richard as a second middle name. However, even after the English Reformation, the legal system of that country admitted the lawfulness of using one's confirmation name in, for instance, purchasing land.
Repetition of the sacrament or rite
The Catholic Church sees confirmation as one of the three sacraments that no one can receive more than once (see sacramental character). It recognizes as already confirmed those who enter the Catholic Church after receiving the sacrament, even as babies, in the churches of Eastern Christianity, but it confers the sacrament (in its view, for the first and only time) on those who enter the Catholic Church after being confirmed in Protestant churches, seeing these churches as lacking properly ordained ministers.
In the Lutheran Churches, those individuals who received the sacrament of baptism according to the Trinitarian formula in a non-Lutheran church are confirmed as Lutherans, ordinarily during the Easter Vigil—the first liturgy of Eastertide. The rite of confirmation is preceded by a period of catechetical instruction.
In the Anglican Communion, a person who was previously confirmed in another denomination by a bishop or priest recognized as validly ordained is "received" rather than confirmed again. Some dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America recognize non-episcopal Confirmations as well and these individuals are received into the Anglican Communion rather than re-confirmed. In other dioceses, confirmations of those Christian denominations are recognized if they have a valid apostolic succession in the eyes of the Anglican Communion (e.g. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Roman Catholic Church, etc.).
Eastern Orthodox churches occasionally practise what is seen by other Christians as "re-Chrismation", in that they usually chrismate/confirm – and sometimes rebaptize – a convert, even one previously confirmed in other churches. The justification is that the new Chrismation (or baptism) is the only valid one, the earlier one being administered outside of the Church and hence being little more than a symbol. The Eastern Orthodox will also chrismate an apostate from the Orthodox Church who repents and re-enters communion. According to some interpretations, the Eastern churches therefore view confirmation/Chrismation as a repeatable sacrament. According to others, the rite is understood as "part of a process of reconciliation, rather than as a reiteration of post-baptismal chrismation".
Analogous ceremonies in non-Christian practice
Judaism
In the late 1800s Reform Judaism developed a separate ceremony, called confirmation, loosely modeled on Christian Confirmation ceremonies. This occurred because, at the time, Reform Jews believed that it was inappropriate for Bar/Bat mitzvah age children to be considered mature enough to understand what it means to be religious. It was held that children of this age were not responsible enough to understand what it means to observe religious practices. As such, the reform rite of confirmation was originally a replacement for the Bar/Bat mitzvah ceremony, held at age 16. In later decades, the Reform movement modified this view, and now much of Reform Judaism in the United States encourages children to celebrate becoming Bar/Bat mitzvah at the traditional age, and then has the confirmation at the later age as a sign of a more advanced completion of their Jewish studies.
Today, many Reform Jewish congregations hold confirmation ceremonies as a way of marking the biblical festival of Shavuot and the decision of young adults to embrace Jewish study in their lives and reaffirm their commitment to the Covenant. The confirmands represent "the first fruits of each year's harvest. They represent the hope and promise of tomorrow." Confirmation is typically held in tenth grade after a year of study, but some synagogues celebrate it in other years of high school.
Confirmation, in the context of Reform Judaism, was mentioned officially for the first time in an ordinance issued by the Jewish consistory of the kingdom of Westphalia at Cassel in 1810. There it was made the duty of the rabbi "to prepare the young for confirmation, and personally to conduct the ceremony." At first only boys were confirmed, on the Sabbath ("Shabbat") that they celebrated becoming Bar Mitzvah; the ceremony was performed at the home or in the schoolroom. In Berlin, Jewish girls were confirmed for the first time in 1817, in Hamburg in 1818.
Confirmation was at first excluded from the synagogue, because, like every innovation, it met with stern opposition from more traditional rabbis. Gradually, however, it found more favor; Hebrew school classes were confirmed together, and confirmation gradually became a solemn and celebration at the synagogue. In 1822 the first class of boys and girls was confirmed at the Hamburg Temple, and in 1831 Rabbi Samuel Egers, a prominent traditional rabbi of his time, began to confirm boys and girls at the synagogue of Brunswick. While in the beginning some Shabbat, frequently during Chanukah or Passover, was selected for confirmation, it became increasingly customary, following the example of Egers, to perform the ceremony during the biblical festival of Shavuot ("Feast of Weeks"). It was felt that Shavuot was well suited for the rite, as it celebrated the occasion when the Israelites on Mount Sinai declared their intention to accept the yoke of God's Law, so those of every new generation should follow the ancient example and declare their willingness to be faithful to the Sinaitic covenant transmitted by their ancestors.
Confirmation was introduced in Denmark as early as 1817, in Hamburg 1818, and in Hessen and Saxony in 1835. The Prussian government, which showed itself hostile to the Reform movement, prohibited it as late as 1836, as did Bavaria as late as 1838. It soon made its way, however, into all progressive congregations of Germany. In 1841 it was introduced in France, first in Bordeaux and Marseilles, then in Strasburg and Paris, under the name . The first Israelitish synod in 1869 at Leipsic adopted a report on religious education, the 13th section of which contains an elaborate opinion on confirmation, recommending the same to all Jewish congregations. In America the annual confirmation of boys and girls was first resolved upon by the congregation of Temple Emanu-El of New York in 1847. The ceremony soon gained so firm a foothold in America that soon there was no progressive Jewish congregation in which it did not occur during Shavuot.
Secular confirmations
Several secular, mainly Humanist, organizations direct civil confirmations for older children, as a statement of their life stance that is an alternative to traditional religious ceremonies for children of that age.
Some atheist regimes have as a matter of policy fostered the replacement of Christian rituals such as confirmation with non-religious ones. In the historically Protestant German Democratic Republic (East Germany), for example, "the Jugendweihe (youth dedication) gradually supplanted the Christian practice of Confirmation." A concept that first appeared in 1852, the is described as "a solemn initiation marking the transition from youth to adulthood that was developed in opposition to Protestant and Catholic Churches' Confirmation."
See also
Rite of passage
References
External links
The Rite of Confirmation Resource Site
Waking Up Catholic – RCIA and Adult Confirmation
Church Fathers on Confirmation
Catholic Sacrament of Confirmation – Initiation
Information and Forum for Roman Catholics About to Receive0 Confirmation
Catholic Encyclopedia – Catholic teaching on Confirmation
Catechism of Filaret, 307–314 – Eastern Orthodox teaching on Confirmation/Unction with Chrism/Chrismation
Anglican teaching on Confirmation
Judaism 101: Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah, and Confirmation
My Jewish Learning: Jewish Confirmation
Sacraments
Latter Day Saint ordinances, rituals, and symbolism
Rites of passage
Holy Spirit | [
0.44095730781555176,
0.8130406737327576,
-0.08498935401439667,
-0.1324976086616516,
0.07442564517259598,
-0.1978358030319214,
0.44131436944007874,
0.19544455409049988,
-0.11497902870178223,
-0.5757046937942505,
-0.191720113158226,
0.627162754535675,
0.6452435255050659,
0.0731978714466095,
-0.3675791919231415,
0.06034264340996742,
0.5236395001411438,
0.7960267663002014,
0.06450369954109192,
-0.4749026298522949,
-0.2986956834793091,
-0.5418339967727661,
-0.39599043130874634,
0.2506133019924164,
-0.12441540509462357,
0.292860746383667,
0.11354996263980865,
-0.7229158282279968,
-0.3817197382450104,
-0.18193501234054565,
0.21652738749980927,
0.3740701973438263,
0.2407921403646469,
-0.23201748728752136,
-0.15569515526294708,
0.054015953093767166,
0.16417771577835083,
-0.6403149366378784,
-0.4287016689777374,
-0.21847784519195557,
0.1954803317785263,
-0.35550540685653687,
0.5978240966796875,
0.34407028555870056,
-0.09720456600189209,
-0.2615373134613037,
-1.5157530307769775,
0.17365150153636932,
-0.40628522634506226,
0.015113377943634987,
-0.21199987828731537,
-0.3064330518245697,
-0.5243687629699707,
0.47793513536453247,
-0.2088364064693451,
0.43518421053886414,
-0.7148327231407166,
0.4128696322441101,
0.6105146408081055,
-0.15008270740509033,
0.2618143856525421,
-0.10879742354154587,
0.8612167239189148,
0.27223965525627136,
0.6195895075798035,
-0.18806816637516022,
-0.09825236350297928,
0.2762760519981384,
-0.03818550705909729,
-0.8400083780288696,
-0.6216075420379639,
-0.3529064953327179,
-0.4584924578666687,
-0.3766131103038788,
-0.18560944497585297,
0.24058623611927032,
-0.41351938247680664,
-0.16993235051631927,
0.4088103771209717,
-0.5025469064712524,
-0.45365363359451294,
0.5254744291305542,
-0.042735688388347626,
0.106207475066185,
0.18964724242687225,
0.308675080537796,
0.2979881465435028,
0.13251730799674988,
0.1322590708732605,
0.48098406195640564,
-0.007556455675512552,
0.2878413796424866,
0.14274337887763977,
-0.156001016497612,
-0.3452392816543579,
-0.3439502716064453,
0.06225115433335304,
0.02607119083404541,
0.06805350631475449,
-0.17925399541854858,
-0.05353802442550659,
-0.2369118481874466,
0.4462820887565613,
-0.21651984751224518,
-0.40029457211494446,
-0.3429810404777527,
-0.676839292049408,
-0.1885482370853424,
0.26801425218582153,
0.3601579964160919,
0.1733749359846115,
0.16899701952934265,
-0.02159440889954567,
0.7190250754356384,
-0.4397812485694885,
-0.5109441876411438,
0.34907960891723633,
-0.5889402031898499,
-0.43699541687965393,
-0.4825696647167206,
0.03245335817337036,
0.30037352442741394,
0.1829826533794403,
-0.29748809337615967,
0.2236996442079544,
0.18856535851955414,
0.5348057746887207,
1.402213215827942,
-1.1211799383163452,
-0.328549325466156,
-0.07010181248188019,
0.7370713353157043,
0.15580493211746216,
-0.07364136725664139,
-0.25377795100212097,
-0.06765076518058777,
-0.10806746035814285,
-0.5233975648880005,
0.1512496918439865,
0.3853042423725128,
-0.5936474800109863,
-0.6464636325836182,
-0.4885777533054352,
-0.08554024249315262,
0.8522279262542725,
-0.20295079052448273,
0.03857729956507683,
-0.18877826631069183,
-0.6214591264724731,
0.5111472010612488,
0.13646887242794037,
0.5034613013267517,
0.2555423974990845,
-0.13233602046966553,
-0.1231343150138855,
0.2473318725824356,
0.448666512966156,
-0.01115355547517538,
-0.026661274954676628,
0.411108136177063,
0.044981811195611954,
0.11836397647857666,
-0.05263092368841171,
-0.26392167806625366,
-0.02772635407745838,
0.12463675439357758,
0.020579395815730095,
0.33543461561203003,
-0.11909396946430206,
-0.05357440933585167,
-0.240399569272995,
0.2027875930070877,
-0.42685166001319885,
-0.5870794653892517,
0.12355247884988785,
-0.30475372076034546,
0.26989179849624634,
0.28091612458229065,
0.5530552864074707,
-0.2836056649684906,
-0.7154594659805298,
0.3010682463645935,
-0.16486084461212158,
-0.3732195794582367,
0.005647430662065744,
0.008411344140768051,
-0.45853593945503235,
0.4987458288669586,
-0.009138373658061028,
-0.1213524341583252,
-0.2534485161304474,
-0.2449401468038559,
-0.0788315013051033,
-0.19248273968696594,
0.7564368844032288,
-0.16974996030330658,
0.010270614176988602,
1.0835468769073486,
-0.03196907788515091,
0.11233378946781158,
0.09218446910381317,
0.3095516264438629,
-0.13959605991840363,
0.34224364161491394,
-0.31187009811401367,
0.8067073822021484,
0.6571589112281799,
0.2432304173707962,
0.21953184902668,
0.23502619564533234,
0.12148967385292053,
0.23649920523166656,
-0.04798709228634834,
-0.18702921271324158,
-0.16944849491119385,
0.49239057302474976,
-0.2746050953865051,
-0.022599423304200172,
0.12247519940137863,
-0.0259799025952816,
0.36035794019699097,
-0.09609667956829071,
-0.013155119493603706,
0.03846713528037071,
-0.021738752722740173,
0.2639268636703491,
-0.45165011286735535,
0.32988986372947693,
-0.05711221322417259,
-0.3003808557987213,
0.5865059494972229,
0.16830860078334808,
0.47748425602912903,
-0.10066880285739899,
-0.3596346378326416,
-0.09472274780273438,
0.029418468475341797,
-0.3999168276786804,
-0.0792478695511818,
0.45127072930336,
0.1668906807899475,
-0.14342226088047028,
-0.355532705783844,
0.10014557838439941,
0.3043956756591797,
0.26172691583633423,
-0.09614048153162003,
-0.04546130821108818,
-0.419353187084198,
0.32142603397369385,
-0.20288480818271637,
-0.1465919464826584,
0.15397383272647858,
-0.12926889955997467,
0.4850279986858368,
-0.3529776334762573,
-0.14972004294395447,
0.07754550129175186,
0.03509930521249771,
0.039656415581703186,
0.19631563127040863,
-0.03965523838996887,
0.5278860926628113,
-0.21469156444072723,
-0.14175431430339813,
-0.5858705043792725,
-0.3726181983947754,
0.2489214688539505,
-0.12281681597232819,
0.3852337896823883,
0.13261325657367706,
0.040116697549819946,
-0.7451251745223999,
0.202774778008461,
0.0545974038541317,
0.09269163757562637,
0.16259165108203888,
0.5823505520820618,
0.1150054931640625,
0.03371530771255493,
-0.4731908142566681,
-0.0701020136475563,
-0.4220942556858063,
-0.589705765247345,
-0.41887030005455017,
-0.6254563331604004,
-0.43214401602745056,
-1.0621881484985352,
-0.2771359980106354,
-0.703397810459137,
-0.17004086077213287,
0.38805821537971497,
0.6280609369277954,
-0.14665324985980988,
0.517732560634613,
0.23625269532203674,
0.2534979581832886,
-0.09913868457078934,
-0.027680452913045883,
-0.1661907136440277,
0.18287266790866852,
-0.2926916778087616,
0.6537919640541077,
-0.20535436272621155,
0.2967129349708557,
0.17385825514793396,
-0.1885724812746048,
-0.1762263923883438,
-5.9065446853637695,
-0.16437391936779022,
-0.30382072925567627,
-0.14914554357528687,
0.18221338093280792,
0.19818055629730225,
1.315018653869629,
-0.6847768425941467,
0.18822211027145386,
0.224959135055542,
-0.036255788058042526,
0.03073069266974926,
0.2427631914615631,
0.7277210354804993,
0.3345562517642975,
0.45876604318618774,
0.4288138747215271,
-0.21956554055213928,
0.459808349609375,
0.47639480233192444,
-0.32110270857810974,
0.0545063279569149,
0.18507274985313416,
0.9526774287223816,
-0.0686722844839096,
-0.22762532532215118,
-0.30468693375587463,
0.47322866320610046,
-0.03403448686003685,
0.41843363642692566,
0.31912145018577576,
0.13585518300533295,
0.07685883343219757,
-0.4400508999824524,
-0.37180644273757935,
0.5885314345359802,
0.6096827387809753,
-0.22369204461574554,
0.3478783369064331,
-0.5389679670333862,
-0.26071441173553467,
-0.07335477322340012,
0.05964286997914314,
-0.02362384833395481,
-0.24622954428195953,
-0.2962852120399475,
-0.09896839410066605,
-0.07401115447282791,
-0.1831752061843872,
0.27357402443885803,
-0.42733314633369446,
0.3929513394832611,
0.10402490198612213,
-0.12410928308963776,
0.07080577313899994,
-0.07523763179779053,
0.45437929034233093,
-0.11179021000862122,
-0.2527116537094116,
-0.07305195927619934,
0.33464160561561584,
-0.6130465269088745,
-0.0970635712146759,
-0.1995762437582016,
0.22536049783229828,
-0.2067282348871231,
-0.8427245616912842,
-0.45381811261177063,
0.3571966588497162,
0.2742917537689209,
-0.6059862971305847,
0.19013480842113495,
0.2336270660161972,
-1.0391417741775513,
0.06595318764448166,
-0.689464807510376,
-0.3104754686355591,
0.2206518054008484,
0.1132562905550003,
0.19187071919441223,
0.040333475917577744,
0.06752154231071472,
-0.22009339928627014,
1.0084906816482544,
0.67664635181427,
0.3637658655643463,
0.10792366415262222,
0.3144490122795105,
-0.5046623945236206,
-0.7460623979568481,
0.8748013377189636,
-0.09305081516504288,
-0.2307378649711609,
0.2987619638442993,
-0.5718066096305847,
0.7909550070762634,
-0.16309286653995514,
0.3941395580768585,
0.8472279906272888,
-0.07478804141283035,
0.42812296748161316,
0.07976290583610535,
0.13179858028888702,
-0.26479846239089966,
0.011261641047894955,
-0.2878413796424866,
-0.3783344328403473,
0.31764915585517883,
0.07460319995880127,
-0.2788728177547455,
-0.5043237805366516,
0.08928578346967697,
-0.14957620203495026,
-0.21703661978244781,
0.00032088797888718545,
0.5833711624145508,
-0.14457041025161743,
0.6918557286262512,
0.4768088757991791,
0.47657158970832825,
0.5505836606025696,
0.3635748028755188,
-0.47547656297683716,
0.17929241061210632,
-0.36409997940063477,
-0.5024002194404602,
-0.2475038319826126,
0.14394094049930573,
-0.2449784129858017,
0.10132177919149399,
0.5499486923217773,
0.23662693798542023,
0.415703147649765,
0.10749891400337219,
0.020613064989447594,
0.24494008719921112,
0.12837274372577667,
-0.5609421133995056,
-0.447978675365448,
-0.34073829650878906,
-0.08473127335309982,
-0.3888687491416931,
-0.3017318546772003,
0.2906861901283264,
0.6749421954154968,
-0.22981461882591248,
0.2928895950317383,
0.06159505248069763,
-0.5447732210159302,
0.6946611404418945,
0.1729305237531662,
-0.27568572759628296,
0.32728731632232666,
0.01679648458957672,
0.10245656222105026,
0.15277183055877686,
0.40621352195739746,
0.09792431443929672,
0.017510313540697098,
-0.4811449348926544,
-0.49957141280174255,
-0.3654753267765045,
-0.6172236800193787,
-0.29257336258888245,
0.3758767545223236,
0.010100269690155983,
-0.9796144962310791,
-0.21627581119537354,
-0.5539315342903137,
0.6259130835533142,
-0.057725779712200165,
-0.2055489420890808,
-0.8002455830574036,
0.10687366873025894,
0.7734128832817078,
0.55971759557724,
0.10705452412366867,
0.20380403101444244,
-0.055451180785894394,
-0.536324143409729,
0.32032424211502075,
-0.4223313331604004,
-0.3730316460132599,
-0.4944145679473877,
0.5777161121368408,
-0.2226480096578598,
-0.0010394779965281487,
-0.4079957902431488,
-0.7517551183700562,
0.06961595267057419,
0.3477995991706848,
0.004951410461217165,
0.5916574597358704,
0.03914649412035942,
-0.19129987061023712,
-0.12104550004005432,
-0.11746905744075775,
-0.1470922827720642,
0.545583188533783,
-0.05498896911740303,
0.570264458656311,
0.08747421950101852,
-0.8400336503982544,
0.06540555506944656,
-0.05508982017636299,
-0.04283669963479042,
0.3788753151893616,
0.6413024663925171,
-0.7193846702575684,
0.3732144236564636,
0.24879106879234314,
-0.3719266355037689,
-0.5140752792358398,
0.6756489872932434,
-0.24108147621154785,
-0.19765210151672363,
0.2178502380847931,
-0.6070276498794556,
-0.3806823194026947,
-0.027444299310445786,
0.365241140127182,
-0.03379737585783005,
-0.094190813601017,
-0.07741820812225342,
-0.052760716527700424,
-0.18346160650253296,
0.14124450087547302,
-0.25162526965141296,
0.29348427057266235,
0.28015726804733276,
-0.08632824569940567,
-0.36727145314216614,
0.004594126716256142,
-0.24809052050113678,
-0.4879406988620758,
0.03620472177863121,
-0.34584948420524597,
0.4387332797050476,
-0.11779248714447021,
-0.3344361186027527,
0.0759618803858757,
0.681537926197052,
-0.025652967393398285,
-0.36122646927833557,
-0.4011988639831543,
0.29768362641334534,
-0.18919867277145386,
-0.3527543544769287,
-0.018863974139094353,
0.48393580317497253,
0.2721661925315857,
-0.07703693956136703,
0.07169025391340256,
-0.2902005910873413,
0.11252858489751816,
-0.14815057814121246,
-0.09157445281744003,
0.06881479918956757,
-0.1420956701040268,
0.1724836230278015,
0.6139187812805176,
-0.9043234586715698,
-0.5071372985839844,
-0.3466777205467224,
0.07462901622056961,
0.06301064044237137,
-0.0840720683336258,
0.35435429215431213,
-0.20855964720249176,
-0.3502419888973236,
-0.2660227119922638,
-0.5731095671653748,
0.46823981404304504,
0.22283224761486053,
-0.11420807987451553,
0.014351432211697102,
-0.5399183034896851,
0.03309732675552368,
-0.029834257438778877,
0.3844056725502014,
-0.10872607678174973,
-0.05277852714061737,
0.10140873491764069,
-0.473548948764801,
-0.19649045169353485,
-0.7566162347793579,
-0.3201932907104492,
-0.07431076467037201,
0.03235318139195442,
-0.17278262972831726,
-0.7025099396705627,
-0.5119783878326416,
-0.3128807842731476,
0.6473910808563232,
-0.06393555551767349,
0.6025656461715698,
0.06358940899372101,
0.5408788919448853,
0.027044178918004036,
-0.09697962552309036,
-0.05809948593378067,
0.7384225130081177,
0.457470178604126,
-0.9116217494010925,
0.016191577538847923,
0.29454749822616577,
-0.06551092863082886,
-0.2681897282600403,
-0.32753631472587585,
0.10628670454025269,
0.2142564356327057,
-0.11380257457494736,
0.1411030888557434,
0.2996212840080261,
-0.4736172556877136,
0.006621894892305136,
0.6717419624328613,
-0.2833622694015503,
-0.2830350697040558,
0.5593045353889465,
0.1138068288564682,
-0.4239756762981415,
0.4107646942138672,
-0.20454949140548706,
-0.21918943524360657,
0.1868022233247757,
0.29269567131996155,
0.062377896159887314,
-0.06248016282916069,
-0.011267464607954025,
0.5908321142196655,
0.321254700422287,
0.256188303232193,
0.023010991513729095,
-0.5882898569107056,
0.024509362876415253,
0.009256161749362946,
-0.43004199862480164,
-0.5969004034996033,
1.016540288925171,
0.12612906098365784,
0.40704023838043213,
-0.28194981813430786,
0.14668293297290802,
-0.5401248335838318,
0.29327842593193054,
-0.2609339952468872,
0.0292860958725214,
0.0429086796939373,
0.36514103412628174,
0.09037402272224426,
-0.4832260310649872,
0.15261180698871613,
-0.11288867890834808,
0.12648160755634308,
-0.3508475124835968,
0.8291634917259216,
-0.22640322148799896,
-0.3812156915664673,
-0.5238210558891296,
-0.3453936278820038,
-0.04837892949581146,
1.1571792364120483,
0.0500885434448719,
0.49746474623680115,
0.014864582568407059,
0.6757938265800476,
-0.43959614634513855,
-0.15202876925468445,
0.3567572236061096,
-0.42127180099487305,
0.010516739450395107,
-0.255712628364563,
0.16520710289478302,
0.5991920232772827,
-0.1339469999074936,
0.5916561484336853,
0.18042753636837006,
-0.12831398844718933,
0.40430018305778503,
0.10717196017503738,
-0.20738078653812408,
-0.4285135865211487,
-1.1517765522003174,
-0.3750770390033722,
0.3986497223377228,
-0.01653732731938362,
0.5975449085235596,
-0.33738696575164795,
0.022244803607463837,
0.46822139620780945,
-0.10427374392747879,
0.34216833114624023,
0.057341016829013824,
-0.7140664458274841,
-0.05048937350511551,
0.23854438960552216,
0.6505659818649292,
-0.006041409447789192,
-0.2652145326137543,
-0.7868035435676575,
0.07417747378349304,
0.47685757279396057,
-0.5033741593360901,
-0.40282315015792847,
0.12217515707015991,
-0.3687175512313843,
0.24920251965522766,
-0.596538245677948,
0.12260724604129791,
0.602483868598938,
-0.47117772698402405,
0.02082514576613903,
-0.3734937012195587,
-0.25166311860084534,
-0.18522144854068756,
0.8096699714660645,
-0.2439587116241455,
0.4457830786705017,
-0.06801185011863708,
-0.08354280143976212,
0.1281849592924118,
0.00026732488186098635,
0.5480286478996277,
0.06337835639715195,
0.27329182624816895,
0.28070250153541565,
0.10330293327569962,
-0.705897331237793,
0.3540644347667694,
-0.300263911485672,
-0.24499516189098358,
-0.19697821140289307,
0.4944242238998413,
-0.1521134376525879,
-0.304866224527359,
0.4572316110134125,
0.5791303515434265,
0.5969083309173584,
-0.6137560606002808,
0.05814248323440552,
-0.1489066183567047,
-0.07435023039579391,
0.29027265310287476,
-0.49975892901420593,
-0.2262297123670578,
-0.24524499475955963,
-0.6482452154159546,
-0.3771601915359497,
-0.1395639330148697,
0.30088815093040466,
-0.2823871374130249,
0.2505321502685547,
-0.28446492552757263,
0.10031137615442276,
-0.24733638763427734,
0.2874821722507477,
-0.13139629364013672,
0.3406536281108856,
0.7132846713066101
] |
217735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20chess | Correspondence chess | Correspondence chess is chess played by various forms of long-distance correspondence, traditionally through the postal system. Today it is usually played through a correspondence chess server, a public internet chess forum, or email. Less common methods that have been employed include fax, homing pigeon and phone. It is in contrast to (OTB) chess, where the players sit at a chessboard at the same time, or play each other in real time via the internet.
Correspondence chess allows people or clubs who are geographically distant to play one another without meeting in person. These distant relationships are just one of the many distinct appeals of correspondence chess. The length of a game played by correspondence can vary depending on the method used to transmit moves: a game played via server or by email might last no more than a few days, weeks, or months; a game played by post between players in different countries might last several years.
Structure
Correspondence chess differs from over-the-board (OTB) play in several respects. While players in OTB chess generally play one game at a time (an exception being a simultaneous exhibition), correspondence players often have several games going at once. Tournament games are played concurrently, and some players may have more than one hundred games continuing at the same time.
Time limits in correspondence play are usually between 30 and 60 days for every 10 moves (plus transmission time in postal chess). This time allows for far deeper calculation, meaning that blunders can be less frequent. Certain forms of assistance, including books, chess databases and sometimes chess programs, are often allowed. Books and databases are almost universally acceptable, but organizations vary as to whether chess engine use is permitted.
Computer assistance
The phenomenon of computer assistance has altered the essence of correspondence chess. In addition to profound chess knowledge and analytical discipline, the ability to interpret and guide computer analysis has also become important. Given that even players with poor chess knowledge can use the strongest computer programs to analyse their games, the gap between the beginner and master player has narrowed in recent years. However, the influence of computer assistance remains controversial in both official and casual play, and consensus on the issue of whether to allow computer aid is still lacking.
Variant chess games are often played on public chess servers or chess forums. Since the games are a modified form, chess engines may be less helpful, or based on the variant, completely useless. For example, chess games played on an unbounded chessboard, or infinite chess, are virtually untouched by chess-playing software.
Regulatory bodies
Correspondence chess tournaments are usually played under the auspices of an official regulatory body, most importantly the International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF), which is affiliated with FIDE, the international chess organization. However, the ICCF, which organizes postal and email events, is not the only organization involved in correspondence chess. There are numerous national and regional bodies for postal chess, as well as a number of organisations devoted to organizing email play for free such as the International Email Chess Group (IECG), Lechenicher SchachServer (LSS), and the Free Internet Correspondence Games Server (FICGS), that also run a world championship cycle, and International E-mail Chess Club (IECC). However, groups other than the ICCF are not sanctioned by FIDE.
The ICCF awards the titles International Master, Senior International Master and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster—these are equivalent to similar titles awarded by FIDE for over-the-board chess. The ICCF also runs the World Correspondence Chess Championships. Because these events can last a long time, they may overlap: for instance, in February 2005 Joop van Oosterom was declared winner of the eighteenth Championship (which began in June 2003), though the winner of the seventeenth Championship (which began in March 2002) had not yet been determined.
Up until 2004, ICCF correspondence chess was played only via email and postal mail. For playing by these two forms of transmission, the ICCF sanctioned the use of ICCF numeric notation, sometimes known as Koch notation. However if players agreed to use a mutually agreeable notation system, this was accepted.
In recent years, the use of increasingly powerful chess programs has brought forth new challenges for organizations like the ICCF and the U.S. Chess Federation, necessitating sometimes controversial decisions on the admissibility of such programs in official correspondence play.
Moreover, the emergence of the Internet has brought new opportunities for correspondence chess, not all of which are organized by official bodies. Casual correspondence chess includes correspondence play initiated through correspondence chess servers and games played between individuals who meet and play on their own. Casual correspondence play does not lead to official ratings, though some chess servers will calculate ratings for the players based on results on that server.
Types
There are several types of correspondence chess, with server-based correspondence chess becoming the most popular form in the world today, with major
correspondence servers becoming as large and popular as the online blitz chess servers.
Server-based correspondence chess
Correspondence chess servers are usually database-driven and carry with them a web-based interface for submitting moves to the database. But they do create the possibility of facilitating any method of transmission, as long as the transmitted moves are audited within the server's database.
Server fees vary. Most casual servers use a yearly charging model, whereby players can play as many tournaments or games as they want all year round. Some servers offer basic membership for free, with more services available for a fee. Also more casual servers allow the use of nicknames, and have a real-time rating system which often adjusts a player's rating after each rated game. Casual servers also tend to have a wide range of facilities, such as online games databases, social and chess improvement forums, teams, and player homepages. More traditional correspondence chess servers often charge per tournament and force the use of real names. For example, competitors in the Correspondence Chess League of America use their real names rather than aliases.
Mobile correspondence chess
With the advent of smartphones such as Apple's iPhone, Blackberry, and Android-based devices, correspondence chess has seen a recent rise in popularity as applications on these devices. Usually the devices use wireless internet or SMS technology to submit their moves to a central server.
Email-based correspondence chess
There are organizations devoted to organizing play by email, such as the International E-mail Chess Club (IECC).
Email play has gradually declined in popularity due to issues such as email viruses, opponents' claims of not receiving moves, and similar impediments to the point email play has arguably been superseded by server-based correspondence chess, where usually the interface to a chess server is a web-based interface.
Postal (traditional mail) correspondence chess
There are national and regional organizations for postal chess which use traditional "snail mail" for transmitting moves between players. The ICCF and affiliated local and national federations often organize postal events. Other examples of groups offering postal play include the Correspondence Chess League of America (CCLA) and the United States Chess Federation (USCF). However, groups other than the ICCF and affiliates are not sanctioned by FIDE.
Traditional postal chess organizations such as the International Correspondence Chess Federation, the Correspondence Chess League of America (CCLA), and the United States Chess Federation (USCF) have added email and/or server-based options to their correspondence play.
One of the older documented postal correspondence chess games is a game played in 1804 by lieutenant-colonel F.W. von Mauvillon of the Dutch army in The Hague with one of his officers in Breda.
Postal correspondence chess has arguably been superseded by server-based correspondence chess.
Over-the-board players who also play correspondence chess
Although nowadays the strongest correspondence players are specialists, a number of notable players in over-the-board (OTB) chess have in the past played postal games during their chess career.
Paul Keres, an Estonian sometimes regarded as the strongest player never to become world champion, played many games of correspondence chess. OTB world champions Alexander Alekhine and Max Euwe also played. Ulf Andersson also achieved very high ratings in both ICCF and FIDE, remaining in the FIDE top 100 until June 2002 and consistently ranked second on ICCF. Andrei Sokolov is another OTB GM who has recently taken up email chess. World Correspondence Champion Hans Berliner was also an OTB International Master.
In 1999, Garry Kasparov played a chess game "Kasparov versus the World" over the Internet, hosted by the MSN Gaming Zone. The "World Team" included participation of over 50,000 people from more than 75 countries, deciding their moves by plurality vote. The game lasted four months, with Kasparov playing "g7" on his 62nd move and announcing a forced checkmate in 28 moves. The World Team voters resigned on October 22. After the game Kasparov said "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas, the complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played."
See also
Correspondence Chess Olympiad
ICCF national member federations
International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster
Internet chess servers
Kasparov versus the World – a game played in 1999 between Garry Kasparov and over 50,000 participants from over 75 countries
World Correspondence Chess Championship
References
Further reading
External links
IECC International E-mail Chess Club
ICCF International Correspondence Chess Federation
FICGS Free Internet Correspondence Games Server
IECG International Email Chess Group
CCLA Correspondence Chess League of America
CCN Archives Correspondence Chess News
Play-by-mail games | [
-0.14550495147705078,
0.10879377275705338,
-0.36278441548347473,
0.1112125962972641,
-0.07386856526136398,
0.18719373643398285,
-0.2359064370393753,
0.0713026374578476,
-0.19966371357440948,
-0.38256487250328064,
-0.4339253902435303,
-0.13061848282814026,
-0.6602708697319031,
0.013152341358363628,
-0.1392170786857605,
0.21434178948402405,
0.4514535665512085,
0.046395864337682724,
-0.25934410095214844,
-0.3421015739440918,
-0.3180057108402252,
0.34734639525413513,
0.008977013640105724,
0.18081429600715637,
-0.1896631419658661,
0.06618912518024445,
-0.0873822346329689,
-0.29564180970191956,
-0.005944620817899704,
0.30757299065589905,
0.23063316941261292,
0.6357576251029968,
0.6247584819793701,
-0.381401002407074,
-0.4100320041179657,
-0.571170449256897,
-0.19091838598251343,
0.20459461212158203,
-0.02247091755270958,
-0.3478935658931732,
0.10558990389108658,
0.4298872649669647,
0.5360825061798096,
0.5786564946174622,
0.33869650959968567,
-0.3765006959438324,
-1.8442474603652954,
0.6194513440132141,
-0.18617156147956848,
-0.33265018463134766,
-0.744101881980896,
0.3791488707065582,
0.3819027841091156,
0.9504669308662415,
0.024809442460536957,
0.6397944092750549,
-0.26381832361221313,
-0.15146231651306152,
0.010933537036180496,
0.38531267642974854,
0.105556920170784,
0.1602921336889267,
0.39804205298423767,
0.15790554881095886,
0.0798269733786583,
0.2063891738653183,
-0.3632902204990387,
0.21232427656650543,
-0.29874616861343384,
-0.65231853723526,
-0.2814326584339142,
-0.22454382479190826,
0.07969218492507935,
-0.24502277374267578,
0.27419963479042053,
-0.1585722416639328,
-0.005845102481544018,
-0.13227885961532593,
0.21039512753486633,
-0.09956157952547073,
-0.5541452169418335,
0.7532965540885925,
0.28035929799079895,
-0.01523833628743887,
0.606009840965271,
-0.05183574557304382,
-0.6344619393348694,
0.628308117389679,
-0.13957518339157104,
0.7449957728385925,
0.583612322807312,
-0.3138778805732727,
0.5263713002204895,
-0.22577965259552002,
-0.24008730053901672,
0.18233616650104523,
-0.4525544345378876,
0.3693675100803375,
0.17878605425357819,
0.14701958000659943,
-0.29375550150871277,
0.04258805513381958,
0.5066730976104736,
-0.24837921559810638,
-0.38037174940109253,
-0.31617334485054016,
-0.46899697184562683,
-0.3599587678909302,
0.15902632474899292,
0.14161624014377594,
-0.6862164735794067,
-0.12529605627059937,
0.306386798620224,
-0.08009900897741318,
-0.48905548453330994,
0.1973676234483719,
-0.09455924481153488,
0.46432989835739136,
0.2532103955745697,
0.2367420196533203,
0.027691317722201347,
0.8074720501899719,
-0.09819947928190231,
0.03674254193902016,
0.09134631603956223,
0.2847878634929657,
0.9561498165130615,
0.9023817181587219,
-0.8672106862068176,
-0.46229276061058044,
-0.21686191856861115,
0.5905647873878479,
-0.09243582934141159,
0.24477466940879822,
-0.10198666155338287,
-0.018711848184466362,
0.358474999666214,
-0.20274366438388824,
-0.2781412899494171,
-0.03080350160598755,
-1.1757837533950806,
0.07588391751050949,
0.2503946125507355,
0.10888014733791351,
0.6768603324890137,
0.4120749533176422,
-0.23910202085971832,
-0.7179973125457764,
0.21745753288269043,
-0.047197118401527405,
-0.29572129249572754,
-0.11434103548526764,
0.04991718381643295,
0.22886046767234802,
-0.5630440711975098,
0.21937166154384613,
0.5007439255714417,
-0.5435197949409485,
0.19971880316734314,
-0.31804928183555603,
0.1316642463207245,
-0.00480668805539608,
-0.42014768719673157,
-0.0759158656001091,
-0.3270356357097626,
-0.40186676383018494,
0.38705307245254517,
0.5995907783508301,
-0.3967147171497345,
0.32586055994033813,
-0.039096932858228683,
0.6831144690513611,
0.023266639560461044,
0.030946562066674232,
-0.11907704174518585,
-0.12816639244556427,
-0.04162313789129257,
0.39034944772720337,
0.9385759234428406,
-0.08346223831176758,
-0.7635445594787598,
-0.06332115083932877,
0.3613353669643402,
-0.25402817130088806,
0.2875972390174866,
0.3501835763454437,
0.29751503467559814,
-0.4541260004043579,
-0.19897155463695526,
0.15291275084018707,
-0.536851704120636,
0.21373635530471802,
-0.00390224764123559,
-0.37680238485336304,
1.238800048828125,
-0.04343215376138687,
-0.7304781675338745,
0.9913813471794128,
0.20014688372612,
0.4044364392757416,
0.131656676530838,
-0.40744349360466003,
-0.011395484209060669,
-0.04109644517302513,
-0.31287381052970886,
0.5514049530029297,
-0.02780064195394516,
0.18097545206546783,
-0.32900965213775635,
0.11882831156253815,
0.11565988510847092,
-0.17026863992214203,
0.37948423624038696,
0.13104338943958282,
0.0534847266972065,
0.3959505259990692,
-0.5742544531822205,
0.5396409630775452,
-0.27637979388237,
0.016222696751356125,
0.8041476607322693,
-0.20950432121753693,
-0.0748838260769844,
0.9413317441940308,
-0.10161103308200836,
0.9015767574310303,
0.12924493849277496,
0.3486880362033844,
0.5366725921630859,
0.17277660965919495,
-0.313185453414917,
-0.09428395330905914,
0.6473619937896729,
-0.2422085404396057,
0.1381784826517105,
-0.35787254571914673,
-0.13607129454612732,
-0.8490941524505615,
-0.28711575269699097,
0.13087889552116394,
0.292614221572876,
0.36651772260665894,
-0.11284239590167999,
0.0505586639046669,
0.09034731239080429,
0.2842547595500946,
-0.4587496817111969,
-0.25012826919555664,
0.11723748594522476,
-0.21990695595741272,
0.4424450397491455,
0.39046710729599,
0.24727177619934082,
-0.2139463871717453,
-0.24175620079040527,
-0.31345483660697937,
0.04755179211497307,
0.15850655734539032,
0.3013068437576294,
0.3065718710422516,
0.05028318986296654,
0.25519827008247375,
-0.25900667905807495,
-0.20183929800987244,
-0.3146929442882538,
-1.0953952074050903,
-0.719656765460968,
-0.34179431200027466,
0.4928854703903198,
0.15428593754768372,
0.6604571342468262,
-0.47161468863487244,
-0.6811589598655701,
-0.02742190472781658,
-0.7238677144050598,
-0.6799545288085938,
-0.3621234893798828,
-0.06545795500278473,
-0.5413575172424316,
-0.255485862493515,
-0.14623352885246277,
0.0902332216501236,
0.27479997277259827,
-0.09430238604545593,
-0.41763296723365784,
-0.24491195380687714,
-0.21214284002780914,
-0.42317524552345276,
0.17117410898208618,
-0.48225516080856323,
0.10919331759214401,
0.5103837251663208,
-0.19894342124462128,
-0.17483943700790405,
0.8194164037704468,
0.7027336359024048,
-0.3757580518722534,
0.2865009903907776,
0.11647835373878479,
-0.2788430154323578,
0.0956263467669487,
0.2559444010257721,
0.10867264121770859,
-0.44280490279197693,
-0.24631626904010773,
-0.5535656809806824,
-0.32051384449005127,
-0.19969962537288666,
-5.900539875030518,
0.37503188848495483,
0.08203580975532532,
-0.3108254075050354,
-0.0009064896730706096,
0.11524427682161331,
0.6663910150527954,
-0.29663142561912537,
0.061722274869680405,
-0.009345769882202148,
-0.29056432843208313,
-0.0011753033613786101,
-0.15224196016788483,
0.04317622631788254,
0.3817521929740906,
0.5341783165931702,
-0.20078592002391815,
-0.2622283697128296,
0.39668434858322144,
0.0985877737402916,
0.07244940847158432,
0.23755009472370148,
0.6578347086906433,
0.7294603586196899,
-0.04479917511343956,
0.35362711548805237,
-0.1629667580127716,
-0.425425261259079,
0.12148632854223251,
0.4369834065437317,
-0.3293367922306061,
0.0390174463391304,
-0.036414191126823425,
-0.054949019104242325,
-0.29576385021209717,
-0.10910140722990036,
1.2540831565856934,
0.5597381591796875,
0.014504006132483482,
-0.14667052030563354,
0.12624479830265045,
0.9770776629447937,
0.15576064586639404,
-0.13310237228870392,
0.39225855469703674,
-0.4263682961463928,
-0.10312328487634659,
-0.19474899768829346,
-0.41403260827064514,
0.1907263845205307,
-0.13793469965457916,
-0.2564091384410858,
0.5830883979797363,
0.05321931093931198,
0.03660246729850769,
-0.08735283464193344,
0.30808308720588684,
-0.1276216208934784,
0.07522697001695633,
0.3331354856491089,
0.09401596337556839,
-0.5274034142494202,
-0.09374456852674484,
-0.517805278301239,
-0.1810484230518341,
-0.3372257351875305,
-0.467629075050354,
-0.17823272943496704,
0.554111659526825,
0.439639687538147,
-0.33566272258758545,
0.32346051931381226,
0.28615498542785645,
-0.7204469442367554,
0.5208232998847961,
-0.35047227144241333,
-0.1385982632637024,
-0.27185192704200745,
0.36921870708465576,
0.5989633202552795,
0.051738131791353226,
-0.33701571822166443,
-0.2906259298324585,
0.213493213057518,
0.2563501298427582,
-0.41125398874282837,
-0.2748149335384369,
0.46670371294021606,
-0.2181750386953354,
0.316398024559021,
0.8794376850128174,
-0.5202243328094482,
0.3064790964126587,
0.36225903034210205,
0.6126986742019653,
0.5514689087867737,
0.516666829586029,
0.10211123526096344,
0.5053605437278748,
-0.14772598445415497,
0.3124232888221741,
-0.5532821416854858,
-0.326984703540802,
-0.6006783246994019,
0.09017164260149002,
-0.02010703645646572,
-0.4333834648132324,
0.6423164010047913,
0.950691282749176,
0.2643939256668091,
-0.2234547734260559,
0.38168779015541077,
-0.630273699760437,
-0.5638314485549927,
0.17583298683166504,
0.05159829929471016,
-0.20472483336925507,
0.4050428867340088,
-0.04040994122624397,
-0.32121312618255615,
-0.39350229501724243,
0.41214242577552795,
0.06873656809329987,
0.09239639341831207,
-0.43110883235931396,
-0.5326104760169983,
0.029623115435242653,
-0.30326396226882935,
0.16655214130878448,
-0.187508225440979,
-0.14944717288017273,
0.2767140865325928,
0.07047712057828903,
0.06759940832853317,
0.055433906614780426,
0.034594159573316574,
-0.25203564763069153,
0.022478660568594933,
-0.08002264052629471,
-0.7802057862281799,
0.3418673872947693,
-0.46590933203697205,
-0.38995620608329773,
0.278959184885025,
0.251849502325058,
-0.09427430480718613,
-0.4214990735054016,
-0.022281156852841377,
-0.22263263165950775,
0.5339860320091248,
-0.19287371635437012,
-0.49411675333976746,
0.37360748648643494,
0.48650896549224854,
-0.3603230118751526,
-0.281173437833786,
-0.1277412474155426,
0.1544986516237259,
0.2226506918668747,
-0.3264261782169342,
0.3162166178226471,
-0.30036604404449463,
-0.8186907768249512,
-0.3661592900753021,
0.11318978667259216,
-0.2812148630619049,
-0.3722109794616699,
-0.1768207550048828,
-0.13907745480537415,
0.3278687000274658,
0.01178131252527237,
-0.5978207588195801,
0.09427184611558914,
-0.2988264262676239,
0.39783960580825806,
0.3813393712043762,
0.09466013312339783,
-0.022745810449123383,
-0.3247548043727875,
-0.35608670115470886,
-0.23474010825157166,
-0.5481224060058594,
-0.0672750324010849,
0.6369411945343018,
-0.04765079542994499,
-0.36312994360923767,
0.5911367535591125,
0.29449793696403503,
-0.37558719515800476,
-0.13788773119449615,
0.23608475923538208,
0.6079866290092468,
0.17429763078689575,
0.01904590055346489,
-0.11165561527013779,
0.018023882061243057,
0.09833639860153198,
0.0058904411271214485,
-0.09005368500947952,
-0.3247419595718384,
0.3721245229244232,
0.22191546857357025,
-0.3166147768497467,
-0.29035279154777527,
0.43765440583229065,
-0.23332643508911133,
0.01734137535095215,
-0.2688223421573639,
-0.46364739537239075,
-0.0063050901517271996,
-0.26042306423187256,
-0.572890043258667,
-0.19143222272396088,
0.1686018407344818,
-0.5920495390892029,
0.03661190718412399,
-0.16935493052005768,
-0.1791897565126419,
0.03501321002840996,
0.34323859214782715,
-0.2869436740875244,
-0.3076527416706085,
-0.49365368485450745,
-0.3000025749206543,
-0.175723597407341,
0.4324076771736145,
0.061208561062812805,
-0.5864489078521729,
0.40332698822021484,
0.0497782900929451,
0.006717946846038103,
-0.17927773296833038,
0.1564781218767166,
0.15132342278957367,
-0.044969890266656876,
-0.5994082689285278,
-0.3381192684173584,
0.05297321081161499,
-0.1851615011692047,
-0.36705681681632996,
0.15961013734340668,
0.32237374782562256,
0.1620200276374817,
0.021981511265039444,
-0.42042073607444763,
0.1780690848827362,
0.44450926780700684,
-0.7237219214439392,
-0.17986075580120087,
-0.03140513598918915,
0.2789526581764221,
-0.23014184832572937,
-0.3525243401527405,
-0.11568384617567062,
0.18137170374393463,
-0.3554314374923706,
0.0663117840886116,
0.22720865905284882,
0.2666822671890259,
0.3407115340232849,
-0.12452743202447891,
-0.35073724389076233,
-0.294518381357193,
-0.19419705867767334,
0.2010970562696457,
-0.08323154598474503,
0.2988182008266449,
-0.05554269999265671,
-0.18306662142276764,
0.12190616130828857,
-0.03783932700753212,
-0.7426992058753967,
0.9051289558410645,
0.3431321382522583,
0.2743389904499054,
-0.00022896507289260626,
0.09936105459928513,
0.2711028754711151,
-0.6145243048667908,
0.7898315787315369,
-0.651229202747345,
-0.4129946231842041,
0.1556345373392105,
-0.600949764251709,
0.16225063800811768,
-0.3193953037261963,
0.02532207779586315,
-0.2289593666791916,
-0.26468512415885925,
-0.3542320430278778,
-0.6673112511634827,
0.03178049996495247,
-0.5777049660682678,
0.4218688905239105,
-0.40171390771865845,
-0.3645802140235901,
-0.023129764944314957,
0.3654688894748688,
0.05311233177781105,
-0.004701463505625725,
-0.7609047293663025,
0.6992957592010498,
0.21075090765953064,
-0.6712019443511963,
0.1842442899942398,
0.1984434574842453,
-0.11570610105991364,
-0.5961951017379761,
-0.04780985787510872,
0.2979285418987274,
-0.26322659850120544,
-0.26298248767852783,
0.4222413897514343,
0.37927576899528503,
-0.1396787017583847,
0.07848117500543594,
0.4095204472541809,
-0.34122323989868164,
0.15314315259456635,
0.02158479206264019,
0.8196176886558533,
-0.19331766664981842,
0.5225163102149963,
0.1211487352848053,
-0.8403744101524353,
0.4765278995037079,
-0.09780752658843994,
-0.4169241786003113,
0.2748464345932007,
-0.12688079476356506,
0.6783129572868347,
0.34434792399406433,
-0.4005810618400574,
0.1290043592453003,
0.2477969080209732,
-0.6943573355674744,
-0.04621312394738197,
-0.6410433053970337,
-0.12975174188613892,
0.2800217866897583,
0.2811541259288788,
0.267975389957428,
-0.21460159122943878,
-0.07530542463064194,
-0.42757168412208557,
-0.13473939895629883,
0.4247877597808838,
0.5173142552375793,
-0.9796233773231506,
-0.06906586140394211,
0.6616971492767334,
0.2502712607383728,
0.35488161444664,
0.34354305267333984,
-0.12105576694011688,
-0.06315405666828156,
0.08285945653915405,
-0.2696611285209656,
0.2021726816892624,
-0.19762353599071503,
0.25831735134124756,
0.5079792141914368,
0.21405081450939178,
-0.18541385233402252,
0.19305042922496796,
0.38302627205848694,
0.43094494938850403,
-0.9322757720947266,
0.036027275025844574,
0.08986331522464752,
-0.21715858578681946,
0.1789478212594986,
0.06633489578962326,
0.7631723284721375,
-0.46994549036026,
-0.26294583082199097,
0.1062096506357193,
0.6765759587287903,
0.07162332534790039,
0.24884997308254242,
-0.343378484249115,
-0.18880769610404968,
-0.18014320731163025,
-0.6491636037826538,
-0.2547408938407898,
-0.49114248156547546,
-0.09748084843158722,
0.4463258981704712,
-0.03810908645391464,
0.2463599592447281,
-0.011583635583519936,
-0.3618379533290863,
-0.17753703892230988,
0.4274236857891083,
0.6671252846717834,
-0.3574635982513428,
-0.11205816268920898,
0.9576735496520996,
0.2628723680973053,
0.6088622808456421,
-0.14444270730018616,
-0.5138125419616699,
0.7470408082008362,
-0.0005477273371070623,
-0.591995120048523,
-0.022286871448159218,
-0.4494141638278961,
0.1260264366865158,
-1.0639358758926392,
0.3656080961227417,
0.5652807950973511,
-0.19027848541736603,
0.03820328041911125,
0.059919845312833786,
0.11476439237594604,
0.197601780295372,
0.6454450488090515,
-0.2546882927417755,
0.0644104853272438,
-0.12581738829612732,
-0.04527109116315842,
-0.21428558230400085,
0.4313415288925171,
0.26701653003692627,
-0.327057808637619,
0.15933643281459808,
0.44459372758865356,
-0.43854671716690063,
-0.6605204343795776,
0.49087533354759216,
-0.21050825715065002,
0.19902893900871277,
-0.31308218836784363,
0.21090203523635864,
0.010287853889167309,
-0.28447580337524414,
0.08394485712051392,
0.08000661432743073,
0.5233988165855408,
-0.4377983808517456,
0.36007577180862427,
0.3036249577999115,
-0.267781138420105,
0.215343177318573,
-0.37384599447250366,
0.12769043445587158,
-0.3031725585460663,
-0.5603057146072388,
-0.5707811713218689,
0.4614281952381134,
0.41303086280822754,
-0.476921409368515,
0.5217590928077698,
-0.15155161917209625,
0.22684243321418762,
0.8528888821601868,
0.31736990809440613,
-1.0590440034866333,
-0.1986069679260254,
0.49094057083129883
] |
217736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPO | EPO | EPO or epo may refer to:
Organisations
EPO (publisher), Belgium
European Patent Office
Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra, US
Science and technology
Education and public outreach
Electrolytic plasma oxidation, a metal surface treatment process
Emergency power off
Erythropoietin, red blood cell production hormone
Evening primrose oil
Eosinophil peroxidase, an enzyme
Other uses
Esperanto (ISO 639-2 code), a constructed language
Emergency protection order, per Children Act 1989
European Payment Order
Exclusive provider organization, in US health insurance
Emergency Powers Order per Irish 1939–1946 Emergency Powers Act 1939 | [
0.4798504114151001,
0.37869566679000854,
-0.2812994420528412,
-0.14749547839164734,
0.22705943882465363,
-0.045283008366823196,
-0.31262409687042236,
0.07293571531772614,
-0.35981929302215576,
0.13461388647556305,
-0.7376514077186584,
0.3736882209777832,
-0.21732811629772186,
-0.06358219683170319,
0.019280362874269485,
-0.010876696556806564,
0.5675159692764282,
0.8327291011810303,
-0.8205995559692383,
-0.5328803062438965,
-0.3332035541534424,
0.02550244890153408,
0.1695697009563446,
-0.06695571541786194,
0.2151346057653427,
-0.06178134307265282,
-0.1739756315946579,
-0.6621463894844055,
-0.20394745469093323,
0.10191039741039276,
0.3165077269077301,
0.710161030292511,
0.060303568840026855,
-0.26355427503585815,
-0.2300577163696289,
0.29956182837486267,
-0.6295836567878723,
-0.28274157643318176,
-0.2650814652442932,
-0.3457035720348358,
0.10281338542699814,
-0.20313362777233124,
0.23998220264911652,
0.06970793753862381,
-0.2794041633605957,
-0.29265153408050537,
-1.4873805046081543,
0.40882015228271484,
-0.3776795566082001,
0.900983452796936,
-0.039679933339357376,
-0.061471644788980484,
-0.10536812245845795,
0.36738526821136475,
0.04639758542180061,
0.09351326525211334,
-0.7277944087982178,
-0.1180385947227478,
0.1864093542098999,
-0.87503582239151,
0.25614550709724426,
0.05848035588860512,
-0.09578843414783478,
0.2014794796705246,
0.42522740364074707,
-0.21998241543769836,
0.13794361054897308,
0.22234231233596802,
-0.4309537708759308,
-0.3683045208454132,
0.025529909878969193,
-0.4047638475894928,
-0.5985715389251709,
-0.5260719656944275,
0.10554316639900208,
-0.9329058527946472,
0.12312348186969757,
-0.20261706411838531,
-0.022638708353042603,
0.7197739481925964,
0.6151441931724548,
0.5923575162887573,
0.5438809990882874,
0.0383087657392025,
0.25966915488243103,
0.13268393278121948,
-0.86701899766922,
0.3081006407737732,
-0.22372129559516907,
-0.555685818195343,
0.5801339149475098,
-0.5317919850349426,
0.6030082702636719,
-0.3755645155906677,
-0.09318108856678009,
0.6073065996170044,
0.059296682476997375,
-0.34732672572135925,
0.041278790682554245,
0.020058173686265945,
-0.1417192965745926,
-0.14669960737228394,
-0.03551356866955757,
-0.3759444057941437,
-0.49574118852615356,
0.222247913479805,
0.03952981159090996,
-0.1433572918176651,
0.4874419569969177,
-0.11577759683132172,
-0.15097422897815704,
-0.1031520813703537,
-0.07808887213468552,
0.15871787071228027,
0.14815157651901245,
-0.15083184838294983,
0.10855942964553833,
0.44606098532676697,
0.014102676883339882,
0.4121897220611572,
0.13444963097572327,
1.077802062034607,
0.2127634733915329,
0.556200385093689,
0.2315128892660141,
0.3113495409488678,
0.2042207568883896,
0.6701080203056335,
-0.6057412028312683,
-0.10045605897903442,
-0.0030668035615235567,
0.41056010127067566,
-0.28930601477622986,
0.029581261798739433,
-0.1303236484527588,
0.6760557293891907,
0.13825148344039917,
0.5125900506973267,
0.43627652525901794,
0.4407389163970947,
-0.5806360244750977,
0.04819691926240921,
-0.5563414692878723,
-0.21869827806949615,
-0.07884260267019272,
-0.4173732101917267,
-0.46912792325019836,
0.1615123599767685,
0.021340185776352882,
-0.13207605481147766,
0.280748575925827,
-0.8114024996757507,
-0.40558919310569763,
0.12415935099124908,
0.09763390570878983,
0.1912543922662735,
0.5281108021736145,
-0.13795694708824158,
-0.023955518379807472,
-0.33131125569343567,
0.4540278911590576,
-0.17188525199890137,
-0.20667210221290588,
0.40618133544921875,
0.13770723342895508,
0.3664868175983429,
-0.3427908718585968,
0.5548133254051208,
0.13761670887470245,
-0.01851614937186241,
0.09929311275482178,
-0.18958944082260132,
0.24652379751205444,
0.1609833836555481,
0.03434582054615021,
0.4153691232204437,
0.14305998384952545,
0.592721700668335,
0.5418223738670349,
0.4794411063194275,
-0.7772156000137329,
0.49315065145492554,
-0.04839484393596649,
-0.7401927709579468,
-0.07862493395805359,
0.2666998505592346,
0.3137458860874176,
0.13565175235271454,
-0.05256197974085808,
0.36782070994377136,
-0.20805424451828003,
-0.507712721824646,
0.23815801739692688,
-0.8607503175735474,
1.2228606939315796,
-0.20197103917598724,
-0.4012840986251831,
0.4819965660572052,
-0.10637661069631577,
0.08239440619945526,
0.269715815782547,
0.29944097995758057,
0.8174822330474854,
-0.422010600566864,
-0.652052640914917,
0.3743789494037628,
0.23770950734615326,
-0.1634705513715744,
0.011303589679300785,
-0.16380271315574646,
0.2407960593700409,
-0.2604042887687683,
0.6994085311889648,
-0.2946971356868744,
0.08091786503791809,
-0.1420540064573288,
-0.2144555300474167,
0.5176732540130615,
-0.3038080334663391,
0.01805679313838482,
0.35682737827301025,
-0.2370433658361435,
0.19306600093841553,
0.37940114736557007,
-0.1800660640001297,
0.6164954900741577,
0.16899290680885315,
0.0009146317606791854,
0.7586408257484436,
-0.5142548084259033,
0.508306622505188,
-0.0106186019256711,
0.06835752725601196,
-0.16641098260879517,
0.07471905648708344,
-0.07627717405557632,
-0.33276212215423584,
-0.6259714365005493,
0.3088844418525696,
-0.24089385569095612,
0.05272478982806206,
0.25284695625305176,
-0.4110647737979889,
-0.06505128741264343,
0.47295260429382324,
0.09409385174512863,
0.027462689206004143,
0.09568101167678833,
0.1615976244211197,
0.6325894594192505,
-0.0703238695859909,
0.2513989210128784,
-0.0529416985809803,
-0.31450027227401733,
-0.03225823491811752,
-0.19359593093395233,
0.19661977887153625,
0.055609967559576035,
0.14120586216449738,
0.07689663022756577,
-0.36157453060150146,
-0.648791491985321,
0.34236598014831543,
0.21606364846229553,
0.36304524540901184,
-0.962052047252655,
-0.3636891543865204,
-0.7137524485588074,
0.39151886105537415,
0.19329911470413208,
0.589523196220398,
0.34942322969436646,
-0.5338056683540344,
0.002794877626001835,
-0.21616142988204956,
-0.03678475320339203,
0.11591562628746033,
0.33682969212532043,
-0.06262896955013275,
-0.7241861820220947,
-0.055021923035383224,
0.09049835056066513,
-0.12965287268161774,
-0.6826069951057434,
-0.06142447888851166,
0.3832884430885315,
-0.2079162746667862,
-0.6235162019729614,
-0.25705578923225403,
-0.19669663906097412,
-0.039638716727495193,
0.2292669266462326,
0.1014581099152565,
-0.32958489656448364,
0.8638220429420471,
0.1636531949043274,
-0.09454699605703354,
0.5492275357246399,
0.012070128694176674,
-0.5119743347167969,
-0.23568984866142273,
-0.10682147741317749,
-0.22822535037994385,
0.27771028876304626,
0.4989773631095886,
-0.13682982325553894,
-0.045140914618968964,
-0.3279423117637634,
-5.963514804840088,
-0.23491951823234558,
-0.5798658728599548,
0.24637803435325623,
-0.2518823444843292,
0.018174221739172935,
0.7649299502372742,
-0.10997360944747925,
-0.21591122448444366,
-0.2410646229982376,
0.07216854393482208,
0.45722508430480957,
0.13828440010547638,
0.7095288634300232,
-0.07341351360082626,
0.8532313108444214,
-0.5116512775421143,
0.2983710765838623,
0.20384497940540314,
-0.13916929066181183,
0.014530490152537823,
-0.2362707406282425,
0.22049757838249207,
0.5313146710395813,
0.1464308649301529,
-0.15750248730182648,
-0.615105390548706,
0.4005469083786011,
-0.14056193828582764,
-0.35035043954849243,
0.14306427538394928,
-0.3864171504974365,
0.10803185403347015,
-0.5143037438392639,
0.14029240608215332,
-0.21950754523277283,
0.8234878778457642,
0.36536362767219543,
-0.3131769597530365,
-0.2482277750968933,
-0.23691478371620178,
0.09968172013759613,
0.04755048826336861,
-0.15013037621974945,
-0.16642746329307556,
-0.14096133410930634,
0.16151383519172668,
-0.2982422411441803,
-0.1117984876036644,
0.8136577010154724,
-0.33669984340667725,
0.10298647731542587,
0.22494059801101685,
-0.04559842124581337,
0.15782879292964935,
0.4591611623764038,
0.0037694526836276054,
0.40756526589393616,
0.40679609775543213,
0.027162620797753334,
0.2017371505498886,
-0.07393226772546768,
-0.2967444956302643,
-0.43113863468170166,
-0.4668811559677124,
0.37051939964294434,
-0.6909413933753967,
-0.25570276379585266,
0.7865528464317322,
0.1120753064751625,
-0.08103828877210617,
-0.17025168240070343,
0.045793235301971436,
-0.9098487496376038,
-0.7574670910835266,
-0.5779529213905334,
0.8730581402778625,
0.13153833150863647,
-0.09795182943344116,
0.44260647892951965,
-0.5452516674995422,
0.3841891884803772,
-0.09500676393508911,
0.012783532030880451,
-0.004923549946397543,
0.26955145597457886,
-0.13363848626613617,
0.32801681756973267,
-0.2755986750125885,
0.30488279461860657,
0.8107905983924866,
0.35445675253868103,
-0.07419507205486298,
0.710868775844574,
0.1931329369544983,
0.19059763848781586,
0.16247136890888214,
0.4768049418926239,
0.3133065700531006,
-0.06719878315925598,
-0.38536256551742554,
0.18376581370830536,
-0.3003617227077484,
-0.53212571144104,
-0.2123667150735855,
-0.21076665818691254,
-0.5484058856964111,
-0.4332496225833893,
0.7190475463867188,
-0.5427972674369812,
-0.27665501832962036,
-0.010225570760667324,
0.11437927186489105,
-0.2398899644613266,
-0.036016203463077545,
-0.0650719478726387,
0.380743145942688,
0.29538843035697937,
0.49863699078559875,
-0.5291396379470825,
0.06257177144289017,
0.3953392207622528,
-0.2531920075416565,
-0.3540440499782562,
-0.6566720008850098,
-0.017564421519637108,
0.009257667697966099,
0.08857284486293793,
0.20285120606422424,
-0.04457570239901543,
-0.16945481300354004,
0.15002109110355377,
0.07136572897434235,
0.20734670758247375,
0.6712029576301575,
0.17996041476726532,
-0.640842616558075,
0.46925097703933716,
0.36425143480300903,
-0.1845388114452362,
0.19771161675453186,
-0.6311262249946594,
0.09033574163913727,
-0.0333966501057148,
0.6966870427131653,
0.14116346836090088,
-0.4321765899658203,
-0.14633780717849731,
-0.08725444227457047,
0.46870049834251404,
0.6192500591278076,
-0.048857029527425766,
0.49782896041870117,
-0.007768226321786642,
-0.09178471565246582,
0.07054605334997177,
-0.15088970959186554,
-0.020446328446269035,
-0.16356584429740906,
-0.2636021375656128,
0.42526116967201233,
-0.036659691482782364,
-0.9361217021942139,
-0.3131900727748871,
0.766947865486145,
-0.6961702108383179,
-0.2940810024738312,
-0.19720430672168732,
-0.5090793967247009,
0.21147029101848602,
0.067203089594841,
-0.32842305302619934,
-0.16898779571056366,
-0.21555225551128387,
0.2565690279006958,
0.05118035897612572,
0.12707263231277466,
-0.056529074907302856,
-0.38092240691185,
-0.02090580016374588,
0.8267087340354919,
-0.45051342248916626,
-0.3439263105392456,
0.05315576121211052,
0.22600272297859192,
-0.35563036799430847,
0.29758092761039734,
-0.0840924009680748,
0.1624525934457779,
-0.33942562341690063,
-0.309604287147522,
-0.10039421170949936,
0.30529752373695374,
0.16585184633731842,
-0.09165854752063751,
-0.22278162837028503,
-0.09854662418365479,
0.034290559589862823,
-0.009775733575224876,
-0.6216497421264648,
0.38209694623947144,
-0.17315128445625305,
-0.13366609811782837,
-0.4487583339214325,
-0.6325566172599792,
-0.21802540123462677,
-0.2438393086194992,
-0.4197317361831665,
-0.3469012975692749,
0.16707846522331238,
-0.2096307873725891,
-0.5061308741569519,
0.07023326307535172,
0.7232833504676819,
-0.4201279282569885,
0.3178357779979706,
0.30287811160087585,
-0.07104091346263885,
-0.6914807558059692,
0.009302802383899689,
0.006884329486638308,
0.355628103017807,
-0.052606385201215744,
0.21372255682945251,
0.25842323899269104,
0.3517068028450012,
0.4489145576953888,
-0.6146852970123291,
0.4133281707763672,
-0.2761804163455963,
-0.43712350726127625,
0.24630187451839447,
-0.5885737538337708,
0.27228477597236633,
-0.2221646010875702,
0.24611948430538177,
-0.3626105785369873,
-0.2503645718097687,
0.04750040918588638,
0.46538427472114563,
-0.14407390356063843,
0.1652316004037857,
-0.023732472211122513,
-0.534489095211029,
-0.3161095976829529,
0.712486207485199,
0.2946151793003082,
-0.7235704064369202,
-0.5928159356117249,
0.2174457162618637,
0.6046077013015747,
0.030610550194978714,
-0.18783682584762573,
-0.09918329119682312,
0.4458235204219818,
-0.39161747694015503,
0.01357540674507618,
0.2629973590373993,
-0.23483139276504517,
0.21555328369140625,
-0.18234173953533173,
-0.15977099537849426,
-0.16103193163871765,
-0.04635066166520119,
0.4302441477775574,
0.4268806576728821,
-0.39564570784568787,
-0.9642826914787292,
-0.10223596543073654,
-0.451467901468277,
0.06352521479129791,
0.3637748956680298,
0.9538507461547852,
0.6294279098510742,
0.5384734272956848,
-0.3096209168434143,
0.06017467379570007,
-0.596022367477417,
-0.11960800737142563,
0.15978284180164337,
-0.36527425050735474,
0.37166211009025574,
0.19012397527694702,
-0.05980809032917023,
0.025694280862808228,
-0.7251575589179993,
0.039776723831892014,
-0.08349774032831192,
-0.3049687445163727,
-0.30043089389801025,
0.053689487278461456,
-0.017251644283533096,
-0.5558294653892517,
0.07211747765541077,
-0.3647194802761078,
0.16838501393795013,
-0.26215988397598267,
-0.41062483191490173,
0.11439824104309082,
-0.1665218621492386,
-0.8324072957038879,
0.3755970597267151,
0.5151304006576538,
-0.14001156389713287,
-0.21377255022525787,
0.7398968935012817,
-0.0494292750954628,
-0.4573318362236023,
-0.6278656125068665,
-0.6367616653442383,
0.33972784876823425,
-0.9137341976165771,
-0.2622612416744232,
0.8650749325752258,
0.0028647156432271004,
0.2653430104255676,
0.2028278261423111,
-0.8655831217765808,
0.2874130606651306,
0.10480824112892151,
0.4441959261894226,
0.14137743413448334,
0.24307136237621307,
0.07072763890028,
-0.278451532125473,
-0.12832011282444,
0.3253498077392578,
0.3126368224620819,
0.052475254982709885,
0.35167521238327026,
1.0373597145080566,
0.23987308144569397,
0.23909661173820496,
0.5295971035957336,
-0.35831955075263977,
-0.3786972463130951,
-0.18783889710903168,
-0.46020081639289856,
-0.3928917646408081,
0.834202229976654,
0.3682343661785126,
0.33624377846717834,
-0.19482296705245972,
-0.13778170943260193,
-0.011532952077686787,
0.2523826062679291,
0.04658493027091026,
-0.2781306505203247,
-0.26326072216033936,
0.36233025789260864,
0.11087530106306076,
0.0441049225628376,
-0.2634205222129822,
-0.06927895545959473,
-0.35820725560188293,
0.1601530909538269,
0.12182612717151642,
-0.07415059208869934,
0.7816445827484131,
0.0738396868109703,
0.04535113275051117,
0.5887839794158936,
0.47899559140205383,
0.18992294371128082,
-0.22624166309833527,
-0.21159003674983978,
-0.10398586094379425,
-0.2861594557762146,
0.010637262836098671,
0.002192441141232848,
0.23150835931301117,
-0.31497055292129517,
-0.630527138710022,
0.01644575409591198,
-0.3762624263763428,
-0.2157888263463974,
0.61231529712677,
0.2981363534927368,
0.7460671067237854,
0.3417564034461975,
-0.6341221928596497,
-0.15743154287338257,
-0.07472790032625198,
-0.6425190567970276,
0.33623310923576355,
-0.5847156643867493,
-0.05406021326780319,
-0.019275477156043053,
-0.3822854459285736,
0.1889890432357788,
-0.39854517579078674,
-0.905631959438324,
0.31990694999694824,
-0.0916374996304512,
0.09367010742425919,
-0.3795053958892822,
-0.20339128375053406,
0.5067761540412903,
-0.013500475324690342,
-0.13556313514709473,
0.022384773939847946,
-0.16250395774841309,
0.5433691143989563,
-0.4662574231624603,
0.2628094553947449,
0.5295658111572266,
-0.423617422580719,
0.41507843136787415,
-0.22050133347511292,
0.1639624834060669,
0.6368505358695984,
0.41465795040130615,
-0.0050847758539021015,
0.29181963205337524,
0.47464719414711,
-0.08440306782722473,
0.2494944930076599,
0.02208615653216839,
0.06846791505813599,
-0.1662234663963318,
0.3282789885997772,
-0.1644253432750702,
0.29133546352386475,
0.059711042791604996,
-0.47998765110969543,
0.24346697330474854,
0.7047793865203857,
-0.03872084617614746,
-0.024732735008001328,
0.5855509638786316,
-0.29847508668899536,
-0.24864386022090912,
-0.5567892789840698,
0.3209095597267151,
-0.6102455854415894,
0.09696716070175171,
-0.38502123951911926,
0.23746491968631744,
-0.1403566300868988,
-0.28979989886283875,
0.2384692281484604,
0.3039160966873169,
0.213465616106987,
-0.026521241292357445,
-0.1061895564198494,
-0.05080343782901764,
-0.3195827305316925,
-0.3703596293926239,
-0.6274017691612244,
-0.08185155689716339,
0.17560914158821106,
-0.9215318560600281,
0.2760372459888458,
0.1494939625263214,
0.1816873997449875,
-0.47257885336875916,
0.2088419646024704,
0.04636475071310997,
0.10157494246959686,
0.2441776692867279
] |
217741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write%E2%80%93read%20conflict | Write–read conflict | In computer science, in the field of databases, write–read conflict, also known as reading uncommitted data, is a computational anomaly associated with interleaved execution of transactions.
Given a schedule S
T2 could read a database object A, modified by T1 which hasn't committed. This is a dirty read.
T1 may write some value into A which makes the database inconsistent. It is possible that interleaved execution can expose this inconsistency and lead to inconsistent final database state, violating ACID rules.
Strict 2PL overcomes this inconsistency by locking T2 out from performing a Read/Write on A. Note however that Strict 2PL can have a number of drawbacks, such as the possibility of deadlocks.
See also
Concurrency control
Read–write conflict
Write–write conflict
References
Data management
Transaction processing | [
-0.1807376593351364,
0.25276198983192444,
-0.33443498611450195,
0.2894164025783539,
-0.05219192057847977,
-0.119796983897686,
-0.06460807472467422,
-0.05198788642883301,
0.2332964539527893,
-0.3058263063430786,
-0.39185693860054016,
0.4804935157299042,
-0.45585787296295166,
0.49030327796936035,
-0.38200318813323975,
0.41307660937309265,
0.11205637454986572,
0.07110545039176941,
0.12377428263425827,
-0.11513037979602814,
-0.12795007228851318,
0.07791963964700699,
-0.2178146243095398,
0.0031166677363216877,
0.3958244323730469,
-0.19243250787258148,
0.14014773070812225,
-0.2241283506155014,
-0.2934419512748718,
0.07257465273141861,
0.15534824132919312,
0.5033389329910278,
0.3102528750896454,
0.2722111940383911,
0.008870747871696949,
0.16055317223072052,
-0.452502578496933,
-0.05762277916073799,
0.07142885774374008,
-0.5211700797080994,
0.5195063948631287,
-0.14988426864147186,
-0.3642812967300415,
0.20267735421657562,
-0.10278313606977463,
-0.24634869396686554,
-1.8486024141311646,
0.16675831377506256,
-0.6971709132194519,
-0.08872208744287491,
-0.6623789668083191,
1.0064342021942139,
-0.04944814741611481,
0.5361113548278809,
-0.25066322088241577,
0.429700642824173,
-0.24962572753429413,
-0.7086028456687927,
0.43128395080566406,
-0.16894210875034332,
0.9462250471115112,
-0.1989128440618515,
-0.23330307006835938,
0.06174845993518829,
-0.1261725276708603,
-0.25194743275642395,
0.12504158914089203,
0.1326773315668106,
-0.7833367586135864,
-0.5295337438583374,
-0.14763550460338593,
0.23491725325584412,
-0.27526208758354187,
-0.2012459933757782,
-0.42473259568214417,
0.36704620718955994,
0.17901264131069183,
0.2557532787322998,
-0.36288365721702576,
-0.12973177433013916,
-0.5202293992042542,
0.6546295285224915,
-0.021152425557374954,
-0.27458634972572327,
0.6097858548164368,
-0.6830112934112549,
-0.7452664971351624,
0.27977001667022705,
-0.3455657958984375,
0.4787410795688629,
0.0718773603439331,
0.15489919483661652,
-0.04400395601987839,
0.05660340562462807,
0.050827667117118835,
0.049701906740665436,
0.2916759252548218,
0.06640470027923584,
0.4201086759567261,
0.09563948959112167,
0.32668447494506836,
-0.41448554396629333,
0.8647016882896423,
0.15883809328079224,
-0.0980980321764946,
-0.10241547971963882,
-0.41277462244033813,
-0.5070367455482483,
0.5794451832771301,
-0.4177732765674591,
-0.06419019401073456,
0.1875905990600586,
-0.03027508780360222,
0.11958262324333191,
-0.4899076819419861,
0.10588652640581131,
-0.11542447656393051,
0.3138512372970581,
0.039145901799201965,
0.033258192241191864,
0.18599268794059753,
0.4742964506149292,
-0.2094142585992813,
0.19211748242378235,
0.006293672602623701,
-0.11434303969144821,
0.3300810754299164,
0.49107709527015686,
-1.0138171911239624,
-0.11068734526634216,
0.3402019143104553,
0.940313458442688,
-0.048695288598537445,
-0.25360095500946045,
-0.2017499953508377,
0.3967519998550415,
0.6472309827804565,
0.005807424429804087,
0.7128648161888123,
-0.05574088543653488,
-0.33341673016548157,
-0.721141517162323,
-0.28185492753982544,
0.07399024814367294,
0.19235804677009583,
0.2642053961753845,
-0.023839745670557022,
-0.41194862127304077,
-0.019397104158997536,
-0.31075701117515564,
-0.10852078348398209,
-0.3794735372066498,
-0.36374062299728394,
0.039071742445230484,
0.11408323049545288,
0.16257694363594055,
0.16330145299434662,
-0.15047790110111237,
-0.4522785246372223,
0.6030907034873962,
-0.012199458666145802,
0.3002190887928009,
-0.9242600202560425,
-0.2826039493083954,
-0.6192427277565002,
-0.18694084882736206,
0.5453178882598877,
0.3205476403236389,
-0.059589412063360214,
0.056050702929496765,
-0.2570899724960327,
0.03124306909739971,
0.7013686299324036,
-0.5409185886383057,
0.3192547857761383,
0.3995180130004883,
0.03456328436732292,
0.3954097628593445,
0.7136134505271912,
0.42820775508880615,
-0.5197731852531433,
0.14111238718032837,
0.18472996354103088,
0.2691924273967743,
-0.17875291407108307,
0.4483950436115265,
0.3898429870605469,
-0.3708770275115967,
-0.6854234933853149,
-0.3032909631729126,
-0.5912252068519592,
-0.17901897430419922,
-0.004662360064685345,
-0.35790959000587463,
1.0802913904190063,
-0.12546803057193756,
-0.3475629389286041,
1.0735493898391724,
0.09900401532649994,
0.445677787065506,
-0.0061326236464083195,
0.25609275698661804,
0.6848387718200684,
-0.04718707501888275,
-0.5827510952949524,
0.3621719479560852,
0.08286436647176743,
-0.23514766991138458,
-0.6614829301834106,
0.27845433354377747,
0.2917183041572571,
-0.22857655584812164,
-0.29999181628227234,
-0.17468106746673584,
0.14181557297706604,
0.2233082354068756,
-0.6655759811401367,
0.023176416754722595,
-0.21931055188179016,
-0.016175884753465652,
0.4114952087402344,
-0.3507547378540039,
0.34992799162864685,
0.8978928923606873,
-0.03747235983610153,
0.6448425054550171,
0.11220899224281311,
0.7445951700210571,
0.8711128234863281,
-0.7990749478340149,
-0.16988569498062134,
0.3250119686126709,
0.3312709927558899,
-0.6125081181526184,
-0.30657804012298584,
-0.08490478247404099,
0.17531032860279083,
-0.07498621195554733,
0.29944613575935364,
0.0361412838101387,
-0.48710981011390686,
0.7391437888145447,
-0.30377599596977234,
0.42558375000953674,
-0.14555735886096954,
-0.31203070282936096,
-0.30216407775878906,
0.497763454914093,
-0.09669766575098038,
0.16555452346801758,
0.3525370657444,
0.7525056004524231,
-0.03909064829349518,
-0.5727131366729736,
0.21699491143226624,
-0.09991978853940964,
0.2384040802717209,
0.24373140931129456,
-0.05220913514494896,
-0.266421377658844,
-0.44562405347824097,
0.20386825501918793,
-0.01577465608716011,
-0.1379169523715973,
-0.22413276135921478,
-0.4343568980693817,
-0.36957937479019165,
0.21718953549861908,
-0.000823133799713105,
-0.015253877267241478,
0.6709144115447998,
-0.2886422276496887,
-0.571354866027832,
0.0631009042263031,
-0.6471973657608032,
-0.08523725718259811,
0.13952548801898956,
0.018878823146224022,
-0.21906545758247375,
-0.5296207070350647,
0.09055289626121521,
0.2933122515678406,
0.0014828972052782774,
-1.0013341903686523,
0.05126982554793358,
-0.06196865811944008,
-0.23497618734836578,
-0.12818244099617004,
-0.07069031894207001,
-0.4256017208099365,
-0.518789529800415,
0.40604615211486816,
0.24838006496429443,
0.3878099024295807,
0.6298307180404663,
0.8159879446029663,
0.20598222315311432,
0.1757666915655136,
0.3265330195426941,
0.3245697319507599,
0.06769432127475739,
0.4876502752304077,
-0.37464651465415955,
-0.22274895012378693,
-0.024433178827166557,
-0.4521002769470215,
-0.8596994876861572,
0.29752272367477417,
-5.857761859893799,
0.2831365466117859,
-0.07571956515312195,
-0.10766144841909409,
-0.19966311752796173,
0.19008848071098328,
0.6413974165916443,
-0.03809639811515808,
-0.14955520629882812,
-0.2471749633550644,
0.016478050500154495,
-0.37388044595718384,
-0.014423884451389313,
0.13085229694843292,
0.270207941532135,
0.36646774411201477,
0.7576479315757751,
-0.6323196887969971,
0.2572135627269745,
0.33596858382225037,
-0.2068728506565094,
0.2756967842578888,
-0.23240536451339722,
0.1816125363111496,
-0.13111254572868347,
-0.015732303261756897,
0.13513481616973877,
-0.16045653820037842,
-0.1702771931886673,
-0.0695643499493599,
-0.07038531452417374,
-0.1119690090417862,
-0.26363199949264526,
-0.3338618278503418,
0.006486736238002777,
0.01924331672489643,
0.4706842303276062,
0.08392847329378128,
0.0015118307201191783,
0.013688640668988228,
0.05800078436732292,
0.14923253655433655,
0.6402777433395386,
0.06259511411190033,
0.32240626215934753,
0.3659321665763855,
0.00029808940598741174,
-0.18973056972026825,
-0.0339791476726532,
0.3285743296146393,
-0.2790483236312866,
-0.18798354268074036,
0.41274333000183105,
-0.096747487783432,
0.5146481394767761,
-0.0013808781513944268,
0.47646117210388184,
-0.8676849603652954,
-0.36726436018943787,
-0.030715065076947212,
0.34162452816963196,
-0.8500326871871948,
0.04186735302209854,
-0.4636635184288025,
0.016649680212140083,
-0.5022340416908264,
-0.15159009397029877,
-0.43788942694664,
1.083802342414856,
0.16075916588306427,
-0.21118231117725372,
0.50017249584198,
0.18729686737060547,
-0.9044961333274841,
0.16867581009864807,
-0.2567569613456726,
0.24024923145771027,
0.25582215189933777,
0.16238562762737274,
-0.5677806735038757,
-0.3440135419368744,
0.2225150465965271,
-0.3445430099964142,
-0.468354731798172,
0.2931218147277832,
-0.38273006677627563,
-0.14841479063034058,
0.5056939125061035,
-0.3068860173225403,
0.392302542924881,
0.5234509110450745,
-0.02147970348596573,
0.08139422535896301,
0.30075570940971375,
0.36291101574897766,
0.3878118395805359,
0.036473825573921204,
0.5846861004829407,
0.24626588821411133,
0.2840930223464966,
0.4250231385231018,
-0.5183250308036804,
0.29925015568733215,
-1.1780788898468018,
-0.3284785747528076,
0.16675691306591034,
-0.46585384011268616,
0.49575987458229065,
0.09295187145471573,
-0.037154704332351685,
-0.2566661536693573,
0.5908793807029724,
-0.4072776436805725,
-0.40201234817504883,
0.033941905945539474,
0.2983899414539337,
-0.11333943158388138,
0.40877121686935425,
-0.06312844157218933,
-0.3572613000869751,
-0.07326926290988922,
0.32744115591049194,
-0.15341830253601074,
-0.24927549064159393,
0.47651979327201843,
-0.5489878058433533,
-0.4069501757621765,
0.13207034766674042,
0.12850548326969147,
-0.04213429242372513,
0.28879469633102417,
0.18841592967510223,
0.1407114416360855,
0.03575412556529045,
0.1305132955312729,
-0.8825327157974243,
0.06204722821712494,
0.49096888303756714,
-0.4409463107585907,
-0.2527047097682953,
0.6296295523643494,
-0.39843833446502686,
-0.099404476583004,
-0.23899789154529572,
0.4904330372810364,
-0.19611458480358124,
-0.32668009400367737,
-0.16567589342594147,
-0.22668440639972687,
0.7510084509849548,
-0.22738860547542572,
-0.589927613735199,
0.13792626559734344,
-0.169803649187088,
0.3421422243118286,
0.3471713960170746,
0.12537531554698944,
0.43762853741645813,
0.32468628883361816,
-0.4074239730834961,
-0.182292640209198,
-0.13086199760437012,
-0.8892286419868469,
-0.4340245723724365,
-0.13566149771213531,
0.10737979412078857,
-0.4612102806568146,
-0.1904592514038086,
-0.5299074649810791,
0.4136333465576172,
-0.5431954264640808,
-0.12761938571929932,
-0.4511241316795349,
-0.09235177934169769,
0.40748336911201477,
0.10511191934347153,
0.2751910984516144,
-0.04328565672039986,
0.4529573321342468,
-0.13377276062965393,
-0.35851407051086426,
-0.04339124634861946,
-0.19890601933002472,
0.6977220773696899,
0.4640258848667145,
-0.5003336071968079,
0.40111613273620605,
0.5691798329353333,
-0.7253841757774353,
-0.42886272072792053,
0.3997510075569153,
0.0011084263678640127,
0.7572925090789795,
0.17170493304729462,
0.12151213735342026,
-0.16013875603675842,
0.29038506746292114,
0.37458014488220215,
-0.2046404480934143,
-0.011489090509712696,
0.2915193438529968,
0.5520163178443909,
-0.5649755597114563,
0.050146084278821945,
0.07345589250326157,
-0.49220457673072815,
-0.012568296864628792,
-0.46539804339408875,
-0.6614949107170105,
0.37498417496681213,
-0.18701094388961792,
-0.0772600993514061,
-0.4181998372077942,
0.430835485458374,
-0.027797605842351913,
-0.5275145173072815,
0.29586178064346313,
-0.043623022735118866,
-0.05675559118390083,
0.3209114670753479,
-0.03296776860952377,
-0.14606478810310364,
-0.19492751359939575,
-0.03916944935917854,
-0.38582947850227356,
0.27154502272605896,
0.12771333754062653,
-0.45956680178642273,
0.9308156371116638,
0.2765173316001892,
0.0042428551241755486,
-0.6285183429718018,
0.4732537865638733,
0.14434468746185303,
-0.08080831915140152,
-0.38113802671432495,
-0.3085285425186157,
0.06517143547534943,
-0.4951474964618683,
-0.4484446346759796,
0.3426585793495178,
0.34314700961112976,
0.33847811818122864,
-0.47644129395484924,
-0.391527384519577,
0.36171165108680725,
0.40414074063301086,
-0.5877710580825806,
-0.47492745518684387,
0.22938942909240723,
0.4572305381298065,
0.21114498376846313,
-0.2918756604194641,
0.46957021951675415,
0.5006526708602905,
0.27985700964927673,
-0.1439628154039383,
-0.5866541266441345,
-0.07448525726795197,
0.2815977931022644,
0.2956050634384155,
-0.6782435178756714,
-0.1314983069896698,
-0.16626505553722382,
0.028354670852422714,
-0.05504574999213219,
0.09160622209310532,
-0.08257169276475906,
0.15357764065265656,
-0.3235354423522949,
0.34297916293144226,
-0.9147703647613525,
0.614038348197937,
0.22377829253673553,
-0.1373431533575058,
0.2631155848503113,
-0.4640021324157715,
-0.42504823207855225,
0.08857808262109756,
0.12981951236724854,
-0.05859404802322388,
-0.5021716356277466,
-0.23516307771205902,
-0.7750949263572693,
0.7527894973754883,
0.07058008760213852,
0.18941256403923035,
0.03342278301715851,
-0.02229473739862442,
-0.534893810749054,
-0.9392778277397156,
0.34665271639823914,
-0.0429842509329319,
0.4796181917190552,
-0.24926960468292236,
-0.5942110419273376,
0.06770752370357513,
0.3903912901878357,
-0.6455299258232117,
-0.008568060584366322,
-0.6019527316093445,
0.2939179837703705,
0.4506192207336426,
-1.1542999744415283,
0.877683162689209,
0.010282590985298157,
-0.4147436022758484,
-0.1926506757736206,
0.28759264945983887,
-0.4018067717552185,
0.2456403523683548,
-0.05013236030936241,
-0.005805452819913626,
0.10315719246864319,
0.07131106406450272,
-0.21260133385658264,
0.47942447662353516,
-0.2472088634967804,
0.5126124620437622,
0.15375623106956482,
-0.06303241103887558,
-0.16967539489269257,
0.4553329646587372,
-0.019048700109124184,
0.2791889011859894,
0.5001441240310669,
0.6658511161804199,
0.15893477201461792,
0.15302354097366333,
0.3151357173919678,
0.34077006578445435,
-0.037236470729112625,
-0.17487168312072754,
0.08732195943593979,
0.040915410965681076,
-0.3835112154483795,
0.35523948073387146,
-0.9707082509994507,
-0.5941098928451538,
0.4491737484931946,
0.293974906206131,
0.5159971117973328,
0.09750580042600632,
0.33126041293144226,
-0.5694138407707214,
0.2546364963054657,
0.6788889765739441,
0.10592664778232574,
-0.4270571172237396,
0.20069420337677002,
0.2599477171897888,
-0.2938772141933441,
0.14213275909423828,
-0.41092419624328613,
0.252163827419281,
-0.5038731098175049,
0.37071138620376587,
-0.1344854235649109,
0.01764490269124508,
-0.2718135416507721,
-0.12441318482160568,
0.4263201951980591,
0.18559975922107697,
-0.09867947548627853,
0.14242225885391235,
-0.2006840705871582,
0.8420484662055969,
0.19781722128391266,
0.17403405904769897,
0.12003414332866669,
-0.2572922110557556,
0.42666229605674744,
-0.06522849202156067,
0.29064512252807617,
0.48745912313461304,
-0.9871267676353455,
0.6811623573303223,
0.349513441324234,
-0.12476108968257904,
0.11637545377016068,
0.29511621594429016,
-0.11307163536548615,
-0.14554452896118164,
-0.6712371706962585,
0.250006765127182,
-0.26545286178588867,
0.40295228362083435,
0.2836016118526459,
-0.209356889128685,
-0.34831857681274414,
0.18485897779464722,
-0.49642181396484375,
-0.4787953794002533,
0.24389690160751343,
-0.20513470470905304,
-0.15136592090129852,
-0.22455613315105438,
1.2414497137069702,
-0.0518212765455246,
0.33751314878463745,
0.02282891981303692,
-0.5700086355209351,
0.28746432065963745,
0.2972683012485504,
-0.8336005806922913,
0.5158095955848694,
0.03147722780704498,
-0.2297096848487854,
-0.9793315529823303,
0.15828223526477814,
0.5848197937011719,
-0.26823413372039795,
-0.09576916694641113,
0.2665780186653137,
-0.32416653633117676,
-0.46251213550567627,
0.7546467781066895,
-0.4326726794242859,
0.15192165970802307,
-0.22042685747146606,
0.19467182457447052,
0.07345875352621078,
0.5494590401649475,
0.025784792378544807,
-0.25049883127212524,
-0.018491210415959358,
0.413002073764801,
0.40530532598495483,
0.22156065702438354,
0.36565059423446655,
-0.3830496668815613,
-0.012127446010708809,
0.019736342132091522,
0.5964416861534119,
-0.02041236311197281,
-0.5817629098892212,
0.015268472023308277,
0.13647961616516113,
0.2489435225725174,
-0.4278278946876526,
0.4432540833950043,
-0.23499652743339539,
-0.2785467803478241,
-0.10727639496326447,
-0.7997696995735168,
0.17720644176006317,
-0.09378210455179214,
-0.279500812292099,
-0.06564901024103165,
0.4540039896965027,
0.3262638747692108,
-0.5985497236251831,
-0.308777391910553,
0.08783752471208572,
-0.3660944998264313,
0.08019454032182693,
-0.2443978637456894,
-0.7065573334693909,
-0.3420405983924866,
0.15861858427524567
] |
217746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Evans | Edith Evans | Dame Edith Mary Evans, (8 February 1888 – 14 October 1976) was an English actress. She was best known for her work on the stage, but also appeared in films at the beginning and towards the end of her career. Between 1964 and 1968, she was nominated for three Academy Awards.
Evans's stage career spanned sixty years, during which she played more than 100 roles, in classics by Shakespeare, Congreve, Goldsmith, Sheridan and Wilde, and plays by contemporary writers including Bernard Shaw, Enid Bagnold, Christopher Fry and Noël Coward. She created roles in two of Shaw's plays: Orinthia in The Apple Cart (1929), and Epifania in The Millionairess (1940) and was in the British premières of two others: Heartbreak House (1921) and Back to Methuselah (1923).
Evans became widely known for portraying haughty aristocratic women, as in two of her most famous roles as Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest, and Miss Western in the 1963 film of Tom Jones. During her performance as Lady Bracknell, her delivery of the line ‘A handbag’ has become synonymous with the Oscar Wilde play. By contrast, she played a downtrodden maid in The Late Christopher Bean (1933), a deranged, impoverished old woman in The Whisperers (1967) and – one of her most celebrated roles – Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, which she played in four productions between 1926 and 1961.
Life and career
Early years
Evans was born in Pimlico, London, the daughter of Edward Evans, a junior civil servant in the General Post Office, and his wife, Caroline Ellen née Foster. She had one sibling, a brother who died at the age of four. She was educated at St Michael's Church of England School, Pimlico, before being apprenticed at the age of 15 in 1903 as a milliner. She commented in later years that she loved the rich and beautiful materials of the craft, but could not manage to make two hats alike. While working in a milliner's shop in the City she began attending drama classes in Victoria; the classes developed into an amateur performing group, the Streatham Shakespeare Players, with whom she made her first stage appearance in October 1910, as Viola in Twelfth Night. In 1912, playing Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing, she was spotted by the producer William Poel and made her first professional appearance for him in Cambridge in August of that year; she played Gautami in a 6th-century Hindu classic, Sakuntalá, in a cast including the young Nigel Playfair. Poel then cast her as Cressida in Troilus and Cressida in London and subsequently at Stratford-upon-Avon. The critic of The Manchester Guardian found her diction inadequate, but otherwise approved: "Miss Edith Evans, who, without quite the invincible charm for Cressida, gave an interesting performance".
Evans's West End debut was in George Moore's Elizabeth Cooper in 1913. The play received poor notices, but Evans was praised: "In the very small part of a maid Miss Edith Evans made the success of the afternoon. She put more into her few minutes than most of our approved 'stars' can suggest in leading parts." In January 1914 she made her professional Shakespearian debut as Gertrude in Hamlet.
In 1914, at Moore's instigation, Evans was given a year's contract by the Royalty Theatre in Soho. She played character roles in comedies, as a junior member of casts that included Gladys Cooper and Lynn Fontanne. Over the next ten years she polished her craft in a wide range of parts. She played in a silent film called A Welsh Singer, directed by and featuring Henry Edwards in 1915, and also had a minor role in another 1915 film, A Honeymoon for Three, starring Charles Hawtrey. She then appeared in East is East in 1917, but thereafter made no more films for over thirty years. She toured in Shakespeare with Ellen Terry's company in 1918, appeared in light comedy alongside the young Noël Coward (Polly With a Past, 1921) and played five new Shavian roles, Lady Utterword in Heartbreak House (1921) and the Serpent, the Oracle, the She-Ancient and the ghost of the Serpent in Back to Methuselah (1923). In 1922 she made what J. T. Grein in The Illustrated London News called "a personal triumph" in Alfred Sutro's comedy The Laughing Lady.
Stardom
By this time Evans was well known to the critics, and frequently received excellent notices; with her performance as Millamant in The Way of the World in 1924 she achieved wide public fame for the first time. Nigel Playfair cast her as the strong-willed and witty heroine in his revival of Congreve's Restoration comedy at the Lyric Hammersmith, in 1924. The critics resorted to superlatives:
James Agate wrote, "Let me not mince matters. Miss Edith Evans is the most accomplished of living and practising English actresses." Arnold Bennett noted in his journals that this Millamant was the finest comedy performance he had ever seen. Her colleagues too were struck by the performance. John Gielgud recalled:
In the 1925–26 season, Evans joined the company of the Old Vic, playing Portia in The Merchant of Venice, Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra, Katherina in The Taming of the Shrew, Rosalind in As You Like It, Mistress Page in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Beatrice in Much Ado and Nurse in Romeo and Juliet – one of her most celebrated roles. The schedule of rehearsals and performances was hectic. She recalled, "It was altogether a momentous season for me. I lost 17lb in weight and on the only free day from rehearsal ran off and got married." Her husband was George (Guy) Booth (1882 or 1883–1935), an engineer whom she had known for more than twenty years; there were no children. Marriage to someone unconnected with the theatre suited Evans, who did not share the taste of many of her colleagues for what Gielgud called "publicity, gossip and backstage intrigue".
Looking back in 1976 at Evans's career The Times observed that the two decades after her success as Millamant showed the range of her talent. The paper counted among her "performances of absolute assurance" in this period those in Tiger Cats (1924), The Beaux' Stratagem (1927), The Lady with a Lamp (1929), and The Apple Cart (1929) in which she played Orinthia, the king's mistress, a role written for her by Shaw. During the 1930s she played in several Broadway seasons, some productions transferred from London and others new. While she was in New York playing the Nurse opposite the Juliet of Katharine Cornell her husband died suddenly in London. She returned, devastated, and encouraged by colleagues found solace by throwing herself into her work.
Evans's notable roles of the 1930s included Irela in Evensong (1932), Gwenny in The Late Christopher Bean (1933), four Shakespeare parts, and in 1939 Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest. She played the last of these on and off for seven years, on tour and in London, and by 1947, when a Broadway run was offered, she declined to act in the piece again. She played Lady Bracknell on film (1952) and television (1960) but never again on the stage.
During the Second World War Evans joined an ENSA company travelling to Gibraltar to entertain Allied troops. The following year she played in a West End revival of Heartbreak House, this time playing Hesione Hushabye. She toured for ENSA in Britain, Europe and India in 1944 and 1945. Returning to London, at the end of the war she played Mrs Malaprop in The Rivals. The production was not liked by the critics, and Evans's performance drew respectful rather than ecstatic reviews.
Postwar
Evans played Shakespeare's Cleopatra for the last time in 1946–47, in her late fifties. Her performance divided the critics: opinions varied from "an agonising disaster" to "a joy to watch". Kenneth Tynan said, "Lady Bracknell has been involved in a low Alexandrian scandal". Evans had never been classically good looking, but she was a great enough actress to "convey beauty without being conventionally beautiful". What troubled many, including Agate and Gielgud, about her Cleopatra and other tragic heroines was not her appearance but a sense that tragedy came less naturally to her than comedy. Some of the great Shakespearian tragic roles she constantly refused to play, notably Lady Macbeth. She told Gielgud, "I could never impersonate a woman who had such a peculiar notion of hospitality", which he took to mean that she could not contemplate the character's "explicit admission of evil". Evans once remarked, "I don't think there is anything extraordinary about me except this passion for the truth", a passion revered by Gielgud and others, but one that prevented her from attempting a character whose essence she could not understand. She said to Shaw that she had been asked to play Volumnia in Coriolanus, but "isn't she a bloodthirsty old harridan? I could never play her." This did not mean that she had to like the characters she played, but she had to understand them. When she first read through the role of Lady Bracknell with Gielgud she commented, "I know those sort of women. They ring the bell and tell you to put a lump of coal on the fire."
In 1948 Evans returned to the film studios after an absence of more than thirty years. At the instigation of Emlyn Williams she appeared in The Last Days of Dolwyn. The cast included Williams, Richard Burton, in his first film, and Allan Aynesworth, who had created the role of Algernon in The Importance of Being Earnest in 1895. This was Aynesworth's last film; Evans went on to make eighteen more over the next three decades. She played an elderly Welsh woman, and was well received by reviewers, although one wondered if she was yet quite at home before the camera: "there are indeed moments when she looks as disproportionate as a life-size Rembrandt in a one-room flatlet. But it is not, of course, the flatlet which stays in the memory". In the same year she played Countess Ranevskaya in Thorold Dickinson's film version of The Queen of Spades.
In the theatre, Evans returned to The Way of the World in 1948, exchanging the role of Millamant for that of the formidable old Lady Wishfort. The production received mixed notices, and Evans's Wishfort – "like a preposterous caricature of Queen Elizabeth" – though much admired, overshadowed the rest of the cast. In November of the same year she made one of her rare appearances in Chekhov, as Ranevskaya in The Cherry Orchard. Her performance divided opinion: in The Observer Ivor Brown wrote of "the glorious impact of an authentic genius at the highest level of world-theatre", but the anonymous reviewer in The Times thought that she "remains, a little mysteriously, outside of the character".
Over the next ten years Evans played in only six stage productions because she appeared in long-running West End plays. From March 1949 to November 1950 she appeared as Lady Pitts in Daphne Laureola in London and then New York. At the Haymarket she played Helen Lancaster in Waters of the Moon, which ran for more than two years. In April 1954 she played Countess Rosmarin Ostenburg in The Dark Is Light Enough, and at the Haymarket she was Mrs St Maugham in The Chalk Garden from April 1956 to November 1957. In May 1958 she returned to the Old Vic company, playing Queen Katharine in Henry VIII in London and then at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. At the same theatre in the 1959 season she played the Countess of Rousillon in All's Well That Ends Well, and, despite her earlier words to Shaw, Volumnia in Coriolanus. In the 1950s she made three films, The Importance of Being Earnest (1952), Look Back in Anger (1959) and The Nun's Story (1959).
1960s and 1970s
In 1960 Evans played Judith Bliss in a television production of Noël Coward's Hay Fever. In the 1961 Stratford season Evans played Queen Margaret in Richard III and appeared for the last time as the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet. At the Queen's Theatre in November 1963, she played Violet in Gentle Jack by Robert Bolt. In 1964 in a production for the National Theatre, she returned to the role of Judith Bliss in Hay Fever, heading a cast that in Coward's words "could play the Albanian telephone directory". Her films from the first half of the 1960s were Tom Jones (1963), The Chalk Garden and Young Cassidy (both made in 1964).
Her biggest film part of the 1960s was the central character, Mrs Ross, in The Whisperers (1967) for which she received an Oscar nomination and five major awards. After that her screen appearances were in supporting roles in ten more films. When she was 87 she played the Dowager Queen in The Slipper and the Rose (1975) in which she sang and danced.
Evans's last stage roles were Mrs Forrest in The Chinese Prime Minister at the Globe (1965), the Narrator in The Black Girl in Search of God at the Mermaid (1968), and Carlotta in Dear Antoine, Chichester Festival (1971). After she found learning new roles too much, she presented an anthology of prose, poetry and music under the title Edith Evans and Friends, both in the West End and elsewhere. In this show she made her final performance on the West End stage, on 5 October 1974. Her last public appearance was a BBC radio programme With Great Pleasure, a selection of her favourite works, given before an invited audience in August 1976. In The Guardian, Nicholas de Jongh wrote of her evident frailty, "Yet she can still give the single words and phrases an imperious or serene grandeur, as in her final speaking of Richard Church's poem where she welcomed 'that summoning touch of death our neighbour'. What a glorious star is going out."
Bryan Forbes, who had directed Edith Evans in The Whisperers and The Slipper and the Rose, wrote her biography Ned's Girl, first published in 1977
Evans died at her home in Cranbrook, Kent, on 14 October 1976 at the age of 88.
Honours
Evans was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) by King George VI in 1946.
Awards
Evans received honorary degrees from the universities of London (1950), Cambridge (1951), Oxford (1954) and Hull (1968).
Evans was painted by Walter Sickert as Katharina in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. For many years a sculpted head of Evans was on display at the Royal Court Theatre. In 1977 a portrait by Henry Glintenkamp was sold as part of her estate.
Last resting place and memorial
Evans's ashes are interred at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London. A blue plaque was unveiled outside her house at 109 Ebury Street, London, in 1997.
Academy Awards
Edith Evans was nominated three times for an Academy Award between 1964 and 1968.
Other film acting awards
Edith Evans was cited as Best Supporting Actress by the National Board of Review (NBR) for The Nun's Story in 1959. The NBR also cited her as Best Supporting Actress for The Chalk Garden in 1964 and as Best Actress for The Whisperers in 1967. Her role in The Whisperers also won her awards from the British Film Academy, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, and the New York Film Critics Circle.
See also
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Edith Evans Papers at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
The Bryan Forbes Collection of Edith Evans
The Henry Hurford Janes Collection of Edith Evans
Performances by Edith Evans listed in The Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
The Collection of research material on Edith Evans, actress held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
Actresses awarded British damehoods
Best British Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English Christian Scientists
English film actresses
English stage actresses
Actresses from London
English Shakespearean actresses
1888 births
1976 deaths
Silver Bear for Best Actress winners
People from Pimlico
20th-century English actresses
Converts to Christian Science from Anglicanism | [
-0.20962658524513245,
-0.043024104088544846,
-0.7752170562744141,
-0.43986716866493225,
-0.1726410686969757,
0.8441232442855835,
0.8429688215255737,
-0.16603679955005646,
-0.3239908814430237,
0.06592873483896255,
0.20027825236320496,
0.30653613805770874,
-0.0707726776599884,
0.3941049575805664,
-0.18002700805664062,
0.43835780024528503,
-0.2682092487812042,
0.41138502955436707,
-0.010079792700707912,
-0.6520652770996094,
-0.5414125919342041,
-0.21030248701572418,
0.2719267010688782,
0.045216623693704605,
-0.9209864139556885,
-0.005759174469858408,
0.1732953041791916,
0.029587676748633385,
0.2684469223022461,
-0.20723217725753784,
0.13967399299144745,
0.10342226922512054,
0.26948311924934387,
0.32445812225341797,
-0.7004646062850952,
0.29819563031196594,
-0.5275041460990906,
-0.290312796831131,
-0.4932204484939575,
0.13207358121871948,
-0.43884962797164917,
0.16441839933395386,
0.4562909007072449,
0.050749294459819794,
-0.5349606871604919,
-0.6376737952232361,
-2.3670647144317627,
-0.02650364302098751,
-0.20686933398246765,
-0.47552046179771423,
-0.35390833020210266,
0.3518977165222168,
1.016837477684021,
0.1783987432718277,
0.34237754344940186,
-0.11101943999528885,
-0.2503001093864441,
0.0898762047290802,
-0.10613073408603668,
0.12194041162729263,
-0.00805127713829279,
-0.006696807220578194,
0.46463003754615784,
-0.34856802225112915,
0.18271176517009735,
0.19804662466049194,
0.09056125581264496,
0.02999495528638363,
-0.3704586625099182,
-0.03443586826324463,
0.3830486834049225,
0.3355918824672699,
0.43731769919395447,
-0.5530199408531189,
0.04054652526974678,
-0.3338000178337097,
0.5323061943054199,
-0.30971238017082214,
0.25678250193595886,
-0.06277588754892349,
0.21866443753242493,
-0.21309661865234375,
-0.023156214505434036,
0.6814797520637512,
0.013488325290381908,
-0.6100292205810547,
-0.27417364716529846,
0.6739030480384827,
-0.7359403371810913,
0.01716284267604351,
-1.043588399887085,
-0.46684372425079346,
-0.4325723946094513,
0.15241998434066772,
-0.16383576393127441,
0.2811814844608307,
0.1738557517528534,
-0.1637246012687683,
0.43371838331222534,
-0.23136118054389954,
-0.26679903268814087,
-0.4504469931125641,
-0.1535569131374359,
-0.9493716359138489,
-0.9798393249511719,
0.4383728802204132,
-0.38842546939849854,
-0.2991619110107422,
-0.15297791361808777,
0.0315706841647625,
-0.3635178804397583,
0.08198752254247665,
-0.6277946829795837,
-0.09699426591396332,
-0.051065851002931595,
-0.3958541452884674,
0.27582383155822754,
0.09889516234397888,
-0.6856249570846558,
0.014470886439085007,
0.3661710321903229,
-0.3055882751941681,
-0.2248002141714096,
0.4974946975708008,
-0.7505335807800293,
0.6425795555114746,
-0.10907246172428131,
0.042979445308446884,
0.027325259521603584,
0.07208716124296188,
0.517473578453064,
1.2241923809051514,
-0.7398810386657715,
-0.38449516892433167,
0.266745388507843,
-0.0122720031067729,
-0.06105639785528183,
-0.158564954996109,
0.33692899346351624,
0.057876963168382645,
-0.02877722680568695,
0.459479421377182,
-1.1841893196105957,
0.3201334774494171,
0.9664527177810669,
-0.14224448800086975,
-0.24883337318897247,
0.3201002776622772,
-0.015160614624619484,
-0.19299893081188202,
-0.60589200258255,
-0.21483561396598816,
0.2535930275917053,
0.09511471539735794,
-0.55678391456604,
0.17811520397663116,
0.7829102873802185,
-0.2178952544927597,
0.22606097161769867,
-0.0789509192109108,
0.5517045855522156,
0.04340839385986328,
-0.2748923897743225,
0.06608688086271286,
0.37297695875167847,
0.15344783663749695,
0.011165511794388294,
-0.5844557285308838,
0.12693537771701813,
0.0806044191122055,
-0.6591541171073914,
0.11830209195613861,
0.6517772674560547,
-0.0606851726770401,
-0.6380458474159241,
0.1203744038939476,
-0.3103748857975006,
0.4552665650844574,
-0.5260184407234192,
-0.408394455909729,
-0.8380820751190186,
-0.1331070214509964,
-0.020862240344285965,
-0.018276991322636604,
0.7182911038398743,
0.3394194543361664,
0.2937036454677582,
0.09052415192127228,
0.44782954454421997,
-0.2499086856842041,
-0.11028457432985306,
-0.5945196747779846,
0.16197609901428223,
0.33216509222984314,
0.3584713041782379,
0.0830288976430893,
-0.22301559150218964,
-0.4503346085548401,
0.13067375123500824,
0.039353594183921814,
0.005893775727599859,
-0.09658382087945938,
0.31605374813079834,
-0.4797479212284088,
-0.08155348896980286,
0.40824079513549805,
0.45764631032943726,
0.006942867301404476,
-0.10234840214252472,
1.032544493675232,
-0.33232590556144714,
-0.726019024848938,
0.0228218175470829,
0.47393643856048584,
-0.16522997617721558,
-0.6971098184585571,
-0.7167242765426636,
-0.07167363911867142,
1.0027306079864502,
-0.3799959421157837,
-0.22350288927555084,
0.6831753253936768,
-0.4171145558357239,
-0.03993809223175049,
-0.1910981386899948,
0.33014386892318726,
-0.2628917694091797,
0.41777753829956055,
0.2596362829208374,
-0.550527036190033,
0.21386174857616425,
0.639144241809845,
0.548028826713562,
-0.4696597754955292,
0.5827555060386658,
-0.1646786332130432,
-0.044458333402872086,
0.12522758543491364,
-0.04686637595295906,
-0.5301052331924438,
0.07561510801315308,
0.16314207017421722,
-0.8610684871673584,
0.6230862736701965,
-0.010646925307810307,
0.3719639182090759,
0.2979256212711334,
-0.28169870376586914,
0.33133038878440857,
-0.1961684376001358,
0.718375563621521,
0.17522810399532318,
0.33759447932243347,
0.21152782440185547,
-0.07201657444238663,
-0.003335916204378009,
-0.03685089945793152,
-0.37557414174079895,
0.9594393372535706,
0.4532209038734436,
0.1394796371459961,
0.4228985607624054,
-0.017129885032773018,
0.254600465297699,
-0.03341071680188179,
-0.2562127411365509,
-0.042083460837602615,
-0.8481597304344177,
0.24829714000225067,
-0.027631735429167747,
0.3931899666786194,
-0.22085735201835632,
0.13256116211414337,
-0.5276336073875427,
0.38072094321250916,
0.5843217968940735,
-0.32109951972961426,
0.6651303172111511,
-0.8541610240936279,
-0.4565127491950989,
0.7682613730430603,
0.9778196811676025,
-0.42840954661369324,
-0.13330388069152832,
-0.6223927736282349,
0.5457826256752014,
-0.2511562407016754,
-0.10585378110408783,
-0.5769262909889221,
-0.5145822167396545,
-0.1053505688905716,
1.1584042310714722,
-0.8662723898887634,
0.688960611820221,
-0.21125130355358124,
-0.07909752428531647,
-0.6345340013504028,
-0.1584533303976059,
-0.2879794239997864,
-0.06366314738988876,
0.017559053376317024,
0.6085306406021118,
-0.2270195484161377,
-0.07491698116064072,
0.24482305347919464,
0.4890710711479187,
-0.44864481687545776,
-0.11764664202928543,
-5.166411876678467,
-0.12271849066019058,
0.559261679649353,
-0.6085227727890015,
0.7268446087837219,
-0.13213008642196655,
-0.051408782601356506,
-0.24639815092086792,
-0.1534988135099411,
-0.08720081299543381,
0.6497249007225037,
0.5099599361419678,
-0.49644649028778076,
0.6318826079368591,
1.0896759033203125,
0.26337453722953796,
0.43737319111824036,
-0.472922682762146,
0.3498155474662781,
1.0058566331863403,
0.19363078474998474,
-0.04105192422866821,
-0.20330092310905457,
0.22708754241466522,
0.09916434437036514,
-0.27211689949035645,
-0.04380720108747482,
-0.43388304114341736,
-0.8365418314933777,
-0.7723667621612549,
0.39199405908584595,
0.1849449872970581,
-0.44530534744262695,
-0.0400560200214386,
-0.539640486240387,
0.11792086064815521,
0.3319561779499054,
0.17629902064800262,
-0.03925342485308647,
-0.7255175709724426,
-0.39837387204170227,
0.28850024938583374,
-0.6750370860099792,
0.19842606782913208,
0.018134992569684982,
-0.3676401376724243,
-0.43902432918548584,
-0.10131564736366272,
0.44221964478492737,
0.7806901335716248,
0.25566068291664124,
0.285759836435318,
0.5717139840126038,
0.28493431210517883,
-0.2809760272502899,
-0.10237622261047363,
0.10898054391145706,
0.15085048973560333,
-0.4163743555545807,
0.23179781436920166,
0.3536854684352875,
-0.2731759548187256,
0.07875183969736099,
-0.16044993698596954,
-0.6658744812011719,
0.05439508333802223,
0.12028874456882477,
0.5607910752296448,
0.07952795922756195,
-0.6518722176551819,
-0.0813794806599617,
-0.07139288634061813,
0.11865575611591339,
-0.93937087059021,
-0.06331519037485123,
0.05962817743420601,
0.5958986282348633,
-0.11693084239959717,
-0.7789599895477295,
-0.08869390189647675,
0.27675536274909973,
-0.7670096755027771,
0.8977165818214417,
0.45342203974723816,
0.3312523066997528,
-0.5841456651687622,
-0.09874982386827469,
0.2822793126106262,
0.0004199183313176036,
-0.5204973220825195,
0.01652315817773342,
-0.24929794669151306,
0.02408311888575554,
0.7077313661575317,
0.48070910573005676,
0.0011786038521677256,
0.2952266037464142,
0.14097923040390015,
-0.14143456518650055,
0.3549608588218689,
-0.8849133253097534,
-0.17499159276485443,
0.6256057024002075,
-0.21633495390415192,
0.012583691626787186,
-0.06128460541367531,
0.13932670652866364,
-0.4000054597854614,
0.38975706696510315,
-0.9134348630905151,
0.36973047256469727,
0.3149329721927643,
-0.28424128890037537,
-0.010699400678277016,
-0.3637097477912903,
-0.40115323662757874,
0.41578713059425354,
0.4878505766391754,
0.2551836371421814,
0.6221049427986145,
0.06694765388965607,
0.5701591372489929,
-0.3236156404018402,
0.23093020915985107,
-0.27506911754608154,
0.31076568365097046,
0.6309669017791748,
-0.3019920587539673,
-0.7794809341430664,
0.11941898614168167,
-0.3042449653148651,
0.13259932398796082,
0.05513199046254158,
0.08100837469100952,
0.3818531632423401,
-0.31651756167411804,
-0.6842079162597656,
0.34618711471557617,
0.14397946000099182,
-0.07010383903980255,
0.07880673557519913,
-0.05033419281244278,
-0.41506871581077576,
0.31112247705459595,
0.48921671509742737,
-0.09160885214805603,
0.5060710310935974,
-0.4450935423374176,
-0.05758322402834892,
0.5621993541717529,
-0.3041554391384125,
0.3682117760181427,
0.5610702633857727,
-0.9304859638214111,
-0.48005449771881104,
0.17961275577545166,
-0.45212849974632263,
-0.2874350845813751,
-0.378324031829834,
-0.06390703469514847,
-0.7347238063812256,
0.08935538679361343,
-0.6342877149581909,
0.5786253809928894,
0.03168422728776932,
0.6864903569221497,
-0.274137407541275,
-0.48361682891845703,
-0.41049331426620483,
0.6596384644508362,
-0.6550123691558838,
-0.20638805627822876,
0.18991725146770477,
0.33771181106567383,
0.241681307554245,
0.34159916639328003,
-0.40563708543777466,
-0.48963308334350586,
-0.39398857951164246,
-0.2207677662372589,
-0.08015421777963638,
-0.35245877504348755,
-1.5505317449569702,
-0.1703585535287857,
-0.035076022148132324,
0.03307678923010826,
-1.078454613685608,
-0.24524617195129395,
0.34548500180244446,
-0.2286527007818222,
-0.1430584192276001,
-0.5639039874076843,
0.03206509351730347,
0.8292953968048096,
-0.9978110194206238,
0.40295782685279846,
0.13742312788963318,
-0.3954187035560608,
0.19709189236164093,
-0.1740383803844452,
-0.36235445737838745,
0.0015442000003531575,
-0.6863634586334229,
-0.3059646785259247,
0.5383306741714478,
-1.143302321434021,
-0.15339386463165283,
-0.11683712154626846,
-0.08262395858764648,
1.0776393413543701,
-0.20399147272109985,
-0.12659937143325806,
-0.21613803505897522,
0.2997289001941681,
-0.0351291261613369,
0.29722246527671814,
0.40380313992500305,
0.23815672099590302,
0.015992434695363045,
-0.4739323854446411,
-0.8349218368530273,
-1.2230342626571655,
-0.25892943143844604,
0.11498906463384628,
-1.0464398860931396,
0.08174385130405426,
0.15639492869377136,
-0.407699316740036,
0.7471079230308533,
-0.026210520416498184,
0.01802496798336506,
0.4654381573200226,
-0.05715509504079819,
0.005413232371211052,
-0.03397173807024956,
-0.30276036262512207,
-0.01314292661845684,
0.040362901985645294,
-0.0492698960006237,
0.19098231196403503,
0.6910507678985596,
1.1146817207336426,
0.12803199887275696,
0.2748629152774811,
0.1067269966006279,
0.16304141283035278,
-0.2146768718957901,
-0.917047381401062,
-0.03584864363074303,
-0.010969855822622776,
0.10968199372291565,
-0.04284348338842392,
-0.29566898941993713,
0.1699315905570984,
0.018627814948558807,
-0.6139966249465942,
0.1313726305961609,
0.4769052267074585,
-0.11481623351573944,
0.147051140666008,
0.6069114804267883,
0.15022297203540802,
0.3208608627319336,
0.0006011967780068517,
0.3744466006755829,
0.5641582012176514,
0.006338011473417282,
-0.36586079001426697,
0.5210236310958862,
-0.1822255402803421,
-0.2816447615623474,
0.26026013493537903,
-0.4252946674823761,
0.04868410900235176,
-0.11548347026109695,
0.13589347898960114,
-0.04396098107099533,
-0.9555691480636597,
0.6029794216156006,
-0.22019566595554352,
0.2280014306306839,
0.4456599950790405,
0.32212769985198975,
-0.6839747428894043,
-0.6443902850151062,
-0.811446487903595,
0.22837628424167633,
-0.46507373452186584,
-0.17508451640605927,
-0.14879128336906433,
0.04621715843677521,
0.1729511320590973,
-0.13382689654827118,
0.3700296878814697,
-0.08729975670576096,
0.15337933599948883,
-0.4173882007598877,
0.7103826403617859,
-0.42978018522262573,
-0.48542845249176025,
-0.2073456346988678,
0.6851533055305481,
0.17627409100532532,
0.15511605143547058,
0.276802659034729,
-0.04508475959300995,
-0.25383511185646057,
-0.8431448340415955,
-0.5794296860694885,
0.056394413113594055,
0.22542957961559296,
-0.37895679473876953,
0.46040698885917664,
0.7640906572341919,
-0.13581474125385284,
-0.06597204506397247,
0.2369968295097351,
-0.18470950424671173,
-0.09405064582824707,
-0.22978238761425018,
-0.5274171829223633,
0.13528408110141754,
0.02134622633457184,
-0.4870666563510895,
0.1735142320394516,
0.4351043999195099,
0.6576292514801025,
0.8396618962287903,
-0.3430190682411194,
0.37186217308044434,
0.47344422340393066,
-1.0064716339111328,
0.4529619514942169,
0.8450583815574646,
-0.05636726692318916,
-0.35543277859687805,
0.549423336982727,
0.11728820204734802,
0.3966437578201294,
0.061754245311021805,
0.0625641718506813,
0.3937547206878662,
-0.0460762195289135,
0.17878678441047668,
0.07162974029779434,
0.5685067176818848,
-0.2588016092777252,
0.842587411403656,
-0.8713600039482117,
-0.3370104134082794,
0.6446179747581482,
0.3824373483657837,
0.42746061086654663,
-0.3932647109031677,
0.7790732383728027,
0.6281725764274597,
0.8530732989311218,
-0.4382425844669342,
-0.21343739330768585,
0.1478584110736847,
-0.20368804037570953,
-0.7447251081466675,
1.1222113370895386,
-0.1367335468530655,
-0.5748245120048523,
-0.19964316487312317,
0.4242410659790039,
-0.4086877703666687,
0.5080201625823975,
0.34711340069770813,
0.6477729082107544,
0.24724805355072021,
-0.3475003242492676,
0.2612840235233307,
0.6143190264701843,
0.2902016341686249,
0.2354951947927475,
-0.605150580406189,
0.21729041635990143,
-0.009273922070860863,
-0.3135123550891876,
0.41220930218696594,
0.11504893004894257,
-0.44853198528289795,
0.32894977927207947,
-0.7378143072128296,
-0.3576030433177948,
-0.07104850560426712,
0.44820332527160645,
-0.40276452898979187,
0.8869733214378357,
-0.3077118396759033,
-0.17310480773448944,
-0.278842031955719,
-0.8155316710472107,
-0.01384810172021389,
-0.04687388241291046,
0.8242999911308289,
0.61478590965271,
-0.30080053210258484,
0.024890605360269547,
1.1499725580215454,
0.02919943444430828,
0.33773356676101685,
-0.3004342019557953,
0.6615777015686035,
0.22357505559921265,
0.5240526795387268,
-0.7481597065925598,
-0.38032904267311096,
0.21008512377738953,
0.2904967963695526,
0.10742512345314026,
0.36335551738739014,
-0.6085611581802368,
0.2678013741970062,
0.6589356064796448,
0.46521440148353577,
-0.2310996651649475,
0.19060947000980377,
0.05032092705368996,
-0.05839730054140091,
0.274714857339859,
-0.6179283857345581,
-0.15096822381019592,
0.8255888223648071,
-0.18184851109981537,
-0.36880260705947876,
-0.06564199179410934,
0.34099695086479187,
-0.3906969130039215,
0.8277658820152283,
-0.11264251917600632,
0.19472648203372955,
-0.591428816318512,
0.2993185818195343,
0.3318081200122833,
0.6891977787017822,
0.716964840888977,
-0.16082102060317993,
0.1930130273103714,
0.641222357749939,
0.2863260805606842,
0.18928976356983185,
-1.1846433877944946,
-0.48853275179862976,
0.12215765565633774,
-0.31996139883995056,
0.34923624992370605,
0.32733428478240967,
-0.19362971186637878,
-0.28616654872894287,
0.046943649649620056,
-0.39629486203193665,
-0.25474730134010315,
-0.6076858043670654,
0.3715459406375885,
-0.4106252193450928,
0.5749572515487671,
0.06133442372083664
] |
217748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write%E2%80%93write%20conflict | Write–write conflict | In computer science, in the field of databases, write–write conflict, also known as overwriting uncommitted data is a computational anomaly associated with interleaved execution of transactions.
Given a schedule S
note that there is no read in this schedule. The writes are called blind writes.
We have a lost update. Any attempts to make this schedule serial would give off two different results (either T1's version of A and B is shown, or T2's version of A and B is shown), and would not be the same as the above schedule. This schedule would not be serializable.
Strict 2PL overcomes this inconsistency by locking T1 out from B. Unfortunately, deadlocks are something Strict 2PL does not overcome all the time.
See also
Concurrency control
Read–write conflict
Write–read conflict
References
Data management
Transaction processing | [
-0.12846210598945618,
0.3348557949066162,
-0.17055240273475647,
0.2698044180870056,
0.2034488320350647,
-0.16004475951194763,
-0.05334526300430298,
-0.020126260817050934,
0.19744271039962769,
-0.27647534012794495,
-0.3410818576812744,
0.3887939751148224,
-0.4856145977973938,
0.45638489723205566,
-0.4538014829158783,
0.25603869557380676,
0.16082853078842163,
0.037887293845415115,
-0.005083623807877302,
-0.19546443223953247,
-0.20719221234321594,
0.2823989987373352,
-0.08425842970609665,
-0.1039823517203331,
0.22448422014713287,
-0.15787333250045776,
0.036125265061855316,
-0.2167544662952423,
-0.45177847146987915,
0.04396280646324158,
0.1502486765384674,
0.3606853187084198,
0.31638646125793457,
0.24278835952281952,
0.030121291056275368,
0.12188643962144852,
-0.29531019926071167,
0.06226051226258278,
-0.12735319137573242,
-0.5915161967277527,
0.5087335705757141,
-0.21757318079471588,
-0.3677857220172882,
0.1935758739709854,
-0.1066419929265976,
-0.19371041655540466,
-1.7097264528274536,
0.38162556290626526,
-0.5516069531440735,
-0.21020427346229553,
-0.6090770363807678,
1.0386744737625122,
-0.08388292044401169,
0.4657505750656128,
-0.09897774457931519,
0.42204028367996216,
-0.164865642786026,
-0.8026413917541504,
0.349516898393631,
-0.2708966135978699,
0.8028897643089294,
-0.26624101400375366,
-0.2298225611448288,
0.10777337104082108,
0.05375045910477638,
-0.12864020466804504,
0.16510123014450073,
0.1277833878993988,
-0.6551349759101868,
-0.569558322429657,
0.07954645901918411,
0.19549357891082764,
-0.31276506185531616,
-0.19155171513557434,
-0.500735878944397,
0.29543614387512207,
0.12710747122764587,
0.1751309335231781,
-0.3554232120513916,
-0.11481062322854996,
-0.5768070220947266,
0.4784826338291168,
-0.02285236306488514,
-0.23455458879470825,
0.6471613049507141,
-0.7323048710823059,
-0.5947737097740173,
0.4839790463447571,
-0.3117009699344635,
0.22650957107543945,
-0.024638326838612556,
0.08065909892320633,
0.12831559777259827,
0.16150826215744019,
0.1844613254070282,
0.021403677761554718,
0.37786921858787537,
0.16228991746902466,
0.48840439319610596,
0.16249161958694458,
0.2420191466808319,
-0.3922441303730011,
0.6815508604049683,
0.12698839604854584,
-0.13162745535373688,
-0.11456769704818726,
-0.33795827627182007,
-0.518362820148468,
0.4218748211860657,
-0.3880608379840851,
-0.04425005987286568,
0.24231405556201935,
-0.04200519248843193,
0.03277688845992088,
-0.6394058465957642,
0.17341594398021698,
-0.2630484402179718,
0.2491636574268341,
-0.08178110420703888,
0.10516010224819183,
0.2937944829463959,
0.5905475616455078,
-0.24313214421272278,
0.2513851523399353,
0.08290079236030579,
-0.034730467945337296,
0.2399391531944275,
0.5450778007507324,
-1.06915283203125,
-0.14003533124923706,
0.27793508768081665,
1.0374730825424194,
-0.1306169182062149,
-0.13025963306427002,
-0.16967080533504486,
0.44308599829673767,
0.5021237134933472,
-0.014159124344587326,
0.7054008841514587,
-0.13386879861354828,
-0.472949743270874,
-0.7129557132720947,
-0.2618929147720337,
0.05435638874769211,
0.12003278732299805,
0.2834358513355255,
0.02328517474234104,
-0.4899323582649231,
-0.04853877052664757,
-0.41035008430480957,
-0.008262221701443195,
-0.24736104905605316,
-0.5620154142379761,
0.08113954961299896,
0.2314450442790985,
0.2339281290769577,
0.3065783679485321,
-0.09605163335800171,
-0.4831172525882721,
0.4557880461215973,
0.02885790355503559,
0.39548930525779724,
-0.9307053089141846,
-0.28706103563308716,
-0.5916833281517029,
-0.2028948813676834,
0.5986165404319763,
0.333880752325058,
-0.004632626194506884,
-0.0019874530844390392,
-0.44862598180770874,
0.0912310779094696,
0.796475887298584,
-0.542224109172821,
0.3580070436000824,
0.3832656741142273,
0.31002724170684814,
0.37036433815956116,
0.8558568358421326,
0.4029218256473541,
-0.5739043354988098,
0.14607547223567963,
0.19784428179264069,
0.28146958351135254,
-0.051838118582963943,
0.41769763827323914,
0.2797289788722992,
-0.3488766849040985,
-0.5830911993980408,
-0.2532547116279602,
-0.6546610593795776,
-0.14586840569972992,
0.05737130716443062,
-0.3949422836303711,
0.9857329726219177,
-0.29480040073394775,
-0.43565189838409424,
1.11927330493927,
0.10970944911241531,
0.48616522550582886,
0.02080852910876274,
0.34116658568382263,
0.5479392409324646,
-0.011968500912189484,
-0.5755233764648438,
0.21703952550888062,
0.22889749705791473,
-0.21796727180480957,
-0.7080063223838806,
0.2817156910896301,
0.32137253880500793,
-0.10406946390867233,
-0.29709795117378235,
-0.24352844059467316,
0.07471364736557007,
0.20092129707336426,
-0.6786631345748901,
0.09148472547531128,
-0.12354393303394318,
-0.0080653615295887,
0.5121673941612244,
-0.42244601249694824,
0.3303408622741699,
0.9550201296806335,
-0.012652355246245861,
0.7390952706336975,
0.07947122305631638,
0.526944100856781,
0.9518744945526123,
-0.8043886423110962,
-0.22438286244869232,
0.4084412157535553,
0.22583025693893433,
-0.5673353672027588,
-0.34189561009407043,
0.1969367414712906,
0.1641978770494461,
-0.030503012239933014,
0.2906981110572815,
-0.05486482381820679,
-0.42855891585350037,
0.8065085411071777,
-0.3049975335597992,
0.3947318196296692,
-0.15735933184623718,
-0.3157970905303955,
-0.4872509241104126,
0.30100810527801514,
-0.037689559161663055,
0.3236997127532959,
0.18898937106132507,
0.5898651480674744,
-0.020136939361691475,
-0.5646337270736694,
0.04200946167111397,
-0.07709868997335434,
0.10013902932405472,
0.24058257043361664,
-0.025079132989048958,
-0.22059550881385803,
-0.553691029548645,
0.22975443303585052,
-0.15051999688148499,
-0.0896218866109848,
-0.14687468111515045,
-0.3364602327346802,
-0.2463424801826477,
0.13960905373096466,
0.10168398916721344,
0.06239745393395424,
0.527621865272522,
-0.3230315148830414,
-0.7589742541313171,
0.13641898334026337,
-0.6734941601753235,
-0.11348952353000641,
0.0917174220085144,
-0.05656658113002777,
-0.2949163317680359,
-0.5502694845199585,
-0.04855452850461006,
0.5198196768760681,
0.0055536190047860146,
-1.1894668340682983,
0.08900223672389984,
0.01948424056172371,
-0.26380884647369385,
-0.09254458546638489,
-0.06259311735630035,
-0.31658095121383667,
-0.6860463619232178,
0.2439621239900589,
0.21468393504619598,
0.5022634863853455,
0.6992687582969666,
0.7164459228515625,
0.2945038676261902,
0.1740950345993042,
0.31700611114501953,
0.4428205192089081,
-0.04459322243928909,
0.41601037979125977,
-0.4570733308792114,
-0.14630918204784393,
0.005423296708613634,
-0.4089323580265045,
-0.8606531023979187,
0.3669881224632263,
-5.799986839294434,
0.1845397651195526,
-0.20432020723819733,
-0.2571555972099304,
-0.2967073321342468,
0.3296150267124176,
0.4506319463253021,
-0.0618339478969574,
-0.1469941884279251,
-0.29637351632118225,
-0.01052568107843399,
-0.2180234044790268,
0.11548037081956863,
0.11853238940238953,
0.11346276104450226,
0.2892300486564636,
0.7053064703941345,
-0.5560140013694763,
0.19307401776313782,
0.2913249135017395,
-0.2004626840353012,
0.2853638231754303,
-0.24276667833328247,
0.06411842256784439,
-0.14409136772155762,
-0.03425810486078262,
0.08074630796909332,
0.016908695921301842,
-0.1910760998725891,
-0.1764248013496399,
-0.11701624095439911,
-0.123326376080513,
-0.17203420400619507,
-0.42729103565216064,
-0.1169629916548729,
0.09536994993686676,
0.4551103711128235,
-0.051089223474264145,
0.021997326985001564,
0.045019082725048065,
0.049988552927970886,
0.027649428695440292,
0.6581855416297913,
0.0020127124153077602,
0.3364730775356293,
0.3021307587623596,
0.05867454782128334,
-0.05735958740115166,
-0.0835702121257782,
0.4331279397010803,
-0.20165278017520905,
-0.1719437539577484,
0.5609076619148254,
-0.030183957889676094,
0.4234394133090973,
-0.06067832559347153,
0.3601054847240448,
-0.9480602741241455,
-0.3524622917175293,
-0.009594142436981201,
0.45246127247810364,
-0.715503454208374,
0.01780104637145996,
-0.44162261486053467,
-0.03341700881719589,
-0.5085058212280273,
-0.025486916303634644,
-0.4193991720676422,
0.9695681929588318,
0.040745120495557785,
-0.17533142864704132,
0.533703625202179,
0.21640250086784363,
-1.0112459659576416,
0.17530065774917603,
-0.30732104182243347,
0.35445746779441833,
0.19780567288398743,
0.1319531947374344,
-0.6444954872131348,
-0.2794342339038849,
0.26310110092163086,
-0.4377870261669159,
-0.5368334650993347,
0.2972525656223297,
-0.31417009234428406,
0.029997527599334717,
0.6076524257659912,
-0.4394972026348114,
0.3952811062335968,
0.7700537443161011,
0.14002257585525513,
0.23648959398269653,
0.2490907460451126,
0.5166725516319275,
0.6322720646858215,
0.02299780771136284,
0.5145788192749023,
0.3335188031196594,
0.22888648509979248,
0.4423116445541382,
-0.5015847086906433,
0.3835013806819916,
-1.295945167541504,
-0.37162455916404724,
0.05370200425386429,
-0.4224497377872467,
0.4008159339427948,
0.06513243168592453,
0.11213309317827225,
-0.2557341158390045,
0.6564781069755554,
-0.3393741250038147,
-0.4041324555873871,
0.042405806481838226,
0.26777490973472595,
-0.21948188543319702,
0.3921326994895935,
-0.002678673481568694,
-0.4488830268383026,
-0.1257869005203247,
0.397629052400589,
-0.1240064725279808,
-0.08121001720428467,
0.6668027639389038,
-0.6259058117866516,
-0.35844138264656067,
0.181764617562294,
0.20038007199764252,
0.12435557693243027,
0.3368457853794098,
0.38182342052459717,
0.1562643200159073,
-0.08578216284513474,
0.01730235479772091,
-0.7616788744926453,
-0.03340443968772888,
0.43867266178131104,
-0.3977999687194824,
-0.37418460845947266,
0.6393621563911438,
-0.34956711530685425,
-0.1615607887506485,
-0.30411437153816223,
0.4201561212539673,
-0.21103933453559875,
-0.3763294816017151,
-0.04268098622560501,
-0.14340798556804657,
0.7297265529632568,
-0.28007668256759644,
-0.5621123313903809,
0.21312057971954346,
-0.20189131796360016,
0.28762736916542053,
0.3809712827205658,
0.11838962137699127,
0.48125702142715454,
0.344314843416214,
-0.27192503213882446,
-0.11885349452495575,
-0.07623448222875595,
-0.9760881662368774,
-0.38577160239219666,
-0.25861430168151855,
0.2285260111093521,
-0.47002974152565,
-0.39008012413978577,
-0.6208158731460571,
0.4579772353172302,
-0.5395050644874573,
-0.02701815962791443,
-0.438276469707489,
-0.14605237543582916,
0.5112682580947876,
0.2868206799030304,
0.07797496765851974,
-0.1586429476737976,
0.44693610072135925,
-0.1859213411808014,
-0.3081163763999939,
-0.009430387988686562,
-0.1596941351890564,
0.7830654382705688,
0.5779330134391785,
-0.5504052639007568,
0.3012959957122803,
0.4653594195842743,
-0.6671987175941467,
-0.4232277274131775,
0.3011859059333801,
-0.1332407146692276,
0.8719935417175293,
0.18239302933216095,
0.10047931969165802,
-0.20524556934833527,
0.18982437252998352,
0.4334658682346344,
-0.26447391510009766,
0.034244757145643234,
0.22724628448486328,
0.619158923625946,
-0.537431001663208,
-0.022806182503700256,
0.06252115219831467,
-0.5352669358253479,
0.039614059031009674,
-0.5979170203208923,
-0.5035483241081238,
0.4441986083984375,
-0.09445954114198685,
0.048581525683403015,
-0.4155392050743103,
0.3886251151561737,
-0.021975407376885414,
-0.4310670495033264,
0.26683518290519714,
-0.11162075400352478,
-0.24517671763896942,
0.3807090222835541,
-0.08654779195785522,
-0.06282173097133636,
-0.1275637447834015,
-0.024219688028097153,
-0.449476420879364,
0.27318140864372253,
-0.045989733189344406,
-0.4455588161945343,
0.8859207034111023,
0.3428305387496948,
0.16840462386608124,
-0.6029277443885803,
0.325006365776062,
-0.053171101957559586,
-0.024212926626205444,
-0.5227726697921753,
-0.19662520289421082,
0.06431253999471664,
-0.3356606066226959,
-0.5595934391021729,
0.27776914834976196,
0.298151433467865,
0.30302947759628296,
-0.4783531427383423,
-0.3320736289024353,
0.21392208337783813,
0.29661867022514343,
-0.5646733045578003,
-0.5870492458343506,
0.28610172867774963,
0.5278976559638977,
0.2224481999874115,
-0.297641783952713,
0.25875362753868103,
0.4821881651878357,
0.28119778633117676,
-0.12734198570251465,
-0.7383547425270081,
-0.003152048448100686,
0.3003784716129303,
0.3485828936100006,
-0.663164496421814,
-0.08524522185325623,
-0.27127644419670105,
0.02283220738172531,
-0.08069898188114166,
0.21669583022594452,
-0.15561902523040771,
-0.005178540013730526,
-0.5878639817237854,
0.31562966108322144,
-0.7720725536346436,
0.565066397190094,
0.13633868098258972,
-0.13913191854953766,
0.4188072085380554,
-0.40458226203918457,
-0.47158369421958923,
0.13421085476875305,
0.2531159818172455,
-0.07842053472995758,
-0.32910624146461487,
-0.45705723762512207,
-0.8119662404060364,
0.695875346660614,
0.0038910922594368458,
0.24320156872272491,
0.07515089213848114,
-0.010783612728118896,
-0.4725762903690338,
-0.9214431047439575,
0.382942795753479,
-0.006718779448419809,
0.4805654287338257,
-0.24446846544742584,
-0.5586225390434265,
-0.08362310379743576,
0.4400183856487274,
-0.6284971833229065,
0.05436273291707039,
-0.5599086880683899,
0.16105800867080688,
0.33006420731544495,
-1.2608580589294434,
0.7267181873321533,
0.09969142824411392,
-0.3267248868942261,
-0.23451974987983704,
0.14760451018810272,
-0.35061773657798767,
0.3650036156177521,
-0.12494350969791412,
-0.030854133889079094,
0.1622728407382965,
0.10512758046388626,
-0.2772560715675354,
0.5250524282455444,
-0.24885068833827972,
0.5356013178825378,
0.10027378797531128,
-0.07022297382354736,
-0.08368151634931564,
0.4722311794757843,
-0.04394121468067169,
0.3984745442867279,
0.4550880789756775,
0.42601075768470764,
0.29234084486961365,
0.020410558208823204,
0.31234121322631836,
0.28677141666412354,
-0.18675969541072845,
-0.13637486100196838,
0.013003213331103325,
-0.012715917080640793,
-0.3538804352283478,
0.34808647632598877,
-1.050075888633728,
-0.6191803812980652,
0.5298201441764832,
0.18551144003868103,
0.49111247062683105,
0.2330131232738495,
0.32967162132263184,
-0.4684930145740509,
0.3524134159088135,
0.603191077709198,
0.04974095895886421,
-0.47488126158714294,
0.175650492310524,
0.27016782760620117,
-0.3519135117530823,
0.12962988018989563,
-0.5084846615791321,
0.27869048714637756,
-0.6554635763168335,
0.3995312750339508,
-0.05002031475305557,
0.10454297810792923,
-0.14377792179584503,
-0.07992967218160629,
0.45656538009643555,
0.2461709976196289,
-0.12447959184646606,
0.17443892359733582,
-0.31882017850875854,
0.8960480093955994,
0.04323669895529747,
0.22165153920650482,
0.12856535613536835,
-0.32478052377700806,
0.5390087366104126,
-0.1429728865623474,
0.34404096007347107,
0.3494679629802704,
-1.09321928024292,
0.7117511630058289,
0.49730032682418823,
-0.14676085114479065,
-0.04156700149178505,
0.22142009437084198,
-0.0967579260468483,
-0.08235355466604233,
-0.6040965914726257,
0.0422956682741642,
-0.3262368142604828,
0.4549983739852905,
0.25749608874320984,
-0.06481639295816422,
-0.41183069348335266,
0.27433785796165466,
-0.4773268699645996,
-0.563508152961731,
0.40744906663894653,
-0.17368462681770325,
-0.12870492041110992,
-0.14876766502857208,
1.0837783813476562,
-0.06588418781757355,
0.47334662079811096,
-0.03976156562566757,
-0.5338391065597534,
0.3527943789958954,
0.39038318395614624,
-0.901664137840271,
0.4207812547683716,
0.12776431441307068,
-0.16058674454689026,
-0.9464792609214783,
0.17415615916252136,
0.482261061668396,
-0.08481767028570175,
-0.10418269783258438,
0.4655653238296509,
-0.1469937413930893,
-0.39817485213279724,
0.7237322330474854,
-0.3732645511627197,
0.1036134883761406,
-0.1717403084039688,
0.14761322736740112,
0.22309231758117676,
0.7158480286598206,
-0.10157526284456253,
-0.18127135932445526,
-0.04224511981010437,
0.3887348175048828,
0.29701265692710876,
0.3500541150569916,
0.5324038863182068,
-0.35032615065574646,
-0.1364375501871109,
-0.03412400186061859,
0.7416699528694153,
-0.0033956507686525583,
-0.6416317224502563,
0.18141384422779083,
0.07778569310903549,
0.3018248677253723,
-0.49591392278671265,
0.42138028144836426,
-0.0342920683324337,
-0.29666003584861755,
-0.05103139951825142,
-0.7885705232620239,
0.3839985430240631,
-0.154480442404747,
-0.2391868531703949,
-0.12181265652179718,
0.3543787896633148,
0.4122666120529175,
-0.5898916125297546,
-0.2114998698234558,
0.12808142602443695,
-0.23928014934062958,
0.16280518472194672,
-0.38575950264930725,
-0.857732355594635,
-0.5436555743217468,
0.1664976179599762
] |
217749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves%20Klein | Yves Klein | Yves Klein (; 28 April 1928 – 6 June 1962) was a French artist and an important figure in post-war European art. He was a leading member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau réalisme founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany. Klein was a pioneer in the development of performance art, and is seen as an inspiration to and as a forerunner of minimal art, as well as pop art.
Biography
Klein was born in Nice, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France. His parents, Fred Klein and Marie Raymond, were both painters. His father painted in a loose post-impressionist style, while his mother was a leading figure in Art informel, and held regular soirées with other leading practitioners of this Parisian abstract movement. Klein received no formal training in art, but his parents exposed him to different styles. His father was a figurative style painter, while his mother had an interest in abstract expressionism.
From 1942 to 1946, Klein studied at the École Nationale de la Marine Marchande and the École Nationale des Langues Orientales. At this time, he became friends with Arman (Armand Fernandez) and Claude Pascal and started to paint. At the age of nineteen, Klein and his friends lay on a beach in the south of France, and divided the world between themselves; Arman chose the earth, Pascal, words, while Klein chose the ethereal space surrounding the planet, which he then proceeded to sign:
In early 1948, Klein was exposed to Max Heindel's 1909 text The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception and pursued a membership with an American society dedicated to Rosicrucianism.
Judo
While attending the École Nationale des Langues Orientales Klein began practicing judo. During the years 1948 to 1952, he travelled to Italy, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan. He travelled to Japan in 1953 where he became, at the age of 25, a master at judo receiving the rank of yodan (4th dan/degree black-belt) from the Kodokan, becoming the first European to rise to that rank. Later that year, he became the technical director of the Spanish judo team. In 1954 Klein wrote a book on judo called Les Fondements du judo. The same year, he settled permanently in Paris and began in earnest to establish himself in the art world.
Music
Between 1947 and 1948, Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally Monotone Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence – a precedent to Klein's later monochrome paintings and to the work of minimal musicians, particularly La Monte Young's drone music and John Cage's 4′33″.
Artwork
Monochrome works: The Blue Epoch
Although Klein had painted monochromes as early as 1949, and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950, his first public showing was the publication of the artist's book Yves Peintures in November 1954. Parodying a traditional catalogue raisonné, the book featured a series of intense monochromes linked to various cities he had lived in during the previous years. Yves Peintures anticipated his first two shows of oil paintings, at the Club des Solitaires, Paris, October 1955 and Yves: Proposition monochromes at Gallery Colette Allendy, February 1956. Public responses to these shows, which displayed orange, yellow, red, pink and blue monochromes, deeply disappointed Klein, as people went from painting to painting, linking them together as a sort of mosaic.
The next exhibition, 'Proposte Monocrome, Epoca Blu' (Proposition Monochrome; Blue Epoch) at the Gallery Apollinaire, Milan, (January 1957), featured 11 identical blue canvases, using ultramarine pigment suspended in a synthetic resin 'Rhodopas', described by Klein as "The Medium". Discovered with the help of Edouard Adam, a Parisian paint dealer, the optical effect retained the brilliance of the pigment which, when suspended in linseed oil, tended to become dull. Klein later deposited a Soleau envelope for this recipe to maintain the "authenticity of the pure idea." This colour, reminiscent of the lapis lazuli used to paint the Madonna's robes in medieval paintings, was to become known as International Klein Blue (IKB). The paintings were attached to poles placed 20 cm away from the walls to increase their spatial ambiguities. All 11 of the canvases were priced differently. The buyers would go through the gallery, observing each canvas and purchase the one that was deemed best in their own eyes specifically. Klein's idea was that each buyer would see something unique in the canvas that they bought that other buyers may not have seen. So while each painting visually looked the same, the impact each had on the buyer was completely unique.
The show was a critical and commercial success, traveling to Paris, Düsseldorf and London. The Parisian exhibition, at the Iris Clert Gallery in May 1957, became a seminal happening. To mark the opening, 1001 blue balloons were released and blue postcards were sent out using IKB stamps that Klein had bribed the postal service to accept as legitimate. Concurrently, an exhibition of tubs of blue pigment and fire paintings was held at Galerie Collette Allendy.
The Void
For his next exhibition at the Iris Clert Gallery (April 1958), Klein chose to show nothing whatsoever, called La spécialisation de la sensibilité à l’état matière première en sensibilité picturale stabilisée, Le Vide (The Specialization of Sensibility in the Raw Material State into Stabilized Pictorial Sensibility, The Void): he removed everything in the gallery space except a large cabinet, painted every surface white, and then staged an elaborate entrance procedure for the opening night: the gallery's window was painted blue, and a blue curtain was hung in the entrance lobby, accompanied by republican guards and blue cocktails. Thanks to an enormous publicity drive, 3,000 people queued up, waiting to be let into an empty room.
The art historian Olivier Berggruen situates Klein "as one who strove for total liberation," forming connections between perverse ritual and a disdain of convention. Klein had studied judo in Japan between 1952 and 1954, and also displayed an interest in Zen Buddhism. According to Berggruen, he used ritual as a means not to attain belief, but rather as a forum through which to reach abstraction—transcending worldly vestiges temporarily, and returning to earth as a new being.
Later in the year, he was invited to decorate the Gelsenkirchen Opera House, Germany, with a series of vast blue murals, the largest of which were 20 metres by 7 metres. The Opera House was inaugurated in December 1959. Klein celebrated the commission by travelling to Cascia, Italy, to place an ex-voto offering at the Saint Rita Monastery. "May all that emerges from me be beautiful," he prayed. The offering took the form of a small transparent plastic box containing three compartments; one filled with IKB pigment, one filled with pink pigment, and one with gold leaf inside. The container was only rediscovered in 1980.
Klein's last two exhibitions at Iris Clert's were Vitesse Pure et Stabilité Monochrome (Sheer Speed and Monochrome Stability), November 1958, a collaboration with Jean Tinguely, of kinetic sculptures, and Bas-Reliefs dans une Forêt d’Éponges (Bas-Reliefs in a Sponge Forest), June 1959, a collection of sponges that Klein had used to paint IKB canvases, mounted on steel rods and set in rocks that he'd found in his parents' garden.
Anthropométries
Despite the IKB paintings being uniformly coloured, Klein experimented with various methods of applying the paint; firstly different rollers and then later sponges, created a series of varied surfaces. This experimentalism would lead to a number of works Klein made using naked female models covered in blue paint and dragged across or laid upon canvases to make the image, using the models as "living brushes". This type of work he called Anthropometry. Other paintings in this method of production include "recordings" of rain that Klein made by driving around in the rain at 70 miles per hour with a canvas tied to the roof of his car, and canvases with patterns of soot created by scorching the canvas with gas burners.
Klein and Arman were continually involved with each other creatively, both as Nouveaux Réalistes and as friends. Both from Nice, the two worked together for many years and Arman even named his son, Yves Arman, after Yves Klein, who was his godfather.
Sometimes the creation of these paintings was turned into a kind of performance art—an event in 1960, for example, had an audience dressed in formal evening wear watching the models go about their task while an instrumental ensemble played Klein's 1949 The Monotone Symphony.
In the performance piece, Zone de Sensibilité Picturale Immatérielle (Zones of Immaterial Pictorial Sensibility) 1959–62, he offered empty spaces in the city in exchange for gold. He wanted his buyers to experience The Void by selling them empty space. In his view this experience could only be paid for in the purest material: gold. In exchange, he gave a certificate of ownership to the buyer. As the second part of the piece, performed on the Seine with an art critic in attendance, if the buyer agreed to set fire to the certificate, Klein would throw half the gold into the river, in order to restore the "natural order" that he had unbalanced by selling the empty space (that was now not "empty" anymore). He used the other half of the gold to create a series of gold-leafed works, which, along with a series of pink monochromes, began to augment his blue monochromes toward the end of his life.
Leap into the Void
Klein is also well known for a composite photograph, Saut dans le vide (Leap into the Void), originally published in the artist's book Dimanche, which apparently shows him jumping off a wall, arms outstretched, towards the pavement. Klein used the photograph as evidence of his ability to undertake unaided lunar travel. In fact, "Saut dans le vide", published as part of a broadside on the part of Klein (the "artist of space") denouncing NASA's own lunar expeditions as hubris and folly, was a photomontage in which the large tarpaulin, held by artist friends, Klein leaped onto was removed from the final image.
Klein's work revolved around a Zen-influenced concept he came to describe as "le Vide" (the Void). Klein's Void is a nirvana-like state that is void of worldly influences; a neutral zone where one is inspired to pay attention to one's own sensibilities, and to "reality" as opposed to "representation". Klein presented his work in forms that were recognized as art—paintings, a book, a musical composition—but then would take away the expected content of that form (paintings without pictures, a book without words, a musical composition without in fact composition) leaving only a shell, as it were. In this way he tried to create for the audience his "Zones of Immaterial Pictorial Sensibility".
Instead of representing objects in a subjective, artistic way, Klein wanted his subjects to be represented by their imprint: the image of their absence.
He tried to make his audience experience a state where an idea could simultaneously be "felt" as well as "understood".
Multiples
As well as painting flat canvases, Klein produced a series of works throughout his career that blurred the edges between painting and sculpture. He appropriated plaster casts of famous sculptures, such as the Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo, by painting them International Klein Blue; he painted a globe, 3D reliefs of areas of France and dowels which he hung from the ceiling as rain. He also stuck sponges to canvases and painted dinner plates. Many of these works were later manufactured as editioned multiples after his death.
In Blue Obelisk, a project that he had failed to realise in 1958, but that finally happened in 1983, he appropriated the Place de la Concorde by shining blue spotlights onto the central obelisk.
Last years
The art critic Pierre Restany, who spoke of how his first meeting with Klein had been fundamental to them both, went on to found the Nouveau Réalisme group with Klein in Klein's studio/apartment on 27 October 1960. Founding members were Arman, Francois Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Yves Klein, Martial Raysse, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, and Jacques Villeglé, with Niki de Saint Phalle, Christo and Gérard Deschamps joining later. Normally seen as a French version of Pop Art, the aim of the group was stated as 'Nouveau Réalisme—new ways of perceiving the real' [Nouveau Réalisme nouvelles approches perceptives du réel].
A large retrospective was held at Krefeld, Germany, January 1961, followed by an unsuccessful opening at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, in which Klein failed to sell a single painting. He stayed with Rotraut at the Chelsea Hotel for the duration of the exhibition; and, while there, he wrote the "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto", a proclamation of the "multiplicity of new possibilities." In part, the manifesto declared:
He moved on to exhibit at the Dwan Gallery, Los Angeles, and traveled extensively in the Western U.S., visiting Death Valley in the Mojave Desert. In 1962, he married Rotraut Uecker, sister of German artist Günther Uecker.
He suffered a heart attack while watching the film Mondo cane (in which he is featured) at the Cannes Film Festival on 11 May 1962. Two more heart attacks followed, the second of which killed him on 6 June 1962. His son, , was born on 6 August in Nice. Yves Amu studied architecture, design, cybernetics theory of systems, and fine arts sculpture. He went on to create robotized sculptures. Rotraut Klein married the photographer and designer Daniel Moquay, and has homes in Paris; Phoenix, Arizona; and Sydney, Australia.
Legacy
Thomas McEvilley, in an essay submitted to Artforum in 1982, classified Klein as an early, though enigmatic, postmodernist artist.
A sort of parody of Klein's Anthropometry performance is featured in the film Wise Guys (original title: Les Godelureaux) directed by Claude Chabrol released in 1961.
The Yves Klein archive is housed in Phoenix, Arizona, where his widow Rotraut Klein-Moquay has a home.
On 8 December 2017, Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers released the lead single from their thirteenth studio album Resistance is Futile, International Blue. The song was inspired by Klein, particularly the titular International Klein Blue. The Manics' bassist & lyricist Nicky Wire told the Quietus ""There was a joy to 'International Blue' that we weren't sure we could convey any more, the feeling of being in love with something like Yves Klein, to pass on the joy of that colour and that vividness – we weren't sure if we still had it in us. It sounds quite young."
In 2017, the MoMA- and WNYC-produced contemporary art podcast A Piece of Work hosted by Abbi Jacobson had an episode focused on Klein's blue monochromes. In 2018, the podcast This is Love released an episode, "Blue," about Klein and his work.
In 2021 a short novel called 'Blue Postcards' by Douglas Bruton was published. The book is built around the life and art of Yves Klein.
Art market
Alongside works by Andy Warhol and Willem de Kooning, Klein's painting RE 46 (1960) was among the top-five sellers at Christie's Post-War and Contemporary Art sale in May 2006. His monochromatic blue sponge painting sold for $4,720,000. Previously, his painting RE I (1958) had sold for $6,716,000 at Christie's New York in November 2000. In 2008, MG 9 (1962), a monochromatic gold painting, sold for $21 million at Christie's. FC1 (Fire Color 1) (1962), a nearly -long panel created with a blowtorch, water and two models, sold for $36.4 million at Christie's in 2012.
In 2013, Klein's Sculpture Éponge Bleue Sans Titre, SE 168, a 1959 sculpture made with natural sea sponges drenched in blue pigment fetched $22 million, the highest price paid for a sculpture by the artist.
References
External links
Yves Klein Archives.org – official website
Yves Klein: MoMA
Real Immaterial: Superstudio and Yves Klein Review of "Yves Klein: Air Architecture" in X-TRA Contemporary Art Quarterly
Marc de Verneuil and Mélanie Marbach, Zone de sensibilité picturale immatérielle (1962–2012), 26 January 2012, Paris (double hommage to Yves Klein and Dino Buzzatti on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of their collaborative work)
The Life and Work of Yves Klein Told by Rotraut. An interview with Rotraut Video by Louisiana Channel
Abstract painters
French contemporary painters
People from Nice
1928 births
1962 deaths
Nouveau réalisme artists
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French male painters
French contemporary artists
French male judoka
French abstract artists | [
0.24642692506313324,
0.09454982727766037,
-0.4576936960220337,
-0.19626671075820923,
-0.0561760812997818,
0.5946400165557861,
0.06926989555358887,
0.12383376806974411,
-0.1526987999677658,
-0.29791775345802307,
-0.6539396047592163,
0.47651946544647217,
0.030331134796142578,
0.2921871244907379,
0.16951829195022583,
-0.24461692571640015,
-0.04245791211724281,
-0.010725121945142746,
-0.58745276927948,
-0.17887382209300995,
-0.4118337035179138,
-0.6190928220748901,
0.00553438626229763,
-0.5648485422134399,
-0.36501771211624146,
-0.04701816663146019,
-0.23525989055633545,
-0.10187604278326035,
0.5136318802833557,
0.3377849757671356,
0.0997220054268837,
0.02661707065999508,
0.16576090455055237,
-0.11734353005886078,
-0.21840320527553558,
0.017574600875377655,
-0.4578152000904083,
-0.4612918794155121,
0.17548084259033203,
-0.232070654630661,
-0.46480223536491394,
0.5736685991287231,
0.5363636016845703,
0.14215579628944397,
-0.008558499626815319,
-0.8862016797065735,
-1.8709990978240967,
0.6253085136413574,
-0.463768869638443,
-0.08922908455133438,
-0.5637609958648682,
0.23596277832984924,
0.36914241313934326,
0.6957361102104187,
-0.1659908890724182,
0.271267831325531,
-0.8178490400314331,
-0.34574905037879944,
-0.13134466111660004,
-0.7711696028709412,
0.8487750887870789,
0.07734956592321396,
0.6419395208358765,
0.253672331571579,
0.16166289150714874,
-0.04844716936349869,
0.16527007520198822,
-0.022083569318056107,
0.2755732834339142,
0.04324223846197128,
-0.07669612020254135,
0.3566029965877533,
0.3711704611778259,
-0.5974107384681702,
0.12512032687664032,
-0.28066879510879517,
0.45787447690963745,
-0.7032217383384705,
-0.1926622986793518,
0.1168065071105957,
0.32905906438827515,
-0.36313527822494507,
0.8614310622215271,
0.7267578840255737,
0.44992750883102417,
0.10882160067558289,
-0.062173571437597275,
0.19572965800762177,
-0.6051815748214722,
0.1006329283118248,
-0.4936097264289856,
-0.6444253921508789,
0.09332969784736633,
-0.11577841639518738,
-0.18332870304584503,
0.02432340197265148,
0.05944395065307617,
0.5066416263580322,
-0.10809614509344101,
-0.451269268989563,
0.08950664103031158,
-0.015411240980029106,
-0.2155153453350067,
-0.5206353664398193,
-0.48181724548339844,
-0.44722241163253784,
-0.317373663187027,
-0.3474598526954651,
-0.07860829681158066,
0.07500408589839935,
-0.36082324385643005,
0.022130576893687248,
-0.24817536771297455,
-0.10639854520559311,
0.35657206177711487,
0.4834316372871399,
-0.16549628973007202,
-0.43172964453697205,
-1.014093279838562,
0.20809251070022583,
0.06603941321372986,
-0.4799170196056366,
-0.21772713959217072,
-0.4762827754020691,
-0.29169321060180664,
-0.34875357151031494,
0.316546231508255,
0.6785896420478821,
-0.600498616695404,
-0.002687773434445262,
0.4193466305732727,
1.0143464803695679,
-0.3945358991622925,
-0.38858604431152344,
-0.2719971835613251,
-0.35369253158569336,
0.11616377532482147,
-0.04857124760746956,
-0.3297845721244812,
0.3698800206184387,
-0.32211512327194214,
0.25685814023017883,
-0.2118716686964035,
0.026722747832536697,
0.2989557087421417,
-0.4179084897041321,
0.4161548316478729,
-0.025533616542816162,
-0.08742331713438034,
-0.40391844511032104,
0.15184196829795837,
-0.7992425560951233,
0.328374981880188,
-0.6754995584487915,
0.1999068409204483,
0.43244993686676025,
0.3657929599285126,
0.48080506920814514,
0.2865196168422699,
-0.5688477754592896,
0.7000463604927063,
-0.2446538507938385,
-0.07946082949638367,
0.01409275270998478,
0.4773348271846771,
-0.3239794969558716,
-0.24144582450389862,
0.5175986886024475,
-0.4421098232269287,
0.42881277203559875,
0.021985268220305443,
0.08257188647985458,
0.15934638679027557,
-0.18097266554832458,
-0.34915557503700256,
0.5275012254714966,
0.3669463098049164,
0.3058456778526306,
0.6057554483413696,
0.16599003970623016,
-0.6879723072052002,
-0.0908094197511673,
0.3393864929676056,
0.11587219685316086,
0.6098513007164001,
-0.0546623058617115,
0.12172433733940125,
0.0012797277886420488,
0.6186749339103699,
-0.12282896786928177,
-0.43242940306663513,
-0.2486763596534729,
-0.36007723212242126,
-0.5829079747200012,
0.5584821701049805,
0.5355008840560913,
-0.552748441696167,
0.801533579826355,
0.10699465125799179,
0.41446077823638916,
-0.43653181195259094,
-0.12583839893341064,
-0.009534974582493305,
-0.4343148469924927,
0.5573760867118835,
0.23096399009227753,
0.29910483956336975,
0.12619410455226898,
-0.038642361760139465,
0.8051703572273254,
0.38342273235321045,
-0.5968075394630432,
0.2786915600299835,
1.1993155479431152,
-0.38708576560020447,
-0.29089775681495667,
-0.31705746054649353,
-0.13710373640060425,
-0.21935182809829712,
-0.2385353296995163,
0.18919308483600616,
0.41193172335624695,
-0.7329140901565552,
0.5735389590263367,
-0.13923989236354828,
0.5508331656455994,
-0.25741538405418396,
-0.5362164974212646,
0.4162962734699249,
-0.29161378741264343,
0.009375041350722313,
0.4884357452392578,
0.1702830046415329,
0.10813000798225403,
-0.21043916046619415,
0.17830517888069153,
0.46726951003074646,
-0.029623936861753464,
0.7471169233322144,
-0.5122913122177124,
0.33727166056632996,
0.3270956575870514,
0.05958882346749306,
0.15435433387756348,
0.24549749493598938,
0.35673150420188904,
-0.16589383780956268,
0.18340083956718445,
-0.02775152213871479,
0.044245727360248566,
0.22823494672775269,
0.8797251582145691,
-0.4865363836288452,
-0.057100918143987656,
-0.7091073393821716,
-0.5103355646133423,
0.4885373115539551,
-0.22634929418563843,
0.8908179402351379,
0.24305757880210876,
0.5613336563110352,
-0.16253799200057983,
0.5700681209564209,
0.7655724287033081,
0.053755685687065125,
-0.7022719979286194,
-0.34460386633872986,
-0.3665098547935486,
0.1274053454399109,
-0.09466536343097687,
0.2891528010368347,
-0.13153645396232605,
-0.14035186171531677,
0.7083341479301453,
0.2261209338903427,
0.03251993656158447,
-0.6751155257225037,
0.6255620121955872,
0.03309958428144455,
-0.06412888318300247,
0.03787607327103615,
0.897844672203064,
-0.19372066855430603,
-0.5632921457290649,
0.012770576402544975,
0.10548612475395203,
-0.7029462456703186,
-0.3117685317993164,
0.5376958250999451,
-0.41987448930740356,
0.33801019191741943,
0.9584274888038635,
-0.6630253195762634,
-0.18813925981521606,
-0.6458945274353027,
0.42494773864746094,
-1.1105337142944336,
-0.31898415088653564,
-0.569552481174469,
0.21223221719264984,
-0.17392508685588837,
0.8154341578483582,
0.34858545660972595,
0.24962058663368225,
0.44764673709869385,
0.828052818775177,
-0.11243309080600739,
-0.13221508264541626,
-5.491270065307617,
0.1858455240726471,
0.7508618831634521,
0.40449845790863037,
-0.3605259656906128,
0.030358679592609406,
0.2740468978881836,
0.22356967628002167,
0.3363024592399597,
-0.7167502045631409,
-0.12124011665582657,
-0.36091816425323486,
-0.24349293112754822,
1.1437007188796997,
0.13957619667053223,
0.9033572673797607,
0.3443877100944519,
-0.25719255208969116,
0.04249616339802742,
0.3044978380203247,
-0.0764094665646553,
-0.35043054819107056,
-0.005274121183902025,
0.2868748903274536,
-0.03504050150513649,
-0.272938996553421,
-0.9461451172828674,
-0.2994261085987091,
-1.0483424663543701,
-0.0876539871096611,
-0.41728904843330383,
-0.16763700544834137,
0.1302032768726349,
0.42859384417533875,
0.3934437036514282,
0.08186158537864685,
0.1294868290424347,
0.032135188579559326,
-0.35877299308776855,
0.06381773203611374,
0.33077141642570496,
0.8331718444824219,
-0.2963919937610626,
0.5474196672439575,
0.41711434721946716,
-0.1817864328622818,
-0.6179493069648743,
-0.7932493686676025,
0.2528625726699829,
0.4874382019042969,
0.4735248386859894,
-0.37345919013023376,
0.18651935458183289,
-0.31855300068855286,
0.2272413820028305,
0.15808163583278656,
-0.37472108006477356,
0.4743504822254181,
-0.3289881646633148,
0.06596789509057999,
-0.14471392333507538,
-0.07904157787561417,
0.10251467674970627,
-0.5983185172080994,
0.054146651178598404,
-0.21439407765865326,
-0.1083822101354599,
-0.3496380150318146,
-0.2317255586385727,
-0.4801892042160034,
0.05360904335975647,
0.9003706574440002,
-0.5887845754623413,
-1.1889715194702148,
-0.3812330365180969,
-0.3628978133201599,
0.2315281480550766,
-0.3460346460342407,
-0.09338633716106415,
-0.3964221179485321,
0.05635419487953186,
-0.42155104875564575,
-0.4078369438648224,
0.3111845850944519,
0.20872610807418823,
-0.4071699380874634,
-0.048065152019262314,
0.3746432662010193,
-0.6098074913024902,
0.3700641095638275,
0.5468742847442627,
0.30228060483932495,
-0.14774006605148315,
0.1599874645471573,
0.12387346476316452,
0.24843616783618927,
0.46403729915618896,
0.22009165585041046,
0.4626300036907196,
0.45634329319000244,
-0.6460766792297363,
-0.5332062244415283,
-0.45995789766311646,
-0.19333592057228088,
-0.09255428612232208,
0.2184293568134308,
0.051112622022628784,
0.24559001624584198,
1.084157109260559,
0.10385938733816147,
0.09835664927959442,
0.42699185013771057,
-0.31414884328842163,
-0.40369611978530884,
0.44360801577568054,
-0.19773395359516144,
-0.09688901156187057,
0.03730141371488571,
0.41433286666870117,
0.07161810249090195,
0.22976742684841156,
0.20030468702316284,
-0.4855959415435791,
0.5591372847557068,
0.5739381909370422,
0.17428630590438843,
-0.4958983063697815,
-0.23034444451332092,
-0.36806610226631165,
0.21439555287361145,
-0.19005073606967926,
0.9234132766723633,
0.017914390191435814,
0.08261559158563614,
1.2424739599227905,
-0.36249983310699463,
-0.4020219147205353,
-0.44013094902038574,
-0.24824248254299164,
-0.30353671312332153,
0.17977774143218994,
0.08854386955499649,
0.07498820126056671,
0.24098517000675201,
-0.06792155653238297,
0.2680930197238922,
0.15504513680934906,
0.03520598262548447,
0.0037661921232938766,
0.7958272695541382,
0.12618565559387207,
0.33306029438972473,
0.343752384185791,
0.528113603591919,
0.03129783645272255,
-0.46594664454460144,
-0.6010484099388123,
-0.20984987914562225,
0.023184336721897125,
-0.28083062171936035,
0.3898373246192932,
-0.05910304933786392,
-1.3539565801620483,
-0.18057116866111755,
-0.21801543235778809,
-0.3784010112285614,
0.05938185006380081,
-0.24111607670783997,
-0.20834027230739594,
0.13426800072193146,
0.2622605264186859,
-0.8487440943717957,
0.20129989087581635,
-0.44150686264038086,
-0.021626250818371773,
-0.23220737278461456,
-0.1309870332479477,
-0.011756343767046928,
-0.1875287890434265,
0.05559851974248886,
0.5379284024238586,
0.761062741279602,
-0.5481474995613098,
-0.2624466121196747,
0.05114861577749252,
-0.4706612825393677,
-0.541219174861908,
0.11826924979686737,
-0.5544480085372925,
0.16158190369606018,
0.23537449538707733,
0.34719204902648926,
0.36097976565361023,
0.8475494384765625,
-0.6996430158615112,
-0.4027252793312073,
-0.48846521973609924,
0.35965919494628906,
-0.35247135162353516,
0.42370980978012085,
-0.2943320870399475,
0.15253332257270813,
0.020678609609603882,
-0.28494012355804443,
0.3392343819141388,
-0.789943277835846,
0.3229720890522003,
0.09384605288505554,
-0.06733230501413345,
0.21637752652168274,
-0.9469119906425476,
-0.033177539706230164,
-0.14254805445671082,
-0.05318447947502136,
-0.6730108857154846,
0.33511921763420105,
0.14938366413116455,
-0.07795138657093048,
-0.46465566754341125,
-0.17689631879329681,
-0.13142997026443481,
0.07324935495853424,
-1.127646565437317,
0.11434872448444366,
-0.300182580947876,
0.45467469096183777,
0.5118481516838074,
0.19505959749221802,
0.30817073583602905,
-0.35780006647109985,
0.35720643401145935,
-0.637806236743927,
-0.5452277064323425,
0.19280266761779785,
0.20134176313877106,
-0.0801624059677124,
1.1434382200241089,
0.05885641276836395,
-0.2140628546476364,
0.051955025643110275,
0.20827282965183258,
0.3161264657974243,
-0.09791083633899689,
0.256917268037796,
-0.22736698389053345,
0.4404647648334503,
0.19524341821670532,
-0.3748926520347595,
-0.2007371485233307,
0.5223303437232971,
-0.334561288356781,
0.10984408110380173,
-0.16059063374996185,
-0.7118241786956787,
0.8972642421722412,
-0.440076619386673,
0.1681222915649414,
0.3918423056602478,
0.21171189844608307,
0.315277099609375,
0.2023332417011261,
0.25973400473594666,
-0.3493025600910187,
-0.430569052696228,
0.3757511079311371,
0.31687018275260925,
0.09038133174180984,
0.43377885222435,
-0.15815848112106323,
-0.09026288241147995,
0.0308640506118536,
0.2825879454612732,
-0.5360315442085266,
0.5626876950263977,
-0.2415218949317932,
-0.4339214563369751,
-0.4654741585254669,
-0.898480236530304,
0.16182473301887512,
-0.8345996737480164,
-0.9913389682769775,
-0.05062413588166237,
0.5134652853012085,
-0.3391091823577881,
-0.03216497600078583,
-0.5306112170219421,
-0.13901467621326447,
-0.16360275447368622,
-0.5982417464256287,
0.1589839607477188,
-0.24686312675476074,
0.18679463863372803,
-0.015868883579969406,
0.3484016954898834,
0.012809496372938156,
1.0648380517959595,
-0.6779247522354126,
0.6318255662918091,
-0.007092118728905916,
-0.43042412400245667,
-0.2751859426498413,
-0.0639742836356163,
0.6231485605239868,
-0.10481470078229904,
0.5241808295249939,
-0.004246828146278858,
-0.3383808135986328,
-0.08125820010900497,
0.24706347286701202,
0.6312705874443054,
-0.03723182901740074,
-0.3192746937274933,
-0.23051713407039642,
-0.12223638594150543,
-0.7121210694313049,
0.24769102036952972,
0.6021762490272522,
-0.28160539269447327,
-0.5843170285224915,
-0.46948450803756714,
0.35078367590904236,
0.1323082000017166,
0.23526057600975037,
-0.2515386939048767,
-0.2978736460208893,
0.657534122467041,
0.34991511702537537,
0.27061644196510315,
0.1423962116241455,
-0.07182176411151886,
0.5688400864601135,
-0.17944398522377014,
-0.5656967163085938,
0.20030708611011505,
0.13609671592712402,
-0.1979725956916809,
-0.2213224172592163,
-0.16046857833862305,
0.6813750863075256,
0.09182224422693253,
-0.01564307138323784,
0.23364996910095215,
-0.7290650010108948,
0.18677952885627747,
0.1351674199104309,
-0.23868989944458008,
0.11104593425989151,
0.20480406284332275,
0.20679831504821777,
-0.13868564367294312,
0.9555687308311462,
0.05419384315609932,
0.1143624484539032,
0.12163421511650085,
0.598537027835846,
0.31439855694770813,
1.0224907398223877,
-0.11445753276348114,
-0.5629223585128784,
0.4125189185142517,
-0.17658166587352753,
-0.31857800483703613,
0.8463257551193237,
-0.14477279782295227,
0.06153540313243866,
0.10735681653022766,
-0.4025610387325287,
-0.4788073003292084,
-0.04354293271899223,
0.2102750539779663,
0.13190272450447083,
-0.07916080206632614,
-0.12522420287132263,
0.4245166480541229,
0.2018095850944519,
0.549964964389801,
0.5407153367996216,
0.13081233203411102,
-0.13903585076332092,
0.3666512072086334,
-0.3460700809955597,
-0.1782780885696411,
-0.3181820511817932,
-0.14099903404712677,
0.15230673551559448,
-0.26768627762794495,
0.35232672095298767,
0.1347891241312027,
-0.014353877864778042,
0.052693579345941544,
-0.052851174026727676,
-0.36399322748184204,
-0.09678051620721817,
0.7753096222877502,
-0.5940616726875305,
0.019104978069663048,
-0.3039587438106537,
1.129724383354187,
-0.679725170135498,
-0.5455240607261658,
0.23262755572795868,
0.12102264165878296,
-0.5457690358161926,
-0.044650427997112274,
0.005850742571055889,
-0.05464993044734001,
-0.37341880798339844,
0.03496875613927841,
-0.8842767477035522,
0.5651991367340088,
0.12740091979503632,
-0.30418074131011963,
-0.0579761266708374,
0.15511438250541687,
-0.041039153933525085,
0.06882190704345703,
0.18498018383979797,
0.03042314574122429,
-0.24389083683490753,
-0.28081226348876953,
0.4051762819290161,
-0.5215207934379578,
0.2111464887857437,
0.10626909136772156,
-0.7814623117446899,
0.1476058065891266,
-0.01321667991578579,
-0.07733635604381561,
0.1401626467704773,
0.3009568750858307,
0.09381606429815292,
0.8300845623016357,
-0.8988236784934998,
-0.25836339592933655,
-0.33734333515167236,
-0.34372714161872864,
0.7764914035797119,
0.2909010946750641,
0.4179745614528656,
-0.5909326076507568,
0.450164258480072,
0.0012637980980798602,
-0.16160152852535248,
-0.40727728605270386,
-0.2832169234752655,
-0.19029732048511505,
0.16834720969200134,
-0.2945494055747986,
0.39244988560676575,
-0.3145473897457123,
0.07129516452550888,
-0.005121664144098759,
0.4208642244338989,
-0.8149110078811646,
0.14056144654750824,
0.0673513114452362,
0.6110132932662964,
-0.41592487692832947,
0.43353867530822754,
-0.33490869402885437
] |
217750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Whisperers | The Whisperers | The Whisperers is a 1967 British drama film directed by Bryan Forbes and starring Edith Evans. It is based on the 1961 novel by Robert Nicolson. Although the fictional setting of the film is not named, it was mainly shot on location in the Lancashire town of Oldham, a once-thriving textile centre near Manchester which by 1967 had fallen into decline. Star Edith Evans received many honors for her leading performance, including her third Oscar nomination.
Plot
Mrs. Margaret Ross, an impoverished, elderly, eccentric woman, is living in a ground floor flat, in an unnamed town in northern England. Aged 76, she is dependent on National Assistance from the British government. She is visited by her criminal son, who hides a package containing a large sum of money in her unused spare room. The son confesses to the police of his robbery, then is sent to jail. Meanwhile, Mrs. Ross finds the money. Thinking the money is a windfall intended for her, Mrs. Ross makes elaborate plans. She casually confides to a stranger, who befriends her in order to ply her with spirits, kidnap her, then rob her of the stolen money. Rendered drunk and abandoned to the elements by her captors, Mrs. Ross contracts pneumonia. She is found by neighbours, then after almost dying, recovers in a hospital. It is the first time anyone has cared for her in years. Doctors, nurses, psychiatrists, and social workers all focus on her case. An agent at the National Assistance bureau traces down her husband, Archie (who deserted her decades ago). Motivated by the agent, who threatens him with legal pressure, informing him of his legal responsibility to her, the husband is strongly encouraged to move back in with her, which he does. Soon, he becomes involved with gamblers, then steals their money at a chance opportunity, which forces him to flee, so he deserts her again. Having been on the verge of a return to functional living, Mrs. Ross resumes her lonely status as an isolated person, who talks to the walls. This movie depicts these events as occurring during the year 1966, the year that British National Assistance was replaced by Supplementary Benefit.
Cast
Edith Evans – Mrs. Ross
Eric Portman – Archie Ross
Nanette Newman – Girl Upstairs
Harry Baird – Man Upstairs
Jack Austin – Police Sergeant
Gerald Sim – Mr. Conrad
Lionel Gamlin – Mr. Conrad's Colleague
Glen Farmer – 1st Redeemer
Oliver MacGreevy – 2nd Redeemer
Ronald Fraser – Charlie Ross
Kenneth Griffith – Mr. Weaver
Avis Bunnage – Mrs. Noonan
John Orchard – Grogan
Peter Thompson – Publican
Sarah Forbes – Mrs. Ross When Young
Kaplan Kaye – Jimmie Noonan
Penny Spencer – Mavis Noonan
Robin Bailey – Psychiatrist
Leonard Rossiter – Assistance Board Officer
Margaret Tyzack – Hospital Almoner
Frank Singuineau – Negro Doctor
Awards
Edith Evans was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, and won the BAFTA Award, the Silver Bear for Best Actress award at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival, the National Board of Review award, the New York Film Critics Circle award, and the Golden Globe Award all for Best Actress.
Release
Announced by Kino Lorber Studio Classics on Facebook on 14 March 2019 that a new 2K scan would be coming soon. This Blu-ray will be released on 14 January 2020.
References
External links
1967 films
1967 drama films
British films
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films based on British novels
English-language films
Films directed by Bryan Forbes
British black-and-white films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
British drama films
Films produced by Michael Laughlin
Social realism in film
Films shot in Greater Manchester | [
-0.00867942813783884,
0.496014267206192,
-0.30644214153289795,
-0.2968955338001251,
0.19255463778972626,
0.3954547941684723,
0.8444728255271912,
-0.28314208984375,
-0.47508758306503296,
0.4004606306552887,
0.03146474063396454,
0.6819183230400085,
-0.541918933391571,
0.5632614493370056,
-0.10242128372192383,
0.4147655963897705,
-0.04433075338602066,
0.42951884865760803,
-0.09996484965085983,
-0.4859384298324585,
-0.27238622307777405,
-0.18633447587490082,
0.3758560121059418,
-0.20473720133304596,
-0.2900143563747406,
0.8473130464553833,
0.21108204126358032,
0.38086074590682983,
0.15646344423294067,
-0.020407510921359062,
0.14626266062259674,
0.10862219333648682,
0.08514527231454849,
-0.16881941258907318,
0.15412218868732452,
0.06119958683848381,
-0.2669690251350403,
0.019190266728401184,
-0.5840235948562622,
-0.4770478904247284,
-0.35869622230529785,
0.019013211131095886,
0.47260043025016785,
0.08849016577005386,
-0.6021102070808411,
-0.48402050137519836,
-1.4798939228057861,
-0.2130894660949707,
-0.5007337927818298,
-0.5081886053085327,
-0.052370261400938034,
0.6904601454734802,
0.5239424109458923,
0.004029836505651474,
0.5889999270439148,
0.03875752165913582,
0.10562654584646225,
-0.2291555404663086,
0.321435809135437,
-0.05962996557354927,
0.4563082158565521,
-0.2893785238265991,
0.6511626243591309,
-0.0009934849804267287,
0.06955797970294952,
0.8113817572593689,
0.055377714335918427,
0.11377280205488205,
0.49218758940696716,
-0.24319911003112793,
0.16340982913970947,
0.06209191679954529,
-0.021270157769322395,
-0.1838146448135376,
0.15637192130088806,
-0.20571227371692657,
0.8976468443870544,
-0.12942035496234894,
-0.05982508882880211,
0.10787893086671829,
-0.5460492968559265,
0.07102057337760925,
0.7517108917236328,
0.5735757946968079,
0.01590890623629093,
-0.3798255920410156,
0.12585832178592682,
1.0661202669143677,
0.12062034010887146,
0.31493183970451355,
-0.34008002281188965,
-0.7481855750083923,
-0.18962284922599792,
0.004227698314934969,
-0.22406239807605743,
-0.03701486438512802,
-0.19227033853530884,
-0.17703071236610413,
0.5604479908943176,
0.28792428970336914,
-0.045673664659261703,
0.3276713192462921,
0.06806471198797226,
-0.6548202037811279,
-0.4494518041610718,
0.18878929316997528,
-0.11967179924249649,
-0.0650794580578804,
-0.07508863508701324,
-0.07413899153470993,
0.10890895128250122,
-0.08684729784727097,
0.12711495161056519,
-0.13802489638328552,
-0.03270706906914711,
0.5182291865348816,
0.43222957849502563,
-0.4182114899158478,
-0.6846458315849304,
0.023245293647050858,
0.14715395867824554,
0.3965678811073303,
0.12063124775886536,
0.2793494164943695,
-0.4262068271636963,
0.6449943780899048,
0.04779697209596634,
0.5279147624969482,
-0.690980851650238,
0.47058525681495667,
-0.20731016993522644,
0.41787248849868774,
-0.1671094447374344,
0.017911018803715706,
-0.2220001071691513,
-0.19184601306915283,
0.2956501245498657,
0.31024369597435,
0.0942242294549942,
0.44513770937919617,
-0.2927064895629883,
0.4689585864543915,
-0.808937132358551,
0.14636343717575073,
0.8404261469841003,
-0.4152514636516571,
-0.6875337958335876,
-0.12265097349882126,
-0.36289364099502563,
0.10471900552511215,
-0.46694400906562805,
0.08821836113929749,
0.6327122449874878,
-0.6211118698120117,
-0.7589278817176819,
0.5737128853797913,
0.46609073877334595,
-0.23647888004779816,
0.3891710042953491,
-0.012973069213330746,
-0.02050337940454483,
0.2820793688297272,
0.1081087663769722,
-0.258225679397583,
0.2303793728351593,
0.11570646613836288,
0.24111634492874146,
-0.5045772790908813,
0.5235573053359985,
0.20007182657718658,
-0.33965349197387695,
0.22780980169773102,
0.026293132454156876,
-0.2110263556241989,
-0.12447280436754227,
-0.31554579734802246,
0.6558895707130432,
0.6870490908622742,
-0.2003771811723709,
-0.4328695237636566,
-0.7596482038497925,
-0.7152767777442932,
-0.20156444609165192,
-0.20974041521549225,
-0.06607197225093842,
0.5087372660636902,
0.0999472439289093,
0.36121705174446106,
-0.7467002868652344,
-0.3991183936595917,
-0.17776189744472504,
-0.5112804770469666,
0.9499506950378418,
0.24395667016506195,
0.8936657905578613,
-0.2527174949645996,
0.019536415114998817,
0.1659887582063675,
-0.2550908327102661,
0.15538139641284943,
0.15041187405586243,
-0.10559533536434174,
0.3716817796230316,
0.2432653158903122,
-0.29985174536705017,
0.2039630264043808,
-0.2930375039577484,
0.398002952337265,
0.5984563827514648,
0.5966041684150696,
-0.0035510940942913294,
-0.5002530813217163,
0.14902836084365845,
0.14867523312568665,
0.14590369164943695,
-0.06881111115217209,
-0.37796351313591003,
0.35042276978492737,
0.8632355332374573,
-0.5398387908935547,
0.36795708537101746,
0.3554900884628296,
-0.27062949538230896,
-0.020692141726613045,
-0.056843213737010956,
0.6837316155433655,
0.10827261209487915,
-0.2611450254917145,
0.21738602221012115,
-0.35265982151031494,
-0.008033419959247112,
0.6845679879188538,
0.016450243070721626,
-0.4349733293056488,
-0.17603366076946259,
-0.1531187891960144,
-0.06395546346902847,
-0.6395341157913208,
-0.2252480536699295,
-0.046502485871315,
0.6221893429756165,
0.14989377558231354,
-0.5773274302482605,
0.5283353328704834,
0.6767693161964417,
-0.19735099375247955,
0.1926451474428177,
-0.26892098784446716,
-0.2552846372127533,
0.21774466335773468,
0.01632464863359928,
0.4881429076194763,
0.049046311527490616,
-0.2659132778644562,
0.3977988064289093,
0.25311172008514404,
-0.44003185629844666,
-0.5374820828437805,
0.9900220036506653,
0.5436252951622009,
0.19614896178245544,
0.18441079556941986,
0.23009513318538666,
0.2892146408557892,
-0.34890881180763245,
-0.1669217199087143,
-0.41928520798683167,
-0.8584064841270447,
0.07292091101408005,
0.012344500981271267,
0.5643078088760376,
-0.11488364636898041,
0.11211822926998138,
0.3672436773777008,
0.31024351716041565,
0.344235897064209,
0.1720203161239624,
-0.11871284246444702,
-0.48619747161865234,
-0.15340881049633026,
0.5931921601295471,
0.1070711761713028,
0.4085722267627716,
-0.03109375201165676,
-0.1799461543560028,
-0.11760155856609344,
-0.04076462611556053,
-0.07126142084598541,
0.08258962631225586,
-0.6884958744049072,
-0.7280545234680176,
0.7336783409118652,
-0.05134523659944534,
0.15949371457099915,
-0.6972459554672241,
-0.1615712195634842,
-0.40450599789619446,
0.6759912371635437,
0.056826382875442505,
0.0903681069612503,
-0.8060678243637085,
0.9573813080787659,
-0.6798807978630066,
-0.05821095407009125,
0.021186398342251778,
0.12238381057977676,
-0.3488580882549286,
-0.5764529705047607,
-5.536049842834473,
-0.07538686692714691,
0.6799744963645935,
-0.5078690052032471,
1.0620336532592773,
0.42193514108657837,
0.2458477020263672,
-0.8842796683311462,
-0.1533948928117752,
0.47501543164253235,
0.0450223833322525,
-0.01591400057077408,
-0.21451981365680695,
-0.14360570907592773,
0.465848445892334,
-0.19320954382419586,
-0.6489369869232178,
-0.8513041734695435,
0.7034701704978943,
-0.14816077053546906,
0.04887677729129791,
0.34036898612976074,
0.08955030143260956,
0.008351215161383152,
-0.44914162158966064,
1.0096184015274048,
-0.20396745204925537,
-0.006750513333827257,
-0.48284974694252014,
0.12975792586803436,
-0.2339554727077484,
-0.45507195591926575,
-0.4122351408004761,
-0.10382936894893646,
-0.7769765853881836,
0.21283327043056488,
0.16867953538894653,
-0.040514037013053894,
0.10357768833637238,
-0.7100334167480469,
-1.190419316291809,
0.2707687020301819,
-0.6733712553977966,
0.35642507672309875,
0.43871378898620605,
-0.4181106686592102,
-0.5575213432312012,
-1.0608488321304321,
0.5820021629333496,
0.6718567609786987,
-0.2680110037326813,
-0.15959236025810242,
0.2071072906255722,
0.03141828253865242,
0.07795602828264236,
-0.260381817817688,
0.04139654338359833,
0.021753577515482903,
0.17010661959648132,
0.35799431800842285,
0.1765027940273285,
-0.11101682484149933,
0.07211488485336304,
-0.3800266683101654,
0.03546485677361488,
-0.017470432445406914,
0.14813455939292908,
0.04658006131649017,
0.4233699440956116,
-0.42939668893814087,
0.0831146091222763,
-0.011216591112315655,
-0.008007504977285862,
-1.2790420055389404,
0.35168343782424927,
-0.3162567913532257,
0.059426199644804,
-0.4190766513347626,
-0.41755276918411255,
-0.07892434298992157,
0.24814921617507935,
0.10634462535381317,
0.4661295711994171,
0.19236457347869873,
0.15443938970565796,
-0.46685025095939636,
-0.03811698034405708,
0.14092886447906494,
-0.04756077006459236,
-0.8243556618690491,
-0.0025979378260672092,
-0.35704171657562256,
-0.3781011998653412,
0.8506715297698975,
0.8646185398101807,
0.744983971118927,
0.6898429989814758,
0.14743220806121826,
0.35962724685668945,
0.056988075375556946,
0.08371443301439285,
-0.6717206239700317,
-0.0930803120136261,
-0.682368278503418,
-0.144379660487175,
-0.2222956120967865,
-0.219139963388443,
0.5604323744773865,
0.12238108366727829,
-0.8600777387619019,
0.08212447911500931,
0.014495800249278545,
-0.40555161237716675,
-0.04073401540517807,
-0.4649704098701477,
-0.4376945197582245,
-0.42342641949653625,
0.6459171175956726,
0.07411555200815201,
0.3683895468711853,
0.14533452689647675,
0.5623985528945923,
-0.22253990173339844,
0.1473153829574585,
-0.17351043224334717,
-0.13053549826145172,
0.3001370429992676,
0.13202671706676483,
-0.3213755190372467,
-0.44396689534187317,
-0.7110632658004761,
-0.1513819396495819,
0.13469864428043365,
-0.0025886353105306625,
0.1790958046913147,
-0.46119117736816406,
-0.7104448676109314,
0.10812331736087799,
0.22827467322349548,
0.5650404095649719,
-0.25716257095336914,
-0.24082693457603455,
-0.030465291813015938,
0.9315847158432007,
0.2450273036956787,
-0.4237194359302521,
0.24356985092163086,
-0.4582318067550659,
-0.32342469692230225,
-0.22813108563423157,
0.26593172550201416,
0.510334312915802,
1.3703503608703613,
-0.4414961636066437,
-0.12208222597837448,
-0.46603935956954956,
0.4758036434650421,
0.21064704656600952,
-0.3428212106227875,
-0.5777856111526489,
-0.41605767607688904,
0.0815361887216568,
-0.8774834275245667,
0.4629155993461609,
-0.24227069318294525,
-0.2500644326210022,
-0.4348624646663666,
-0.41772031784057617,
0.1580415815114975,
0.2245323359966278,
-0.07087580114603043,
-0.3284238278865814,
0.13588595390319824,
0.9684836268424988,
0.3186042010784149,
0.35980159044265747,
-0.4838712513446808,
0.1616715043783188,
-0.25734519958496094,
-0.13275527954101562,
-0.0349816158413887,
0.39122819900512695,
-1.1576422452926636,
0.023526083678007126,
0.7791028618812561,
0.2174040675163269,
-0.7228518128395081,
-0.4460420608520508,
-0.2694627344608307,
0.17338216304779053,
0.13355550169944763,
0.5296005606651306,
0.5181419253349304,
0.48383668065071106,
-0.6359542608261108,
-0.25814104080200195,
-0.17846904695034027,
-0.04426974803209305,
0.18748322129249573,
-0.5569474101066589,
0.26831451058387756,
0.14237259328365326,
-0.45188167691230774,
-0.018108602613210678,
0.3559221029281616,
-0.6735260486602783,
0.1506299525499344,
-0.4610092043876648,
-1.1366941928863525,
1.0178581476211548,
-0.33455348014831543,
-0.4561506509780884,
-0.13404755294322968,
0.548468291759491,
-0.3480241894721985,
-0.18112815916538239,
-0.02074342779815197,
-0.00026800017803907394,
0.17193114757537842,
-0.3315586745738983,
-0.23309902846813202,
-0.8720706105232239,
-0.20099343359470367,
0.09710980951786041,
-1.2922836542129517,
0.16524235904216766,
0.36991092562675476,
-0.2786598801612854,
0.6225453019142151,
-0.5156681537628174,
-0.20855703949928284,
0.08411446958780289,
0.109412282705307,
-0.4010632038116455,
-0.6055474877357483,
-0.0016470984555780888,
-0.2091987431049347,
0.1434372365474701,
0.05201372876763344,
0.592385470867157,
0.6172237992286682,
1.1018269062042236,
0.3997838795185089,
-0.03680383041501045,
0.1689290851354599,
0.6980688571929932,
-0.5223168134689331,
-1.0274803638458252,
0.0853847861289978,
0.4167230725288391,
0.31385183334350586,
0.4063994586467743,
0.014866101555526257,
-0.10392139106988907,
0.676105260848999,
-0.37332022190093994,
0.17047792673110962,
0.25038254261016846,
-0.046027105301618576,
-0.6831538081169128,
0.47610628604888916,
-0.12183156609535217,
-0.506513774394989,
0.08922257274389267,
-0.2708040773868561,
0.11851423233747482,
0.02981836348772049,
-0.22366605699062347,
0.361205130815506,
0.29667600989341736,
-0.3434913456439972,
-0.05939676612615585,
0.2809913456439972,
0.11506004631519318,
-0.19524498283863068,
0.025986088439822197,
-0.40963447093963623,
-0.497297078371048,
-0.2961706519126892,
0.2576679289340973,
-0.011942092329263687,
0.3602226972579956,
0.08740191906690598,
-0.6525083780288696,
-0.40484556555747986,
-0.3616783320903778,
0.5230122208595276,
-0.64012610912323,
-0.17022788524627686,
0.052767980843782425,
-0.46468111872673035,
0.13644768297672272,
0.02982136234641075,
0.5443606972694397,
0.24864047765731812,
-0.12214776128530502,
-0.16661417484283447,
0.40587320923805237,
-0.3093095123767853,
-0.002366831758990884,
-0.4939446449279785,
0.541416347026825,
0.21542412042617798,
0.006567768752574921,
-0.03585250675678253,
-0.3007534444332123,
-0.10852408409118652,
-0.5283008813858032,
-0.48772040009498596,
-0.15389792621135712,
-0.01456966158002615,
-0.35302019119262695,
0.5659744739532471,
0.8099901676177979,
-0.6441949605941772,
-0.40921178460121155,
0.435511976480484,
-0.24167747795581818,
-0.2378154695034027,
0.3962879776954651,
0.14930038154125214,
0.06717269867658615,
0.27435266971588135,
-0.4253270626068115,
-0.3023315668106079,
0.8527705073356628,
0.17364680767059326,
0.4619732201099396,
0.1462946981191635,
-0.21382562816143036,
0.29822394251823425,
-0.3248991370201111,
0.29736337065696716,
0.4290531873703003,
0.06963212788105011,
-0.35329851508140564,
0.47918885946273804,
-0.32742804288864136,
0.01594228856265545,
0.17910298705101013,
-0.2664504945278168,
-0.1677805781364441,
0.16393333673477173,
-0.4544014632701874,
-0.19594591856002808,
0.2597876191139221,
0.4513396620750427,
0.18924492597579956,
0.6957248449325562,
-0.2721971869468689,
0.14834697544574738,
0.1488599181175232,
-0.20037582516670227,
-0.5074267983436584,
0.8197229504585266,
0.4179651141166687,
0.435477614402771,
0.09979778528213501,
-0.18972556293010712,
0.2530304491519928,
-0.3501967191696167,
-0.26807036995887756,
0.6572482585906982,
1.02260160446167,
0.000427129038143903,
0.2793208360671997,
-0.21441519260406494,
-0.35236042737960815,
0.13165558874607086,
0.28592872619628906,
0.3996325433254242,
0.05493224412202835,
-0.16342738270759583,
0.04783289507031441,
0.5077269077301025,
0.41274356842041016,
-0.40556907653808594,
0.3629518151283264,
-0.4903853237628937,
0.11491607129573822,
-0.1754027158021927,
0.7142298221588135,
-0.19599716365337372,
-0.6416829824447632,
0.7261307239532471,
0.015582733787596226,
-0.11315672099590302,
-0.17367051541805267,
-0.11695355921983719,
-0.5511977076530457,
0.38373202085494995,
-0.7642209529876709,
-0.15338650345802307,
-0.018844231963157654,
-0.6599388718605042,
0.04812998324632645,
-0.004739520605653524,
0.4939236044883728,
-0.09512516856193542,
-0.00931523647159338,
-0.005471347831189632,
0.6770241856575012,
-0.11353466659784317,
0.7274666428565979,
-0.3360103666782379,
0.2876127064228058,
-0.7090312838554382,
0.3720013499259949,
-0.5003749132156372,
0.37464281916618347,
0.10284498333930969,
0.3063853085041046,
0.20857124030590057,
0.381293386220932,
-0.3294019103050232,
-0.09628167748451233,
0.5882777571678162,
0.421761155128479,
-0.26235082745552063,
0.10139255970716476,
-0.6130179166793823,
-0.7231341004371643,
-0.009747276082634926,
0.057462964206933975,
0.04803038761019707,
0.42965707182884216,
0.41301265358924866,
-0.40901979804039,
0.08381859213113785,
-0.08596765995025635,
-0.10700122267007828,
0.13153232634067535,
0.05552982911467552,
-0.2310718446969986,
0.1923356056213379,
-0.09850367903709412,
0.3051137328147888,
0.3568502366542816,
0.8454412817955017,
-0.04729298874735832,
0.7690836787223816,
-0.4880722165107727,
0.19848307967185974,
-0.1879325956106186,
-0.9191176295280457,
-0.42633306980133057,
-0.005759598221629858,
-0.9377584457397461,
-0.33448848128318787,
0.5734376907348633,
-0.39684784412384033,
-0.908037543296814,
-0.24906891584396362,
-0.7066324353218079,
-0.6888465881347656,
0.7364554405212402,
0.13845884799957275,
0.0077272444032132626,
-0.0525788813829422,
-0.3579343557357788
] |
217752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Day | Fast Day | Fast Day was a holiday observed in some parts of the United States between 1670 and 1991.
"A day of public fasting and prayer," it was traditionally observed in the New England states. It had its origin in days of prayer and repentance proclaimed in the early days of the British American colonies by Royal Governors, to avoid such calamities as plagues, natural disasters or crop failures; it was common to hold a Fast Day before the spring planting (cf. rogation days). It was observed by church attendance, fasting, and abstinence from secular activities.
A Fast Day could be added for any particular reason in a particular year, rather than being instituted as an ongoing annual holiday. The earliest known Fast Day was proclaimed in colonial Boston, held on September 8, 1670. The colonial Province of New Hampshire proclaimed a Fast Day for February 26, 1680, seeking "God's blessing" on an upcoming General Assembly and for good weather during spring planting. The following year, when illness struck John Cutt, the president of the Province of New Hampshire, and a comet was seen in the sky, the province designated March 17, 1681 a Fast Day in response to these signs of "divine displeasure". The image at right shows that Jonathan Belcher, colonial governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, declared a Fast Day in 1735 because of "the holy Anger of Almighty God, evidently manifested in the various judgments inflicted on us", specifically highlighting a "mortal sickness" that had been divinely inflicted on the colonists.
Fast Day had lost its significance as a religious holiday by the late 19th century. It was abolished by Massachusetts in 1894, when that state replaced their Fast Day, celebrated on the third Monday in April, with Patriots' Day, commemorating the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Menotomy on the first day (April 19, 1775) of the American Revolutionary War. Maine, which also celebrated Fast Day on the third Monday in April, changed it to Patriot's Day in 1907. Fast Day continued in New Hampshire until 1991, with the late April holiday signifying only the opening of the summer tourist season; the state dropped Fast Day in 1991, replacing it with the January Civil Rights Day, which they renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Day (the last U.S. state to do so) in 1999.
Notes
Fasting
Public holidays in the United States | [
0.07441204786300659,
-0.4957790672779083,
0.14027324318885803,
-0.1898777037858963,
-0.3053855001926422,
-0.353257954120636,
0.9051477313041687,
1.0745075941085815,
-0.43845364451408386,
0.2537466585636139,
-0.16390569508075714,
0.045089416205883026,
-0.5733039379119873,
0.16471675038337708,
-0.48587027192115784,
0.24642084538936615,
0.13414408266544342,
0.33212774991989136,
0.018648453056812286,
-0.061414334923028946,
-0.3226580023765564,
0.02008376456797123,
0.42550864815711975,
-0.01988396793603897,
-0.23527464270591736,
0.030786404386162758,
-0.2258225381374359,
0.04681095853447914,
-0.5016809105873108,
0.05882773920893669,
0.33468857407569885,
0.6963788270950317,
0.23152899742126465,
0.27620887756347656,
0.4697085916996002,
0.16774867475032806,
0.2714029550552368,
-0.4451735317707062,
0.013915731571614742,
-0.08797556161880493,
0.047156788408756256,
-0.08922135829925537,
0.28485816717147827,
0.10526416450738907,
-0.39055854082107544,
0.49073752760887146,
-1.2785128355026245,
0.017868200317025185,
-0.6229487657546997,
-0.5770755410194397,
-0.5375221371650696,
0.33965814113616943,
0.2782444655895233,
0.5267027020454407,
0.07955823093652725,
0.25484710931777954,
-0.7203226685523987,
-0.398345947265625,
0.14546948671340942,
-0.09911453723907471,
0.8714206218719482,
-0.4921734035015106,
0.050601862370967865,
-0.015200446359813213,
-0.429561972618103,
-0.21029391884803772,
-0.17349018156528473,
1.1793819665908813,
0.11301565915346146,
-0.7622498273849487,
-0.14980825781822205,
-0.2676527500152588,
-0.25647813081741333,
0.3773069679737091,
0.04626315087080002,
-0.6978309750556946,
0.023553820326924324,
-0.32804325222969055,
0.06646332889795303,
-0.473197877407074,
0.15434233844280243,
0.3366932272911072,
0.433492511510849,
0.25880876183509827,
0.178239643573761,
-0.23116450011730194,
-0.2397506833076477,
0.08356744050979614,
0.09345904737710953,
0.9937736392021179,
-0.2690940499305725,
0.27294859290122986,
0.39204028248786926,
-0.022198209539055824,
-0.7485278248786926,
-0.030736813321709633,
-0.7595968246459961,
-0.22427210211753845,
0.6136190891265869,
0.15227258205413818,
0.10402942448854446,
-0.22340154647827148,
0.6165754795074463,
0.25013479590415955,
0.14617028832435608,
0.0607546828687191,
0.5305252075195312,
-0.4825669527053833,
0.4421248435974121,
-0.21771572530269623,
-0.386476069688797,
0.2636773884296417,
0.023902976885437965,
0.2768886685371399,
-0.17517665028572083,
0.1326543241739273,
0.11806745082139969,
-0.13854384422302246,
-0.43606236577033997,
-0.36988452076911926,
-0.4261385202407837,
-0.2683984935283661,
0.46903112530708313,
-0.5599892735481262,
0.19802764058113098,
0.5007150769233704,
0.3217700123786926,
0.7329440712928772,
-0.20599961280822754,
-0.31233832240104675,
0.485813707113266,
0.5441709160804749,
-0.5224408507347107,
-0.4652511477470398,
-0.13086389005184174,
-0.38913559913635254,
0.48285430669784546,
-0.05732759088277817,
0.2229863703250885,
0.34514912962913513,
-0.05480265989899635,
-0.486482173204422,
-0.23012496531009674,
-0.37599411606788635,
0.6469503045082092,
-0.2988385260105133,
0.005301108583807945,
-0.419384241104126,
-0.23386771976947784,
0.21745166182518005,
0.031531501561403275,
0.34560346603393555,
-0.007319760043174028,
0.4850694239139557,
-0.03167392686009407,
0.16011352837085724,
-0.36610308289527893,
-0.20430555939674377,
-0.14253288507461548,
0.29272589087486267,
-0.5223344564437866,
0.3640850782394409,
-0.6064496636390686,
-0.18408368527889252,
-0.03191542625427246,
-0.10897376388311386,
0.01473101694136858,
-0.18430040776729584,
0.30573171377182007,
0.23790934681892395,
-0.59980708360672,
0.588896632194519,
-0.012800171971321106,
0.253498375415802,
-0.11098255962133408,
-0.09562738984823227,
0.5298860669136047,
-0.17148824036121368,
0.18221376836299896,
0.18411582708358765,
-0.5893892049789429,
0.20510898530483246,
1.003174066543579,
0.28211507201194763,
-0.16331954300403595,
-0.14489682018756866,
0.06685183197259903,
-0.11261598765850067,
-0.08035406470298767,
-0.27373793721199036,
-0.23821933567523956,
0.21992209553718567,
0.04217827692627907,
-0.36035552620887756,
1.0194052457809448,
-0.0707145407795906,
-0.5984266996383667,
0.8212776780128479,
-0.25447237491607666,
0.7036623358726501,
-0.4173083007335663,
-0.2698616683483124,
0.5062838196754456,
-0.02598610147833824,
-0.2670997977256775,
0.4098917245864868,
0.07667884230613708,
0.48394063115119934,
0.054367609322071075,
0.0427665039896965,
-0.06530792266130447,
-0.3060298562049866,
0.2690776586532593,
0.8091013431549072,
-0.22497855126857758,
-0.11961215734481812,
-0.09109249711036682,
0.2181527465581894,
0.21110419929027557,
-0.6828662753105164,
0.20637771487236023,
0.03483942896127701,
-0.6282424330711365,
0.32248494029045105,
0.28881391882896423,
0.34050342440605164,
0.13050271570682526,
0.2847646176815033,
0.41287335753440857,
-0.16201621294021606,
0.14991788566112518,
0.0727972537279129,
0.11056753993034363,
-0.3350493609905243,
0.15980444848537445,
0.1783512532711029,
0.033624306321144104,
-0.40905699133872986,
-0.48324212431907654,
-0.46291384100914,
0.09651730954647064,
-0.05298656225204468,
0.3293607532978058,
0.44516393542289734,
0.217681884765625,
0.2068561613559723,
0.13267925381660461,
0.3294878900051117,
-0.3115282654762268,
-0.1530003845691681,
0.16288858652114868,
0.5085206031799316,
0.4573431611061096,
-0.5706313848495483,
0.3251767158508301,
0.1825481355190277,
0.4265722632408142,
-0.004524971358478069,
0.5463592410087585,
0.5183668732643127,
0.056573327630758286,
0.3114725947380066,
-0.04223494976758957,
-0.18778911232948303,
-0.21079349517822266,
-0.7345567941665649,
-0.49719980359077454,
-0.02677244320511818,
-0.2735285460948944,
-0.025762997567653656,
0.19084666669368744,
-0.11380105465650558,
-0.2803402543067932,
0.24366970360279083,
-0.19949489831924438,
-0.773306131362915,
0.2752510607242584,
0.3793886601924896,
-0.366658091545105,
0.1634889543056488,
-0.4674714207649231,
0.7538825273513794,
0.37392303347587585,
-0.5655533075332642,
-0.6841637492179871,
-0.6426390409469604,
0.1086004227399826,
-0.5467124581336975,
-0.13637866079807281,
-0.26601409912109375,
0.06159612163901329,
0.22970956563949585,
-0.05916132777929306,
0.060260020196437836,
-0.4516943693161011,
0.46561935544013977,
-0.19913607835769653,
-0.09283552318811417,
0.0754764974117279,
0.10722685605287552,
0.13074299693107605,
0.20769564807415009,
0.20106983184814453,
-0.5785223245620728,
0.318509042263031,
-0.19440680742263794,
-0.6474124193191528,
-0.4373423457145691,
-5.9806342124938965,
0.3917679190635681,
-0.09877755492925644,
-0.44800812005996704,
-0.23932646214962006,
0.22560927271842957,
0.9562426209449768,
0.17363646626472473,
0.262895405292511,
-0.043918997049331665,
0.017520492896437645,
-0.023615293204784393,
-0.4238816797733307,
0.24181444942951202,
0.6623349189758301,
-0.23566019535064697,
0.5438100099563599,
-0.18329089879989624,
-0.08786369115114212,
0.353214293718338,
0.3542287349700928,
0.04474911838769913,
0.4553309679031372,
0.4370884299278259,
-0.1427244246006012,
0.07365439087152481,
0.1274038553237915,
0.34902000427246094,
-0.1668853461742401,
0.25421571731567383,
0.3649120628833771,
0.5233273506164551,
0.2201867401599884,
-0.5481526851654053,
0.06688012927770615,
0.24626395106315613,
0.2720273435115814,
0.26561611890792847,
-0.22715555131435394,
-0.15376730263233185,
-0.11929699033498764,
0.14592353999614716,
0.07289597392082214,
-0.18757273256778717,
0.48885494470596313,
0.6328325867652893,
0.23802216351032257,
-0.1905716210603714,
-0.6437180638313293,
0.3623321056365967,
0.22211004793643951,
0.022786999121308327,
0.16610737144947052,
-0.15238851308822632,
-0.13390317559242249,
-0.3955302834510803,
0.2288820445537567,
-0.10398335754871368,
-0.1832561194896698,
0.017041143029928207,
0.28406646847724915,
-0.07420439273118973,
0.3015899956226349,
-0.5241416096687317,
-0.2981661260128021,
-0.062423061579465866,
-0.5807062387466431,
-0.3733867406845093,
0.4567665159702301,
0.6291566491127014,
-0.5287243127822876,
-0.05889270827174187,
-0.20032940804958344,
-0.9173826575279236,
0.3013155162334442,
-0.28391021490097046,
-0.06736264377832413,
0.04041407257318497,
-0.12672168016433716,
0.35219693183898926,
0.22817006707191467,
-0.2933935225009918,
-0.3363303244113922,
0.2130926102399826,
0.6808432340621948,
-0.3081358075141907,
0.23530001938343048,
0.03898465260863304,
-0.5206326842308044,
-0.47646039724349976,
0.6364449858665466,
-0.049190036952495575,
0.22826488316059113,
-0.20187143981456757,
0.41187581419944763,
0.5429943799972534,
-0.5475156903266907,
-0.4624186158180237,
-0.04264037311077118,
-0.14751949906349182,
0.3765181303024292,
0.20805448293685913,
0.516649067401886,
-0.6880160570144653,
-0.09938541799783707,
-0.33818066120147705,
-0.25650060176849365,
0.46508800983428955,
-0.1304771900177002,
0.1558464914560318,
-0.26381048560142517,
-0.1657678186893463,
-0.6402881741523743,
-0.659153401851654,
-0.3729633390903473,
0.37506797909736633,
0.06011683866381645,
0.11240586638450623,
0.12410908937454224,
0.33078280091285706,
0.2626834213733673,
0.3466242551803589,
-0.2695811986923218,
-0.274032324552536,
-0.09453388303518295,
-0.18242737650871277,
0.015202471055090427,
-0.34174594283103943,
0.7806341648101807,
0.47172659635543823,
0.45135796070098877,
0.5489778518676758,
0.6218088865280151,
0.24079471826553345,
-0.18730086088180542,
-0.03439578413963318,
-0.19835348427295685,
0.10425595939159393,
-0.314225971698761,
-0.5155214667320251,
-0.08082620799541473,
-0.3227297067642212,
0.3096810579299927,
0.6682584881782532,
0.1591564267873764,
0.49920347332954407,
0.32005172967910767,
-0.5323408246040344,
-0.18826088309288025,
0.7261956334114075,
0.032382603734731674,
-0.06309398263692856,
0.03342896327376366,
-0.3214314579963684,
-0.3210897147655487,
0.21552956104278564,
1.2308664321899414,
0.2868689000606537,
-0.46232256293296814,
-0.48687782883644104,
-0.4115942120552063,
-0.7296329140663147,
-0.7928569912910461,
-0.09790262579917908,
-0.08034607023000717,
0.05489379167556763,
-0.35406994819641113,
-0.27253690361976624,
0.3745628595352173,
0.191000297665596,
-0.2154323160648346,
-0.3923487365245819,
-0.5087489485740662,
0.33044713735580444,
0.41594529151916504,
-0.06937529146671295,
0.09366653859615326,
-0.27490052580833435,
-0.1911134570837021,
-0.21822427213191986,
-0.0588206984102726,
-0.06441280245780945,
-0.49790820479393005,
0.09466857463121414,
0.4539734423160553,
-0.9523319602012634,
-0.18657508492469788,
0.30269142985343933,
-0.05082252249121666,
0.28572824597358704,
1.0597974061965942,
0.06427211314439774,
0.4131368398666382,
0.4115702509880066,
0.027446050196886063,
-0.5767350792884827,
0.1741446554660797,
0.8852279782295227,
-0.09017796069383621,
-0.3360947370529175,
0.00950786005705595,
-0.06804315000772476,
-0.46089640259742737,
0.09009695053100586,
-0.179662823677063,
-0.45428788661956787,
-0.04833238944411278,
0.11864212900400162,
-0.48697346448898315,
0.2942592203617096,
-0.394835889339447,
-0.10845433175563812,
0.29583725333213806,
0.23520192503929138,
0.13382603228092194,
0.18936775624752045,
-0.5981734395027161,
-0.16089124977588654,
0.15065109729766846,
-0.39495956897735596,
-0.20006488263607025,
-0.06087920069694519,
-0.3608242869377136,
-0.4269268214702606,
-0.21355345845222473,
0.3168119788169861,
0.33899959921836853,
-0.5223420262336731,
0.17893177270889282,
0.23257210850715637,
0.19602049887180328,
-0.5023238062858582,
-0.04420396685600281,
0.24929781258106232,
-0.0372486487030983,
-0.01899747923016548,
-0.1990148425102234,
0.09293597936630249,
-0.06004834547638893,
0.5228695869445801,
-0.07174285501241684,
0.6940207481384277,
0.4492647349834442,
-0.39589521288871765,
-0.20149828493595123,
0.21473321318626404,
0.21720579266548157,
0.16286538541316986,
0.0343768484890461,
0.40565598011016846,
-0.42945724725723267,
0.16733668744564056,
0.027266088873147964,
-0.2216007262468338,
0.3650370240211487,
-0.3503791391849518,
-0.524159848690033,
-0.16429175436496735,
0.6167141795158386,
-0.16408969461917877,
0.2688237130641937,
0.09881392121315002,
-0.533268928527832,
-0.12495817989110947,
-0.322048544883728,
0.44985949993133545,
-0.10211712121963501,
-0.21519683301448822,
0.08101995289325714,
-0.17399287223815918,
0.6096756458282471,
-0.916294515132904,
-0.008166400715708733,
0.6658545732498169,
-0.1840357929468155,
-0.02804648131132126,
-0.604087233543396,
-0.7797151207923889,
-0.06221932917833328,
0.6053573489189148,
-0.5068533420562744,
-0.539096474647522,
-0.10145904868841171,
-0.3778843283653259,
-0.08533325791358948,
-0.5703647136688232,
-0.09373042732477188,
0.13265052437782288,
-0.2016957551240921,
-0.022480877116322517,
-0.18162432312965393,
0.4511251449584961,
0.06843499839305878,
-0.19158798456192017,
-0.8323900699615479,
0.2795015573501587,
0.1194167211651802,
0.6014400720596313,
-0.980472207069397,
-0.49625617265701294,
-0.30565497279167175,
0.15555280447006226,
0.04940184950828552,
-0.7337031364440918,
-0.2757304608821869,
-0.505966067314148,
0.2213844656944275,
-0.06723566353321075,
0.3728601634502411,
0.13815931975841522,
-0.27461472153663635,
0.25862017273902893,
0.18685083091259003,
1.0527167320251465,
-0.2327718287706375,
0.46075329184532166,
0.2853047251701355,
-0.1289922595024109,
-0.06969946622848511,
0.004655269905924797,
0.5473796129226685,
0.2861492335796356,
0.31195929646492004,
-0.26131710410118103,
-0.3395014703273773,
0.3696945011615753,
0.21340635418891907,
0.17808721959590912,
-0.057488813996315,
0.22442421317100525,
0.25290659070014954,
-0.3150685727596283,
-0.022552000358700752,
0.4916418790817261,
0.0847562775015831,
-0.3105425238609314,
0.006858467124402523,
-0.3056412637233734,
-0.4622177183628082,
0.2038652002811432,
0.6281561255455017,
0.12344267964363098,
-0.054036155343055725,
0.15355771780014038,
0.30933964252471924,
-0.23054678738117218,
-0.09252174198627472,
-0.147954061627388,
0.4132218360900879,
-0.5958263278007507,
0.47505706548690796,
-0.2886652648448944,
0.09413012862205505,
-0.2760878801345825,
0.756786048412323,
-0.8357501029968262,
0.031050190329551697,
-0.40912729501724243,
0.20973429083824158,
-0.8256834745407104,
0.06705281883478165,
0.3613656461238861,
0.567333996295929,
0.018902063369750977,
0.13610492646694183,
-0.016676731407642365,
0.4454099237918854,
0.12440865486860275,
-0.5534130930900574,
0.47627198696136475,
0.13907553255558014,
-0.10012447834014893,
-0.42157483100891113,
0.451115220785141,
0.31745269894599915,
-0.12426219880580902,
0.374498575925827,
0.749862551689148,
0.13658064603805542,
-0.2670217454433441,
-0.2381778508424759,
-0.10391728579998016,
-0.1660047471523285,
-1.1493576765060425,
-0.28021714091300964,
0.20126354694366455,
-0.3747923970222473,
-0.055245041847229004,
-0.3805061876773834,
0.0274935532361269,
0.09024225175380707,
0.03015819564461708,
-0.10934397578239441,
-0.32127049565315247,
-0.5792189240455627,
-0.18385496735572815,
-0.07195339351892471,
0.6869948506355286,
0.1653083711862564,
-0.02543680928647518,
0.4176683723926544,
-0.3410162627696991,
-0.28850772976875305,
-0.05666731297969818,
-0.7256554365158081,
0.13931937515735626,
0.08639342337846756,
-0.22882093489170074,
-0.1664360612630844,
0.8428813219070435,
0.41184622049331665,
0.1487477719783783,
-0.09785917401313782,
0.20474375784397125,
0.12371500581502914,
-0.3129601776599884,
0.8791090250015259,
-0.7116817235946655,
-0.5321478247642517,
-0.6324106454849243,
0.35944733023643494,
0.27760234475135803,
0.3255886435508728,
0.16268682479858398,
0.11714288592338562,
-0.10335395485162735,
0.3318061828613281,
0.14394327998161316,
-0.26579153537750244,
0.240530863404274,
-0.2790873944759369,
-0.24653662741184235,
-0.22083909809589386,
0.2844926714897156,
-0.2006421536207199,
-0.335222065448761,
0.2905162572860718,
0.13297146558761597,
0.6548758149147034,
0.10584355890750885,
0.4884294867515564,
-0.21344421803951263,
-0.38113677501678467,
-0.6173684000968933,
0.5755814909934998,
-0.37179693579673767,
0.3198919892311096,
-0.16300198435783386,
-0.2428988516330719,
0.0256936177611351,
-0.236558735370636,
-0.024953283369541168,
-0.052374932914972305,
0.03884584829211235,
0.3410276472568512,
-0.3391364812850952,
-0.18699555099010468,
-0.26571542024612427,
0.15605467557907104,
-0.35403409600257874
] |
217754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Cyprus | Church of Cyprus | The Church of Cyprus (, Ekklisia tis Kyprou, ) is one of the autocephalous Greek Orthodox churches that together with other Eastern Orthodox churches form the communion of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is one of the oldest Eastern Orthodox autocephalous churches; it claims to have always been independent, although it may have been subject to the Church of Antioch before its autocephaly was recognized in 431 at the Council of Ephesus. The bishop of the ancient capital, Salamis (renamed Constantia by Emperor Constantius II) was constituted metropolitan by Emperor Zeno, with the title archbishop.
History
Roman era
According to the Book of Acts, Paul of Tarsus converted the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus, making him the first Christian ruler, and thus Cyprus became the first country ruled by a Christian leader.
A few of the bishops who helped spread Christianity on the island were Lazarus, the Bishop of Kition, Herakleidios the Bishop of Tamasos, Avxivios the Bishop of Soloi, and Theodotos the Bishop of Kyrenia.
Towards the end of the fourth century, Christianity had spread throughout the island. During this time St. Epiphanius was Archbishop. His seat was in Salamis, which was renamed Constantia.
Byzantine era
This independent (autocephalous) position by ancient custom was recognized against the claims of the Patriarch of Antioch, at the Council of Ephesus (431); it is unclear if the Church of Cyprus has always been independent or if it was once part of the Church of Antioch. When the Patriarch of Antioch claimed the Church of Cyprus was under its jurisdiction, the Cypriot clergy denounced this before the Council of Ephesus. The Council ratified the autocephaly of the Church of Cyprus by a resolution which conditionally states: "If, as it is asserted in memorials and orally by the religious men who have come before the Council - it has not been a continuous ancient custom for the bishop of Antioch to hold ordinations in Cyprus, - the prelates of Cyprus shall enjoy, free from molestation and violence, their right to perform by themselves the ordination of bishops [for their island]". After the Council of Ephesus, the Church of Antioch never claimed that Cyprus was under its jurisdiction. This independence was also recognized by an edict of Emperor Zeno.
In 478, Archbishop Anthemios of Cyprus claimed that following a vision he had found the grave of Barnabas and his relics. On the saint's chest rested a copy of the Gospel of Matthew. The church was thus able to send a cogent argument on its own behalf to the Emperor: the discovery of the relics of its reputed founder, Barnabas. Zeno confirmed the status of the Church of Cyprus and granted its Archbishop the "three privileges": namely to sign his name in an ink made vermilion by the addition of cinnabar; to wear tyrian purple instead of black robes under his vestments; and to hold an imperial sceptre (i.e. a gilt staff of silver, topped by a gold globus cruciger) instead of the regular episcopal crosier.
Cyprus suffered greatly from Arab invasions in the following centuries, and during the reign of Justinian II the cities of Constantia, Kourion and Paphos were sacked. At the advice of the Emperor, the Archbishop fled to the Dardanelles along with the survivors, and established the city of Nova Justiniana (, Néa Iustinianē), named after the Emperor, at Erdek near the city of Cyzicus. In 692 the Quinisext Council reconfirmed the status and privileges of the exiled Archbishop and in 698, when the Arabs were driven out of Cyprus, the Archbishop returned but retained the title of "Archbishop of Nova Justiniana and All Cyprus": a custom that, along with the "three privileges", continues to this day.
Crusader era
After the establishment of the Kingdom of Cyprus, the Catholic kings gradually reduced the number of Orthodox bishops from 14 to 4 and forced those away from their towns. The archbishop was moved from Nicosia to the region of Solia, near Morphou, the bishop of Larnaca was moved to the village of Lefkara etc. Each Orthodox bishop was under the Catholic bishop of the area. The Catholic Church tried on occasion to coax the Orthodox bishops to make concessions on the differences in doctrine and practices between the two churches, sometimes with threats and sometimes using violence and torture, as in the case of the 13 monks at Kantara monastery. Moreover, the properties of many monasteries were confiscated. The persecutions, especially during the Frankish period, did not succeed in uprooting the faith of the Greek Cypriots.
Despite initial frictions, the two churches gradually managed to coexist side by side peacefully. The local Orthodox Christians shared some of the benefits of the economic development of Cyprus and especially Famagusta at the time. The Orthodox cathedral of St George (known as Saint George of the Greeks – today in ruins) is almost as high and monumental as the nearby Catholic cathedral of St Nicholas (a mosque since 1571), and is also an example of an interesting fusion of gothic and Byzantine architecture.
The Franks were succeeded by the Venetians in 1489 without any significant change to the status of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Ottoman era
The conquest of Cyprus by the Ottoman Empire in 1571 led to the recognition of the Orthodox Church as the only legal Christian church. The church was considered by the Ottomans to be the political leadership of the Christian population (Rum millet) and was responsible for collecting taxes. Because of the different policies of the Ottoman Empire towards Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, especially regarding taxation, some Christians converted to Islam. These are known in Cyprus with the name "Linopampakoi".
Under Ottoman rule the position of the Cypriot Church was greatly enhanced through the application of the millet system, whereby the head of each religious community was answerable to the governor for its behavior. The Ottomans, while trying to reduce Latin influence, treated the Orthodox Cypriots with consideration and gained their good will. The Ottomans assured them free enjoyment of their religion, with the undisturbed possession of their churches; gave them permission to acquire houses and land, with the power of transmission to their heirs; recognized the supremacy of the Orthodox community over all other Christian denominations in the island.
In later times the church developed so great an influence on temporal affairs that at the beginning of the nineteenth century the Archbishop was in fact ruling Cyprus through his control of its finances. The first rumble was heard in 1804, when the Turks of the capital and the adjoining villages faced a shortage of foodstuffs a violent demonstration against the Archbishop had been organized. This was because of the fortuitous presence of some Turkish troops in transit, and life seemed to resume its normal course. In 1821 with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, the Greeks of Cyprus attempted to follow in the footsteps of those of Greece, such was the accusation which Küçük Mehmed brought against the bishops and the leading Greek laymen of the Island. As a result of this Archbishop Kyprianos, the three bishops of Paphos, Kition and Kyrenia together with other leading ecclesiastics and citizens were arrested. The Archbishop and his archdeacon were summarily hanged, the three bishops beheaded and the notables dispatched by the Janissaries. The Cypriot Orthodox Church had paid a terrible penalty for its abuse of power. This was the worst experience between Orthodox Church of Cyprus and Ottoman administration, and beginning of political separation.
British colonial rule
The purchase of Cyprus by the British in 1878 allowed more freedom in religious practices, such as the use of bells in churches (which were forbidden under the Ottomans). Some linopampakoi took advantage of the political change to convert back to Christianity.
John Winthrop Hackett published A history of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus in 1901. At about the same time the church went through a crisis regarding the succession of the archbishop. The two candidates, Kyrillos II and Kyrillos III had mainly political differences (one was a nationalist whereas the other was a moderate).
Although the church gained more freedom under British rule, the British administration interfered, in certain cases, using restrictive laws on the management of the church and other areas of national and cultural activity. This led to the October 1931 riot organised by bishops who were also members of the legislative assembly. As a consequence of this uprising, bishops Nikodemos of Kition, and Makarios of Kyrenia were exiled, and restrictions were imposed on the election of the Archbishop. As a result, the filling of the Archbishop's throne was pending from 1933 (the death of Archbishop Kyrillos III) to 1946, when the Bishop of Paphos, Leontios, was elected as the new Archbishop.
In 1950, Makarios III was elected Archbishop. While still Bishop of Kition he had demonstrated strong intellectual and national activity. In 1949 he founded the Apostle Varnavas Seminary, and in 1950 he organised the referendum on the Union (Enosis) between Cyprus and Greece. While archbishop he was the political leader of the EOKA liberation struggle in the years 1955–1959. The British exiled him to the Seychelles because of his activities.
Cypriot independence
In 1960, Archbishop Makarios III was elected President of the newly established republic of Cyprus. Disagreements of the other three bishops with Makarios lead to the 1972–73 Cypriot ecclesiastical coup attempt. Following the dethronement of the Bishops of Paphos, Kitium and Kyrenia for conspiring against Makarios, two new Bishoprics were created: the Bishopric of Limassol which was detached from the Bishopric of Kition, and the Bishopric of Morfou which was detached from the Bishopric of Kyrenia. The coup d'état of 15 July 1974 forced Archbishop Makarios III to leave the island. He returned in December 1974.
Turkish invasion
The coup d'état was followed by the Turkish invasion of 20 July 1974 which significantly affected the church and its flock: as 35% of Cyprus' territory came under Turkish occupation, hundreds of thousands of Orthodox Christians were displaced and those that could not or did not want to leave (20,000 initially) faced oppression. As of May 2001 figures only 421 Greek Orthodox Cypriots and 155 Maronites remain in North Cyprus.
The destruction of Christian monuments was another important consequence. Churches containing Byzantine icons, frescoes and mosaics have been pillaged by antiquities dealers and sold on the black market. One of the most prominent cases of pillage was of the mosaics of Panagia of Kanakaria of the 6th century AD, which were finally returned to the Church of Cyprus, following rulings by federal courts in Indianapolis and Chicago. In Northern Cyprus, there are 514 churches, chapels and monasteries, many of which were converted to mosques, museums or abandoned.
Recent events
On 3 August 1977, Makarios III died and was succeeded by Archbishop Chrysostomos I. In 1979, the new Statutory Charter of the Church of Cyprus was drawn up and approved replacing the old one of 1914.
In old age, Archbishop Chrysostomos suffered from Alzheimer's disease and was unable to carry out his duties for a number of years. In May 2006, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I chaired a broader meeting of church elders which called for Chrysostomos' "honorary removal".
Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Paphos, 65, was elected the new archbishop on 5 November 2006, after a long-running election campaign, becoming Archbishop Chrysostomos II, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cyprus.
Administration and Holy Synod
The Holy Synod of the Autocephalous Church of Cyprus is the highest church authority in Cyprus. Its task is to examine and provide solutions on all issues concerning the Church of Cyprus. Head of the Holy Synod and of the Church of Cyprus is Chrysostomos II (Herodotus) Dimitriou, Archbishop of New Justiniana and All Cyprus.
Metropolises and Metropolitans
Metropolis of Paphos and Exarchate of Arsinoe and Romaeon: Georgios Papachrysostomou (2006–)
Metropolis of Kition and Exarchate of Larnaca and Pano Lefkara: Chrysostomos Mahairiotis (1973–)
Metropolis of Kyrenia and Exarchate of Lapithos and Karavas: Chrysostomos Kykkotis (2011–)
Metropolis of Limassol, Amathus and Kourion: Athanasios Nikolaou (1999–)
Metropolis of Morphou and Soloi: Neophytos (Omiros) Masouras (1998–)
Metropolis of Constantia and Ammochostos: Vasileios Karajiannis (2007–)
Metropolis of Kykkos and Tillyria: Nikiphoros Kykkotis (2007–)
Metropolis of Tamassos and Oreini: Isaias Kykkotis (2007–)
Metropolis of Trimithous: Varnavas Stavrovouniotis (2007–)
Dioceses and Bishops
Diocese of Karpasia: Christophoros Tsiakas (2007–)
Diocese of Arsinoe: Nektarios Spyrou (2008–)
Diocese of Amathus: Nikolaos Xiouri (2007–)
Titular Dioceses and Bishops
Diocese of Ledra: Epiphanios Mahairiotis (2007–)
Diocese of Kytros: Leontios Englistriotis (2007–)
Diocese of Neapolis: Porphyrios Mahairiotis (2007–)
Diocese of Mesaoria: Grigorios Hatziouraniou (2008–)
The Holy Synod meets regularly in the first week after Easter and in the first fortnight of the months of February and September. It meets in ad hoc sessions when it is deemed necessary or when two of its members put forward a request.
Religious sites in Cyprus
Nine Byzantine churches in the Troödos mountains are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage sites, pictured here.
Kykkos Monastery, guardians of the holy Kykkotissa Icon, an unusual representation of the infant Jesus kicking with joy on his mother's lap.
Icons smuggled from the Bishopric of the Holy Metropolis of Kyrenia and Church of Panaghia Asinou in the northern Turkish-occupied part of the island were repatriated by a collector in the United States of America in 2007.
Icons from Kalopanayiotis village stolen even earlier, before the division of the island, have also been returned to the Church's custody.
Some estimate that since 1974 looters in Northern Cyprus have stripped an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 icons; several dozen major frescoes and mosaics dating from the sixth to the fifteenth century; and thousands of chalices, wooden carvings, crucifixes, and Bibles. Efforts by the Autocephalous Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus to return some of these objects are described in a 1998 issue of Archeology magazine but the majority remain lost.
Churches in capital Nicosia such as Chrysaliniotissa Our Lady of the Golden Flax, Panayia Chrysospiliotissa Our Lady of the Gold Cave and the Archangel Michael Trypiotis Church, along with the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, listed for interested visitors
Monasteries listed separately.
See also
Greek Orthodox Church
References
Sources
External links
Official Cypriot Government (about the Church of Cyprus)
Background on events curtailing religious freedoms and reports of signs of hope, such as the November 30, 1994 celebration of the Eucharist at St. Andrew monastery on the Karpas peninsula, the first event in the north in 20 years, from the CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association).
Article on the Church of Cyprus by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website
Church of Cyprus
Christianity in Cyprus
Eastern Orthodoxy in Cyprus
National churches
Members of the World Council of Churches
Greek Orthodoxy in Europe
Apostolic sees
Nicosia | [
0.63051438331604,
0.7223026156425476,
-0.26275330781936646,
-0.33358800411224365,
-0.08624125272035599,
0.34730133414268494,
0.4161938726902008,
0.3827352523803711,
-0.6451519727706909,
0.10923870652914047,
-0.28616026043891907,
0.25221389532089233,
-0.1965608149766922,
0.2258516103029251,
-0.38597482442855835,
0.7290069460868835,
0.9724604487419128,
0.9595746994018555,
-0.07013272494077682,
-0.5095958113670349,
-0.5152899622917175,
-0.2958495616912842,
0.25627538561820984,
-0.022053875029087067,
-0.23375634849071503,
0.6360012292861938,
0.5953256487846375,
-0.0032237479463219643,
-0.4186917245388031,
-0.1710936427116394,
0.339972585439682,
0.7026879787445068,
-0.03693629428744316,
-0.08423952758312225,
0.4435935318470001,
0.1527518928050995,
0.46163180470466614,
-0.34943702816963196,
-0.15865175426006317,
-0.5470944046974182,
0.24097661674022675,
-0.7074711322784424,
0.7057576775550842,
0.6791878938674927,
-0.21872223913669586,
-0.4776679575443268,
-0.7416940331459045,
0.6976287364959717,
-1.014829158782959,
0.3533484637737274,
-0.5154207348823547,
-0.49162352085113525,
0.010187605395913124,
0.18626593053340912,
0.35375916957855225,
0.684059202671051,
-1.1850972175598145,
0.44887351989746094,
0.493827760219574,
-0.153047576546669,
-0.24752788245677948,
0.606920063495636,
0.19228677451610565,
-0.33273786306381226,
0.7420064210891724,
-0.005386645440012217,
-0.19095002114772797,
0.6981337666511536,
-0.4373702108860016,
0.08926523476839066,
-0.3282052278518677,
-0.38792723417282104,
-0.5931361317634583,
0.29767540097236633,
-0.30938321352005005,
-0.46588295698165894,
0.24873992800712585,
-0.2814859449863434,
0.7262631058692932,
0.136367529630661,
0.36013129353523254,
0.2579953372478485,
0.06982912123203278,
0.5032476782798767,
-0.1573844999074936,
-0.3179016709327698,
-0.27110716700553894,
-0.4165365993976593,
-0.6297550201416016,
0.5365694761276245,
0.24331873655319214,
-0.16682499647140503,
0.521873414516449,
0.11883044242858887,
-0.7555363774299622,
0.14761753380298615,
0.0710143893957138,
0.20528581738471985,
0.28265437483787537,
0.3622414469718933,
0.012016763910651207,
0.683106005191803,
-0.6767342686653137,
-0.2696908712387085,
-0.19036662578582764,
-0.016750890761613846,
-0.23394861817359924,
-0.11386285722255707,
0.04082583636045456,
0.23875197768211365,
-0.9938145279884338,
0.23132891952991486,
-0.14997047185897827,
0.4040430784225464,
-0.1833779215812683,
-0.23217719793319702,
0.19105671346187592,
-0.6651647686958313,
-0.6762464642524719,
-0.219914048910141,
-0.3061779737472534,
0.7427637577056885,
-0.32232436537742615,
-0.42482486367225647,
0.12383601069450378,
0.008504889905452728,
0.6815734505653381,
1.0442026853561401,
-0.5303254723548889,
0.19228801131248474,
0.3704758584499359,
0.6256573796272278,
-0.2702582776546478,
-0.16235560178756714,
0.2960440218448639,
-0.2551400363445282,
0.20337732136249542,
0.028216447681188583,
0.8551315665245056,
0.40802931785583496,
-1.019073247909546,
-0.4542935788631439,
-0.7329850196838379,
0.050917498767375946,
-0.3335443437099457,
-0.7169027924537659,
0.11977492272853851,
0.09351584315299988,
-0.3984539806842804,
0.06949997693300247,
0.3585517406463623,
0.012264447286725044,
-0.21498017013072968,
0.02824026718735695,
-0.478219598531723,
-0.00029693820397369564,
0.6036223769187927,
-0.005526769440621138,
-0.13320353627204895,
0.5841354727745056,
-0.005565106403082609,
-0.8694446682929993,
0.3440086841583252,
-0.3400503993034363,
0.9529833197593689,
0.3668763339519501,
0.4364060163497925,
0.026963558048009872,
0.17278403043746948,
-0.4042045474052429,
-0.4248356223106384,
-0.28567075729370117,
0.19988900423049927,
-0.3365623950958252,
-0.6099225282669067,
-0.1273118108510971,
0.678670346736908,
0.266539603471756,
0.10753900557756424,
-0.2114449143409729,
-0.8345586657524109,
0.12983988225460052,
-0.3075866997241974,
-0.30112171173095703,
0.11947713792324066,
0.9859992861747742,
-0.31923264265060425,
0.5788552165031433,
-0.2091768980026245,
-0.2911109924316406,
-0.05475088208913803,
-0.7620583176612854,
0.15366820991039276,
-0.1982467621564865,
1.1058305501937866,
-0.484974205493927,
-0.9349454045295715,
0.10287516564130783,
-0.20889124274253845,
0.7296478152275085,
-0.4917963147163391,
-0.27817294001579285,
0.03347088396549225,
0.33250975608825684,
-0.6271197199821472,
0.4353215992450714,
0.5005815029144287,
0.27065908908843994,
1.136256456375122,
0.1982409507036209,
-0.14914824068546295,
-0.3186652958393097,
0.24842995405197144,
0.4181792140007019,
-0.1394839882850647,
-0.36650732159614563,
-0.6910693645477295,
-0.03640526533126831,
-0.2873297333717346,
0.0761437714099884,
0.2574380338191986,
-0.31137481331825256,
0.06271380931138992,
0.27828046679496765,
-0.2507117986679077,
-0.02119344472885132,
-0.18274272978305817,
0.17823296785354614,
0.20132474601268768,
0.1550006866455078,
-0.010049458593130112,
0.4079357981681824,
0.41448578238487244,
-0.7690058350563049,
-0.2896822690963745,
-0.10797449946403503,
-0.02942868322134018,
-0.0941653773188591,
0.6560859680175781,
0.07340391725301743,
-0.10171405225992203,
-0.47686058282852173,
-0.8273515105247498,
-0.44709649682044983,
0.2523965537548065,
0.5649594664573669,
-0.601635217666626,
-0.18346215784549713,
-0.511878490447998,
-0.27237096428871155,
0.2062344253063202,
-0.41320323944091797,
0.5159341096878052,
-0.4312557280063629,
0.5510198473930359,
-0.06884806603193283,
0.21222004294395447,
-0.343815416097641,
-0.4418768584728241,
-0.5124255418777466,
-0.6210660934448242,
-0.2805917263031006,
0.12337981909513474,
-0.24714979529380798,
0.2240121215581894,
-0.45331817865371704,
-0.22370770573616028,
-0.21715106070041656,
0.21807284653186798,
0.23386810719966888,
0.3168795704841614,
-0.39398422837257385,
-0.48246926069259644,
0.0933150202035904,
-0.14367078244686127,
0.3933921456336975,
-0.6493333578109741,
-0.10097864270210266,
-0.3406042158603668,
-0.7963154315948486,
-0.1781250536441803,
0.5293541550636292,
-0.2596791982650757,
-0.25800082087516785,
-0.4020790755748749,
0.07767006009817123,
0.24495409429073334,
-1.04487144947052,
-0.1581159085035324,
-0.36568373441696167,
-0.010646909475326538,
0.14567334949970245,
0.4269692301750183,
-0.12949776649475098,
0.6602191925048828,
0.3385719358921051,
-0.03679202124476433,
0.07672770321369171,
-0.08818244189023972,
-0.6377229690551758,
-0.4366024434566498,
0.2007325142621994,
0.07173623889684677,
-0.1485873907804489,
0.5740401148796082,
-0.07426906377077103,
-0.5564000606536865,
-0.13781297206878662,
-5.502144813537598,
-0.15233397483825684,
-0.7830320000648499,
-0.29957687854766846,
-0.20296522974967957,
0.17079801857471466,
0.3234446048736572,
-0.38319018483161926,
0.27165696024894714,
-0.32077673077583313,
-0.12371232360601425,
0.17249420285224915,
0.08013283461332321,
0.8927502036094666,
0.7055066227912903,
0.6406956911087036,
0.41854947805404663,
-0.18104654550552368,
0.41581258177757263,
0.027517827227711678,
0.09578792005777359,
-0.04156315699219704,
-0.30157098174095154,
0.25965285301208496,
0.5970383286476135,
0.4586153030395508,
-0.05554840713739395,
0.5455003976821899,
-0.15672926604747772,
0.031319569796323776,
-0.15191227197647095,
-0.05486335605382919,
0.48107093572616577,
-0.7411755323410034,
0.08149632066488266,
0.222387433052063,
0.05660798028111458,
-0.31406474113464355,
0.07148565351963043,
-0.8249762058258057,
-0.21534687280654907,
-0.483222633600235,
0.15847177803516388,
-0.20329530537128448,
0.3932635188102722,
-0.766323447227478,
-0.446127325296402,
-0.3703778088092804,
-0.45069772005081177,
0.982111394405365,
0.06494158506393433,
-0.36949974298477173,
0.44706204533576965,
-0.31232115626335144,
0.1525472104549408,
-0.2756776511669159,
0.8828089237213135,
-0.04218946397304535,
0.06347108632326126,
0.365082323551178,
0.33740895986557007,
-0.3032427728176117,
-0.26853060722351074,
-0.27957960963249207,
-0.19416536390781403,
0.034472882747650146,
-0.7645864486694336,
-0.08045733720064163,
-0.09943273663520813,
0.20556321740150452,
-0.7319750189781189,
0.21972884237766266,
-0.8133429288864136,
-0.8455473780632019,
-0.14981631934642792,
-0.5012032985687256,
-0.5507259368896484,
-0.0879397988319397,
0.02419928088784218,
0.22546149790287018,
-0.1224256157875061,
-0.26020756363868713,
0.006666459143161774,
0.7237211465835571,
-0.22703544795513153,
-0.3412167429924011,
-0.018489953130483627,
0.3704333007335663,
-0.20836590230464935,
-0.6379281282424927,
0.8838413953781128,
-0.6028607487678528,
0.2531595230102539,
0.8908315896987915,
-0.1976364403963089,
0.6457578539848328,
0.41377297043800354,
0.4107933044433594,
1.1673566102981567,
-0.24621018767356873,
0.27533531188964844,
0.4535643458366394,
0.18251092731952667,
0.18323245644569397,
0.13608674705028534,
-0.4866524338722229,
-0.26455217599868774,
0.11410941928625107,
0.2858477234840393,
-0.36633002758026123,
0.39164191484451294,
-0.18768705427646637,
0.012136783450841904,
-0.7746232748031616,
0.17613331973552704,
-0.13611546158790588,
0.4869775176048279,
0.18312020599842072,
0.39580807089805603,
-0.03564456105232239,
0.34431302547454834,
0.38668155670166016,
0.4632682502269745,
0.3396797776222229,
-0.7737314701080322,
0.5058647990226746,
-0.14187651872634888,
0.7066936492919922,
-0.5075987577438354,
0.15414276719093323,
0.49754130840301514,
0.2927214205265045,
0.3470781147480011,
0.13152535259723663,
0.4038925766944885,
0.36136430501937866,
0.2644727826118469,
-0.41052401065826416,
0.1521603912115097,
-0.17818431556224823,
0.3013330101966858,
-0.6165871620178223,
-0.3094498813152313,
0.7162687182426453,
0.485762357711792,
0.17318303883075714,
-0.19436149299144745,
0.147347092628479,
-0.2549721896648407,
0.5037288069725037,
0.1577214002609253,
0.23971933126449585,
0.6754944920539856,
0.29806578159332275,
0.025042042136192322,
-0.3393004834651947,
0.2685864269733429,
0.4245271682739258,
-0.2867574095726013,
-0.20482280850410461,
-0.02713680826127529,
-0.7793017029762268,
-0.8784415125846863,
-0.3179951310157776,
0.598019003868103,
-0.4184826612472534,
-0.6461839079856873,
0.0427272729575634,
-0.31982696056365967,
0.7814228534698486,
0.5422006249427795,
0.02263512834906578,
-0.6822760701179504,
-0.008958537131547928,
0.49654194712638855,
-0.4750428795814514,
-0.09879478067159653,
0.6584492325782776,
-0.48512399196624756,
-0.4213966727256775,
0.06462278962135315,
-0.03994064778089523,
-0.16296155750751495,
-0.1626223623752594,
0.47029802203178406,
-0.14809578657150269,
-0.2920953333377838,
-0.34739455580711365,
0.12995171546936035,
0.23794257640838623,
0.5821091532707214,
-0.10336959362030029,
-0.32636719942092896,
0.09156298637390137,
0.25181877613067627,
-0.6456388831138611,
0.23560501635074615,
0.024857986718416214,
0.10198450088500977,
-0.21512526273727417,
-0.07590906322002411,
0.40350568294525146,
-0.32310566306114197,
0.34306320548057556,
0.27162525057792664,
-0.1072613000869751,
1.307821273803711,
-0.05087950825691223,
-0.37394979596138,
0.22608231008052826,
-0.1392815113067627,
-0.4712653160095215,
-0.241243377327919,
0.5216609835624695,
-1.286715030670166,
0.15215590596199036,
0.24080507457256317,
-0.0025675517972558737,
-0.4675919711589813,
-0.4365910589694977,
0.40995854139328003,
0.1111600250005722,
0.16983485221862793,
0.17762155830860138,
0.017479542642831802,
0.5450625419616699,
0.93963623046875,
-0.3604401648044586,
-0.49982449412345886,
0.0064505464397370815,
0.0036367333959788084,
0.09436221420764923,
-0.1094200611114502,
-0.7404226064682007,
-0.38715142011642456,
-0.1726939082145691,
0.29816046357154846,
0.17027367651462555,
0.050584156066179276,
0.4129473865032196,
-0.26730284094810486,
0.7573102116584778,
0.12051516026258469,
-0.22455143928527832,
-0.14207831025123596,
0.26920297741889954,
0.09153351932764053,
-0.45851731300354004,
-0.33353835344314575,
0.35934174060821533,
-0.22749164700508118,
0.8245372176170349,
0.18398109078407288,
-0.8176154494285583,
0.07050713896751404,
-0.056877251714468,
-0.5196700096130371,
0.02449367195367813,
-0.01983962021768093,
-0.30837517976760864,
0.41494858264923096,
-0.7785723805427551,
-0.27519750595092773,
0.37063518166542053,
0.22626550495624542,
-0.1843385547399521,
-0.3518049418926239,
-0.17185868322849274,
0.49171534180641174,
0.1315523386001587,
-0.2858830988407135,
-0.2790045440196991,
0.7704297304153442,
0.0638468936085701,
-0.35178282856941223,
-0.08393439650535583,
-0.4413822591304779,
-0.3842015266418457,
0.034635916352272034,
0.8593882322311401,
-0.7126297354698181,
-0.007473232690244913,
-0.017885837703943253,
0.38912564516067505,
-0.06982395052909851,
-0.8240469694137573,
-0.3950673043727875,
0.47570550441741943,
0.22238384187221527,
-0.4811266362667084,
-0.4166576862335205,
-0.5375819206237793,
0.38239845633506775,
0.2398245483636856,
-0.21080444753170013,
-0.5624845027923584,
0.11963067948818207,
0.13410353660583496,
0.2915875315666199,
-0.23358947038650513,
-0.749624490737915,
0.5853675007820129,
0.19730132818222046,
-0.3810214400291443,
0.16100198030471802,
0.3424831032752991,
0.25801900029182434,
-0.20881076157093048,
0.002958305412903428,
0.3196217119693756,
0.5504794716835022,
-0.24620646238327026,
0.15006154775619507,
0.5635437965393066,
-0.04212202876806259,
-0.16055937111377716,
0.9833487868309021,
-0.1552509367465973,
-0.3550553321838379,
0.9326715469360352,
0.029593544080853462,
-0.143992617726326,
0.27754515409469604,
0.38885411620140076,
-0.34017524123191833,
0.08673618733882904,
-0.5020887851715088,
-0.05506143718957901,
0.13042967021465302,
0.31614550948143005,
0.5634409189224243,
-0.01896292343735695,
-0.702963650226593,
0.5492499470710754,
-0.27889731526374817,
-0.39342954754829407,
-0.27171072363853455,
-0.2319280356168747,
-0.21278828382492065,
1.1987438201904297,
0.5037127733230591,
-0.1643737405538559,
-0.2068355232477188,
-0.034988198429346085,
-0.00005592236266238615,
0.5702977776527405,
-0.49888524413108826,
-0.22386154532432556,
0.5294279456138611,
0.15042708814144135,
0.6711418628692627,
-0.2884524166584015,
0.21794015169143677,
-0.07407067716121674,
-0.008301356807351112,
0.10584699362516403,
0.352900892496109,
-0.03913396969437599,
-0.24926605820655823,
0.3338342010974884,
-0.13765156269073486,
-0.07413257658481598,
-0.010188989341259003,
0.2924143075942993,
0.09743499755859375,
0.34913909435272217,
0.3514111042022705,
-0.897032618522644,
0.24512262642383575,
0.15315403044223785,
-0.11960432678461075,
0.40312260389328003,
-0.3602120578289032,
0.22868302464485168,
0.04440435394644737,
0.12081656605005264,
0.820612907409668,
0.7738264799118042,
-0.18288752436637878,
-0.5034851431846619,
-0.6184706091880798,
0.08659366518259048,
-0.5294775366783142,
-0.9659020900726318,
-0.08009602874517441,
0.48756733536720276,
0.5703389644622803,
0.04846096411347389,
-0.534509539604187,
-0.07234365493059158,
-0.20816461741924286,
-0.6929100751876831,
0.06202106177806854,
-0.45716696977615356,
-0.9344396591186523,
0.015030200593173504,
-0.13708938658237457,
0.7152203321456909,
0.2770191729068756,
0.3614714443683624,
-0.05472247675061226,
-0.11312057077884674,
0.23226401209831238,
-0.031156029552221298,
-0.2370551973581314,
0.2581464350223541,
-0.3214453160762787,
-0.5635663270950317,
-0.5216955542564392,
-0.018412968143820763,
-0.07810106128454208,
0.5585598349571228,
0.3439176380634308,
0.4815866947174072,
-0.04040579870343208,
0.20093150436878204,
0.28293654322624207,
-0.31141749024391174,
0.21112263202667236,
-0.2572598159313202,
0.09776880592107773,
-0.2087261974811554,
0.24947582185268402,
0.15272632241249084,
0.16088950634002686,
-0.6837354302406311,
0.1328347772359848,
0.42875123023986816,
-0.6123274564743042,
0.35305655002593994,
-0.03376602381467819,
0.2987368702888489,
-0.18689598143100739,
0.1974579393863678,
-0.5365409851074219,
-0.017335539683699608,
0.27647721767425537,
-0.16637082397937775,
0.11871244758367538,
-0.6059446334838867,
-0.11466770619153976,
-0.1094897985458374,
0.1741202175617218,
0.14269590377807617,
0.47027143836021423,
-0.22243475914001465,
-0.4219255745410919,
-0.06863663345575333,
-0.7298535704612732,
0.15462400019168854,
0.3914620578289032,
-0.627105712890625,
0.17800778150558472,
-0.25135302543640137,
-0.0032350418623536825,
-0.9038283228874207,
0.4339803159236908,
-0.06811020523309708,
0.672374963760376,
0.04607856646180153
] |
217755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait%20Until%20Dark | Wait Until Dark | Wait Until Dark is a play by Frederick Knott, first performed on Broadway in 1966 and often revived since then. A film version was released in 1967, and the play was published in the same year.
Synopsis
Susy Hendrix is a blind Greenwich Village housewife who becomes the target of three con-men searching for the heroin hidden in a doll, which her husband Sam unwittingly transported from Canada as a favor to a woman who has since been murdered. "Roat" leads his companions into thinking that they are going to be rich and will get the heroin soon enough, but in the end he murders all of his partners after they outlive their usefulness.
The trio try to convince Susy that her husband will be suspected of murdering the woman, and the only way to protect him is to give them the doll, which connects him to her. Little do the men know that Gloria, a little girl in the upstairs apartment, has stolen the doll after finding out it was not a gift for her.
One of the men poses as Sergeant Carlino, a strange police detective, while another poses as Mike, an old friend of her husband dropping by for a visit. Susy relies on "Mike", and he eventually begins to feel sympathy for her.
"Roat" poses as both the elderly Mr. Roat and his "son", Roat Junior. Roat Senior ransacks Susy's room and steals a wedding photo from the bedroom. He threatens Susy's and her husband's well-being, so she calls the police. Her call is intercepted by "Mike", and Susy is visited by "Sergeant Carlino".
Gloria returns and admits her theft of the doll, and Susy hides it. Susy contacts "Mike" to ask for help now that the doll is found. Gloria has been watching the nearby phone booth used by the con-men, and she alerts Susy that all three of the men she has been dealing with are tricking her. Susy sends Gloria to meet her husband on his way home from work, and begins planning to handle the intruders.
Roat kills both of his partners after the men discover Susy has the doll in the apartment. He spills gas around the apartment to destroy any evidence.
Susy turns off all the lights so that "Roat" cannot see her. "Roat" uses matches to see until Susy douses him with the gasoline. He uses the refrigerator light to see, threatens Susy, and tries to kill her. She ultimately defeats "Roat".
Sam bursts in with the police and finds that Susy has already dealt with Roat. He sees that Mike is also dead. Gloria yells at the police when they appear too patronizing to Susy, and defends Susy's ability to take care of herself. After the police leave, Susy and Sam embrace.
Productions
Original
Produced by Fred Coe and directed by Arthur Penn, the Broadway premiere of Wait Until Dark opened on February 2, 1966, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. Within the next 11 months, it transferred to the Shubert, the George Abbott and the Music Box Theatre, running for 373 performances.
Lee Remick as Susy Hendrix
Robert Duvall as Harry Roat Jr.
Mitchell Ryan as Mike Talman
Val Bisoglio as Sgt. Carlino
James Congdon as Sam Hendrix
Julie Herrod as Gloria
Remick was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.
The West End production, with Honor Blackman and Peter Sallis, at the Strand Theatre, was also successful, running for nearly two years, during which time Barbara Murray and Lana Morris took over from Blackman in the lead.
Revivals
After 11 previews, a Broadway revival directed by Leonard Foglia opened on April 5, 1998, at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, where it ran for 97 performances. The cast included Marisa Tomei, Quentin Tarantino and Stephen Lang.
A 2003 London revival, followed by a UK tour, featured Susie Amy, Derren Nesbitt and Michael Melia. The setting was changed to Notting Hill.
A production of the play took place at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2010. It was performed at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh by students of Oxford University.
On October 16, 2013, a revised version by Jeffrey Hatcher opened at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles, featuring Allison Pill, Adam Stein, and Mather Zickel. The story was backdated to 1944, and Sam and Mike are supposedly Marine buddies who served together in Italy.
Adaptations
Warner Bros.-Seven Arts purchased the film rights in 1966 soon after the play's Broadway premiere. The film, directed by Terence Young with a screenplay by Robert Carrington and Jane Howard-Carrington and a score by Henry Mancini, premiered on October 26, 1967. It starred Audrey Hepburn, Alan Arkin, Richard Crenna, Efrem Zimbalist Jr. and Jack Weston, and was produced by Hepburn's then-husband Mel Ferrer.
In an effort to duplicate the suspense on screen, movie theaters dimmed their lights to their legal limits, then turned off one by one until each light on-screen was shattered, resulting in the theater being plunged into complete darkness.
Hepburn was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Actress, and Zimbalist was nominated for a Golden Globe in the supporting category.
The film ranked tenth on Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for its climactic scene, and was ranked 55th on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Thrills list.
A 1982 HBO television movie starred Katharine Ross and Stacy Keach.
The movie was adapted into a 1986 Kannada movie 27 Mavalli Circle.
References
External links
Official website for the 2010 Edinburgh Festival production of Wait Until Dark
1966 plays
Broadway plays
American plays adapted into films
Plays set in New York City
Plays and musicals about disability | [
0.2374415546655655,
0.15454204380512238,
0.06769721955060959,
-0.4207911789417267,
0.4844934344291687,
0.3154846131801605,
0.3980790376663208,
-0.08256059139966965,
0.05509333312511444,
-0.0577222965657711,
0.09394029527902603,
0.45388248562812805,
-0.38879483938217163,
0.30201220512390137,
-0.12450962513685226,
0.071448415517807,
0.5866333842277527,
-0.16822662949562073,
0.42009085416793823,
-0.9095133543014526,
0.05842794105410576,
-0.13846810162067413,
0.5517856478691101,
-0.16919417679309845,
0.15774057805538177,
0.1639440506696701,
-0.2778557240962982,
-0.04549228399991989,
0.45486199855804443,
0.25368553400039673,
-0.2946888506412506,
-0.1463729441165924,
-0.1492549329996109,
-0.4299054741859436,
0.03146696835756302,
0.5045949220657349,
-0.07838746160268784,
0.1343221664428711,
-0.5044143795967102,
-0.2329467236995697,
-0.34217268228530884,
-0.3619823455810547,
-0.057432904839515686,
0.018113546073436737,
-0.2071189433336258,
0.20336653292179108,
-0.9318603277206421,
-0.21400253474712372,
-0.6877289414405823,
-0.47967323660850525,
-0.24510528147220612,
0.10803515464067459,
1.077649712562561,
-0.15051288902759552,
0.2218783050775528,
0.2155582457780838,
-0.4205646812915802,
0.2910085916519165,
-0.08932092040777206,
-0.22720550000667572,
-0.050861138850450516,
-0.055376842617988586,
0.9293304085731506,
0.034102801233530045,
0.07569757103919983,
-0.02171565592288971,
-0.19684986770153046,
0.02546611987054348,
0.670157253742218,
-0.12361261248588562,
0.062480345368385315,
0.15356184542179108,
-0.38439488410949707,
0.28755316138267517,
0.12637706100940704,
-0.375492125749588,
0.36029914021492004,
0.2554839253425598,
0.2113870084285736,
0.5745247006416321,
-0.1409284919500351,
-0.011930257081985474,
0.6016709804534912,
0.17691615223884583,
0.09577787667512894,
-0.14806567132472992,
-0.17985635995864868,
0.43670761585235596,
0.10955442488193512,
-0.2820122539997101,
-0.6554680466651917,
-0.4918653964996338,
-0.37721917033195496,
0.04206019639968872,
-0.15309695899486542,
-0.039822015911340714,
0.22025436162948608,
0.4798995852470398,
-0.028862671926617622,
0.25883299112319946,
0.292700856924057,
0.056875500828027725,
0.44867491722106934,
-0.6207451820373535,
-0.4002205431461334,
-0.40960198640823364,
-0.1882437765598297,
-0.1329101175069809,
0.33524051308631897,
-0.13200092315673828,
0.19250626862049103,
0.38863152265548706,
0.25371190905570984,
0.23386754095554352,
0.13146944344043732,
0.6767181754112244,
0.12240538746118546,
-0.39078930020332336,
-0.3298753798007965,
0.13096551597118378,
-0.14800159633159637,
0.659374475479126,
0.6658955216407776,
-0.039070699363946915,
-0.6029291749000549,
0.3456602692604065,
0.11002227663993835,
0.23101024329662323,
-0.33536505699157715,
0.17588619887828827,
0.24281562864780426,
0.6927541494369507,
-0.30494239926338196,
-0.36909574270248413,
-0.09638296067714691,
0.2212575078010559,
0.45778995752334595,
-0.03414895012974739,
0.4436090290546417,
0.46703553199768066,
-0.6950458884239197,
-0.19891475141048431,
0.014893549494445324,
-0.18682852387428284,
0.7654849886894226,
-0.32233479619026184,
-0.5166277289390564,
-0.20383872091770172,
-0.1713559329509735,
0.00004191560947219841,
0.03292624652385712,
-0.13261452317237854,
-0.10691254585981369,
0.18821653723716736,
-0.3096648156642914,
-0.17344637215137482,
0.1493125557899475,
0.1209786906838417,
-0.05325797572731972,
0.31761327385902405,
0.5076751708984375,
0.46950918436050415,
0.3628327548503876,
0.04169471189379692,
-0.08759518712759018,
-0.2024117410182953,
0.42330965399742126,
-0.47744280099868774,
0.09800426661968231,
-0.3396618068218231,
-0.19691558182239532,
0.9347919225692749,
0.3812684118747711,
-0.8053563237190247,
-0.0672760084271431,
0.123478002846241,
0.3709365427494049,
0.2840198874473572,
-0.21186695992946625,
0.025261394679546356,
-0.6281908750534058,
0.19342589378356934,
0.08555001765489578,
-0.4802863299846649,
0.10264135897159576,
-0.09757582098245621,
0.16111703217029572,
0.3750637471675873,
-0.20894935727119446,
0.0254550538957119,
-0.8868221044540405,
-0.11322843283414841,
0.6220312714576721,
0.017127875238656998,
0.6895829439163208,
-0.5115336179733276,
-0.1796901971101761,
0.9177225232124329,
-0.15707756578922272,
0.6119795441627502,
0.6062831282615662,
-0.01747739315032959,
0.17019988596439362,
0.020961910486221313,
-0.2382335662841797,
0.06980478018522263,
0.028129391372203827,
0.09930694848299026,
0.4343942403793335,
0.2308899164199829,
0.2374219000339508,
-0.07103956490755081,
0.022908572107553482,
0.6795586347579956,
-0.2838214039802551,
-0.5720452666282654,
-0.1309679001569748,
0.3327750265598297,
0.13650941848754883,
-0.754703164100647,
0.6572064161300659,
0.3229168951511383,
-0.26080456376075745,
0.18732315301895142,
-0.5125859975814819,
0.5566904544830322,
-0.4427134096622467,
-0.3294100761413574,
0.06391685456037521,
-0.4971284568309784,
-0.3435277044773102,
0.5839051604270935,
-0.7295581102371216,
-0.3450082838535309,
0.38382673263549805,
0.18926122784614563,
0.07595140486955643,
-0.6199778318405151,
0.12815944850444794,
-0.1026313453912735,
0.8087313175201416,
-0.32893362641334534,
-0.23621869087219238,
0.30358853936195374,
0.28518182039260864,
-0.10670793056488037,
0.5489431619644165,
0.5171273350715637,
-0.3391924500465393,
-0.1643218696117401,
-0.042346421629190445,
0.480671763420105,
0.37326401472091675,
0.1326913684606552,
-0.2708743214607239,
-0.07173044234514236,
-0.6259312629699707,
-0.291288822889328,
0.41366294026374817,
0.307897686958313,
0.04224837198853493,
0.31679701805114746,
0.7666733860969543,
0.31624558568000793,
0.07367484271526337,
-0.7890029549598694,
-0.6347334384918213,
-0.9533796310424805,
-0.4108780026435852,
0.565776526927948,
0.2937299311161041,
-0.6155834794044495,
-0.7685026526451111,
0.4828159809112549,
0.05193837359547615,
0.009005834348499775,
0.5063641667366028,
-0.03428914025425911,
-0.5210475325584412,
-0.5586625337600708,
0.28608381748199463,
0.7321675419807434,
0.12842541933059692,
-0.37659981846809387,
-0.05041084438562393,
-0.5936129689216614,
0.44772958755493164,
-0.1816501021385193,
-0.4183520972728729,
-0.06598741561174393,
0.07641805708408356,
0.5498124361038208,
0.07759638130664825,
-0.09223565459251404,
-0.3473483622074127,
0.050853680819272995,
-0.08262341469526291,
-0.34014129638671875,
-0.10476963222026825,
0.6957550048828125,
-0.3079558312892914,
-0.15594395995140076,
-0.10096018761396408,
0.4271634817123413,
0.5746468901634216,
-0.19297486543655396,
-0.12135034054517746,
-0.08728078752756119,
-5.957110404968262,
-0.30343395471572876,
0.5479008555412292,
-0.43729129433631897,
-0.03856465965509415,
-0.114833764731884,
0.8849765658378601,
0.02572786435484886,
0.14201107621192932,
-0.203786239027977,
-0.1623542457818985,
-0.05273164063692093,
0.05055444315075874,
0.5740335583686829,
0.22670878469944,
-0.2406337857246399,
0.018918732181191444,
-0.34884580969810486,
0.20992033183574677,
0.33666080236434937,
-0.29851093888282776,
-0.24082018435001373,
0.2383745014667511,
-0.18792998790740967,
0.24462348222732544,
0.5951589941978455,
-0.34205037355422974,
0.26638978719711304,
-0.053990595042705536,
0.1010538786649704,
0.15388450026512146,
-0.364337682723999,
0.556032121181488,
-0.49500009417533875,
-0.4150090217590332,
0.14779870212078094,
-0.07731539011001587,
-0.23428261280059814,
-0.1634143590927124,
-0.03158300369977951,
-0.43019065260887146,
-0.18299679458141327,
-0.22331437468528748,
-0.35293105244636536,
-0.0665932223200798,
0.184818834066391,
-0.2959558963775635,
-0.17331896722316742,
0.04886627197265625,
0.6173849105834961,
0.5549953579902649,
0.19288362562656403,
0.14692364633083344,
-0.28081005811691284,
-0.14124347269535065,
0.34511128067970276,
0.14361734688282013,
-0.45787277817726135,
0.320222944021225,
0.16507801413536072,
0.17364701628684998,
-0.1413511335849762,
-0.054192136973142624,
0.22172066569328308,
0.2841052711009979,
-0.36246100068092346,
0.05692564323544502,
0.13616164028644562,
0.4690128564834595,
0.5453714728355408,
0.28666767477989197,
0.056154537945985794,
0.2100435048341751,
-1.3372021913528442,
-0.3818057179450989,
-0.45618364214897156,
-0.22559106349945068,
-0.5338193774223328,
-0.1112951934337616,
-0.20818988978862762,
0.2027968317270279,
0.02708989568054676,
-0.08835810422897339,
0.24520272016525269,
0.9048492312431335,
-0.4697515666484833,
-0.3457126021385193,
0.2451699823141098,
-0.6325465440750122,
-0.38396286964416504,
0.26664623618125916,
-0.23919574916362762,
-0.4490046203136444,
-0.0848822072148323,
0.3570617437362671,
0.9255132675170898,
0.12661609053611755,
0.3866540193557739,
0.2742883265018463,
-0.09097286313772202,
0.20751141011714935,
-0.18971386551856995,
0.6604965925216675,
-0.3703523874282837,
0.3478226959705353,
-0.38695475459098816,
-0.713040292263031,
0.840934693813324,
0.17709608376026154,
0.008407042361795902,
0.07857144623994827,
-0.04765261337161064,
0.17653819918632507,
-0.815729558467865,
-0.1252855807542801,
-0.4388996958732605,
0.13059625029563904,
0.29839158058166504,
0.0746513307094574,
-0.143246591091156,
-0.2730748951435089,
0.3545377850532532,
0.07616554200649261,
-0.3679645359516144,
-0.42180266976356506,
-0.39204874634742737,
0.22365832328796387,
-0.0736880749464035,
-0.20506836473941803,
0.1199074536561966,
-0.5091589093208313,
0.23770897090435028,
0.13446862995624542,
-0.01009074691683054,
-0.4229885935783386,
-0.5159444808959961,
-0.8551140427589417,
-0.08307211101055145,
0.1453419327735901,
0.8099102973937988,
-0.2247139811515808,
-0.2655159831047058,
-0.350097119808197,
-0.014815814793109894,
0.4457956552505493,
-0.21889835596084595,
0.3591822385787964,
-0.42227688431739807,
-0.46282073855400085,
0.37143608927726746,
0.4332488477230072,
0.3012816607952118,
1.2017186880111694,
-0.5056782960891724,
-0.0888325423002243,
-0.6132757663726807,
0.4344542920589447,
-0.1095200777053833,
-0.25409048795700073,
-0.2620604932308197,
-0.9014140963554382,
-0.40078219771385193,
-0.9086763858795166,
-0.30051371455192566,
-0.09407069534063339,
-0.2794887125492096,
-0.20776313543319702,
-0.544292688369751,
-0.1931328922510147,
-0.42614316940307617,
-0.257921427488327,
-0.583096981048584,
0.2972773611545563,
0.567598819732666,
0.41213423013687134,
0.051233042031526566,
-0.46684902906417847,
-0.5614423751831055,
-0.327719122171402,
-0.019314194098114967,
-0.057386476546525955,
-0.04872467368841171,
-0.2600831687450409,
0.041838761419057846,
0.8515069484710693,
-0.07590965181589127,
-0.3662254214286804,
-0.5182529091835022,
-0.6849246025085449,
0.12703561782836914,
0.1741967648267746,
-0.17814978957176208,
0.827016294002533,
-0.0708652064204216,
-0.31176987290382385,
-0.4325675666332245,
0.13874273002147675,
0.2900647819042206,
0.14527666568756104,
-0.3354196548461914,
0.3397292196750641,
0.2995566129684448,
-0.8082305192947388,
-0.11724201589822769,
0.41693025827407837,
-0.8818398714065552,
0.000985192833468318,
-0.08465564996004105,
-0.16452980041503906,
0.6005685329437256,
-0.2099897861480713,
-0.058048490434885025,
-0.06821339577436447,
0.22902750968933105,
-0.42076683044433594,
-0.01918611116707325,
0.39941003918647766,
-0.5279258489608765,
-0.048781562596559525,
-0.22298771142959595,
0.280499666929245,
-0.44763848185539246,
-0.6755256652832031,
0.075819231569767,
-0.8488379716873169,
0.23091420531272888,
0.114711694419384,
-0.9776299595832825,
-0.04355264827609062,
0.22791652381420135,
0.05885991454124451,
0.04729320853948593,
0.036965224891901016,
0.1079164668917656,
-0.8572510480880737,
-0.40091150999069214,
-0.7087547183036804,
-0.5579582452774048,
-0.36411428451538086,
0.9732399582862854,
0.4071347117424011,
0.635187566280365,
0.37413889169692993,
-0.6361974477767944,
-0.5086431503295898,
0.5783463716506958,
0.037418730556964874,
-0.22183245420455933,
-0.170132115483284,
0.16183598339557648,
0.3402654528617859,
0.17053310573101044,
0.026656990870833397,
-0.10673031955957413,
0.3707002103328705,
-0.02118932269513607,
0.36989694833755493,
0.46176332235336304,
-0.4680691659450531,
-0.034427717328071594,
0.37016937136650085,
0.6157148480415344,
-0.21061807870864868,
0.03630433604121208,
0.21624980866909027,
0.534493088722229,
0.5327520966529846,
-0.030320066958665848,
-0.06038798391819,
-0.19713036715984344,
-0.3096306622028351,
-0.1865832358598709,
0.23323585093021393,
0.04797281697392464,
0.13248050212860107,
0.10840453952550888,
0.286017507314682,
-0.25958502292633057,
0.8297049403190613,
0.2987506091594696,
-0.005875807721167803,
0.440245658159256,
-0.5119253396987915,
-0.5866723656654358,
-0.3214987516403198,
-0.7920498847961426,
0.044901441782712936,
-0.24399927258491516,
0.15138384699821472,
-0.3699401915073395,
-0.36105984449386597,
-0.273548424243927,
0.09294797480106354,
0.3327062129974365,
0.31336233019828796,
0.5414689183235168,
-0.28595954179763794,
0.18473972380161285,
0.1292836219072342,
-0.15191304683685303,
-0.22707118093967438,
0.026330189779400826,
0.40828946232795715,
-0.3712341785430908,
0.015782693400979042,
0.12950600683689117,
0.07533882558345795,
-0.24243655800819397,
-0.34977540373802185,
0.06152014061808586,
0.6080361008644104,
0.3054161071777344,
0.3768909275531769,
0.9709957838058472,
-0.4916316866874695,
-0.25617721676826477,
0.13234616816043854,
-0.06897218525409698,
-0.19888637959957123,
0.10859895497560501,
0.1090443879365921,
-0.20195625722408295,
0.7584071159362793,
-0.1033448725938797,
-0.31927573680877686,
0.16042497754096985,
0.246489018201828,
0.13532735407352448,
-0.38890382647514343,
-0.5741676688194275,
0.5245333909988403,
0.05594794079661369,
-0.13391178846359253,
0.2410902976989746,
-0.20932577550411224,
0.16403327882289886,
0.14245401322841644,
-0.5340655446052551,
-0.5817462801933289,
-0.0645657330751419,
0.26736074686050415,
-0.02498326078057289,
0.4380159378051758,
-0.3876178562641144,
0.049979422241449356,
-0.06823360919952393,
0.07998621463775635,
0.23533308506011963,
0.49661970138549805,
0.44909846782684326,
0.0011610796209424734,
0.5382570624351501,
0.07285237312316895,
-0.35325688123703003,
0.4761531949043274,
-0.20368166267871857,
0.47069093585014343,
-0.05651787668466568,
-0.22049668431282043,
-0.36644402146339417,
-0.3310803174972534,
-0.1338711678981781,
0.2445024847984314,
0.3223206102848053,
-0.11932674795389175,
0.32665905356407166,
0.09202266484498978,
-0.14250293374061584,
-0.3078058958053589,
0.19346390664577484,
0.3644155263900757,
0.22947968542575836,
0.07897038757801056,
0.04556635767221451,
0.36579006910324097,
0.27142199873924255,
0.2872285544872284,
-0.13506051898002625,
0.4258158206939697,
-0.033895883709192276,
-0.1777515709400177,
-0.21799695491790771,
-0.1012185588479042,
-0.09916560351848602,
-0.3407071828842163,
-0.22829632461071014,
-0.5561930537223816,
-0.17931896448135376,
-0.09359279274940491,
-0.38394877314567566,
0.22267863154411316,
-0.4472554326057434,
0.09347794950008392,
-0.5750886797904968,
-0.1671541929244995,
-0.280744343996048,
0.15712055563926697,
0.8754873871803284,
0.04470164701342583,
-0.29549986124038696,
0.1879846751689911,
0.1391707956790924,
0.15755102038383484,
-0.23879581689834595,
-0.012672686018049717,
0.8278723955154419,
-0.7921014428138733,
0.41018563508987427,
-0.845694899559021,
-0.0012892390368506312,
0.3619824945926666,
0.22548113763332367,
-0.10862232744693756,
0.3500162363052368,
-0.5421248078346252,
-0.16243188083171844,
0.077082060277462,
0.12181166559457779,
0.5247994065284729,
-0.5392628908157349,
-0.3290092647075653,
0.503982663154602,
-0.04898460581898689,
0.5740497708320618,
-0.4163905084133148,
0.11449239403009415,
0.10435821115970612,
-0.07103826105594635,
-0.03943915292620659,
0.3145503103733063,
0.2842922508716583,
-0.35464149713516235,
0.4356498122215271,
-0.15398763120174408,
0.2292383909225464,
-0.11166083067655563,
0.5701754689216614,
0.7273000478744507,
0.6335266828536987,
-0.7560970187187195,
0.5076228976249695,
0.1390548050403595,
0.17700637876987457,
0.25507763028144836,
0.10349087417125702,
-0.563034176826477,
-0.20253147184848785,
-0.789591372013092,
-0.5721408128738403,
0.7502638101577759,
0.2593623697757721,
-0.7249770760536194,
0.4446728825569153,
-0.4995332956314087,
-0.5856630206108093,
0.15213024616241455,
0.017193829640746117,
-0.004562061280012131,
-0.07178231328725815,
-0.013479909859597683
] |
217756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic%20of%201893 | Panic of 1893 | The Panic of 1893 was an economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy, and produced political upheaval that led to the political realignment of 1896 and the presidency of William McKinley.
Causes
The Panic of 1893 has been traced to many causes. One of the causes can be traced back to Argentina. Investment was encouraged by the Argentine agent bank, Baring Brothers. However, the 1890 wheat crop failure and a failed coup in Buenos Aires ended further investments. In addition, speculations in South African and Australian properties also collapsed. Because European investors were concerned that these problems might spread, they started a run on gold in the U.S. Treasury. Specie was considered more valuable than paper money; when people were uncertain about the future, they hoarded specie and rejected paper notes.
During the Gilded Age of the 1870s and 1880s, the United States had experienced economic growth and expansion, but much of this expansion depended on high international commodity prices. Exacerbating the problems with international investments, wheat prices crashed in 1893. In particular, the opening of numerous mines in the western United States led to an oversupply of silver, leading to significant debate as to how much of the silver should be coined into money (see below). During the 1880s, American railroads experienced what might today be called a "bubble": investors flocked to railroads, and they were greatly over-built.
One of the first clear signs of trouble came on 20 February 1893, twelve days before the inauguration of U.S. President Grover Cleveland, with the appointment of receivers for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which had greatly overextended itself. Upon taking office, Cleveland dealt directly with the Treasury crisis and successfully convinced Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which he felt was mainly responsible for the economic crisis.
As concern for the state of the economy deepened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks, and caused bank runs. The credit crunch rippled through the economy. A financial panic in London combined with a drop in continental European trade caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by gold.
The economic policies of President Benjamin Harrison have been characterized as a contributing factor to the depression.
Populists
The People's Party, also known as the 'Populists', was an agrarian-populist political party in the United States. From 1892 to 1896, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. It drew support from angry farmers in the West and South. It was highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads, and allied itself with the labor movement.
Established in 1891 as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its zenith in the 1892 presidential election, when its ticket, composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field, won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried five states (Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, and North Dakota), and the 1894 House of Representatives elections when it won nine seats. Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains States (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the Populists represented a radical form of agrarianism and hostility to elites, cities, banks, railroads, and gold.
Silver
The Free Silver movement arose from a synergy of farming and mining interests. Farmers sought to invigorate the economy and thereby end deflation, which was forcing them to repay loans with increasingly expensive dollars. Mining interests sought the right to turn silver directly into money without a central minting institution. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, while falling short of the Free Silver movement's goals, required the U.S. government to buy millions of ounces of silver above what was required by the 1878 Bland–Allison Act (driving up the price of silver and pleasing silver miners). People attempted to redeem silver notes for gold. Ultimately, the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and U.S. notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold. Investments during the time of the panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high-interest payments. Rumors regarding the National Cordage Company (NCC)'s financial distress (NCC was the most actively traded stock at the time) caused its lenders to call in their loans immediately, and the company went into bankruptcy receivership as a result. The company, a rope manufacturer, had tried to corner the market for imported hemp. As demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price and value of silver dropped. Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds, and many became worthless.
A series of bank failures followed, and the Northern Pacific Railway, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad failed. This was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies; in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks, many of them in the West failed. According to high estimates, about of the workforce was unemployed at the panic's peak. The huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings kept in failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their mortgage obligations. Many walked away from recently built homes as a result.
Effects
As a result of the panic, stock prices declined. Five hundred banks closed, 15,000 businesses failed, and numerous farms ceased operation. The unemployment rate hit 25% in Pennsylvania, 35% in New York, and 43% in Michigan. Soup kitchens were opened to help feed the destitute. Facing starvation, people chopped wood, broke rocks, and sewed by hand with needle and thread in exchange for food. In some cases, women resorted to prostitution to feed their families. To help the people of Detroit, Mayor Hazen S. Pingree launched his "Potato Patch Plan", which were community gardens for farming.
President Grover Cleveland was blamed for the depression. Gold reserves stored in the U.S. Treasury fell to a dangerously low level. This forced President Cleveland to borrow $65 million in gold from Wall Street banker J.P. Morgan and the Rothschild banking family of England. His party suffered enormous losses in the 1894 elections, largely being blamed for the downward spiral in the economy and the brutal crushing of the Pullman Strike. After their defeat in 1896, the Democrats did not regain control of any branch of the Federal Government until 1910.
Shipping
The Panic of 1893 affected many aspects of the shipping industry, both by rail and by sea. It arrested the acquisition of ships and rolling stock and pushed down shipping rates.
Fluctuations in railroad investment after the Panic of 1893
The bad omen of investors switching from equity based stocks to constant return bonds in 1894 was mirrored in the corporate finance actions of railroads which reduced their acquisition of rolling stock. Railroad expansion including capital expenditures rose again in 1895, but slowed in 1897 during another economic trough.
Receivership
In 1893, the total railroad mileage in the U.S. was 176,803.6 miles. In 1894 and 1895, railroads only expanded 4,196.4 miles, although 100,000 miles of rail was added from 1878 to 1896. In 1893, the year following the panic, one fourth of all rail mileage went into receivership. The U.S. Census placed this value at close to $1.8 billion (not adjusted for inflation), the largest amount recorded between 1876 and 1910. This was over $1 billion (also not adjusted for inflation) more than the next largest amount, in 1884.
Pullman Strike
In 1894, the U.S. Army intervened during a strike in Chicago to prevent property damage. The strike began at the Pullman Company in Chicago after Pullman refused to either lower rent in the company town or raise wages for its workers due to increased economic pressure from the Panic of 1893. Since the Pullman Company was a railroad car company, this only increased the difficulty of acquiring rolling stock.
American merchant tonnage
The maritime industry of the United States did not escape the effects of the Panic of 1893. The total gross registered merchant marine tonnage employed in "foreign and coastwise trade and in the fisheries", as measured by the U.S. Census between 1888 and 1893, grew at a rate of about 2.74%. In 1894, however, U.S. gross tonnage decreased by 2.9%, and again in 1895 by 1.03%.
Rates
In 1894, the rate for a bushel of wheat by rail dropped from 14.70¢ in 1893 to 12.88¢. This rate continued to decrease, reaching a terminal rate in 1901 of 9.92¢ and never reached 12 cents between 1898 and 1910.
Between 1893 and 1894, average shipping rates by lake or canal per wheat bushel decreased by almost 2 cents, from 6.33¢ to 4.44¢. Rates on the transatlantic crossing from New York City to Liverpool also decreased, from 2 and 3/8 to 1 and 15/16, but this reflected a trend downward since 1891.
See also
Black Friday (1869) – also referred to as the "Gold Panic of 1869"
Basic City, Virginia
Denver Depression of 1893
The Driver, a 1922 novel set during the panic
Panic of 1896
Second-term curse
References
Further reading
Contemporary sources
American Annual Cyclopedia...1894 (1895) online
Baum, Lyman Frank and W. W. Denslow. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900); see Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Brice, Lloyd Stephens, and James J. Wait. "The Railway Problem." North American Review 164 (March 1897): 327–48. online at MOA Cornell.
Cleveland, Frederick A. "The Final Report of the Monetary Commission," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 13 (January 1899): 31–56 in JSTOR
Closson, Carlos C. Jr. "The Unemployed in American Cities." Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 8, no. 2 (January 1894) 168–217 in JSTOR; vol. 8, no. 4 (July 1894): 443–77 in JSTOR
Fisher, Willard. "‘Coin’ and His Critics." Quarterly Journal of Economics 10 (January 1896): 187–208 in JSTOR
Harvey, William H. Coin’s Financial School (1894), 1963 (Introduction by Richard Hofstadter). online first edition
Noyes, Alexander Dana. "The Banks and the Panic," Political Science Quarterly 9 (March 1894): 12–28 in JSTOR.
Shaw, Albert. "Relief for the Unemployed in American Cities," Review of Reviews 9 (January and February 1894): 29–37, 179–91.
Stevens, Albert Clark. "An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Panic in the United States in 1893," Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 (January 1894): 117–48 in JSTOR.
Secondary sources
Barnes, James A. John G. Carlisle: Financial Statesman (1931).
Destler, Chester McArthur. American Radicalism, 1865–1901 (1966).
Dewey, Davis Rich. Financial History of the United States (1903). online.
Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (2002).
Dorfman, Joseph Harry. The Economic Mind in American Civilization. (1949). vol 3.
Faulkner, Harold Underwood. Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900. (1959).
Feder, Leah Hanna. Unemployment Relief in Periods of Depression ... 1857–1920 (1926).
Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963).
Harpine, William D. From the Front Porch to the Front Page: McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign (2006) excerpt and text search
Hoffmann, Charles. The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (1970).
Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: 1888–1896 (1971).
Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1990).
Kirkland, Edward Chase. Industry Comes of Age, 1860–1897 (1961).
Lauck, William Jett. The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (1907). online
Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike 1942.
Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. 1932, Pulitzer Prize.
Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (1997)
Schwantes, Carlos A. Coxey’s Army: An American Odyssey (1985).
Shannon, Fred Albert. The Farmer’s Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897 (1945).
Steeples, Douglas, and David O. Whitten. Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (1998).
Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier (1999).
White; Gerald T. The United States and the Problem of Recovery after 1893 (1982).
Whitten, David. EH.NET article on the Depression of 1893
Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (Cambridge University Press, 2006) contents
External links
Causes of the Business Depression by Henry George; appeared in Once a Week, a New York periodical, March 6, 1894
1893 in the United States
Financial crises
Economic crises in the United States
1893
19th-century economic history
1893 in economics | [
-0.5591186881065369,
-0.19097472727298737,
-0.6026307940483093,
0.40123769640922546,
-0.2347768098115921,
-0.0827525332570076,
0.475494921207428,
0.48319554328918457,
-0.3153454661369324,
-0.27448076009750366,
0.45426464080810547,
-0.014695781283080578,
-0.5068365931510925,
0.9537788033485413,
-0.4978725016117096,
-0.08791933953762054,
0.28668245673179626,
-0.026954853907227516,
0.21060852706432343,
0.002213947242125869,
-0.8622100949287415,
-0.34818023443222046,
0.5772383213043213,
0.3636327087879181,
-0.16427062451839447,
-0.587259829044342,
0.038618531078100204,
-0.6494573354721069,
0.17857488989830017,
0.01776134967803955,
0.3391294479370117,
0.7052735686302185,
0.03727627545595169,
-0.1327216774225235,
-0.6510545611381531,
-0.1325129270553589,
-0.43921610713005066,
-0.2924717962741852,
-0.5289774537086487,
-0.27408236265182495,
-0.48488596081733704,
-0.18938101828098297,
0.656771183013916,
0.47564634680747986,
-0.4424639344215393,
0.30959686636924744,
-1.8254674673080444,
-0.042292919009923935,
-0.6635615825653076,
-0.42980077862739563,
-0.5728591680526733,
0.736240029335022,
0.8184530138969421,
0.05705530196428299,
-0.6264658570289612,
0.37841206789016724,
-0.6131094694137573,
0.40926238894462585,
-0.5091806650161743,
-0.7894241213798523,
0.9665361642837524,
-0.6179142594337463,
0.5413447618484497,
-0.46610772609710693,
-0.6901683211326599,
-0.2394937127828598,
0.11652494221925735,
1.220556378364563,
0.19978319108486176,
-0.5931090712547302,
0.029147932305932045,
-0.05816639959812164,
-0.0947088897228241,
-0.13256095349788666,
0.10636721551418304,
-0.43413811922073364,
0.01299371663480997,
-0.19007624685764313,
-0.4362594485282898,
-0.2529010474681854,
-0.18895043432712555,
0.16558478772640228,
0.48276597261428833,
-0.477572500705719,
0.2382049858570099,
-0.8010329008102417,
-0.2287472039461136,
0.5130487084388733,
-0.16003628075122833,
1.2564977407455444,
-0.22666005790233612,
0.542208731174469,
0.5994064211845398,
-0.1449655145406723,
-0.47597387433052063,
-0.2074173390865326,
0.1709090918302536,
-0.17924188077449799,
-0.3375385105609894,
-0.5429257154464722,
0.04189438745379448,
-0.3045073449611664,
0.497819185256958,
-0.049695033580064774,
0.4884881377220154,
0.16892096400260925,
0.40533438324928284,
-0.3506018817424774,
0.1686898022890091,
-0.3586556315422058,
0.007012729533016682,
0.28810620307922363,
-0.38262778520584106,
-0.32615476846694946,
-0.6757236123085022,
-0.11919312924146652,
0.23419107496738434,
-0.08484029769897461,
-0.10991155356168747,
-0.6072086691856384,
0.17292100191116333,
-0.07729630917310715,
-0.1551762968301773,
-0.3521994948387146,
-0.3707299828529358,
0.6519492268562317,
-0.051918577402830124,
0.22644254565238953,
0.016296615824103355,
0.021183036267757416,
0.22390517592430115,
0.6296727061271667,
-0.2816842496395111,
-0.6123495697975159,
0.07238225638866425,
0.02400638908147812,
0.384270578622818,
-0.10577308386564255,
0.21084843575954437,
-0.18077023327350616,
0.17851343750953674,
-0.059620004147291183,
-0.3447340726852417,
0.2754981219768524,
0.13201996684074402,
-0.23997020721435547,
0.23153646290302277,
-0.08533445000648499,
-0.3193873465061188,
-0.5484430193901062,
0.3455623388290405,
-0.4378928244113922,
-0.4125913977622986,
0.41672685742378235,
0.3687066435813904,
0.3840893805027008,
0.14770446717739105,
-0.9211965203285217,
0.2116253674030304,
0.8045968413352966,
0.8819964528083801,
0.48401719331741333,
-0.08619952201843262,
-0.08696363121271133,
-0.45800498127937317,
-0.41848763823509216,
0.07662343978881836,
0.049876369535923004,
-0.015091987326741219,
0.32656270265579224,
-0.3842602074146271,
0.4322543442249298,
0.343385249376297,
-0.0024095834232866764,
0.03180908039212227,
0.18318629264831543,
-0.053940221667289734,
0.2240833193063736,
0.566679060459137,
0.028943907469511032,
-0.505079984664917,
0.11666159331798553,
0.6763135194778442,
0.39805474877357483,
0.8137613534927368,
0.2625291049480438,
0.6448859572410583,
-0.16656509041786194,
0.2043522745370865,
-0.38470107316970825,
-0.17496076226234436,
-0.44377219676971436,
-0.24484506249427795,
-0.013215412385761738,
1.0304678678512573,
-0.04138625040650368,
-0.38175588846206665,
0.32499003410339355,
0.7050524353981018,
0.2903558611869812,
-0.11228600889444351,
-0.1425437480211258,
0.5529682636260986,
-0.008573932573199272,
-0.07617378979921341,
0.03942686319351196,
0.08514275401830673,
0.4416874051094055,
0.03182186558842659,
0.44337257742881775,
0.047324616461992264,
-0.3286927342414856,
0.21008652448654175,
-0.03254291042685509,
0.04205122962594032,
0.13780933618545532,
-0.2952897846698761,
0.24696104228496552,
0.4348617196083069,
0.05000186711549759,
0.16408634185791016,
-0.11514078825712204,
-0.3055402636528015,
0.2388639897108078,
0.5518757104873657,
0.2788766920566559,
0.020355844870209694,
0.09097835421562195,
0.5339439511299133,
-0.3139103651046753,
0.3510875105857849,
0.40564122796058655,
0.14765198528766632,
-0.41489383578300476,
0.8642728924751282,
-0.1678188294172287,
-0.6746830344200134,
-0.12196654826402664,
-0.1372360736131668,
-0.28986799716949463,
0.794147253036499,
-0.01422055158764124,
0.01202402077615261,
0.9016024470329285,
-0.15130551159381866,
-0.01700756512582302,
0.25399237871170044,
-0.0952950194478035,
-0.23519551753997803,
-0.26149019598960876,
0.31263458728790283,
0.8325974345207214,
0.12773588299751282,
-0.023731885477900505,
-0.18531964719295502,
-0.17034071683883667,
0.5993751883506775,
-0.34731143712997437,
0.4243631660938263,
0.17282821238040924,
0.21996726095676422,
0.377434641122818,
0.28855299949645996,
0.3861640691757202,
0.5297961235046387,
-0.4736112356185913,
-0.48417264223098755,
0.13184572756290436,
-0.3853381276130676,
0.15751707553863525,
1.3059135675430298,
0.04594331979751587,
-0.22632141411304474,
0.7315011024475098,
0.39166125655174255,
-0.5226634740829468,
0.5142667889595032,
0.33428940176963806,
-0.698441207408905,
-0.28291529417037964,
-0.018048053607344627,
1.083978295326233,
-0.12333058565855026,
-0.889674961566925,
-0.16087259352207184,
-0.3663727641105652,
0.08717217296361923,
-0.25016191601753235,
0.04659636318683624,
-0.12680548429489136,
-0.18611790239810944,
-0.13609857857227325,
-0.3387302756309509,
-0.2437160164117813,
-0.20780658721923828,
0.22778981924057007,
0.10752677917480469,
0.538753092288971,
0.5235643982887268,
-0.0052427020855247974,
-0.2662791311740875,
-0.03610915690660477,
-0.2817123830318451,
-0.5755957365036011,
0.26567569375038147,
-0.10199344158172607,
-0.3272501528263092,
-0.3819335103034973,
-5.681884288787842,
0.1361193209886551,
-0.20800228416919708,
-0.7847103476524353,
-0.2715825140476227,
0.09077094495296478,
0.5543403625488281,
0.10691621899604797,
-0.4011446535587311,
-0.10437066853046417,
0.20185451209545135,
-0.5117100477218628,
-0.14115546643733978,
0.11982846260070801,
-0.06993017345666885,
-0.17354801297187805,
0.3819834291934967,
-0.05323302745819092,
-0.18081878125667572,
0.7778280973434448,
0.24479246139526367,
-0.5416473150253296,
-0.34485045075416565,
0.8400340676307678,
0.39496684074401855,
-0.05326733738183975,
0.0396784245967865,
0.09655957669019699,
-0.555756688117981,
0.0769239142537117,
0.46359676122665405,
-0.20230716466903687,
0.253429651260376,
-0.13371750712394714,
-0.3173943758010864,
-0.2003406435251236,
0.6886511445045471,
0.5095807909965515,
-0.10760091990232468,
-0.5419933795928955,
-0.513705313205719,
-0.15532787144184113,
-0.46719473600387573,
0.3613007366657257,
0.8603878021240234,
0.18454758822917938,
0.1471746414899826,
0.048089399933815,
-0.5731018781661987,
0.33360007405281067,
0.5221366286277771,
0.4370141625404358,
-0.07047992944717407,
0.031101563945412636,
0.09662279486656189,
0.21758826076984406,
-0.21719901263713837,
0.16683197021484375,
-0.29060664772987366,
0.15317723155021667,
0.8245949745178223,
0.2130127102136612,
0.595904529094696,
-0.037407901138067245,
0.1832137256860733,
-1.0135223865509033,
-0.3086932897567749,
0.011596600525081158,
0.15842624008655548,
0.5647804141044617,
0.17713472247123718,
0.5856012105941772,
0.29667821526527405,
-1.0745292901992798,
-0.017527803778648376,
-0.24897462129592896,
0.06549139320850372,
-0.4282448887825012,
0.3769175708293915,
0.198229119181633,
0.0011466426076367497,
-0.2787894904613495,
0.027640778571367264,
0.5297244787216187,
0.5967515707015991,
-0.048928529024124146,
-0.4592578411102295,
0.007759406231343746,
-0.6819632053375244,
-0.22916488349437714,
0.6058822274208069,
-0.0021934080868959427,
0.3248074948787689,
-0.13803763687610626,
0.07628893852233887,
0.7451612949371338,
0.2864978313446045,
0.42720547318458557,
0.2785683274269104,
0.06808352470397949,
-0.19491520524024963,
-0.3897336721420288,
-0.03680449724197388,
-0.23987716436386108,
-0.2181328535079956,
-0.40567150712013245,
-0.5089666843414307,
0.637636661529541,
0.6322427988052368,
-0.17256511747837067,
-0.3279571533203125,
-0.18849359452724457,
-0.4513481557369232,
-0.5780894756317139,
0.5862331390380859,
0.3569507300853729,
-0.16845963895320892,
0.03361673653125763,
0.3251023292541504,
-0.028778813779354095,
0.12663821876049042,
-0.09154905378818512,
-0.29353609681129456,
0.5054258704185486,
0.35168612003326416,
-0.24901145696640015,
0.39107051491737366,
-0.21149657666683197,
0.010263169184327126,
-0.35598626732826233,
0.05938158556818962,
0.18764027953147888,
0.17935281991958618,
0.178017258644104,
0.08019638061523438,
-0.3867526054382324,
0.05686574429273605,
-0.052585139870643616,
-0.1884250044822693,
-0.5213721990585327,
-0.24728646874427795,
0.18225394189357758,
-0.6465442180633545,
0.05484045669436455,
0.5633367896080017,
-0.0012653780868276954,
-0.05690285563468933,
-0.614217221736908,
-0.359876811504364,
0.08694041520357132,
-0.5902430415153503,
-0.07547222077846527,
0.038351017981767654,
-0.1552317887544632,
-0.6378312706947327,
0.2730529010295868,
0.5909370183944702,
-0.23027877509593964,
-0.6742552518844604,
-0.4493332505226135,
0.2587079703807831,
-0.5250359773635864,
-1.0168612003326416,
-0.12409121543169022,
0.10082116723060608,
-0.17873263359069824,
-0.3048878312110901,
-0.3762292265892029,
0.08136104792356491,
0.537172794342041,
0.18325871229171753,
0.05359536036849022,
0.07323288172483444,
0.03568761795759201,
0.5948156118392944,
-0.09794632345438004,
-0.5663897395133972,
-0.3759220242500305,
-0.013241088017821312,
-0.3937002718448639,
-0.21287371218204498,
-0.2081587165594101,
-0.4540674686431885,
0.43472447991371155,
-0.12487713247537613,
-0.5136258602142334,
-1.017356514930725,
0.45804017782211304,
-0.3214198052883148,
0.17911089956760406,
0.05120708793401718,
-0.19053684175014496,
0.31900179386138916,
0.5837039351463318,
-0.5075302720069885,
-0.35117167234420776,
-0.4433695673942566,
-0.0448317714035511,
0.11235354840755463,
-0.13251906633377075,
-0.13371716439723969,
-0.17689183354377747,
-0.24200813472270966,
-0.6015860438346863,
0.008273673243820667,
-0.8129977583885193,
0.3165659010410309,
0.2627301514148712,
-1.0511544942855835,
0.7483020424842834,
0.04228907451033592,
-0.10463661700487137,
-0.6292993426322937,
0.5582322478294373,
0.17220930755138397,
0.12426667660474777,
-0.1718752533197403,
-0.4779927730560303,
-0.3022801876068115,
-0.17092622816562653,
0.07644817233085632,
0.1873069703578949,
-0.17708157002925873,
-0.8873815536499023,
-0.7196633815765381,
0.2522311508655548,
-0.3477967381477356,
0.05788794159889221,
0.4532662034034729,
-0.20360933244228363,
-0.35855627059936523,
0.24113298952579498,
-0.0945536270737648,
0.160090371966362,
-0.037574294954538345,
0.3052885830402374,
0.2909384071826935,
0.18585458397865295,
-0.4552347660064697,
0.14778496325016022,
-0.580028235912323,
0.647087812423706,
0.5663446187973022,
-0.5722158551216125,
0.4855823814868927,
-0.06244024261832237,
0.2706342339515686,
0.1823805570602417,
0.24327410757541656,
0.6137113571166992,
0.24181488156318665,
0.005437733139842749,
-0.5448936820030212,
-0.3390711545944214,
-0.10627082735300064,
-0.15683811902999878,
0.33739686012268066,
-0.49172553420066833,
-0.26282352209091187,
0.017530344426631927,
-0.04859380051493645,
0.7144250869750977,
0.04798627644777298,
0.3368907868862152,
0.5009296536445618,
0.3633262813091278,
0.0005542949656955898,
-0.20480212569236755,
0.4494512677192688,
-0.6485218405723572,
0.3728077709674835,
0.03526126965880394,
-0.4881872832775116,
-0.1390446275472641,
0.059313785284757614,
0.25335556268692017,
-0.40382125973701477,
-1.0054391622543335,
-0.4726620614528656,
-0.11834045499563217,
-0.40909290313720703,
-0.3690778315067291,
-0.0038138271775096655,
-0.4896916151046753,
-0.02232581377029419,
-0.71333909034729,
-0.7410974502563477,
-0.44841116666793823,
-0.8406074047088623,
-0.26586222648620605,
-0.07049770653247833,
0.3918173611164093,
0.08189855515956879,
-0.0012387741589918733,
-0.3353883922100067,
0.5557587146759033,
-0.20867955684661865,
0.4485030174255371,
-0.5378290414810181,
-0.11591070145368576,
-0.08379654586315155,
0.4805127680301666,
-0.002743634395301342,
0.49529388546943665,
0.10629811137914658,
-0.09123842418193817,
-0.1828494817018509,
-0.08979639410972595,
-0.08579052984714508,
-0.17763105034828186,
0.43385472893714905,
-0.179221972823143,
-0.35490885376930237,
0.8352794647216797,
-1.216966986656189,
0.3348221778869629,
0.2478325068950653,
0.07247431576251984,
-0.23138011991977692,
-0.1159103512763977,
-0.1693211793899536,
0.3096064031124115,
0.12724702060222626,
-0.2293948233127594,
-0.065670445561409,
0.15932326018810272,
0.16013866662979126,
0.340704083442688,
0.4188094139099121,
0.5044639110565186,
0.5523505806922913,
0.14025764167308807,
0.2637641131877899,
0.7046908736228943,
-0.14743192493915558,
-0.35374435782432556,
0.09421410411596298,
-0.9485353827476501,
0.06407751888036728,
0.25353944301605225,
0.5248401165008545,
-0.18519677221775055,
0.3098265826702118,
0.4021410048007965,
0.0009218957857228816,
0.21260935068130493,
-0.006154107395559549,
0.013378740288317204,
0.09787459671497345,
0.31547272205352783,
0.603670597076416,
-0.0003557584423106164,
0.6116979718208313,
-0.8524388670921326,
0.4905858337879181,
-0.25536230206489563,
0.32855749130249023,
0.767249345779419,
0.15550340712070465,
-0.4673376679420471,
0.3124862015247345,
0.17561234533786774,
0.53809654712677,
-0.3383338153362274,
-0.13676491379737854,
-0.04108349233865738,
-0.2078518569469452,
0.2227095067501068,
-0.4413480758666992,
0.08027856051921844,
0.14223608374595642,
-0.3449419438838959,
-0.0056050000712275505,
-0.028488582000136375,
0.8738244771957397,
0.5747414827346802,
0.03229061886668205,
0.28463199734687805,
0.7023193836212158,
0.7782917618751526,
-0.28187647461891174,
0.26689717173576355,
-0.8179113864898682,
-0.40211308002471924,
-0.6744694113731384,
-0.07416199892759323,
0.32148003578186035,
0.3227103054523468,
0.1645713448524475,
-0.6428654193878174,
0.17196333408355713,
-0.11687954515218735,
0.22836421430110931,
0.027305124327540398,
0.25108224153518677,
-0.36494043469429016,
-0.1520642340183258,
0.55210942029953,
0.22711467742919922,
0.1523376852273941,
-0.07045174390077591,
-0.30264541506767273,
-0.034569304436445236,
0.19091388583183289,
-0.33741024136543274,
0.5258102416992188,
-0.031177952885627747,
0.20945453643798828,
-0.2478277087211609,
0.4975995421409607,
-0.3736766278743744,
0.16560563445091248,
0.15709145367145538,
1.145635724067688,
-0.18571993708610535,
-0.1252376139163971,
0.6914738416671753,
0.14034095406532288,
-0.49615412950515747,
-0.28436172008514404,
-0.1925918310880661,
-0.14427347481250763,
-0.374163955450058,
-0.3744252324104309,
-0.16045302152633667,
0.3677549362182617,
0.0027974636759608984,
0.18964307010173798,
0.14920635521411896,
0.6700206995010376,
-0.4702451825141907,
-0.3989962935447693,
-0.031001634895801544,
0.29133304953575134,
-0.36783042550086975,
-0.2806517481803894,
0.39489707350730896,
-0.01667853258550167,
0.1304391324520111,
-0.15937961637973785,
0.07433847337961197,
-0.3575269281864166,
0.04428789019584656,
0.127286896109581,
0.36251863837242126,
-0.1093236431479454,
-0.339465856552124,
-0.1977270096540451,
0.09608463197946548,
0.3434356153011322,
0.28446295857429504,
0.057881660759449005,
-0.3835899829864502,
-0.26685696840286255,
0.021726053208112717,
-0.3679753243923187,
-0.19494183361530304,
-0.8081149458885193,
0.2408851683139801,
0.20085497200489044
] |
217758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Subject%20Was%20Roses | The Subject Was Roses | The Subject Was Roses is a Pulitzer Prize-winning 1964 play written by Frank D. Gilroy, who also adapted the work in 1968 for a film with the same title.
Background
The play premiered on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on May 25, 1964, starring Jack Albertson, Irene Dailey, and Martin Sheen, and directed by Ulu Grosbard. A major critical and commercial success, the play ran 832 performances and was nominated for five Tony Awards, winning two: Best Play and Best Featured Actor (Albertson). For his work in the play, Gilroy won the year's Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Columbia Records recorded the complete play in a recording studio with the original cast members and released it as a double-LP set.
In the published script, Gilroy included a day-by-day journal he titled, About Those Roses or How 'Not' To Do a Play and Succeed. According to the journal, "The Subject Was Roses opened on Broadway with a producer who had never produced a Broadway play; a director who had never directed one; a scenic artist who had never designed one; a general manager who had never managed one; and three actors who were virtually unknown." Additionally, the play opened after all of the award deadlines, so it was not eligible until the following year, triumphing over Neil Simon's The Odd Couple, Murray Schisgal's Luv and Edward Albee's Tiny Alice for the Tony Award, the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. During the play's two-year run, The Subject Was Roses played five different Broadway theaters and Dustin Hoffman became a replacement stage manager and understudied the role of Timmy.
In 1991, the Roundabout Theatre Company revived the play in New York City with John Mahoney, Dana Ivey and Patrick Dempsey. A 2006 revival of the play was produced by Jeffrey Finn at the Kennedy Center starring Bill Pullman, Judith Ivey, and Steve Kazee. All three performers were nominated for 2007 Helen Hayes Awards. In a 2009 revival in Los Angeles, Martin Sheen again appeared, this time in the role of the father.
Cast and characters
Irene Dailey as Nettie Cleary
Jack Albertson as John Cleary
Martin Sheen as Timmy Cleary
Synopsis
Timmy Cleary returns home from his service during World War II. While he seems to vindicate himself in his father's eyes for surviving the war, his drinking and cursing disturb his mother. Though his parents, John and Nettie, seem to be happy, the peace proves to be a facade. Soon old emotional wounds and unresolved marital problems resurface. Caught in the middle, Timmy feels responsible for their squabbling, but can see no way to resolve their problems.
Film adaptation
Awards and nominations
Awards
1965 Pulitzer Prize for Drama - Frank D. Gilroy
1965 Tony Award for Best Play - Frank D. Gilroy, Edgar Lansbury
1965 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play - Jack Albertson
1965 New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play - Frank D. Gilroy
Nominations
1965 Tony Award for Best Author - Frank D. Gilroy
1965 Tony Award for Best Director - Ulu Grosbard
1965 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play - Martin Sheen
References
External links
1964 plays
Broadway plays
Pulitzer Prize for Drama-winning works
Tony Award-winning plays
American plays adapted into films
Plays set in New York City
Fiction set in 1946 | [
-0.331420361995697,
0.08382226526737213,
-0.3075982332229614,
-0.3573727309703827,
-0.16626644134521484,
0.7840366959571838,
0.5495657324790955,
0.11184846609830856,
-0.029581429436802864,
-0.25728747248649597,
-0.02495959959924221,
0.29518288373947144,
-0.07662882655858994,
0.13336041569709778,
-0.17005851864814758,
0.2554353177547455,
0.10433939099311829,
0.13095377385616302,
0.21655458211898804,
-0.49473002552986145,
-0.08522240817546844,
-0.4202900528907776,
0.5698580145835876,
-0.24223561584949493,
0.4606865346431732,
-0.5613223910331726,
-0.02946999855339527,
-0.0030819831881672144,
0.8146955370903015,
0.6553053855895996,
0.39344367384910583,
0.4072864353656769,
0.14840233325958252,
-0.5250585675239563,
-0.42380931973457336,
0.049423545598983765,
-0.28813841938972473,
0.16116970777511597,
-0.36567339301109314,
-0.4631548821926117,
-0.028108838945627213,
0.14231784641742706,
0.035099197179079056,
-0.1175437942147255,
0.3075841963291168,
-0.05752371624112129,
-2.225571393966675,
0.04763801768422127,
-0.21225228905677795,
-0.277812123298645,
0.08509907126426697,
-0.005229299888014793,
0.8817423582077026,
0.13025455176830292,
-0.05795883387327194,
0.9715737104415894,
-1.0215827226638794,
0.01573568768799305,
-0.13217735290527344,
-0.3955853581428528,
0.04770058020949364,
0.1819145232439041,
0.37534114718437195,
0.3324221074581146,
-0.13505303859710693,
0.6038305163383484,
-0.2123405784368515,
0.175261452794075,
0.19686277210712433,
-0.5476647019386292,
0.08804453164339066,
-0.1801905483007431,
0.6068630814552307,
0.41478532552719116,
0.3225758373737335,
-0.3118199110031128,
0.5443858504295349,
-0.2723754644393921,
0.1350046694278717,
0.3933957815170288,
-0.41206371784210205,
-0.05491580814123154,
0.28019392490386963,
0.23200199007987976,
0.32676804065704346,
0.12600527703762054,
-0.259537011384964,
0.20305098593235016,
0.1412232369184494,
0.024300411343574524,
-0.25525590777397156,
-0.16103293001651764,
-0.034801747649908066,
0.4026954770088196,
0.2624172866344452,
-0.30565765500068665,
-0.11662289500236511,
0.12476485967636108,
-0.5985975861549377,
0.13957110047340393,
-0.34215688705444336,
0.8272794485092163,
0.18735158443450928,
0.16475039720535278,
-0.9950215816497803,
-0.4205476641654968,
0.07155507802963257,
-0.442472368478775,
0.039680927991867065,
-0.2158828228712082,
0.028569256886839867,
0.053019702434539795,
-0.27710697054862976,
-0.272514671087265,
0.31060829758644104,
1.3128098249435425,
0.5962256193161011,
0.0014206621563062072,
-0.2295927256345749,
0.49822959303855896,
-0.012874722480773926,
-0.29191458225250244,
0.07576750218868256,
-0.09495392441749573,
-0.7535161972045898,
0.1537649780511856,
0.44879820942878723,
0.6378422975540161,
-0.39897575974464417,
0.07139451801776886,
-0.36291080713272095,
0.8166723847389221,
0.057961657643318176,
-0.29532063007354736,
0.10701322555541992,
-0.30243274569511414,
0.7365836501121521,
-0.21110212802886963,
-0.041283123195171356,
0.6106429696083069,
-0.3440903127193451,
-0.17003601789474487,
-0.3909751772880554,
-0.3678578734397888,
0.18578112125396729,
-0.7715511918067932,
0.4008561372756958,
-0.26164939999580383,
-0.03627382963895798,
-0.05664004758000374,
0.48529013991355896,
0.04339434206485748,
0.33647117018699646,
0.48180532455444336,
-0.3174353539943695,
0.9184205532073975,
0.12456018477678299,
0.5378043055534363,
0.16731193661689758,
0.1211206465959549,
0.09164831042289734,
0.5282204151153564,
0.7227336764335632,
-0.05887111276388168,
-0.058877404779195786,
0.003284167032688856,
0.13721874356269836,
0.0684657096862793,
-0.30895695090293884,
-0.14242412149906158,
-0.19685517251491547,
0.0889306291937828,
0.26709267497062683,
-0.5096198916435242,
0.8573266863822937,
0.3948676288127899,
0.6662001013755798,
0.31285560131073,
0.13556206226348877,
-0.13613519072532654,
-0.42593687772750854,
0.48837825655937195,
-0.13065838813781738,
-0.364911824464798,
0.25162985920906067,
-0.04687802866101265,
0.6734285354614258,
0.15352657437324524,
0.21919725835323334,
0.1817561388015747,
-1.1626137495040894,
-0.6702547669410706,
0.37222999334335327,
0.24389347434043884,
0.8796586394309998,
0.568838357925415,
-0.204033762216568,
0.18412679433822632,
-0.22953841090202332,
0.7103050351142883,
0.2809673249721527,
-0.015286610461771488,
0.47320762276649475,
-0.07210095971822739,
0.19370168447494507,
0.03408681973814964,
-0.4332561790943146,
-0.12311776727437973,
0.4282609820365906,
0.9430745840072632,
0.36523836851119995,
-0.12263306230306625,
0.6103394627571106,
0.3229385018348694,
-0.2277219444513321,
-0.014198803342878819,
-0.149053156375885,
0.21105293929576874,
0.18610040843486786,
-0.684453547000885,
0.7160754203796387,
0.3808286786079407,
-0.12699589133262634,
0.5510432720184326,
-0.16519635915756226,
0.5268343091011047,
-0.05707068741321564,
-0.05189402028918266,
-0.21585041284561157,
-0.7872442603111267,
-0.5179787278175354,
0.457113116979599,
-0.07713807374238968,
-0.7676981687545776,
0.10427597165107727,
0.3752058148384094,
-0.17002761363983154,
-0.5161432027816772,
0.381547749042511,
-0.04405469819903374,
0.4505811333656311,
0.2140439748764038,
-0.3059002757072449,
0.47476378083229065,
-0.9348713755607605,
-0.09155607223510742,
0.046686071902513504,
-0.23610137403011322,
-0.1305963546037674,
0.33026424050331116,
-0.00025825953343883157,
0.7130493521690369,
-0.2147872895002365,
0.048124682158231735,
-0.6540515422821045,
0.38168463110923767,
-0.7924548983573914,
-0.2577500343322754,
0.6229551434516907,
0.4259405732154846,
-0.03245867043733597,
0.34867069125175476,
0.3058161735534668,
-0.20383121073246002,
0.15308146178722382,
-0.3116573691368103,
-0.610182523727417,
-0.6346802711486816,
-0.11014515161514282,
0.022906871512532234,
0.2202606499195099,
-0.4250752031803131,
-0.4377383291721344,
-0.16312451660633087,
-0.1361795961856842,
0.14283642172813416,
0.39039865136146545,
0.05254679545760155,
-0.6257745623588562,
-0.7348463535308838,
0.2895185947418213,
0.9833413362503052,
0.123197540640831,
-0.5292336344718933,
-0.031958844512701035,
-0.012366190552711487,
0.03871094807982445,
-0.3716146647930145,
0.08583465963602066,
-0.05160614475607872,
0.27695414423942566,
0.19561325013637543,
-0.1084529384970665,
-0.3036234378814697,
-0.2991364598274231,
0.30378109216690063,
-0.21371608972549438,
0.24240708351135254,
0.31777116656303406,
0.4219321608543396,
-0.21546374261379242,
0.4240708351135254,
-0.4635792076587677,
0.23315635323524475,
0.39881861209869385,
0.20628762245178223,
-0.3578566610813141,
0.47205665707588196,
-5.659265995025635,
-0.4112398028373718,
0.15405860543251038,
0.08546185493469238,
0.5238211750984192,
-0.1289522647857666,
0.7002798318862915,
-0.2314523607492447,
0.20702862739562988,
-0.15827277302742004,
0.16405457258224487,
-0.06624908745288849,
-0.3118829131126404,
0.6459847688674927,
0.8198220133781433,
-0.08036037534475327,
-0.11472812294960022,
-0.8079963326454163,
0.03317081555724144,
0.3229541778564453,
-0.30063268542289734,
0.18505699932575226,
0.01199045218527317,
0.2323748618364334,
0.20143215358257294,
0.9848018288612366,
-0.2207629382610321,
0.17858292162418365,
-0.5534533858299255,
0.4444318413734436,
0.2886850833892822,
0.20095717906951904,
0.2507205903530121,
-0.08459849655628204,
-0.4298911690711975,
-0.2075815200805664,
0.03249127417802811,
-0.28526508808135986,
0.1261771321296692,
0.2505221664905548,
-0.5811459422111511,
-0.429025799036026,
-0.3346356153488159,
-0.0613429881632328,
-0.23444028198719025,
-0.2859894633293152,
-0.49154067039489746,
-0.4795970916748047,
-0.16685035824775696,
0.713871419429779,
0.23211272060871124,
0.22327324748039246,
0.5594752430915833,
0.30960825085639954,
0.03653239831328392,
0.1682250201702118,
0.44214746356010437,
-0.1547170728445053,
-0.4985153377056122,
-0.44733405113220215,
0.0035590834449976683,
-0.21683219075202942,
0.4557148218154907,
-0.12429899722337723,
-0.09387101233005524,
-0.42746224999427795,
0.03458118438720703,
0.1185213252902031,
-0.3904508948326111,
0.48964712023735046,
0.5533971190452576,
0.5083116292953491,
-0.15369880199432373,
-1.3129180669784546,
-0.3707384467124939,
-0.010274858213961124,
-0.4873393476009369,
-0.4658519923686981,
0.056343208998441696,
-0.09004729241132736,
0.46328896284103394,
-0.2991330027580261,
-0.07701017707586288,
0.8384831547737122,
-0.10221605002880096,
-0.4912058115005493,
-0.05651601403951645,
-0.15486542880535126,
-0.7722030878067017,
-0.18342046439647675,
0.03158891573548317,
-0.12298739701509476,
-0.33488282561302185,
0.35886135697364807,
0.31124019622802734,
0.21965596079826355,
0.616254448890686,
0.17424048483371735,
0.23852768540382385,
-0.41336116194725037,
0.021177269518375397,
-0.4002089202404022,
0.16173261404037476,
0.21554860472679138,
0.22874054312705994,
-0.40627726912498474,
-0.796509861946106,
0.5161849856376648,
0.9140722155570984,
-0.4472465515136719,
0.7175021767616272,
-0.28431856632232666,
0.1845453381538391,
-0.6864175796508789,
0.06046534329652786,
0.017608296126127243,
0.7026302814483643,
-0.05897754058241844,
0.4680391252040863,
0.4012228846549988,
0.028756631538271904,
0.2848493158817291,
-0.3016701936721802,
-0.4014952778816223,
0.057869549840688705,
-0.03872762620449066,
0.4296615421772003,
-0.38249507546424866,
-0.42133113741874695,
0.4862849712371826,
-0.006909826770424843,
-0.4275907874107361,
-0.3655443787574768,
-0.5646019577980042,
0.0164253581315279,
0.01138914842158556,
-0.7767128348350525,
-0.058056626468896866,
-0.24027332663536072,
0.5045034885406494,
-0.10007906705141068,
-0.2461145669221878,
-0.5760823488235474,
-0.09526453167200089,
0.7877467274665833,
-0.08745203167200089,
-0.21617017686367035,
-0.6675422191619873,
-0.21911956369876862,
0.002870216267183423,
-0.4326871931552887,
0.2409278154373169,
0.39848536252975464,
-0.18796834349632263,
0.07068357616662979,
-0.43690311908721924,
-0.46793460845947266,
0.21055063605308533,
-0.5699582099914551,
0.07466191053390503,
-0.6207948327064514,
-0.4911709427833557,
-0.9929164052009583,
-0.3961869180202484,
-0.4538012146949768,
0.028930721804499626,
0.01630140282213688,
-1.0932480096817017,
-0.01184831466525793,
0.5159944891929626,
0.6556779742240906,
-0.3171861171722412,
0.1380964070558548,
0.019548142328858376,
0.16872556507587433,
0.003999123349785805,
0.03444333001971245,
-0.6936440467834473,
0.263595849275589,
-0.04528393596410751,
-0.040694624185562134,
-0.3337017595767975,
-0.5880802869796753,
0.5510928630828857,
0.6546276807785034,
-0.2806323766708374,
-0.21167616546154022,
-0.8063181638717651,
-0.7847464084625244,
0.8046212792396545,
-0.39519307017326355,
-0.0855463519692421,
0.5063982009887695,
0.26716044545173645,
-1.0925594568252563,
-0.25736281275749207,
-0.2881518602371216,
-0.41770121455192566,
0.049609988927841187,
-0.6733528971672058,
0.49311646819114685,
0.6573638916015625,
-0.21998727321624756,
0.05517776682972908,
-0.23315580189228058,
-1.6500263214111328,
-0.01620388776063919,
-0.1250242441892624,
-0.6274457573890686,
0.6059965491294861,
0.34445279836654663,
-0.08119495213031769,
-0.3545795679092407,
0.4712584614753723,
-0.15211156010627747,
-0.030120957642793655,
-0.042689647525548935,
-0.1222054585814476,
-0.04402725398540497,
-0.16219985485076904,
0.13933955132961273,
-0.3500504493713379,
-1.0617057085037231,
-0.2526310980319977,
-0.43562015891075134,
-0.06544418632984161,
0.03651857376098633,
-1.215474009513855,
0.4536394476890564,
-0.2218426764011383,
-0.04090908542275429,
0.05516534298658371,
0.06614331156015396,
0.08340734988451004,
-0.38230100274086,
-0.36168453097343445,
-0.044848911464214325,
0.12818223237991333,
0.1076214537024498,
0.8531380295753479,
0.3951582610607147,
1.2276759147644043,
-0.039977144449949265,
-0.2413826584815979,
0.454700767993927,
0.23669835925102234,
0.02952762506902218,
-0.8403670191764832,
-0.5817838311195374,
0.3577188551425934,
0.021909864619374275,
-0.108704574406147,
0.1305210441350937,
-0.6182510256767273,
0.38949957489967346,
-0.37824755907058716,
-0.07917404919862747,
0.5343623161315918,
-0.05330377444624901,
0.23522330820560455,
-0.2564854621887207,
0.5120097994804382,
-0.6962277293205261,
0.28144651651382446,
0.39230260252952576,
0.332863450050354,
0.7444613575935364,
0.016413385048508644,
0.3829302191734314,
-0.20778006315231323,
-0.3447560667991638,
-0.4190211296081543,
-0.14524130523204803,
0.2672310471534729,
0.21716690063476562,
0.2533116638660431,
-0.4015572965145111,
-0.6867614984512329,
0.4770444333553314,
-0.5083926320075989,
-0.32241564989089966,
0.20186568796634674,
-0.49840646982192993,
0.009557412937283516,
0.17786002159118652,
-0.6544651985168457,
0.20052561163902283,
-0.48655444383621216,
-0.2988383173942566,
-0.14165377616882324,
0.07283878326416016,
0.0075330170802772045,
-0.21551987528800964,
-0.1410454660654068,
0.36720457673072815,
0.4980878531932831,
-0.3049148619174957,
0.23519667983055115,
-0.25578024983406067,
-0.2874338626861572,
-0.8087966442108154,
0.26355817914009094,
0.37278592586517334,
-0.1751590073108673,
0.4146951138973236,
0.2780485451221466,
-0.038106609135866165,
-0.03837921842932701,
-0.28540483117103577,
-0.038228120654821396,
0.04374462366104126,
-0.26370537281036377,
-0.06331145763397217,
-0.0201080534607172,
-0.5327308773994446,
-0.11995743215084076,
0.4067653715610504,
-0.5513339638710022,
0.2324041724205017,
0.5078364610671997,
0.3087339997291565,
0.25015494227409363,
0.4340575933456421,
-0.2468547821044922,
-0.31125640869140625,
0.9393349289894104,
-0.6955126523971558,
0.27996036410331726,
-0.08064543455839157,
-0.3018302917480469,
0.3790662884712219,
0.3352096676826477,
-0.4054690897464752,
0.6415875554084778,
0.2784952223300934,
-0.13622219860553741,
0.40863344073295593,
-1.0106552839279175,
-0.3160063624382019,
0.3479137122631073,
-0.05205545201897621,
0.03307264670729637,
0.5283292531967163,
-0.0916212722659111,
0.09099367260932922,
-0.05645409971475601,
0.21197056770324707,
0.24159659445285797,
0.41270890831947327,
-0.2530314028263092,
0.28419971466064453,
0.7709001898765564,
-0.02276172861456871,
-0.4385276138782501,
0.2831214964389801,
-0.1894078105688095,
-0.018068192526698112,
-0.22453851997852325,
-0.6028475165367126,
-0.27883777022361755,
-0.49954041838645935,
-0.4322863519191742,
-0.04176998510956764,
0.2347857505083084,
-0.03648652508854866,
0.5838456749916077,
0.02561401203274727,
-0.33033090829849243,
-0.633064329624176,
0.2295156866312027,
0.6905439496040344,
-0.4667625427246094,
0.15252825617790222,
0.5118069052696228,
0.5672430396080017,
0.3393622636795044,
0.46329107880592346,
-0.4451703727245331,
0.21016721427440643,
0.2695779800415039,
-0.14392079412937164,
-0.19394876062870026,
-0.3067048490047455,
-0.0005891185719519854,
-0.24783694744110107,
0.0657668188214302,
0.05029662698507309,
0.3857547342777252,
-0.014859813265502453,
-0.4357891380786896,
0.2645323574542999,
-0.2470514178276062,
0.08285364508628845,
0.009956480003893375,
-0.5517204999923706,
0.39853253960609436,
-0.6536232233047485,
0.7287227511405945,
-0.3150779902935028,
-0.444031685590744,
0.12611711025238037,
-0.05926751345396042,
0.06752417236566544,
0.26882079243659973,
-0.7887288331985474,
0.2889585494995117,
-0.5917047262191772,
0.45240896940231323,
-0.6653645038604736,
0.7177952527999878,
-0.2663756310939789,
0.0923713967204094,
-0.14360083639621735,
0.10810216516256332,
-0.30494824051856995,
0.08433759957551956,
0.11800526827573776,
-0.1454688310623169,
0.08101716637611389,
-0.2202981412410736,
0.22421593964099884,
0.20560769736766815,
0.05349515751004219,
0.8319876194000244,
-0.4213100075721741,
-0.5101794600486755,
0.25468459725379944,
0.7984984517097473,
0.4023949205875397,
0.278421550989151,
0.07334088534116745,
0.2056778222322464,
-0.4642416536808014,
-0.10969729721546173,
0.46635177731513977,
0.4910667836666107,
0.16124889254570007,
0.980736494064331,
0.12907814979553223,
-0.2911102771759033,
0.32454219460487366,
-0.7588034868240356,
0.12014708667993546,
-0.03299686312675476,
-0.7619751691818237,
-0.09067025035619736,
0.4894859492778778,
-0.21152947843074799,
-0.1364343911409378,
0.5565394163131714,
0.21618129312992096,
-0.6363273859024048,
-0.1533687263727188,
-0.30914804339408875,
-0.08252496272325516,
0.09672413021326065,
0.0036536373663693666,
-0.5323810577392578,
0.36228805780410767,
0.15238651633262634
] |
217761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette%20Perry | Antoinette Perry | Mary Antoinette "Tony" Perry (June 27, 1888June 28, 1946) was an American actress and director, and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing. She is the eponym of the Tony Awards.
Early life
Born in Denver, Colorado, she spent her childhood aspiring to replicate the thespian artistry of her aunt and uncle, Mildred Hall and George Wessels, who were both well-respected touring actors. She performed at the Elitch Theater near Denver when she was only 11 years old. In her biography, Mary Elitch recalled, "Her first public appearance was at the age of eleven in a small part on my stage. Today, with a brilliant career as an actress behind her, having played leading women with such great actors as David Warfield, Antoinette is a successful producer in New York City -- having her own theatre."
Perry's father, William Perry, was opposed to his daughter becoming an actress, but he was not against her pursuing a career in music, so sent her to Miss Ely's School in New York to study voice and piano.
Perry made her actual stage debut at Elitch Theatre "on June 12,1904 in Olympe as the 'Fifth Actress'." In June 1905 she made her Chicago debut in Mrs. Temple's Telegram and one year later she appeared in the same play in her New York debut.
In 1906 David Warfield discovered her, and she remained with his company as leading lady until 1909. Perry was able to return to her hometown theatre in Denver during the 1908 Elitch Theatre season with David Warfield, Marie Bates, William Elliot and others in the preseason special productions of The Music Master and David Belasco’s The Grand Army Man.
She appeared opposite David Warfield in Music Master in 1906 when she was only 18.
Her career was on the rise, yet she left the stage a star in 1909, to marry Denver businessman and president of the Denver Gas and Electric Company, Frank W. Frueauff.
Career
Following Frank Frueauff's death in 1922 of a heart attack, Perry returned to the stage. In 1924 she appeared in Zona Gale's Mr. Pitt. She appeared notably in George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber's Minick that same year. She took up directing in 1928. In partnership with Brock Pemberton she produced several successful plays, including: Divorce Me Dear, Ceiling Zero, Red Harvest, Strictly Dishonorable, Personal Appearance (Lawrence Riley's breakthrough hit), and Kiss the Boys Goodbye. Their most famous production was probably the Pulitzer Prize-winning Mary Chase classic Harvey, which Perry directed and which enjoyed enormous success on Broadway and as a film starring James Stewart.
According to Ellis Nassour:
Perry became a stage director at a time when women working offstage in theater were often relegated to positions as costumers or dressers. She established herself as a director with Preston Sturges in "Strictly Dishonorable" in 1929, in which her daughter Margaret debuted. “Tony was a gifted and versatile actress, and one of the best directors the American theater has produced,” noted Helen Hayes.
Legacy
Perry helped found, and was chairwoman and secretary of, the American Theatre Wing (ATW), which operated the Stage Door Canteens during World War II, providing entertainment to servicemen in several American cities. After her death, her friends and colleagues took action to memorialize her contribution to the high standards of American theatre. Brock Pemberton suggested that the ATW create a series of awards to be given in her honor. Since 1947, the Antoinette Perry Awards have been given annually for distinguished achievement in theatre, and are one of the theatre world's most coveted honors. They are universally known by their nickname, the Tony Awards. Fellow ATW co-founder and Perry's close friend Louise Heims Beck was responsible for overseeing the organization of the 1st Tony Awards.
In 2011 Perry was featured as an historical figure when The Neo-Futurists devised a show about the longest-running failure in Broadway history, J. Frank Davis' The Ladder. The Neo-Futurist show was called Chalk & Saltwater: The Ladder Project. Chalk & Saltwater explored the individuals involved in the failed show this included Edgar B. Davis, the play's backer and "angel", Brock and Murdock Pemberton, and J. Frank Davis and their lives before and after The Ladders 789-performance run. Perry was a member of the original cast of The Ladder, but left the production prior to its close.
Perry was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2004.
Personal life
Perry had three daughters: Margaret, who became an actress; Virginia, who died as an infant; and Elaine, who became a stage producer in the 1950s.
Death
Perry was a devout Christian Scientist. Despite signs of heart disease, she refused to see a doctor. The day after her 58th birthday, on June 28, 1946, she died of a heart attack. She is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.
References
Further reading
Fjelde, Rolf. "In Memoriam: Einar Østvedt and Antoinette Perry." Ibsen News and Comment (1981): 2–4. online
Nassour, Ellis. "Perry, Antoinette" American National Biography (1999) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1800930
New York Times, 29 June 1946, obituary
Robinson, Alice M. , and Vera Mowry Roberts, et al. eds. Notable Women in the American Theatre: A Biographical Dictionary (1989)
External links
Perry Biography at Tony Awards
Antoinette Perry's biography, American Theatre Wing website; accessed June 9, 2014.
Antoinette Perry profile, Encyclopædia Britannica
Colorado Women's Hall of Fame
1888 births
1946 deaths
Actresses from Denver
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American theatre directors
Women theatre directors
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
American Christian Scientists | [
-0.5824218988418579,
-0.005742141045629978,
-0.6159201264381409,
-0.4276936948299408,
0.0514533668756485,
0.9465433955192566,
0.5386452078819275,
-0.029880447313189507,
-0.6346753239631653,
0.2836810052394867,
-0.10923952609300613,
0.5360768437385559,
0.2879534065723419,
0.2913985848426819,
-0.46472612023353577,
0.3246062397956848,
0.412330687046051,
-0.27869686484336853,
-0.37963196635246277,
-0.21032753586769104,
-0.6565300226211548,
0.010580557398498058,
0.41145381331443787,
0.2357558012008667,
-0.5655219554901123,
0.4317913055419922,
-0.145046666264534,
-0.07724172621965408,
0.3366281986236572,
0.322360634803772,
0.1292494535446167,
-0.07019773870706558,
0.6404739618301392,
-0.6016138195991516,
-0.8578736782073975,
0.2818026840686798,
-0.23156775534152985,
0.1187804788351059,
-0.5413016676902771,
-0.36232706904411316,
-0.33799248933792114,
-0.3230849504470825,
0.31506648659706116,
-0.18972773849964142,
-0.5943544507026672,
-0.26240822672843933,
-1.7973958253860474,
0.5718737840652466,
-0.6252926588058472,
-0.42208048701286316,
-0.1255113184452057,
0.39297735691070557,
0.6139241456985474,
0.04750112071633339,
-0.015169667080044746,
-0.35135483741760254,
-0.4389330744743347,
0.10259285569190979,
-0.3070477545261383,
-0.5641851425170898,
-0.025584232062101364,
0.692263126373291,
0.6716972589492798,
-0.2097993791103363,
-0.0393889918923378,
0.09994461387395859,
0.23557858169078827,
0.3416559398174286,
-0.5385360717773438,
-0.3578224778175354,
0.37991195917129517,
0.4153180718421936,
0.4247206747531891,
-0.18286296725273132,
0.10391853004693985,
-0.8052047491073608,
0.5875746607780457,
0.05456692352890968,
0.07926177233457565,
0.22242796421051025,
0.08211261034011841,
-0.5199969410896301,
0.7514814138412476,
0.22220057249069214,
0.1423131823539734,
-0.1337553709745407,
-0.3527688980102539,
0.2972196936607361,
-0.3151908814907074,
-0.4642934501171112,
-0.9412116408348083,
-0.03815368562936783,
-0.06787768751382828,
0.4729209542274475,
0.3716732859611511,
0.02951907180249691,
-0.024894066154956818,
0.09198136627674103,
0.2538645267486572,
-0.12148351967334747,
-0.33934536576271057,
-0.5395787358283997,
0.1812707632780075,
-0.33090388774871826,
-0.5265998840332031,
0.3617583215236664,
0.5104867219924927,
0.36820635199546814,
-0.6985107660293579,
0.2832227647304535,
-0.6224995851516724,
-0.09465944766998291,
0.05984467640519142,
-0.23222322762012482,
0.11928664147853851,
0.012107226997613907,
-0.19865919649600983,
0.2951395511627197,
-0.8876988291740417,
-0.19028103351593018,
0.18906357884407043,
0.3995096683502197,
0.05378502607345581,
0.10830865800380707,
-0.5532733201980591,
0.7591622471809387,
0.22264444828033447,
0.5324301719665527,
-0.2916502058506012,
-0.13255923986434937,
0.26714757084846497,
0.5487013459205627,
-0.30341053009033203,
-0.45959314703941345,
-0.08666777610778809,
-0.36890238523483276,
0.3667282164096832,
0.3420411944389343,
0.6117022633552551,
-0.09414783865213394,
-0.6321139335632324,
0.2808125913143158,
-0.42798787355422974,
-0.15015484392642975,
0.8706982731819153,
-0.5443528294563293,
-0.08300885558128357,
0.380972683429718,
-0.3108816146850586,
-0.45002275705337524,
-0.5939835906028748,
-0.02331257238984108,
0.1756935715675354,
-0.4640789330005646,
-0.34884577989578247,
-0.008680326864123344,
0.8829123973846436,
-0.5464009046554565,
0.43412351608276367,
0.11998643726110458,
0.5228428244590759,
0.15780416131019592,
0.0020070013124495745,
0.0008077329257503152,
0.5996966361999512,
-0.13153575360774994,
-0.43491131067276,
-0.7181628942489624,
0.1958991289138794,
0.10769746452569962,
-0.42780163884162903,
0.79466313123703,
0.2586837410926819,
0.420041024684906,
-0.9612866640090942,
0.1389433741569519,
0.1277037262916565,
0.45979195833206177,
-0.23483118414878845,
-0.22398485243320465,
-0.4910861551761627,
0.07158781588077545,
-0.19704128801822662,
-0.027545038610696793,
0.09689009934663773,
0.1666843593120575,
0.42033499479293823,
-0.05900164693593979,
0.20281505584716797,
-0.12937277555465698,
-0.5102819800376892,
-0.2334527224302292,
-0.13150359690189362,
-0.021499717608094215,
0.5172368884086609,
0.12192194163799286,
-0.8290690183639526,
0.7023173570632935,
0.29880452156066895,
0.45429274439811707,
-0.03555773198604584,
-0.17756959795951843,
0.5000534057617188,
0.24555513262748718,
-0.13518168032169342,
-0.032215416431427,
0.15263938903808594,
0.6844664812088013,
0.4878361225128174,
0.599479079246521,
-0.1175529733300209,
-0.49046197533607483,
0.7315266132354736,
0.40154242515563965,
-0.35102835297584534,
-0.7017828822135925,
-0.7881556153297424,
-0.24524906277656555,
0.67549729347229,
-0.17686082422733307,
0.40042948722839355,
0.15196919441223145,
-0.09016061574220657,
-0.08873573690652847,
-0.21004050970077515,
0.36672717332839966,
-0.6615623831748962,
-0.2705082595348358,
0.3166174590587616,
0.1533874124288559,
-0.10191647708415985,
0.5538400411605835,
0.17697693407535553,
-0.5327281355857849,
0.17878594994544983,
-0.25423887372016907,
0.18197686970233917,
-0.12906749546527863,
-0.11419174075126648,
-0.4646926820278168,
0.26475417613983154,
0.29350292682647705,
-0.7277014255523682,
0.3363557755947113,
-0.2297954261302948,
0.06968529522418976,
0.15140746533870697,
-0.06488694995641708,
0.35799214243888855,
0.18758872151374817,
0.46236664056777954,
0.24818049371242523,
0.3498404920101166,
-0.02846234291791916,
-0.22127984464168549,
0.03214046731591225,
0.19108909368515015,
-0.33531856536865234,
0.7186248898506165,
0.2489418238401413,
0.1079898551106453,
0.2587980329990387,
-0.16368359327316284,
0.24024511873722076,
0.137982577085495,
-0.1497703641653061,
-0.0789954736828804,
-0.41463303565979004,
0.1775919497013092,
0.35504150390625,
0.5280876159667969,
-0.3094581365585327,
-0.21205399930477142,
-0.04180227220058441,
0.252602219581604,
0.3454265594482422,
-0.2493620216846466,
0.38031014800071716,
-0.8189343810081482,
-1.064831018447876,
0.2878306210041046,
0.5495227575302124,
-0.3211851119995117,
-0.8636330366134644,
-0.25600892305374146,
-0.02398541010916233,
-0.20830026268959045,
-0.24213962256908417,
-0.4180678725242615,
-0.0948532298207283,
-0.2962494194507599,
0.6479378938674927,
-0.4957779049873352,
0.129372239112854,
-0.07716378569602966,
-0.18139208853244781,
-0.16184523701667786,
0.6335772275924683,
-0.3717552125453949,
0.047657791525125504,
-0.4882078170776367,
0.22483544051647186,
-0.047773875296115875,
0.1608065962791443,
0.42200103402137756,
0.21338917315006256,
0.0038161948323249817,
-0.23852470517158508,
-5.710285186767578,
-0.7443565130233765,
0.18187759816646576,
-0.23134200274944305,
0.428523987531662,
-0.4438484311103821,
0.13446703553199768,
-0.0874120444059372,
0.34187692403793335,
0.40660688281059265,
0.04839968681335449,
0.09995713829994202,
-0.5956194996833801,
0.5908240079879761,
0.5006194710731506,
0.21846109628677368,
-0.10961083322763443,
-0.4965004324913025,
0.31445086002349854,
0.9010430574417114,
0.12736403942108154,
-0.26465117931365967,
-0.1752629578113556,
0.5641019940376282,
0.07512153685092926,
0.2949562072753906,
-0.41243353486061096,
0.20743507146835327,
-0.582665741443634,
-0.6123589277267456,
0.09540640562772751,
0.06688964366912842,
-0.1685527265071869,
-0.2595352232456207,
0.05620241537690163,
-0.08833473920822144,
0.5276468992233276,
-0.25341174006462097,
-0.16283632814884186,
-0.6064595580101013,
-0.41150495409965515,
-0.2385769933462143,
-0.49978309869766235,
-0.33634063601493835,
-0.22695142030715942,
-0.46206048130989075,
-0.3411650061607361,
-0.5191485285758972,
0.11165867745876312,
0.5876837372779846,
0.34833356738090515,
0.22790344059467316,
0.8302039504051208,
-0.22056017816066742,
0.3404185175895691,
-0.4121512174606323,
0.42828333377838135,
0.4499383568763733,
-0.7019321322441101,
0.10274001210927963,
0.22995023429393768,
-0.11001192778348923,
-0.3769432008266449,
0.1539369374513626,
-0.07727407664060593,
-0.16021834313869476,
0.027371680364012718,
0.48994767665863037,
-0.09588619321584702,
-0.40291646122932434,
0.26823025941848755,
-0.04110579192638397,
-0.02665623277425766,
-1.0668022632598877,
0.2549758851528168,
-0.2232358157634735,
0.3979099988937378,
-0.37105005979537964,
-0.6385760307312012,
-0.16185638308525085,
-0.06380363553762436,
-0.38025152683258057,
0.6384877562522888,
0.019761357456445694,
0.19938983023166656,
0.14398092031478882,
-0.13416096568107605,
0.4640692472457886,
-0.2825663983821869,
0.33058199286460876,
-0.461541086435318,
-0.02525625191628933,
-0.19136115908622742,
0.3763553500175476,
0.23157227039337158,
0.17339660227298737,
0.1419617235660553,
0.6529488563537598,
0.4135860204696655,
0.15202666819095612,
-0.3361760079860687,
-0.4087894558906555,
0.619032621383667,
-0.2545255124568939,
0.3100960850715637,
-0.14554119110107422,
0.12743747234344482,
-0.4870201349258423,
0.841935396194458,
-0.434224396944046,
0.3181363642215729,
0.6471845507621765,
-0.34378349781036377,
-0.22789086401462555,
0.11214306950569153,
0.2040780931711197,
0.07333306223154068,
0.3877519369125366,
0.03221675753593445,
0.44835519790649414,
-0.0455717109143734,
0.21996569633483887,
-0.5047073364257812,
0.5110699534416199,
0.017809825018048286,
0.05292591080069542,
0.05527908354997635,
0.003545502433553338,
-0.2636437714099884,
0.35810747742652893,
-0.3473826050758362,
-0.28809285163879395,
-0.016389504075050354,
0.027939138934016228,
0.847949743270874,
-0.027308937162160873,
-0.1884709745645523,
-0.04839165881276131,
-0.09191667288541794,
0.12288474291563034,
-0.30513182282447815,
-0.2903482913970947,
-0.41247910261154175,
0.5566367506980896,
0.3075328469276428,
-0.1601552814245224,
-0.3159162402153015,
-0.186883807182312,
-0.04883632808923721,
0.5313528776168823,
-0.03166747838258743,
0.11713041365146637,
0.5550143718719482,
-0.3453015387058258,
-0.39218074083328247,
-0.31409281492233276,
-0.35854822397232056,
-0.3123718500137329,
-0.06466034799814224,
0.159986212849617,
-0.2678634822368622,
-0.4552910327911377,
-0.4271470010280609,
0.04033967852592468,
-0.14919748902320862,
-0.2702375650405884,
-0.03798792511224747,
-0.40634390711784363,
-0.31469136476516724,
0.2108655720949173,
0.17778389155864716,
-0.344297856092453,
0.01894526183605194,
0.2888098359107971,
0.46089285612106323,
0.06589236110448837,
-0.3273882269859314,
-0.6688360571861267,
0.06323954463005066,
0.2951817214488983,
0.4515025019645691,
-0.49817970395088196,
-0.428347647190094,
-0.014063664712011814,
0.28616762161254883,
-0.31991639733314514,
-0.9926234483718872,
0.014943733811378479,
-0.29025572538375854,
-0.19603022933006287,
-0.25765684247016907,
-0.15165646374225616,
-0.3021663725376129,
0.5010796785354614,
-0.927629292011261,
0.36779049038887024,
-0.0064128488302230835,
-0.24953597784042358,
0.2825760543346405,
0.1173689141869545,
-0.23421183228492737,
-0.050448641180992126,
-0.5985755920410156,
-0.18059179186820984,
0.4136590361595154,
-0.9193021655082703,
0.1197185143828392,
0.2410011887550354,
-0.25026020407676697,
0.7364926934242249,
0.011529329232871532,
-0.08765982836484909,
0.27077019214630127,
0.09814860671758652,
-0.13174238801002502,
0.25367701053619385,
0.37038713693618774,
-0.18980750441551208,
0.0854407474398613,
-0.16886605322360992,
-0.5214525461196899,
-1.053479552268982,
-0.21592570841312408,
0.005492237396538258,
-0.8960177302360535,
0.22773417830467224,
0.06395037472248077,
-0.8138167262077332,
0.45815250277519226,
-0.42351871728897095,
0.4962492883205414,
0.2853885293006897,
-0.20165401697158813,
0.2599956691265106,
-0.009404106996953487,
-0.4155724048614502,
-0.06019676849246025,
0.22527335584163666,
-0.5316193103790283,
0.5340133905410767,
0.1613835096359253,
0.7433082461357117,
-0.01463655848056078,
0.28137585520744324,
0.5293647646903992,
0.21612657606601715,
0.005157327279448509,
-0.875620424747467,
-0.3239118754863739,
0.12939955294132233,
0.469997376203537,
0.06335295736789703,
-0.4715069830417633,
-0.05960546061396599,
0.18593312799930573,
-0.896643340587616,
0.102386474609375,
-0.18183796107769012,
-0.48648789525032043,
0.1356939822435379,
-0.1229577362537384,
0.1025402620434761,
-0.030087431892752647,
-0.4534105956554413,
-0.09366578608751297,
0.31304311752319336,
-0.11671742051839828,
-0.3898671567440033,
0.4906667172908783,
-0.5566914081573486,
0.32664281129837036,
0.3059568703174591,
0.12436047941446304,
0.27563199400901794,
-0.047521237283945084,
0.20839066803455353,
0.2655559480190277,
-0.2098977118730545,
0.803321361541748,
-0.1822609007358551,
0.16625288128852844,
0.5142385959625244,
-0.1542191356420517,
-0.5086822509765625,
0.03693346679210663,
-0.40785470604896545,
0.291522741317749,
-0.4351730942726135,
-0.49179914593696594,
0.26508623361587524,
-0.13852162659168243,
0.715578019618988,
-0.07526714354753494,
-0.1979629546403885,
-0.41823646426200867,
0.5350096821784973,
-0.1011287048459053,
0.8170673251152039,
-0.4645281136035919,
0.15860126912593842,
-0.13341295719146729,
0.020037876442074776,
0.346012145280838,
0.34969332814216614,
-0.6991512775421143,
-0.2930733561515808,
0.3121868669986725,
-0.7866323590278625,
-0.6189556121826172,
0.43752235174179077,
0.31200075149536133,
-0.26227355003356934,
0.5540299415588379,
0.3924071788787842,
-0.22114445269107819,
0.4649117887020111,
1.1776121854782104,
-0.018454741686582565,
-0.06846055388450623,
-0.0013041727943345904,
-0.6823912858963013,
-0.10521266609430313,
0.4528636336326599,
-0.5330617427825928,
0.5577415227890015,
0.1965235471725464,
0.28602921962738037,
0.22588223218917847,
-0.7469176650047302,
0.2649857699871063,
0.5158390402793884,
-0.09451456367969513,
0.5807939171791077,
0.441411554813385,
0.3764209449291229,
-1.0810831785202026,
0.3966783285140991,
0.05819035321474075,
0.13105759024620056,
0.1440494954586029,
0.01225221436470747,
0.49765411019325256,
0.17078010737895966,
0.2974763810634613,
0.33436688780784607,
0.10340124368667603,
0.24015672504901886,
0.664910614490509,
-0.9323285222053528,
-0.02195853367447853,
0.2142374962568283,
0.4588766396045685,
0.3319580852985382,
-0.4272124171257019,
1.2934588193893433,
0.14652897417545319,
0.43794548511505127,
-0.009279412217438221,
0.3952471613883972,
0.40747132897377014,
-0.22526301443576813,
-0.25614601373672485,
0.9119677543640137,
0.12067969143390656,
-0.8139978051185608,
-0.29544466733932495,
-0.4940413534641266,
-0.4716736972332001,
-0.24781514704227448,
0.6542197465896606,
0.5702532529830933,
0.3144490122795105,
-0.42802074551582336,
0.5632634162902832,
0.22145000100135803,
0.40074896812438965,
0.8190401196479797,
-0.729590892791748,
0.28965675830841064,
0.2699301838874817,
-0.40920767188072205,
-0.4413718581199646,
0.1564992219209671,
0.08320384472608566,
-0.1430259495973587,
-0.2761121988296509,
0.2038654386997223,
-0.013386527076363564,
0.07951636612415314,
-0.12294868379831314,
0.8278132081031799,
-0.7288695573806763,
-0.06438805907964706,
0.31445664167404175,
-0.32428744435310364,
0.2977781295776367,
-0.07841315865516663,
0.18110933899879456,
0.18535873293876648,
0.21456997096538544,
0.3865690231323242,
1.191785216331482,
0.5971919298171997,
0.14694000780582428,
-0.20031459629535675,
0.2784748673439026,
-0.30237725377082825,
-0.2955547571182251,
-0.859900951385498,
-0.48402130603790283,
-0.2125273197889328,
0.08323599398136139,
-0.09000016748905182,
0.019555717706680298,
-0.5494698286056519,
0.16183309257030487,
0.15685801208019257,
0.6908886432647705,
0.024883627891540527,
-0.09221150726079941,
-0.1897096484899521,
0.05542881786823273,
-0.005951469764113426,
-0.1526164561510086,
-0.4604147970676422,
0.5286011099815369,
-0.5188413858413696,
-0.28658610582351685,
-0.21633638441562653,
0.06161323934793472,
0.20734147727489471,
0.19623467326164246,
0.07691454887390137,
-0.41132408380508423,
-0.0935487449169159,
-0.23590637743473053,
0.22464026510715485,
0.5744902491569519,
0.7952674031257629,
-0.5775562524795532,
0.20653267204761505,
0.38731950521469116,
-0.4376331567764282,
0.1325976699590683,
-0.1702137440443039,
-0.04731827601790428,
0.0469740629196167,
-0.10875502228736877,
0.43604719638824463,
0.8693875074386597,
-0.7561249136924744,
-0.31418851017951965,
0.34282147884368896,
-0.4071211516857147,
-0.6394592523574829,
-0.27072542905807495,
0.1902289092540741,
-0.3334279954433441,
0.2773641049861908,
0.17192263901233673
] |
217763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tariffs | List of tariffs | This is a list of tariffs and trade legislation:
List of tariffs in Canada
List of tariffs in China
List of tariffs in France
List of tariffs in Germany
List of tariffs in India
List of tariffs in Pakistan
List of tariffs in Russia
List of tariffs in South Africa
List of tariffs in the United Kingdom
List of tariffs in the United States
History of international trade
International trade-related lists | [
0.39150652289390564,
0.16729500889778137,
-0.008625015616416931,
0.2575501799583435,
-0.5628677606582642,
0.30488914251327515,
-0.0817074254155159,
0.03396683931350708,
-0.38607650995254517,
-0.17922993004322052,
0.21749620139598846,
0.5739799737930298,
0.0630941092967987,
0.4745066165924072,
0.16172382235527039,
0.7289785742759705,
0.10747411102056503,
0.6282381415367126,
-0.2638133764266968,
-0.2377968579530716,
-0.347134530544281,
0.21449020504951477,
0.8810369372367859,
-0.3394453227519989,
0.26368317008018494,
-0.43227699398994446,
0.37047526240348816,
0.10526242107152939,
-0.6402071118354797,
0.3616894781589508,
0.48847824335098267,
1.2296618223190308,
-0.17132806777954102,
0.16368119418621063,
-0.27787870168685913,
-0.6620827317237854,
0.026683805510401726,
-0.19699345529079437,
-0.106600321829319,
-0.7368728518486023,
-0.5104207396507263,
0.20435893535614014,
0.07410500198602676,
0.7742398381233215,
0.023809654638171196,
-0.26003605127334595,
-1.285231351852417,
0.04956755414605141,
-0.48970454931259155,
0.15640710294246674,
0.1351628452539444,
0.23639269173145294,
0.1183224692940712,
0.5446633100509644,
0.1917649358510971,
0.1352311670780182,
-1.404044508934021,
-0.22669878602027893,
-0.1077377125620842,
-0.607730507850647,
0.4900205135345459,
0.32165420055389404,
0.22431150078773499,
0.38145557045936584,
0.8420514464378357,
0.11427399516105652,
0.014366773888468742,
0.6409579515457153,
-0.05402272939682007,
-0.3491571843624115,
-0.48764336109161377,
-1.2283103466033936,
-0.13134469091892242,
-0.184204563498497,
0.31187307834625244,
0.1498039811849594,
-0.41960060596466064,
-0.05830158665776253,
0.038760729134082794,
-0.3390052616596222,
-0.14347949624061584,
0.45366668701171875,
0.2819022834300995,
-0.6913735866546631,
0.81833416223526,
-0.20264676213264465,
0.15345095098018646,
0.29391369223594666,
-0.16643743216991425,
0.6916015148162842,
0.4761716425418854,
0.332620769739151,
0.401218056678772,
-0.21317549049854279,
-0.1632222831249237,
-0.6110092401504517,
-0.08575058728456497,
-0.5901399254798889,
0.24483342468738556,
0.28861379623413086,
0.3331596851348877,
0.4442679286003113,
0.8341541290283203,
-0.09949659556150436,
-0.17917302250862122,
-0.5437859892845154,
-0.04855294153094292,
-0.654231071472168,
0.4461342394351959,
0.03321559727191925,
-0.06521953642368317,
-0.1704711765050888,
0.5767485499382019,
-0.1960376352071762,
-0.2514905631542206,
0.17118094861507416,
-0.054517291486263275,
-0.19486449658870697,
0.22802244126796722,
0.5983583331108093,
0.36261650919914246,
0.5733996629714966,
-0.13076892495155334,
-0.4573344886302948,
0.41151511669158936,
0.28240248560905457,
0.5395500659942627,
0.471105694770813,
-0.2905981242656708,
0.042774640023708344,
0.11507298052310944,
0.7404655814170837,
-0.20230767130851746,
-0.27092626690864563,
-0.4457254707813263,
-0.4915178716182709,
0.4420956075191498,
0.5484035611152649,
0.3222272992134094,
0.06443005055189133,
-0.7554610371589661,
-0.6347543597221375,
-0.40054041147232056,
-0.6031700372695923,
0.006850806996226311,
-0.20881392061710358,
-0.324290007352829,
-1.128639578819275,
-0.29356369376182556,
0.24342381954193115,
-0.25642016530036926,
0.38722434639930725,
0.18144987523555756,
0.44483208656311035,
-0.5120883584022522,
-0.11407296359539032,
1.065524935722351,
-0.14215268194675446,
-0.29940491914749146,
-0.24053481221199036,
0.19254399836063385,
-0.379955530166626,
0.07302791625261307,
0.39091241359710693,
0.39709657430648804,
-0.05644986405968666,
-0.47671088576316833,
0.3922129273414612,
0.1561310887336731,
0.23405060172080994,
-0.3811453580856323,
0.3870966136455536,
0.4235619008541107,
-0.5536092519760132,
0.562258780002594,
0.2425711452960968,
-0.039779018610715866,
0.3160249888896942,
0.6942254900932312,
0.4634813666343689,
-0.5870882868766785,
-0.34415650367736816,
0.24659046530723572,
0.13389630615711212,
0.42245030403137207,
0.2996979355812073,
0.32224464416503906,
-0.15713784098625183,
-0.23539170622825623,
0.1843540370464325,
0.05863500386476517,
-0.1843736469745636,
-0.6494385600090027,
-0.9267403483390808,
1.194051742553711,
0.21198131144046783,
-0.49831122159957886,
0.8513504266738892,
-0.05801212787628174,
-0.2966669201850891,
-0.49341219663619995,
0.0638556182384491,
0.6545800566673279,
0.6232535243034363,
-0.9567182660102844,
0.6817610859870911,
-0.26241177320480347,
0.17073233425617218,
-0.055365703999996185,
0.5383533835411072,
0.22217831015586853,
-0.7506158947944641,
-0.04012741893529892,
-0.860846757888794,
-0.1986931711435318,
0.11617531627416611,
-0.19993995130062103,
0.5169998407363892,
0.02255525253713131,
0.2917710244655609,
0.3829561471939087,
0.10516337305307388,
0.3133327066898346,
0.1676630675792694,
-0.41072991490364075,
-0.11713338643312454,
0.21715047955513,
0.21852141618728638,
0.03274903446435928,
-0.6949545741081238,
0.6248852014541626,
-0.3247493803501129,
0.42615148425102234,
-0.6117622256278992,
0.08695033192634583,
-0.42012304067611694,
-0.5344526767730713,
0.07990232110023499,
-0.3805132806301117,
0.0303047988563776,
-0.17621222138404846,
0.41154149174690247,
-0.3742334842681885,
0.6613456606864929,
-0.37244105339050293,
0.16880743205547333,
0.07515271008014679,
0.1315569281578064,
0.01017491240054369,
0.19671586155891418,
1.1235740184783936,
0.4351080060005188,
0.43286246061325073,
-0.6016042828559875,
-0.04400966688990593,
-0.031598180532455444,
0.12156018614768982,
-0.03814821317791939,
0.43261590600013733,
0.03343574330210686,
-0.29989343881607056,
0.4059315621852875,
0.026892419904470444,
0.23222790658473969,
-0.008413324132561684,
-0.7232834696769714,
-0.911007285118103,
-0.585727870464325,
-0.16228671371936798,
-0.08113943040370941,
0.3934778869152069,
0.20172615349292755,
-0.38715237379074097,
-0.0464240238070488,
0.21391119062900543,
0.16955238580703735,
0.6517791748046875,
0.7895898222923279,
-0.6017996072769165,
0.20193465054035187,
-0.07458582520484924,
0.7973963022232056,
-0.040349081158638,
-0.9211003184318542,
-0.21692776679992676,
-0.6237330436706543,
0.20146389305591583,
-0.920947790145874,
0.6763932108879089,
-0.07073299586772919,
0.0002959670382551849,
0.3810814619064331,
-0.32041922211647034,
0.304768830537796,
0.024171985685825348,
0.4301334023475647,
-0.3724086582660675,
0.8543738722801208,
0.5991069078445435,
-0.5059753060340881,
-0.050388019531965256,
-0.3466236889362335,
-0.4388526678085327,
0.4080158472061157,
0.15461260080337524,
-0.4098081886768341,
-0.5180346965789795,
-0.21513065695762634,
-5.396129131317139,
0.015744967386126518,
-0.04636901244521141,
0.40769684314727783,
0.17849227786064148,
0.647192656993866,
1.2360005378723145,
-0.4608096778392792,
0.14426372945308685,
0.16781552135944366,
0.15953756868839264,
-0.0021366167347878218,
0.027438541874289513,
0.35042017698287964,
0.5144952535629272,
0.5112544298171997,
0.40399476885795593,
-0.47404080629348755,
0.23309871554374695,
0.12236033380031586,
-0.3563937246799469,
0.11976178735494614,
0.48952239751815796,
0.605881929397583,
0.5413082838058472,
-0.20761066675186157,
-0.2626594603061676,
0.1095963642001152,
-0.3099299371242523,
0.341746062040329,
-0.44063690304756165,
-0.4945257306098938,
0.3433424234390259,
-0.5581830143928528,
-0.27947989106178284,
-0.5700372457504272,
0.2849140763282776,
0.327834814786911,
-0.018770121037960052,
-0.026677872985601425,
-0.5027230381965637,
0.7217139005661011,
0.2502029240131378,
0.4058133661746979,
0.2813260555267334,
-0.03301938995718956,
-0.20661675930023193,
-0.22373054921627045,
0.06315343827009201,
0.7883379459381104,
-0.13082914054393768,
0.6221092343330383,
0.6960939168930054,
-0.29240965843200684,
-0.4977053701877594,
-0.37559008598327637,
0.38164448738098145,
-0.1444847583770752,
-0.6061485409736633,
0.00524520967155695,
-0.16857486963272095,
-0.36801818013191223,
-0.23939701914787292,
0.29313310980796814,
0.04193602502346039,
-0.10418936610221863,
-1.0436053276062012,
-0.434955894947052,
0.1683749556541443,
-0.3551581799983978,
-0.8083368539810181,
0.32464510202407837,
-0.16455286741256714,
-1.0613725185394287,
0.05058843269944191,
-0.41664451360702515,
-0.06664662063121796,
0.6533707976341248,
0.6109186410903931,
-0.05416827276349068,
-0.10366003960371017,
-0.16562983393669128,
-0.008607858791947365,
0.21092663705348969,
0.07512329518795013,
-0.4719105362892151,
-0.03698389604687691,
-0.1839437484741211,
-0.4181097745895386,
-0.38714393973350525,
0.37469401955604553,
-0.32705649733543396,
0.36368024349212646,
-0.5871087312698364,
-0.19618843495845795,
0.5321215391159058,
0.04277641326189041,
0.2660227119922638,
0.03167880326509476,
-0.2197001874446869,
0.5924689769744873,
0.06710200011730194,
-0.12352132797241211,
-0.44344034790992737,
-0.23438772559165955,
0.018638834357261658,
0.2763369083404541,
0.6541309952735901,
0.13407792150974274,
-0.48957496881484985,
-0.5871435403823853,
-0.4396249055862427,
-0.7372528314590454,
0.47872474789619446,
-0.15212653577327728,
0.5082901120185852,
-0.9102853536605835,
0.5752391219139099,
0.5604715347290039,
-0.2030692994594574,
0.522312343120575,
0.20446287095546722,
-0.49539217352867126,
0.056498102843761444,
-0.03682636842131615,
-0.5439766645431519,
-0.26216286420822144,
-0.0666842833161354,
-0.12512655556201935,
0.6439621448516846,
0.20956502854824066,
0.248026043176651,
-0.27303898334503174,
-0.5455077886581421,
0.47781166434288025,
-0.014261475764214993,
0.29622820019721985,
0.5730652809143066,
0.47940465807914734,
-0.10849545896053314,
-0.2102893739938736,
-0.34431618452072144,
-0.17622020840644836,
0.08879684656858444,
0.43163004517555237,
0.29386502504348755,
-0.19846226274967194,
-0.31163156032562256,
-0.15663835406303406,
0.18652985990047455,
-0.20904575288295746,
-0.4193797707557678,
-0.16659840941429138,
0.040827881544828415,
-0.15684868395328522,
-0.5292786359786987,
0.5400123596191406,
0.28672295808792114,
-0.1817963570356369,
-1.0742634534835815,
0.16879616677761078,
-0.18349137902259827,
-0.7265079021453857,
-0.22230955958366394,
0.5837154984474182,
0.040863581001758575,
-0.6831393241882324,
-0.3013395369052887,
0.2767713665962219,
0.6782161593437195,
0.08595383912324905,
-0.051006756722927094,
-0.5538891553878784,
0.06576455384492874,
0.11934050172567368,
0.420501172542572,
0.14884451031684875,
-0.25398415327072144,
-0.00484888581559062,
0.05629522725939751,
0.21843679249286652,
-0.2542860507965088,
-0.16574354469776154,
0.902294397354126,
-0.08367253094911575,
-0.27645012736320496,
-0.16504761576652527,
0.8859294652938843,
-0.10667922347784042,
-0.18029063940048218,
0.3769957423210144,
0.1825224906206131,
0.13076241314411163,
0.19643408060073853,
-0.5571007132530212,
-0.7386524081230164,
-0.10308539867401123,
-0.07848004251718521,
-0.7489917278289795,
-0.5252342820167542,
0.4488789737224579,
0.9687846302986145,
-0.2102326899766922,
0.38042569160461426,
-0.0772707462310791,
-0.1025594100356102,
-0.15277241170406342,
0.1780063807964325,
-0.08884883671998978,
0.29933756589889526,
-0.42957061529159546,
-0.26443278789520264,
-0.6304510831832886,
0.45676761865615845,
-0.11816804856061935,
-0.6021209359169006,
0.33451029658317566,
-0.13727976381778717,
-0.05026795715093613,
-0.02097202092409134,
0.4403742551803589,
-0.061198290437459946,
-0.3556656241416931,
-0.5160648822784424,
-0.5139601826667786,
0.700533926486969,
0.2569265365600586,
-0.9502045512199402,
0.20251056551933289,
-0.42234575748443604,
-0.5836652517318726,
-0.4671173095703125,
-0.0000713403569534421,
0.7688825726509094,
-0.16223807632923126,
0.3589668571949005,
-0.6922791004180908,
-0.17601266503334045,
-0.0004658230463974178,
0.16549266874790192,
-0.28812846541404724,
0.4423601031303406,
0.2915269732475281,
-0.593975305557251,
-0.10752896219491959,
0.41584452986717224,
0.4823497235774994,
-1.1055463552474976,
-0.7285907864570618,
0.2014986276626587,
-0.5902431011199951,
-0.7405721545219421,
-1.1096054315567017,
-0.7634544372558594,
0.5777290463447571,
-0.6696634292602539,
-0.300891637802124,
0.01071762666106224,
-0.09329604357481003,
0.3453248143196106,
-0.5839009284973145,
0.41118383407592773,
-0.6348016262054443,
0.26146069169044495,
0.5538117289543152,
-0.24481920897960663,
-0.265600323677063,
-0.10266648232936859,
-0.1684068888425827,
-0.5065765380859375,
-0.0968058854341507,
-0.33785057067871094,
0.6039528250694275,
0.18950483202934265,
0.6429505348205566,
-0.2696869373321533,
0.03206333518028259,
-0.42072129249572754,
0.2010909616947174,
-0.5078883171081543,
-0.5531046390533447,
-0.6781435608863831,
0.20225071907043457,
-0.45020708441734314,
0.2819618284702301,
-0.3624984920024872,
-0.5119022727012634,
-0.027862954884767532,
-0.536774218082428,
-0.29854270815849304,
-0.19375723600387573,
0.32263484597206116,
-0.5112168788909912,
0.2530088722705841,
-0.181324765086174,
0.39198943972587585,
-0.08358924090862274,
0.19111782312393188,
-0.2608766257762909,
-0.21831493079662323,
-0.4515431225299835,
0.40759027004241943,
0.12641021609306335,
-0.33322709798812866,
0.4746185839176178,
0.0019898281898349524,
0.5780959725379944,
-0.09913618862628937,
0.07899105548858643,
0.33291471004486084,
0.28569042682647705,
-0.31734174489974976,
-0.06999703496694565,
0.8435761332511902,
-0.05454313009977341,
-0.17644698917865753,
0.6864949464797974,
-0.8006937503814697,
0.11566983163356781,
0.7937686443328857,
-0.11886977404356003,
0.1569242924451828,
0.416105717420578,
0.07649721205234528,
-0.3320513963699341,
0.1003468707203865,
-0.11567269265651703,
-0.34015268087387085,
-0.03510710969567299,
0.5474198460578918,
0.5811601281166077,
0.8268440961837769,
-0.5716371536254883,
-0.3680512309074402,
0.46783891320228577,
-0.41798630356788635,
0.20223841071128845,
-0.6388120651245117,
-0.1451689749956131,
0.826210618019104,
0.7972592115402222,
0.5035275816917419,
0.04130111262202263,
0.1418163925409317,
-0.2616879642009735,
0.4744046628475189,
-0.21226155757904053,
-0.406884104013443,
0.0595090314745903,
0.7682358622550964,
0.8748199939727783,
0.6016571521759033,
0.18367357552051544,
-0.17708425223827362,
-0.11828252673149109,
0.12992088496685028,
0.4364553689956665,
0.1526891440153122,
-0.06317378580570221,
-0.36658546328544617,
0.22183860838413239,
0.28858914971351624,
-0.590882420539856,
-0.39467477798461914,
0.3281824588775635,
0.12009834498167038,
0.2448480725288391,
-0.35404080152511597,
-0.5399289727210999,
0.38113152980804443,
0.194204643368721,
-0.5063419342041016,
0.04853521287441254,
0.6347346305847168,
0.4089824855327606,
0.23897549510002136,
0.17808634042739868,
-0.02185533568263054,
0.3035736382007599,
0.5381632447242737,
-0.34092074632644653,
0.3785648047924042,
-0.44492724537849426,
-0.6397289633750916,
-0.46636709570884705,
0.35506901144981384,
-0.41898012161254883,
0.36557674407958984,
-0.37767308950424194,
-0.30359071493148804,
-0.8383139371871948,
-0.09686238318681717,
-0.05715694651007652,
0.8086999654769897,
-0.23463907837867737,
-0.7780959010124207,
-0.6054770350456238,
0.7016913890838623,
-0.13905808329582214,
-1.010899305343628,
0.23572228848934174,
0.2697279155254364,
-0.04336455464363098,
0.37621423602104187,
-0.31812021136283875,
0.12095216661691666,
-0.32410019636154175,
0.5155937671661377,
0.025540681555867195,
0.34049054980278015,
0.11842275410890579,
0.11109671741724014,
0.14868029952049255,
-0.23182332515716553,
0.027978595346212387,
-0.12000292539596558,
0.9058429598808289,
-0.6676070690155029,
-0.44990965723991394,
-0.6352633833885193,
-0.3890243172645569,
-0.7261852622032166,
0.18151293694972992,
0.15178513526916504,
0.04985113814473152,
-0.20124022662639618,
0.669992983341217,
0.5362080931663513,
-0.0528627410531044,
0.5402370691299438,
-0.6744332909584045,
-0.35124459862709045,
-0.7683397531509399,
0.29072096943855286,
0.1347571164369583,
0.10641173273324966,
0.32460880279541016,
0.6877266764640808,
0.44085368514060974,
-0.40361419320106506,
0.37609153985977173,
-0.055229321122169495,
0.2692756950855255,
-0.5694054961204529,
-0.6361883878707886,
0.12804248929023743,
-0.08779311180114746,
0.16861015558242798,
-0.5282196402549744,
1.137992024421692,
0.11889393627643585,
-0.4721474349498749,
-0.3664596676826477,
0.13409991562366486,
0.4555509686470032,
-0.549609899520874,
-0.041261691600084305,
0.18368226289749146,
0.5120314955711365,
-0.1296045184135437
] |
217765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadora%20%28film%29 | Isadora (film) | Isadora (also known as The Loves of Isadora) is a 1968 biographical drama film directed by Karel Reisz from a screenplay written by Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Drabble, and Clive Exton adapted from the books My Life by Isadora and Isadora, an Intimate Portrait by Sewell Stokes. The film follows the life of American dancer Isadora Duncan, who performed to great acclaim throughout Europe during the 19th century. A co-production between the United Kingdom and France, it stars Vanessa Redgrave as Duncan and also features James Fox, Jason Robards, and John Fraser in supporting roles.
Isadora premiered at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival where it competed for the Palme d'Or with Redgrave winning the Best Actress Prize. The film was theatrically released on 18 December 1968 by Universal Pictures to generally positive reviews with major acclaim drawn towards Redgrave's performance, however the film underperformed at the box office grossing mere $1.25 million on a $1.7 million budget. For her performance, Redgrave won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress and received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.
Plot
In 1927, Isadora Duncan has become a legend as the innovator of modern dance, a temperamental bohemian, and an outspoken advocate of free love. Now past 40, she lives in poverty in a small hotel on the French Riviera with her companion Mary Estelle Dempsey/Mary Desti (named only as Mary in the film) and her secretary Roger, to whom she is dictating her memoirs. As a young girl in California, Isadora first demonstrates her disdain for accepted social standards by burning her parents' marriage certificate and pledging her dedication to the pursuit of art and beauty. In 1896, she performs under the name of Peppy Dora in a rowdy music hall in Chicago and publicly embarrasses the theatre manager into paying her $300 so that she can take her family to England. Modelling her free-form style of dance and costume after Greek classicism, she rapidly acquires international acclaim.
In Berlin, she meets her first love, Gordon Craig, a young stage designer who promises her that together they will create a new world of theatre. After bearing the already-married Craig a daughter, Isadora moves to Paris and meets Paris Singer, a millionaire who lavishes gifts upon her and later buys her an enormous estate for her to open a School for Life, where only beauty and simplicity are taught.
Following the birth of a son, Isadora returns to England with Singer but becomes bored with her quiet life and enters into an affair with her pianist, Armand. A short time later, both of her children are drowned when their chauffeur-driven car plunges off a bridge into the Seine. Broken by the tragedy, Isadora leaves Singer and wanders about Europe until in 1921 she receives an offer to open a dancing school in the Soviet Union.
Unaffected by the country's poverty, she develops a strong rapport with the peasantry and has a passionate affair with Sergei Essenin, a volatile poet whom she marries so that he can obtain a visa to accompany her to the United States. Essenin's outrageous behaviour turns a press conference into a shambles, however, and US anti-Bolshevist sentiment turns to open hostility when Isadora bares her breasts during a dance recital in Boston. Following the disintegration of her marriage, she returns to Nice to write her memoirs. Impulsively selling her possessions to open a new school in Paris, Isadora goes to a local café to celebrate and spots Bugatti, a handsome Italian whom she has been admiring for several days. She goes for a drive with him in his sports car, and as they roar along a road by the sea, Isadora's long chiffon scarf catches in the spokes of a wheel and strangles her.
Cast
Releases
The original 177-minute version premiered at Loew's Hollywood in Los Angeles on 18 December 1968. While praising Redgrave's performance, critics took issue with the film's length and pacing and 20 minutes were soon cut. Despite the reduced running time, the film still performed disappointingly and the film closed at Loew's Hollywood on 6 February 1969.
The 138-minute cut opened in Europe in spring 1969, while the US edit, retitled The Loves of Isadora, premiered in April of that year.
NBC-TV broadcast a partially-restored version of the original cut on 30 June – 1 July 1972, running 168 minutes. It was repeated in April 1973, then made available for syndication.
Reisz' director's cut debuted on California cable station Z Channel in 1986, then was released on VHS in July 1988 by MCA Home Video. To date, there is no known legitimate US release on DVD or Blu-Ray.
Soundtrack
Kapp Records issued a soundtrack LP, The Loves of Isadora, in October 1969 (catalogue number KRS-5511). It includes Jarre's theme music, Anthony Bowles' incidental music and classical performances, and other material.
References
External links
1968 films
1968 drama films
1960s biographical drama films
1960s dance films
1960s historical films
Biographical films about dancers
British films
British biographical drama films
British dance films
British historical films
Cultural depictions of Isadora Duncan
Cultural depictions of Sergei Yesenin
English-language films
English-language French films
Films directed by Karel Reisz
Films scored by Maurice Jarre
Films set in the 1890s
Films set in the 1900s
Films set in the 1910s
Films set in the 1920s
Films shot in Croatia
Films shot in Yugoslavia
Universal Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Clive Exton | [
-0.2266903817653656,
0.26230430603027344,
-0.2351968139410019,
0.03504234552383423,
0.3240535855293274,
0.2278796136379242,
0.7193589806556702,
-0.5584633946418762,
-0.49537238478660583,
0.620118260383606,
0.03459225222468376,
0.91510009765625,
0.28787916898727417,
0.057125236839056015,
-0.17530561983585358,
0.14735634624958038,
0.3479723632335663,
0.13747157156467438,
0.33352988958358765,
-0.8288660645484924,
-0.454171746969223,
-0.21350769698619843,
0.6557050943374634,
-0.325871080160141,
-0.3422776162624359,
0.02687271311879158,
0.3818765878677368,
0.3087424337863922,
0.024646010249853134,
-0.01950591430068016,
-0.02246187999844551,
0.04585132747888565,
-0.053431980311870575,
0.08060523867607117,
-0.757544755935669,
0.07554280012845993,
-0.14762984216213226,
0.1962060034275055,
-0.3547604978084564,
-0.7770160436630249,
0.08143075555562973,
0.0279232170432806,
0.16436459124088287,
-0.12046010792255402,
-0.6531224250793457,
-0.14102518558502197,
-1.045734167098999,
-0.012969398871064186,
-0.33274465799331665,
-0.7315038442611694,
-0.34883901476860046,
0.24833886325359344,
0.6844596862792969,
0.2565971910953522,
0.5008363723754883,
0.48556897044181824,
-0.8502262234687805,
0.007373596075922251,
-0.5665740370750427,
-0.5787233114242554,
0.6953849196434021,
0.5922234654426575,
0.8438122272491455,
0.3166038393974304,
0.22730934619903564,
0.7817943692207336,
-0.25040337443351746,
-0.08268598467111588,
0.5294484496116638,
-0.17937572300434113,
0.5723023414611816,
0.1584952473640442,
-0.1532353013753891,
0.1864255666732788,
-0.20227034389972687,
-0.42885202169418335,
0.19677230715751648,
0.09606428444385529,
0.14914564788341522,
0.11398794502019882,
0.2890470325946808,
-0.6493497490882874,
0.3300093412399292,
0.3982658386230469,
-0.23036693036556244,
-0.39992785453796387,
0.3035740852355957,
0.7441229224205017,
-0.01378567237406969,
-0.04628930240869522,
-0.6482677459716797,
-0.7899267673492432,
-0.05469619855284691,
0.5043582916259766,
0.2564743757247925,
-0.2791946232318878,
-0.09873940050601959,
-0.17683255672454834,
0.02283196896314621,
-0.27683642506599426,
-0.027881532907485962,
0.12412147969007492,
-0.6620234847068787,
-0.8093196749687195,
-0.768140435218811,
0.3688504099845886,
-0.010358749888837337,
0.10251162946224213,
0.07179280370473862,
0.7366869449615479,
-0.3488660454750061,
-0.009844794869422913,
-0.22272583842277527,
-0.49256542325019836,
-0.5039143562316895,
-0.16587500274181366,
0.06713760644197464,
-0.5822857022285461,
-0.46158313751220703,
0.22958745062351227,
0.5418837070465088,
0.11716454476118088,
0.3519127368927002,
0.028548596426844597,
-0.20634126663208008,
0.4149787724018097,
-0.10480755567550659,
0.44314271211624146,
-0.01587091200053692,
0.4056415855884552,
0.31009939312934875,
-0.10312382131814957,
-0.31821581721305847,
-0.012850736267864704,
0.2813713550567627,
-0.3441174626350403,
0.38598722219467163,
-0.020754709839820862,
0.35575881600379944,
0.5156162977218628,
0.042436886578798294,
0.44515421986579895,
-0.8496217131614685,
0.4028420150279999,
0.46735724806785583,
-0.20107822120189667,
0.496716171503067,
0.19430533051490784,
-0.18897348642349243,
-0.41555389761924744,
-0.08927242457866669,
-0.12265293300151825,
0.29607242345809937,
-0.5329288244247437,
-0.8566790819168091,
0.3408224880695343,
0.5989102721214294,
-0.05340030416846275,
0.3570050299167633,
-0.12126404792070389,
0.5446293950080872,
0.03957260772585869,
0.4405132234096527,
-0.005034028552472591,
0.28270259499549866,
-0.3037671446800232,
-0.09088384360074997,
-0.05251451954245567,
0.20660904049873352,
-0.03150448948144913,
-0.05913908779621124,
0.1578272581100464,
-0.007469046860933304,
0.37524619698524475,
-0.444103479385376,
0.16126835346221924,
-0.06323821097612381,
0.7898262143135071,
-0.13718464970588684,
-0.11527745425701141,
-0.7354053854942322,
0.14541476964950562,
-0.3116642236709595,
-0.34191274642944336,
0.7212758660316467,
0.7266198992729187,
0.07766347378492355,
0.19485469162464142,
-0.15118029713630676,
-0.0036439094692468643,
-0.8558039665222168,
-0.8389742374420166,
0.34989312291145325,
-0.2027035802602768,
0.7616263031959534,
-0.29073193669319153,
-0.31821513175964355,
0.43940791487693787,
-0.07522472739219666,
0.2524184286594391,
0.22727735340595245,
-0.3226141631603241,
0.2144027203321457,
0.28408074378967285,
-0.4190749526023865,
-0.3517574369907379,
-0.1267443597316742,
0.5082448124885559,
0.9182511568069458,
0.45845597982406616,
-0.17353494465351105,
-0.07094253599643707,
0.05093800649046898,
0.38445448875427246,
-0.16024595499038696,
-0.19952133297920227,
-0.5402399897575378,
-0.25177204608917236,
0.5680668950080872,
0.3087080121040344,
0.5593177676200867,
0.4948996305465698,
-0.2897394001483917,
-0.21945913136005402,
-0.07853922247886658,
0.5220402479171753,
0.02841217815876007,
0.21930959820747375,
0.20518888533115387,
-0.41199979186058044,
0.14507871866226196,
0.6424487829208374,
0.22044530510902405,
-0.5494108200073242,
0.6030364632606506,
0.07911190390586853,
0.3173242509365082,
-0.1783290058374405,
0.23272256553173065,
0.19755561649799347,
0.7175781726837158,
0.43490177392959595,
-0.5494296550750732,
1.2612043619155884,
0.24386818706989288,
-0.06624966114759445,
0.27662932872772217,
-0.023371469229459763,
-0.3482908010482788,
-0.3938504457473755,
-0.1121918112039566,
0.5229480266571045,
-0.33239611983299255,
0.022503385320305824,
-0.15452519059181213,
0.06376808136701584,
-0.49309059977531433,
-0.3582003712654114,
0.40190884470939636,
0.24715593457221985,
-0.2542611062526703,
0.3373682498931885,
0.21800671517848969,
0.8715871572494507,
0.178667351603508,
0.23188497126102448,
-0.5196502804756165,
-0.875605046749115,
0.14705367386341095,
0.5878405570983887,
0.292552649974823,
0.3889252543449402,
-0.5587343573570251,
0.5362510681152344,
0.2557992935180664,
0.43649911880493164,
-0.5125432014465332,
0.3388732671737671,
-0.3513871729373932,
-0.5931689143180847,
0.3662215769290924,
1.0948959589004517,
0.1823451668024063,
-0.44601425528526306,
-0.7381200194358826,
-0.31993919610977173,
-0.25800594687461853,
-0.17426231503486633,
-0.08224068582057953,
-0.265502005815506,
0.027188096195459366,
0.492374062538147,
-0.2817613184452057,
-0.5926855802536011,
-0.3551636040210724,
-0.10277708619832993,
-0.33700376749038696,
0.6787537336349487,
0.24312929809093475,
0.21183542907238007,
-0.8786748051643372,
0.2403482049703598,
0.11494213342666626,
0.0031649810262024403,
0.8851020932197571,
0.2869538962841034,
0.3577915132045746,
-0.45843860507011414,
-5.762610912322998,
0.30385881662368774,
-0.009536725468933582,
-0.008340457454323769,
0.6517220139503479,
-0.26978975534439087,
0.3021180331707001,
-0.4191753566265106,
0.15657657384872437,
0.009720779955387115,
0.11035885661840439,
-0.14240311086177826,
-0.1725253164768219,
0.5381511449813843,
0.060382742434740067,
0.028661934658885002,
-0.2418229728937149,
-0.4976208806037903,
0.08761958032846451,
0.4480018615722656,
0.08772483468055725,
-0.1565328985452652,
-0.010321581736207008,
0.632725179195404,
0.15653003752231598,
0.6412771940231323,
-0.3085235357284546,
-0.150796040892601,
-0.5908633470535278,
-0.2300506830215454,
0.19733081758022308,
-0.09660738706588745,
0.13098487257957458,
-0.005614900961518288,
-0.06012718379497528,
0.12352706491947174,
0.1786530762910843,
-0.12530365586280823,
0.20720607042312622,
-0.4007645845413208,
-0.7038784623146057,
0.0013493594015017152,
-0.33943480253219604,
0.2851007282733917,
-0.2153010368347168,
-0.2860014736652374,
-0.30017298460006714,
-0.45859917998313904,
0.39527663588523865,
0.5782989263534546,
0.200526624917984,
-0.2094862461090088,
0.24942900240421295,
-0.43484169244766235,
0.2509026527404785,
-0.13094431161880493,
-0.08974069356918335,
-0.009810958988964558,
-0.03652931749820709,
0.34091830253601074,
0.20918413996696472,
0.1732328087091446,
-0.07928592711687088,
-0.1864844262599945,
-0.197884663939476,
0.21633514761924744,
0.12232036143541336,
-0.19039012491703033,
0.07955298572778702,
0.25657808780670166,
-0.32717135548591614,
0.030067715793848038,
-0.18922528624534607,
-1.141438603401184,
-0.07733824849128723,
-0.17380307614803314,
-0.2082086205482483,
-0.18412496149539948,
-0.44060999155044556,
-0.7437435984611511,
0.3494495451450348,
-0.1273382306098938,
0.4523945152759552,
0.1663895845413208,
0.38278815150260925,
-0.6136215329170227,
0.10270825028419495,
-0.34140223264694214,
0.36820733547210693,
-0.19964882731437683,
0.4936418831348419,
-0.28122884035110474,
0.02906057797372341,
0.27620595693588257,
0.11432314664125443,
0.3868648409843445,
0.26624423265457153,
-0.036555130034685135,
0.042405176907777786,
-0.15450714528560638,
-0.404911607503891,
-0.4860619306564331,
0.4395993947982788,
-0.0319807305932045,
0.08754091709852219,
-0.5122475028038025,
-0.5231484770774841,
0.2577175498008728,
0.5825305581092834,
-0.5322279334068298,
0.19177891314029694,
-0.22291933000087738,
-0.002539423294365406,
-0.38306450843811035,
0.3566286265850067,
-0.44876334071159363,
0.13237114250659943,
0.01218532957136631,
0.529254138469696,
-0.03883032128214836,
-0.11770981550216675,
0.388388067483902,
-0.5774185061454773,
-0.21398156881332397,
-0.8012614846229553,
0.2262948751449585,
0.7191062569618225,
-0.14118432998657227,
-0.5678362250328064,
-0.048049695789813995,
-0.5209206342697144,
-0.09547550231218338,
-0.0850980132818222,
-0.3593652844429016,
0.19447217881679535,
-0.5633907914161682,
-0.03492634370923042,
-0.0960858017206192,
-0.11431310325860977,
-0.161589115858078,
-0.00012515016715042293,
-0.34661445021629333,
-0.5937619805335999,
0.8917449116706848,
0.07670305669307709,
-0.19665107131004333,
0.2559010088443756,
-0.00033219149918295443,
-0.020822545513510704,
0.32350990176200867,
0.2332441657781601,
0.1262950897216797,
0.7507196664810181,
-0.23308268189430237,
-0.4794592559337616,
-0.02047917991876602,
-0.10969711095094681,
0.03639644384384155,
-0.2303594946861267,
0.005865819752216339,
-0.23483918607234955,
0.16004151105880737,
-0.4485357701778412,
0.04680219292640686,
-0.11124289035797119,
-0.09789839386940002,
-0.38586294651031494,
-1.010273814201355,
0.03696600720286369,
0.5334758162498474,
0.3594890534877777,
-0.22453507781028748,
0.4801441431045532,
-0.02135450765490532,
-0.1936018317937851,
0.6691875457763672,
-0.44525495171546936,
0.16836638748645782,
-0.060888949781656265,
-0.1532018780708313,
0.0022141558583825827,
-0.07184186577796936,
-0.6936447024345398,
0.33508700132369995,
0.6114394068717957,
-0.2694089412689209,
-1.2900457382202148,
-0.35697799921035767,
-0.4390711784362793,
0.25468480587005615,
0.30619698762893677,
0.9182154536247253,
0.42110973596572876,
0.29166287183761597,
-0.8611341714859009,
0.10631714761257172,
-0.09294478595256805,
-0.015742065384984016,
0.11064828932285309,
0.1180107519030571,
-0.24569253623485565,
0.1709824651479721,
-0.5916345715522766,
-0.083943672478199,
-0.08536570519208908,
-0.9127131104469299,
0.2778935134410858,
0.10979761928319931,
-0.8086127042770386,
0.8078543543815613,
-0.36360812187194824,
-0.434644877910614,
0.5266109704971313,
0.4433445334434509,
-0.0008237180882133543,
0.3770974576473236,
0.5104329586029053,
-0.29502084851264954,
-0.12528273463249207,
0.0292652677744627,
-0.1613210290670395,
-0.7510069012641907,
-0.36504825949668884,
-0.12276898324489594,
-1.010995626449585,
-0.22183912992477417,
0.33171042799949646,
-0.6522966027259827,
0.2610063850879669,
-0.4123040437698364,
-0.07479165494441986,
0.13386592268943787,
-0.335128515958786,
-0.6778884530067444,
-0.1773654818534851,
-0.37249642610549927,
0.03255216032266617,
0.0537947379052639,
0.18753290176391602,
0.24248282611370087,
0.49122247099876404,
0.8830196261405945,
-0.09697475284337997,
0.4399501085281372,
0.2151496559381485,
0.2131313532590866,
-0.6001986265182495,
-0.9138734340667725,
-0.42830532789230347,
-0.005582249723374844,
0.27094775438308716,
0.36851274967193604,
-0.025728190317749977,
-0.6037694811820984,
0.41372764110565186,
-0.273404985666275,
0.11991369724273682,
0.09251394867897034,
-0.5134183764457703,
0.3783740997314453,
0.2920849621295929,
0.6048821210861206,
-0.6010535955429077,
-0.36188697814941406,
-0.3271852731704712,
0.30415672063827515,
0.5086964964866638,
-0.14666758477687836,
0.4614674746990204,
0.0243831779807806,
-0.009957205504179,
0.2685389220714569,
0.3633967638015747,
0.3151950240135193,
-0.06981483101844788,
-0.08022385090589523,
-0.22942067682743073,
-0.6113079786300659,
0.3031774163246155,
-0.4596117436885834,
-0.513321042060852,
0.4499872922897339,
-0.05484485253691673,
-0.46191278100013733,
-0.6883387565612793,
-0.43080827593803406,
0.03340215981006622,
-0.6104698777198792,
-0.5761488676071167,
0.2429363876581192,
-0.0878468006849289,
-0.094567209482193,
0.11523175239562988,
0.030371353030204773,
0.1297912746667862,
0.2713668644428253,
0.02492961473762989,
0.5040450096130371,
-1.2523027658462524,
0.13153597712516785,
-0.11566665023565292,
0.2529148459434509,
0.47333312034606934,
0.3749391734600067,
0.1486358493566513,
0.16347068548202515,
0.2792287766933441,
-0.9349187612533569,
-0.4387477934360504,
0.25239068269729614,
-0.018250204622745514,
-0.3127639591693878,
0.28929615020751953,
0.7018819451332092,
-0.41950955986976624,
0.09671854227781296,
-0.01641334779560566,
0.14141222834587097,
-0.045311033725738525,
0.05450962856411934,
-0.11553717404603958,
0.16183125972747803,
0.42669275403022766,
-0.20396624505519867,
0.1918383240699768,
0.19792990386486053,
0.2121998518705368,
0.6838123798370361,
0.1360885351896286,
0.11362551897764206,
0.3946382999420166,
-0.3377366065979004,
0.4269725978374481,
0.6818474531173706,
0.16003262996673584,
0.3027089536190033,
0.08941677957773209,
-0.27472758293151855,
0.14508984982967377,
0.25481700897216797,
-0.05787503719329834,
0.06630205363035202,
-0.0014436445198953152,
-0.09842801094055176,
0.23659874498844147,
0.09269785135984421,
0.16164198517799377,
0.3241783380508423,
0.0003009120700880885,
-0.6929523944854736,
0.2706012725830078,
0.4217762351036072,
0.24279910326004028,
-0.89164137840271,
0.6253792643547058,
0.575538694858551,
-0.3027549982070923,
0.060294803231954575,
-0.05427825450897217,
0.5152353644371033,
-0.5706405639648438,
-0.1261311173439026,
0.4178442358970642,
0.33555132150650024,
-0.10874646157026291,
0.055362164974212646,
-0.2856754660606384,
-0.31369271874427795,
0.5063686370849609,
0.09340088814496994,
-0.11066746711730957,
0.07651809602975845,
-0.5566841959953308,
-0.2519718408584595,
0.47345179319381714,
-0.10310742259025574,
-0.1738474816083908,
-0.2783970534801483,
-0.0005066117155365646,
-0.11793496459722519,
-0.6694009900093079,
0.5010412335395813,
-0.48021766543388367,
-0.4431180953979492,
0.07989363372325897,
-0.11767255514860153,
0.0031083431094884872,
-0.10193898528814316,
0.00501696951687336,
-0.8703795075416565,
0.5853685140609741,
-0.48927152156829834,
0.4303778409957886,
0.5246058702468872,
-0.23917604982852936,
-0.17739064991474152,
-0.2568186819553375,
0.2935274839401245,
0.2053358405828476,
-0.2123412787914276,
0.03700968250632286,
0.8045241832733154,
0.031284432858228683,
0.604863703250885,
-0.19254282116889954,
0.14228428900241852,
-0.3490513861179352,
0.4079018831253052,
-0.679827868938446,
-0.266096293926239,
-0.1941477656364441,
-0.12535278499126434,
0.24440842866897583,
0.14916987717151642,
0.16574911773204803,
-0.5596508979797363,
0.1821919083595276,
0.3141342103481293,
0.03443538025021553,
0.18733179569244385,
-0.1848989725112915,
-1.0267702341079712,
0.19116753339767456,
0.15740399062633514,
-0.5711963176727295,
-0.18420657515525818,
0.15198883414268494,
0.005088805221021175,
-0.11410242319107056,
0.35742896795272827,
0.32560691237449646,
0.35081586241722107,
-0.03612847998738289,
0.15076826512813568,
-0.39310353994369507,
0.11942596733570099,
0.05282840505242348,
0.5767341256141663,
0.1789901852607727,
-0.008043673820793629,
0.28192827105522156,
0.08765723556280136,
1.148751974105835,
0.32769426703453064,
-0.04012084752321243,
-0.6420072913169861,
-0.2242887020111084,
-0.3469946086406708,
-0.9887380599975586,
0.544099748134613,
-0.0497894361615181,
-0.27829626202583313,
-0.36527761816978455,
-0.863530695438385,
-0.7708169221878052,
-0.05179566144943237,
0.16129149496555328,
-0.16739803552627563,
0.06246761232614517,
0.11562903970479965
] |
217769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Prime%20of%20Miss%20Jean%20Brodie%20%28novel%29 | The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novel) | The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is a novel by Muriel Spark, the best known of her works. It was first published in The New Yorker magazine and was published as a book by Macmillan in 1961. The character of Miss Jean Brodie brought Spark international fame and brought her into the first rank of contemporary Scottish literature. In 2005, the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie No. 76 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.
Plot summary
In 1930s Edinburgh, six ten-year-old girls, Sandy, Rose, Mary, Jenny, Monica, and Eunice, are assigned Miss Jean Brodie, who describes herself as being "in my prime," as their teacher. Miss Brodie, determined that they shall receive an education in the original sense of the Latin verb educere, "to lead out," gives her students lessons about her personal love life and travels, promoting art history, classical studies, and fascism. Under her mentorship, these six girls whom Brodie singles out as the elite group among her students—known as the "Brodie set"—begin to stand out from the rest of the school. However, in one of the novel's typical flash-forwards we learn that one of them will later betray Brodie, ruining her teaching career, but that she will never learn which one.
In the Junior School, they meet the singing teacher, the short Mr Gordon Lowther, and the art master, the handsome, one-armed war veteran Mr Teddy Lloyd, a married Roman Catholic with six children. These two teachers form a love triangle with Miss Brodie, each loving her, while she loves only Mr Lloyd. However, Miss Brodie never overtly acts on her love for Mr Lloyd, except once to exchange a kiss with him, witnessed by Monica. During a two-week absence from school, Miss Brodie embarks on an affair with Mr Lowther on the grounds that a bachelor makes a more respectable paramour: she has renounced Mr Lloyd as he is married. At one point during these two years in the Junior School, Jenny is "accosted by a man joyfully exposing himself beside the Water of Leith." The police investigation of the exposure leads Sandy to imagine herself as part of a fictional police force seeking incriminating evidence in respect of Brodie and Mr Lowther.
Once the girls are promoted to the Senior School (around age twelve) though now dispersed, they hold on to their identity as the Brodie set. Miss Brodie keeps in touch with them after school hours by inviting them to her home as she did when they were her pupils. All the while, the headmistress Miss Mackay tries to break them up and compile information gleaned from them into sufficient cause for Brodie's dismissal. Miss Mackay has more than once suggested to Miss Brodie that she should seek employment at a 'progressive' school; Miss Brodie declines to move to what she describes as a 'crank' school. When two other teachers at the school, the Kerr sisters, take part-time employment as Mr Lowther's housekeepers, Miss Brodie tries to take over their duties. She sets about fattening him up with extravagant cooking. The girls, now thirteen, visit Miss Brodie in pairs at Mr Lowther's house, where Miss Brodie frequently asks about Mr Lloyd in Mr Lowther's presence. At this point Mr Lloyd asks Rose and occasionally the other girls to pose for him as portrait subjects. Each face he paints ultimately resembles Miss Brodie, as her girls report to her in detail, and she thrills at the telling. One day when Sandy is visiting Mr Lloyd, he kisses her.
Before the Brodie set turns sixteen, Miss Brodie tests her girls to discover which of them she can really trust, ultimately settling on Sandy as her confidante. Miss Brodie is obsessed with the notion that Rose, as the most beautiful of the Brodie set, should have an affair with Mr Lloyd in her place. She begins to neglect Mr Lowther, who ends up marrying Miss Lockhart, the science teacher. Another student, Joyce Emily, steps briefly into the picture, trying unsuccessfully to join the Brodie set. Miss Brodie takes her under her wing separately, encouraging her to run away to fight in the Spanish Civil War on the Nationalist side, which she does, only to be killed in an accident when the train she is travelling in is attacked.
The original Brodie set, now seventeen and in their final year of school, begin to go their separate ways. Mary and Jenny leave before taking their exams, Mary to become a typist and Jenny to pursue a career in acting. Eunice becomes a nurse and Monica a scientist. Rose lands a handsome husband. Sandy, with a keen interest in psychology, is fascinated by Mr Lloyd's stubborn love, his painter's mind, and his religion. Sandy and Rose model for Mr Lloyd's paintings, Sandy knowing that Miss Brodie expects Rose to become sexually involved with Lloyd. Rose, however, is oblivious to the plan crafted for her and so it is Sandy, now eighteen and alone with Mr Lloyd in his house while his wife and children are on holiday, who has exactly such an affair with him for five weeks during the summer. Over time, Sandy's interest in the man wanes while her interest in the mind that still loves Jean Brodie grows. In the end, Sandy leaves him, adopts his Roman Catholic religion, and becomes a nun. Beforehand, however, she meets with Miss Mackay and blatantly confesses to wanting to bring a stop to Miss Brodie. She suggests that the headmistress could accuse Brodie of encouraging fascism, and this tactic succeeds. Not until her dying moment a year after the end of World War II is Miss Brodie able to imagine that it was her confidante, Sandy, who betrayed her. After her death however, Sandy, now called Sister Helena of the Transfiguration and author of The Transfiguration of the Commonplace, maintains that "it's only possible to betray where loyalty is due." One day, an enquiring young man visits Sandy at the convent, because of her strange book on psychology. He enquires about the main influences of her school years, asking her: "Were they literary or political or personal? Was it Calvinism?" Sandy answers him, instead, by saying: "There was a Miss Jean Brodie in her prime."
Characters
Main characters
Jean Brodie
"She thinks she is Providence, thought Sandy, she thinks she is the God of Calvin." In some ways she is: in her prime she draws her chosen few to herself, much as Calvinists understand God to draw the elect to their salvation. With regard to religion, Miss Brodie "was not in any doubt, she let everyone know she was in no doubt, that God was on her side whatever her course, and so she experienced no difficulty or sense of hypocrisy in worship while at the same time she went to bed with the singing master." Feeling herself fated one way or another, Brodie acts as if she transcends morality.
Sandy Stranger
Of the set, "Miss Brodie fixed on Sandy," taking her as her special confidante. She is characterised as having "small, almost nonexistent, eyes" and a peering gaze. Miss Brodie repeatedly reminds Sandy that she has insight but no instinct. Sandy rejects Calvinism, reacting against its rigid predestination in favour of Roman Catholicism.
Rose Stanley
In contrast to Sandy, Rose is an attractive blonde with (according to Miss Brodie) instinct but no insight. Though somewhat undeservedly, Rose is "famous for sex", and the art teacher Mr. Lloyd asks her to model for his paintings: it rapidly becomes clear that he has no sexual interest in her and uses her simply because she is a good model. In every painting, Rose has the likeness of Brodie, whom Mr. Lloyd stubbornly loves. Rose and Sandy are the two girls in whom Miss Brodie places the most hope of becoming the crème de la crème. Again unlike Sandy, Rose "shook off Miss Brodie's influence as a dog shakes pond-water from its coat."
Mary Macgregor
Dim-witted and slow, Mary is Brodie's scapegoat. Mary meekly bears the blame for everything that goes wrong. At the age of 23 she dies in a hotel fire, killed running back and forth through the hotel, unable to escape.
Supporting characters
Monica Douglas – one of the set; famous for mathematics and her anger
Jenny Gray – one of the set; famous for her beauty
Eunice Gardiner – one of the set; famous for her gymnastics and glorious swimming
Teddy Lloyd – the art master
Gordon Lowther – the singing master
Miss Mackay – the headmistress
Miss Alison Kerr – the sewing mistress of Marcia Blaine with her sister Ellen
Miss Ellen Kerr – Miss Alison's elder sister
Miss Gaunt – a school mistress and a sister to the minister of Cramond
Miss Lockhart – a chemistry teacher, the nicest teacher in Marcia Blaine
Joyce Emily Hammond – a girl who was sent to Marcia Blaine. She died in the Spanish Civil War
Structure
Spark creates deep characterisations which are realistic in their human imperfections. Hal Hager, in his commentary on the novel, writes of Sandy and Miss Brodie: "The complexity of these two characters, especially Jean Brodie, mirrors the complexity of human life. Jean Brodie is genuinely intent on opening up her girls' lives, on heightening their awareness of themselves and their world, and on breaking free of restrictive, conventional ways of thinking, feeling, and being". Critic James Wood noted that by "reducing Miss Brodie to no more than a collection of maxims, Spark forces us to become Brodie's pupils. In the course of the novel we never leave the school to go home, alone, with Miss Brodie. We surmise that there is something unfulfilled and even desperate about her, but the novelist refuses us access to her interior. Brodie talks a great deal about her prime, but we don't witness it, and the nasty suspicion falls that perhaps to talk so much about one's prime is by definition no longer to be in it."
Autobiographical basis of the story
The character of Miss Jean Brodie was based in part on Christina Kay, a teacher of Spark's for two years at James Gillespie's School for Girls. Spark later wrote of her: "What filled our minds with wonder and made Christina Kay so memorable was the personal drama and poetry within which everything in her classroom happened." Miss Kay was the basis for the good parts of Brodie's character, but also some of the more bizarre; for example, Miss Kay did hang posters of Renaissance paintings on the wall, but also of Benito Mussolini and Italian fascists marching. Spark grew up in heavily Presbyterian Edinburgh, while Franco's supporters were almost unanimously Roman Catholic. Christina Kay looked after her widowed mother, not the music teacher who was in love with her. She encouraged the young Muriel Spark to become a writer. Spark, like Sandy, converted to Roman Catholicism.
Adaptations
The novel has been adapted for stage, film and television.
The original 1966 London stage version starred Vanessa Redgrave and a young Olivia Hussey. Redgrave turned down the Broadway production in 1968 which starred Zoe Caldwell who would go on to win the Tony Award. Redgrave also turned down the film role. In 1969 the film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie was released. It starred Maggie Smith, and she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. In 1978 Scottish Television produced the seven part serial The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. It starred Geraldine McEwan. It was this performance that the author preferred.
Critical reception
On 5 November 2019 The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie appeared on the BBC News list of the 100 most influential novels.
References
External links
Landmark: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (2012) – Night Waves, BBC Radio 3
1961 British novels
British novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into plays
Catholic novels
Novels by Muriel Spark
Novels set in Edinburgh
Novels set in high schools and secondary schools
Novels set in the 1930s
Novels about teachers
Works originally published in The New Yorker
Nonlinear narrative novels | [
-0.1323375105857849,
0.07409557700157166,
-0.6497340202331543,
-0.005178647115826607,
0.1777859926223755,
0.5966550707817078,
0.3972897529602051,
-0.049543000757694244,
-0.07841787487268448,
-0.2863917052745819,
0.09285997599363327,
0.07891656458377838,
-0.2629123330116272,
0.2721710503101349,
0.12957876920700073,
0.3236484229564667,
0.20969517529010773,
0.653831958770752,
-0.2680369019508362,
-0.8299899101257324,
-0.06662624329328537,
-0.22244155406951904,
0.3208065927028656,
0.06901434063911438,
0.16630986332893372,
-0.20065663754940033,
0.9244861602783203,
-0.28241628408432007,
-0.08058792352676392,
0.33778655529022217,
-0.5180094242095947,
0.06741829961538315,
0.3613380789756775,
0.22919130325317383,
-0.5412338376045227,
-0.5307931303977966,
0.14423812925815582,
-0.4879171848297119,
-0.09208652377128601,
-0.24930132925510406,
0.1984293907880783,
0.3982168734073639,
0.791266143321991,
0.47430163621902466,
-0.31860750913619995,
-0.14039281010627747,
-2.1584815979003906,
0.18643945455551147,
-0.35368362069129944,
-0.40342986583709717,
-0.20101603865623474,
0.6251969933509827,
1.5654760599136353,
0.5023255348205566,
-0.1472746729850769,
1.2645660638809204,
-0.5781512260437012,
0.007654677145183086,
0.24196931719779968,
-0.45767146348953247,
0.26550695300102234,
0.4183151125907898,
0.4244479537010193,
0.6388450264930725,
0.25562620162963867,
0.46687522530555725,
-0.12236368656158447,
0.230755016207695,
0.6193864941596985,
0.3547798991203308,
-0.3489760458469391,
-0.044652778655290604,
0.21643438935279846,
0.12488503754138947,
-0.698177695274353,
0.006742744240909815,
0.6799860000610352,
0.5900014042854309,
0.5457983016967773,
-0.27575352787971497,
-0.3645833432674408,
-0.18494290113449097,
0.2902594208717346,
0.21768568456172943,
-0.07826995104551315,
-0.3443771302700043,
-0.24848216772079468,
0.03450450673699379,
-0.03315183147788048,
0.5358903408050537,
-0.6843627691268921,
-0.21861229836940765,
-0.6280390620231628,
0.15019898116588593,
0.4287853240966797,
-0.6042461395263672,
-0.17966948449611664,
-0.3645119369029999,
-0.33082064986228943,
-0.016337240114808083,
-0.3453831672668457,
0.2608240246772766,
0.5002138614654541,
-0.02000211365520954,
-0.7659063935279846,
-0.12437035888433456,
-0.3523789644241333,
-0.17891015112400055,
0.5006767511367798,
0.7539369463920593,
0.1608465164899826,
0.44453713297843933,
-0.020552152767777443,
-0.08734002709388733,
-0.02990194410085678,
0.7298639416694641,
0.39545443654060364,
0.011148269288241863,
-0.6165740489959717,
0.07650360465049744,
0.15866486728191376,
-0.10823440551757812,
0.4594229459762573,
-0.5243456363677979,
-0.012765755876898766,
0.41836848855018616,
0.2719375789165497,
-0.026884978637099266,
0.10945601761341095,
0.485539972782135,
0.2726382315158844,
0.6708864569664001,
-0.8531925678253174,
-0.37427717447280884,
0.14568594098091125,
-0.605311930179596,
-0.060393307358026505,
-0.19063349068164825,
-0.1572130024433136,
0.47016212344169617,
-0.12285053730010986,
0.5881436467170715,
-0.392467200756073,
-0.035456039011478424,
0.9384585618972778,
0.013580795377492905,
-0.1466115266084671,
0.029210727661848068,
-0.32488757371902466,
0.11311692744493484,
-0.0853082537651062,
-0.15796411037445068,
0.019251642748713493,
-0.4225667119026184,
-0.7715727090835571,
0.07867690920829773,
0.7838355302810669,
0.13806556165218353,
0.003173848381265998,
0.5369160175323486,
0.04749612882733345,
0.34856125712394714,
0.006644760724157095,
-0.267203152179718,
-0.17051160335540771,
-0.10241591185331345,
1.412323236465454,
-0.043377090245485306,
0.08558372408151627,
0.35466164350509644,
-0.44134870171546936,
0.1195937916636467,
0.4374222457408905,
-0.34050989151000977,
0.07447440922260284,
0.7043072581291199,
0.6416482925415039,
0.6685138940811157,
-0.22420966625213623,
-0.733631432056427,
-0.7250667810440063,
-0.18533267080783844,
-0.24526648223400116,
-0.4694543480873108,
0.8251354694366455,
0.08727472275495529,
0.3961479365825653,
0.1322164386510849,
-0.1148681715130806,
-0.08752372115850449,
-0.20831386744976044,
-0.5140553116798401,
0.6476846933364868,
-0.04556072875857353,
1.051786184310913,
-0.10436852276325226,
-0.33511626720428467,
0.6272096037864685,
0.3528103232383728,
0.5329317450523376,
0.05867650732398033,
0.28984999656677246,
0.24898940324783325,
-0.33852994441986084,
-0.3409036695957184,
0.2391987442970276,
-0.11403694748878479,
0.6304903030395508,
-0.050891291350126266,
0.6360278129577637,
0.4321146011352539,
0.020115485414862633,
0.383897602558136,
-0.11399734765291214,
-0.34403273463249207,
-0.2513536214828491,
0.2686719298362732,
0.5554443597793579,
0.24534420669078827,
-0.20549122989177704,
0.39487844705581665,
0.2506358325481415,
-0.20550093054771423,
0.30880382657051086,
0.24929392337799072,
0.20846043527126312,
0.24071259796619415,
-0.31141841411590576,
-0.1394505649805069,
0.13036254048347473,
-0.39243534207344055,
0.38984423875808716,
0.6172367930412292,
-0.06963714957237244,
0.5871720314025879,
-0.0018185586668550968,
-0.2589103877544403,
0.10536683350801468,
0.24381248652935028,
0.37430450320243835,
0.07739178836345673,
0.3217228353023529,
-0.5088968873023987,
0.7843323349952698,
-0.1426539272069931,
0.3162550926208496,
-0.29943472146987915,
0.03433492034673691,
0.242910236120224,
-1.1070445775985718,
0.5241488814353943,
0.26658323407173157,
0.9134438037872314,
0.2867676913738251,
-0.22915801405906677,
-0.5569583773612976,
-0.3607966899871826,
0.030991220846772194,
1.0937631130218506,
0.41634759306907654,
-0.35518285632133484,
-0.0010084077948704362,
-0.00300868833437562,
0.37948983907699585,
0.11005324870347977,
-0.17893245816230774,
0.07759310305118561,
-0.9839038252830505,
-0.3084484934806824,
0.218555748462677,
0.1184258908033371,
0.40152743458747864,
-0.5112937688827515,
0.28431397676467896,
1.1896636486053467,
-0.10976202040910721,
-0.39119815826416016,
0.8823782801628113,
-0.3408096730709076,
-0.3223171830177307,
0.12429429590702057,
0.938071608543396,
-0.10725978016853333,
-0.2838214337825775,
-0.8054799437522888,
-0.4842190146446228,
0.23886223137378693,
-0.013020859099924564,
-0.5974276065826416,
0.11096125841140747,
0.00539854820817709,
0.03889845311641693,
-0.6903353929519653,
-0.8216552734375,
-0.16957777738571167,
0.21889625489711761,
-0.8153327107429504,
0.2179127037525177,
-0.10250014066696167,
-0.2377881556749344,
0.6169178485870361,
0.3896550238132477,
-0.09350120276212692,
0.20192719995975494,
0.7586033344268799,
-0.0840575322508812,
0.14812931418418884,
0.2259467989206314,
-5.468269348144531,
-0.025412721559405327,
0.0024930713698267937,
-0.7055400609970093,
0.567983865737915,
-0.15282566845417023,
0.16090770065784454,
0.17216670513153076,
0.13569673895835876,
0.02761688083410263,
0.15340101718902588,
-0.16989026963710785,
-0.19992445409297943,
0.3308730125427246,
0.5929157137870789,
0.1482412964105606,
0.7545374631881714,
-0.1305505335330963,
0.17050930857658386,
0.32975396513938904,
0.5721635818481445,
-0.06251650303602219,
0.09385310858488083,
0.09799931943416595,
0.8161013722419739,
0.6616176962852478,
-0.10474256426095963,
-0.31217244267463684,
-0.19081619381904602,
0.06493744254112244,
0.554655909538269,
0.01444306317716837,
0.22644904255867004,
-0.23339538276195526,
0.006908144801855087,
0.48566558957099915,
0.39576902985572815,
0.385196328163147,
0.6266881227493286,
0.19438722729682922,
-0.4263020157814026,
0.2858803868293762,
-0.025408850982785225,
0.20978404581546783,
-0.13909350335597992,
-0.27810367941856384,
-0.34030506014823914,
0.17318755388259888,
0.24310436844825745,
0.26652711629867554,
-0.4034825265407562,
0.00927579402923584,
0.08860956132411957,
-0.15013089776039124,
-0.11475053429603577,
-0.0595584362745285,
-0.328563392162323,
-0.11691001802682877,
-0.7081900835037231,
-0.07938893139362335,
0.21084971725940704,
-0.2564285099506378,
0.2211357206106186,
-0.12921538949012756,
0.14525385200977325,
-0.7801480889320374,
-0.010041461326181889,
0.273637056350708,
-0.18570321798324585,
0.472598135471344,
-0.3598445653915405,
0.06271720677614212,
0.13135412335395813,
-1.3055098056793213,
0.018600447103381157,
-0.1656053364276886,
-0.7415447235107422,
0.2998981475830078,
-0.024182042106986046,
-0.38827085494995117,
0.06869734078645706,
-0.14147450029850006,
-0.7575609087944031,
0.8062899112701416,
0.4650822579860687,
-0.8799194693565369,
-0.5731545090675354,
0.021766450256109238,
-1.1467020511627197,
-0.37979719042778015,
0.1623840630054474,
-0.5547248125076294,
-0.0573434941470623,
0.7743561863899231,
0.6397133469581604,
0.35331517457962036,
0.3870249390602112,
-0.09858719259500504,
0.20022793114185333,
-0.32793447375297546,
-0.3778544068336487,
-0.5622457265853882,
0.5772691965103149,
-0.31705808639526367,
-0.6213521361351013,
-0.43956419825553894,
-0.2999780476093292,
0.004830024670809507,
0.3494583070278168,
-0.43738192319869995,
-0.09643925726413727,
-0.4405663311481476,
-0.6996985673904419,
-0.42135170102119446,
0.1820598989725113,
-0.030002396553754807,
0.2140718698501587,
-0.22831562161445618,
0.4613535404205322,
0.25912341475486755,
-0.45060592889785767,
0.31331825256347656,
-0.4545009434223175,
-0.30240997672080994,
-0.6030855178833008,
0.17183318734169006,
0.6396368145942688,
-0.8793481588363647,
-0.36749565601348877,
0.1992175430059433,
0.19825482368469238,
-0.40233075618743896,
-0.6673683524131775,
-0.2758881151676178,
-0.20612117648124695,
-0.2006533294916153,
-0.35573795437812805,
0.34091469645500183,
-0.262516051530838,
-0.047825563699007034,
-0.3289177119731903,
-0.4313606917858124,
-0.2123299092054367,
-0.11015913635492325,
0.30530932545661926,
-0.1646289974451065,
0.04155037924647331,
-0.3565557301044464,
-0.15966260433197021,
0.29638975858688354,
-0.8268437385559082,
-0.15514987707138062,
0.8087696433067322,
-0.7348708510398865,
-0.27021852135658264,
-0.01986510120332241,
-0.02765464223921299,
0.5811983346939087,
-1.0678292512893677,
-0.034966614097356796,
-0.2995339334011078,
-1.0927751064300537,
-0.36283090710639954,
0.03336704894900322,
0.3367519676685333,
0.17769061028957367,
-0.7626575827598572,
-0.9052765965461731,
-0.42568355798721313,
0.8610824942588806,
0.19105060398578644,
0.2788578271865845,
0.054404161870479584,
0.1130814477801323,
0.615034818649292,
-0.17657054960727692,
-0.029208160936832428,
-0.045454561710357666,
0.11565136909484863,
-0.5322765707969666,
-0.37402328848838806,
-0.29049941897392273,
-0.0657951682806015,
0.40885618329048157,
0.8035145401954651,
-0.39780306816101074,
-0.5194082260131836,
0.340967059135437,
-0.6596671342849731,
-0.29010942578315735,
0.03866421431303024,
0.4461425840854645,
0.9009971618652344,
0.2771570086479187,
-0.8779230117797852,
0.14678026735782623,
-0.044629260897636414,
0.6862363219261169,
-0.07889493554830551,
-0.39459970593452454,
-0.4931376576423645,
0.11207129061222076,
-0.2665998935699463,
0.2700004279613495,
0.3779411017894745,
-0.822878360748291,
-0.4583272337913513,
-0.6437516212463379,
-0.5189639925956726,
1.1859869956970215,
-0.28339460492134094,
-0.3006187975406647,
0.39466193318367004,
0.42367374897003174,
-0.07545869052410126,
-0.39342281222343445,
-0.1361527144908905,
-0.06272774934768677,
-0.3915421664714813,
-0.29945969581604004,
-0.25869378447532654,
-0.7987084984779358,
-0.3575609624385834,
-0.408640593290329,
-0.23130325973033905,
-0.031479235738515854,
0.45188552141189575,
-0.351067453622818,
0.995578408241272,
-0.4425455629825592,
-0.2682291567325592,
0.2806856334209442,
0.44042620062828064,
-0.4260776937007904,
0.019213300198316574,
-0.022248011082410812,
0.1945580691099167,
0.37158045172691345,
-0.1368805170059204,
0.41026729345321655,
0.4211931526660919,
0.5904396772384644,
0.6383486390113831,
-0.35568124055862427,
-0.4219357371330261,
-0.11567742377519608,
-0.016800785437226295,
-0.48598015308380127,
-0.3845266103744507,
0.399247944355011,
-0.07988587021827698,
-0.37659257650375366,
-0.5986612439155579,
-0.6203482151031494,
0.2637588381767273,
-0.6182173490524292,
-0.04515904188156128,
0.48711714148521423,
-0.46619942784309387,
0.11764764785766602,
0.3598805367946625,
0.23475058376789093,
-0.5068103075027466,
0.3724301755428314,
0.15529048442840576,
0.5441917777061462,
0.12545734643936157,
-0.5314416885375977,
0.303090900182724,
0.010635320097208023,
0.03951939940452576,
-0.7281346917152405,
-0.16687369346618652,
0.15246464312076569,
0.09007282555103302,
0.0645933672785759,
-0.06396957486867905,
-0.29799291491508484,
0.19951018691062927,
-0.9239857196807861,
0.05423234403133392,
0.4452144205570221,
0.25837287306785583,
-1.1512447595596313,
-0.4090147614479065,
-0.8925232291221619,
-0.44648605585098267,
-0.6005378365516663,
-0.23608192801475525,
0.5403152108192444,
-0.053946901112794876,
-0.42803940176963806,
-0.26995036005973816,
-0.2139354944229126,
0.5478454828262329,
0.4556737244129181,
-0.5873178243637085,
-0.2653683125972748,
-0.20303189754486084,
-0.028599077835679054,
-0.2722952961921692,
0.6115351319313049,
0.45554083585739136,
0.23389582335948944,
0.39901813864707947,
0.13182179629802704,
-0.30491599440574646,
-0.4384334683418274,
-0.7984796762466431,
-0.21636025607585907,
-0.05689333751797676,
-0.28490856289863586,
0.3660993278026581,
0.48284533619880676,
-0.8090540766716003,
-0.3150249719619751,
-0.0147883091121912,
-0.6470130681991577,
-0.30097198486328125,
0.6492412090301514,
-0.07260021567344666,
-0.07917522639036179,
0.5812535881996155,
0.012428601272404194,
-0.3780422508716583,
0.3585728108882904,
-0.327243447303772,
0.4107673466205597,
0.2297837883234024,
-0.014618756249547005,
0.09123283624649048,
0.07034742832183838,
-0.08171124011278152,
0.7784637808799744,
-0.15271207690238953,
-0.32554149627685547,
0.28683531284332275,
-0.7748629450798035,
0.20574438571929932,
0.25644683837890625,
0.08073301613330841,
0.14343729615211487,
0.10430733859539032,
-0.05080466344952583,
0.06288351863622665,
0.10966388881206512,
0.5354751348495483,
0.10046699643135071,
0.10265108197927475,
0.13004645705223083,
0.4715307652950287,
0.43302661180496216,
0.23100808262825012,
-0.9091278314590454,
0.34035560488700867,
0.06472716480493546,
-0.02476987987756729,
-0.5463678240776062,
-0.3566419184207916,
-0.005726643837988377,
-0.04264106974005699,
-0.5957722067832947,
0.22571390867233276,
-0.16785743832588196,
0.03973258659243584,
-0.061361197382211685,
0.6021240949630737,
0.30156463384628296,
-0.07410058379173279,
0.09383867681026459,
0.6689743995666504,
-0.17056165635585785,
0.0371798574924469,
-0.09860586374998093,
0.2307293862104416,
0.2778737545013428,
0.39313557744026184,
0.0033186792861670256,
0.5807884335517883,
0.2098635584115982,
-0.09389428049325943,
0.4614703357219696,
-0.4317450523376465,
-0.3362278640270233,
0.6254659295082092,
-0.45548221468925476,
-0.199141725897789,
0.2955859303474426,
-0.011582405306398869,
-0.42119771242141724,
0.6157048940658569,
-0.8041442632675171,
-0.6096481084823608,
0.22214557230472565,
-0.6629840135574341,
-0.5983733534812927,
0.1528373658657074,
0.9822675585746765,
0.29057130217552185,
0.06205708160996437,
-0.03534283861517906,
0.2577364444732666,
0.12968534231185913,
0.6315678358078003,
-0.008398125879466534,
0.6183591485023499,
-0.14007927477359772,
0.5049965977668762,
-0.7160596251487732,
-0.47508084774017334,
0.02231600508093834,
0.007049751002341509,
0.014633102342486382,
0.3884003460407257,
-0.36618903279304504,
-0.22044335305690765,
0.19298410415649414,
-0.34948721528053284,
0.03034037910401821,
-0.14846239984035492,
-0.2820262610912323,
0.12027323246002197,
0.036609020084142685,
0.5918723344802856,
-0.7995724081993103,
-0.13090631365776062,
0.3034500777721405,
-0.6650357246398926,
-0.0994124785065651,
0.2005711793899536,
-0.4896407723426819,
-0.2911352813243866,
-0.30382150411605835,
0.09726837277412415,
0.054462190717458725,
0.14231416583061218,
0.6475616097450256,
0.42664679884910583,
-0.03992632031440735,
-0.056523360311985016,
-0.6776835322380066,
-0.30164825916290283,
0.5748864412307739,
0.33987316489219666,
-0.3829665780067444,
0.01148198451846838,
-0.04696105793118477,
-0.25121086835861206,
-0.16532061994075775,
0.1547091156244278,
-0.2600592374801636,
0.4325062334537506,
-0.8439406156539917,
-0.2415529042482376,
0.2471475601196289,
-0.4886009097099304,
0.032586026936769485,
-0.9331724047660828,
0.5313414931297302,
0.5557873249053955
] |
217772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette%20Nebula | Rosette Nebula | The Rosette Nebula (also known as Caldwell 49) is an H II region located near one end of a giant molecular cloud in the Monoceros region of the Milky Way Galaxy. The open cluster NGC 2244 (Caldwell 50) is closely associated with the nebulosity, the stars of the cluster having been formed from the nebula's matter.
The complex has the following New General Catalogue (NGC) designations:
NGC 2237 – Part of the nebulous region (Also used to denote whole nebula)
NGC 2238 – Part of the nebulous region
NGC 2239 – Part of the nebulous region (Discovered by John Herschel)
NGC 2244 – The open cluster within the nebula (Discovered by John Flamsteed in 1690)
NGC 2246 – Part of the nebulous region
The cluster and nebula lie at a distance of 5,000 light-years from Earth and measure roughly 130 light years in diameter. The radiation from the young stars excites the atoms in the nebula, causing them to emit radiation themselves producing the emission nebula we see. The mass of the nebula is estimated to be around 10,000 solar masses.
A survey of the nebula with the Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed the presence of numerous new-born stars inside optical Rosette Nebula and studded within a dense molecular cloud. Altogether, approximately 2500 young stars lie in this star-forming complex, including the massive O-type stars HD 46223 and HD 46150, which are primarily responsible for blowing the ionized bubble.
Most of the ongoing star-formation activity is occurring in the dense molecular cloud to the south east of the bubble.
A diffuse X-ray glow is also seen between the stars in the bubble, which has been attributed to a super-hot plasma with temperatures ranging from 1 to 10 million K.
This is significantly hotter than the 10,000 K plasmas seen in HII regions, and is likely attributed to the shock-heated winds from the massive O-type stars.
On April 16, 2019 the Oklahoma Legislature passed HB1292 making the Rosette Nebula as the official state astronomical object. Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt signed it into law April 22, 2019.
See also
Lists of astronomical objects
References
External links
Rosette Nebula (SEDS)
Chandra Observatory study of the Rosette Nebula
NOAO; "Fitful Young Star Sputters to Maturity in the Rosette Nebula"
NightSkyInfo.com – Rosette Nebula
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Dust Sculptures in the Rosette Nebula – 2007 June 6
Dust Sculptures in the Rosette Nebula – 2009 December 2
Field of Rosette – 2010 February 14
Slooh Videocast on Rosette Nebula
Rosette Nebula from the Netherlands
Deep image of the Rosette Nebula
The Scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day 2012 March 12)
Rosette Nebula at Constellation Guide
Creative Commons Rosette Nebula, Data Download & Processing Guide
H II regions
NGC objects
Monoceros (constellation)
049b
Sharpless objects
Star-forming regions | [
-0.11567515134811401,
0.009270042181015015,
0.47815150022506714,
-0.2693678140640259,
-0.17311199009418488,
-0.02408159151673317,
0.5304202437400818,
0.14513270556926727,
-0.09623272716999054,
-0.9636799097061157,
-0.5214217901229858,
0.06382928043603897,
-0.2063707709312439,
0.6769201159477234,
0.13162760436534882,
0.40948864817619324,
0.5737186670303345,
0.9071343541145325,
-0.038912542164325714,
-0.5855070352554321,
-0.09372669458389282,
0.010693124495446682,
0.14947330951690674,
-0.4335298240184784,
0.25597381591796875,
-0.08377441763877869,
-0.29475414752960205,
0.2768806517124176,
1.1664663553237915,
0.36181560158729553,
-0.07702724635601044,
0.7767412662506104,
0.1242893636226654,
-0.31407493352890015,
0.3009414076805115,
-0.1940988004207611,
-0.06735965609550476,
-0.41341421008110046,
-0.3385186493396759,
-0.2546103894710541,
0.002755334135144949,
0.11373762786388397,
0.36633971333503723,
0.43985095620155334,
-0.09059158712625504,
-0.43336522579193115,
-1.604003667831421,
0.41196194291114807,
-0.007516668178141117,
-0.10471296310424805,
-0.019600046798586845,
-0.22831395268440247,
0.7109308242797852,
0.4313865005970001,
0.035340264439582825,
0.3298824429512024,
-0.9619367718696594,
0.1691470742225647,
0.7825535535812378,
-0.0865069031715393,
-0.10382566601037979,
0.11526411026716232,
-0.45105868577957153,
-0.09753341972827911,
-0.6806602478027344,
0.5558799505233765,
0.2602247893810272,
0.15862368047237396,
-0.15674135088920593,
-0.1531645506620407,
0.8591622710227966,
-0.2882312536239624,
0.45338407158851624,
0.3330100476741791,
-0.16580720245838165,
0.4004467725753784,
-0.4253201484680176,
0.41030511260032654,
-0.13976696133613586,
-0.24055519700050354,
-0.34854656457901,
0.20141732692718506,
0.4518696367740631,
-0.2740173637866974,
-0.5179627537727356,
-0.03792186453938484,
-0.6556195616722107,
0.4396216571331024,
-0.6830595135688782,
0.6111737489700317,
-0.8077775835990906,
-0.35393422842025757,
0.4260233938694,
0.22054114937782288,
0.378212034702301,
0.17659147083759308,
0.6380187273025513,
0.06341662257909775,
0.20833076536655426,
0.7692054510116577,
-0.4007810652256012,
0.28282278776168823,
0.8840365409851074,
-0.058691978454589844,
-0.38653069734573364,
-0.2366952896118164,
-0.325916588306427,
-0.8267260193824768,
-0.8431134223937988,
-0.20947226881980896,
-0.5531837344169617,
-0.4298809766769409,
-0.3098495900630951,
0.04247654229402542,
-0.17955052852630615,
0.6417153477668762,
0.35972514748573303,
-0.504924476146698,
0.29804858565330505,
-0.49608874320983887,
0.48465198278427124,
0.4102930426597595,
0.03759058564901352,
0.5143024921417236,
-0.43785926699638367,
0.5877552032470703,
0.5454292893409729,
-0.09824252128601074,
-0.3699919283390045,
0.5518501996994019,
-0.41961389780044556,
0.7451299428939819,
0.24379479885101318,
0.21451827883720398,
0.18327681720256805,
-0.4932418465614319,
0.3092535138130188,
-0.03611702099442482,
0.7112911343574524,
0.7427968382835388,
-0.29019805788993835,
-0.2271861582994461,
-0.9768465161323547,
-0.47395625710487366,
0.12662678956985474,
0.19896076619625092,
-0.7624319195747375,
-0.9376832842826843,
-0.11198581010103226,
-0.475084125995636,
-0.48485928773880005,
-0.3616020679473877,
0.050225865095853806,
0.16294316947460175,
-0.5574420690536499,
-0.08254852145910263,
0.15409958362579346,
0.43979308009147644,
0.5819463133811951,
0.1636502742767334,
-0.015313488431274891,
0.2553638815879822,
0.08869995921850204,
0.2845480740070343,
0.21331720054149628,
0.22220325469970703,
0.6040419936180115,
-0.27340832352638245,
-0.30056580901145935,
0.5763089656829834,
-0.42463070154190063,
0.06299322843551636,
0.4128592014312744,
-0.2478611320257187,
0.5046414732933044,
-0.4309469163417816,
0.88924241065979,
0.29181376099586487,
-0.1725095957517624,
-0.19634661078453064,
-0.6784208416938782,
-0.5201525092124939,
0.1734859198331833,
-0.6118495464324951,
0.262556791305542,
0.1258869469165802,
0.6172410249710083,
0.12525659799575806,
0.09811674803495407,
-0.2177628129720688,
-0.5659380555152893,
-0.24223709106445312,
0.6081634759902954,
0.33710357546806335,
0.9787552356719971,
0.135254368185997,
0.19170691072940826,
0.4653351306915283,
0.3163065016269684,
-0.25733160972595215,
-0.405661940574646,
-0.37615740299224854,
0.46692702174186707,
-0.09943025559186935,
-0.8377320170402527,
-0.0772780254483223,
-0.25993862748146057,
-0.033580705523490906,
0.060724932700395584,
0.3458384871482849,
0.4896456301212311,
-0.6439643502235413,
0.18235822021961212,
-0.1072981059551239,
0.21635885536670685,
-0.28243786096572876,
-0.1335708051919937,
-0.00687756109982729,
-0.3918755352497101,
-0.0878617987036705,
0.777195155620575,
-0.06299632787704468,
0.002837127773091197,
0.4373519718647003,
-0.4576643109321594,
0.28595635294914246,
0.7188519835472107,
0.35249754786491394,
0.7039474248886108,
-0.4380181133747101,
0.17365781962871552,
-0.6967844367027283,
0.41172724962234497,
-0.5159550905227661,
0.011578047648072243,
0.06050771102309227,
-0.19637539982795715,
-0.398328959941864,
-0.5242601037025452,
-1.0407302379608154,
0.13698433339595795,
-0.13397890329360962,
-1.3372936248779297,
0.4271145462989807,
0.4027691185474396,
-0.23750856518745422,
-0.09382929652929306,
-0.026693863794207573,
-0.13017405569553375,
0.18008963763713837,
-0.2919583022594452,
0.6394442915916443,
-0.07238651067018509,
-1.1378521919250488,
0.21906638145446777,
0.3115614652633667,
0.4202243387699127,
0.016498621553182602,
0.6700068116188049,
0.017394227907061577,
0.019623136147856712,
0.09835933148860931,
0.04240305721759796,
0.18111297488212585,
-0.05635805428028107,
-0.25633132457733154,
0.16306814551353455,
-0.4457509219646454,
0.7775084376335144,
0.20515309274196625,
0.3556627631187439,
0.01003926433622837,
-0.31515446305274963,
-0.22359035909175873,
-0.07419978082180023,
-0.696328341960907,
-0.07414810359477997,
0.028978070244193077,
-0.44402629137039185,
-0.3005939722061157,
0.3596964180469513,
0.378950297832489,
0.6754433512687683,
0.08923456072807312,
-0.7130816578865051,
0.6111661791801453,
0.3639926612377167,
-0.31430256366729736,
-0.7108784914016724,
-0.11334424465894699,
-0.9259486198425293,
0.15352506935596466,
-0.48451438546180725,
0.8145195245742798,
-0.5615696907043457,
0.015497904270887375,
-0.010876127518713474,
0.0700284019112587,
0.20938296616077423,
-0.26202940940856934,
-0.09733816236257553,
0.6279290914535522,
-0.391659677028656,
-0.1937045454978943,
0.19191111624240875,
0.2926862835884094,
-0.03079785406589508,
0.46204662322998047,
-5.408041954040527,
0.16137756407260895,
0.2572534382343292,
-0.6465097665786743,
-0.17416025698184967,
0.48681142926216125,
0.6575888395309448,
-0.3747768998146057,
0.21825465559959412,
-0.17763154208660126,
-0.22167915105819702,
-0.3923710882663727,
-0.2606196701526642,
0.13192084431648254,
0.24028488993644714,
0.1877792328596115,
-0.08577994257211685,
-0.33204185962677,
0.19850324094295502,
0.07715537399053574,
-0.04749421775341034,
0.318586528301239,
-0.051382943987846375,
0.4242626428604126,
-0.6381924748420715,
-0.14330196380615234,
0.0563410259783268,
-0.6966773271560669,
-0.3464007079601288,
-0.29632633924484253,
0.042168278247117996,
0.23410220444202423,
-0.2645917534828186,
0.29866504669189453,
-0.2638311982154846,
0.00955438707023859,
0.6890830993652344,
-0.5903605222702026,
0.19221968948841095,
-0.09248743206262589,
0.1515773981809616,
0.48063692450523376,
0.22438329458236694,
-0.02842210978269577,
0.5414454936981201,
-0.5971333384513855,
-0.534224808216095,
-0.1212754026055336,
-0.3322625160217285,
1.3270866870880127,
-0.14582385122776031,
-0.029100270941853523,
0.10250595211982727,
0.4048375189304352,
0.27953040599823,
0.7833922505378723,
-0.1793494075536728,
0.10984332114458084,
-0.6287254095077515,
-0.10969389975070953,
0.004937274381518364,
-0.3226095736026764,
-0.15190164744853973,
-0.7633177638053894,
0.48654282093048096,
-0.16391046345233917,
-0.8515313267707825,
0.21582116186618805,
0.3664356470108032,
-0.008931645192205906,
-0.040057577192783356,
0.3158610761165619,
-0.8446003198623657,
-1.081686019897461,
0.43430954217910767,
-0.4467083215713501,
0.0576903373003006,
-0.09489741176366806,
-0.4500860869884491,
-0.02400444820523262,
-0.09968341886997223,
0.15095897018909454,
0.4442668557167053,
0.021216003224253654,
-0.16864748299121857,
-0.4241226017475128,
-0.33584314584732056,
-0.16394247114658356,
0.23632320761680603,
-0.24864600598812103,
0.004406462423503399,
-0.2860272228717804,
-0.06681516021490097,
0.17840345203876495,
0.5243197083473206,
0.34419137239456177,
0.4731373190879822,
0.22307394444942474,
0.6580871939659119,
0.28655704855918884,
0.9048528671264648,
-0.35504090785980225,
0.3988277316093445,
-0.049585919827222824,
-0.655475378036499,
-0.11724070459604263,
-0.14923544228076935,
0.23978815972805023,
0.5937846899032593,
-0.15515901148319244,
0.1164509654045105,
-0.47081899642944336,
-0.48662057518959045,
-0.26250362396240234,
0.43440237641334534,
-0.1145201027393341,
-0.2143125832080841,
0.25131356716156006,
0.38760462403297424,
0.44869911670684814,
0.23947641253471375,
-0.028087476268410683,
-0.2369278073310852,
0.03587394952774048,
-0.09582514315843582,
-0.08755586296319962,
0.1627550721168518,
-0.02851676382124424,
-0.3417661786079407,
0.4811733067035675,
0.3593869209289551,
-0.5617875456809998,
-0.002261251211166382,
-0.03096119314432144,
0.3976701498031616,
-0.5680800080299377,
-0.7461336255073547,
-0.3774753510951996,
0.5353847146034241,
0.36722859740257263,
0.011888951063156128,
0.39354243874549866,
-0.4752645790576935,
0.21327660977840424,
0.8808519840240479,
0.3887507915496826,
-0.24445675313472748,
-0.4053802788257599,
-0.38379257917404175,
0.3527355194091797,
-0.39793646335601807,
-0.28855112195014954,
0.04228667914867401,
-0.9487802982330322,
-0.30290931463241577,
0.2445201426744461,
0.20899836719036102,
0.09271672368049622,
0.3530983328819275,
-0.10189402848482132,
0.19590072333812714,
0.0037716543301939964,
-0.9623559713363647,
0.5168880224227905,
-0.20942947268486023,
-0.0884302631020546,
-0.24582365155220032,
-0.34885329008102417,
-0.06968078017234802,
0.4687049388885498,
-0.12910205125808716,
-0.12007547914981842,
-0.1402379423379898,
-0.5618652105331421,
-0.252898633480072,
0.043984297662973404,
0.2161463052034378,
0.39998531341552734,
0.3292551040649414,
-0.6661728024482727,
-0.20672966539859772,
0.09918718785047531,
-0.5541473627090454,
0.41083917021751404,
-0.12421639263629913,
0.12363757938146591,
0.005171673838049173,
-0.3347485363483429,
-0.08963412791490555,
0.1352159082889557,
0.39619725942611694,
0.4367598593235016,
-0.44869711995124817,
0.22156478464603424,
-0.4959414303302765,
-0.40671926736831665,
-0.3726292550563812,
0.3412294089794159,
0.26380589604377747,
-0.7175054550170898,
-0.037261854857206345,
-0.09078414738178253,
-0.7356948852539062,
1.0015966892242432,
0.3266519606113434,
-0.8347528576850891,
0.15349066257476807,
-0.014545426703989506,
-0.011618277058005333,
0.32370904088020325,
-0.36455780267715454,
-0.8350266814231873,
0.0787414163351059,
0.8102409839630127,
0.019931504502892494,
0.03140772134065628,
-0.05105086788535118,
-0.47189658880233765,
-0.06002478674054146,
-0.10947318375110626,
-0.09409789741039276,
-0.03877018764615059,
-0.3781808018684387,
-0.6612011194229126,
-0.6648439168930054,
0.881721556186676,
0.3026471436023712,
-0.583653450012207,
0.5346416234970093,
-0.2510325610637665,
-0.45775604248046875,
0.5627473592758179,
0.17326480150222778,
0.10678374022245407,
-0.4048252999782562,
-0.4341609477996826,
-0.44634243845939636,
0.049131907522678375,
0.5809093713760376,
0.712375283241272,
0.6091349124908447,
0.7670356035232544,
0.15117040276527405,
-0.931589663028717,
0.012950154952704906,
0.056171782314777374,
0.6560022830963135,
-0.7802102565765381,
-0.7227768898010254,
0.21258626878261566,
0.7519216537475586,
-0.6502529978752136,
-0.18197348713874817,
-0.5169472098350525,
1.1118489503860474,
-0.3705035448074341,
-0.4230523109436035,
-0.16541199386119843,
-0.024859078228473663,
0.3204321563243866,
-0.24239125847816467,
-0.3686062693595886,
-0.2015693038702011,
-0.2733519971370697,
0.3216365873813629,
-0.07029059529304504,
-0.3996645212173462,
-0.7559762597084045,
0.6561914086341858,
-0.42066490650177,
0.3563181757926941,
-0.2883073091506958,
0.38696184754371643,
-0.07067561894655228,
0.12438330799341202,
0.46838250756263733,
-0.0533636212348938,
-0.23891282081604004,
-0.4012969136238098,
0.056326791644096375,
-0.7354821562767029,
-0.2305637151002884,
-0.06995318830013275,
0.1549641638994217,
0.8595985770225525,
-0.808607816696167,
-0.8308929800987244,
-0.045952025800943375,
0.06555674970149994,
-0.0403771698474884,
-0.6668134331703186,
-0.04259954020380974,
-0.369574636220932,
0.03308083489537239,
0.6435526013374329,
0.6079151034355164,
0.9491881132125854,
0.5560345649719238,
-0.3366692364215851,
0.35878634452819824,
-0.6742236018180847,
0.46942827105522156,
0.3770008981227875,
-0.7683390378952026,
0.39216697216033936,
-0.399706095457077,
0.09791485220193863,
-0.10994233936071396,
-0.41985854506492615,
-0.015087458305060863,
0.2554750144481659,
0.33604830503463745,
0.2318740040063858,
0.1184098944067955,
-0.7300391793251038,
0.5055389404296875,
0.38892924785614014,
-0.18378114700317383,
0.47542569041252136,
0.5134774446487427,
0.19227352738380432,
0.6072337031364441,
0.19184155762195587,
0.23762227594852448,
-0.9954789280891418,
0.610046923160553,
-0.6912345886230469,
0.8233854174613953,
0.6093950271606445,
0.10376650840044022,
0.667101263999939,
-0.4339406490325928,
0.15284207463264465,
0.44583621621131897,
-0.4879378378391266,
-0.08435478806495667,
0.1127610132098198,
-0.6276309490203857,
-0.3987340033054352,
-0.06745756417512894,
0.11072412133216858,
0.8103336095809937,
0.49691370129585266,
-0.06861651688814163,
-0.33568859100341797,
0.31629425287246704,
0.15949612855911255,
0.17237882316112518,
0.043867770582437515,
-0.24642109870910645,
0.04771336913108826,
-0.4827066659927368,
-0.05924789980053902,
0.16381876170635223,
0.16594968736171722,
0.0028851465322077274,
0.17156118154525757,
-0.5153610110282898,
-0.3666583299636841,
0.36431750655174255,
-0.7623128890991211,
0.12401726096868515,
0.24989138543605804,
0.5633754730224609,
-0.26563525199890137,
-0.24798928201198578,
-0.22702062129974365,
-0.29647454619407654,
-0.15507613122463226,
-0.5180457830429077,
0.47892341017723083,
0.19574099779129028,
0.07959974557161331,
0.5445721745491028,
0.16619537770748138,
0.20941081643104553,
-0.412322461605072,
-0.2585960924625397,
-0.008831352926790714,
0.02238139696419239,
-0.28736385703086853,
0.29231125116348267,
0.20654895901679993,
-0.36436644196510315,
0.16827130317687988,
0.18172186613082886,
-0.377922385931015,
0.23671948909759521,
0.4062100946903229,
-0.3124541938304901,
0.2868753969669342,
-0.12424308806657791,
0.1943720430135727,
-0.43305227160453796,
-0.2470475137233734,
0.6866350769996643,
0.3183697760105133,
0.5871613621711731,
0.14588861167430878,
0.10532128065824509,
0.050747282803058624,
-0.01596333459019661,
0.13263511657714844,
-0.3649735748767853,
-0.6376581788063049,
0.5381260514259338,
0.33628714084625244,
0.4510531425476074,
-0.8100719451904297,
0.6143697500228882,
0.18811194598674774,
-0.037950802594423294,
0.0632639154791832,
0.7481778264045715,
-0.2804127037525177,
0.10421045869588852,
0.8088288903236389,
-0.0900728777050972,
0.15410465002059937,
-0.7608485221862793,
-0.13147401809692383,
-0.6569207906723022,
0.5238269567489624,
0.07287787646055222,
0.415880411863327,
-0.3999849557876587,
0.2786060571670532,
0.32132256031036377,
-0.3987160325050354,
0.572454571723938,
0.5805334448814392,
-0.7622298002243042,
-0.497114896774292,
0.5835351943969727,
-0.42240116000175476,
-0.6689866185188293,
-0.054162874817848206,
1.036458969116211,
0.4960041642189026,
-0.4795330762863159,
0.37236255407333374,
-0.32999515533447266,
-0.6796265244483948,
0.29620489478111267,
0.1973562389612198,
0.5345891714096069,
-0.03242191672325134,
-0.5251970887184143,
-0.17723894119262695,
0.19219468533992767,
0.07670170813798904,
-0.6329825520515442,
-0.41487404704093933,
-0.3499130606651306,
-0.25929826498031616,
-0.3274936378002167,
0.4244399964809418,
-0.1741369068622589,
0.27016422152519226,
-0.07999124377965927
] |
217773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic%20tank | Septic tank | A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment. Settling and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment efficiency is only moderate (referred to as "primary treatment"). Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be used in areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such as rural areas. The treated liquid effluent is commonly disposed in a septic drain field, which provides further treatment. Nonetheless, groundwater pollution may occur and can be a problem.
The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the tank that decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank. Septic tanks can be coupled with other onsite wastewater treatment units such as biofilters or aerobic systems involving artificially forced aeration.
The rate of accumulation of sludge—also called septage or fecal sludge—is faster than the rate of decomposition. Therefore, the accumulated fecal sludge must be periodically removed, which is commonly done with a vacuum truck.
Description
A septic tank consists of one or more concrete or plastic tanks of between 4000 and 7500 litres (1,000 and 2,000 gallons); one end is connected to an inlet wastewater pipe and the other to a septic drain field. Generally these pipe connections are made with a T pipe, allowing liquid to enter and exit without disturbing any crust on the surface. Today, the design of the tank usually incorporates two chambers, each equipped with an access opening and cover, and separated by a dividing wall with openings located about midway between the floor and roof of the tank.
Wastewater enters the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and scum to float. The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume of solids. The liquid component flows through the dividing wall into the second chamber, where further settlement takes place. The excess liquid, now in a generally clear condition, then drains from the outlet into the septic drain field, also referred to as a leach field, drain field or seepage field, depending upon locality. A percolation test is required prior to installation to ensure the porosity of the soil is adequate to serve as a drain field.
The remaining impurities are trapped and eliminated in the soil, with the excess water eliminated through percolation into the soil, through evaporation, and by uptake through the root system of plants and eventual transpiration or entering groundwater or surface water. A piping network, often laid in a stone-filled trench (see weeping tile), distributes the wastewater throughout the field with multiple drainage holes in the network. The size of the drain field is proportional to the volume of wastewater and inversely proportional to the porosity of the drainage field. The entire septic system can operate by gravity alone or, where topographic considerations require, with inclusion of a lift pump. Certain septic tank designs include siphons or other devices to increase the volume and velocity of outflow to the drainage field. These help to fill the drainage pipe more evenly and extend the drainage field life by preventing premature clogging or bioclogging.
An Imhoff tank is a two-stage septic system where the sludge is digested in a separate tank. This avoids mixing digested sludge with incoming sewage. Also, some septic tank designs have a second stage where the effluent from the anaerobic first stage is aerated before it drains into the seepage field.
A properly designed and normally operating septic system is odour-free. Besides periodic inspection and emptying, a septic tank should last for decades with minimal maintenance, with concrete, fibreglass, or plastic tanks lasting about 50 years.
Emptying (desludging)
Waste that is not decomposed by the anaerobic digestion must eventually be removed from the septic tank. Otherwise the septic tank fills up and wastewater containing undecomposed material discharges directly to the drainage field. Not only is this detrimental for the environment but, if the sludge overflows the septic tank into the leach field, it may clog the leach field piping or decrease the soil porosity itself, requiring expensive repairs.
When a septic tank is emptied, the accumulated sludge (septage, also known as fecal sludge) is pumped out of the tank by a vacuum truck. How often the septic tank must be emptied depends on the volume of the tank relative to the input of solids, the amount of indigestible solids, and the ambient temperature (because anaerobic digestion occurs more efficiently at higher temperatures), as well as usage, system characteristics and the requirements of the relevant authority. Some health authorities require tanks to be emptied at prescribed intervals, while others leave it up to the decision of an inspector. Some systems require pumping every few years or sooner, while others may be able to go 10–20 years between pumpings. An older system with an undersize tank that is being used by a large family will require much more frequent pumping than a new system used by only a few people. Anaerobic decomposition is rapidly restarted when the tank is refilled.
Services for desludging should not empty a septic tank completely but leave some settled solids in the septic tank to leave some of the microbial populations in place to continue the anaerobic degradation processes. An empty tank may be damaged by hydrostatic pressure causing the tank to partially "float" out of the ground, especially in flood situations or very wet ground conditions.
Another option is "scheduled desludging" of septic tanks which has been initiated in several Asian countries including the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. In this process, every property is covered along a defined route and the property occupiers are informed in advance about desludging that will take place.
Maintenance
The maintenance of a septic system is often the responsibility of the resident or property owner. Some forms of abuse or neglect include the following:
User's actions
Excessive disposal of cooking oils and grease can cause the inlet drains to block. Oils and grease are often difficult to degrade and can cause odor problems and difficulties with the periodic emptying.
Flushing non-biodegradable waste items down the toilet such as cigarette butts, cotton buds/swabs or menstrual hygiene products and condoms can cause a septic tank to clog and fill rapidly, so these materials should not be disposed of in that manner. The same applies when the toilet is connected to a sewer rather than a septic tank.
Using the toilet for disposal of food waste can cause a rapid overload of the system with solids and contribute to failure.
Certain chemicals may damage the components of a septic tank or kill the bacteria needed in the septic tank for the system to operate properly, such as pesticides, herbicides, materials with high concentrations of bleach or caustic soda (lye), or any other inorganic materials such as paints or solvents.
Using water softeners - the brine discharge from water softeners may harm the bacteria responsible for breaking down the wastewater. Usually, however, the brine is sufficiently diluted with other wastewater that it does not adversely affect the septic system.
Other factors
Roots from trees and shrubbery protruding above the tank or drainfield may clog and/or rupture them. Trees that are directly within the vicinity of a concrete septic tank have the potential to penetrate the tank as the system ages and the concrete begins to develop cracks and small leaks. Tree roots can cause serious flow problems due to plugging and blockage of drain pipes, and the trees themselves tend to expand extremely vigorously due to the ready supply of nutrients from the septic system.
Playgrounds and storage buildings may cause damage to a tank and the drainage field. In addition, covering the drainage field with an impermeable surface, such as a driveway or parking area, will seriously affect its efficiency and possibly damage the tank and absorption system.
Excessive water entering the system may overload it and cause it to fail.
Very high rainfall, rapid snowmelt, and flooding from rivers or the sea can all prevent a drain field from operating, and can cause flow to back up, interfering with the normal operation of the tank. High winter water tables can also result in groundwater flowing back into the septic tank.
Over time, biofilms develop on the pipes of the drainage field, which can lead to blockage. Such a failure can be referred to as "biomat failure".
Septic tank additives
Septic tank additives have been promoted by some manufacturers with the aim to improve the effluent quality from septic tanks, reduce sludge build-up and to reduce odors. These additives—which are commonly based on "effective microorganisms"—are usually costly in the longer term and fail to live up to expectations. It has been estimated that in the U.S. more than 1,200 septic system additives were available on the market in 2011. Very little peer-reviewed and replicated field research exists regarding the efficacy of these biological septic tank additives.
Environmental concerns
While a properly maintained and located septic tank poses no higher amount of environmental problems than centralized municipal sewage treatment, certain problems could arise with a septic tank in an unsuitable location, and septic tank failures are typically more expensive to fix or replace than municipal sewer. Since septic systems require large drainfields, they are unsuitable for densely built areas.
Odor and gas emissions
Some constituents of wastewater, especially sulfates, under the anaerobic conditions of septic tanks, are reduced to hydrogen sulfide, a pungent and toxic gas. Methane may also be released. Nitrates and organic nitrogen compounds can be reduced to ammonia. Because of the anaerobic conditions, fermentation processes take place, which may generate carbon dioxide and/or methane.
Nutrients in the effluent
Septic tanks by themselves are ineffective at removing nitrogen compounds that have potential to cause algal blooms in waterways into which affected water from a septic system finds its way. This can be remedied by using a nitrogen-reducing technology, or by simply ensuring that the leach field is properly sited to prevent direct entry of effluent into bodies of water.
The fermentation processes cause the contents of a septic tank to be anaerobic with a low redox potential, which keeps phosphates in a soluble and, thus, mobilized form. Phosphates discharged from a septic tank into the environment can trigger prolific plant growth including algal blooms, which can also include blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria.
The soil's capacity to retain phosphorus is usually large enough to handle the load through a normal residential septic tank. An exception occurs when septic drain fields are located in sandy or coarser soils on property adjacent to a water body. Because of limited particle surface area, these soils can become saturated with phosphates. Phosphates will progress beyond the treatment area, posing a threat of eutrophication to surface waters.
Pathogens
Diseases extremely dangerous to human contact such as E. coli and other coliform bacteria are often reported following failures of septic tanks.
A properly functioning septic system, on the other hand, provides significant reduction of pathogens compared to direct discharge due to settling (in the tank) and soil absorption (in the drain field). Log reductions of 4–8 for coliform bacteria, 0–2 for viruses are achieved in the effluent. Parasitic worm eggs are also removed. Additional filters may be added to improve removal performance although they will need to be replaced periodically.
Groundwater pollution
In areas with high population density, groundwater pollution beyond acceptable limits may occur. Some small towns experience the costs of building very expensive centralized wastewater treatment systems because of this problem, due to the high cost of extended collection systems. To reduce residential development that might increase the demand to construct an expensive centralized sewerage system, building moratoriums and limitations on the subdivision of property are often imposed. Ensuring existing septic tanks are functioning properly can also be helpful for a limited time, but becomes less effective as a primary remediation strategy as population density increases.
Surface water pollution
In areas adjacent to water bodies with fish or shellfish intended for human consumption, improperly maintained and failing septic systems contribute to pollution levels that can force harvest restrictions and/or commercial or recreational harvest closures.
Use
In the United States, the 2007 American Housing Survey indicated that about 20 percent of all households rely on septic tanks, and that the overwhelming majority of systems are located in rural (50%) and suburban (47%) areas. Indianapolis is one example of a large city where many of the city's neighborhoods still rely on separate septic systems. In Europe, septic systems are generally limited to rural areas.
Regulations
European Union
In the European Union the EN 12566 standard provides the general requirements for packaged and site assembled treatment plants used for domestic wastewater treatment.
Part 1 (EN 12566-1) is for septic tanks that are prefabricated or factory manufactured and made of polyethylene, glass reinforced polyester, polypropylene, PVC-U, steel or concrete. Part 4 (EN 12566-4) regulates septic tanks that are assembled in situ from prefabricated kits, generally of concrete construction. Certified septic tanks of both types must pass a standardized hydraulic test to assess their ability to retain suspended solids within the system. Additionally, their structural adequacy in relevant ground conditions is assessed in terms of water-tightness, treatment efficiency, and structural behaviour.
France
In France, about 4 million households (or 20% of the population) are using on-site wastewater disposal systems (l’assainissement non collectif), including septic tanks (fosse septique). The legal framework for regulating the construction and maintenance of septic systems was introduced in 1992 and updated in 2009 and 2012 with the intent to establish the technical requirements applicable to individual sewerage systems. Septic tanks in France are subject to inspection by SPANC (Service Public d’Assainissement Non Collectif), a professional body appointed by the respective local authorities to enforce wastewater collection laws, at least once in four years. Following the introduction of EN 12566, the discharge of effluent directly into ditches or watercourses is prohibited, unless the effluent meets prescribed standards.
Ireland
According to the Census of Ireland 2011, 27.5% of Irish households (i.e. about 440,000 households), with the majority in rural areas, use an individual septic tank.
Following a European Court of Justice judgment made against Ireland in 2009 that deemed the country non-compliant with the Waste Framework Directive in relation to domestic wastewaters disposed of in the countryside, the Water Services (Amendment) Act 2012 was passed in order to regulate wastewater discharges from domestic sources that are not connected to the public sewer network and to provide arrangements for registration and inspection of existing individual domestic wastewater treatment systems.
Additionally, a code of practice has been developed by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the planning and construction of new septic tanks, secondary treatment systems, septic drain fields and filter systems. Direct discharge of septic tank effluent into groundwater is prohibited in Ireland, while the indirect discharge via unsaturated subsoil into groundwater, e.g. by means of a septic drain field, or the direct discharge into surface water is permissible in accordance with a Water Pollution Act license. Registered septic tanks must be desludged by an authorized contractor at least once a year; the removed fecal sludge is disposed of, either to a managed municipal wastewater treatment facility or to agriculture provided that nutrient management regulations are met.
United Kingdom
Since 2015, only certain property owners in England and Wales with septic tanks or small packaged sewage treatment systems need to register their systems, and either apply for a permit or qualify for an exemption with the Environment Agency. Permits need to be granted to systems that discharge more than a certain volume of effluent in a given time or that discharge effluent directly into sensitive areas (e.g., some groundwater protection zones). In general, permits are not granted for new septic tanks that discharge directly into surface waters. A septic tank discharging into a watercourse must be replaced or upgraded by 1 January 2020 to a Sewage Treatment Plant (also called an Onsite sewage facility), or sooner if the property is sold before this date, or if the Environment Agency (EA) finds that it is causing pollution.
In Northern Ireland, the Department of the Environment must give permission for all wastewater discharges where it is proposed that the discharge will go to a waterway or soil infiltration system. The discharge consent will outline conditions relating to the quality and quantity of the discharge in order to ensure the receiving waterway or the underground aquifer can absorb the discharge.
The Water Environment Regulations 2011 regulate the registration of septic tank systems in Scotland. Proof of registration is required when new properties are being developed or existing properties change ownership.
Australia
In Australia, septic tank design and installation requirements are regulated by State Governments, through Departments of Health and Environmental Protection Agencies. Regulation may include Codes of Practice and Legislation. Regulatory requirements for the design and installation of septic tanks commonly references Australian Standards (1547 and 1546). Capacity requirements for septic tanks may be outlined within Codes of Practice, and can vary between states.
Mainly because of water leaching from the effluent drains of a lot of closely spaced septic systems, many council districts (e.g. Sunshine Coast, Queensland) have banned septic systems, and require them to be replaced with much more expensive small-scale sewage treatment systems that actively pump air into the tank, producing an aerobic environment. Septic systems have to be replaced as part of any new building applications, regardless of how well the old system performed.
United States
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, in the United States it is the home owners' responsibility to maintain their septic systems. Anyone who ignores this requirement will eventually experience costly repairs when solids escape the tank and clog the clarified liquid effluent disposal system.
In Washington, for example, a "shellfish protection district" or "clean water district" is a geographic service area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources. The district provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control non-point sources of pollution, such as septic system maintenance. The district also serves as an educational resource, calling attention to the pollution sources that threaten shellfish growing waters.
See also
Cesspit
Fecal sludge management
Grease trap
Sanitation
References
External links
Septic Systems - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Sewerage infrastructure
Storage tanks
Sanitation | [
0.47985151410102844,
-0.09950142353773117,
-0.6756609082221985,
0.2140786051750183,
0.4104888439178467,
0.6770511269569397,
-0.04745355620980263,
0.19682802259922028,
-0.22001925110816956,
-0.4025249183177948,
-0.5930148363113403,
0.37270456552505493,
-0.6078619956970215,
0.46240103244781494,
-0.04259512200951576,
-0.1024094745516777,
0.7898499965667725,
0.40720704197883606,
0.6131227016448975,
0.7116389274597168,
-0.2227284163236618,
-0.49276867508888245,
0.39076313376426697,
0.0540192537009716,
-0.1615183800458908,
-0.4494691491127014,
0.11948905140161514,
0.49042412638664246,
-0.2990131080150604,
0.3003331124782562,
0.7315054535865784,
0.4617478549480438,
0.05951124429702759,
-0.46853020787239075,
0.6298848390579224,
-0.4686717092990875,
-0.3586994409561157,
-0.26813793182373047,
-0.44363144040107727,
-0.5803796648979187,
-0.062384773045778275,
0.3634885549545288,
0.17508858442306519,
0.3340669870376587,
-0.385971337556839,
0.12826184928417206,
-0.8713515996932983,
-0.018281318247318268,
-0.8553290963172913,
0.4735375642776489,
-0.07515230029821396,
0.07758718729019165,
0.2532500624656677,
0.37032225728034973,
-0.002004042034968734,
0.45422306656837463,
-0.7587275505065918,
0.06584235280752182,
0.27266767621040344,
-0.31045231223106384,
0.302761048078537,
-0.20112644135951996,
-0.057734329253435135,
0.35816219449043274,
0.6000869274139404,
0.2209281474351883,
-0.19405719637870789,
0.1399921327829361,
-0.2563911974430084,
0.20232713222503662,
-0.27225127816200256,
-0.19114604592323303,
0.14951857924461365,
0.03766182065010071,
-0.5626171827316284,
-0.17389924824237823,
-0.05620914325118065,
-0.40341466665267944,
-0.41807323694229126,
0.6189212799072266,
-0.1507522463798523,
0.6234583258628845,
-0.015532481484115124,
-0.09406231343746185,
0.5725577473640442,
0.10914484411478043,
-0.6153703331947327,
0.9343603253364563,
-0.2815329432487488,
0.12717992067337036,
0.30920958518981934,
0.40606585144996643,
0.1552303433418274,
-0.23234878480434418,
-0.20662744343280792,
-0.05195892974734306,
0.2538053095340729,
0.22589312493801117,
0.6027113795280457,
0.26174211502075195,
0.05771901085972786,
0.16874076426029205,
0.3685571551322937,
0.08858052641153336,
0.11473571509122849,
-0.47019636631011963,
-0.23598714172840118,
-0.5242443680763245,
0.12464948743581772,
0.26682063937187195,
0.01461907010525465,
0.06433839350938797,
0.17653153836727142,
-0.27733173966407776,
-0.644635796546936,
0.5305451154708862,
0.15353450179100037,
0.2540518641471863,
-0.1520131528377533,
0.16444024443626404,
0.24836158752441406,
-0.20304979383945465,
0.04787416011095047,
0.1674429029226303,
-0.536352813243866,
0.005302472040057182,
0.20405523478984833,
0.71042799949646,
-0.32272085547447205,
0.1926809400320053,
0.13883255422115326,
1.1806942224502563,
-0.1075056865811348,
0.22935396432876587,
-0.028018705546855927,
-0.3078335225582123,
0.5097426772117615,
0.17107826471328735,
1.2476561069488525,
0.440631628036499,
-0.6429042816162109,
-0.19937145709991455,
0.040454279631376266,
-0.16667979955673218,
-0.3533400595188141,
-0.028852732852101326,
-0.27737924456596375,
-0.7935882210731506,
-0.39316272735595703,
-0.29900848865509033,
0.2926091253757477,
0.19815576076507568,
-0.1469118744134903,
0.004238460678607225,
-0.3074190020561218,
0.06562246382236481,
0.2151806354522705,
-0.2396606206893921,
-0.08795667439699173,
-0.17135648429393768,
0.21741251647472382,
0.523549497127533,
-0.19418363273143768,
0.03390197083353996,
0.008883652277290821,
-0.4892675578594208,
-0.015676207840442657,
-0.29914575815200806,
0.3917079567909241,
0.5268962979316711,
0.014505472965538502,
-0.09813832491636276,
0.12584060430526733,
-0.29652631282806396,
0.5134751200675964,
-0.3514263331890106,
0.8465797305107117,
0.1654028445482254,
0.8154098987579346,
-0.18594948947429657,
-0.6856907606124878,
0.58647620677948,
0.43822377920150757,
-0.18522502481937408,
0.774346649646759,
-0.049401309341192245,
0.17845813930034637,
-0.2593201994895935,
-0.22629231214523315,
-0.11365043371915817,
-0.8050643801689148,
-0.567873477935791,
-0.07543376088142395,
0.0034082529600709677,
1.0652358531951904,
-0.4268854260444641,
-0.23597076535224915,
0.481237530708313,
-0.25388428568840027,
0.3051561713218689,
-0.2704714834690094,
0.11234371364116669,
0.43122977018356323,
-0.427589476108551,
-1.1543781757354736,
0.04415467754006386,
0.5667074918746948,
-0.37135472893714905,
0.3524436950683594,
-0.3295951187610626,
0.8699033856391907,
-0.7040244340896606,
0.4529385566711426,
-0.8411024808883667,
0.2208971530199051,
-0.1278834044933319,
-0.5365819931030273,
0.13389043509960175,
0.0367153100669384,
-0.1064775139093399,
1.3478899002075195,
-0.2105490118265152,
-0.2909444570541382,
0.5421321988105774,
-0.9237285256385803,
0.23570527136325836,
0.36903291940689087,
-0.3237166106700897,
0.806662917137146,
-0.3383253812789917,
0.02057894691824913,
-0.06044658273458481,
-0.3598844110965729,
-0.4748852550983429,
-0.40340346097946167,
0.18853601813316345,
0.31723976135253906,
-0.07728652656078339,
0.453093558549881,
0.2723483443260193,
-0.5107889771461487,
0.2987036108970642,
-0.7507853507995605,
0.27232977747917175,
0.4827446937561035,
-0.32469260692596436,
0.21644645929336548,
0.12677648663520813,
-0.31761568784713745,
-0.22057998180389404,
0.20852524042129517,
0.4249766767024994,
0.4223339855670929,
-0.4365087151527405,
0.13498151302337646,
-0.48606038093566895,
-0.286906898021698,
0.11457976698875427,
-0.05259092152118683,
-0.6428843140602112,
-0.8886091709136963,
-0.19443976879119873,
-0.22991907596588135,
-0.3238455355167389,
-0.05456456169486046,
-0.3102540373802185,
-0.18998447060585022,
-0.19073857367038727,
0.011736596003174782,
0.483688086271286,
0.9648222923278809,
0.16581249237060547,
-0.48599427938461304,
-0.051188208162784576,
-0.21206890046596527,
-0.26224422454833984,
0.1890423595905304,
0.3113388419151306,
-0.32264816761016846,
-0.5547190308570862,
0.6879305839538574,
0.899289071559906,
0.19092774391174316,
-0.7387115955352783,
-0.022830873727798462,
0.10493332147598267,
-0.013122212141752243,
-0.1862993836402893,
-0.13999450206756592,
-0.5909465551376343,
-0.4226285517215729,
-0.32734233140945435,
-0.23764389753341675,
0.5305060148239136,
0.027081796899437904,
0.5808165669441223,
-0.1552402526140213,
-0.08218050748109818,
0.9523274302482605,
0.11959370225667953,
-0.103787362575531,
-0.4522443413734436,
-0.7432303428649902,
0.15127140283584595,
-0.2941858470439911,
0.1482720673084259,
0.07000910490751266,
-0.2077331244945526,
-5.555369853973389,
0.12455740571022034,
-0.12153342366218567,
0.06336510181427002,
0.6610514521598816,
0.230348140001297,
0.6968950033187866,
0.08721817284822464,
0.031186794862151146,
0.029671043157577515,
-0.4896264374256134,
0.47414419054985046,
0.5118613839149475,
0.29639241099357605,
0.49390193819999695,
-0.3572573661804199,
0.5509170293807983,
0.11296602338552475,
0.012226048856973648,
-0.19489966332912445,
-0.16934378445148468,
0.1223650574684143,
-0.26809409260749817,
0.2585744261741638,
0.17753998935222626,
-0.2265670895576477,
-0.4093815088272095,
0.42618462443351746,
-0.6956441402435303,
-0.08607597649097443,
-0.2545880377292633,
-0.6319933533668518,
-0.2319553941488266,
-0.2297956943511963,
-0.11287380754947662,
-0.1705186516046524,
-0.0725678950548172,
0.03437202796339989,
0.04852667078375816,
0.0748702734708786,
-0.2187369465827942,
0.10925783962011337,
-0.07409325987100601,
0.18961142003536224,
-0.11025325208902359,
-0.6059989333152771,
-0.11421965807676315,
-0.44513675570487976,
0.14730186760425568,
1.0147902965545654,
0.08327885717153549,
0.6415144801139832,
0.9951519966125488,
-0.019407277926802635,
0.08242110162973404,
0.11027894914150238,
0.5392630696296692,
0.20029105246067047,
-0.34394434094429016,
0.21622437238693237,
-0.28485873341560364,
-0.26811444759368896,
-0.5820537805557251,
-0.346794068813324,
0.1537684202194214,
-0.3640141487121582,
-0.2977413535118103,
-0.5895240306854248,
0.461794376373291,
0.14133386313915253,
-0.46046683192253113,
0.5535996556282043,
-0.13292080163955688,
-0.9833695292472839,
0.24962812662124634,
-0.3058089017868042,
-0.22405631840229034,
-0.4450796842575073,
0.42945918440818787,
-0.4653606414794922,
-0.439882755279541,
-0.016646526753902435,
-0.5024670362472534,
0.07786184549331665,
0.01820976659655571,
-0.2330339103937149,
0.11509735882282257,
0.05664214864373207,
-0.078831247985363,
-0.8233421444892883,
1.0121526718139648,
-0.13773925602436066,
0.2777651250362396,
-0.39172762632369995,
0.3173828721046448,
0.713474690914154,
-0.02273649349808693,
0.14351214468479156,
0.2794798016548157,
-0.18009015917778015,
0.3906607925891876,
0.1032010167837143,
-0.22769147157669067,
-0.31471332907676697,
0.3559147119522095,
-0.6609183549880981,
-0.5833816528320312,
0.8466110229492188,
-0.16028429567813873,
0.07062190026044846,
-0.17682018876075745,
-0.02305380254983902,
-0.09585089236497879,
-1.166319489479065,
0.29166534543037415,
0.8564663529396057,
-0.4839370548725128,
0.32569435238838196,
0.5804328918457031,
0.12694744765758514,
0.7684544920921326,
0.35074669122695923,
0.03100830689072609,
-0.3254428207874298,
0.2717645764350891,
-0.2264372706413269,
0.30943208932876587,
0.05062855780124664,
0.25746864080429077,
-0.2499142587184906,
0.726853609085083,
0.3209943473339081,
0.09469722956418991,
-0.17858389019966125,
-0.08344396948814392,
-0.673052966594696,
-0.34806573390960693,
-0.11214760690927505,
0.034865546971559525,
0.081533282995224,
0.12529847025871277,
-0.3530455231666565,
-0.5530961155891418,
-0.4611009955406189,
-0.021430185064673424,
0.7683857679367065,
-0.3692168891429901,
-0.10548622906208038,
0.559583842754364,
0.4751373529434204,
-0.6599341034889221,
-0.9425915479660034,
-0.10076797008514404,
-0.4468444287776947,
-0.04474445804953575,
-0.27276119589805603,
0.3749556541442871,
0.45903265476226807,
0.05715802311897278,
-0.6081879138946533,
0.27292025089263916,
0.2621155381202698,
-1.0435177087783813,
-0.41476741433143616,
-0.3267492353916168,
0.35969606041908264,
0.17887160181999207,
-0.5264921188354492,
-0.36402034759521484,
0.7527137994766235,
-0.3869715631008148,
-0.5227518677711487,
-0.03194654360413551,
-0.005773533601313829,
0.5369082093238831,
0.2487843781709671,
0.57558673620224,
0.38292527198791504,
0.007209792733192444,
-0.43020394444465637,
0.26001667976379395,
0.16966253519058228,
0.18401999771595,
0.9733574986457825,
0.44204947352409363,
0.013070494867861271,
-0.24266047775745392,
0.42820674180984497,
-0.23685972392559052,
-0.2115258276462555,
0.2665504813194275,
-0.09663563221693039,
0.37557899951934814,
0.08445937931537628,
-0.3456208407878876,
-0.22258667647838593,
0.0014800687786191702,
0.21234484016895294,
-0.5707150101661682,
0.19108465313911438,
-0.3914493918418884,
0.37204328179359436,
-1.0092706680297852,
0.3258519470691681,
0.39440926909446716,
-0.6253934502601624,
0.13602782785892487,
0.15548747777938843,
0.2876569330692291,
-0.046378858387470245,
0.12171892076730728,
-0.020978379994630814,
-0.582646906375885,
0.16779963672161102,
-0.9516482353210449,
-0.13219788670539856,
0.2214365303516388,
-0.45271405577659607,
-0.11893732845783234,
-0.4160992503166199,
-0.2610006332397461,
-0.6342535018920898,
-0.2803037166595459,
-0.1824008971452713,
-0.31870588660240173,
0.4919193387031555,
0.16666431725025177,
-0.9526722431182861,
-0.1396118849515915,
0.08799300342798233,
-0.5552427768707275,
-0.025166835635900497,
0.5754253268241882,
-0.15931561589241028,
-0.2889976501464844,
0.12776415050029755,
0.4067580997943878,
-0.3368487060070038,
-0.24670831859111786,
0.1252741813659668,
0.21221575140953064,
0.5235303044319153,
0.15028633177280426,
-0.6451259851455688,
-0.43614327907562256,
-0.0025761935394257307,
0.27405253052711487,
-0.6843330264091492,
-0.6998714804649353,
-0.08313019573688507,
0.6609757542610168,
-0.4390692710876465,
-0.646850049495697,
-0.8215959072113037,
0.42752155661582947,
-0.1633567065000534,
0.14655590057373047,
-0.1290084272623062,
0.3088947832584381,
0.31529557704925537,
-0.4207480251789093,
-0.3933008909225464,
-0.2431718111038208,
0.4957652688026428,
0.7385598421096802,
-0.3414992094039917,
-0.09117116034030914,
-0.12247965484857559,
0.21498174965381622,
-1.0391051769256592,
-0.09231115132570267,
0.37352362275123596,
1.1391781568527222,
0.14718586206436157,
0.7269296646118164,
-0.10247930139303207,
0.12288565933704376,
-0.7317491769790649,
0.0546591654419899,
-0.1670820713043213,
-0.3256346881389618,
0.29723644256591797,
-0.05850468575954437,
0.05205509439110756,
0.47318652272224426,
0.01301370095461607,
-0.07034420222043991,
-0.029126271605491638,
-0.5610716342926025,
-0.3046093285083771,
-0.09285473823547363,
-0.10704097151756287,
0.1586592048406601,
0.21773158013820648,
0.14170010387897491,
0.41325297951698303,
-0.11464530974626541,
0.26366761326789856,
-0.0923597514629364,
-0.07509426772594452,
-0.7908159494400024,
0.5620695948600769,
-0.07989117503166199,
-0.7596452236175537,
1.222068428993225,
0.41577643156051636,
-0.01661309041082859,
-0.4314870238304138,
0.30409011244773865,
0.08433639258146286,
0.5261613726615906,
0.00012029001663904637,
-0.26750871539115906,
0.9799807667732239,
-0.27303704619407654,
-0.07173803448677063,
0.2988590598106384,
-0.937588095664978,
0.4145231246948242,
0.19690121710300446,
0.20298093557357788,
-0.4698185324668884,
-0.016307886689901352,
0.09031548351049423,
-0.5737345814704895,
0.44234511256217957,
-0.35524481534957886,
-0.7232458591461182,
0.55865877866745,
0.4509458541870117,
1.0624864101409912,
0.6228973269462585,
-0.12668384611606598,
-0.5391257405281067,
-0.1908525675535202,
0.09419598430395126,
-0.12719133496284485,
-0.48299288749694824,
-0.3209259510040283,
0.674144446849823,
0.044877082109451294,
0.06660877168178558,
0.008900526911020279,
0.6081755757331848,
-0.22997640073299408,
0.8440701961517334,
0.3498147428035736,
0.05608231946825981,
-0.3192305564880371,
0.606082022190094,
-0.012399855069816113,
-0.2600078582763672,
0.27731379866600037,
0.23168465495109558,
-0.3825974464416504,
-0.29295775294303894,
0.44568732380867004,
-0.4036737084388733,
0.47477468848228455,
-0.13396398723125458,
-0.03328141197562218,
0.8548980355262756,
-0.20284490287303925,
0.1317920833826065,
0.18109607696533203,
-0.11796465516090393,
0.4073869287967682,
-1.2780500650405884,
0.1639987975358963,
-0.08958756178617477,
0.19728639721870422,
0.3980135917663574,
-0.9700979590415955,
0.22386547923088074,
0.5260379314422607,
0.19899891316890717,
0.30772069096565247,
0.35099050402641296,
-0.46452873945236206,
0.3180660307407379,
0.12072767317295074,
0.7076257467269897,
-0.34922489523887634,
-0.2322857677936554,
-0.1727244257926941,
0.5798059701919556,
-0.11135154962539673,
0.36703941226005554,
0.012526905164122581,
-0.08009262382984161,
-0.3779849708080292,
-0.39700591564178467,
0.5334285497665405,
0.16533328592777252,
-0.08757558465003967,
-0.01785135641694069,
0.2066950500011444,
0.21709764003753662,
0.031314171850681305,
-0.485280841588974,
0.2160479575395584,
0.5971325039863586,
0.12126335501670837,
0.6211851835250854,
-0.5600018501281738,
0.49775728583335876,
-0.3624921143054962,
-0.013365685939788818,
-0.5750871300697327,
0.36393019556999207,
0.504772424697876,
0.2082550972700119,
0.2125585824251175,
0.25108006596565247,
-0.3127872943878174,
0.23292043805122375,
0.2142816036939621,
-0.8460190296173096,
0.1502806842327118,
-0.8879980444908142,
0.0443236343562603,
-0.8014025092124939,
0.047036249190568924,
-0.17141582071781158,
-0.37011632323265076,
-0.5029329061508179,
0.5835896134376526,
-0.2998702824115753,
-0.18870361149311066,
0.19291621446609497,
-0.48334887623786926,
0.42252928018569946,
-0.9861502647399902,
0.18422064185142517,
-0.41324329376220703,
0.06290140748023987,
0.13464105129241943,
0.26733940839767456,
0.4060375690460205,
-0.4163994789123535,
0.43603527545928955,
-0.2805197238922119,
-0.5496023297309875,
-0.3946497142314911,
0.14460361003875732,
-0.25462785363197327,
-0.5934116244316101,
-0.1674964874982834,
-0.5155384540557861,
0.664884090423584,
0.33594927191734314,
-0.17289693653583527,
-0.297006219625473,
0.2131476104259491,
-0.4156109690666199,
-0.07891048491001129,
0.14663174748420715,
-0.017750989645719528,
-0.5660718083381653,
0.46069616079330444
] |
217776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Shoot%20Horses%2C%20Don%27t%20They%3F%20%28film%29 | They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film) | They Shoot Horses, Don't They? is a 1969 American psychological drama film directed by Sydney Pollack, from a screenplay written by Robert E. Thompson and James Poe, based on Horace McCoy's 1935 novel of the same name. It stars Jane Fonda, Michael Sarrazin, Susannah York, Red Buttons, Bruce Dern, Bonnie Bedelia and Gig Young. The film focuses on a disparate group of individuals desperate to win a Depression-era dance marathon and an opportunistic emcee who urges them on.
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? was released theatrically in the United States on December 10, 1969, and also premiered at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing $12.6 million on a budget of $4.86 million, becoming the seventeenth highest-grossing film of 1969. Reviewers praised its direction, screenplay, depiction of the depression era, and performances (especially of Fonda, York and Young). It received nine nominations at the 42nd Academy Awards including; Best Director, Best Actress (for Fonda), Best Supporting Actress (for York), Best Adapted Screenplay, with Young winning for Best Supporting Actor. As of , it holds the record for most Oscar nominations without one for Best Picture.
Plot
Robert Syverton, who had once dreamed of becoming a great film director, recalls the events leading to an unstated crime. In his youth, he saw a horse break its leg, after which it was shot and put out of its misery. Years later, in 1932 during the Great Depression, he wanders into a dance marathon about to begin in the shabby La Monica Ballroom, perched over the Pacific Ocean on the Santa Monica Pier in Southern California. Robert soon finds himself recruited by Rocky, the contest's promoter and emcee, as a substitute partner for a cynical malcontent named Gloria Beatty, after her original partner is disqualified due to bronchitis.
Among the other marathon contestants, competing for a prize of $1,500 in silver dollars and hoping to be spotted by the Hollywood celebrities and talent scouts in the audience, are retired sailor Harry Kline; Alice, an emotionally-fragile aspiring actress from London, and her partner Joel, also an aspiring actor; and impoverished farm worker James and his pregnant wife Ruby. Early in the marathon the weaker pairs are eliminated quickly, while Rocky observes the vulnerabilities of the stronger contestants and exploits them for the audience's amusement. The arena also employs quack doctors to cover up the extreme physical and mental damage to the participants. Frayed nerves are exacerbated by the theft of one of Alice's dresses (especially when Robert discovers that Rocky himself stole it in order to create artificial drama to entertain the audience) and Gloria's displeasure at the attention Alice receives from Robert. In retaliation, she takes Joel as her partner, but when he receives a job offer and departs, she aligns herself with Harry.
Weeks into the marathon, in order to spark the paying spectators' enthusiasm, Rocky stages a series of derbies in which the exhausted contestants, clad in track suits, must race around the dance floor, with the last three couples eliminated. Harry has a fatal heart attack during one of the races, but the undeterred Gloria lifts him on her back and crosses the finish line. Harry dies as Gloria drags his body along the floor. After Harry's body collapses, Rocky assures the audience that he is merely suffering from heat exhaustion, and the unknowing crowd cheers for him as medics remove his corpse from the dance floor. The incident causes Alice to have a nervous breakdown. Disgusted that she made physical contact with Harry's deceased body, she showers without having removed her clothes. Seeing that she is in no condition to continue the contest, Rocky eliminates her from the competition. Lacking partners, Robert and Gloria again pair up.
Rocky suggests the couple marry during the marathon, a publicity stunt guaranteed to earn them some cash, in the form of gifts from supporters such as Mrs. Laydon, a wealthy woman who has sponsored them throughout the contest. When Gloria refuses, he reveals the contest is not what it appears: expenses will be deducted from the prize money, leaving the winner with close to nothing. Shocked by the revelation, Robert and Gloria drop out of the competition. While packing up her things, Gloria searches for one of her silk stockings; when Robert finds it but accidentally tears it handing it to her, she breaks down sobbing.
The two leave the dance hall and stand on the pier, overlooking the ocean. Gloria confesses how empty she feels, and that she is tired of her life. She takes out a gun and points it at herself, but cannot bring herself to pull the trigger. Desperate, she asks Robert, "Help me." He obliges, and shoots her in the head, killing her. When questioned by the police as to the motive for his action, Robert responds: "They shoot horses, don't they?" Meanwhile, the marathon, having now gone up to 1,491 hours, continues with a few remaining couples.
Cast
Jane Fonda as Gloria Beatty
Michael Sarrazin as Robert Syverton
Susannah York as Alice LeBlanc
Gig Young as Rocky Gravo
Red Buttons as Harry Kline (Sailor)
Bonnie Bedelia as Ruby Bates
Michael Conrad as Rollo
Bruce Dern as James Bates
Al Lewis as "Turkey"
Robert Fields as Joel Girard
Severn Darden as Cecil
Allyn Ann McLerie as Shirl
Madge Kennedy as Mrs. Laydon
Jacquelyn Hyde as Jackie
Felice Orlandi as Mario
Arthur Metrano as Max
Paul Mantee as "Jiggs"
Production
Development
In the early 1950s, Norman Lloyd and Charlie Chaplin were looking for a project on which to collaborate, with Lloyd as director and Chaplin as producer. Lloyd purchased the rights to Horace McCoy's novel for $3,000 and planned to cast Chaplin's son, Sydney, and newcomer Marilyn Monroe in the lead roles. Once arrangements were completed, in 1952 Chaplin took his family on what was intended to be a brief trip to the United Kingdom for the London premiere of Limelight. During this trip, in part because Chaplin was accused of being a Communist supporter during the McCarthy era, FBI head J. Edgar Hoover negotiated with the Immigration and Naturalization Service to revoke his re-entry permit and the film project was cancelled. When the rights to the book reverted to McCoy's heirs sixteen years later (he had died in 1955), they refused to renew the deal with Lloyd, since nothing had come of his original plans.
A script was written by James Poe, who wanted to direct. The rights were bought by Palomar Pictures, whose president was then Edgar Scherick. Scherick offered the project to the producing team of Bob Chartoff and Irwin Winkler, who were enthusiastic, but felt the script needed a rewrite and that they would struggle to make the film for Scherick's desired budget of $900,000. They also had concerns about Poe's ability as a director and worried that he was too arrogant.
Mia Farrow was interested in starring but Scherick felt her fee of $500,000 was too high. Eventually it was agreed to show the script to Jane Fonda, who was interested. Michael Sarrazin was borrowed from Universal to play the male lead. Scherick eventually agreed to raise the budget to $4 million. Martin Baum (agent) became head of ABC Pictures and Winkler says Baum arranged for Scherick to be fired. Baum wanted the second female lead to be played by Susannah York though Poe had promised the role to his then-girlfriend. Winkler says it was Baum who suggested Red Buttons and Gig Young, and pushed for Poe to be fired. The producers were reluctant especially as Jane Fonda liked Poe and had director approval. Winkler arranged for Poe to direct a screen test for Bonnie Bedelia with Fonda; the test did not go well and Fonda became less enthusiastic about Poe's capabilities as a director. Poe was fired from the project.
The main candidates to replace Poe were William Friedkin, Sydney Pollack and Jack Smight. According to Winkler, Smight wanted $250,000, Friedkin wanted $200,000 and Pollack was willing to do it for $150,000. Pollack got the job.
Fonda said she was originally unimpressed by the script, but her husband Roger Vadim, who saw similarities between the book and works of the French existentialists, urged her to reconsider.
Meeting with Pollack to discuss the script, she was surprised when he asked for her opinion. She later said, "It was the first time a director asked me for input on how I saw the character and the story." She read the script with a critical eye, made notes on the character and later observed in her autobiography, "It was a germinal moment [for me] ... This was the first time in my life as an actor that I was working on a film about larger societal issues, and instead of my professional work feeling peripheral to life, it felt relevant." Troubled about problems in her marriage at the time, she drew on her personal anguish to help her with her characterization.
Pollack had the script rewritten by Robert Thompson.
Warren Beatty originally was considered for the role of Robert Syverton and Pollack's first choice for Rocky was character actor Lionel Stander.
Shooting
During filming there was an issue with Susannah York, who wanted a guarantee she would be able to make Country Dance. When this was not forthcoming, it seemed she would have to be replaced and Pollack suggested Sally Kellerman. However, York relented and agreed to make the film.
The film uses the unusual technique of flashforward (glimpses of the future). It occurs during the last 18 minutes of the film, as passages appear foreshadowing the fate of Robert, just before the tragic ending. Costar Gig Young was noted for his deep characterization of Rocky: he patterned his character after the bandleader and radio personality Ben Bernie, and used Bernie's famous catchphrase, "Yowza! Yowza! Yowza!", for the character in the film.
Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack features numerous standards from the era. These include:
"Easy Come, Easy Go" by Johnny Green and Edward Heyman
"Sweet Sue, Just You" by Victor Young and Will J. Harris
"Paradise" by Nacio Herb Brown and Gordon Clifford
"Coquette" by Johnny Green, Carmen Lombardo, and Gus Kahn
"The Japanese Sandman" by Richard A. Whiting and Ray Egan
"By the Beautiful Sea" by Harry Carroll and Harold R. Atteridge
"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler
"The Best Things in Life Are Free" by Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, and Ray Henderson
"Body and Soul" by Johnny Green, Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, and Frank Eyton
"I Cover the Waterfront" by Johnny Green and Edward Heyman
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" by Jay Gorney and E. Y. Harburg
"I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" by Harry Warren, Billy Rose, and Mort Dixon
"Out of Nowhere" by Johnny Green and Edward Heyman
"California, Here I Come" by Buddy DeSylva, Joseph Meyer, and Al Jolson
The ballroom band consisted of several professional jazz musicians, all uncredited. The band was led by Bobby Hutcherson and included Hugh Bell, Ronnie Bright, Teddy Buckner, Hadley Caliman, Teddy Edwards, Thurman Green, Joe Harris, Ike Isaacs, Harold Land and Les Robertson.
A soundtrack album was released on ABC Records in 1969.
Release
The film opened December 10, 1969 at the Fine Arts Theatre in New York City.
Reception
Box office
The film was a box office success, grossing $12.6 million in the United States and Canada on a $4.86 million budget, generating theatrical rentals of $5.98 million making it the 16th highest-grossing film of 1969. It grossed $28,000 in its opening week.
Critical response
The film was screened at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition. In the United States, the film was applauded for portraying the Depression era.
Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four and named it as one of the best American movies of the 1970s:
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? is a masterful re-creation of the [dance] marathon era for audiences that are mostly unfamiliar with it. In addition to everything else it does, "Horses" holds our attention because it tells us something we didn't know about human nature and American society. It tells us a lot more than that, of course, but because it works on this fundamental level as well. It is one of the best American movies of the 1970s.
In his review in The New York Times, Vincent Canby said,
The movie is far from being perfect, but it is so disturbing in such important ways that I won't forget it very easily, which is more than can be said of much better, more consistent films ... The movie is by far the best thing that Pollack has ever directed (with the possible exception of The Scalphunters). While the cameras remain, as if they had been sentenced, within the ballroom, picking up the details of the increasing despair of the dancers, the movie becomes an epic of exhaustion and futility.
Variety said, "Puffy-eyed, unshaven, reeking of stale liquor, sweat and cigarettes, Young has never looked older or acted better. Fonda ... gives a dramatic performance that gives the film a personal focus and an emotionally gripping power."
TV Guide rated the film four out of a possible four stars and said,
Although it is at times heavy-handed, They Shoot Horses, Don't They? is a tour de force of acting. Fonda here got her first chance to prove herself as a serious, dramatic actress ... Young is superb in his role, a sharp switch from his usual bon vivant parts ... Pollack does one of his best jobs of directing, even if his primary strength lies in his rapport with actors. The look of the film is just right and Pollack skillfully evokes the ratty atmosphere amid which explosive emotions come to a boil ... [It] remains a suitably glum yet cathartic film experience.
In 1996, Steve Simels of Entertainment Weekly observed, "Sydney Pollack's dance-marathon movie has probably aged better than any American film of its time."
Accolades
Home media
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? was released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 1999. It was later reissued on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on October 19, 2004. Kino Lorber released the film for the first time on Blu-ray on September 5, 2017.
Legacy
Turner Classic Movies observed, "By popularizing the title of McCoy's novel, [the film] gave American argot a catch-phrase that's as recognizable today as when the movie first caught on."
See also
List of American films of 1969
References
Sources
External links
1969 films
1960s dance films
1969 drama films
1969 independent films
1960s psychological drama films
ABC Motion Pictures films
American dance films
American drama films
American films
American independent films
American neo-noir films
American psychological drama films
Cinerama Releasing Corporation films
English-language films
Films about competitions
Films about death
Films about Hollywood
Films about suicide
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Sydney Pollack
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Irwin Winkler
Films produced by Robert Chartoff
Films scored by Johnny Green
Films set in 1932
Films set in Santa Monica, California
Films with screenplays by James Poe
Great Depression films
Murder in films
Publicity stunts in fiction | [
0.3513261079788208,
0.45383554697036743,
-1.1742548942565918,
-0.03619273751974106,
0.22418497502803802,
0.40619808435440063,
0.5077615976333618,
-0.2505779266357422,
-0.3496565818786621,
0.33337631821632385,
0.42747899889945984,
1.1073553562164307,
-0.11511771380901337,
-0.22345343232154846,
-0.10734368115663528,
0.11007394641637802,
0.5648313760757446,
0.08792955428361893,
-0.18656255304813385,
-0.695066511631012,
-0.1969839334487915,
-0.7176898717880249,
0.45154109597206116,
0.01419039536267519,
-0.7835830450057983,
0.7090033888816833,
0.1075764000415802,
0.201344296336174,
0.06256385892629623,
-0.15808890759944916,
0.16942289471626282,
0.275232195854187,
-0.32886457443237305,
0.15512464940547943,
-0.5281178951263428,
0.3699658513069153,
0.10099263489246368,
0.10077851265668869,
0.23230993747711182,
-0.6792029738426208,
-0.08706947416067123,
0.025078309699892998,
-0.12951509654521942,
0.1790776252746582,
-0.475119024515152,
-0.5401232838630676,
-0.7537704706192017,
-0.20876286923885345,
-0.7746601104736328,
-0.2156054675579071,
-0.003501415718346834,
0.48311179876327515,
0.08995257318019867,
0.6219046711921692,
0.24227608740329742,
0.7116389870643616,
-0.5388507843017578,
-0.3504350185394287,
-0.5268923044204712,
-0.2791179418563843,
0.3657199740409851,
-0.05029573664069176,
0.6481254696846008,
0.2466764897108078,
0.19065910577774048,
0.6629879474639893,
-0.08947639912366867,
0.33498498797416687,
0.7806960940361023,
-0.037723179906606674,
-0.13164697587490082,
-0.6760237812995911,
0.21347668766975403,
0.22829847037792206,
0.28840914368629456,
-0.13851521909236908,
0.19173134863376617,
0.15240013599395752,
-0.40711912512779236,
-0.12236716598272324,
0.3596894145011902,
-0.3969024121761322,
0.7712052464485168,
0.335662841796875,
0.10017085820436478,
0.37412238121032715,
-0.2439083755016327,
-0.008379445411264896,
0.10341982543468475,
0.18519935011863708,
-0.14027394354343414,
-0.3091851472854614,
-0.2750359773635864,
0.6265232563018799,
-0.4165413975715637,
0.2124798744916916,
0.2947932779788971,
-0.2658047378063202,
0.42736271023750305,
0.16796275973320007,
0.21212229132652283,
-0.0008466974832117558,
0.4707896411418915,
-0.12517458200454712,
-0.2687762975692749,
0.04124946892261505,
0.29073289036750793,
-0.879446804523468,
0.0987451896071434,
0.5055683851242065,
-0.51615309715271,
-0.06745880842208862,
0.3891216218471527,
-0.1795814335346222,
-0.5302216410636902,
0.19142775237560272,
0.49054163694381714,
-0.501615583896637,
-0.5446434020996094,
0.4918988049030304,
-0.08104314655065536,
0.37280595302581787,
-0.1121012419462204,
0.988778293132782,
-0.6664815545082092,
0.5407804846763611,
0.2705402970314026,
0.8348028659820557,
-0.14154592156410217,
0.03192570433020592,
-0.16405218839645386,
0.3205530345439911,
-0.2165343016386032,
0.081900954246521,
0.16467691957950592,
-0.262741357088089,
0.36740219593048096,
0.12701520323753357,
-0.2161460816860199,
0.10371781885623932,
-0.8449981212615967,
0.07342039793729782,
0.1582881361246109,
-0.42813849449157715,
0.290605753660202,
-0.5789490342140198,
0.021745899692177773,
-0.7238826155662537,
0.21869096159934998,
0.026505203917622566,
-0.18633520603179932,
-0.022901106625795364,
0.37620866298675537,
-0.6404469013214111,
-0.6888480186462402,
0.4241190552711487,
0.003462388413026929,
0.006218160968273878,
-0.0939597487449646,
-0.17762711644172668,
0.29298216104507446,
-0.037085406482219696,
0.4093056619167328,
-0.034744635224342346,
-0.25094616413116455,
-0.22344675660133362,
0.5481054782867432,
-0.36962974071502686,
-0.5516355633735657,
0.22968709468841553,
-0.46109384298324585,
-0.28787440061569214,
0.14206261932849884,
-0.11216386407613754,
-0.11353721469640732,
0.1224137395620346,
0.32849007844924927,
0.5784502029418945,
0.15116247534751892,
0.21658654510974884,
-0.4572893977165222,
0.41498902440071106,
0.3197094798088074,
-0.546637773513794,
0.12414480745792389,
0.01955176517367363,
0.07304452359676361,
-0.6988102197647095,
-0.5107857584953308,
-0.13920466601848602,
-0.6756346225738525,
-0.24162933230400085,
0.5465901494026184,
-0.2507283687591553,
1.4057239294052124,
-0.6523114442825317,
-0.34835365414619446,
0.029474131762981415,
0.02868569828569889,
0.3518737554550171,
-0.16913218796253204,
-0.356972336769104,
0.7112210988998413,
-0.15227550268173218,
-0.8728197813034058,
-0.2910204231739044,
-0.10688596963882446,
0.43185004591941833,
0.7805986404418945,
0.46717211604118347,
0.2703937888145447,
-0.19682952761650085,
0.5008305311203003,
0.1112482100725174,
0.1818128079175949,
0.37107768654823303,
-0.5441237092018127,
0.2758086323738098,
0.42152833938598633,
-0.33353105187416077,
0.5005287528038025,
0.26084497570991516,
-0.11872956156730652,
0.5358631610870361,
-0.16548727452754974,
0.5115020275115967,
0.4201962649822235,
-0.025138918310403824,
0.021584980189800262,
-1.1942600011825562,
0.5921416878700256,
0.749313235282898,
-0.11384953558444977,
-0.40569230914115906,
-0.05260913446545601,
0.12936118245124817,
0.26789572834968567,
-0.39123594760894775,
-0.06814366579055786,
-0.3634454905986786,
0.5296683311462402,
0.82345050573349,
-0.4938370883464813,
0.4162943661212921,
0.12014258652925491,
-0.19581100344657898,
0.5925046801567078,
0.12966233491897583,
-0.6265379190444946,
-0.582124650478363,
0.46608054637908936,
0.6731066703796387,
0.3251255452632904,
0.07427738606929779,
0.26721054315567017,
-0.08756899833679199,
-0.39710938930511475,
0.00222806166857481,
0.7098655700683594,
-0.2903144359588623,
0.01121447328478098,
0.38434988260269165,
0.5373250246047974,
0.510630190372467,
-0.34819501638412476,
-0.6842280626296997,
-0.4055282175540924,
-0.613353431224823,
-0.40420079231262207,
0.32975152134895325,
0.6869924664497375,
0.3734046518802643,
0.033440738916397095,
0.5148300528526306,
0.24155528843402863,
-0.2828463315963745,
-0.010309074074029922,
0.1104629784822464,
-0.6849828362464905,
-0.36275777220726013,
0.2207871675491333,
0.7983566522598267,
0.3457384407520294,
-0.018325457349419594,
0.0021617445163428783,
-0.12330818176269531,
-0.4807768762111664,
-0.09952143579721451,
0.23245646059513092,
0.12277872860431671,
0.1512858122587204,
0.5225712060928345,
-0.30784735083580017,
-0.10986358672380447,
-0.2904004752635956,
-0.23052643239498138,
-0.023168860003352165,
0.8775570392608643,
0.2642253339290619,
0.06537377834320068,
-0.42060184478759766,
0.6252764463424683,
-0.34551191329956055,
-0.009606732986867428,
0.37455758452415466,
-0.31833791732788086,
-0.03727579489350319,
-0.40156590938568115,
-5.437318325042725,
0.22105884552001953,
-0.3084913194179535,
-0.4645726978778839,
0.6427869200706482,
-0.19827161729335785,
0.32931897044181824,
-0.7774543762207031,
0.08267799764871597,
0.26876100897789,
0.2949492931365967,
-0.3583214282989502,
-0.5011574029922485,
0.06037246435880661,
0.25057199597358704,
-0.09640704840421677,
-0.10701880604028702,
-0.29836538434028625,
-0.21029923856258392,
0.21881990134716034,
-0.19103692471981049,
-0.09883276373147964,
0.10016732662916183,
0.6678902506828308,
-0.36774104833602905,
1.2586889266967773,
-0.45594555139541626,
-0.06777437776327133,
-0.5148448348045349,
0.08190999180078506,
-0.17074525356292725,
-0.387776255607605,
-0.06210130453109741,
0.07001958042383194,
-0.5896064043045044,
-0.19963577389717102,
0.40072208642959595,
-0.2575240433216095,
0.3142642378807068,
-0.22617055475711823,
-0.5943248867988586,
0.33817073702812195,
-0.05101882293820381,
0.024115098640322685,
0.4045608937740326,
-0.6930359601974487,
-0.36318913102149963,
-0.4014338254928589,
0.43420520424842834,
0.28228795528411865,
0.3466658294200897,
0.28514364361763,
0.05535998195409775,
0.48190972208976746,
0.011325966566801071,
-0.1466737538576126,
0.09379667043685913,
0.013834413141012192,
0.040268898010253906,
0.4071768522262573,
-0.0016948780976235867,
-0.276547908782959,
-0.6005109548568726,
-0.032182566821575165,
0.17560654878616333,
-0.29942622780799866,
0.05400567129254341,
-0.2120574563741684,
-0.020152825862169266,
0.34795844554901123,
0.2538955807685852,
0.3784717619419098,
-0.090614452958107,
-1.3029166460037231,
0.5630306601524353,
-0.2356574982404709,
0.23612253367900848,
0.03002978302538395,
-0.1450398862361908,
0.007788232993334532,
0.33830171823501587,
-0.23594880104064941,
0.4004019796848297,
-0.11195367574691772,
0.3111532926559448,
-0.12380313873291016,
-0.19741737842559814,
-0.20940762758255005,
-0.39235296845436096,
-0.5284594893455505,
0.7940775156021118,
-0.300235778093338,
0.528330385684967,
1.028926134109497,
0.05660676583647728,
0.5147135257720947,
0.43468308448791504,
0.2680930197238922,
0.10733246058225632,
-0.11230870336294174,
-0.20888012647628784,
-0.2278878390789032,
-0.01229633018374443,
-0.8538397550582886,
-0.7592745423316956,
-0.769856870174408,
0.25875404477119446,
1.136081576347351,
0.869657039642334,
-0.397673636674881,
-0.07786011695861816,
-0.7248978614807129,
0.11553701758384705,
-0.7127004861831665,
0.031184129416942596,
-0.1723908931016922,
0.14450514316558838,
0.529353141784668,
0.34503185749053955,
0.3225567042827606,
0.23499049246311188,
0.5114700198173523,
-0.764066755771637,
-0.5336599349975586,
-0.17604045569896698,
0.09518439322710037,
0.6032214164733887,
-0.162493497133255,
0.443392813205719,
-0.37166815996170044,
-1.0790222883224487,
-0.055671025067567825,
0.04303311929106712,
0.2777048349380493,
0.038594938814640045,
-0.5312086939811707,
-0.5654107332229614,
0.1482626348733902,
0.37735816836357117,
0.5634021759033203,
0.11761614680290222,
0.06549800932407379,
-0.11861784756183624,
0.784755527973175,
0.4295313060283661,
-0.19052346050739288,
-0.18874189257621765,
-0.3297516703605652,
-0.16084301471710205,
0.13235831260681152,
-0.42839106917381287,
-0.19892685115337372,
0.4724027216434479,
-0.3864959478378296,
-0.09242209047079086,
-0.30672910809516907,
-0.3257042169570923,
0.10565651208162308,
0.02730429731309414,
-0.4507094621658325,
0.3437413275241852,
0.306633859872818,
-0.9678493738174438,
0.003123606787994504,
-0.10087358951568604,
0.23632825911045074,
0.2832764685153961,
-0.92108553647995,
-0.9284300804138184,
0.6019716262817383,
0.08891431242227554,
-0.31259772181510925,
0.24968764185905457,
0.24804246425628662,
0.011189893819391727,
0.28182604908943176,
-0.14611518383026123,
0.24939808249473572,
0.1409156769514084,
-0.12226328998804092,
0.12439604103565216,
-0.028998451307415962,
-0.6328074932098389,
0.3067825138568878,
0.3052249848842621,
-0.4236220419406891,
-0.31598609685897827,
-0.3149089813232422,
-0.20789383351802826,
0.3848276734352112,
0.2899273931980133,
0.3203512132167816,
0.48721998929977417,
0.43743786215782166,
-0.8040034174919128,
0.003281292738392949,
-0.17060048878192902,
-0.7143616080284119,
-0.2037525475025177,
-0.5336465835571289,
0.5054327249526978,
0.33209294080734253,
-0.03423776477575302,
-0.31335222721099854,
0.1145399734377861,
-0.7399812936782837,
0.0818888247013092,
0.48615705966949463,
-0.7328878045082092,
0.8418464064598083,
-0.19588366150856018,
-0.5965891480445862,
-0.11328967660665512,
0.4392794668674469,
-0.3472345471382141,
-0.3273456394672394,
0.33890005946159363,
-0.33858463168144226,
0.04614971950650215,
0.04633335769176483,
-0.3574431240558624,
-0.5557202696800232,
-1.0430707931518555,
-0.16060711443424225,
-0.9816332459449768,
0.46202924847602844,
-0.1339099407196045,
-0.7442219257354736,
0.517379105091095,
-0.8529204726219177,
-0.8828908205032349,
0.24402469396591187,
0.025858459994196892,
0.3242022693157196,
-0.3211374282836914,
0.31308305263519287,
0.2462683618068695,
0.32359573245048523,
-0.006895295809954405,
0.08988364785909653,
0.23232300579547882,
1.2741994857788086,
0.5001753568649292,
0.5574141144752502,
0.2800322473049164,
0.48327580094337463,
-0.1699075847864151,
-1.187867283821106,
-0.3033753037452698,
0.042461469769477844,
0.24360038340091705,
0.3415348529815674,
-0.42919421195983887,
0.16888828575611115,
0.10517456382513046,
-0.6595394015312195,
0.2758531868457794,
0.38029125332832336,
-0.2565407156944275,
0.2923472821712494,
0.01890033856034279,
0.6623387932777405,
-0.6327431797981262,
-0.16924238204956055,
0.08530444651842117,
0.29201820492744446,
-0.1383136808872223,
-0.20502927899360657,
0.5690198540687561,
0.3398524224758148,
-0.31449538469314575,
-0.4266756772994995,
0.4103105366230011,
0.07573750615119934,
0.17022523283958435,
0.2888481914997101,
-0.5321176648139954,
-1.0181583166122437,
-0.04751848429441452,
-0.5200514793395996,
-0.26052412390708923,
0.48307058215141296,
-0.25615155696868896,
-0.5433782339096069,
-0.19339005649089813,
-0.36359137296676636,
0.0023611029610037804,
-0.8700560331344604,
-0.4979662001132965,
0.28775250911712646,
-0.6950342655181885,
0.02271239645779133,
-0.00959139782935381,
-0.15448766946792603,
0.725246250629425,
0.17535163462162018,
0.40003326535224915,
0.4456872045993805,
-0.5352152585983276,
0.31932252645492554,
-0.5115269422531128,
0.673814058303833,
0.12828998267650604,
-0.5505689978599548,
-0.0736866444349289,
0.06932621449232101,
0.0939716100692749,
-0.2840469777584076,
-0.3551940321922302,
0.4295383393764496,
-0.4199502766132355,
-0.33942005038261414,
0.09845250844955444,
0.6166033148765564,
-0.19744037091732025,
-0.45065218210220337,
0.7870351076126099,
-0.49054768681526184,
-0.03495398163795471,
0.15763549506664276,
0.16914860904216766,
0.05726855620741844,
0.8216052651405334,
-0.28654080629348755,
-0.4895339012145996,
0.3768574297428131,
-0.3110368549823761,
0.6472427248954773,
0.49743661284446716,
0.09880778193473816,
0.2832912802696228,
-0.2282004952430725,
-0.10024698823690414,
0.329536110162735,
-0.584064781665802,
0.013444839976727962,
-0.045248452574014664,
-0.8762152791023254,
0.033117856830358505,
0.12145116180181503,
-0.029711656272411346,
-0.11534126847982407,
0.29871174693107605,
-0.15202584862709045,
0.11617135256528854,
0.02863612398505211,
0.7973013520240784,
-0.29770153760910034,
0.274161159992218,
-0.30852439999580383,
0.18814444541931152,
-0.12259286642074585,
0.41538989543914795,
-0.5461418628692627,
0.8921005725860596,
0.23683707416057587,
-0.4734635651111603,
0.38440605998039246,
-0.07938605546951294,
0.06286945194005966,
-0.5739327669143677,
-0.5980965495109558,
0.5131278038024902,
0.41588452458381653,
0.6490862369537354,
0.5530690550804138,
0.004594200290739536,
-0.3214910626411438,
-0.1258850246667862,
0.2019280046224594,
-0.23817148804664612,
0.40650251507759094,
-0.11668118089437485,
-0.21530480682849884,
0.7683688998222351,
0.5976204872131348,
-0.14417244493961334,
-0.09123526513576508,
0.17925751209259033,
0.06313711404800415,
-0.1304599791765213,
0.30312731862068176,
-0.6598020792007446,
-0.23540304601192474,
0.48734185099601746,
-0.5682947635650635,
-0.480313777923584,
-0.22894224524497986,
-0.2839561998844147,
-0.9691872000694275,
0.33747413754463196,
-0.7762799263000488,
-0.058723125606775284,
0.17657218873500824,
-0.026329629123210907,
-0.5142924189567566,
-0.19574619829654694,
0.7697018980979919,
-0.29590457677841187,
0.47417277097702026,
0.09446116536855698,
0.440804123878479,
0.031104257330298424,
0.26718080043792725,
-0.014658262021839619,
-0.2009533792734146,
-0.31128621101379395,
0.788806140422821,
-0.9675634503364563,
0.11679412424564362,
-0.15543869137763977,
-0.20429934561252594,
0.18242070078849792,
0.35937225818634033,
-0.09579489380121231,
-0.7551788091659546,
0.611587643623352,
0.016658231616020203,
-0.18433316051959991,
-0.26417335867881775,
-0.49632343649864197,
-0.792815089225769,
0.08497954159975052,
0.14228235185146332,
-0.4577254056930542,
0.1930829882621765,
0.3693699836730957,
-0.41592612862586975,
-0.2697959244251251,
0.5693987607955933,
0.29266470670700073,
0.5124625563621521,
-0.05183304846286774,
-0.6947916150093079,
0.06380615383386612,
-0.5948434472084045,
0.6103906631469727,
0.8254410028457642,
0.48258838057518005,
-0.11805161833763123,
1.2328468561172485,
-0.1933102011680603,
0.25235244631767273,
0.26642534136772156,
0.27876415848731995,
-0.366351455450058,
-0.32414382696151733,
-0.5698050856590271,
-0.5606415867805481,
1.1178971529006958,
-0.43914133310317993,
-0.4643990099430084,
-0.10108417272567749,
-1.0994049310684204,
-0.5722521543502808,
0.37872248888015747,
0.25445860624313354,
-0.4649471640586853,
0.4134068787097931,
-0.8284406065940857
] |
217777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational%20entertainment | Educational entertainment | Educational entertainment (also referred to as edutainment) is media designed to educate through entertainment. It's a term used as early as 1954 by Walt Disney. Most often it includes content intended to teach but has incidental entertainment value. It has been used by academia, corporations, governments, and other entities in various countries to disseminate information in classrooms and/or via television, radio, and other media to influence viewers' opinions and behaviors.
History
Concept
Interest in combining education with entertainment, especially in order to make learning more enjoyable, has existed for hundreds of years, with the Renaissance and Enlightenment being movements in which this combination was presented to students. Komenský in particular is affiliated with the “school as play” concept, which proposes pedagogy with dramatic or delightful elements.
Poor Richard’s Almanack demonstrates early implementation of edutainment, with Benjamin Franklin combining entertaining and educational content, such as puzzles and rules of conduct, into an instructional entity for colonists.
Later development of the concept of edutainment can be tied to Walt Disney, with his first educational short film, Tommy Tucker’s Tooth, being commissioned and shot in 1922 for the Deneer Dental Institute. The entry of the U.S. into World War II also had a major impact on the popularity of educational entertainment, as a relationship between Disney and the U.S. government formed; Disney was able to experiment with educational and nonfiction films in a way that continued even after the war, with series such as True-Life Adventures and Disneyland. In the transcript of an interview with Alexander P. de Seversky from The Walt Disney Archives, of which its date and interviewer is unknown, the following quotation is found:Since the 1970s, various groups in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Latin America have used edutainment to address health and social issues such as substance abuse, immunization, teenage pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. Initiatives in major universities, such as Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs and the University of Wisconsin–Madison, NGOs such as PCI-Media Impact, and government agencies such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have produced edutainment content.
Modern forms of edutainment include television productions, film, museum exhibits, and computer software which use entertainment to attract and maintain an audience, while incorporating deliberate educational content or messages. It is also apparent that educational elements are becoming implemented into traditionally recreational realms, such as vacations and games.
Terminology
The term edutainment was used as early as 1954 by Walt Disney to describe the True Life Adventures series. The noun edutainment is a neologistic portmanteau used by Robert Heyman in 1973 while producing documentaries for the National Geographic Society. It was used by Dr. Chris Daniels in 1975 to encapsulate the theme of his Millennium Project. This project later became known as The Elysian World Project. The terms “edutainment” (and “busitainment”) were used in 2001 to explain how the CRUMPET project, on context-aware and personalised Tourism, refers to people travelling for adventure yet who also travel for education and business and who do not perceive themselves as classical “tourists”. The offshoot word "Edutainer" has been used by Craig Sim Webb since before the turn of the millennium to describe an individual who offers edutainment presentations and performances.
Application
Audio and video
Schoolhouse Rock, Wishbone, Sesame Street, and Bill Nye the Science Guy are examples of shows that use music and video to teach topics like math, science, and history. Using music to aid memory dates back to the passing of ancient oral traditions, including the Iliad and the Odyssey. Much of what edutainment can offer through audio and video especially, is accessible over the internet on platforms such as YouTube, with such channels as Vsauce, CGP Grey, MinutePhysics, Meet Arnold, Veritasium, and Crash Course.
Public Service Broadcasting is a band that incorporates audio and footage from the British Film Institute into their music and performances, and this partnership helps the British Film Institute showcase its material; their album Inform—Educate—Entertain, which covers topics such as the climbing of Mount Everest and highway safety, demonstrates the connection between the concept of edutainment and their music.
Film and television
Motion pictures with educational content appeared as early as 1943, such as Private Snafu, and can still be seen in films such as An Inconvenient Truth. After World War II, educational entertainment shifted towards television. Television programs can be divided into three main categories: those with primarily educational intentions, those with a high degree of both education and entertainment, and entertainment shows with incidental or occasional educational value.
Mexican TV producer Miguel Sabido pioneered in the 1970s a form of edutainment via telenovelas, "soap operas for social change". The "Sabido method" has been adopted in many other countries subsequently, including India, Peru, Kenya, and China. In Mexico, the government in the 1970s successfully used a telenovela to promote family planning to curb the country's high birth rate.
The third season of the television show MTV Shuga was analyzed by researchers and then published online in 2017 in terms of its effects related to its goal of educating African youth about sexual health and HIV, and secondarily, gender-based violence. In the randomized control trials, those in the treatment group who watched the show for six months were “almost twice as likely” to get tested at HIV testing centers; mixed results were found in regards to the show's effects on gender-based violence.
According to the article "Walt Disney: Master of Laughter and Learning," Walt Disney believed in education through the entertainment of film and television. He is known as the master of communications who brought both entertainment and education into the world in distinctive ways. His creation of mickey mouse and his adventures taught his audience that life is not always so simple, there will be obstacles that will stand in your way. Mickey mouse's is unpolished and imperfect which makes him so realistic to his audience. In many of his stories we see him battle and adventure which he overcomes teach a value in life for viewers, keep going in life. Disney achieved and educational characteristic in his work through the picture series of live animals in their natural habitat by which some film techniques added to the drama of the series. This series was one that satisfied Walt Disney the most as it obtained both the qualities of entertainment and education, which was the characteristics of this series.
Healthcare
Educating the public about health issues is a focus for many stakeholders, including the pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, several initiatives have used educational entertainment principles to highlight specific conditions or wider healthcare issues. Examples include In Memory about dementia, Millefeuille about psoriasis and This is Axiom about the challenges facing the UK's National Health Service.
Games
Games fulfill a number of educational purposes. Some games may be explicitly designed with education in mind, while others may have incidental or secondary educational value. All types of games, including board, card, quizzes, and video games, may be used in an educational environment. Educational games are designed to teach people about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand an historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play.
According to Paraskeva (2010), at least 68% of American households play video games. Many recent research articles postulate education and gaming can be joined to provide academic benefits.
According to Van Eck (2006), there are three reasons why games are considered learning tools: 1. Ongoing research that has included the last 20 years of educational findings have proven that digital games can be educational; 2. The new generation of today wants "multiple streams of information" (p. 1), which includes quick and frequent interaction that allows inductive reasoning; and 3. The mere popularity of games has created a billion-dollar industry. The idea of playing a game assumes the person is engaging in that activity by choice. The activity should have some value of "fun". This does not mean that the person is engaging in the activity only for leisure pursuits; it can also include the desire to learn a skill, connect with other gamers (social community), and spend time in a chosen activity. The activity needs to remain one of choice for the gamer.
Kim (2008) supports the use of off-the-shelf games with meta-cognitive strategies to provide an increase in students' cognitive performance.Computers and Education, 52, 800-810
Radio and podcasts
Radio can serve as an effective vehicle for educational entertainment. The British radio soap opera The Archers has for decades been systematically educating its audience on agricultural matters; likewise, the Tanzanian radio soap opera Twende na Wakati ("Let's Go With the Times") was written primarily to promote family planning.
Likewise, podcasts have begun to exemplify the concept of edutainment, with some radio programs also becoming available in this digital format. Not only are there are series with educational elements that are listened to recreationally, but there are also podcasts used as an educational tool. Lessons based on podcasts have increased in popularity, with TeachersPayTeachers finding that lesson plans relating to podcasts rose in downloads by 21 percent and 650 percent in 2014 and 2015, respectively, which corresponded with the release of Serial.
Other successful radio programs and/or podcasts that have fused entertainment and education include:
DJ Nihal's BBC Radio 1 radio show which centered around 'edutainment'. He mentions this term each time the show is broadcast.
"The Lawsons/Blue Hills" – a radio program that was designed to help Australian farmers adjust to new farming methods.
"Tinka Tinka Sukh" – a Hindi-language radio program that results in environmental and health improvements in India.
Soul City – A successful South African radio serial drama that carried AIDS prevention messages.
The Donut Shop – A successful internet radio show talk about educational games that they think could be used in today's schools.
Radio Ado and its radiodrama "Pildoritas de la Vida Real", a Mexican radio soap opera designed to disseminate sexual education among teenagers. This radiodrama was produced by the University of Guadalajara and teenagers from Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
Khirki Mehendiwali – In an endeavour to improve maternal and child health practices in Bihar, a 37 episode long Radio Show Khirki Mehendiwali was created for the rural audience by BBC Media Action, India. Each approximately 15-minute episode beautifully blends information with entertainment to disseminate one specific message on maternal and child health. The show provides a window to the world to its rural listeners by not only giving them a glimpse of the world outside but also unlocking voices, feelings, dreams and information, which they had hitherto not heard or experienced.Freakonomics Radio — A radio program, which is also released as a podcast, in which the complexities of everyday life are discussed by the author and co-author of the corresponding book, Freakonomics.Invisibilia — The podcast series aspires to "explore the invisible forces that shape human behavior — things like ideas, beliefs, assumptions and emotions."RadioLab — A radio program, which is also available as a podcast, that combines the studies of science, philosophy, and human nature.Science Friday — A radio program that is also released as a podcast, which discusses science in a fun way.Stuff You Should Know — A podcast that educates listeners about various topics while employing a conversational tone.TED Radio Hour — A radio program and podcast that examines themes and ideas, using excerpts from TED Talks.
Toys
Toys are perhaps the earliest "edutainment" objects a person encounters, as many toys have also an educational aspect beside their aesthetic appeal. They can teach children literacy, numerical, conceptual or motor skills. Many toys (e.g., a miniature piano) are simply colorful, scaled-down versions of more complex objects, and thus can base children in skills and benefits associated with the latter. It is up to grown-ups to guide children to the toy's proper use in order to make the most out of it.
Toys are often employed in the context of mimicry and roleplay to partially experience personalities or situations not otherwise possible, very akin to simulation in video games. They can be used as primitive means to nurture an instinct or a character trait in children. Often, toys work simultaneously the other way, providing children with the means to express those things: a doll may be used by a girl to mimic her mother or express motherhood as much as to explore it.
Even for toys that don't possess explicit educational value, a thoughtful parent or teacher can turn a static figurine, for example, into an object of interest, by pointing out its features or costumes, or referring to its history or science (e.g., a figurine of a Native American may be a starting point for exploring American history; a Santa Claus may be used to explore the roots of Christmas; a toy astronaut to explore science...), which can be done in conjunction with a more-explicitly "edutaining" object, such as a picture book. Most children are naturally inquisitive (possibly why they sometimes break their toys; simply to know what is inside or how it moves or what produces that sound), and caregivers should not waste this opportunity.
Even grown-ups can learn through toys about children: what are their talents or interests; if they are more extrovert or introvert; indeed if they dislike toys and prefer social activities or sport, and thus capitalize on the children's abilities and correct what is wrong or lacking.
Some toys are of considerable appeal and benefit to both children and adults, such as Lego or Rubik's Cube, as their design and implementation can range from the simple to the sophisticated.
Hip hop culture
The term "edutainment" was first made popular amongst the hip hop community by KRS-One (a.k.a. The Teacha) thanks to his Boogie Down Productions album by the same name.
The term has since been borrowed to describe hip hop culture's innate pedagogical aesthetics. Examples of this include how Hip Hop uniquely combines both thought and action (see Paulo Freire's use of praxis in Pedagogy of the Oppressed) and values both Eurocentric values of rational thought and Afrocentric epistemology of kinetic, affective and emotional ways of knowing. Another example is in the transmission of technical and historical knowledge, the manner in which Hip Hop practitioners learn and exchange by sharing moments of performance together through building or building sessions. Corporations
The concept of educational entertainment is being used for building learning programs for organizations. High technology is used to make the programs entertaining and educational. As an example, PowerPoint presentations may become more entertaining with the addition of flashy animations or graphics. An article in a satirical newspaper, The Onion, poked fun at the concept of embellishing boring presentations with attention-catching effects. A fictional marketing executive in the article noted the previous lack of excitement in the presentation, saying "When we first finished the PowerPoint, the content was all there, but it still lacked that certain something."
Theme parks
Theme parks are a specific kind of setting in which the combination of entertaining and educational elements can be prevalent. Epcot at Walt Disney World, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company, is highly based on edutainment; the park features attractions that teach about the past, conservation, imagination, future technologies, and the world. The park's dedication plaque, written by Marty Sklar and Erwin Okun, states the following: “May EPCOT Center entertain, inform and inspire. And above all, may it instill a new sense of belief and pride in man’s ability to shape a world that offers hope to people everywhere."
The offerings and promotions at SeaWorld associated with the educational topics of marine biology, conservation, and animal rescue efforts are increasing at their current locations and in plans for the upcoming Abu Dhabi theme park, which is likely due to activism for animal rights.
Other notable theme parks that incorporate educational elements and topics are Disney's Animal Kingdom, Holy Land Experience, Dinosaur World, Busch Gardens, and Puy du Fou.
Museums and public access areas
Edutainment is also a growing paradigm within the science center and children's museum community in the United States, as well as in many other locations such as the zoo or a botanical garden. Educational locations such as these are constantly looking for new and innovative ways to reach the surrounding public and get them interested in areas such as the fine arts, science, literature, and history. Additionally, field trip visits to these educational places provide participants with interactional stimulus to learn about the content offered there. Since people are used to flashy, polished entertainment venues like movie theaters and theme parks, they demand similar experiences at science centers or museums. Consequently, interactive experiences, such as games and mobile apps, are implemented in museums in order to more effectively help people learn about what they are seeing. Museums are also embracing the ability to use storytelling to engage people, especially those who are young, in hopes to increase attendance; all the while, though, it is possible for the focus and purpose of museums to be diluted. Thus, a museum or a zoo can be seen as just another business competing for entertainment dollars from the public, rather than as an institution that serves the public welfare through education or historical preservation.
Effects in the classroom
Much research has been done in association with edutainment and its effectiveness in its various forms. Particularly, the effects of the implementation of the concept of edutainment in the classroom setting have been studied on multiple occasions. The concept of flipped classrooms, in association with edutainment, was studied by Retta Guy and Gerald Marquis (2016), in which students were assigned video lessons and podcasts as opposed to projects prior to class; it was found that these students outperformed those in traditional classrooms, found the actual time in class to prompt more interaction, and thought the class to be more enjoyable, although there was a noticeable period of adaption.
In a study conducted by Ruby Lynch-Arroyo and Joyce Asing-Cashman (2016), Numb3rs, which is an example of edutainment in the form of a television show, was integrated into the education of preservice mathematics teachers. The subsequent results exemplified the potential for edutainment to promote critical thinking, increased engagement, and growth mindsets.
Similarly, Craig D. Cox, et al. (2017) conducted a study in which a mini-series that combined educational and entertaining elements was developed and presented to pharmacy preceptors; it was effective in increasing the confidence of the participants and was an honorable mention for the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Innovations in Teaching Award in 2015.
A system that incorporated the concept of edutainment through the use of games has also been studied in association with disabled students by Amal Dandashi, et al. (2015), and it was found that the system had a positive impact in terms of scores, coordination, communication, and memorization skills; after replaying, higher scores were often achieved as well.
As for podcasts and narration specifically, according to a study conducted by Trish L. Varao Sousa, Jonathan S. A. Carriere, and Daniel Smilek (2013) with student participants, these forms may not be particularly helpful, as their use can result in both less information actually internalized and less engagement overall when compared to other "reading encounters."
Criticism
Debate regarding the value of educational entertainment and its implementation has been had for decades. The negative feedback received by Walt Disney for his True-Life Adventures series represents the views of some skeptics of the concept of edutainment. For example, the use of music along with the footage of animals, such as the circumstance in which "The courtship of tarantulas was set to a tango, while the movements of two scorpions were showcased with square dance music in the background" was criticized at the time; the purpose of the music was to enhance the footage, but some people took issue with this humanization. Additionally, without approval, some of the film crew of White Wilderness prompted unnatural behavior in lemmings that would be filmed, which then generated a negative response.Sesame Street, a television show that demonstrates the concept of edutainment, has also specifically been subject to criticism. For instance, in an article published in The Atlantic in May 1971, John Holt criticizes the promotion of "Right Answers" in the television show without actual action being taken by the children, and also argues that it is nonsensical and perplexing to have adults convey to children that everything that is to be discovered is logical and easy to understand.
The argument that the concept of edutainment hurts the actual value of education has been prevalent as well. The book entitled Amusing Ourselves to Death'' by theorist Neil Postman demonstrates this notion, as it is claimed that areas of study have been “transformed into congenial adjuncts of show business.” Museum professionals especially have faced this dilemma, as in study conducted by Pierre Balloffet, François H. Courvoisier, and Joëlle Lagier (2014), museum professionals did not have severe negative opinions of the incorporation of educational entertainment, but individuals nevertheless had varying viewpoints on "the appropriateness or potential risks of edutainment."
See also
After school special
ChuChu TV
Drama as a tool for education
Educational video game
Educational websites
Educational toy
Entertainment-Education
Games and learning
Historical reenactment
Infotainment
Educational software
Kami (Takalani Sesame)
Politainment
Public service announcement
Serious game
Social Impact Entertainment
Telenovelas
Traffic School by Improv
References
Systems thinking
Communication design
Entertainment
Educational materials
Educational video games
Pedagogy
Video game terminology | [
0.676969051361084,
0.0580759197473526,
-0.043576665222644806,
0.6065003275871277,
0.11996518075466156,
-0.23168286681175232,
0.10052327066659927,
0.7429760098457336,
-0.11819706857204437,
-0.840212881565094,
-0.6657549738883972,
0.7417125105857849,
0.24285349249839783,
-0.10605783015489578,
-0.3643175959587097,
0.19786080718040466,
0.41880181431770325,
0.21640898287296295,
0.20233429968357086,
-0.17009633779525757,
-1.0413233041763306,
-0.21569131314754486,
-0.1848822385072708,
-0.2725994884967804,
0.1880277842283249,
-0.15063847601413727,
0.27050602436065674,
0.15674783289432526,
-0.2600540220737457,
-0.3825157582759857,
0.1937185376882553,
0.11741427332162857,
0.35331472754478455,
-0.18804925680160522,
-0.5009247660636902,
0.10210353136062622,
-0.2207627147436142,
-0.48903417587280273,
-0.3647717535495758,
-0.4610465466976166,
0.019773168489336967,
-0.1865983009338379,
0.21195493638515472,
-0.31156790256500244,
-0.1639733612537384,
-0.8523485660552979,
-1.4104572534561157,
0.33711346983909607,
-0.7912363409996033,
0.3194009065628052,
-0.8620124459266663,
0.5082831978797913,
0.11535698920488358,
0.2785498797893524,
0.06549951434135437,
0.8159985542297363,
0.18539677560329437,
0.05829465761780739,
-0.016529541462659836,
-0.13635100424289703,
0.47455763816833496,
0.3794252872467041,
-0.0057671633549034595,
-0.14086657762527466,
0.021731194108724594,
-0.5343967080116272,
-0.1355796605348587,
-0.06792004406452179,
-0.3060707449913025,
-0.8396239280700684,
-0.1258404552936554,
-0.23970796167850494,
-0.20683696866035461,
0.013248748145997524,
-0.33588436245918274,
-0.2609618604183197,
0.38588622212409973,
-0.10450072586536407,
-0.15392041206359863,
-0.3652779161930084,
-0.5094097852706909,
0.7744360566139221,
0.2535810172557831,
0.13782350718975067,
0.13560160994529724,
0.17276892066001892,
-0.011882099322974682,
0.6444801688194275,
-0.01565760374069214,
0.07638393342494965,
-0.0017976239323616028,
0.04395230859518051,
0.78055340051651,
0.24185864627361298,
0.45671769976615906,
-0.02801157347857952,
0.4605502188205719,
-0.4390169084072113,
-0.01565602421760559,
0.3807660639286041,
0.15419001877307892,
-0.06364616006612778,
0.47137847542762756,
0.029669877141714096,
0.03785263001918793,
0.005620002280920744,
0.22834211587905884,
-0.6766029596328735,
-0.06974446028470993,
0.2440599501132965,
-0.28351882100105286,
0.46497973799705505,
-0.4744327962398529,
0.19437994062900543,
-0.3629087507724762,
0.22432680428028107,
0.17464971542358398,
0.7026531100273132,
-0.6604956984519958,
0.06783496588468552,
0.045946549624204636,
0.28125637769699097,
0.07472899556159973,
-0.22718112170696259,
-0.22732874751091003,
0.33951789140701294,
0.048144400119781494,
0.360612690448761,
-0.40673208236694336,
-0.11246535181999207,
0.6157217621803284,
0.20976050198078156,
-0.3131573498249054,
-0.22957642376422882,
-0.21613936126232147,
-0.04189298301935196,
0.3973782956600189,
-0.20023232698440552,
0.1951695829629898,
0.018986668437719345,
-1.0355817079544067,
-0.7964248061180115,
-0.6130037903785706,
-0.2952525019645691,
-0.05166459083557129,
-0.557452380657196,
0.20772957801818848,
-0.17407749593257904,
-0.283992737531662,
0.19327574968338013,
-0.057753510773181915,
-0.023818328976631165,
-0.43034636974334717,
-0.06759703904390335,
0.01731559820473194,
0.2618162930011749,
0.6156216859817505,
0.06863370537757874,
0.029199646785855293,
0.20746108889579773,
0.34049317240715027,
0.03251982107758522,
-0.4159439504146576,
-0.4826087951660156,
-0.2075382024049759,
-0.2308843582868576,
-0.16919271647930145,
0.7197535037994385,
0.19361355900764465,
-0.22539791464805603,
-0.19011643528938293,
-0.04189780354499817,
0.015566196292638779,
-0.2299748957157135,
-0.09903805702924728,
-0.27009907364845276,
0.129898801445961,
0.3923603296279907,
0.30927956104278564,
0.23652490973472595,
-0.887626588344574,
-0.12247176468372345,
0.2055891901254654,
-0.13103128969669342,
-0.23549215495586395,
-0.5408185124397278,
0.5188482999801636,
-0.18493519723415375,
-0.022102830931544304,
0.08670264482498169,
-0.6759606003761292,
-0.17206484079360962,
-0.09929005801677704,
-1.0021010637283325,
0.9051181077957153,
-0.10968922078609467,
-0.34494033455848694,
1.3711751699447632,
-0.10038625448942184,
-0.2344132661819458,
0.0762895941734314,
0.19879502058029175,
0.07553893327713013,
-0.1621955782175064,
-0.5410576462745667,
0.06608842313289642,
0.41834989190101624,
0.14926381409168243,
-0.10254860669374466,
-0.20652423799037933,
0.28495073318481445,
-0.17279052734375,
0.5273482203483582,
0.06001294404268265,
0.388785183429718,
-0.05858366936445236,
-0.6494829654693604,
0.5723706483840942,
-0.3310260474681854,
-0.11349114775657654,
0.3587864935398102,
-0.3208743631839752,
-0.3046763837337494,
0.35160428285598755,
-0.1821451038122177,
0.5441139340400696,
-0.16092635691165924,
0.08991588652133942,
0.6956163644790649,
-0.3399440348148346,
0.1415403187274933,
0.24852679669857025,
0.3977668583393097,
-0.44715672731399536,
-0.07264897972345352,
0.08448519557714462,
0.061795350164175034,
-0.132342129945755,
0.2392551749944687,
-0.30709704756736755,
-0.23161736130714417,
-0.2874562740325928,
-0.4909057319164276,
0.02323109842836857,
0.5154157280921936,
0.13501864671707153,
-0.5079734921455383,
0.3109694719314575,
-0.33358046412467957,
0.12453453987836838,
0.19932681322097778,
0.20388203859329224,
0.3502679765224457,
0.037603698670864105,
-0.12115908414125443,
-0.26496654748916626,
-0.24738042056560516,
-0.009457224048674107,
0.22033706307411194,
-0.06518062204122543,
-0.1864558458328247,
-0.16902095079421997,
0.5022528767585754,
0.10529067367315292,
-0.10668079555034637,
-0.36839723587036133,
0.3208518624305725,
-0.06192125752568245,
-0.4589044749736786,
0.4293401539325714,
0.42784395813941956,
0.19091136753559113,
-0.3428049385547638,
-0.274359792470932,
-0.267881840467453,
-0.3181043565273285,
0.8954159021377563,
0.056208301335573196,
-0.23147618770599365,
-0.41406112909317017,
-0.1697804182767868,
0.3165228068828583,
0.37964770197868347,
-0.41529178619384766,
-0.25851526856422424,
-0.3030725121498108,
-0.12161106616258621,
-0.3632875382900238,
-0.39738646149635315,
0.2147894948720932,
-0.14203143119812012,
0.4439777135848999,
0.16392600536346436,
-0.0661182701587677,
0.8592810034751892,
0.10419224202632904,
0.012998871505260468,
0.2960059344768524,
-0.060409050434827805,
-0.4355483055114746,
-0.18634752929210663,
0.00761551083996892,
0.049344081431627274,
0.02119463123381138,
0.1649373322725296,
-0.17655286192893982,
0.2560424506664276,
-0.05811277776956558,
-6.026618480682373,
-0.09932732582092285,
-0.30203408002853394,
-0.19620998203754425,
-0.1490001678466797,
0.005444115027785301,
0.24946126341819763,
-0.20856784284114838,
0.12058234214782715,
0.210794597864151,
-0.23250587284564972,
0.11044561117887497,
0.10081469267606735,
0.8198026418685913,
0.46844470500946045,
0.398618221282959,
0.4842446744441986,
0.019318435341119766,
-0.1435335874557495,
0.630129873752594,
0.022310584783554077,
0.41415935754776,
-0.005049653351306915,
1.2077934741973877,
-0.19321298599243164,
-0.7424277067184448,
-0.13210266828536987,
0.16635936498641968,
-0.24793186783790588,
0.04994204267859459,
0.6281805634498596,
-0.43103376030921936,
-0.3018026649951935,
-0.01394337136298418,
0.20001743733882904,
0.4635795056819916,
0.761970579624176,
0.22440491616725922,
0.1497160792350769,
-0.3508644700050354,
-0.380006343126297,
0.10289186984300613,
-0.19739386439323425,
-0.12265414744615555,
0.17454098165035248,
0.17597749829292297,
-0.23454147577285767,
0.06971937417984009,
-0.23472698032855988,
0.5030710101127625,
-0.05715196952223778,
0.49619728326797485,
0.4066416621208191,
-0.03002575971186161,
-0.03598152473568916,
-0.011043236590921879,
0.6936794519424438,
0.1005571261048317,
-0.42089107632637024,
-0.30680757761001587,
0.2702777087688446,
-0.11363109946250916,
-0.5136218667030334,
-0.3115307092666626,
-0.4495333135128021,
0.068837009370327,
-0.68723464012146,
-0.7192188501358032,
0.6523477435112,
0.14779259264469147,
-0.4312725067138672,
0.4726536273956299,
0.5282084941864014,
-0.49861136078834534,
0.31188493967056274,
-0.16599223017692566,
0.03071955032646656,
0.2239474654197693,
0.212213397026062,
0.4246332347393036,
-0.4122724235057831,
-0.18285153806209564,
0.11531537026166916,
-0.05776986479759216,
0.22539176046848297,
-0.2735666334629059,
-0.022903457283973694,
-0.08693613857030869,
0.068027563393116,
0.0464988648891449,
1.028710126876831,
0.22928951680660248,
0.017237097024917603,
0.3115693926811218,
0.5120745897293091,
0.37022051215171814,
0.5104296803474426,
0.1600530445575714,
0.23843160271644592,
-0.41034719347953796,
0.09949552267789841,
-0.3490174114704132,
0.019586246460676193,
-0.2824893891811371,
-0.21237705647945404,
-0.349150687456131,
0.12445651739835739,
-0.010798359289765358,
1.0588679313659668,
-1.0568439960479736,
0.12037712335586548,
0.41329219937324524,
-0.9062915444374084,
0.012267407029867172,
0.11029843986034393,
-0.022925540804862976,
-0.25314685702323914,
0.7614460587501526,
0.04510412737727165,
-0.3001013696193695,
0.005164718255400658,
-0.03852838650345802,
-0.08035718649625778,
-0.35705041885375977,
-0.4693690836429596,
-0.28218069672584534,
-0.10910077393054962,
0.20970593392848969,
-0.042061299085617065,
-0.08335891366004944,
0.6060270071029663,
-0.21227458119392395,
0.007755602709949017,
0.0372040830552578,
0.17227083444595337,
-0.3513150215148926,
0.0273597352206707,
0.0466625839471817,
-0.25816014409065247,
-0.8991290330886841,
0.3369508683681488,
-0.2749277651309967,
0.46534815430641174,
0.018856767565011978,
0.848554253578186,
0.06057552248239517,
-0.34120988845825195,
0.20162460207939148,
-0.07303997874259949,
0.23282073438167572,
-0.18764375150203705,
0.050290074199438095,
0.021628152579069138,
0.40238362550735474,
-0.002108269836753607,
0.2838813066482544,
0.012592112645506859,
-0.5267308950424194,
0.008770262822508812,
-0.30849742889404297,
0.2908763587474823,
-0.2000844031572342,
-1.0415281057357788,
0.13604269921779633,
-0.009032242000102997,
0.44302284717559814,
-0.9287925958633423,
0.1025017574429512,
0.22701382637023926,
0.0032701166346669197,
0.648298442363739,
-0.06913694739341736,
-0.528130054473877,
-0.052718039602041245,
0.39597049355506897,
-0.31353309750556946,
-0.05797918513417244,
-0.213033065199852,
-0.02342100255191326,
-0.08293090015649796,
0.19076314568519592,
-1.202634572982788,
-0.2284773588180542,
-0.4644578695297241,
0.19478894770145416,
-0.40694281458854675,
0.08735615760087967,
0.057242099195718765,
-0.29049089550971985,
-0.3724007308483124,
-0.012735196389257908,
-0.007207258604466915,
0.638448178768158,
0.013965406455099583,
0.06414458900690079,
-0.3060048520565033,
0.11220325529575348,
0.19293682277202606,
0.21844297647476196,
-0.3607069253921509,
0.058295272290706635,
-0.022274833172559738,
-1.0039520263671875,
-0.07319920510053635,
-0.17845162749290466,
-0.6230881810188293,
0.004672016017138958,
-0.24026495218276978,
-0.38307687640190125,
0.4503420889377594,
-0.7098851203918457,
-0.3312393128871918,
0.15728452801704407,
0.07167863100767136,
-0.10579701513051987,
-0.17221064865589142,
-0.2383737415075302,
-0.40954309701919556,
-0.1000673770904541,
-0.13028685748577118,
0.554684042930603,
0.008264653384685516,
-0.726220428943634,
0.06591639667749405,
-0.46016258001327515,
-0.07646704465150833,
0.41872575879096985,
-0.7394513487815857,
-0.14198510348796844,
-0.19366449117660522,
0.08147149533033371,
0.15965458750724792,
0.263294517993927,
0.48513418436050415,
-0.37709879875183105,
-0.05247659236192703,
-0.40549275279045105,
0.41371309757232666,
0.35068848729133606,
-0.10565275698900223,
0.07380670309066772,
0.4055226743221283,
-0.2689872682094574,
-0.36261269450187683,
0.1721019446849823,
0.7489394545555115,
0.24515962600708008,
-0.11704149097204208,
-0.6027321219444275,
0.09822849184274673,
0.44811391830444336,
-0.5932932496070862,
-0.3097691535949707,
-0.033346809446811676,
0.352787047624588,
-0.8751867413520813,
-0.2374526858329773,
0.013565130531787872,
-0.010490978136658669,
0.36680570244789124,
0.1033395528793335,
-0.2671419382095337,
-0.5423035025596619,
0.12450964748859406,
0.3895511031150818,
0.04939110577106476,
-0.11738837510347366,
0.11256401985883713,
0.07872849702835083,
-0.0362645760178566,
0.44818171858787537,
0.171378955245018,
0.13079483807086945,
0.9101201295852661,
0.5876389741897583,
-0.1802394539117813,
0.015874482691287994,
-0.3764013946056366,
-0.22080513834953308,
-0.1542118340730667,
0.2545726001262665,
-0.15967115759849548,
-0.02467082440853119,
-0.457535058259964,
0.06978785246610641,
-0.5813002586364746,
0.47570908069610596,
-0.08793993294239044,
-0.6236737966537476,
0.044790178537368774,
-0.10943452268838882,
0.10425180941820145,
-0.025585737079381943,
0.09383483231067657,
-0.284802109003067,
-0.21456466615200043,
0.3839285671710968,
-0.08634001016616821,
0.30399489402770996,
0.0795838013291359,
-0.21723785996437073,
0.28380122780799866,
0.07317687571048737,
-0.731074333190918,
0.8528536558151245,
0.19077831506729126,
-0.06066010519862175,
-0.2868814170360565,
-0.46787750720977783,
-0.43440186977386475,
-0.0047896006144583225,
-0.09937729686498642,
0.5026482939720154,
0.5190774202346802,
-0.010631189681589603,
0.17299360036849976,
0.09338191896677017,
-0.3796667158603668,
0.7682785391807556,
0.20645596086978912,
-0.099021315574646,
0.005420052912086248,
0.591244101524353,
-0.440097451210022,
0.21643862128257751,
-0.05781140178442001,
0.3200279474258423,
-0.36627262830734253,
0.18410742282867432,
0.05786128342151642,
0.7476950287818909,
0.11506648361682892,
0.11579194664955139,
0.7397834658622742,
-0.02198990434408188,
-0.5970293283462524,
0.0485839769244194,
-0.30657660961151123,
0.00788105558604002,
0.4652867913246155,
0.9290282726287842,
0.11492421478033066,
0.3116527795791626,
0.3987584114074707,
0.1654178500175476,
0.2986372709274292,
0.24047785997390747,
0.5548444986343384,
-0.9210969805717468,
-0.5195909142494202,
0.16054116189479828,
-0.3218541741371155,
0.7154877185821533,
-0.374440461397171,
0.26071861386299133,
-0.5565366744995117,
0.3029198944568634,
-0.05652296915650368,
0.18827487528324127,
-0.019707748666405678,
0.02524101920425892,
0.3353269100189209,
0.43360885977745056,
-0.3476777970790863,
0.4766099154949188,
-0.28109970688819885,
0.4169986844062805,
-0.22549523413181305,
0.2517133355140686,
0.18808510899543762,
0.13214418292045593,
0.4639674127101898,
-0.2822430431842804,
0.2814383804798126,
0.0017747002420946956,
0.3204311430454254,
0.28342053294181824,
-0.19923265278339386,
0.497254878282547,
0.10807128995656967,
0.10744589567184448,
-0.08170638978481293,
0.06528051197528839,
-0.15255774557590485,
0.31632429361343384,
-0.0339883454144001,
0.009845483116805553,
0.4403208792209625,
-0.40317827463150024,
0.274432510137558,
-0.4922542870044708,
-0.43683889508247375,
0.3312382698059082,
0.0365886315703392,
-0.2974889576435089,
0.47279614210128784,
-0.10042810440063477,
0.7683401107788086,
-0.06819204241037369,
-0.1720740646123886,
-0.31067612767219543,
0.3475898504257202,
0.16199831664562225,
-0.6459872722625732,
-0.8017017841339111,
-0.03973866254091263,
-0.3473929166793823,
-0.1066899523139,
-0.8036127090454102,
0.3098289668560028,
0.5790579915046692,
0.1289990097284317,
0.276052862405777,
-0.16288113594055176,
0.19801223278045654,
0.3975316882133484,
0.3290601670742035,
-0.10441101342439651,
0.1865766942501068,
-0.16041570901870728,
0.3492184579372406,
0.26718980073928833,
0.07028791308403015,
0.1500927209854126,
-0.3678891062736511,
0.30824580788612366,
-0.14767608046531677,
0.053105175495147705,
-0.09513312578201294,
0.2542417645454407,
-0.5478106141090393,
-0.10046391189098358,
-0.30822375416755676,
1.0149996280670166,
-0.4047638475894928,
-0.01640184596180916,
0.1193464919924736,
0.5980681777000427,
0.46434512734413147,
-0.4990798234939575,
-0.31743982434272766,
-0.02920803427696228,
0.5487344264984131,
0.06704003363847733,
-0.9065805673599243,
0.02062384784221649,
0.1858070343732834,
0.12837620079517365,
-0.1591286063194275,
-0.04909684509038925,
-0.09111222624778748,
-0.7540053129196167,
0.2571592330932617,
0.08448360860347748,
-0.13658270239830017,
-0.16240859031677246,
0.11903180181980133,
-0.40376055240631104,
0.207842156291008,
0.37043118476867676
] |
217778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Representatives%20%28Japan%29 | House of Representatives (Japan) | The is the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors is the upper house.
The composition of the House is established by and of the Constitution of Japan. The House of Representatives has 465 members, elected for a four-year term. Of these, 176 members are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by a party-list system of proportional representation, and 289 are elected from single-member constituencies. 233 seats are required for a majority.
The overall voting system used to elect the House of Representatives is a parallel system, a form of semi-proportional representation. Under a parallel system the allocation of list seats does not take into account the outcome in the single seat constituencies. Therefore, the overall allocation of seats in the House of Representatives is not proportional, to the advantage of larger parties. In contrast, in bodies such as the German Bundestag or the New Zealand Parliament the election of single-seat members and party list members is linked, so that the overall result respects proportional representation fully or to some degree.
The House of Representatives is the more powerful of the two houses, able to override vetoes on bills imposed by the House of Councillors with a two-thirds majority.
The last election for the House of Representatives was held on 31 October 2021 in which the Liberal Democratic Party won a majority government with 261 seats. Along with their coalition partner, Komeito, which won 32 seats, the governing coalition holds 293 seats in total.
Right to vote and candidature
Japanese nationals aged 18 years and older may vote (prior to 2016, the voting age was 20).
Japanese nationals aged 25 years and older may run for office in the lower house.
Differences between the Upper and Lower Houses
The House of Representatives has several powers not given to the House of Councillors. If a bill is passed by the lower house (the House of Representatives) but is voted down by the upper house (the House of Councillors) the House of Representatives can override the decision of the House of Councillors by a two-thirds vote in the affirmative. However, in the case of treaties, the budget, and the selection of the prime minister, the House of Councillors can only delay passage, but not block the legislation. As a result, the House of Representatives is considered the more powerful house.
Members of the House of Representatives, who are elected to a maximum of four years, sit for a shorter term than members of the House of Councillors, who are elected to full six-year terms. The lower house can also be dissolved by the Prime Minister or the passage of a nonconfidence motion, while the House of Councillors cannot be dissolved. Thus the House of Representatives is considered to be more sensitive to public opinion, and is termed the "lower house".
While the legislative term is nominally 4 years, early elections for the lower house are very common, and the median lifespan of postwar legislatures has in practice been around 3 years.
Current composition
For a list of majoritarian members and proportional members from Hokkaidō, see the List of members of the Diet of Japan.
Latest election result
Election results for major parties since 1958
Shaded
green: Ruling party/coalition before and after the lower house election
red: Ruling party/coalition until the election = Change of government as a result of the lower house election
blue: Ruling party/coalition after the election = Change of government as a result of the lower house election
none: Opposition before and after the election
Note that the composition of the ruling coalition may change between lower house elections, e.g. after upper house elections. Parties who vote with the government in the Diet, but are not part of the cabinet (e.g. SDP & NPH after the 1996 election) are not shaded.
Parallel electoral system (since 1996)
|-
! style="background:#e9e9e9" | Parties
! style="background:#e9e9e9" | Segment
! 1996 !! 2000 !! 2003 !! 2005 !! 2009 !! 2012 !! 2014 !! 2017
|-
! colspan="2" | Total seats !! 500 !! 480 !! 480 !! 480 !! 480 !! 480 !! 475 !! 465
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Jiyū Minshutō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| 38.6% || 41.0% || 43.9% || 47.8% || 38.6% || 43.0% || 48.1% || 48.21%
|-
| 169 || 177 || 168 || 219 || 64 || 237 || 223 || 226
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 32.8% || 28.3% || 35.0% || 38.1% || 26.7% || 27.6% || 33.1% || 33.28%
|-
| 70 || 56 || 69 || 77 || 55 || 57 || 68 || 66
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || style="background:#cfc;"| 239 || style="background:#cfc;"| 233 || style="background:#cfc;"| 237 || style="background:#cfc;"| 296 || style="background:#fcc;"| 119 || style="background:#ccf;"| 294 || style="background:#cfc;"| 291 || style="background:#cfc;"| 284
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) Rikken Minshutō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| colspan="7" rowspan="5" | – || 8.75%
|-
| 18
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 19.88%
|-
| 37
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 55
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Party of Hope Kibō no Tō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| colspan="7" rowspan="5" | – || 20.64%
|-
| 18
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 17.36%
|-
| 32
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 50
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) Minshutō (1996–2014)Democratic Party (DP) Minshintō (2017) || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| 10.6% || 27.6% || 36.7% || 36.4% || 47.4% || 22.8% || 22.5% || rowspan="5" | no partynominations,≈14 memberselected
|-
| 17 || 80 || 105 || 52 || 221 || 27 || 38
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 16.1% || 25.2% || 37.4% || 31.0% || 42.4% || 15.9% || 18.3%
|-
| 35 || 47 || 72 || 61 || 87 || 30 || 35
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 52 || 127 || 177 || 113 || style="background:#ccf;"| 308 || style="background:#fcc;"| 57 || 73
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Japan Restoration Party (JRP) Nippon Ishin no Kai (2012)Japan Innovation Party (JIP) Ishin no Tō (2014) || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| colspan="5" rowspan="5" | – || 11.6% || 8.2% || 3.18%
|-
| 14 || 11 || 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 20.3% || 15.7% || 6.07%
|-
| 40 || 30 || 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 54 || 41 || 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| (New) Komeito (K/NK/NKP/CGP/NCGP/etc.) Kōmeitō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| rowspan="5" | – || 2.0% || 1.5% || 1.4% || 1.1% || 1.4% || 1.5% || 1.5%
|-
| 7 || 9 || 8 || 0 || 9 || 9 || 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 13.0% || 14.8% || 13.3% || 11.4% || 11.8% || 13.7% || 12.51%
|-
| 24 || 25 || 23 || 21 || 22 || 26 || 21
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats
| style="background:#cfc;"| 31 || style="background:#cfc;"| 34 || style="background:#cfc;"| 31 || style="background:#fcc;"| 21 || style="background:#ccf;"| 31 || style="background:#cfc;"| 35 || style="background:#cfc;"| 29
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Japanese Communist Party (JCP) Nihon Kyōsantō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| 12.6% || 12.1% || 8.1% || 7.2% || 4.2% || 7.8% || 13.3% || 9.02%
|-
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 13.1% || 11.2% || 7.8% || 7.2% || 7.0% || 6.1% || 11.4% || 7.9%
|-
| 24 || 20 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 8 || 20 || 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 26 || 20 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 8 || 21 || 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Social Democratic Party (SDP) Shakai Minshutō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| 2.2% || 3.8% || 2.9% || 1.5% || 1.9% || 0.7% || 0.8% || 1.15%
|-
| 4 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 6.4% || 9.4% || 5.1% || 5.5% || 4.2% || 2.3% || 2.5% || 1.69%
|-
| 11 || 15 || 5 || 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || style="background:#fcc;"| 15 || 19 || 6 || 7 || style="background:#ccf;"| 7 || 2 || 2 || 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| New Frontier Party (NFP) Shinshintō (1996)Liberal Party Jiyūtō (2000)Tomorrow Party of Japan (TPJ) Nippon Mirai no Tō (2012)People's Life Party (PLP) Seikatsu no Tō (2014)Liberal Party (LP) Jiyūtō (2017) || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| 28.0% || 3.4% || colspan="3" rowspan="5" | – || 5.0% || 1.0% || rowspan="5" | no partynominations,2 memberselected
|-
| 96 || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 28.0% || 11.0% || 5.7% || 1.9%
|-
| 60 || 18 || 7 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 156 || 22 || 9 || 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Your Party (YP) Minna no Tō || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" | – || 0.8% || 4.7% || colspan="2" rowspan="5" | –
|-
| 2 || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 4.2% || 8.7%
|-
| 3 || 14
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || 5 || 19
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| Conservative Party Hoshutō (2000)New Conservative Party Hoshu Shintō (2003) || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| rowspan="5" | – || 2.0% || 1.3% || colspan="5" rowspan="5" | –
|-
| 7 || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 0.4% || –
|-
| 0 || –
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || style="background:#cfc;"| 7 || style="background:#cfc;"| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"| New Party Harbinger (NPH) Shintō Sakigake || style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| FPTP
| 1.3% || colspan="7" rowspan="5" | –
|-
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| PR
| 1.0%
|-
| 0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Total seats || style="background:#fcc;"| 2
|}
SNTV multi-member districts (1947–1993)
|-
! style="background:#e9e9e9" | Parties
! 1958 !! 1960 !! 1963 !! 1967 !! 1969 !! 1972 !! 1976 !! 1979 !! 1980 !! 1983 !! 1986 !! 1990 !! 1993
|-
! Total seats !! 467 !! 467 !! 467 !! 486 !! 486 !! 491 !! 511 !! 511 !! 511 !! 511 !! 512 !! 512 !! 511
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Jiyū Minshutō
| 57.8% || 57.6% || 54.7% || 48.8% || 47.6% || 46.8% || 41.8% || 44.6% || 47.9% || 48.9% || 49.4% || 46.1% || 36.7%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 287 || 296 || 283 || 277 || 288 || 271 || 249 || 248 || 284 || 250 || 300 || 275 || style="background:#fcc;"| 223
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Japan Socialist Party (JSP) Nihon Shakaitō
| 32.9% || 27.6% || 29.0% || 27.9% || 21.4% || 21.9% || 20.7% || 19.7% || 19.3% || 19.5% || 17.2% || 24.4% || 15.4%
|-
| 166 || 145 || 144 || 140 || 90 || 118 || 123 || 107 || 107 || 112 || 85 || 136 || style="background:#ccf;"| 70
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Japan Renewal Party (JRP) Shinseitō
| colspan="12" rowspan="2"| – || 10.1%
|-
| style="background:#ccf;"| 55
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Kōmeitō (K/KP/CGP/etc.) Kōmeitō
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | – || 5.4% || 10.9% || 8.5% || 11.0% || 9.8% || 9.0% || 10.1% || 9.4% || 8.0% || 8.1%
|-
| 25 || 47 || 29 || 55 || 57 || 33 || 58 || 56 || 45 || style="background:#ccf;"| 51
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Japan New Party (JNP) Nihon Shintō
| colspan="12" rowspan="2" | – || 8.0%
|-
| style="background:#ccf;"| 35
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Democratic Socialist Party (DSP) Minshatō
| rowspan="2" | – || 8.8% || 7.4% || 7.4% || 7.7% || 7.0% || 6.3% || 6.8% || 6.6% || 7.3% || 6.4% || 4.8% || 3.5%
|-
| 17 || 23 || 30 || 31 || 19 || 29 || 35 || 32 || 38 || 26 || 14 || style="background:#ccf;"| 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Japanese Communist Party (JCP) Nihon Kyōsantō
| 2.6% || 2.9% || 4.0% || 4.8% || 6.8% || 10.5% || 10.4% || 10.4% || 9.8% || 9.3% || 8.8% || 8.0% || 7.7%
|-
| 1 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 14 || 38 || 17 || 39 || 29 || 26 || 26 || 16 || 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| New Party Harbinger (NPH) Shintō Sakigake
| colspan="12" rowspan="2" | – || 3.5%
|-
| style="background:#ccf;"| 13
|}
History
Meiji period (1890-1912)
The Japanese parliament, then known as the Imperial Diet, was established in 1890 as a result of the 1889 Meiji Constitution. It was modeled on the parliaments of several Western countries, particularly the German Empire and the United Kingdom, because of the Emperor Meiji's westernizing reforms. The Imperial Diet consisted of two chambers, the elected House of Representatives which was the lower house, and the House of Peers which was the upper house. This format was similar to the House of Lords in the Westminster system, or the Herrenhaus in Prussia, where the upper house represented the aristocracy.
Both houses, and also the Emperor, had to agree on legislation, and even at the height of party-based constitutional government, the House of Peers could simply vote down bills deemed too liberal by the Meiji oligarchy, such as the introduction of women's suffrage, increases in local autonomy, or trade union rights. The prime minister and his government served at the Emperor's pleasure, and could not be removed by the Imperial Diet. However, the right to vote on, and if necessary to block, legislation including the budget, gave the House of Representatives leverage to force the government into negotiations. After an early period of frequent confrontation and temporary alliances between the cabinet and political parties in the lower house, parts of the Meiji oligarchy more sympathetic to political parties around Itō Hirobumi and parts of the liberal parties eventually formed a more permanent alliance, in the form of the Rikken Seiyūkai in 1900. The confidence of the House of Representatives was never a formal requirement to govern, but between 1905 and 1918, only one cabinet took office that did not enjoy majority support in the House of Representatives.
Taisho and early Showa periods (1912-1937)
During the Taishō political crisis in 1913, a no-confidence vote against the third Katsura government, accompanied by major demonstrations outside the Diet, was followed shortly by resignation. Subsequently, in the period often referred to as Taishō democracy, it became increasingly customary to appoint many ministers, including several prime ministers, from the House of Representatives – Hara Takashi was the first commoner to become prime minister in 1918.
In the same year, the Rice Riots had confronted the government with an unprecedented scale of domestic unrest, and a German Revolution brought the Prusso-German monarchy to an end, the very system Meiji oligarchs had used as the main model for the Meiji constitution to consolidate and preserve Imperial power. Even Yamagata Aritomo and other oligarchs that had been fundamentally opposed to political parties, became more inclined to cooperate with the still mainly bourgeoisie parties, to prevent a rise of socialism or other movements that might threaten Imperial rule. Socialist parties would not be represented in significant numbers in the lower house until the 1930s.
The initially very high census suffrage requirement was reduced several times, until the introduction of universal male suffrage in 1925. The electoral system to the House of Representatives was also fundamentally changed several times: between systems of "small" mostly single- and few multi-member electoral districts (1890s, 1920, 1924), "medium" mostly multi-member districts (1928–1942) and "large" electoral districts (usually only one, rarely two city and one counties district per prefecture; 1900s and 1910s), using first-past-the-post in single-member districts, plurality-at-large voting (1890s) or single non-transferable vote in the multi-member districts.
Influence of the House of Representatives on the government increased, and the party cabinets of the 1920s brought Japan apparently closer to a parliamentary system of government, and there were several reforms to the upper house in 1925. However, the balance of powers between the two houses and the influential role of extra-constitutional actors such as the Genrō (who still selected the prime minister) or the military (that had brought down several cabinets) remained in essence untouched. Within a year of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, a series of assassinations and coup attempts followed. Party governments were replaced by governments of "national unity" (kyokoku itchi) which were dominated by nobles, bureaucrats and increasingly the military.
World War II and aftermath (1937-1947)
After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the start of war in 1937, the influence of the Imperial Diet was further diminished, though never fully eliminated, by special laws such as the National Mobilization Law and expanded powers for cabinet agencies such as the Planning Board. The House of Representatives in the Empire had a four-year term and could be dissolved by the Emperor. In contrast, members of the House of Peers had either life tenure (subject to revocation by the Emperor) or a seven-year term in the case of members elected in mutual peerage elections among the three lower peerage ranks, top taxpayer and academic peerage elections. During the war, the term of the members of the House of Representatives elected in the last pre-war election of 1937 was extended by one year.
In the 1946 election to the House of Representatives, held under the U.S.-led Allied occupation of Japan, women's suffrage was introduced, and a system of "large" electoral districts (one or two per prefecture) with limited voting was used. A change in the electoral law in April 1945 had for the first time allocated 30 seats to the established colonies of the Empire: Karafuto (Sakhalin), Taiwan, and Chōsen (Korea); but this change was never implemented. Similarly, Korea and Taiwan were granted several appointed members of the House of Peers in 1945.
In 1946, both houses of the Imperial Diet (together with the Emperor) passed the postwar constitution which took effect in 1947. The Imperial Diet was renamed the National Diet, the House of Peers was replaced by an elected upper house called the House of Councillors, and the House of Representatives would now be able to override the upper house in important matters. The constitution also gave the Diet exclusive legislative authority, without involvement of the Emperor, and explicitly made the cabinet responsible to the Diet and requires that the prime minister has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives.
Late Showa period (1947-1989)
The Diet first met under the new constitution on 20 May 1947. Four days later, Tetsu Katayama of the Democratic Socialist Party became Japan's first socialist prime minister and the first since the introduction of parliamentarianism.
Since the end of US rule in 1952, it has been the norm that the prime minister dissolves the House of Representatives before its 4-year term expires. Only once, in 1976, did the House last a full 4 years. It has become tradition to give nicknames to each dissolution, usually referencing a major political issue or controversy. One infamous example was on 14 March 1953, when Shigeru Yoshida dissolved the House and called for new election, after he resorted to name calling people during a meeting of the budget committee. This came to be known as the "you idiot" dissolution.
Recent history (since 1989)
Members (since 1990)
See also
National Diet
House of Councillors (Japan)
List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan
List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Japan
Sekihairitsu, the system used in elections for the House of Representatives to determine the order of candidates on a proportional representation list
References
External links
House of Representatives Website (in English) – Official site of the House of Representatives
House of Representatives Internet TV- Official site
Government of Japan
Japan
National Diet | [
-0.07606098055839539,
-0.26297762989997864,
-0.028607172891497612,
0.31746867299079895,
-0.9663952589035034,
0.5168031454086304,
0.33570095896720886,
-0.15642113983631134,
-0.4487110376358032,
-0.43225765228271484,
0.005631778854876757,
-0.10127052664756775,
-0.22509358823299408,
0.26984119415283203,
-0.32345113158226013,
-0.13799069821834564,
0.827972412109375,
0.4953880310058594,
0.3185323178768158,
-0.38289883732795715,
0.11749766767024994,
0.5506554245948792,
0.260090708732605,
-0.5695487260818481,
0.515899121761322,
-0.007640549447387457,
0.36858439445495605,
0.8186269402503967,
-0.4289677143096924,
-0.19219569861888885,
-0.16051968932151794,
0.41785702109336853,
0.10400686413049698,
0.031747832894325256,
0.5671294927597046,
-0.7552750706672668,
0.08764864504337311,
-0.4138147234916687,
0.3334229290485382,
0.05565498396754265,
0.2935004234313965,
-0.0062689632177352905,
0.5016196966171265,
0.0770009309053421,
0.11043217778205872,
-0.17831012606620789,
-1.6816487312316895,
-0.17476080358028412,
-1.1602797508239746,
0.4821191728115082,
-0.13947135210037231,
0.4130066931247711,
0.3070393204689026,
0.35943228006362915,
0.3998316824436188,
0.9138425588607788,
-0.36830559372901917,
0.5944479703903198,
-0.3679358959197998,
-0.19620628654956818,
0.22686195373535156,
-0.012745968997478485,
-0.20404599606990814,
0.05634436011314392,
0.40589168667793274,
0.1461770385503769,
0.43101659417152405,
-0.16337622702121735,
-0.46663033962249756,
-0.10674653202295303,
-0.47906258702278137,
-0.16198523342609406,
0.2694341838359833,
0.15986356139183044,
-0.20377887785434723,
-0.9252015948295593,
-0.3502523601055145,
0.5013175010681152,
0.21871156990528107,
-0.22261938452720642,
-0.16008511185646057,
0.1824340522289276,
0.12985479831695557,
0.32792016863822937,
0.300413578748703,
0.13477514684200287,
-0.27189773321151733,
-0.29340437054634094,
-0.5871952176094055,
0.5692391991615295,
-0.332007497549057,
0.5577477216720581,
0.16673456132411957,
-0.13135786354541779,
-0.4971555173397064,
-0.9251453876495361,
-0.37845519185066223,
0.10785865038633347,
0.34780848026275635,
0.08966206759214401,
-0.13638439774513245,
0.2592843174934387,
1.031990647315979,
0.45854446291923523,
-0.8071386814117432,
-0.6490277051925659,
-0.5941734910011292,
0.07420584559440613,
-0.3325918912887573,
0.36185482144355774,
-0.49515554308891296,
0.2413259595632553,
-0.22431565821170807,
0.11664088815450668,
-0.708953320980072,
-0.3599807918071747,
-0.004667924717068672,
-0.810947597026825,
0.05200595036149025,
-0.04890856891870499,
0.4793505370616913,
0.07016343623399734,
0.11846479028463364,
0.6128926873207092,
-0.18690915405750275,
0.025134140625596046,
0.5942873954772949,
0.14796693623065948,
0.4311344623565674,
0.6519144177436829,
0.8879823684692383,
0.6165015697479248,
0.3303588926792145,
0.16506479680538177,
0.2033609002828598,
-0.36619940400123596,
-0.06678611040115356,
-0.3071005642414093,
-0.05795644223690033,
0.09860272705554962,
-0.45598214864730835,
-0.3895839750766754,
0.22437727451324463,
-0.5362345576286316,
-0.036320511251688004,
-0.10889521986246109,
-0.8620153069496155,
-0.6310431361198425,
-1.130422830581665,
-0.20169389247894287,
0.37253478169441223,
0.5498273372650146,
0.2703818082809448,
0.06770585477352142,
-0.02319454587996006,
0.4175297021865845,
0.7864686250686646,
-0.48479193449020386,
0.5316024422645569,
0.356334924697876,
-0.30238428711891174,
-0.35702964663505554,
0.10224029421806335,
-0.14819768071174622,
0.511780858039856,
-0.48354652523994446,
0.1901048868894577,
0.6354932188987732,
-0.20325110852718353,
0.4550877809524536,
-0.06799078732728958,
-0.7122971415519714,
-0.2641147971153259,
-0.23542815446853638,
-0.03681446984410286,
-1.1176210641860962,
0.3666958212852478,
-0.03148701414465904,
0.2608739733695984,
0.17927859723567963,
-0.7168067693710327,
-0.530878484249115,
0.04263395071029663,
0.2642490267753601,
0.10962243378162384,
0.48048943281173706,
0.1579618602991104,
0.6494262218475342,
0.2515481412410736,
-0.23677147924900055,
-0.5608020424842834,
-0.4910198450088501,
0.1664363443851471,
-0.42104572057724,
0.8710622191429138,
0.3542269170284271,
0.01095861941576004,
0.30798548460006714,
-0.06939420104026794,
0.5340175628662109,
0.4639832675457001,
-0.3299347162246704,
0.4840127229690552,
0.2161218822002411,
-0.4849735200405121,
0.10636898130178452,
-0.3266761004924774,
0.37608572840690613,
0.11805088818073273,
0.2978607714176178,
0.3457864224910736,
0.4099690318107605,
-0.21562038362026215,
-0.5563647150993347,
0.2697405517101288,
-0.37868237495422363,
-0.5906593799591064,
-0.36867913603782654,
0.6498518586158752,
-0.23507075011730194,
0.703339159488678,
0.2168809026479721,
0.20533974468708038,
0.6278232336044312,
-0.3668997585773468,
0.8087892532348633,
0.2049976885318756,
0.4045775532722473,
-0.0364963598549366,
-0.5307555794715881,
0.4975951611995697,
-0.14855501055717468,
0.3057394325733185,
-0.06779233366250992,
0.0015549842501059175,
0.0383736751973629,
0.060550373047590256,
0.02062929980456829,
0.5565184950828552,
-0.2961650788784027,
0.08691078424453735,
0.240138977766037,
0.2034149318933487,
0.015679728239774704,
0.49226003885269165,
-0.09346193820238113,
-0.2946574091911316,
0.5439874529838562,
-0.4221155345439911,
-0.202940434217453,
0.3176194429397583,
-0.08639730513095856,
0.17294055223464966,
-0.5177664160728455,
-0.017203500494360924,
-0.44514283537864685,
0.29311925172805786,
0.12406028062105179,
0.1814335584640503,
0.09736613929271698,
-0.8484295010566711,
-0.18899153172969818,
0.22421015799045563,
-0.465835839509964,
-0.8858861923217773,
0.21716581284999847,
-0.30864259600639343,
-0.41558462381362915,
0.2868935167789459,
0.003618201706558466,
0.07492100447416306,
-0.3008957505226135,
-0.04934684559702873,
-0.023852337151765823,
-0.3372301757335663,
-0.7434908747673035,
0.12825874984264374,
0.9352410435676575,
-0.9616611003875732,
-0.7980257272720337,
0.2576436400413513,
0.5248237252235413,
0.06308887898921967,
-0.11470245569944382,
-0.49727663397789,
-0.38950589299201965,
0.023463871330022812,
-0.6153616905212402,
-0.1911509782075882,
0.10497282445430756,
-0.07283915579319,
0.4944167137145996,
-0.7843698263168335,
-0.5174731612205505,
-0.01993585005402565,
-0.02114824391901493,
-0.16387879848480225,
0.5463300943374634,
0.12322278320789337,
-0.9052236080169678,
-0.40486666560173035,
-0.8179838061332703,
0.10167009383440018,
0.3397449553012848,
-0.1444772332906723,
-0.34324902296066284,
0.0006653649616055191,
0.28813955187797546,
-5.5155229568481445,
0.28908461332321167,
-0.48809632658958435,
0.08483397960662842,
0.7886757254600525,
0.4905445873737335,
0.3411792814731598,
-0.29917415976524353,
0.4243127107620239,
-0.5042570233345032,
0.21275632083415985,
0.19936443865299225,
0.6764334440231323,
0.6236571669578552,
-0.43681812286376953,
0.3657046854496002,
0.3156183362007141,
-0.03767537698149681,
0.1343717873096466,
-0.42117512226104736,
0.016918521374464035,
-0.038007572293281555,
0.1643035113811493,
0.5830514430999756,
0.5277352929115295,
0.9431522488594055,
-0.329542338848114,
0.2010447084903717,
-0.25919023156166077,
-0.05547279864549637,
-0.13743175566196442,
-0.4317637085914612,
-0.5249582529067993,
-0.25329476594924927,
-0.09603523463010788,
-0.257014662027359,
0.7910953164100647,
0.5484843254089355,
-0.00032452476443722844,
-0.18749386072158813,
-0.01913982816040516,
0.04768363758921623,
-0.18549744784832,
0.3550907075405121,
0.2094178944826126,
-0.1244126707315445,
-0.7793578505516052,
-0.29482993483543396,
0.18461176753044128,
0.7116629481315613,
0.17652007937431335,
0.5041324496269226,
0.7891810536384583,
0.04042612016201019,
0.41050904989242554,
0.11345706135034561,
0.29533666372299194,
0.12576279044151306,
-0.17825201153755188,
-0.23239722847938538,
0.13314874470233917,
-0.5059888958930969,
-0.3656904995441437,
-0.5713045001029968,
0.08769083023071289,
-0.6116794943809509,
-0.23806887865066528,
0.5599851012229919,
0.25518226623535156,
0.15908686816692352,
-0.9243904948234558,
-0.5746442675590515,
0.5089209675788879,
-0.8287061452865601,
0.30243635177612305,
-0.08880486339330673,
0.36565250158309937,
-0.05878879502415657,
-0.1275610476732254,
0.33221694827079773,
-0.46816325187683105,
-0.1809430867433548,
-0.06061945855617523,
0.5541307330131531,
0.08222343027591705,
-0.45187270641326904,
-0.22322112321853638,
0.5046650767326355,
-0.3269791603088379,
0.04798948019742966,
-0.08239474147558212,
-0.8391615152359009,
0.20196042954921722,
0.30158305168151855,
0.6770790815353394,
0.23375441133975983,
0.22144107520580292,
0.05790656432509422,
0.32188600301742554,
-0.6665338277816772,
0.2952995300292969,
-0.10057032108306885,
-0.45248663425445557,
-0.5631446838378906,
-0.03601307421922684,
-0.6430315971374512,
-0.47656768560409546,
0.43842798471450806,
-0.2726976275444031,
-0.15133824944496155,
-0.5714576244354248,
-0.7677057385444641,
-0.29528748989105225,
-0.6407173871994019,
0.33678436279296875,
-0.2012583315372467,
-0.9635206460952759,
0.01348854973912239,
-0.0881933718919754,
0.39194369316101074,
-0.08801430463790894,
0.6739601492881775,
-0.5766541361808777,
0.20036286115646362,
-0.5232698321342468,
-0.10525418072938919,
-0.39118799567222595,
0.18730907142162323,
-0.25846126675605774,
-0.08517979085445404,
0.37057730555534363,
0.42008018493652344,
0.5422194004058838,
-0.010589788667857647,
0.5049287676811218,
-0.3459376096725464,
0.13349649310112,
0.3230026960372925,
-0.05935807153582573,
-0.8155786395072937,
0.11496049910783768,
-0.3819029927253723,
-0.510658860206604,
-0.04263615608215332,
-0.6095765233039856,
0.6324360370635986,
-0.4133368134498596,
-0.08513497561216354,
-0.18233875930309296,
0.6313276290893555,
-0.08987701684236526,
-0.6979265213012695,
0.38965752720832825,
0.09179457277059555,
-0.08516140282154083,
-0.38196131587028503,
-0.291447252035141,
0.2602892518043518,
-0.0067662689834833145,
-0.8984522819519043,
0.09547950327396393,
-0.3221450448036194,
-0.624615490436554,
0.18291456997394562,
-0.018067073076963425,
-0.6545601487159729,
0.08331109583377838,
-0.3049132227897644,
0.042695000767707825,
0.14336849749088287,
-0.03738937899470329,
-0.34094780683517456,
-0.22387084364891052,
0.4468207061290741,
0.3751658797264099,
-0.19600076973438263,
0.850060224533081,
0.660625159740448,
-0.19289180636405945,
-0.020131051540374756,
0.08727262914180756,
0.12060774117708206,
-0.3539506494998932,
0.27254369854927063,
0.07482484728097916,
0.10394808650016785,
0.07487218827009201,
0.01035346370190382,
0.3784683644771576,
-0.25440606474876404,
0.40421566367149353,
0.07446013391017914,
0.434012770652771,
0.3033907115459442,
-0.5003606677055359,
-0.2705201506614685,
0.21337391436100006,
0.44217178225517273,
-0.5123881101608276,
0.07106534391641617,
0.22043059766292572,
0.4960775673389435,
-0.11355433613061905,
-0.06916111707687378,
0.28788623213768005,
-0.3975432813167572,
0.23546378314495087,
0.5303665995597839,
-0.008062793873250484,
-0.07699098438024521,
-1.0633809566497803,
-0.31335702538490295,
-0.04587065428495407,
-0.2658545970916748,
-0.5944068431854248,
-0.41134709119796753,
0.3874644637107849,
0.1339349001646042,
0.027092253789305687,
-0.941942572593689,
0.03686683997511864,
0.05372853949666023,
-0.1772250384092331,
-0.39073970913887024,
-0.5650644302368164,
0.4709049165248871,
0.4661162793636322,
-0.5793308019638062,
-0.32248353958129883,
-0.7259226441383362,
-0.22680120170116425,
0.03373267501592636,
0.29169735312461853,
-0.15783488750457764,
-0.24564582109451294,
0.34778305888175964,
0.1526334285736084,
0.1913430541753769,
0.42404258251190186,
0.6743661165237427,
0.6057130694389343,
0.9473097920417786,
0.38575220108032227,
0.03038826771080494,
-0.4764225482940674,
0.8413029909133911,
0.1521940529346466,
-0.41443440318107605,
-0.3929579555988312,
0.38684019446372986,
0.4600466191768646,
-0.19583065807819366,
-0.4213731288909912,
-0.10007442533969879,
0.915207028388977,
-1.2703499794006348,
-0.07333935052156448,
0.4299178123474121,
-0.3191845118999481,
0.3879440724849701,
-0.11571206152439117,
-0.41583672165870667,
-0.2279588133096695,
0.31584468483924866,
-0.010846355929970741,
0.2205812633037567,
-0.7111772894859314,
-0.05201856046915054,
-0.2148832231760025,
-0.8383957743644714,
-0.2886248230934143,
0.24542154371738434,
-0.5994971394538879,
0.17658525705337524,
0.7422189116477966,
0.17482231557369232,
-0.3007197976112366,
-0.19518767297267914,
-0.5472568869590759,
-0.37798070907592773,
-0.6218799352645874,
-0.18300506472587585,
0.08979776501655579,
-0.532078206539154,
0.30922290682792664,
-0.8488749861717224,
-0.16172243654727936,
0.5456633567810059,
-0.7553809881210327,
-0.28146499395370483,
-0.7092419862747192,
-0.7669833898544312,
-0.0835070088505745,
0.10844430327415466,
-0.5130665302276611,
-0.10630057752132416,
-0.5189995765686035,
-0.2545243203639984,
0.1760515421628952,
0.1360832303762436,
-0.19697558879852295,
0.46052369475364685,
0.14627288281917572,
0.6304696798324585,
0.1280861794948578,
0.16908884048461914,
-0.08129700273275375,
-0.38200148940086365,
0.05139187350869179,
0.6690418124198914,
0.4893544614315033,
-0.16114816069602966,
0.6805304884910583,
0.8897948265075684,
-0.7152154445648193,
0.14485308527946472,
0.15825316309928894,
-0.5266256332397461,
-0.06929381191730499,
-0.040807660669088364,
0.02318406291306019,
-0.2392745465040207,
-0.05223633348941803,
0.3834170997142792,
0.07079382985830307,
0.3791888356208801,
0.04207192733883858,
-0.5042604804039001,
0.391863614320755,
-0.2292608618736267,
0.737579882144928,
0.18554864823818207,
-0.5523924231529236,
0.4064118266105652,
-0.06311255693435669,
-0.6505464315414429,
-0.33451852202415466,
-0.2303134799003601,
0.6434648036956787,
0.6961368918418884,
0.2985280156135559,
0.43424201011657715,
-1.4015467166900635,
-0.02876732125878334,
0.17528358101844788,
0.2557663023471832,
-0.26184526085853577,
-0.2940599024295807,
0.07355238497257233,
0.0915691927075386,
0.2446393221616745,
0.13560932874679565,
0.23435711860656738,
-0.18474990129470825,
0.13118292391300201,
0.3190661668777466,
0.25740179419517517,
-0.23248371481895447,
0.4672928750514984,
0.001407154486514628,
0.38804417848587036,
-0.16837374866008759,
-0.2626776695251465,
0.5353395342826843,
-0.4659680426120758,
-0.06179216131567955,
-0.02048403024673462,
-0.13710252940654755,
-0.2668909430503845,
-0.18150752782821655,
-0.1151454895734787,
-0.16018825769424438,
-0.2378808557987213,
-0.2719094753265381,
0.4953097999095917,
0.47244855761528015,
0.42523401975631714,
-0.2830742299556732,
0.2767285406589508,
-0.12240871787071228,
0.333427757024765,
0.044572051614522934,
-0.29287558794021606,
-1.1709257364273071,
0.3569476008415222,
1.0265247821807861,
-0.04508129134774208,
0.3715893030166626,
-0.3164427876472473,
0.3573944568634033,
-0.5052065849304199,
-0.09881249815225601,
0.3342237174510956,
0.8027895092964172,
0.16597475111484528,
-0.26669546961784363,
-0.004966735374182463,
0.03235694020986557,
1.155061960220337,
0.25891515612602234,
0.04352068156003952,
0.477987140417099,
-0.09126826375722885,
0.5320279002189636,
-0.32993653416633606,
0.5747633576393127,
-0.9219953417778015,
-0.00046640465734526515,
0.16845881938934326,
0.12912413477897644,
0.8917883038520813,
-0.06524307280778885,
0.138684943318367,
0.25858810544013977,
-0.249747633934021,
0.1222686842083931,
0.5767173767089844,
-0.2934231460094452,
0.13358309864997864,
-0.10823113471269608,
-0.17369607090950012,
-0.4472149908542633,
0.3129376471042633,
0.597722589969635,
0.1616365611553192,
0.03973476216197014,
0.7695725560188293,
-0.32496488094329834,
-0.5666772723197937,
0.21320736408233643,
-0.4409313499927521,
-0.19037391245365143,
-0.27173298597335815,
0.08259384334087372,
-0.008179712109267712,
0.7089439630508423,
0.16767781972885132,
0.6460881233215332,
0.7349766492843628,
-0.20276913046836853,
-0.24048051238059998,
0.2065580040216446,
0.6189373731613159,
0.05607203394174576,
0.2931199073791504,
-0.33037787675857544,
-0.4724573791027069,
-0.3417237102985382,
-0.2546398937702179,
0.10126449912786484,
0.29435744881629944,
-0.08119216561317444,
0.674493670463562,
-0.18612980842590332,
-0.13836413621902466,
-0.18950985372066498,
0.7947418093681335,
0.2394694834947586,
0.1504448652267456,
-0.01012296974658966
] |
217779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Councillors%20%28Japan%29 | House of Councillors (Japan) | The (or House of Councilors) is the upper house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Representatives is the lower house. The House of Councillors is the successor to the pre-war House of Peers. If the two houses disagree on matters of the budget, treaties, or designation of the prime minister, the House of Representatives can insist on its decision. In other decisions, the House of Representatives can override a vote of the House of Councillors only by a two-thirds majority of members present.
The House of Councillors has 245 members who each serve six-year terms, two years longer than those of the House of Representatives. Councillors must be at least 30 years old, compared with 25 years old in the House of Representatives. The House of Councillors cannot be dissolved, and terms are staggered so that only half of its membership is up for election every three years. Of the 121 members subject to election each time, 73 are elected from 45 districts by single non-transferable vote (SNTV) and 48 are elected from a nationwide list by proportional representation (PR) with open lists.
Roles and responsibilities
The power of House of Councillors is very similar to the Canadian Senate or the Irish Seanad. In central issues, there is a "supremacy of the House of Representatives" (:ja:衆議院の優越, Shūgiin no yūetsu): In the election of the prime minister, in the ratification of international treaties and on passing the budget, a decision by the House of Representatives always overrides House of Councillors dissent. And only the lower house can pass votes of no-confidence against the cabinet. All other legislation requires either the approval by majorities in both houses, an agreement in the conference committee of both houses or an additional override vote by two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. (No single party has ever won a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives under the current constitution, although the LDP came close several times, as did the DPJ in 2009.) In other words: Controlling a majority in the House of Councillors and one third of the House of Representatives is enough for a united opposition to be able to block the passage of legislation. For certain important administrative nominations by the cabinet, the approval of both houses is required absolutely (although the laws containing this requirement could be changed by two-thirds lower house override as a "nuclear option"); and constitutional amendment proposals need two-thirds majorities in both the houses of the Diet to be submitted to the people in a national referendum.
One additional constitutional role of the House of Councillors is to serve as functioning fully elected emergency legislature on its own during lower house election campaigns: While the House of Representatives is dissolved, the National Diet can't be convened, and therefore no law can be passed in regular procedure; but in urgent cases requiring parliamentary action (e.g. election management, provisional budgets, disaster response), an emergency session (緊急集会, kinkyū shūkai) of the House of Councillors can still be invoked to take provisional decisions for the whole Diet. Such decisions will become invalid unless confirmed by the House of Representatives as soon as the whole Diet convenes again.
The basic stipulations on the role of the House of Councillors are subject of chapter IV of the constitution. Laws and rules containing more detailed provisions on parliamentary procedures and the relations between the two houses include the National Diet Law (国会法, Kokkai-hō), the conference committee regulations (両院協議会規程, ryōin-kyōgikai kitei), and the rules of each house (衆議院/参議院規則, Shūgiin/Sangiin kisoku).
Constitutional practice
In practice, governments often tried to ensure legislative majorities, either by forming coalition governments with safe legislative majorities in the first place or by negotiating with part of the opposition, or avoided to submit bills with no prospects of passage, so the House of Councillors rarely voted against the decisions reached by the lower house for much of postwar history: As the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), founded in 1955, often held majorities in both houses or was sufficiently close to control both houses together with independents and micro-parties for a long period, inter-chamber disagreement was rare during most of the 1955 System.
After the opposition victory in the 1989 election, the relative importance of the House of Councillors initially increased, as the LDP continued to govern alone and did not hold a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Crucial legislation had to be negotiated with parts of the opposition. The most prominent example was the so-called "PKO Diet" (:ja:PKO国会, PKO Kokkai) of 1992 when the LDP negotiated and passed the peace-keeping operations bill with centre-left/right-of-JSP opposition parties (DSP and Kōmeitō) against fierce opposition from JSP and JCP; the PKO law became the base for the Self-Defense Forces' first (ground) deployment abroad as part of the UN mission in Cambodia. After the 1993 House of Representatives election, with the exception of a brief minority government in 1994, coalition governments or the confidence and supply arrangement during the restored LDP single-party government ensured legislative government majorities until the opposition victory in the 1998 House of Councillors election which led to the formation of another coalition government by 1999.
The legislative two-thirds override power of the House of Representatives was never used between 1950s and 2008 when the LDP-Kōmeitō coalition government had lost the House of Councillors majority in the 2007 election, but did control a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives since 2005. After that, it has been used somewhat more frequently (see :ja:衆議院の再議決, Shūgin no saikaketsu, ~"Override decisions by the House of Representatives" for a list). If a government controls a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives and is willing to use it, the House of Councillors can only delay a bill, but not prevent passage.
Opposition control of the House of Councillors is often summarized by the term nejire Kokkai (:ja:ねじれ国会, "twisted" or "skewed" Diet). Setting aside the immediate postwar years, when many governments were in the minority in the upper house, but the strongest force, the centrist Ryokufūkai, was not in all-out opposition to either centre-left or centre-right governments and willing to cooperate, the Diet was "twisted" from 1989 to 1993, 1998–1999, 2007–2009, and most recently 2010–2013.
"Gridlock" and reform proposals
In recent years, many constitutional revision advocates call for reforming the role of the House of Councillors ("carbon copy" of the House of Representatives or "recalcitrant naysayer") or abolishing it altogether to "prevent political paralysis", after the recently more frequent twisted Diets have seen an increase in inter-chamber friction/"political nightmare"s. Examples of high-stakes, internationally noted conflicts in recent twisted Diets:
In 2008, two nominees for BoJ governor by the Fukuda Cabinet (Toshirō Mutō, Kōji Tanami) were rejected by the DPJ-led opposition in the House of Councillors, and the SDF naval support mission for NATO/OEF in the Indian Ocean had to be interrupted for one month while the extension of the anti-terrorism law was delayed by the extended legislative proceedings necessary to override the House of Councillors rejection.
In 2011, the Kan Cabinet struggled to pass a renewable energy bill and a bond ceiling increase (unlike the budget itself subject to the normal legislative procedure) against the LDP-led opposition majority in the House of Councillors until it negotiated a deal with the LDP in exchange for child allowance reform and the cabinet's resignation which Kan had already announced, but conditioned on the passage of the bills.
To what degree and which of these inter-chamber disagreements constitute a "nightmare"/"paralysis"/gridlock and in how far this deviates from the intended constitutional framework is subject to partisan and legal debate (:ja:参議院改革論, Sangiin kaikaku-ron, "House of Councillors reform debate" & :ja:参議院不要論, Sangiin fuyō-ron, ~"House of Councillors needlessness debate"). Few, mainly on the political left, rejecting any change to the constitution with the pacifist "sanctum" of article 9, prefer to preserve the role of the House of Councillors as it is; its fixed, staggered, long-term election cycle, not synchronized with that of the House of Representatives, makes winning two-thirds majorities in both houses of parliament for a constitutional revision very difficult, in spite of the majoritarian-leaning electoral systems for both houses.
While the House of Councillors is to some degree a de facto representation of regional interests with smaller, mostly rural prefectures having disproportionate representation under the electoral system, it is not by constitutional design a chamber representing regional interests, but on the contrary, explicitly a representation of "all the people", just like the House of Representatives. In decisions in recent decades, the Supreme Court has tightened its previously more generously interpreted constitutional limit on malapportionment in the House of Councillors, if still somewhat higher than for the House of Representatives.
Membership and elections
Article 102 of the Japanese Constitution provided that half of the councillors elected in the first House of Councillors election in 1947 would be up for re-election three years later in order to introduce staggered six-year terms.
The House initially had 250 seats. Two seats were added to the House in 1970 after the agreement on the repatriation of Okinawa, increasing the House to a total of 252. Legislation aimed at addressing malapportionment that favoured less-populated prefectures was introduced in 2000; this resulted in ten seats being removed (five each at the 2001 and 2004 elections), bringing the total number of seats to 242. Further reforms to address malapportionment took effect in 2007 and 2016, but did not change the total number of members in the house.
From 1947 to 1983, the House had 100 seats allocated to a , of which fifty seats were allocated in each election. It was originally intended to give nationally prominent figures a route to the House without going through local electioneering processes. Some national political figures, such as feminists Shidzue Katō and Fusae Ichikawa and former Imperial Army general Kazushige Ugaki, were elected through the block, along with a number of celebrities such as comedian Yukio Aoshima (later Governor of Tokyo), journalist Hideo Den and actress Yūko Mochizuki. Shintaro Ishihara won a record 3 million votes in the national block in the 1968 election. The national block was last seen in the 1980 election and was replaced with a nationwide proportional representation block in the 1983 election. The national proportional representation block was reduced to 96 members in the 2000 reforms.
Current composition
For a list of individual members, see the List of members of the Diet of Japan.
Latest election
See 2019 Japanese House of Councillors election
See also
List of speakers of the House of Councillors of Japan
List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan
References
Specific
Bibliography
Hayes, L. D., 2009. Introduction to Japanese Politics. 5th ed. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
External links
House of Councillors Website (in English)
House of Councillors internet TV - Official site (in Japanese)
Government of Japan
Japan
National Diet | [
0.3405413329601288,
-0.07541732490062714,
0.09960958361625671,
0.33030006289482117,
-1.3148740530014038,
0.1799236387014389,
0.4866742789745331,
-0.10925814509391785,
-0.3673742413520813,
-0.3475283086299896,
-0.26362088322639465,
0.12690211832523346,
-0.15552517771720886,
0.2629852890968323,
-0.24933496117591858,
-0.028018249198794365,
0.9480708837509155,
0.8130133748054504,
0.013776932843029499,
-0.6155815720558167,
0.032269153743982315,
0.5016380548477173,
0.09143409878015518,
-0.5694230198860168,
0.41860106587409973,
0.1682996153831482,
0.6075896620750427,
1.071079969406128,
-0.36463287472724915,
-0.30751413106918335,
0.0031830340158194304,
0.44024887681007385,
0.11764219403266907,
0.30563777685165405,
0.5863061547279358,
-0.6283049583435059,
0.33229634165763855,
-0.6447446942329407,
-0.03382493928074837,
-0.09803074598312378,
0.16704505681991577,
0.10593892633914948,
0.9701972603797913,
0.23159660398960114,
0.17905937135219574,
-0.5896287560462952,
-1.3357198238372803,
-0.0024092833045870066,
-1.1798514127731323,
0.50555020570755,
-0.41088685393333435,
0.3353404104709625,
0.15916837751865387,
0.4293484687805176,
0.3615712523460388,
0.7336306571960449,
-0.3923257887363434,
0.3499918580055237,
-0.5123974084854126,
-0.35421687364578247,
0.16023266315460205,
-0.06601818650960922,
-0.13857552409172058,
0.03876711428165436,
0.37126195430755615,
0.3139542043209076,
0.3568270802497864,
-0.04585442319512367,
-0.6234415769577026,
-0.1798260360956192,
-0.501583456993103,
0.0011430762242525816,
0.18680693209171295,
0.10791590064764023,
-0.2930935323238373,
-0.9710599184036255,
-0.2840538024902344,
0.31701740622520447,
0.238472580909729,
-0.3584579527378082,
-0.2522411346435547,
0.20862425863742828,
0.11650723963975906,
0.34850120544433594,
0.29714688658714294,
0.16768723726272583,
-0.27858346700668335,
-0.3860355019569397,
-0.5093689560890198,
0.9028950333595276,
-0.38303491473197937,
0.48741862177848816,
0.14941154420375824,
-0.13056209683418274,
-0.5554401278495789,
-0.7556533813476562,
-0.25117236375808716,
0.02838747762143612,
0.2019849419593811,
0.04853794351220131,
-0.03233100846409798,
0.16026617586612701,
1.000103235244751,
0.34818804264068604,
-1.1040196418762207,
-0.6774164438247681,
-0.7365227341651917,
-0.040126241743564606,
-0.4704407751560211,
0.5179474353790283,
-0.5598740577697754,
0.11377505958080292,
-0.1319572925567627,
0.18946102261543274,
-0.4879041612148285,
-0.19020672142505646,
0.03484232723712921,
-0.5009282231330872,
0.1708318144083023,
-0.0013785480987280607,
0.3625217378139496,
0.17070789635181427,
0.1100025624036789,
0.692923903465271,
-0.1354420781135559,
-0.019447319209575653,
0.46488115191459656,
0.025181889533996582,
0.2750829756259918,
0.436097115278244,
0.7208957076072693,
0.7095224261283875,
0.16054166853427887,
0.07221638411283493,
-0.05480409786105156,
-0.33508652448654175,
-0.08217522501945496,
-0.349209725856781,
0.11819513142108917,
-0.1886424720287323,
-0.8193992972373962,
-0.49968934059143066,
0.0853598415851593,
-0.6301542520523071,
0.2987918555736542,
-0.17614714801311493,
-0.8919340372085571,
-0.775556743144989,
-1.0048632621765137,
-0.3564535975456238,
0.17688104510307312,
0.38102275133132935,
0.27092444896698,
0.24003270268440247,
0.06342645734548569,
0.3469589948654175,
1.0721763372421265,
-0.5560321807861328,
0.5889551043510437,
0.4472239911556244,
-0.18785850703716278,
-0.4634926915168762,
-0.09450829029083252,
-0.25933992862701416,
0.5131709575653076,
-0.20727984607219696,
0.10442657768726349,
0.8060515522956848,
-0.016542352735996246,
0.5652867555618286,
-0.33408498764038086,
-0.7199641466140747,
-0.34323254227638245,
-0.32078301906585693,
-0.003937056753784418,
-0.7514870166778564,
0.31210339069366455,
0.16594214737415314,
0.26603764295578003,
0.3524915874004364,
-0.7121281027793884,
-0.5561221241950989,
0.15606091916561127,
0.24232906103134155,
0.09507981687784195,
0.3980393409729004,
-0.1046944335103035,
0.5712200403213501,
0.46374329924583435,
-0.355891615152359,
-0.6509005427360535,
-0.24246034026145935,
0.4729357361793518,
-0.45427748560905457,
0.9577181935310364,
0.18264929950237274,
0.10025393217802048,
0.6832957863807678,
-0.12506206333637238,
0.4985285997390747,
0.27427467703819275,
-0.22998708486557007,
0.5031281113624573,
0.13084308803081512,
-0.472114235162735,
0.20692624151706696,
-0.17577965557575226,
0.42123156785964966,
-0.07204428315162659,
0.4343193471431732,
0.08934319764375687,
0.16388258337974548,
0.09768415987491608,
-0.35681581497192383,
0.2520689368247986,
-0.4372923970222473,
-0.7320592403411865,
-0.26978182792663574,
0.45548051595687866,
-0.462992399930954,
0.845507025718689,
0.23829536139965057,
-0.2136230319738388,
0.674476146697998,
-0.32496294379234314,
0.8404586315155029,
0.1425788402557373,
0.3639782965183258,
-0.0025069667026400566,
-0.295939564704895,
0.7038248181343079,
0.10395228862762451,
0.6198572516441345,
-0.026897065341472626,
-0.13774116337299347,
-0.026355160400271416,
0.13097098469734192,
-0.1653405725955963,
0.5950787663459778,
-0.45713046193122864,
0.14801032841205597,
0.0358157753944397,
0.27535998821258545,
0.12124399095773697,
0.5156751871109009,
0.19412167370319366,
-0.4017322063446045,
0.7080581188201904,
-0.271737664937973,
0.05867905914783478,
0.4769405722618103,
-0.3911789357662201,
0.492070734500885,
-0.6061878800392151,
0.15725873410701752,
-0.56493079662323,
0.294868141412735,
-0.10240967571735382,
0.1565992534160614,
0.07077278196811676,
-0.664553165435791,
-0.2100343108177185,
0.1242072582244873,
-0.5097284317016602,
-0.6920170187950134,
0.2330414056777954,
-0.12793776392936707,
-0.2360064685344696,
0.25940755009651184,
0.05860767140984535,
0.03973868116736412,
-0.37185466289520264,
-0.5123348236083984,
-0.17069201171398163,
-0.32483839988708496,
-0.7557340264320374,
-0.002452865708619356,
0.7923657894134521,
-0.6982898712158203,
-0.6996787786483765,
0.04039144143462181,
0.364875853061676,
-0.022090742364525795,
-0.37075918912887573,
-0.5581560134887695,
-0.4702439606189728,
-0.017891759052872658,
-0.7423989176750183,
-0.38211068511009216,
0.1305990219116211,
-0.0454743430018425,
0.4494262635707855,
-0.390415221452713,
-0.607948899269104,
-0.17073766887187958,
-0.17212532460689545,
-0.3187987804412842,
0.681401789188385,
0.18808352947235107,
-1.1335487365722656,
-0.10495860874652863,
-0.9452696442604065,
0.20969389379024506,
0.28621023893356323,
0.11757958680391312,
-0.2936631143093109,
-0.12875060737133026,
0.37433791160583496,
-5.3552165031433105,
0.20044612884521484,
-0.4030257761478424,
-0.13975463807582855,
0.6962214708328247,
0.5376477241516113,
0.3771394193172455,
-0.5287255048751831,
0.5689420700073242,
-0.5845863223075867,
0.07152439653873444,
0.10879436135292053,
0.677760899066925,
0.7548013925552368,
-0.40782439708709717,
0.4855726957321167,
0.2876950204372406,
-0.31011343002319336,
0.18430529534816742,
-0.44704461097717285,
0.2053566575050354,
-0.14274738729000092,
0.15553812682628632,
0.7838857769966125,
0.5535635352134705,
0.8050019145011902,
-0.45741012692451477,
-0.05435891076922417,
-0.19158273935317993,
-0.17971321940422058,
-0.02811937965452671,
-0.4131709039211273,
-0.46488577127456665,
-0.37838348746299744,
-0.19695590436458588,
-0.19716444611549377,
0.7969809770584106,
0.47105899453163147,
-0.20828622579574585,
-0.22469888627529144,
0.2454918920993805,
0.09536115825176239,
-0.07847910374403,
0.3215252161026001,
0.14940321445465088,
-0.35908272862434387,
-0.8481292724609375,
-0.18165743350982666,
-0.1717013567686081,
0.7192558646202087,
0.2283397614955902,
0.5435954928398132,
0.8455227017402649,
0.10378005355596542,
0.2144593596458435,
-0.00482916459441185,
0.5717310309410095,
0.30919480323791504,
-0.3465456962585449,
-0.2460644394159317,
0.16830436885356903,
-0.47923922538757324,
-0.18291445076465607,
-0.2785780131816864,
0.06149148941040039,
-0.4005053639411926,
-0.2524777054786682,
0.4643206000328064,
0.4311036765575409,
0.07148739695549011,
-0.9316225647926331,
-0.17730559408664703,
0.24830518662929535,
-0.9687930941581726,
0.44317400455474854,
-0.17219829559326172,
0.5870596766471863,
0.042114533483982086,
0.03346657752990723,
0.4902561902999878,
-0.31361323595046997,
-0.06756365299224854,
-0.41368523240089417,
0.4768053889274597,
-0.21751773357391357,
-0.5924600958824158,
0.08656774461269379,
0.6064698696136475,
-0.2300274819135666,
0.020676350221037865,
0.28202348947525024,
-0.7792345285415649,
0.3120712637901306,
0.7014470100402832,
0.7018582820892334,
0.39235737919807434,
0.2939499020576477,
0.08525662124156952,
0.33462440967559814,
-0.7358682751655579,
0.18636398017406464,
0.08709261566400528,
-0.4900478422641754,
-0.7629104852676392,
-0.08322916179895401,
-0.5028920769691467,
-0.47423383593559265,
0.6076129078865051,
-0.10797613859176636,
-0.3413105010986328,
-0.5502640008926392,
-0.53057461977005,
-0.36787107586860657,
-0.6107560992240906,
0.68023282289505,
-0.05467227101325989,
-1.0531591176986694,
0.39822056889533997,
0.10674873739480972,
0.38768869638442993,
-0.03542565554380417,
0.6761729717254639,
-0.5952808260917664,
0.3720185458660126,
-0.7650177478790283,
-0.03101871907711029,
-0.44362449645996094,
0.04794241860508919,
0.06796004623174667,
-0.1637333184480667,
0.3443569839000702,
0.2998030483722687,
0.4021926820278168,
0.20948238670825958,
0.5104345679283142,
-0.34197527170181274,
-0.15652789175510406,
0.24521227180957794,
-0.1552923172712326,
-0.6676267385482788,
0.012606944888830185,
-0.23488621413707733,
-0.4382367730140686,
0.1678699553012848,
-0.32250532507896423,
0.6203339099884033,
-0.712066113948822,
0.2778419554233551,
-0.17587588727474213,
0.9740429520606995,
-0.105988048017025,
-0.6815159916877747,
0.38128843903541565,
-0.2504977285861969,
-0.09681974351406097,
-0.3863200545310974,
-0.223344624042511,
0.28882721066474915,
0.16561473906040192,
-0.9650066494941711,
0.02818414382636547,
-0.5211150050163269,
-0.8520480394363403,
0.21913038194179535,
-0.06691917777061462,
-0.7433077692985535,
-0.09876545518636703,
-0.18365752696990967,
-0.11304466426372528,
0.2374914437532425,
-0.08594720810651779,
-0.10239129513502121,
-0.1586797684431076,
0.4485803246498108,
0.3333459198474884,
-0.185625821352005,
0.6841846704483032,
0.8357653021812439,
-0.3362489342689514,
-0.08055534213781357,
0.2775045335292816,
0.14669644832611084,
-0.2480929046869278,
0.26910147070884705,
0.03196291998028755,
-0.07382832467556,
0.20227676630020142,
-0.10943499207496643,
0.6554083228111267,
-0.14588366448879242,
0.4977603554725647,
0.21440072357654572,
0.41147059202194214,
-0.030620062723755836,
-0.7321651577949524,
-0.2976206839084625,
0.3793204724788666,
0.027161024510860443,
-0.5665046572685242,
0.015575997531414032,
0.1318010836839676,
0.42604029178619385,
-0.2995203137397766,
-0.3291904926300049,
0.26299768686294556,
-0.2622440457344055,
0.1689247190952301,
0.4052036702632904,
-0.005130348261445761,
-0.18441493809223175,
-0.9047121405601501,
-0.3212552070617676,
-0.25383511185646057,
-0.28583166003227234,
-0.6641210317611694,
-0.392289936542511,
0.24178579449653625,
-0.3153143525123596,
-0.027115069329738617,
-1.011811375617981,
0.07210872322320938,
-0.06608902662992477,
-0.11097489297389984,
-0.3521310091018677,
-0.35846781730651855,
0.2447926551103592,
0.3558973968029022,
-0.6937499046325684,
-0.07966100424528122,
-0.7348294854164124,
-0.40604352951049805,
0.2687036097049713,
0.09869637340307236,
0.04376869276165962,
-0.3305247128009796,
0.3196600675582886,
-0.026876699179410934,
0.20806455612182617,
0.4267517626285553,
0.7898154258728027,
0.27753734588623047,
1.1187920570373535,
0.6451203227043152,
-0.1202094554901123,
-0.2811296880245209,
0.7294566631317139,
-0.0407605841755867,
-0.6090382933616638,
-0.3511757254600525,
0.2555823028087616,
0.6256965398788452,
-0.16003155708312988,
-0.39606228470802307,
-0.2643705904483795,
0.4036928415298462,
-1.1633647680282593,
0.06909424811601639,
0.6642566919326782,
-0.3136667013168335,
0.41804468631744385,
-0.2522449791431427,
-0.13958832621574402,
-0.04957167059183121,
0.3238152265548706,
-0.14435161650180817,
0.2033664584159851,
-0.7660567164421082,
-0.0021745602134615183,
-0.06374381482601166,
-0.9097263813018799,
-0.12862825393676758,
0.15046326816082,
-0.3001203238964081,
0.2997726798057556,
0.7619465589523315,
-0.03235820308327675,
-0.35373643040657043,
-0.20350702106952667,
-0.606987476348877,
-0.33627715706825256,
-0.5697960257530212,
-0.11297935247421265,
0.14830151200294495,
-0.5585758686065674,
0.37649771571159363,
-0.9559031128883362,
-0.25199541449546814,
0.4475395977497101,
-0.7689225077629089,
-0.3176560699939728,
-0.662303626537323,
-0.8177436590194702,
0.05469072237610817,
0.1521715521812439,
-0.4659656882286072,
-0.17338840663433075,
-0.1399785578250885,
-0.08807022124528885,
0.0092202452942729,
0.1317186802625656,
-0.002802725648507476,
0.3365641236305237,
0.2544793486595154,
0.5495166778564453,
0.14780449867248535,
0.06462004035711288,
-0.051189202815294266,
-0.4853181540966034,
-0.12112774699926376,
0.712219774723053,
0.46449846029281616,
-0.15561151504516602,
0.561835765838623,
1.0269479751586914,
-0.6850440502166748,
0.23921307921409607,
0.16530099511146545,
-0.4264398515224457,
-0.09670688956975937,
-0.08290543407201767,
-0.12304219603538513,
-0.26647141575813293,
-0.005580192431807518,
0.3018396496772766,
0.02636183239519596,
0.37785571813583374,
0.06997344642877579,
-0.40821653604507446,
0.27338624000549316,
-0.07027467340230942,
0.8108388185501099,
0.3381505608558655,
-0.5395204424858093,
0.4910925030708313,
-0.2521131634712219,
-0.9442688226699829,
-0.24469688534736633,
-0.3584335148334503,
0.656777560710907,
0.7881563305854797,
0.2230968326330185,
0.43677499890327454,
-1.323387861251831,
-0.250188946723938,
0.16485901176929474,
0.2717604339122772,
-0.2941534221172333,
0.0026938419323414564,
-0.1347176879644394,
0.11354317516088486,
0.4190039336681366,
-0.03248432278633118,
0.3088223934173584,
-0.06846777349710464,
0.37849491834640503,
0.3295310139656067,
0.1805879920721054,
0.0006971781840547919,
0.6802029609680176,
-0.03938041999936104,
-0.08655700087547302,
-0.15603667497634888,
-0.20048366487026215,
0.4773538410663605,
-0.48700419068336487,
0.15588703751564026,
0.15012884140014648,
-0.10306429862976074,
-0.28231075406074524,
-0.049839504063129425,
0.012131107039749622,
-0.049506064504384995,
-0.1639019399881363,
-0.1746051013469696,
0.2740260660648346,
0.36416172981262207,
0.2588721215724945,
-0.2772771418094635,
0.4502285420894623,
-0.1573517620563507,
-0.08334112167358398,
0.15744300186634064,
-0.32769662141799927,
-1.2756009101867676,
0.3870184123516083,
1.0716644525527954,
-0.29653725028038025,
0.5201382637023926,
-0.22798502445220947,
0.2845829129219055,
-0.45650914311408997,
0.09201958030462265,
0.20067159831523895,
0.46596163511276245,
0.23140665888786316,
0.0017535306978970766,
-0.10705610364675522,
0.13532213866710663,
1.2400540113449097,
0.3120196461677551,
-0.001347958343103528,
0.6023427844047546,
0.07791424542665482,
0.32132840156555176,
-0.15824949741363525,
0.5518537759780884,
-0.6117454171180725,
-0.2196907103061676,
-0.06894611567258835,
0.03396947309374809,
0.5490075349807739,
-0.21229815483093262,
0.22276060283184052,
0.3657217025756836,
-0.2679499685764313,
0.1351439207792282,
0.8903612494468689,
-0.4485701024532318,
0.4256526827812195,
-0.15481902658939362,
-0.2416759431362152,
-0.44513529539108276,
0.18014535307884216,
0.5599979758262634,
0.19323059916496277,
0.018905814737081528,
0.8077737092971802,
-0.49064648151397705,
-0.5948578119277954,
0.3935766816139221,
-0.428267240524292,
-0.22412516176700592,
-0.41500169038772583,
-0.03128442168235779,
-0.038859810680150986,
0.44103580713272095,
0.3717479705810547,
0.8209854364395142,
0.7827710509300232,
-0.18435773253440857,
-0.12326827645301819,
0.32227823138237,
0.3840595781803131,
-0.035357940942049026,
0.12923070788383484,
0.009769836440682411,
-0.5247464179992676,
-0.2729910910129547,
-0.1342194527387619,
-0.1721268892288208,
0.3500100076198578,
-0.3710799813270569,
0.5162258148193359,
-0.3800639510154724,
0.05179184302687645,
-0.38583165407180786,
0.9642819762229919,
0.10359416902065277,
0.3611352741718292,
-0.07247865200042725
] |
217780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock%20Hemlock | Sherlock Hemlock | Sherlock Hemlock (who calls himself "the world's greatest detective") is a Muppet character on the PBS series Sesame Street. His catchphrase is "Egad!" which he exclaims whenever he makes a discovery. Sherlock Hemlock was performed by Jerry Nelson.
Prevalence on the show
While Sherlock Hemlock made frequent appearances on the show in the 1970s and 1980s, in recent years he has been phased out in favor of newer characters. However, like Lefty the Salesman, Guy Smiley, and The Amazing Mumford, he is still a popular main character on Sesamstrasse, the German version of the show.
Name and appearance
Sherlock Hemlock is an obvious parody of Sherlock Holmes and the stereotypical detective. He wears a deerstalker hat and cloak, which Holmes is often depicted wearing, and often uses a magnifying glass like Holmes. However, his name is also a reference to hemlock, the poisonous plant used to kill the philosopher Socrates.
He appears to have been originally made from a green Anything Muppet.
Famous skits
Sherlock Hemlock is known for his humorous skits in which he tries to solve a mystery, only to discover that he is the culprit. A well-known example of this is the "Chicken Salad Sandwich" skit, originally aired in 1970, which was Sherlock's first appearance. In this skit, Ernie opens his lunch box to find that half of his sandwich is missing, so he asks Sherlock Hemlock to help him figure out who took the missing half. After analyzing some clues like leftover bread crusts ("many people think bread crust is yucky" Sherlock says), they come to the conclusion that Sherlock ate half of the sandwich, and he asks for the other half as his reward. Another memorable sketch was the "Twiddlebug Picnic Case" when he deduced when the Twiddlebugs were having a picnic being interrupted by Herry Monster. One of his most famous segments is the song "X Marks the Spot" in which Sherlock sings about the letter "X." The imagery of X-ray machines, a flashing railroad crossing, bottles of poison, and danger signs frightened many young viewers.
Sherlock Hemlock starred in all of the episodes of a former recurring Sesame Street segment, "Mysterious Theater" (hosted by Vincent Twice Vincent Twice), which is spoof of the TV series Mystery! (once hosted by Vincent Price). In these sketches, he is aided by a trusted companion, Watson (a dog performed by Kevin Clash), a spoof of Sherlock Holmes's companion, Dr. Watson. Watson frequently solved the case long before Hemlock, but is unable to communicate this to his master, who wouldn't find what Watson discovered until the end of each segment (very similar to Inspector Gadget).
Sesame Street books featuring Sherlock Hemlock
The following Sesame Street books feature Sherlock Hemlock as a main character:
Sherlock Hemlock and the Great Twiddlebug Mystery: or The Mystery of the Terrible Mess in My Friend's Front Yard (by Betty Lou as Told to Sir Arthur Conan Rubberducque) (Whitman Publishing, 1972) written by Revena Dwight and illustrated by Jolly Roger Bradfield (A Whitman Tell-a-Tale Book by the same duo that created The Together Book)
Ernie the Cave King and Sherlock the Smart Person in The Invention of Paper (Whitman Publishing, 1975) by Daniel Wilcox
The Case of the Missing Duckie (Western Publishing, 1981) written by Linda Hayward and illustrated by Maggie Swanson.
Sherlock Hemlock and the Creatures from Outer Space (Western Publishing, 1981) written by Ray Sipherd and illustrated by Sammis McLean.
External links
Sesame Street Muppet characters
Fictional private investigators
Television characters introduced in 1970 | [
0.008788409642875195,
0.33126240968704224,
-0.15130309760570526,
0.18804940581321716,
0.26197943091392517,
-0.06733553856611252,
0.6197491884231567,
0.24120493233203888,
-0.5266311764717102,
0.11278882622718811,
-0.9146556258201599,
0.0115559296682477,
-0.3331345319747925,
0.3853016197681427,
-0.11379274725914001,
-0.1665383130311966,
0.43321558833122253,
0.47346022725105286,
-0.44483819603919983,
-0.5404446721076965,
0.0535479411482811,
-0.5205610394477844,
-0.009671619161963463,
-0.5874167084693909,
-0.4549890160560608,
0.05025147274136543,
-0.12470792979001999,
-0.01129429042339325,
0.012476688250899315,
0.2502087354660034,
0.010585112497210503,
-0.18023331463336945,
0.34368032217025757,
-0.13451887667179108,
-0.2924981117248535,
-0.34365037083625793,
-0.35151979327201843,
-0.06309974938631058,
0.09966954588890076,
-0.42147040367126465,
0.559972882270813,
0.32994431257247925,
0.054764360189437866,
0.1336946040391922,
-0.558637261390686,
-0.441916823387146,
-1.5936273336410522,
0.2993658483028412,
-0.2003381997346878,
-0.04508991166949272,
-0.2024148851633072,
0.5788601636886597,
0.2725421190261841,
0.7070289850234985,
-0.02897673100233078,
0.45917588472366333,
-0.335496187210083,
-0.14115022122859955,
0.32307055592536926,
0.13565047085285187,
0.15260013937950134,
0.31695252656936646,
0.3223892152309418,
0.06856163591146469,
-0.17601671814918518,
0.5191433429718018,
0.11798851937055588,
0.39310264587402344,
0.03784369304776192,
0.2443193942308426,
0.2906465232372284,
-0.3994728624820709,
0.26602447032928467,
0.3926405608654022,
-0.12859302759170532,
-0.2140541523694992,
0.6063676476478577,
0.11610908806324005,
0.18524229526519775,
0.09750775247812271,
-0.20654134452342987,
0.21775272488594055,
0.7073910236358643,
0.5684983134269714,
0.2691171169281006,
0.19748128950595856,
-0.49464622139930725,
-0.33258670568466187,
-0.2070085108280182,
0.5274847149848938,
-0.34059780836105347,
0.37411633133888245,
-0.07074818760156631,
0.19130878150463104,
-0.17986194789409637,
-0.01636122167110443,
-0.04006332904100418,
-0.6429485082626343,
-0.08088681846857071,
-0.029642201960086823,
-0.038083676248788834,
0.2946108281612396,
0.8298469185829163,
-0.36201226711273193,
0.28969529271125793,
0.011340520344674587,
0.417734295129776,
-0.6095037460327148,
-0.3757686913013458,
0.14061453938484192,
-0.5559951663017273,
0.045407623052597046,
0.035068050026893616,
0.14449864625930786,
0.07588913291692734,
0.5776001214981079,
0.4409674108028412,
-0.5501318573951721,
-0.38735947012901306,
-0.03542868047952652,
-0.13780470192432404,
0.05288081243634224,
0.15842890739440918,
-0.1399865597486496,
-0.02580351009964943,
-0.14895205199718475,
-0.04758439213037491,
0.25560981035232544,
0.06683547049760818,
0.0364653505384922,
0.37696602940559387,
0.9304882884025574,
-0.2983768880367279,
-0.6071150898933411,
-0.22183601558208466,
-0.06032511219382286,
0.23142337799072266,
0.5730154514312744,
-0.36792972683906555,
0.4030263423919678,
-0.4660181701183319,
-0.22794444859027863,
-0.7240414023399353,
-0.10077892988920212,
0.05895226076245308,
0.07616930454969406,
-0.17277607321739197,
0.46301892399787903,
0.05496188998222351,
-0.13643568754196167,
-0.5726729035377502,
0.022192848846316338,
-0.2956383228302002,
-0.9256832003593445,
0.25115782022476196,
-0.01714935339987278,
0.3269304931163788,
-0.2449917495250702,
0.3646818697452545,
-0.3592856824398041,
-0.2206430286169052,
-0.369632750749588,
-0.11260183155536652,
-0.4175495505332947,
-0.18015041947364807,
-0.3529786467552185,
0.7071526646614075,
-0.03319476172327995,
-0.47068876028060913,
0.15100322663784027,
-0.3445524275302887,
0.13534538447856903,
0.764789342880249,
-0.2981295585632324,
0.06752540916204453,
0.589621365070343,
0.6914299130439758,
0.09223642200231552,
0.12921977043151855,
-0.456299364566803,
-0.5586227774620056,
0.13055932521820068,
0.24139092862606049,
-0.30049318075180054,
0.8206675052642822,
0.06828348338603973,
0.26153767108917236,
0.06570497900247574,
0.061649590730667114,
-0.12725050747394562,
-0.391290545463562,
0.0028026143554598093,
0.41552022099494934,
-0.20051085948944092,
0.7490646839141846,
0.6994015574455261,
0.1327243596315384,
0.5128743648529053,
0.2516985535621643,
0.6203857660293579,
0.25018319487571716,
0.09364473819732666,
0.5761309862136841,
0.13501551747322083,
-0.8812738060951233,
0.8357954621315002,
0.13478843867778778,
0.2999846339225769,
0.098248191177845,
0.16692252457141876,
0.7404054403305054,
-0.313699871301651,
-0.026762304827570915,
-0.3238641619682312,
-0.4432474374771118,
0.02539948746562004,
0.41007286310195923,
-0.5699505805969238,
-0.40027743577957153,
-0.6185743808746338,
0.4086535573005676,
0.1906360387802124,
0.018374575302004814,
-0.055504556745290756,
-0.09906493872404099,
1.2969655990600586,
-0.03962385654449463,
0.29276877641677856,
0.046766843646764755,
-0.11108550429344177,
-0.4830966293811798,
-0.09632249176502228,
-0.03796897828578949,
-0.1343689262866974,
-0.4866420328617096,
-0.14581875503063202,
0.004551516845822334,
-0.9266270399093628,
0.500723659992218,
-0.032429277896881104,
0.21347938477993011,
0.15551131963729858,
-0.6808812022209167,
0.3969428837299347,
0.5152936577796936,
-0.17897069454193115,
-0.7352134585380554,
0.5265235900878906,
-0.6103269457817078,
-0.3539084494113922,
0.6007040739059448,
0.19307607412338257,
0.29333728551864624,
0.02835465967655182,
0.35042157769203186,
-0.2761872708797455,
-0.30885231494903564,
0.07410429418087006,
0.1827343851327896,
0.6146789789199829,
0.16116470098495483,
0.13489198684692383,
-0.10607326030731201,
-0.2144281566143036,
-0.48703521490097046,
-0.7488305568695068,
-0.46335670351982117,
-0.4759516716003418,
-0.0051122549921274185,
0.4792717397212982,
0.3531501591205597,
0.0920722484588623,
-0.22454111278057098,
-0.345367968082428,
0.63504958152771,
-0.24031998217105865,
0.3177889287471771,
0.17519351840019226,
-0.08960878849029541,
-0.41119131445884705,
-0.10482196509838104,
0.38913917541503906,
-0.04523978754878044,
-0.0634029433131218,
-0.4337007999420166,
-0.6243700385093689,
-0.24096490442752838,
-0.6645768284797668,
0.10443864017724991,
0.39092084765434265,
-0.01677454076707363,
0.5132277011871338,
-0.20694206655025482,
0.3334881067276001,
-0.12855690717697144,
0.12738889455795288,
-0.01217521633952856,
0.25509658455848694,
0.02169787883758545,
-0.2857249081134796,
-0.037566643208265305,
0.5957852602005005,
-0.2940616011619568,
-0.0639006569981575,
0.3144552409648895,
0.23629887402057648,
-0.4580088257789612,
-0.19297270476818085,
-5.904066562652588,
0.22998476028442383,
-0.067137211561203,
-0.08811721205711365,
0.08402661979198456,
0.5477432608604431,
0.8214097023010254,
-0.037561625242233276,
-0.25095677375793457,
0.42073050141334534,
0.13966405391693115,
0.018573027104139328,
0.3859558701515198,
0.41516709327697754,
0.19007407128810883,
0.1245509460568428,
-0.25409868359565735,
0.00038064661202952266,
0.19678856432437897,
0.09847232699394226,
0.11592631042003632,
0.05138051509857178,
-0.033540431410074234,
0.07783684134483337,
0.28682631254196167,
0.36216774582862854,
-0.7515421509742737,
-0.18692204356193542,
-0.5447130799293518,
0.02016972005367279,
0.2788856327533722,
-0.3718123733997345,
-0.46191248297691345,
-0.28664976358413696,
-0.09706711769104004,
-0.2565007507801056,
0.6663255095481873,
0.06125398725271225,
0.3457059860229492,
-0.06639398634433746,
-0.5607203245162964,
-0.24414564669132233,
-0.2387518435716629,
-0.03753157705068588,
0.5212763547897339,
0.21509625017642975,
-0.38343095779418945,
-0.536331057548523,
0.27436020970344543,
0.08593256771564484,
0.2660452127456665,
0.5342823266983032,
0.23927009105682373,
-0.11899823695421219,
0.4223332405090332,
-0.4228467047214508,
0.0047910516150295734,
0.24381233751773834,
-0.40445825457572937,
-0.001219907426275313,
0.19360247254371643,
-0.26818519830703735,
-0.16975882649421692,
-0.14003431797027588,
0.019628698006272316,
-0.23365166783332825,
-0.42005181312561035,
-0.4412613809108734,
0.6272987127304077,
-0.2271285206079483,
-0.2219095528125763,
0.46026214957237244,
0.4433140754699707,
-0.941818356513977,
0.2743258774280548,
-0.2543993294239044,
-0.5189156532287598,
0.4033088982105255,
-0.05252803489565849,
-0.3912561237812042,
-0.47189831733703613,
-0.4792154133319855,
-0.5730011463165283,
0.33270159363746643,
-0.0073435744270682335,
-0.7761114835739136,
-0.9109051823616028,
-0.08478600531816483,
-0.030687162652611732,
0.31645405292510986,
0.2049880474805832,
-0.22996655106544495,
-0.2236444503068924,
0.6374546885490417,
0.2884948253631592,
0.33987000584602356,
-0.10503730177879333,
0.8966674208641052,
0.18047524988651276,
0.16248191893100739,
0.17052800953388214,
-0.24410900473594666,
0.343422532081604,
-0.34757447242736816,
0.18817980587482452,
-0.25614508986473083,
-0.2642548382282257,
0.15747880935668945,
0.6314378380775452,
0.14260068535804749,
-0.5488286018371582,
-0.4107514023780823,
-0.3032606244087219,
-0.000500993337482214,
0.5634276866912842,
0.017417501658201218,
0.3433472812175751,
0.6702386140823364,
0.4795413613319397,
0.17570915818214417,
-0.18825623393058777,
0.47900456190109253,
0.17300452291965485,
-0.0903623104095459,
0.007923591881990433,
-0.009976022876799107,
0.15688303112983704,
-0.02968672476708889,
0.28988590836524963,
-0.22339846193790436,
-0.6530207991600037,
0.7563288807868958,
0.0788043960928917,
-0.11272834241390228,
0.15902581810951233,
-0.1676655262708664,
-0.5022334456443787,
-0.04801659286022186,
-0.26097023487091064,
-0.09286753088235855,
0.011663747020065784,
-0.356031596660614,
0.17769385874271393,
0.33773285150527954,
0.5233631730079651,
-0.4780708849430084,
0.7893736958503723,
-0.30501922965049744,
-0.04262922331690788,
0.5861758589744568,
0.15533339977264404,
-0.3837210237979889,
0.4509800970554352,
-0.570277214050293,
0.038911521434783936,
0.12259424477815628,
-0.23640093207359314,
0.2938794791698456,
-0.3676632046699524,
0.05140845105051994,
0.3315075635910034,
-0.3191158175468445,
-0.6292030811309814,
-0.01047618966549635,
0.4860076904296875,
0.05509873107075691,
-0.24625316262245178,
-0.4110950529575348,
-0.5051126480102539,
0.3248472213745117,
-0.13718655705451965,
0.14368735253810883,
-0.6095273494720459,
0.23271062970161438,
0.9447272419929504,
0.043612949550151825,
-0.41752132773399353,
0.19486838579177856,
-0.0028979897033423185,
-0.03170153126120567,
-0.06516110152006149,
0.09446680545806885,
-0.34745192527770996,
0.273478627204895,
0.256939560174942,
-0.564144492149353,
0.4371579885482788,
0.04551823064684868,
-0.47083911299705505,
0.048338353633880615,
0.3946923613548279,
0.38002723455429077,
0.02239947021007538,
0.53397536277771,
-0.8747033476829529,
-0.02162553369998932,
0.14745067059993744,
-0.03394240140914917,
0.5911804437637329,
-0.7285557985305786,
-0.13149766623973846,
0.053785599768161774,
-0.42427656054496765,
-0.01666068844497204,
0.8056649565696716,
-0.7761649489402771,
-0.5290980339050293,
0.0748157873749733,
0.03380321338772774,
0.9009784460067749,
-0.08259718865156174,
-0.3147486746311188,
0.38120001554489136,
0.24744871258735657,
-0.4386711120605469,
-0.3154432773590088,
0.4273468852043152,
0.04028232395648956,
-0.09170585870742798,
-0.4561089277267456,
-0.3961082696914673,
-0.4450106620788574,
-0.23177479207515717,
-0.30615362524986267,
-0.33080610632896423,
0.16817042231559753,
0.18445126712322235,
-0.638393759727478,
0.7639783620834351,
-0.8725465536117554,
-0.35538557171821594,
0.02979668788611889,
0.2635759115219116,
0.33538031578063965,
-0.5413160920143127,
-0.4058767557144165,
0.13667325675487518,
0.8192980885505676,
0.14031323790550232,
0.53348308801651,
1.0502567291259766,
0.34553462266921997,
-0.08520714193582535,
-0.5123483538627625,
-0.379310667514801,
0.6652697920799255,
0.4567127227783203,
-0.4451759159564972,
0.012124328874051571,
-0.1495945155620575,
0.5347298383712769,
-0.4112103283405304,
-0.21739529073238373,
0.3742547333240509,
0.4479615390300751,
-0.6448696851730347,
0.14889411628246307,
-0.1841975450515747,
-0.1255280077457428,
-0.6858642101287842,
-0.2070845663547516,
0.09807222336530685,
-0.251471608877182,
0.2232159674167633,
-0.0626521185040474,
0.024426424875855446,
-0.4605024456977844,
-0.023942869156599045,
0.26486992835998535,
-0.3923604190349579,
-0.1684342473745346,
-0.12071085721254349,
0.5833525657653809,
0.7313551902770996,
-0.11998597532510757,
0.6826034188270569,
-0.04477902129292488,
-0.3149632513523102,
-0.28162211179733276,
-0.2672449052333832,
0.24941925704479218,
0.9196425080299377,
-0.3655397593975067,
-0.8827559947967529,
-0.3289123773574829,
-0.24748218059539795,
0.32341280579566956,
-0.23841755092144012,
0.3542991280555725,
0.271790474653244,
-0.6944469809532166,
0.1303803026676178,
0.06446833163499832,
0.2918907403945923,
0.20969662070274353,
-0.10977789014577866,
-0.2753888666629791,
0.48711174726486206,
0.11001327633857727,
-0.295133113861084,
-0.760834276676178,
0.6323584914207458,
0.5552968382835388,
-0.36363059282302856,
0.10924869030714035,
0.5939339399337769,
-0.2888234853744507,
-0.27923670411109924,
-0.02765507996082306,
-0.3494667112827301,
0.11294306814670563,
-0.014707100577652454,
-0.11893197149038315,
1.0155879259109497,
-0.32756179571151733,
-0.4851389229297638,
0.4202772378921509,
-0.4639336168766022,
-0.4495391547679901,
0.9264289140701294,
-0.13317182660102844,
-0.0771750807762146,
0.20541134476661682,
-0.12238091230392456,
-0.6835595369338989,
0.6004889011383057,
0.19960162043571472,
-0.4601859748363495,
0.3821810483932495,
0.3675578534603119,
0.5680760741233826,
-0.34488001465797424,
-0.5911004543304443,
0.2873601019382477,
0.191851407289505,
-0.10056453943252563,
0.17529802024364471,
-0.08620095998048782,
0.00786568783223629,
0.57038813829422,
0.28663724660873413,
0.10360435396432877,
-0.40499603748321533,
0.17443564534187317,
-0.4746514558792114,
0.2990230619907379,
0.17450521886348724,
0.20306450128555298,
0.24620018899440765,
0.21223942935466766,
0.09470374882221222,
0.10763612389564514,
0.37257903814315796,
-0.5428422093391418,
0.5955678820610046,
-0.3351547420024872,
-0.049237266182899475,
-0.14454638957977295,
-0.15368294715881348,
-0.2214955985546112,
-0.03277650475502014,
-0.3128085136413574,
0.24948662519454956,
0.10687629133462906,
0.26115718483924866,
0.24421826004981995,
0.046746522188186646,
-0.1693202704191208,
-0.20757363736629486,
0.37813568115234375,
-0.2814408838748932,
-0.012872506864368916,
-0.0014506328152492642,
0.5903661847114563,
0.19186478853225708,
0.016293732449412346,
0.3187120258808136,
0.011370771564543247,
0.1429886519908905,
-0.04273891821503639,
0.0954575464129448,
-0.275072306394577,
-0.03120068646967411,
-0.5351927876472473,
0.44993114471435547,
0.14414265751838684,
-0.5646653771400452,
-0.013980343006551266,
-0.36694759130477905,
-0.05108433961868286,
0.06350907683372498,
-0.6143139004707336,
-0.18589648604393005,
0.462167352437973,
-0.007815400138497353,
-0.8113912343978882,
-0.11996199935674667,
0.4926883280277252,
-0.19399289786815643,
-0.27699553966522217,
0.6350739598274231,
0.13549970090389252,
0.02611868642270565,
0.005782809574157,
-0.5274462103843689,
-0.08425489813089371,
-0.18108981847763062,
-0.5353937149047852,
-0.5733247995376587,
0.2227076292037964,
-0.13611537218093872,
-0.050947196781635284,
-0.15548935532569885,
-0.1433836966753006,
-0.46597233414649963,
0.12569227814674377,
0.06887013465166092,
-0.3288895785808563,
-0.10453001409769058,
-0.5277061462402344,
0.1547303944826126,
-0.2663293480873108,
-0.33787357807159424,
0.24581687152385712,
-0.4451596140861511,
-0.6299681067466736,
0.2948419451713562,
-0.21398082375526428,
-0.5332678556442261,
0.2206186205148697,
-0.07006461918354034,
0.22907854616641998,
-0.6331491470336914,
-0.30040857195854187,
0.11881319433450699,
-0.9129432439804077,
0.9744976162910461,
0.8026670813560486,
-0.24306008219718933,
-0.5456434488296509,
-0.29338496923446655,
-0.15564806759357452,
0.3490685820579529,
0.30645355582237244,
-1.0310654640197754,
0.15597929060459137,
0.06355541199445724,
0.015000383369624615,
-0.2731996774673462,
0.34082332253456116,
0.24443070590496063,
0.3439607322216034,
0.23266877233982086,
-0.4064149856567383,
0.234316885471344,
-0.12446166574954987,
-0.020081236958503723,
-0.4164564311504364,
0.816688597202301,
0.09004946053028107
] |
217782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Noodle | Mr. Noodle | Mr. Noodle and his siblings – (Mister Noodle, Ms. Noodle, and Miss Noodle in 1998-2009 and Mister Noodle, Mister Noodle and Miss Noodle in 2017-present) – are characters who appear in the "Elmo's World" segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of "Elmo's World", in short films for the program.
When Irwin became unavailable, Sherman asked Michael Jeter, who was his friend, to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, which he accepted enthusiastically, calling it his favorite role in twenty years. Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003. Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle's sister Ms. Noodle, and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle. As of 2018, Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren have played two more of Mr. Noodle's brothers, as well as Ilana Glazer as Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle.
Writer Louise A. Gikow calls the Noodles "a dynasty of mimes,...in the tradition of great silent film comedians like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd". They made mistakes, but solved them with the help of "enthusiastic kid voice overs", which empowered children and helped them feel smarter than the adults.
They were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. They would physically and humorously act out their replies to Elmo's questions.
According to writer and "Elmo's World" co-creator Judy Freudberg, "Mr. Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error. When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before. Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't". According to Sesame Street researcher Lewis Bernstein, the characters, whom he called "bungling", gave young viewers "the opportunity to figure it out" before the adults did.
References
Sesame Street human characters
Television characters introduced in 1998 | [
0.31802359223365784,
0.18334273993968964,
0.00934964045882225,
0.12439080327749252,
-0.13642755150794983,
-0.025582095608115196,
-0.32578244805336,
0.2758216857910156,
-0.02330368012189865,
-0.23940496146678925,
-0.2754812240600586,
0.08064346760511398,
-0.21652431786060333,
-0.13549396395683289,
0.46194562315940857,
0.005637987516820431,
0.7159038186073303,
0.582571804523468,
0.140827015042305,
-0.37445685267448425,
-0.5496278405189514,
-0.4675414264202118,
-0.08643561601638794,
-0.27440136671066284,
0.033813804388046265,
0.1487838327884674,
-0.13985486328601837,
0.09989629685878754,
-0.2198142111301422,
-0.0386553630232811,
-0.12351935356855392,
0.28030845522880554,
0.10606389492750168,
-0.393550843000412,
-0.7945631146430969,
-0.32237598299980164,
0.10483676195144653,
0.28069525957107544,
-0.2941737771034241,
0.08988437056541443,
-0.24122148752212524,
0.43342578411102295,
0.45674648880958557,
0.06368180364370346,
-0.13057243824005127,
-0.607573390007019,
-1.3173601627349854,
-0.08622416108846664,
-0.12451880425214767,
-0.33643651008605957,
0.20061975717544556,
-0.5186131596565247,
-0.1259704828262329,
0.5497627854347229,
-0.5877910256385803,
0.10663287341594696,
-0.5444396138191223,
0.276215136051178,
-0.6158409118652344,
-0.4093998968601227,
0.7052541971206665,
0.6724521517753601,
-0.26814207434654236,
0.09298065304756165,
-0.029659610241651535,
1.036086916923523,
-0.20496420562267303,
0.5400092005729675,
0.045107461512088776,
0.17476803064346313,
0.3819487690925598,
-0.3700629770755768,
0.34216320514678955,
0.6920824646949768,
0.02316341921687126,
-0.4000805914402008,
0.03167124465107918,
0.3965839147567749,
-0.589496374130249,
0.25995418429374695,
-0.07295099645853043,
-0.5495131611824036,
1.0566924810409546,
0.08545247465372086,
-0.16990625858306885,
0.16178925335407257,
0.12897585332393646,
0.2939893305301666,
-0.44151851534843445,
0.2173120081424713,
0.08916261047124863,
0.5495835542678833,
0.3629117012023926,
-0.16975270211696625,
-0.12839071452617645,
-0.13437892496585846,
0.23282238841056824,
0.04636029899120331,
0.43968960642814636,
-0.18184752762317657,
-0.901870608329773,
-0.10242699086666107,
0.17200371623039246,
-0.13166914880275726,
-0.5831517577171326,
-0.40044236183166504,
0.00979133602231741,
-0.08240952342748642,
0.2195318639278412,
0.14032655954360962,
-0.28703737258911133,
0.47404947876930237,
0.3540567457675934,
0.00211911229416728,
-0.286531537771225,
0.5256147980690002,
-0.22655576467514038,
0.001236008363775909,
-0.251502126455307,
-0.350014328956604,
0.40958306193351746,
0.6515183448791504,
0.09149894118309021,
-0.33542776107788086,
0.5834482312202454,
-0.38514280319213867,
-0.024763353168964386,
0.4116213023662567,
0.2709866464138031,
-0.07970749586820602,
0.2662540376186371,
0.5517624616622925,
-0.02429801970720291,
-0.16827182471752167,
-0.18989063799381256,
-0.34206727147102356,
0.537714958190918,
0.042986221611499786,
-0.17956045269966125,
-0.3644617199897766,
-0.7432663440704346,
0.05642956122756004,
-0.6843542456626892,
0.44442394375801086,
-0.03268272429704666,
0.3570269048213959,
-0.1802230179309845,
0.03513604402542114,
0.033310938626527786,
-0.3632865250110626,
-0.2246721088886261,
0.43270909786224365,
-0.3438372015953064,
0.027624255046248436,
0.05600215867161751,
0.26252782344818115,
-0.21711105108261108,
-0.24613311886787415,
0.022394394502043724,
0.2050800621509552,
-0.20672355592250824,
-0.14977680146694183,
0.11483275890350342,
-0.07516815513372421,
0.3364834189414978,
-0.37379753589630127,
0.2654508054256439,
0.16330395638942719,
-0.5057942867279053,
0.41951820254325867,
0.07865659147500992,
-0.2526431083679199,
0.3523406386375427,
-0.5223103165626526,
0.40047407150268555,
0.4695626199245453,
0.4399358630180359,
0.05151965469121933,
0.21924753487110138,
-0.16699212789535522,
-0.5069645643234253,
0.3661558926105499,
0.14659811556339264,
-0.31485477089881897,
1.0088386535644531,
-0.22040967643260956,
0.6204756498336792,
0.03319704532623291,
0.19683079421520233,
0.49844732880592346,
-0.4329969882965088,
-0.36643192172050476,
0.4294060468673706,
-0.13725678622722626,
0.6426200866699219,
0.772919774055481,
-0.033354539424180984,
0.5283907651901245,
0.4785800576210022,
0.12915824353694916,
0.24835999310016632,
-0.07972446829080582,
0.15872043371200562,
-0.06901729106903076,
-0.9549300670623779,
1.020251750946045,
0.5300147533416748,
0.26564455032348633,
0.5473672151565552,
0.3400867283344269,
0.4051254391670227,
0.0425281748175621,
0.310450941324234,
-0.5959666967391968,
-0.21411912143230438,
-0.046386122703552246,
0.8265814781188965,
-0.26148876547813416,
-0.25735291838645935,
-0.44929084181785583,
0.5448409914970398,
-0.06167066469788551,
0.03045293316245079,
0.7214264869689941,
-0.09819070249795914,
0.9276670217514038,
0.2240295559167862,
-0.049539338797330856,
0.002178735099732876,
0.15341250598430634,
-0.013174228370189667,
-0.18214036524295807,
-0.03761851415038109,
0.2642652690410614,
-0.1208500787615776,
0.08572516590356827,
0.47628793120384216,
-0.2812485992908478,
0.3441493511199951,
-0.07220247387886047,
0.20830197632312775,
-0.12610287964344025,
-0.21767733991146088,
0.4947529137134552,
-0.6522561311721802,
0.04913448542356491,
-0.20306766033172607,
0.6524171233177185,
-0.5706371068954468,
-0.6192600131034851,
0.6204746961593628,
-0.15479548275470734,
0.7080488801002502,
-0.20903779566287994,
0.43732357025146484,
-0.24409320950508118,
-0.4438798129558563,
0.5427983999252319,
0.4488234519958496,
0.1591528058052063,
-0.11193274706602097,
0.2524745762348175,
0.18822374939918518,
0.2147790789604187,
-0.3280154764652252,
-0.2899637818336487,
-0.5621134638786316,
-0.5816961526870728,
0.5820251703262329,
0.3543364405632019,
0.359201580286026,
0.28453126549720764,
-0.7595395445823669,
-1.1057686805725098,
0.17594210803508759,
-0.15778306126594543,
0.05195317789912224,
0.05891772359609604,
-0.27369868755340576,
-0.8582420349121094,
0.49412375688552856,
0.7745783925056458,
-0.3808019459247589,
-0.31087860465049744,
0.1840646117925644,
-0.9028027653694153,
0.04876790940761566,
-0.2918611764907837,
-0.1792272925376892,
0.2442251294851303,
0.18778052926063538,
0.2496492862701416,
-0.4641970992088318,
-0.5838057994842529,
0.14564478397369385,
-0.25313204526901245,
0.2351408153772354,
-0.09968739748001099,
0.5110622644424438,
-0.22366519272327423,
0.13713908195495605,
0.27345311641693115,
-0.2323639988899231,
0.3465549051761627,
0.0669630616903305,
-0.22216251492500305,
-0.0960368737578392,
-0.23417599499225616,
-5.941257953643799,
-0.12267706543207169,
0.05528741702437401,
0.5763964056968689,
0.0272312443703413,
-0.3433077335357666,
0.38237935304641724,
-0.39147526025772095,
-0.0771171897649765,
0.3723503649234772,
-0.9424033761024475,
0.10806424915790558,
0.3228781521320343,
-0.056772924959659576,
-0.09116394817829132,
0.05932202935218811,
0.17537356913089752,
-0.27106973528862,
0.15805858373641968,
0.4585558772087097,
-0.1408277451992035,
0.051746342331171036,
0.3317726254463196,
-0.08908256888389587,
0.22358518838882446,
0.9086830615997314,
-0.7593284249305725,
0.44108688831329346,
-0.602437436580658,
-0.6051840782165527,
-0.19709305465221405,
-0.29874274134635925,
0.1989392340183258,
-0.3479152023792267,
-0.24517980217933655,
-0.4332369267940521,
0.14062489569187164,
0.038456711918115616,
0.3042503297328949,
0.00663851760327816,
0.1311756819486618,
-0.010835985653102398,
-0.28193944692611694,
0.05988188087940216,
0.041029348969459534,
0.06843224167823792,
0.04045652225613594,
-0.8285242319107056,
-0.04604142904281616,
0.1558007001876831,
0.09029752761125565,
0.07119978219270706,
0.6097897887229919,
-0.11714877188205719,
0.2481318563222885,
0.24069659411907196,
0.04525810107588768,
0.44261565804481506,
-0.5654041171073914,
-0.6010191440582275,
0.21970336139202118,
-0.416846364736557,
-0.3446722626686096,
0.1776849776506424,
-0.14259812235832214,
0.3788621127605438,
0.5884775519371033,
-0.20140065252780914,
-0.2744957208633423,
0.22320687770843506,
-0.07095973938703537,
-0.06167461723089218,
0.40297240018844604,
-0.9908059239387512,
0.17834840714931488,
0.09731421619653702,
-0.6883491277694702,
-0.006531734950840473,
0.20867820084095,
-0.4564265310764313,
-0.4224504828453064,
-0.610281765460968,
-0.2553095519542694,
0.8500692248344421,
-0.33774471282958984,
-0.6524068713188171,
-0.11604178696870804,
-0.20127573609352112,
-0.517333447933197,
0.007043194025754929,
0.2753148674964905,
-0.2218559831380844,
-0.03520749509334564,
0.15133912861347198,
0.619118332862854,
0.7621222138404846,
-0.02769397757947445,
0.11659860610961914,
-0.27272331714630127,
-0.14529633522033691,
0.5004977583885193,
-0.16573888063430786,
-0.46214520931243896,
-0.40985628962516785,
0.33599328994750977,
-0.17532920837402344,
-0.15851585566997528,
0.4773155152797699,
0.47369492053985596,
-0.03423403948545456,
-0.2454715520143509,
0.0878751203417778,
-0.7733633518218994,
0.22980962693691254,
0.5676887631416321,
0.46193045377731323,
-0.24353043735027313,
-0.07107599824666977,
0.17742705345153809,
0.441977322101593,
0.1734696924686432,
0.6638618111610413,
-0.18743100762367249,
-0.09475051611661911,
-0.14376498758792877,
0.28458118438720703,
0.1341266930103302,
-0.16580678522586823,
-0.19397637248039246,
0.4545241892337799,
-0.037475816905498505,
0.20271937549114227,
-0.10161404311656952,
-0.5536976456642151,
0.5592277646064758,
-0.2564505338668823,
-0.5632168054580688,
-0.2583058476448059,
-0.02574191801249981,
-0.30304205417633057,
-0.33412593603134155,
0.23116956651210785,
0.1396140158176422,
0.19337120652198792,
-0.045705921947956085,
0.4493502378463745,
-0.40216752886772156,
-0.05027854070067406,
-0.026133961975574493,
0.27772414684295654,
-0.12576182186603546,
-0.9970434308052063,
0.44592729210853577,
-0.1646425724029541,
-0.6409026980400085,
-0.40178924798965454,
-0.007917485199868679,
0.14927196502685547,
-0.264346718788147,
0.18266765773296356,
0.5552116632461548,
-1.1715662479400635,
-1.079382300376892,
0.36552566289901733,
0.14110493659973145,
-0.1964103877544403,
0.46081796288490295,
-0.23444411158561707,
-0.24897532165050507,
0.5916988253593445,
0.07120738178491592,
0.13837887346744537,
-0.09811971336603165,
0.29571038484573364,
-0.15396921336650848,
-0.327216774225235,
-0.2771129608154297,
0.15162931382656097,
0.23790229856967926,
-0.346973180770874,
-0.1303550899028778,
0.24583014845848083,
-0.03654851019382477,
0.5680230855941772,
0.34712040424346924,
-0.48061975836753845,
0.07278123497962952,
-0.003477571764960885,
-0.23392994701862335,
0.19498959183692932,
-0.19733697175979614,
0.38773253560066223,
0.28584447503089905,
0.41486603021621704,
-0.848506510257721,
-0.6328954696655273,
0.002806037897244096,
0.03867289796471596,
-0.03454780951142311,
0.09108318388462067,
0.18978756666183472,
-0.06969094276428223,
-0.17446444928646088,
0.022697897627949715,
-0.14368903636932373,
-0.41654929518699646,
-0.32126569747924805,
-0.022399872541427612,
0.09371601045131683,
0.2893625497817993,
-0.16158948838710785,
-1.0845508575439453,
0.26321911811828613,
-0.11682439595460892,
-0.439277708530426,
-0.2091246396303177,
0.14083564281463623,
-0.002043935703113675,
0.09450201690196991,
-0.4262891411781311,
-0.21367669105529785,
-0.3943648934364319,
-0.8187949061393738,
-0.46218937635421753,
-0.02752242237329483,
0.10576765239238739,
0.3143044114112854,
-0.4554428458213806,
0.2380494773387909,
-0.9433077573776245,
-0.5478017330169678,
0.10442186146974564,
0.4708092212677002,
1.0145734548568726,
0.09669698774814606,
-0.09326814115047455,
0.3418623208999634,
0.4020320475101471,
0.2156345695257187,
0.2724703848361969,
0.29537275433540344,
0.13082991540431976,
-0.10500635206699371,
-0.3932539224624634,
-0.2585645616054535,
0.5856848359107971,
-0.09265786409378052,
-0.1482388973236084,
-0.41542938351631165,
-0.0018071953672915697,
0.3158356249332428,
-0.10471983253955841,
-0.28851187229156494,
-0.2345552146434784,
0.6219644546508789,
-0.5856974720954895,
0.16402482986450195,
0.060264501720666885,
-0.31503379344940186,
-0.07563557475805283,
-0.7064569592475891,
0.8846921324729919,
0.3251814842224121,
0.39431917667388916,
-0.007250059861689806,
0.49596351385116577,
-0.2798982262611389,
-0.2886611819267273,
0.13281749188899994,
-0.03493021801114082,
-0.3332960307598114,
-0.09339394420385361,
0.2751980423927307,
0.3147817552089691,
0.5220693349838257,
0.176815927028656,
-0.30833226442337036,
-0.08479056507349014,
0.10344159603118896,
-0.2911219000816345,
0.1762620210647583,
0.26746389269828796,
-0.2530389726161957,
-0.6498023867607117,
-0.21071940660476685,
-0.4817834198474884,
0.10150101780891418,
-0.06766241043806076,
-0.12593048810958862,
0.5741859674453735,
-0.20430871844291687,
0.34788957238197327,
-0.10025323927402496,
-0.33413705229759216,
0.16894711554050446,
0.4640028774738312,
0.02106298692524433,
0.16824403405189514,
-0.4610769748687744,
-0.9410367608070374,
-1.0364933013916016,
0.1850363165140152,
0.6142566204071045,
0.38566818833351135,
-0.006100728642195463,
0.7369508147239685,
0.5576683878898621,
-0.6539010405540466,
-0.291407972574234,
0.13918687403202057,
0.3377296030521393,
-0.30300185084342957,
-0.02572081983089447,
0.509145200252533,
-0.23039153218269348,
0.012507651001214981,
0.20383724570274353,
-0.4907616376876831,
-0.26652398705482483,
0.6993810534477234,
0.4112551212310791,
-1.480333685874939,
0.31509435176849365,
0.137934148311615,
-0.6446585059165955,
0.4834457039833069,
-0.6641544103622437,
-0.12326932698488235,
0.6930163502693176,
0.1911676526069641,
-0.28081580996513367,
0.48277416825294495,
0.008173157460987568,
-0.3772107660770416,
0.1320904791355133,
0.05660481005907059,
0.1114688515663147,
-0.33444881439208984,
-0.07019095122814178,
0.2816135287284851,
0.022017642855644226,
0.33099842071533203,
-0.42424482107162476,
-0.07009506970643997,
0.3616754114627838,
0.08025441318750381,
0.2530929148197174,
-0.05561207979917526,
-0.08906009048223495,
-0.14349475502967834,
-0.09843441843986511,
0.19069671630859375,
-0.07617076486349106,
0.17293773591518402,
-0.39507144689559937,
-0.4487592875957489,
-0.17430776357650757,
-0.378728449344635,
-0.010820341296494007,
-0.20965170860290527,
-0.27977249026298523,
0.011474679224193096,
0.13976676762104034,
0.3521029055118561,
0.6072781682014465,
0.3882383406162262,
-0.4195980131626129,
-0.4673430919647217,
0.12165742367506027,
0.77459317445755,
-0.02673259563744068,
-0.31990519165992737,
0.1181582435965538,
0.22378051280975342,
-0.45284536480903625,
0.17306703329086304,
-0.09601975977420807,
0.0742688849568367,
0.19395461678504944,
0.48181483149528503,
-0.2892478108406067,
0.17265914380550385,
-0.32148945331573486,
-0.07360243797302246,
0.27148428559303284,
0.010205053724348545,
-0.797328770160675,
0.009026531130075455,
-0.7831295728683472,
0.24514204263687134,
0.018270473927259445,
-0.1949421465396881,
-0.4767455756664276,
0.5980257987976074,
0.3413673937320709,
-0.3383628726005554,
-0.13900673389434814,
0.2812960147857666,
0.3325844407081604,
-0.17182546854019165,
0.42031827569007874,
0.35203492641448975,
0.2452181577682495,
0.5064321756362915,
0.1492135226726532,
0.33989590406417847,
-0.42050832509994507,
0.20935982465744019,
-0.29966920614242554,
0.6640670299530029,
-0.27975380420684814,
0.20401626825332642,
-0.1692723035812378,
0.4658541977405548,
0.18048401176929474,
0.46610960364341736,
-0.0277531910687685,
-0.904865562915802,
0.08149708062410355,
-0.0018977898871526122,
-0.23049981892108917,
-0.2792666256427765,
0.019683480262756348,
0.49196773767471313,
-0.3437015116214752,
0.008273814804852009,
0.13350865244865417,
0.06752625852823257,
-0.0926155373454094,
0.5507799386978149,
-0.4563499391078949,
0.44048431515693665,
-0.23190054297447205,
-0.2597430646419525,
-0.07029832154512405,
-0.048721298575401306,
0.7002384662628174,
-0.13640429079532623,
-0.4637073278427124,
-0.18168722093105316,
-0.22769373655319214,
0.11638037115335464,
0.004407939966768026,
0.5660473704338074,
-1.2565721273422241,
0.3646621108055115,
0.31178268790245056,
0.07261703163385391,
-0.6902452111244202,
-0.04891609027981758,
0.19537189602851868,
0.03264583274722099,
0.37269338965415955,
-0.13508430123329163,
-0.061763886362314224,
0.013598507270216942,
-0.16595914959907532,
0.11157180368900299,
0.7007836699485779,
0.32381680607795715
] |
217783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sterile%20Cuckoo | The Sterile Cuckoo | The Sterile Cuckoo (released in the UK as Pookie) is a 1969 American comedy-drama film released by Paramount Pictures that tells the story of an eccentric young couple whose relationship deepens despite their differences and inadequacies. It stars Liza Minnelli, Wendell Burton, and Tim McIntire.
The film was adapted by Alvin Sargent from the 1965 novel by John Nichols, and directed by Alan J. Pakula in his directing debut.
The film received two Oscar nominations for the 42nd Academy Awards: Liza Minnelli for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and; Fred Karlin and Dory Previn's song "Come Saturday Morning" for Best Original Song.
Plot
Mary Ann "Pookie" Adams is a quirky oddball who meets quiet, reserved Jerry Payne while waiting for a bus heading to their colleges; both are freshmen and their colleges are near each other. Jerry immediately sees that Pookie is different, even strange: She lies to a nun on the bus so the nun will switch seats with her.
As Jerry is beginning to settle into college life with his roommate, Charlie Schumacher, the aggressive Pookie arrives unannounced one Saturday morning. Pookie and Jerry spend much time together over the weekend, and soon begin to see each other regularly.
Jerry falls in love with Pookie, but their different personalities start to pull them apart. After they have sex, Pookie tells Jerry she might be pregnant. When the pregnancy scare is over, Jerry wants to spend spring break alone to catch up on his studies. Pookie pleads to stay with him, and he relents.
A week alone with the needy, somewhat unstable Pookie makes Jerry realize that they need time apart. Later he discovers that she has dropped out of school, and he finds her in the same boardinghouse where she had been staying the first time she visited him. He puts her on a bus for home and the young lovers part ways.
Cast
Liza Minnelli as Mary Ann "Pookie" Adams
Wendell Burton as Jerry Payne
Tim McIntire as Charlie Schumacher
Production
Much of The Sterile Cuckoo was filmed at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. Some of it was filmed in Sylvan Beach, New York, including the Sylvan Beach Union Chapel. Some scenes, including the later bus-stop scenes, were filmed at the central park in Vernon Center, New York. The first bus-stop scene was filmed in front of the Ontario State Bank Block at 300 South Euclid Avenue in Ontario, California.
Reception
The film was well-received by critics. It grossed $14 million in the United States and Canada, making it the 13th highest-grossing film of 1969.
Awards and nominations
See also
List of American films of 1969
References
External links
Filming of The Sterile Cuckoo at Hamilton College
1969 films
1960s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
1960s teen comedy-drama films
American films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American teen comedy-drama films
English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Alan J. Pakula
Films scored by Fred Karlin
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New York (state)
Films set in universities and colleges
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Alvin Sargent
1969 directorial debut films
1969 comedy films
1969 drama films | [
0.1212974414229393,
0.6474245190620422,
-0.6375341415405273,
0.2578177750110626,
0.5415774583816528,
0.4815692901611328,
0.5870466828346252,
-0.10540995001792908,
0.04683619737625122,
0.136398583650589,
0.053605105727910995,
0.11459198594093323,
-0.3441466987133026,
0.8878405094146729,
-0.2403753399848938,
-0.07512302696704865,
0.5451031923294067,
0.022461995482444763,
-0.019517214968800545,
-0.535828173160553,
-0.24070408940315247,
-0.4416346848011017,
0.1279279887676239,
-0.1999177187681198,
-0.272085577249527,
0.3661137819290161,
0.2808305621147156,
0.1254681944847107,
0.5045987963676453,
-0.052955806255340576,
0.039298538118600845,
-0.28036385774612427,
0.5855948328971863,
-0.2655567526817322,
-0.33478742837905884,
0.3835833966732025,
-0.19753378629684448,
0.1330166459083557,
-0.1054043173789978,
-1.1085251569747925,
0.32325315475463867,
-0.3440153896808624,
0.43963950872421265,
-0.5952246785163879,
-0.6914204359054565,
-0.137410506606102,
-1.8131624460220337,
-0.24034716188907623,
-0.6392666697502136,
-0.5050308704376221,
0.13957948982715607,
0.6024202108383179,
0.6445891261100769,
0.012982199899852276,
0.5779044032096863,
0.33866700530052185,
-0.3091156482696533,
-0.06968717277050018,
-0.11858141422271729,
0.22030062973499298,
-0.34431788325309753,
-0.02623174712061882,
0.38919761776924133,
0.008055104874074459,
-0.3141731917858124,
0.44932666420936584,
0.018110517412424088,
-0.11397729814052582,
0.38969215750694275,
-0.6980851888656616,
-0.11674672365188599,
-0.6158772110939026,
0.2896344065666199,
-0.08662545680999756,
0.009788245894014835,
-0.44921496510505676,
0.4029019773006439,
0.04092790186405182,
0.33184611797332764,
0.5157237648963928,
-0.41101980209350586,
0.1766803115606308,
0.47792187333106995,
0.16359177231788635,
0.33418965339660645,
0.15007053315639496,
0.24892517924308777,
1.1635781526565552,
0.14340409636497498,
0.4274841248989105,
-0.3078800439834595,
-0.5555724501609802,
-0.10232803225517273,
0.3065885901451111,
-0.30640631914138794,
-0.3993932008743286,
0.14096878468990326,
-0.19701062142848969,
0.2260427623987198,
-0.045457858592271805,
0.12138324975967407,
0.5319761037826538,
0.5276983976364136,
-0.3237520158290863,
-0.30608633160591125,
-0.5422146916389465,
-0.051970358937978745,
-0.9011984467506409,
-0.27697598934173584,
0.22797027230262756,
-0.27481427788734436,
0.30511221289634705,
0.004856612533330917,
0.11353788524866104,
0.14226175844669342,
0.7654303908348083,
0.16428455710411072,
-0.7047241926193237,
-0.28170064091682434,
0.24688409268856049,
0.3901326060295105,
0.2720990777015686,
0.0474168099462986,
0.18726930022239685,
-0.26083648204803467,
0.49047189950942993,
-0.05378204211592674,
0.5245159268379211,
-0.5898439884185791,
0.5234472751617432,
0.13085170090198517,
0.49983999133110046,
-0.011393686756491661,
0.13385817408561707,
-0.07761538773775101,
-0.3921490013599396,
0.7020670771598816,
-0.5750144124031067,
-0.027364231646060944,
0.5924022793769836,
-0.7875608205795288,
0.25757861137390137,
0.22783374786376953,
0.06486859917640686,
0.18183661997318268,
0.11005847901105881,
0.0694294199347496,
0.11726363748311996,
0.09972106665372849,
-0.3068813979625702,
0.10942482948303223,
0.27332136034965515,
0.17757315933704376,
-0.7271417379379272,
-0.8505611419677734,
-0.09737931191921234,
0.5486878752708435,
0.22879843413829803,
0.15208715200424194,
0.21401722729206085,
-0.2864305377006531,
0.7374032139778137,
-0.1115817204117775,
-0.26687681674957275,
0.013524817302823067,
-0.18976211547851562,
0.6989641189575195,
0.2956834137439728,
-0.3481253981590271,
0.5061624050140381,
0.0973617359995842,
0.040922537446022034,
0.2023918181657791,
0.17320516705513,
-0.27164342999458313,
-0.14162187278270721,
0.9465391039848328,
0.6086536645889282,
0.8563678860664368,
-0.285605788230896,
-0.42367351055145264,
0.015697820112109184,
-0.039047762751579285,
-0.13349378108978271,
0.1152692586183548,
0.24862906336784363,
-0.20458316802978516,
-0.2101992815732956,
-0.4935072660446167,
-0.13968844711780548,
-0.48672839999198914,
-0.3345385491847992,
0.1103566437959671,
-0.3543948233127594,
0.8154162764549255,
0.1151670441031456,
-0.10532847046852112,
0.19151681661605835,
0.3349066376686096,
0.1999930590391159,
0.08969763666391373,
0.24093711376190186,
0.6284825801849365,
0.29754525423049927,
-0.7525168061256409,
-0.06088912487030029,
-0.1627570390701294,
0.402033269405365,
0.15155349671840668,
0.40208232402801514,
-0.05954756215214729,
-0.07352877408266068,
1.0843533277511597,
0.30748459696769714,
-0.026012208312749863,
-0.04844285920262337,
-0.5795872807502747,
0.09381940960884094,
0.32662200927734375,
-0.30373823642730713,
-0.046598516404628754,
-0.27126550674438477,
-0.16788741946220398,
0.06114717945456505,
0.333560049533844,
0.7138984799385071,
0.8155176639556885,
-0.6310516595840454,
-0.05831807479262352,
0.1773776113986969,
-0.4426538944244385,
0.6030207872390747,
0.1419091671705246,
-0.3156072795391083,
0.14834392070770264,
0.2830340564250946,
-0.03732132166624069,
-0.874886155128479,
0.26890674233436584,
-0.005707721691578627,
0.28809690475463867,
-0.15933150053024292,
-0.22660216689109802,
0.3813258111476898,
-0.0640554130077362,
0.06984298676252365,
0.5006598830223083,
-0.005093243904411793,
-0.5966385006904602,
0.25701647996902466,
0.06069090589880943,
0.5915334820747375,
0.08010666817426682,
0.05058863013982773,
0.007002429571002722,
-0.06243596225976944,
-0.5430271029472351,
-0.07501333206892014,
0.685873806476593,
0.3297552168369293,
0.1564565747976303,
0.2321775108575821,
0.742988109588623,
-0.38273122906684875,
0.0561264306306839,
-0.2947983145713806,
-0.5937622785568237,
-0.43858039379119873,
-0.08557622134685516,
0.19767025113105774,
0.01014831941574812,
0.2626555562019348,
-0.47101759910583496,
0.8580719232559204,
-0.06900647282600403,
0.11124882847070694,
-0.17031210660934448,
0.02813139371573925,
-0.6408019661903381,
-0.45086678862571716,
0.381889671087265,
0.15810415148735046,
-0.3639596998691559,
-0.16832156479358673,
0.24483254551887512,
-0.13048897683620453,
0.4071923494338989,
-0.7472825646400452,
0.10601792484521866,
-0.8920781016349792,
-0.2860226035118103,
0.05630981922149658,
-0.24644817411899567,
-0.03703504428267479,
-0.5266589522361755,
0.3563031852245331,
0.05030490830540657,
0.4331092834472656,
0.540643036365509,
0.316290020942688,
0.03741695359349251,
0.7114530205726624,
-0.2230856865644455,
-0.13387155532836914,
0.4133075773715973,
0.07942686229944229,
0.49104544520378113,
-0.8585718274116516,
-5.774134635925293,
0.49634894728660583,
0.5188100337982178,
0.19172529876232147,
0.8115238547325134,
0.32710012793540955,
0.05707765370607376,
-0.1568659543991089,
-0.08233311027288437,
0.36004123091697693,
-0.04537130892276764,
-0.3350846469402313,
-0.12815581262111664,
-0.1923081874847412,
0.15896327793598175,
-0.6553434133529663,
0.08936994522809982,
-0.5735732913017273,
0.094194695353508,
-0.3659963309764862,
-0.3010845482349396,
0.26820099353790283,
0.46291646361351013,
0.22826962172985077,
-0.08040974289178848,
0.9605552554130554,
-0.07113180309534073,
0.02444544807076454,
-0.47665733098983765,
0.32302433252334595,
0.03237520903348923,
-0.39016181230545044,
-0.034448735415935516,
-0.3438684046268463,
-0.24274614453315735,
0.5247879028320312,
0.3877750635147095,
0.0031957493629306555,
0.890059769153595,
0.10606320947408676,
-0.23315292596817017,
0.31553521752357483,
-0.5406473278999329,
-0.23087885975837708,
0.20159195363521576,
-0.3633659780025482,
-0.4131089150905609,
-0.32053107023239136,
-0.02111830748617649,
0.6154085397720337,
0.1135343536734581,
0.37210434675216675,
0.3417747914791107,
-0.09052638709545135,
-0.1788012981414795,
0.23230263590812683,
-0.04024811089038849,
0.20246835052967072,
-0.6213363409042358,
0.11808186024427414,
-0.3158094882965088,
-0.30620309710502625,
0.00003663336974568665,
0.0907638669013977,
0.3244902491569519,
-0.4275103807449341,
-0.44531363248825073,
0.4743817448616028,
0.18635216355323792,
-0.014058596454560757,
0.1578575223684311,
-0.22921189665794373,
0.7648354768753052,
-1.1814841032028198,
0.335975706577301,
-0.24383212625980377,
-0.3427829444408417,
-0.5293008089065552,
-0.4872020184993744,
0.17099496722221375,
0.28578341007232666,
-0.5363888144493103,
0.4945470690727234,
0.6102577447891235,
0.25038930773735046,
-0.5170850157737732,
-0.5380412936210632,
-0.05701860412955284,
-0.5404962301254272,
-0.2621309459209442,
0.09107460081577301,
-0.2934977114200592,
-0.2857806980609894,
0.2232598513364792,
1.1455682516098022,
0.6896033883094788,
0.4051012694835663,
0.12839865684509277,
0.3219841718673706,
0.6087336540222168,
-0.19246435165405273,
-0.5924059748649597,
0.1467570811510086,
-0.2749350666999817,
0.20838409662246704,
-0.6560293436050415,
-0.14888164401054382,
0.440182089805603,
0.37452319264411926,
-0.29630064964294434,
-0.03652887046337128,
-0.3532256484031677,
-0.3710075318813324,
-0.28216642141342163,
-0.007785941008478403,
-0.3308550715446472,
-0.008391330018639565,
0.41409817337989807,
0.01148262433707714,
0.6199353337287903,
-0.3437920808792114,
0.35508111119270325,
-0.3866993486881256,
0.010169193148612976,
-0.5679288506507874,
-0.08839301764965057,
0.3378009796142578,
0.07331948727369308,
0.1397337019443512,
-0.48329171538352966,
-1.076928973197937,
-0.17334294319152832,
-0.5101641416549683,
-0.2263879030942917,
-0.07762160897254944,
0.18240201473236084,
-0.24906164407730103,
0.17806926369667053,
-0.359880268573761,
0.2073129266500473,
-0.20337285101413727,
-0.2996112108230591,
-0.14108718931674957,
0.2095836102962494,
-0.12367639690637589,
-0.0816049873828888,
0.02145768702030182,
-0.6564913988113403,
0.3248860239982605,
-0.3672376573085785,
0.34221237897872925,
-0.07557249814271927,
1.0241119861602783,
-0.5555770993232727,
-0.3017919063568115,
0.2525199353694916,
0.060074254870414734,
0.02476349100470543,
-0.3808266818523407,
-0.11641230434179306,
0.1559293121099472,
-0.2700241506099701,
-0.9533591866493225,
-0.2961336374282837,
-0.25265634059906006,
0.5341184735298157,
0.021166065707802773,
-0.500062882900238,
-0.1983451396226883,
0.04122334346175194,
0.501858115196228,
0.12753009796142578,
0.21972425282001495,
0.7219215631484985,
0.028624678030610085,
0.7205354571342468,
-0.5676260590553284,
-0.44471636414527893,
0.258151650428772,
-0.2339930534362793,
-0.11340654641389847,
-0.43013936281204224,
-0.6472004055976868,
0.06077948212623596,
0.19844602048397064,
-0.7779439091682434,
0.0797271877527237,
-0.5755602121353149,
-0.1993730664253235,
0.06883551180362701,
-0.1557561159133911,
0.27554309368133545,
1.0604846477508545,
0.1762368232011795,
-0.7557530403137207,
-0.6785678267478943,
-0.5188806056976318,
0.34192633628845215,
-0.0736633762717247,
-0.5967133045196533,
-0.1024254709482193,
0.22387012839317322,
-0.24116306006908417,
-0.33736369013786316,
0.6376779675483704,
-1.2613080739974976,
0.1968526989221573,
-0.15143388509750366,
-0.468255877494812,
0.45955348014831543,
-0.19213487207889557,
-0.36998963356018066,
-0.08806679397821426,
0.6165562272071838,
-0.3698091506958008,
-0.36467933654785156,
-0.06297843903303146,
0.13251040875911713,
0.3675510883331299,
-0.08108647912740707,
-0.6837291717529297,
0.0054563800804317,
-0.35561564564704895,
-0.702519416809082,
-0.7992882132530212,
-0.17516425251960754,
0.35298389196395874,
-0.39667069911956787,
-0.24098268151283264,
-0.4141836166381836,
-0.13896052539348602,
-0.19607463479042053,
-0.04722950980067253,
-0.431439608335495,
-1.0509581565856934,
0.15232262015342712,
0.24902155995368958,
-0.19887633621692657,
0.12632936239242554,
0.21543094515800476,
0.632271409034729,
0.9791171550750732,
0.3833671808242798,
-0.18573293089866638,
-0.21578583121299744,
0.46024394035339355,
-0.16602981090545654,
-0.9636596441268921,
-0.5295377969741821,
-0.06092041730880737,
0.12610852718353271,
-0.0241027120500803,
-0.1866682469844818,
-0.06258303672075272,
0.27970048785209656,
-0.8940920233726501,
-0.012485764920711517,
-0.07476786524057388,
0.12205615639686584,
-0.06842434406280518,
-0.10038161277770996,
0.29746684432029724,
-0.4886888861656189,
0.20856571197509766,
-0.16247066855430603,
0.3274550139904022,
0.4376090168952942,
0.39826732873916626,
0.18348009884357452,
-0.24172785878181458,
0.6606764197349548,
0.04384485259652138,
0.29211318492889404,
-0.016323784366250038,
0.24691234529018402,
0.09431147575378418,
-0.06925424188375473,
-0.41377317905426025,
-0.1386614739894867,
-0.3370435833930969,
-0.2890053689479828,
0.16918866336345673,
0.017043115571141243,
-0.6712073087692261,
-0.23823915421962738,
-0.5089076161384583,
0.18529775738716125,
-0.9267119765281677,
0.11294747143983841,
-0.030571594834327698,
-0.2675282955169678,
0.0015462130540981889,
-0.02247481234371662,
-0.03638657182455063,
0.455443799495697,
0.058573201298713684,
-0.40835854411125183,
0.499152809381485,
-0.23321571946144104,
-0.2636164128780365,
-0.6199219822883606,
0.45736581087112427,
0.06814495474100113,
-0.5296761989593506,
0.19675229489803314,
-0.03610041365027428,
-0.008352836593985558,
-0.023282546550035477,
-0.6800253987312317,
-0.03889956325292587,
0.20138725638389587,
-0.3050025701522827,
0.09872332215309143,
0.5235850811004639,
-0.3402310311794281,
0.32059022784233093,
0.49433743953704834,
-0.27591341733932495,
-0.14938338100910187,
0.5306719541549683,
0.23245127499103546,
-0.0966460108757019,
0.6488034725189209,
-0.3089374303817749,
-0.5311167240142822,
0.17778928577899933,
-0.05998797342181206,
0.5985971689224243,
0.1643349677324295,
-0.3832866847515106,
0.7740216255187988,
-0.4561312198638916,
0.21785235404968262,
0.27301618456840515,
-0.07070614397525787,
-0.26336121559143066,
0.11013369262218475,
-0.5743867754936218,
-0.5222108960151672,
0.7298588752746582,
-0.13647936284542084,
0.23779752850532532,
0.5836890339851379,
-0.2781544625759125,
0.28498539328575134,
-0.1074017882347107,
0.19783835113048553,
0.08192578703165054,
0.18438765406608582,
0.14354200661182404,
0.06431678682565689,
0.2861970067024231,
0.10216084122657776,
-0.5236145257949829,
0.427171915769577,
-0.4618569612503052,
0.46292680501937866,
-0.1812618523836136,
-0.06143493577837944,
0.21788382530212402,
-0.57993483543396,
-0.3581981062889099,
-0.4586181640625,
0.33088019490242004,
0.22945155203342438,
0.1732143610715866,
0.037176065146923065,
-0.533137857913971,
0.08112243562936783,
-0.27559736371040344,
0.6127393245697021,
-0.18135938048362732,
0.2297806441783905,
0.20903721451759338,
0.4181378483772278,
1.00774347782135,
-0.25452613830566406,
0.06682436913251877,
-0.2953595817089081,
-0.4189930558204651,
-0.07820738106966019,
0.020722493529319763,
-0.12639351189136505,
-0.269812673330307,
0.26997923851013184,
0.032916150987148285,
0.09478675574064255,
-0.2444983571767807,
0.1976972222328186,
-0.40319666266441345,
0.6680636405944824,
-0.8282260298728943,
-0.26032865047454834,
0.0001309941289946437,
-0.5065173506736755,
-0.10002847015857697,
0.3782561719417572,
0.4742031395435333,
-0.14694467186927795,
0.39715495705604553,
0.4919915199279785,
0.20329734683036804,
0.03871862217783928,
0.04662426933646202,
-0.10242168605327606,
0.034978292882442474,
-0.45982158184051514,
0.5453621745109558,
-0.9866732954978943,
0.5873751044273376,
0.25002574920654297,
0.14650440216064453,
-0.017030177637934685,
0.4676348865032196,
-0.015087888576090336,
-0.40948623418807983,
0.503045380115509,
0.3798792064189911,
-0.17494362592697144,
-0.5423702597618103,
-0.040789566934108734,
-0.5746513605117798,
0.22945557534694672,
0.012853488326072693,
-0.1353817880153656,
-0.24606509506702423,
0.45717185735702515,
-0.25764405727386475,
-0.10989547520875931,
0.37863630056381226,
-0.4260580837726593,
0.5501829385757446,
0.3465122878551483,
-0.14084698259830475,
-0.23035582900047302,
-0.32794275879859924,
0.44466280937194824,
0.8151903748512268,
0.048728927969932556,
-0.7144452929496765,
0.4891435503959656,
-0.34834039211273193,
0.41795721650123596,
0.06824304908514023,
0.3877940773963928,
-0.15169282257556915,
0.36234959959983826,
-0.343932181596756,
-0.41841191053390503,
0.1494501680135727,
-0.18262261152267456,
-0.24134290218353271,
-0.22144143283367157,
-0.537846028804779,
-0.29221653938293457,
0.37873560190200806,
0.22643066942691803,
-0.0967709943652153,
0.46420979499816895,
0.48199793696403503
] |
217784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Elmo%20in%20Grouchland | The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland | The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland is a 1999 American musical adventure comedy film directed by Gary Halvorson in his feature film debut. This was the second film to be based on the children's television series Sesame Street, after Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird (1985). It stars Mandy Patinkin and Vanessa Williams alongside Muppet performers Kevin Clash, Jerry Nelson, Frank Oz, and Steve Whitmire.
Produced by Jim Henson Pictures and Children's Television Workshop, the film was released by Columbia Pictures on October 1, 1999. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, but was a box office bomb, grossing $12 million against a budget of more than $26 million.
The film was one of the few Sesame Street productions directly produced by The Jim Henson Company. Alongside Muppets from Space (which was released the same year), this was the final Muppet feature film to involve Oz, who retired from being a full-time puppeteer the following year. This was also the final theatrical Muppet film to feature Caroll Spinney before his retirement in 2018 and his death in 2019.
Plot
Elmo plays with his blanket in his bedroom. He spills orange juice on his blanket and takes it to the laundromat where he encounters his friend Zoe. Zoe wants to hold the blanket, but Elmo does not consent to share it resulting in a tug of war that rips it. Telly Monster, rollerskating out of control, accidentally swipes the blanket leading to a chase around Sesame Street. The blanket falls into the hands of Oscar the Grouch, who sneezes on it and drops it in his trash can. Elmo dives into the bottom of Oscar's trash can, where he finds his blanket snagged on a door.
Attempting to retrieve it, he and his blanket are teleported through a colorful swirling tunnel to Grouchland, a city filled with Grouches, trash, and Huxley, a greedy man who steals anything he can grab, including Elmo's blanket. A kind Grouch girl named Grizzy tells Elmo that his blanket is in Huxley's house at the top of the faraway Mount Pickanose. A plant named Stuckweed encourages Elmo that he will make it if he just takes his first step, so Elmo sets out on a quest to retrieve his blanket.
With Oscar's help, the Sesame Street residents go to Grouchland to find Elmo, but when they ask a Grouch police officer for help, they end up arrested as they are informed that it is against the law to ask for help in Grouchland.
Huxley has his sidekick, Bug the bug and his minions, the Pesties, trap Elmo in a tunnel. Elmo gets out with the help of fireflies. Huxley then has Bug and the Pesties misdirect Elmo into a garbage dump where he is brought before the Queen of Trash for trespassing. The Queen tests him, requesting that he blows 100 raspberries for her in 30 seconds. Elmo succeeds with some help from the audience and the Queen allows him to pass through. Huxley sends his huge chicken to stop Elmo, who tosses Elmo far away. Elmo decides to give up on retrieving his blanket for the night. Meanwhile, Grizzy sneaks into the jail where she informs Elmo's friends that he has decided to travel all the way to Huxley's castle on top of Mount Pickanose. After finally admitting that Elmo is his friend, Oscar convinces all the Grouches to cooperate just once, since it is the only way they can stop Huxley from stealing any more of their trash. The police officer decides to release the Sesame Street residents and the Grouches so that they can go to Huxley's castle to fight for their trash and rescue Elmo.
A caterpillar wakes Elmo the next morning. He convinces Elmo that he has what it takes to be brave. Elmo then arrives at Huxley's castle and rescues his blanket as Huxley sends the Pesties to stop him. But Elmo falls into a basket as Huxley decides to make him and his blanket both his property by using a claw to put them on his conveyor stamper. The Sesame Street and Grouchland citizens arrive and the Pesties flee in panic. Huxley tries to escape with Elmo's blanket only to have Elmo's blanket sucked up with the vacuum cleaner nozzle on his helicopter. Elmo launches a basket over Huxley's shoulders, incapacitating him. Bug is revealed to be at the controls of the helicopter, and refuses Huxley's demand for the blanket, instead returning it to Elmo. Elmo returns to Sesame Street with his friends, where he apologizes to Zoe and allows her to hold his blanket. She accepts his apology, agreeing that they can resume their friendship. Elmo says goodbye to the audience and thanks them for helping and goes to dance with his friends.
Throughout the movie, Ernie and Bert serve as hosts, and interrupt the film at certain points to explain things to the audience.
Cast
Muppet performers
Kevin Clash as Elmo, Lyle, Grouch Jailer and Grouch Taxicab Driver
Fran Brill as Zoe, Tanya and Prairie Dawn
Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Grizzy and M'Lady
Joseph Mazzarino as Bug
Jerry Nelson as Howard, Count von Count, Mr. Johnson, Grouch Mayor and Grouch Cop
Martin P. Robinson as Telly Monster and Little Ricky
David Rudman as Sydney, Baby Bear, Collander Stenchman, Caterpillar, Grouch Customer, Grouch Prisoner and Alarm Clock Bird
Caroll Spinney as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch
Dave Goelz as Humongous Chicken
Steve Whitmire as Ernie, Stuckweed, Football Stenchman, Grouch Ice Cream Vendor and Grouch Bird
Frank Oz as Bert, Cookie Monster and Grover
Carmen Osbahr as Rosita
Additional characters performed by: Drew Allison, Bruce Lanoil, Bill Barretta, Bob Lynch, John Boone, Ed May, R. Lee Bryan, Tim Parati, Leslie Carrera, Annie Peterle, Lisa Consolo, Andy Stone, Jodi Eichelberger, Lisa Sturz, Rowell Gormon, Kirk Thatcher, Mary Harrison, Matt Vogel, Rob Killen and Matt Yates
Background Muppets
Anything Muppets, Mr. Honker, Dinger, AM Monsters, Herry Monster, Two-Headed Monster
Humans of Sesame Street
Sonia Manzano as Maria Rodriguez
Roscoe Orman as Gordon Robinson
Alison Bartlett-O'Reilly as Gina Jefferson
Loretta Long as Susan Robinson
Bob McGrath as Bob Johnson
Emilio Delgado as Luis Rodriguez
Ruth Buzzi as Ruthie
Other humans
Mandy Patinkin as Huxley
Vanessa Williams as Queen of Trash
Production
Casting
All the puppeteers who performed the primary Sesame Street characters (such as Kevin Clash, Jerry Nelson, Caroll Spinney and Fran Brill) were called to Wilmington, North Carolina for the table read on May 19, 1998. The regular puppets were used for the normal Sesame Street characters, and puppets for assorted Grouches (including Grizzy) were designed and built by Mark Zezsotek. Paul Andrejco, Muppet designer for Bear in the Big Blue House, also designed Humungous Chicken. Sonia Manzano reprised her role as Maria and Roscoe Orman reprised his role as Gordon. Vanessa Williams was cast as the Queen of Trash and the hairstylist colored her hair green for the role. Mandy Patinkin was a last-minute replacement for the original actor hired to play Huxley. For the role, the makeup artist designed false eyebrows for Patinkin to wear to make him seem like he had bushier eyebrows than normal.
Filming
The film was shot over a 30-day period (starting May 26, 1998) at the EUE/Screen Gems studio in Wilmington. The set was raised so that puppeteers would be able to stand up instead of squatting below street level like usual. Filming wrapped and visual effects by D.Rez were added during the following month, and the Ernie and Bert scenes were later shot in New York in 1999, with Matt Vogel assisting Steve Whitmire in performing Ernie and Eric Jacobson assisting Frank Oz on Bert.
Music
Songs
"Together Forever" – Elmo, Blanket, Frazzle, Big Bird, Rosita, Prairie Dawn, Hoots The Owl, Count von Count, Baby Bear, Sock Quartet, Savin, Celina, Miles, Gabi, Gordon, Gina, Susan, Luis, Jamal, Angela, Bob (Written by Michael Silversher and Patty Silversher; produced by Jeff Elmassian and Siedah Garrett)
"Welcome to Grouchland" – The Grouchland Ensemble (Written by Martin Erskine and Seth Friedman; produced by Martin Erskine)
"Take the First Step" – Stuckweed (Written by Michael Reagan and Greg Matheson; produced by Jeff Elmassian and Siedah Garrett)
"Make It Mine" – Mandy Patinkin, Fran Brill, Stephanie D’Abruzzo (Written by Martin Erskine and Seth Friedman; produced by Martin Erskine)
"I See a Kingdom" – Vanessa Williams (Written by Siedah Garrett, Jeff Elmassian, and Andy Rehfeldt; produced by Jeff Elmassian and Siedah Garrett)
"Precious Wings" – Tatyana Ali (Written by Siedah Garrett, Jeff Elmassian, and Andy Rehfeldt; produced by Keith Thomas)
Soundtrack
This album, released in 1999, is the soundtrack to The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland.
This album won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children in 2000.
"Make It Mine" is excluded from the soundtrack.
Track list
"Welcome to Grouchland"
"Together Forever"
"I See a Kingdom" - Vanessa Williams
"Take the First Step"
"Precious Wings" - Tatyana Ali
Elmo Tells His Grouchland Story (Spoken Word)
"The Grouch Song" - Elmo, Grizzy, Oscar the Grouch (Written by Jeff Moss)
"There's a Big Heap of Trash at the End of the Rainbow" - The Stenchmen (Written by Tony Geiss)
"I Love Trash" - Steven Tyler
Reception
Critical response
The film has a rating of 77% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 6.72/10. The film's consensus states, "This fun and moral tale entertains both first-time Sesame Street watchers and seasoned veterans." On Metacritic, which uses an average of critics' reviews, the film holds a 59/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Box office
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland was the only family film playing in most theaters at the time of its release. Sony had planned a scaled-back release, making it difficult to make its money back. The film opened at #8 with a weekend gross of $3,255,033 from 1,210 theaters, averaging $2,690 per venue. In total, The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland earned back less than half its $26 million budget, grossing $11,683,047 during its two-and-a-half-month theatrical run. It is currently the lowest-grossing Muppet film to date.
Home media
On December 21, 1999, the film was released on VHS and DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video. In 2007, the film was released as part of a double feature with Thomas and the Magic Railroad.
Book series
The film inspired a trilogy of children's books, published in 1999: Happy Grouchy Day, The Grouchiest Lovey, and Unwelcome to Grouchland. The book series was written by Suzanne Weyn and illustrated by Tom Brannon.
See also
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (video game)
Notes
References
External links
1999 films
1990s English-language films
1990s adventure comedy films
1990s children's comedy films
1990s fantasy adventure films
1990s musical comedy films
1990s children's films
American adventure comedy films
American children's adventure films
American children's comedy films
American children's fantasy films
American films
American fantasy adventure films
American musical comedy films
American musical fantasy films
Films featuring puppetry
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in North Carolina
Films scored by John Debney
Columbia Pictures films
The Jim Henson Company films
Sesame Street features
1999 directorial debut films
1999 comedy films | [
-1.1005436182022095,
0.9181347489356995,
0.12322008609771729,
0.22303898632526398,
0.5028313398361206,
-0.3698883354663849,
0.7561097741127014,
0.13874129951000214,
-0.7579728364944458,
0.6321501731872559,
-0.48368749022483826,
-0.2097993940114975,
-0.1673261523246765,
0.8796969652175903,
0.6489158868789673,
0.6175642609596252,
0.027731379494071007,
0.11684288829565048,
0.037475306540727615,
-0.98712158203125,
-0.02106514573097229,
-0.8356907963752747,
0.5522237420082092,
-0.03808123618364334,
0.11520436406135559,
0.1111268550157547,
0.3849771022796631,
0.2917499840259552,
-0.12979894876480103,
-0.07659764587879181,
-0.040203481912612915,
0.23579037189483643,
0.40857231616973877,
-0.4242372214794159,
0.1293976604938507,
-0.039848197251558304,
-0.21635720133781433,
-0.2523983418941498,
-0.4305031895637512,
-0.9482470750808716,
0.8686583638191223,
0.4042210876941681,
-0.14357084035873413,
-0.11793334782123566,
0.03588408976793289,
-0.5854519009590149,
-1.321472406387329,
-0.2543890178203583,
-0.9317156076431274,
-0.7790319919586182,
-0.07619914412498474,
0.8065069317817688,
0.10197959095239639,
0.09228440374135971,
0.2911093235015869,
0.7122638821601868,
-0.49643030762672424,
0.012164315208792686,
-0.07351292669773102,
0.45798882842063904,
0.4522750973701477,
0.011252728290855885,
0.06881637871265411,
0.2088083177804947,
-0.05303546413779259,
0.4936746656894684,
-0.033990200608968735,
0.7270161509513855,
0.3493271768093109,
-0.4023573398590088,
0.1673939824104309,
-0.10970050096511841,
0.11741214990615845,
0.34638068079948425,
0.5194565057754517,
-0.27949655055999756,
0.9579635262489319,
0.006857586558908224,
-0.08273975551128387,
0.19963331520557404,
-0.3728935122489929,
-0.3208680748939514,
0.7577281594276428,
0.3022874593734741,
-0.07374701648950577,
-0.05278557166457176,
0.027033230289816856,
0.25238922238349915,
-0.16561387479305267,
0.7196564078330994,
-0.1527916043996811,
-1.083382248878479,
-0.22806890308856964,
0.44475027918815613,
0.6072269082069397,
-0.6883018016815186,
0.05071304738521576,
0.09055532515048981,
0.11274860799312592,
-0.014380455017089844,
0.17255674302577972,
0.8972134590148926,
-0.21828286349773407,
0.0913589671254158,
-0.5397547483444214,
-0.19329515099525452,
-0.022549109533429146,
-0.9480253458023071,
-0.04453006014227867,
0.06300683319568634,
-0.7687095999717712,
0.2153536081314087,
0.03602893278002739,
-0.3779502213001251,
0.021432751789689064,
0.735662043094635,
0.4762440025806427,
-0.772184431552887,
-0.22871838510036469,
0.6542484164237976,
0.654573380947113,
0.38301706314086914,
0.16731595993041992,
0.3176213204860687,
0.0972786545753479,
0.10019615292549133,
-0.032859548926353455,
0.4040268063545227,
-0.5703707337379456,
0.39009997248649597,
0.4685435891151428,
0.29292741417884827,
0.41841235756874084,
-0.08030766248703003,
-0.06632353365421295,
-0.16534635424613953,
0.48374253511428833,
-0.167698472738266,
-0.256412535905838,
-0.015235945582389832,
-0.4467684328556061,
0.08857761323451996,
-0.9015955924987793,
0.12708733975887299,
0.16396458446979523,
-0.07889889180660248,
-0.11979815363883972,
-0.3507693111896515,
-0.01069298293441534,
-0.2603181004524231,
0.17827028036117554,
0.3589429557323456,
-0.10368458181619644,
-0.359195739030838,
-0.813648521900177,
0.9080337882041931,
0.2577500343322754,
-0.03987511619925499,
0.4777456521987915,
-0.08680117875337601,
0.028250182047486305,
0.16609638929367065,
-0.30288824439048767,
-0.07201480865478516,
0.01439468003809452,
-0.4897884428501129,
0.5901616215705872,
-0.11855806410312653,
-0.24523092806339264,
-0.14658989012241364,
-0.8169474005699158,
0.2472897469997406,
0.751564621925354,
-0.4022464454174042,
-0.20864631235599518,
0.07740829139947891,
0.9339519143104553,
0.7077295184135437,
0.25245851278305054,
-0.3715209364891052,
-0.6169314384460449,
-0.15040583908557892,
0.4432929456233978,
-0.12359638512134552,
0.2865525484085083,
0.4476296603679657,
0.13204514980316162,
-0.1173001229763031,
-0.07265199720859528,
-0.2885221242904663,
-0.20441094040870667,
-0.6839638948440552,
0.8948501944541931,
-0.13862848281860352,
0.9727526903152466,
0.9563359022140503,
-0.058164551854133606,
-0.39304301142692566,
-0.013669664971530437,
0.41121289134025574,
-0.7659236788749695,
-0.6451708674430847,
0.954278290271759,
0.31418782472610474,
-0.35820695757865906,
0.41189154982566833,
-0.3710329234600067,
-0.0827116072177887,
0.4908312261104584,
0.2771018147468567,
0.001474924385547638,
-0.13574396073818207,
0.5270760655403137,
-0.04040919616818428,
-0.061205632984638214,
-0.1779078096151352,
-0.612252414226532,
-0.108372263610363,
-0.1520531326532364,
0.0853690430521965,
-0.07078959047794342,
-0.019806375727057457,
-0.8061168193817139,
0.4382570683956146,
0.10839665681123734,
0.5963886976242065,
0.04410514608025551,
0.0929945856332779,
0.3486458659172058,
-0.07235866039991379,
-0.7256703972816467,
0.4895876348018646,
0.40623101592063904,
-0.35716158151626587,
0.07472626119852066,
-0.18742497265338898,
0.031402308493852615,
-0.49535638093948364,
0.34198299050331116,
0.2167324721813202,
0.44627106189727783,
0.11531493067741394,
-0.5840015411376953,
0.8910833597183228,
0.23030458390712738,
0.23562091588974,
0.20117458701133728,
0.34647709131240845,
-0.559890866279602,
-0.4296909272670746,
0.48953771591186523,
0.37887293100357056,
0.2951667010784149,
-0.16833609342575073,
0.396618515253067,
-0.04968308284878731,
-0.2616675794124603,
-0.08299774676561356,
0.45994365215301514,
0.5226119160652161,
0.20507802069187164,
-0.19020210206508636,
0.26732099056243896,
0.4559488296508789,
-0.9439494609832764,
-0.64993816614151,
-0.1304650604724884,
-0.2941541373729706,
-0.08838271349668503,
0.5904105305671692,
0.3932856321334839,
-0.17071041464805603,
-0.30209529399871826,
0.18828009068965912,
0.4454326927661896,
-0.33407917618751526,
-0.17503106594085693,
-0.07460246980190277,
-0.5653802156448364,
-0.4116193652153015,
0.3287805914878845,
1.088315486907959,
0.2509269416332245,
-0.0693107545375824,
-0.17970268428325653,
0.09601780772209167,
0.3056471645832062,
0.0713387057185173,
0.3698228895664215,
-0.03909214213490486,
0.09170600771903992,
-0.00642374949529767,
-0.3974628150463104,
0.10617300868034363,
-0.7988373041152954,
0.6148058772087097,
-0.35953009128570557,
0.0017072439659386873,
0.47809678316116333,
0.40864938497543335,
-0.5525269508361816,
0.5701617002487183,
-0.36664801836013794,
-0.010457036085426807,
0.19359490275382996,
0.04449070990085602,
-0.27460265159606934,
-0.6314173936843872,
-5.320708751678467,
0.4246378242969513,
0.1325547993183136,
-0.12538084387779236,
0.12100373208522797,
0.4186834990978241,
0.1170855388045311,
-0.5234304666519165,
-0.5955548286437988,
0.28426629304885864,
-0.6190909147262573,
-0.6264451742172241,
-0.02484843321144581,
0.26559603214263916,
0.6620873808860779,
-0.3940313756465912,
0.5552891492843628,
0.19375167787075043,
-0.18073785305023193,
0.22173045575618744,
-0.1269541084766388,
0.05243775621056557,
0.17121128737926483,
-0.4189203381538391,
0.5181876420974731,
1.20797860622406,
-0.5597899556159973,
-0.06972131878137589,
-0.7879624366760254,
0.17630374431610107,
0.04197454825043678,
-0.4394945502281189,
-0.3768138885498047,
-0.3134140372276306,
-0.23144979774951935,
-0.14462246000766754,
0.2168988287448883,
0.2570275366306305,
1.4186201095581055,
-0.1906145215034485,
0.014884424395859241,
0.26631349325180054,
-0.4256831705570221,
0.2808285057544708,
0.9179884791374207,
-0.6910107135772705,
-0.23499596118927002,
0.0852663516998291,
0.186272531747818,
0.5899420380592346,
0.7775079607963562,
-0.13597504794597626,
0.28783705830574036,
0.14131534099578857,
0.1582990437746048,
-0.4963757395744324,
-0.05083305016160011,
-0.046423058956861496,
-0.12404429912567139,
0.3860557973384857,
0.7555049657821655,
-0.3975833058357239,
-0.3512890934944153,
-0.32679617404937744,
-0.0921613946557045,
-0.574171245098114,
0.07450390607118607,
-0.1575300246477127,
0.18183781206607819,
0.12359745055437088,
0.08796674758195877,
0.2517351806163788,
0.48957642912864685,
-1.0226787328720093,
0.21101553738117218,
-0.13619771599769592,
-0.7846701741218567,
-0.4372628629207611,
0.02132371813058853,
-0.31030845642089844,
-0.3893710672855377,
-0.426058828830719,
-0.06081540510058403,
0.23869699239730835,
-0.12294041365385056,
-0.6739875078201294,
-0.8118035197257996,
-0.4984531104564667,
-0.3097935914993286,
-0.45825183391571045,
0.05895126610994339,
-0.5563865303993225,
-0.1200580894947052,
0.36328285932540894,
0.17744143307209015,
0.34539076685905457,
0.568267822265625,
-0.02019324339926243,
0.2840918004512787,
0.18142229318618774,
0.18086642026901245,
-0.4132471978664398,
0.5896350145339966,
-0.14747758209705353,
-0.31855449080467224,
-0.02612209878861904,
0.633601725101471,
0.10304649919271469,
0.7376179695129395,
0.2193726748228073,
-0.20089244842529297,
0.09026429802179337,
-0.021403446793556213,
-0.40963214635849,
0.12268587946891785,
-0.15604855120182037,
-0.6029180884361267,
-0.07233384996652603,
0.1270020604133606,
0.028555413708090782,
0.4041440188884735,
0.13961797952651978,
-0.10734015703201294,
-0.31453076004981995,
-0.6249115467071533,
0.4943629205226898,
0.4262739419937134,
0.0998384952545166,
-0.1179932951927185,
-0.4041679799556732,
-0.7659192085266113,
0.0824609026312828,
0.09001794457435608,
-0.6409927010536194,
0.288623571395874,
-0.8089313507080078,
-0.35312366485595703,
-0.352301687002182,
-0.1203695759177208,
-0.14511840045452118,
0.3161267936229706,
-0.17286896705627441,
0.1549290269613266,
0.6607410907745361,
-0.3643763065338135,
-0.4448852241039276,
0.43489328026771545,
-0.0495670847594738,
-0.26550596952438354,
-0.15972653031349182,
-0.33162111043930054,
-0.0575072355568409,
0.8714979290962219,
-0.6205260753631592,
-0.23753677308559418,
-0.21094901859760284,
-0.3021388649940491,
0.023166507482528687,
0.3126008212566376,
-0.4019235670566559,
0.43458348512649536,
-0.03708857297897339,
-1.147960901260376,
0.025333601981401443,
-0.02767602913081646,
0.6156265735626221,
0.015813667327165604,
-0.026467714458703995,
-0.32455509901046753,
0.7436947226524353,
0.38899052143096924,
-0.05223150923848152,
-0.6370893120765686,
0.10109902173280716,
0.08716755360364914,
0.8763924837112427,
-0.6051651835441589,
0.16035984456539154,
0.393179714679718,
-0.3248068392276764,
-0.38847094774246216,
0.020976146683096886,
-0.48861849308013916,
0.06343594938516617,
-0.10464300215244293,
-0.8642809987068176,
-0.45521336793899536,
-0.20596358180046082,
-0.1761409193277359,
-0.2681482136249542,
0.34940120577812195,
0.9454797506332397,
0.6891673803329468,
0.2462930679321289,
-0.8166593313217163,
-0.6557309031486511,
-0.3084324896335602,
0.3073437809944153,
0.035964470356702805,
-0.5264554023742676,
-0.18033787608146667,
0.19698159396648407,
-0.11331473290920258,
0.21249999105930328,
0.6519115567207336,
-0.9971093535423279,
0.058132145553827286,
0.029947176575660706,
-0.40312883257865906,
1.343963861465454,
-0.533133864402771,
-0.6519601941108704,
0.045465998351573944,
0.035624098032712936,
-0.5919254422187805,
-0.27921855449676514,
0.60286545753479,
-0.39444833993911743,
-0.2176935374736786,
0.17456260323524475,
-0.9453075528144836,
-0.5469768643379211,
-0.6540191769599915,
-0.8252712488174438,
-1.274774432182312,
0.04108070954680443,
0.7797867655754089,
-0.07303863018751144,
0.03173176944255829,
-0.8929988741874695,
0.038334835320711136,
-0.26817789673805237,
0.5250400900840759,
-0.14264346659183502,
-0.10942211002111435,
0.02067369781434536,
0.8527213335037231,
0.3333894908428192,
0.2552841603755951,
0.33732810616493225,
0.6849037408828735,
1.0938996076583862,
0.08929652720689774,
-0.08296045660972595,
-0.10032667964696884,
0.11581730097532272,
0.25004106760025024,
-0.4314858913421631,
-0.28131359815597534,
-0.0396864078938961,
-0.032085154205560684,
-0.1841062307357788,
-0.23985286056995392,
-0.054265137761831284,
1.0782791376113892,
-0.6781589388847351,
-0.27057209610939026,
0.21832481026649475,
0.3566778004169464,
-0.3065907955169678,
0.2816261053085327,
0.8045307397842407,
-0.7273308634757996,
0.20167742669582367,
-0.10498490929603577,
-0.12122244387865067,
0.03818203881382942,
-0.10236673802137375,
-0.15699513256549835,
0.005290895700454712,
-0.23785488307476044,
-0.34154564142227173,
0.5446928143501282,
0.21613635122776031,
0.12069641798734665,
0.21001462638378143,
-0.4282206892967224,
-0.9463489651679993,
-0.17625677585601807,
-0.8016311526298523,
-0.9153999090194702,
0.5419875979423523,
0.30564674735069275,
-0.8168464303016663,
-0.30238091945648193,
-0.25571200251579285,
-0.39668479561805725,
-0.26646432280540466,
0.2282097488641739,
0.053491268306970596,
-0.47376906871795654,
0.20510728657245636,
-0.35144293308258057,
0.20671774446964264,
0.4430616497993469,
-0.1264127641916275,
-0.10213766992092133,
0.45659109950065613,
-0.20148999989032745,
-0.17076213657855988,
-0.7549670338630676,
0.828678548336029,
0.4032613933086395,
-0.8441814184188843,
0.38463014364242554,
0.07940926402807236,
-0.1706017255783081,
-0.2715367376804352,
-0.19606801867485046,
-0.12097517400979996,
0.25254788994789124,
0.23414437472820282,
-0.7959679365158081,
1.0512663125991821,
-0.43547993898391724,
-0.41227149963378906,
0.5448967218399048,
-0.42768794298171997,
0.30635401606559753,
0.5374467372894287,
-0.009775844402611256,
-0.21063017845153809,
0.3715946078300476,
-0.48143935203552246,
-0.8652992248535156,
0.8085289597511292,
-0.11066212505102158,
0.13295578956604004,
0.5314044952392578,
0.1643439382314682,
0.05927654355764389,
-0.30160555243492126,
-0.6099374890327454,
0.6606700420379639,
-0.2514343857765198,
0.03508453071117401,
0.10185983031988144,
-0.4086623787879944,
-0.30321934819221497,
0.4845706522464752,
-0.5183912515640259,
-0.06656923145055771,
-0.42950204014778137,
-0.07883736491203308,
-0.22475813329219818,
-0.1665985882282257,
0.31201571226119995,
0.365958034992218,
0.02435453049838543,
-0.03813834488391876,
0.404261976480484,
0.23963728547096252,
0.3188118040561676,
-0.8737636804580688,
0.29097670316696167,
-0.33748579025268555,
0.27769723534584045,
0.06505430489778519,
-0.35455843806266785,
0.29586440324783325,
-0.02035375125706196,
-0.31962358951568604,
0.07491759955883026,
0.30088740587234497,
0.7603604793548584,
0.17217299342155457,
-0.19574694335460663,
-0.42205074429512024,
0.4455552399158478,
0.26800739765167236,
0.3325129747390747,
0.30208826065063477,
0.11208167672157288,
0.2579314410686493,
0.013047822751104832,
0.5567671656608582,
-0.624587893486023,
-0.02170739509165287,
-0.12512792646884918,
-0.02340667136013508,
-0.3818412721157074,
0.32106196880340576,
0.046016864478588104,
0.20201504230499268,
0.26801827549934387,
-0.581169068813324,
0.5166380405426025,
0.08138721436262131,
0.5028039216995239,
-0.8095704913139343,
0.8199763894081116,
-0.9511828422546387,
-0.4905894696712494,
0.45690247416496277,
-0.468323290348053,
-0.26588332653045654,
-0.17831139266490936,
0.8194031119346619,
0.12300083041191101,
-0.14606909453868866,
0.24483004212379456,
0.5303786993026733,
0.08192191272974014,
1.1288495063781738,
-0.491320937871933,
0.10515208542346954,
-0.2404891401529312,
-0.1628846377134323,
-0.6251983642578125,
0.7108331322669983,
-0.21404370665550232,
0.018349146470427513,
-0.11013207584619522,
0.5330350399017334,
-0.09438833594322205,
-0.6219729781150818,
0.3925451338291168,
0.21231107413768768,
0.286978155374527,
-0.22184695303440094,
-0.16907566785812378,
-0.5240351557731628,
-0.410295307636261,
0.01937919110059738,
-0.33981913328170776,
-0.3793253004550934,
0.013869844377040863,
-0.17996272444725037,
-0.15997706353664398,
0.3527846932411194,
-0.24917694926261902,
0.1572258472442627,
-0.5714232325553894,
0.5272089242935181,
-0.17117932438850403,
-0.4787321090698242,
0.927010178565979,
0.30609947443008423,
0.19875414669513702,
-0.011308474466204643,
-0.14922741055488586,
-0.41999000310897827,
0.38652104139328003,
0.32106199860572815,
-0.7124585509300232,
-0.0788734033703804,
0.3532712161540985,
0.049436941742897034,
-0.23885612189769745,
0.30603793263435364,
0.49578624963760376,
-0.0952497124671936,
0.20921900868415833,
-0.7588416934013367,
-0.2107633650302887,
0.5344226956367493,
-0.3710040748119354,
-0.1432671993970871,
0.5428590178489685,
0.4142463207244873
] |
217785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Hope | Chicago Hope | Chicago Hope is an American medical drama television series, created by David E. Kelley. It originally aired on CBS from September 18, 1994, to May 4, 2000. The series is set in a fictional private charitable hospital in Chicago, Illinois.
Overview
The show starred Mandy Patinkin as Dr. Jeffrey Geiger, a hot-shot surgeon with emotional issues stemming from the psychiatric condition of his wife (played by Kim Greist), who drowned their infant son. Adam Arkin plays Dr. Aaron Shutt, a world-renowned neurosurgeon and Geiger's best friend. Thomas Gibson played Dr. Daniel Nyland, a promiscuous ER doctor and trauma surgeon who was later suspended due to his having an affair with a patient's family member and later was injured in a car crash. Dr. Keith Wilkes played by Rocky Carroll, often clashed with Nyland and was known for his back-to-basics and rough demeanor. He was good friends with Peter Berg's character, Dr. Billy Kronk. Kronk was known for his cowboyish demeanor and known to be very cocky, as showed in an episode where he cuts off a man's injured leg with a chainsaw in a scene where Kronk helps out at an accident site. Peter MacNicol, Alan Rosenberg, and Héctor Elizondo feature as the hospital's in-house attorneys and chief of staff, respectively. Christine Lahti joined in the second season as Dr. Kate Austin, a talented heart surgeon with a chip on her shoulder, vying with Geiger for the chief of surgery position. She was known fighting in a custody battle with her malicious ex-husband and businessman, Tommy Wilmette, played by Ron Silver. Mr. Wilmette did everything he could to get Austin to lose custody of their daughter. He purchased the hospital at the end of Season 2. Dr. Austin is suspended because she and her daughter go AWOL on a trip to New Zealand. Mr. Wilmette was upset because it took him three months to find his ex-wife and daughter. In Season 3, the doctors want Mr. Wilmette to sell the hospital and the doctors would run it. The doctors viewed that Wilmette didn't know how to run a hospital and cut too many costs that involved patient care. Mr. Wilmette later met with Senator Kennedy at the White House to talk about Healthcare Reform. In Season 2, Geiger resigns from Chicago Hope after trying to save Alan Birch from a deadly gunshot wound to his heart.
Geiger adopted Birch's baby daughter. Geiger later rejoins the doctors at the end of Season 5 when he becomes Chairman of the Board and fires half of the doctors. In Season 4, Dr. Shutt became a psychiatrist and temporarily loses his ability to operate after suffering from a brain aneurysm. In Season 6, Shutt returns to Neurosurgery and works alongside Carla Gugino's character, Dr. Gina Simon.
Episodes
Chicago Hope ran six seasons, airing a total of 141 episodes.
Crossovers
Fyvush Finkel and Kathy Baker appeared as their Picket Fences characters in the first season. Likewise, Mandy Patinkin and Héctor Elizondo brought their Chicago Hope characters to Picket Fences that year. Both Adam Arkin and Lauren Holly had previously appeared on Picket Fences as a lawyer and as a deputy sheriff, respectively.
Mandy Patinkin appears in an uncredited role as Geiger in a 1995 episode of NBC's Homicide: Life on the Street. Chicago Hope producer John Tinker shot this footage as a favor to his St. Elsewhere colleague Tom Fontana.
Chicago Hope characters crossed over to Early Edition early in that show's run. Rocky Carroll, Jayne Brook, and Héctor Elizondo all guest-starred in scenes taking place in the hospital.
Characters
Production
With the exception of some infrequent on-location scenes, the vast majority of Chicago Hope was filmed on sound stages at the studios of Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, located in the Century City area of Los Angeles.
Firsts
The series broke a network television taboo by showing a teenager's breast after her character underwent reconstructive surgery. This was generally seen as relevant to the subject matter and went relatively uncriticized.
On November 18, 1998, Chicago Hope became the first regular series episode to be broadcast in HDTV. The episode was entitled "The Other Cheek".
Mark Harmon's character uttered the word "shit" during a trauma. Little criticism was made.
Broadcast
Domestic reruns
Reruns of Chicago Hope aired on Pop from 2010 to 2012. OWN also aired reruns of Chicago Hope on a semi-regular basis.
International
In the UK, seasons 1 and 2 originally aired on BBC One. More recently, all seasons of the show have been shown on ITV3. Starting on September 3, 2007, it began airing on Zone Romantica in the UK and Ireland. It was also shown on Sky One in the UK and Ireland in its prime time slots. In Australia, the series originally aired on The Seven Network. In Germany the first seasons were shown in the 1990s. In Hungary, the series aired on Viasat3. In Indonesia, the series originally aired on RCTI, starting from October 1998 ended from July 2002. As of November 2013 it is airing on UK Freeview/Freesat/Sky/Eutelsat 28A/Virgin Media/WightFibre television channel True Entertainment.
Home media
Revelation Films has released all 6 seasons of Chicago Hope on DVD in Region 2 (UK) for the very first time.
Reception
The pilot episode of Chicago Hope was broadcast the day before NBC's ER in a special Sunday, 8p.m. time slot. After the first week, however, the two Chicago-based hospital dramas went "head to head" in their primetime 10p.m. Thursday night slot. ER was the victor: its first season proved a ratings winner. Despite receiving critical acclaim, Chicago Hope was shifted to 9p.m. Thursdays, and ultimately to Monday nights in 1995 in a bid for higher ratings, while ER remained in its time slot.
Chicago Hope remained in the Monday slot and performed well, with ratings peaking at 11.9, with a 20 share. In the second season, however, Kelley and Patinkin decided to leave the show. The show was moved to Wednesdays at 10p.m. in 1997 to make room for the Steven Bochco drama, Brooklyn South, on Mondays. In 1999, both Kelley and Patinkin returned, with a revamped cast now including Barbara Hershey and Lauren Holly, but excluding Lahti, Peter Berg, Jayne Brook, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Stacy Edwards. CBS also moved the show back to Thursday nights, against NBC's Frasier and ABC's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. The show was canceled in May 2000.
In 2007, former co-stars Rocky Carroll (Dr. Keith Wilkes); Mark Harmon (Dr. Jack McNeil) and Lauren Holly (Dr. Jeremy Hanlon) worked together on the series NCIS. Holly left the show after three seasons, while Harmon and Carroll remain with the cast today. Harmon would depart in 2021. In addition, Carroll has a recurring role as his NCIS character, Director Leon Vance, on that series's spin off, NCIS: Los Angeles. Jayne Brook (Dr. Diane Grad) and Stacy Edwards have also guest starred on NCIS as well.
Thomas Gibson would later star alongside Patinkin in the highly successful Criminal Minds, as well as Shemar Moore who was a guest star on Chicago Hope during Season 4. Patinkin later left the show early in its third season.
Nielsen ratings
Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of Chicago Hope.
Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May Nielsen ratings.
Awards and nominations
Over its six seasons, Chicago Hope was nominated for many accolades and won several, including seven Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Awards.
Emmy awards
Golden Globe Awards
Screen Actors Guild Award
Other awards
Notes
References
External links
Official Website
1994 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
1990s American workplace drama television series
2000s American workplace drama television series
1990s American medical television series
2000s American medical television series
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Fictional hospitals
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows set in Chicago
Television series created by David E. Kelley | [
0.18806105852127075,
0.03485707938671112,
-0.21104632318019867,
-0.000838768610265106,
0.6534637808799744,
0.20708563923835754,
0.08395487815141678,
-0.02709195762872696,
0.49726393818855286,
-0.6653435230255127,
0.08496128022670746,
0.26871538162231445,
-0.15304148197174072,
0.10462106764316559,
-0.30646955966949463,
0.14692355692386627,
-0.06439623981714249,
0.4898761212825775,
-0.1695142239332199,
-0.4880730211734772,
-0.8832187056541443,
-0.5772661566734314,
0.6051424145698547,
0.33942508697509766,
-0.09008878469467163,
0.22280700504779816,
0.018608257174491882,
-0.20195773243904114,
0.26625484228134155,
0.3199431002140045,
0.3356650471687317,
0.10935860127210617,
-0.11143035441637039,
-0.2277287244796753,
-0.12644673883914948,
0.30577412247657776,
-0.563827633857727,
0.02593216486275196,
-0.3938739001750946,
-0.26050981879234314,
0.00199148734100163,
-0.16446281969547272,
0.5165867805480957,
0.14990344643592834,
0.007771892938762903,
-0.04139849916100502,
-1.9640676975250244,
0.4097818434238434,
-0.39190760254859924,
-0.15902498364448547,
0.13114023208618164,
0.2738898992538452,
0.5713387727737427,
0.2822256088256836,
-0.32511046528816223,
0.684289276599884,
-0.09773986041545868,
0.09835059940814972,
0.14476154744625092,
-0.5443170070648193,
-0.09242508560419083,
-0.14037089049816132,
0.5300082564353943,
0.11813148111104965,
-0.27666938304901123,
-0.29689568281173706,
0.16551297903060913,
0.3248789608478546,
0.3768080174922943,
-0.5479241013526917,
0.1619202196598053,
-0.05174178630113602,
-0.17026393115520477,
0.10728593915700912,
0.1324499547481537,
-0.3056133985519409,
0.25796183943748474,
-0.08690839260816574,
0.19654761254787445,
0.28754928708076477,
-0.13433976471424103,
0.02469857968389988,
-0.1796720176935196,
0.3461054265499115,
0.13853859901428223,
-0.1676112860441208,
-0.02746746875345707,
-0.18387584388256073,
-0.3976632058620453,
0.3771691620349884,
-0.728287935256958,
-0.1922888457775116,
0.26839616894721985,
-0.04804029315710068,
0.10330096632242203,
0.1819649040699005,
0.41249173879623413,
0.022273601964116096,
0.07268162816762924,
0.16891509294509888,
-0.3360562324523926,
-0.2720068395137787,
0.14449240267276764,
-0.3380393981933594,
-0.37008732557296753,
0.09391386061906815,
0.3450635075569153,
-0.21887332201004028,
-0.3728155791759491,
0.43192094564437866,
-0.42146772146224976,
0.14055606722831726,
-0.30962496995925903,
-0.08738600462675095,
0.08383028954267502,
0.0424116887152195,
0.21485993266105652,
-0.4565383195877075,
-0.7664415836334229,
-0.40980103611946106,
-0.34045055508613586,
0.400721937417984,
-0.40749236941337585,
0.287285715341568,
-0.3110705018043518,
0.43592801690101624,
0.10719383507966995,
0.4439106285572052,
-0.5544614791870117,
0.09255272895097733,
-0.12441632896661758,
0.29699525237083435,
-0.2158116102218628,
-0.33019694685935974,
-0.11705565452575684,
0.06908790022134781,
-0.25938642024993896,
-0.23785948753356934,
-0.1752755045890808,
0.004546971991658211,
-0.7161933183670044,
-0.2615365982055664,
-0.1804155856370926,
-0.032172732055187225,
0.4587392807006836,
-0.6205692291259766,
0.19568510353565216,
-0.006496768910437822,
-0.006076420191675425,
-0.45691636204719543,
0.17309194803237915,
0.1637636423110962,
-0.5404781699180603,
-0.03736301138997078,
-0.16341669857501984,
0.3955897390842438,
0.49820828437805176,
-0.23568622767925262,
0.25658029317855835,
0.4133567214012146,
0.20714285969734192,
0.33534929156303406,
0.03221122547984123,
-0.15620140731334686,
0.10575257241725922,
-0.07903849333524704,
0.19297610223293304,
-0.34611111879348755,
-0.07307304441928864,
0.09162157028913498,
-0.15117627382278442,
-0.1271560937166214,
0.3427150845527649,
-0.18076440691947937,
-0.001239143661223352,
0.10348533093929291,
0.28975868225097656,
0.04744463413953781,
-0.2821788191795349,
-0.03434499353170395,
-0.31476742029190063,
0.3279845416545868,
0.1206500232219696,
-0.34947675466537476,
0.11089102923870087,
-0.590897262096405,
0.2610783576965332,
0.13615106046199799,
0.2648906111717224,
0.10288799554109573,
-0.7963063716888428,
-0.6627217531204224,
0.6116393804550171,
-0.010435055941343307,
0.7873739004135132,
-0.3303944766521454,
0.03168347105383873,
0.5108081698417664,
0.08863092958927155,
-0.22664205729961395,
0.12854334712028503,
0.1831265389919281,
0.6486713886260986,
0.20093458890914917,
-0.17752480506896973,
0.2284814715385437,
0.5718700289726257,
-0.3711220622062683,
-0.32048463821411133,
0.12345864623785019,
0.510028600692749,
-0.09352537989616394,
0.6825988292694092,
0.18399497866630554,
0.33540353178977966,
-0.30931511521339417,
-0.30358508229255676,
0.04613112658262253,
-0.005743916146457195,
-0.3163449168205261,
0.6205501556396484,
-0.026640163734555244,
0.20848345756530762,
0.04813798889517784,
0.11295711249113083,
0.5105518102645874,
0.2155151516199112,
-0.10537897795438766,
0.21266257762908936,
0.1911262720823288,
0.21483460068702698,
0.6601078510284424,
-0.3198503851890564,
-0.8108502626419067,
0.03078058920800686,
-0.11092996597290039,
0.17264272272586823,
-0.0851190835237503,
0.3386942148208618,
-0.3017767667770386,
0.1750728338956833,
-0.16707882285118103,
-0.541624128818512,
-0.1218133196234703,
0.29901161789894104,
-0.4032154381275177,
-0.5478233098983765,
-0.051615506410598755,
-0.0397561639547348,
-0.47550323605537415,
-0.22491620481014252,
-0.022761652246117592,
0.39843156933784485,
0.5458016991615295,
0.289837121963501,
0.21834690868854523,
-0.03925926983356476,
-0.3249303102493286,
0.4825494587421417,
-0.2017378807067871,
0.44844433665275574,
-0.19711518287658691,
0.3613779842853546,
-0.3589409589767456,
0.39342939853668213,
-0.6787132620811462,
-0.4595777094364166,
-0.6393004059791565,
-0.10333605855703354,
0.5417116284370422,
0.24523068964481354,
0.09577476233243942,
-0.24799466133117676,
0.162724107503891,
-0.06429316848516464,
0.003280084813013673,
0.4837419092655182,
0.455205500125885,
-0.32603180408477783,
0.06578388810157776,
0.09086713939905167,
0.12289225310087204,
0.3801126480102539,
-0.8316043615341187,
0.18559299409389496,
0.06277596205472946,
0.16462527215480804,
-0.5491519570350647,
-0.7607336640357971,
0.2402132749557495,
0.0172740388661623,
-0.03089269995689392,
0.07430760562419891,
-0.2886207699775696,
0.3700304329395294,
-0.3199930489063263,
0.5871939063072205,
0.14120681583881378,
-0.3250212073326111,
0.27990928292274475,
0.2716635465621948,
0.2349999099969864,
0.37420499324798584,
-0.20200015604496002,
0.12607786059379578,
0.011704939417541027,
-0.1934693604707718,
-0.03305559232831001,
-6.33720064163208,
-0.0537479929625988,
-0.3818363845348358,
0.130946546792984,
-0.16568821668624878,
-0.3130887746810913,
0.23206396400928497,
-0.10212395340204239,
0.6028431057929993,
-0.3293190002441406,
-0.12655074894428253,
0.24706150591373444,
-0.33360549807548523,
-0.057884763926267624,
0.007178543601185083,
-0.05699298158288002,
-0.14844343066215515,
0.035919349640607834,
0.4449629783630371,
0.41353660821914673,
0.0581887923181057,
-0.23142558336257935,
-0.3796274960041046,
0.6597113609313965,
0.10889051109552383,
0.40937188267707825,
-0.7255476713180542,
0.3227039575576782,
-0.4719589352607727,
0.12924930453300476,
0.2798590064048767,
-0.4021271765232086,
-0.08968208730220795,
-0.0038772972766309977,
0.3322207033634186,
0.11278075724840164,
0.273404061794281,
-0.45737016201019287,
0.06796946376562119,
-0.6674761176109314,
-0.15497009456157684,
-0.10313917696475983,
-0.8155713081359863,
0.037930652499198914,
0.30957722663879395,
-0.16346578299999237,
-0.16911892592906952,
0.37695497274398804,
-0.29335305094718933,
0.5571228265762329,
0.30969488620758057,
0.6807245016098022,
0.23200993239879608,
0.4809403419494629,
0.010807608254253864,
-0.26363125443458557,
0.17247608304023743,
-0.15863417088985443,
-0.01755426451563835,
0.10006872564554214,
0.26809293031692505,
0.09370999783277512,
-0.05079261586070061,
-0.03629839047789574,
0.18875858187675476,
-0.1444777548313141,
0.36978283524513245,
-0.3609970510005951,
-0.38471922278404236,
-0.1226019561290741,
0.23373979330062866,
0.45960885286331177,
0.5294008851051331,
-1.0459239482879639,
-0.3185073137283325,
-0.33010250329971313,
-0.3296200931072235,
-0.1587621420621872,
-0.11055047810077667,
-0.03397468850016594,
-0.30206915736198425,
-0.1432228982448578,
0.21496032178401947,
0.12827976047992706,
-0.032137300819158554,
-0.3048776090145111,
-0.12554210424423218,
0.3642474114894867,
-0.3439083397388458,
0.05122382938861847,
-0.09055337309837341,
-0.4581437408924103,
0.3150283396244049,
0.3623625934123993,
0.5490860342979431,
0.7323899269104004,
0.22922086715698242,
0.44044730067253113,
0.2360040545463562,
-0.029687395319342613,
0.45173585414886475,
0.4018317461013794,
0.011618237011134624,
-0.02470746822655201,
0.012186883017420769,
-0.28700926899909973,
0.28347110748291016,
0.20192162692546844,
0.5780538320541382,
-0.10565009713172913,
-0.1779654324054718,
0.015726575627923012,
-0.27849334478378296,
-0.33225226402282715,
0.4782838821411133,
0.28467103838920593,
0.2540893852710724,
0.19910681247711182,
0.41106539964675903,
0.4230465888977051,
-0.08875524997711182,
0.17628447711467743,
0.20238077640533447,
-0.08101276308298111,
-0.13194328546524048,
0.21426860988140106,
0.03361966088414192,
0.3697914481163025,
-0.0576152503490448,
0.6596006155014038,
-0.21835263073444366,
0.39184433221817017,
0.05563385412096977,
0.13516952097415924,
-0.10964426398277283,
0.15943877398967743,
-0.15914152562618256,
-0.014987681061029434,
-0.22244934737682343,
0.21727260947227478,
0.05701163411140442,
0.3009236454963684,
-0.12424927949905396,
0.09557045251131058,
0.21785935759544373,
-0.15315835177898407,
-0.21541181206703186,
-0.2179296910762787,
-0.3149927258491516,
-0.01488144788891077,
-0.08434493839740753,
0.32439324259757996,
0.4250797927379608,
-0.5626282691955566,
-0.2509632706642151,
-0.0243204478174448,
0.26152196526527405,
-0.4564917981624603,
-0.12831558287143707,
0.2978813350200653,
0.1755083054304123,
-0.6138920783996582,
-0.8715029954910278,
-0.27367374300956726,
-0.14153268933296204,
0.019615188241004944,
-0.01953037455677986,
-0.7179703712463379,
-0.6830543279647827,
0.08794037252664566,
0.09452994912862778,
-0.09712941944599152,
-0.2947216331958771,
-0.011307899840176105,
-0.045117173343896866,
-0.00006348387978505343,
-0.589264988899231,
-0.47487562894821167,
-0.19337217509746552,
0.12413741648197174,
0.20686079561710358,
-0.40656155347824097,
-0.4697286784648895,
0.20392346382141113,
0.7548767924308777,
-0.41215571761131287,
-0.5494019985198975,
-0.17883077263832092,
-0.07798801362514496,
0.13039596378803253,
-0.11321428418159485,
-0.18886835873126984,
0.19834299385547638,
0.419790655374527,
-0.08307068794965744,
-0.15987065434455872,
-0.043245743960142136,
-0.2561228573322296,
0.28330036997795105,
-0.3612920641899109,
-0.3021194636821747,
0.2703934907913208,
-1.028926968574524,
0.2819003164768219,
0.3754608929157257,
-0.38710129261016846,
-0.06462299078702927,
0.3570331335067749,
-0.20255553722381592,
0.33617687225341797,
-0.2626716196537018,
-0.4128221273422241,
-0.07080995291471481,
-0.11736005544662476,
-0.23254580795764923,
0.28370773792266846,
0.03890695422887802,
-0.4134778678417206,
-0.5197737216949463,
-0.28964874148368835,
-0.23204272985458374,
-0.39541149139404297,
-0.3739771246910095,
-0.6209977865219116,
-0.4546748101711273,
0.014976668171584606,
0.08167452365159988,
-0.4394909143447876,
-0.323419988155365,
0.17261460423469543,
-0.10227550566196442,
0.13033433258533478,
0.2164103239774704,
0.1250367909669876,
-0.15433473885059357,
-0.07843782007694244,
-0.43223410844802856,
0.2924307584762573,
-0.09470997750759125,
0.4612363278865814,
0.1423979252576828,
0.3380017578601837,
-0.1496248096227646,
-0.3018660843372345,
0.8079767823219299,
0.4430536925792694,
0.31079521775245667,
0.16382387280464172,
0.03188728913664818,
0.4052986800670624,
0.2541006803512573,
-0.1660812497138977,
-0.04369213059544563,
-0.29818835854530334,
0.4500710368156433,
-0.6042024493217468,
0.23220789432525635,
0.2858246862888336,
-0.29382452368736267,
-0.245472252368927,
-0.04429742693901062,
-0.010072406381368637,
-0.30468934774398804,
0.24318793416023254,
-0.11393585056066513,
0.4796636402606964,
-0.06396923214197159,
-0.8506739735603333,
-0.061217211186885834,
-0.45812055468559265,
0.6899241209030151,
0.18456144630908966,
0.7018479108810425,
0.8423489332199097,
-0.016381701454520226,
0.20160040259361267,
-0.30090975761413574,
-0.08463089913129807,
-0.35468095541000366,
0.17331820726394653,
-0.11257215589284897,
0.23126567900180817,
-0.5936605930328369,
-0.3624539077281952,
0.13627736270427704,
-0.39704880118370056,
0.4340578615665436,
0.02919473499059677,
0.12118759006261826,
-0.15404866635799408,
0.2783384919166565,
-0.027667557820677757,
0.02167525701224804,
-0.12753215432167053,
-0.22959798574447632,
0.10489415377378464,
0.565700352191925,
0.31316453218460083,
0.4771989583969116,
-0.5257446765899658,
-0.3710393011569977,
0.6907031536102295,
-0.1291031837463379,
-0.42434975504875183,
0.028795454651117325,
0.27516746520996094,
-0.24224792420864105,
0.18925048410892487,
-0.27293655276298523,
-0.06599994748830795,
0.2388327419757843,
-0.4475708603858948,
0.4346364438533783,
1.1120517253875732,
-0.4443633556365967,
0.5154312252998352,
0.13328804075717926,
-0.15336239337921143,
-0.38151928782463074,
0.20623190701007843,
-0.08946618437767029,
0.3283064067363739,
-0.045161135494709015,
-0.46727997064590454,
0.07772237807512283,
0.1604042500257492,
-0.020817402750253677,
0.3266788423061371,
-0.15573415160179138,
0.8312750458717346,
0.5961747169494629,
-0.20502318441867828,
0.05579690635204315,
0.5216872692108154,
-0.30998170375823975,
0.15044081211090088,
0.1632913202047348,
-0.30220821499824524,
-0.2520059645175934,
0.06469056755304337,
-0.06385204195976257,
-0.42607399821281433,
0.3261611759662628,
-0.053077057003974915,
-0.18775899708271027,
0.17890547215938568,
0.11554969102144241,
0.06900539994239807,
-0.011850882321596146,
0.17738676071166992,
0.14404012262821198,
-0.30032020807266235,
-0.17207705974578857,
-0.10789156705141068,
0.1290772557258606,
-0.3799065351486206,
0.31101447343826294,
-0.0014876597560942173,
0.006115206051617861,
0.02886849083006382,
-0.2599283754825592,
-0.5206535458564758,
0.7561748027801514,
0.05914638936519623,
-0.2743651866912842,
-0.01693080924451351,
0.25285786390304565,
-0.7137725353240967,
-0.2442265897989273,
-0.002518825000151992,
-0.4281247854232788,
0.11308233439922333,
-0.04371063411235809,
0.26130157709121704,
0.3459383547306061,
0.4145093560218811,
0.252725213766098,
0.15006296336650848,
0.022468604147434235,
0.40620163083076477,
-0.3283599615097046,
-0.11700402200222015,
-0.4643237888813019,
-0.13422416150569916,
-0.16903384029865265,
-0.13321390748023987,
-0.3578775227069855,
0.02726922743022442,
-0.20162981748580933,
-0.30042383074760437,
0.6146053671836853,
-0.62396240234375,
0.2736193537712097,
0.05176345631480217,
0.26143813133239746,
0.017152873799204826,
0.02876533381640911,
0.5756540894508362,
0.15881556272506714,
0.2525911331176758,
-0.09048689156770706,
-0.19738483428955078,
0.32451364398002625,
0.18813617527484894,
-0.4498601257801056,
-0.1187976524233818,
-0.08219216763973236,
0.11187826097011566,
-0.5954703092575073,
0.011096211150288582,
0.05790340155363083,
0.2460416853427887,
-0.1936744898557663,
0.3006702661514282,
0.09853880852460861,
0.701680064201355,
0.6198229193687439,
0.47225648164749146,
0.17547620832920074,
-0.3703728914260864,
0.1471410095691681,
0.17306971549987793,
-0.45111092925071716,
0.06867245584726334,
-0.22861747443675995,
0.26061490178108215,
-0.5038048028945923,
0.12092766165733337,
0.08980942517518997,
0.47247225046157837,
0.22431835532188416,
0.12107270210981369,
-0.20817968249320984,
0.4735372066497803,
-0.5740337371826172,
-0.33372125029563904,
0.348227322101593,
0.33287864923477173,
0.48893991112709045,
-0.2758632302284241,
-0.009590725414454937,
-0.22300729155540466,
-0.4255802631378174,
0.3440335690975189,
-0.15363655984401703,
0.29435995221138,
0.4081088602542877,
-0.5597478747367859,
-0.07560314983129501,
0.354733943939209,
-0.3865523040294647,
-0.5442954897880554,
0.3439972400665283,
-0.022674189880490303,
-0.23280280828475952,
-0.11437071114778519,
-0.12074346840381622,
-0.47796711325645447,
0.49445515871047974,
0.04380054026842117
] |
217788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4%20%C4%90%C3%ACnh%20Th%E1%BB%A5c | Ngô Đình Thục | Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục () (6 October 1897 – 13 December 1984) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huế, Vietnam, and later a sedevacantist bishop who was excommunicated by the Catholic Church and later reconciled with the church before his death in 1984. He was a member of the Ngô family who ruled South Vietnam in the years leading up to the Vietnam War. He was the founder of the Dalat University. Today, various Independent Catholic and sedevacantist groups claim to have derived their apostolic succession from Thục.
While Thục was in Rome attending the second session of the Second Vatican Council, the 1963 South Vietnamese coup overthrew and assassinated his younger brother, Ngô Đình Diệm, who was president of South Vietnam. Thục was unable to return to Vietnam and lived the rest of his life exiled in Italy, France, and the United States. During his exile, he was involved with Traditionalist Catholic movements and consecrated a number of bishops without the Vatican's approval for the Palmarian and Sedevacantist movements. As a result, he was excommunicated by the Holy See and later reconciled with the Vatican.
Biography
Early life and family
Ngô Đình Thục was born on 6 October 1897, in Huế, French Indochina, to an affluent Roman Catholic family as the second of the six surviving sons born to Ngô Đình Khả, a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty who served Emperor Thành Thái during the French occupation of Vietnam.
Thục's elder brother, Khôi, served as a governor and mandarin of the French-controlled Emperor Bảo Đại's administration. At the end of World War Two, both Khôi and Thục's younger brother Diệm were arrested for having collaborated with the Japanese. Diệm was released, but Khôi was subsequently shot by the Việt Minh as part of the August Revolution of 1945 (and not buried alive as is sometimes stated). All of Thục's brothers, including Diệm, Nhu and Cẩn, were politically active. Cardinal François Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận (1928–2002) was Thục's nephew.
Priesthood and early episcopacy
At age twelve, Thục entered the minor seminary in An Ninh. He spent eight years there before going on to study philosophy at the major seminary in Huế. Following his ordination as a priest on 20 December 1925, he was selected to study theology in Rome, and is often said to have earned three doctorates from the Pontifical Gregorian University in philosophy, theology, and Canon law; this is not substantiated by the university's archives however. He briefly lectured at the Sorbonne and gained teaching qualifications before returning to Vietnam in 1927. He then became a professor at the College of Vietnamese Brothers in Huế, a professor at the major seminary in Huế, and Dean of the College of Providence.
On 8 January 1938, Pope Pius XI created the Apostolic Vicariate of Vĩnh Long in Vietnam, and personally chose Thục (now aged 41) to be it its first Vicar Apostolic. On 4 May of the same year, with his family in attendance, Thục was consecrated a bishop by Archbishop Antonin Drapier, Apostolic Delegate to Indochina, and co-consecrators Bishop Isidore-Marie-Joseph Dumortier, M.E.P., Vicar Apostolic of Saigon, and Bishop Dominique Maria Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Vicar Apostolic of Bùi Chu. He was the third Vietnamese priest raised to the rank of bishop.
His coat of arms portrayed three dragons, a tie to the Nguyễn dynasty, and he took as his episcopal motto "Miles Christi" ("Soldier of Christ").
In 1950 Diệm and Thục applied for permission to travel to Rome for the Holy Year celebrations at the Vatican but went instead to Japan to lobby Prince Cường Để to enlist support to seize power. They met Wesley Fishel, an American academic consultant for the U.S. government. Fishel was a proponent of the anti-colonial, anti-communist third force doctrine in Asia and was impressed by Diệm. He helped the brothers organise contacts and meetings in the United States to enlist support.
With the outbreak of the Korean War and McCarthyism in the early 1950s, Vietnamese anti-communists were a sought-after commodity in the United States. Diệm and Thục were given a reception at the State Department with the Acting Secretary of State James Webb, where Thục did much of the talking. Diệm and Thục also forged links with Cardinal Francis Spellman, the most politically influential cleric of his time, and Spellman became one of Diệm's most powerful advocates. Diệm then managed an audience with Pope Pius XII in Rome with his brother's help, and then settled in the US as a guest of the Maryknoll Fathers. Spellman helped Diệm to garner support among right-wing and Catholic circles. Thục was widely seen as more genial, loquacious, and diplomatic than his brother, and it was acknowledged that Thục would be highly influential in the future regime. As French power in Vietnam declined, Diệm’s support in America, which Thục helped to nurture, made his stock rise. Bảo Đại made Diệm the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam because he thought Diệm's connections would secure foreign financial aid.
Diệm's rule
In October 1955, Diệm deposed Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum organised by Nhu and declared himself President of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam, which then concentrated power in the Ngô family, who were dedicated Roman Catholics in a Buddhist majority country. Power was enforced through secret police and the imprisonment and torture of political and religious opponents. The Ngôs' policies and conduct inflamed religious tensions. The government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions. Thục, the most powerful religious leader in the country, was allowed to solicit "voluntary contributions to the Church" from Saigon businessmen, which was likened to "tax notices". Thục also used his position to acquire farms, businesses, urban real estate, rental property and rubber plantations for the Catholic Church. He also used Army of the Republic of Vietnam personnel to work on his timber and construction projects.
On 24 November 1960, Thục was appointed Archbishop of Huế by John XXIII.
Buddhist unrest and downfall of Diệm
In May 1963, in the central city of Huế, Buddhists were prohibited from displaying the Buddhist flag during Vesak celebrations commemorating the birth of Gautama Buddha, when the government cited a regulation prohibiting the display of non-government flags at Thục's request. A few days earlier, Catholics were encouraged to fly Vatican flags to celebrate Thục's 25th anniversary as bishop. Government funds were used to pay for Thục's anniversary celebrations, and the residents of Huế—a Buddhist stronghold—were also forced to contribute. These perceived double standards led to a Buddhist protest against the government, which was ended when nine civilians were shot dead or run over when the military attacked. Despite footage showing otherwise, the Ngôs blamed the Việt Cộng for the deaths, and protests for equality broke out across the country. Major Dang Sy, the commanding officer in the incident, later revealed that Archbishop Thục had personally given him the order to open fire. Thục called for his brothers to forcefully suppress the protesters. Later, the Ngôs' forces attacked and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across the country in an attempt to crush the burgeoning movement. It is estimated that up to 400 people were killed or disappeared.
Diệm was overthrown and assassinated together with Nhu on 2 November 1963. Ngô Đình Cẩn was sentenced to death and executed in 1964. Of the six brothers, only Thục and Luyện survived the political upheavals in Vietnam. Luyện, the youngest, was serving as ambassador in London, and Thục had been summoned to Rome for the Second Vatican Council. Because of the coup, Thục remained in Rome during the Council years (1962–65). He was among the bishops who were against the statements of the Council.
Beginning of exile
After the closing of the Second Vatican Council, none of the relevant governments - American, Vietnamese or the Vatican - consented to Thục returning to Vietnam. Paul VI therefore had him resign as Archbishop of Huế. At his resignation, Paul VI did not appoint him to govern any diocese, vicariate, or any other jurisdiction, but simply appointed him titular Archbishop of Bulla Regia, and Thục began his life in exile.
According to Thục, the Americans forced the South Vietnamese government to refuse him permission to return, and that Paul VI used this inability to return to force him to resign and appoint Bishop Philippe Nguyễn Kim Điền, one of Paul VI's favorites, as his replacement.
He began his exile in Rome. There, he was able to find food and lodging in a reception center, but he had to pay a fee for this. In order to obtain the funds to do this, he offered his services to a curé in the parish. The priest accepted his offer. Nevertheless, they soon fell out with each other, and Thục left.
Thục was then received and given a room in the guest house of Dom Nivardo Buttarazzi, the Abbot of the Casamari Abbey in Veroli, Frosinone, Lazio, Italy, whom Thục had previously known. He stayed there for about one and a half years, confessing the faithful of the parish which was dependent on the Abbey and the monks who came to him. One day, the religious decided to organize an exhibition of nudes in the library of the monastery. Thục showed his disapproval, so the religious asked him to leave the place, and so he left.
He then went to the local bishop, who had made his sympathies known to Thục on several occasions. Thục begged the bishop to give him a small church that had no priest where he could serve, provided that it had a sacristy where he could place a bed and stay. The bishop agreed, and appointed him to the village of Arpino which consisted of a dozen families.
Consecrations of bishops and declaration of sedevacantism
A Swiss priest Thục formerly knew in Écône, Switzerland, Father Maurice Revaz, former Chancellor of the Swiss Diocese of Sion and professor of canon law in Ecône at the International Seminary of Saint Pius X of the traditionalist Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), came to Thục and invited him to go to Spain, saying that the Blessed Virgin Mary wanted him to render her a service. On the recommendation of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (Lefebvre knew Thục quite well and considered him to be a bishop with good doctrinal views; Thuc, like Lefebvre, was against the statements of the Second Vatican Council), on 1 January 1976, in El Palmar de Troya, Spain, Thục ordained Clemente Domínguez y Gómez — who claimed to have repeatedly witnessed apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary — and others as priests, and on 11 January 1976, consecrated Dominguez and four others as bishops. Thục stated that he had gone to Palmar de Troya on the spur of the moment, though contemporary sources show him to have been a regular visitor since 1968. For these consecrations, he was declared excommunicated by the Vatican. He repented (and was absolved in 1976), especially after Domínguez, after the death of Paul VI, declared himself "Pope Gregory XVII" and head of the Palmarian Catholic Church.
Thục moved to Toulon, France, where he was assigned a confessional in the cathedral until about 1981. According to one sedevacantist journal, he served at the Mass of Paul VI (the new rite of Mass promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1969) as an acolyte several times. On 16 April 1981, Holy Thursday, he concelebrated the Mass of Paul VI with Bishop Gilles Barthe of Fréjus-Toulon. He later repented from having done this, saying, "I hope that God has not judged me so cruelly, for I erred in good faith."
On 7 May 1981, Thục consecrated the French sedevacantist and sedeprivationist priest Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers as a bishop. Des Lauriers was a Dominican theologian, an expert on the dogma of the Assumption, and an advisor to Pope Pius XII. He was the formulator of the Thesis of Cassiciacum, which states that Paul VI and his successors were only materially but not formally popes. Before his consecration was decided on, des Lauriers explained this thesis to Thục, who assured him that he too believes the Holy See to be vacant from the time of Paul VI. On 17 October, Thục consecrated the two Mexican sedevacantist priests and former seminary professors Moisés Carmona and Adolfo Zamora as bishops. Carmona and Zamora had been sedevacantist leaders and propagators in Mexico for many years, and were among the priests who formed the Unión Católica Trento (Tridentine Catholic Union).
On 25 February 1982, in Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, Thục issued a handwritten declaration in Latin, wherein he condemned the Mass of Paul VI (Novus Ordo Mass) as invalid; condemned the Mass of Paul VI and the new rites of ordination of priests, consecration of bishops, confirmation, and extreme unction as unpleasing to God; expressed his desire to open a seminary for candidates "for that priesthood which is pleasing to God"; stated that the new priests (he placed the word "priests" within quotation marks, like he did with "Mass" [of Paul VI], to imply that they are invalid) now hold to modernism, false ecumenism, adoration [i.e. cult] of man, and religious liberty, and are unwilling to condemn heresy and expel heretics; and lastly, declared that:
Afterwards, Thục listed pre-Vatican II documents from numerous popes, from the Council of Trent, from canon law, and from the Roman Pontifical to support his declaration.
On 21 March, Laetare Sunday, he publicly proclaimed this declaration during a Pontifical High Mass in Sankt Michael Church in Munich.
In response to his episcopal consecrations for the sedevacantists in Toulon in 1981 and to his declaration of sedevacantism, the Vatican again declared him ipso facto excommunicated.
His newly consecrated bishops did not form a united structure and organization, but became a fragmented group, many limiting themselves essentially to sacramental ministry and only consecrated a few other bishops for various sedevacantist priests or groups.
Thục may have performed other consecrations besides those for the five bishops at Palmar de Troya and the three sedevacantists in 1981. He is said to have consecrated two priests, Luigi Boni and Jean Gerard Roux, as bishops in Loano, Italy, on 18 April 1982, but Doctor Eberhard Heller of Una Voce in Munich (who witnessed and assisted in Thục's 1981 consecrations for the sedevacantists) has said that Thục was with him in Munich on that date.
In 1983, Thục departed for the United States at the invitation of Bishop Louis Vezelis, an American Franciscan former missionary priest who later became a sedevacantist bishop. Vezelis was consecrated a bishop by the American sedevacantist Bishop George J. Musey (consecrated in 1982 by Carmona) and by co-consecrators Carmona and Zamora (the two Mexican sedevacantist bishops Thục consecrated on 17 October 1981). Thục collaborated with Vezelis in the operation of a seminary in Rochester, New York, United States.
Reconciliation and death
Thục began to be increasingly sought-out by the expatriate and refugee Vietnamese community, including old friends and contacts from Huế and Saigon. They facilitated his extraction from sedevacantism and Thục returned to the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church definitively in 1984.
Nevertheless, his retraction is denied by some sedevacantists, such as Father Francis Miller, a Franciscan friar who lived with Thục in Rochester, and Bishop Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers and Bishop Adolfo Zamora, two bishops consecrated by Thục in 1981.
Miller states that there is no sufficient evidence of Thục's retraction, and claims that, on the contrary, among Thục's last words to him in New York City (where Thục had been taken by Vietnamese priests) were:
This is similar to what Thục is said to have told Bishop Louis Vezelis, who as stated above, lived with Thục in Rochester:
Des Lauriers wrote that:
Thục was taken from New York to Kansas City, Missouri, by air, and from there was driven down to Carthage, Missouri, to the Motherhouse of the Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix. He died there on 13 December 1984, the feast of Saint Lucy, at the age of 87.
That his retraction was false is affirmed by many sedevacantists in general, and so is the belief that he was kidnapped or abducted by the Vietnamese clergy when he left Vezelis' Franciscan monastery and was taken to Missouri, where he died.
See also
Roman Catholicism in Vietnam
References
Further reading
External links
Roman Catholic Hierarchy: Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục
by Bishop Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers, O.P.
Declaration of sedevacantism of Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục
PDF Document of Einsicht, 1982; includes photographic documentation on many of Archbishop Thục's consecrations
"The validity of the Thục consecrations" by Fr. Anthony Cekada in Sacerdotium, Spring 1992.
A critical analysis of the invalidity of Bishop Thục's ordinations and consecrations
Pre-Vatican II theologian Fr. Stepanich O.F.M. on the Thục-line consecrations
Thucbishops.com – An online resource including theological treatises on the sedevacantist consecrations of bishops by Archbishop Thục.
1897 births
1984 deaths
People from Huế
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Vietnam
Ngo family
University of Paris faculty
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Sedevacantists
Traditionalist Catholic bishops
Vietnamese traditionalist Catholics
Thục line bishops
Vietnamese anti-communists
Vietnamese exiles | [
-0.5250200033187866,
0.5975433588027954,
-0.1962442249059677,
-0.3406267464160919,
-0.2809290587902069,
0.6796550154685974,
0.5741291046142578,
0.5570134520530701,
-0.35249173641204834,
0.04131238907575607,
-0.02409966103732586,
0.6446868181228638,
-0.3943125009536743,
0.13260997831821442,
0.1475987732410431,
-0.2009165734052658,
0.9886435866355896,
0.09901246428489685,
-0.4493691325187683,
-0.4560661315917969,
-0.2327728420495987,
-0.509606122970581,
0.3077250123023987,
0.049003586173057556,
-0.30945146083831787,
0.5121879577636719,
-0.5536038875579834,
0.49553218483924866,
0.0632723793387413,
0.1248088926076889,
0.27700161933898926,
0.57913738489151,
0.27880343794822693,
-0.25489428639411926,
-0.8860938549041748,
0.4189485013484955,
0.713763415813446,
-0.23554806411266327,
-0.3173540234565735,
0.20881350338459015,
0.13920116424560547,
-0.1367723047733307,
-0.37760505080223083,
0.28183284401893616,
-0.07452797144651413,
-0.5555174946784973,
-0.4448002576828003,
0.19391582906246185,
-0.6617839932441711,
-0.2806489169597626,
-0.07300034165382385,
-0.0338628776371479,
0.4974425137042999,
0.09826545417308807,
-0.27133166790008545,
0.1102379560470581,
-0.8610329627990723,
0.1605762541294098,
-0.3940974771976471,
-1.277131199836731,
-0.12261997908353806,
-0.006249742582440376,
0.4949503540992737,
-0.13761048018932343,
-0.45350030064582825,
0.17591848969459534,
-0.31521785259246826,
0.07877364009618759,
-0.11975125223398209,
-0.47691890597343445,
0.03728800266981125,
0.5965736508369446,
0.224594384431839,
0.5209036469459534,
0.20214667916297913,
-0.48022758960723877,
-0.32072320580482483,
-0.17018714547157288,
0.02277776040136814,
0.05764642357826233,
-0.08925782144069672,
-0.5656797885894775,
0.7852055430412292,
0.022767549380660057,
0.09119772911071777,
-0.044067252427339554,
-0.1384933441877365,
0.3285484313964844,
-0.6050577163696289,
0.13319087028503418,
-0.20914623141288757,
-0.24895338714122772,
-0.0828341692686081,
0.21664577722549438,
-0.5233413577079773,
-0.028975073248147964,
0.40435364842414856,
0.5506813526153564,
-0.08117756992578506,
-0.1229618713259697,
0.2854222357273102,
0.03420617803931236,
-0.005302193108946085,
-0.036937080323696136,
-0.5268353819847107,
-0.6334772706031799,
-0.10450388491153717,
0.15281987190246582,
-0.07521387189626694,
-0.32224076986312866,
-1.0471760034561157,
0.1370527297258377,
0.034754443913698196,
0.252821147441864,
-0.016144661232829094,
0.3533787429332733,
-0.18732912838459015,
-0.44422367215156555,
-0.2646068036556244,
-0.3346030116081238,
-0.12898173928260803,
0.48497024178504944,
0.09509412944316864,
0.358072966337204,
0.05815594643354416,
-0.09709013998508453,
0.30745071172714233,
0.6017984747886658,
-0.20318977534770966,
0.6938000917434692,
0.34811222553253174,
1.4221683740615845,
-0.4051923155784607,
-0.1370527446269989,
-0.1548433005809784,
-0.651097297668457,
0.6517162322998047,
0.13465118408203125,
0.02510681003332138,
0.17910419404506683,
-0.8517777323722839,
0.3557218611240387,
-0.4788406491279602,
0.13218098878860474,
0.16346271336078644,
-0.038254011422395706,
-0.2654629349708557,
0.09406547993421555,
0.09684517979621887,
-0.26574862003326416,
-0.06427493691444397,
-0.4005663990974426,
0.26695844531059265,
-0.036697011440992355,
-0.2929748296737671,
0.7515372633934021,
-0.0049776677042245865,
0.23767276108264923,
0.06854978203773499,
0.3118828535079956,
0.14442364871501923,
0.09837458282709122,
0.0914311408996582,
-0.16764958202838898,
0.2482617050409317,
-0.19192181527614594,
-0.2767470180988312,
0.24839459359645844,
-0.2263582944869995,
-0.6142802238464355,
-0.0700676366686821,
0.24998661875724792,
-0.355682909488678,
-0.4153958857059479,
-0.1525919884443283,
0.48004209995269775,
0.46362826228141785,
0.2466762363910675,
-0.23706656694412231,
-0.01880168542265892,
-0.5383716225624084,
0.5564432740211487,
0.07257197797298431,
-0.01893676072359085,
0.37009748816490173,
0.5105345249176025,
0.2658871114253998,
0.42173922061920166,
0.6045129299163818,
-0.10686146467924118,
-0.5929434299468994,
-0.5924046635627747,
0.5588131546974182,
-0.41532233357429504,
0.785044252872467,
0.3188285529613495,
-0.12653084099292755,
-0.09083811193704605,
0.13182927668094635,
0.8166075944900513,
-0.39620935916900635,
-0.3937140703201294,
0.16512759029865265,
-0.020519966259598732,
-0.3729032874107361,
0.9938729405403137,
0.754517138004303,
0.26456165313720703,
0.858582615852356,
1.3127539157867432,
0.3168475925922394,
-0.5909087061882019,
-0.26941677927970886,
0.34779760241508484,
-0.5375854969024658,
-0.6901162266731262,
-0.6671632528305054,
-0.34542757272720337,
0.18156522512435913,
-0.3949963450431824,
0.24179290235042572,
0.197587251663208,
-0.06434857845306396,
1.2965396642684937,
-0.4511668384075165,
0.5037283897399902,
-0.19639302790164948,
-0.11728981882333755,
0.42102503776550293,
-0.2507946789264679,
0.03650025650858879,
0.44529908895492554,
0.2014402151107788,
-0.20757107436656952,
-0.14269699156284332,
0.11604868620634079,
0.3995472192764282,
-0.3243005871772766,
0.05202030763030052,
-0.41314697265625,
0.017226722091436386,
0.2227042317390442,
-0.2602674067020416,
0.2514907121658325,
-0.3233723044395447,
0.41864410042762756,
-0.592978835105896,
-0.048387497663497925,
-0.5014053583145142,
0.004116837866604328,
-0.029714146628975868,
0.5783660411834717,
0.38817256689071655,
0.035696305334568024,
0.3619008958339691,
-0.23305436968803406,
0.16876749694347382,
0.07397466897964478,
-0.6195805072784424,
-0.10749687999486923,
0.3391018211841583,
-0.7515348196029663,
0.4756987988948822,
0.36534085869789124,
-0.012318894267082214,
-0.23258820176124573,
-0.07271205633878708,
-0.02255265600979328,
0.101797915995121,
0.08203272521495819,
-0.5292147397994995,
-0.43080827593803406,
-0.49325689673423767,
0.13609133660793304,
-0.002144685946404934,
-0.15565933287143707,
-1.0135842561721802,
0.611207902431488,
-0.6669043898582458,
-0.9546024203300476,
0.5905412435531616,
1.0392102003097534,
-0.36806729435920715,
0.03631387650966644,
-0.12912721931934357,
0.21957610547542572,
-0.7624984979629517,
-0.36763736605644226,
0.00507309939712286,
-0.3234196603298187,
-0.43258947134017944,
-0.0776720643043518,
0.10813750326633453,
-0.43933871388435364,
-0.5651412606239319,
-0.1783662885427475,
0.03997074067592621,
-0.7032727599143982,
0.5456522107124329,
-0.014460429549217224,
-0.3199353516101837,
-0.23082567751407623,
-0.05604947358369827,
0.5746977925300598,
0.29909345507621765,
0.3042587339878082,
-0.34568750858306885,
-0.19274602830410004,
-5.4825568199157715,
0.3991168141365051,
0.5265579223632812,
-0.2846646308898926,
-0.08467502146959305,
0.09748677164316177,
0.59232497215271,
-0.45479556918144226,
0.3802735209465027,
-0.41197726130485535,
-0.19532489776611328,
0.13211055099964142,
-0.18268392980098724,
0.39308997988700867,
0.43335312604904175,
0.3691362738609314,
0.701108455657959,
-0.6725134253501892,
0.6861855387687683,
-0.022233234718441963,
0.16358350217342377,
-0.11152110248804092,
0.04867774248123169,
0.4955778121948242,
0.4954175353050232,
0.7789857983589172,
-0.18519644439220428,
0.7101823091506958,
-1.1592860221862793,
-0.05702849105000496,
-0.19135130941867828,
0.012377668172121048,
-0.23423106968402863,
0.05818773806095123,
-0.6269616484642029,
-0.14120419323444366,
0.40418216586112976,
0.15622377395629883,
-0.03717818111181259,
-0.268845796585083,
0.31277450919151306,
-0.3302980065345764,
-0.8002660274505615,
-0.006161578465253115,
-0.45022326707839966,
-0.41064631938934326,
-1.2795112133026123,
-0.13888250291347504,
-0.15205831825733185,
0.9356834888458252,
-0.47723716497421265,
-0.43970438838005066,
0.15323705971240997,
0.23353740572929382,
0.3507921099662781,
-0.0523575134575367,
0.09578410536050797,
0.022901998832821846,
-0.9816943407058716,
0.0729108676314354,
0.7244338393211365,
-0.1647973209619522,
-0.5418654680252075,
-0.5727688074111938,
0.31846994161605835,
0.5677347183227539,
0.10244014114141464,
-0.028184495866298676,
0.1743554323911667,
-0.17366401851177216,
-0.6206479072570801,
0.5766241550445557,
-0.33520737290382385,
-1.0149303674697876,
0.1347392052412033,
-0.6057103276252747,
-0.6348626017570496,
0.22339379787445068,
-0.03362380713224411,
0.11595611274242401,
-0.07234738022089005,
-0.11851027607917786,
0.30891409516334534,
0.874371349811554,
0.5057056546211243,
0.4713888168334961,
-0.2699638307094574,
0.5444485545158386,
0.39526164531707764,
0.6319606304168701,
0.4714033305644989,
-0.446051687002182,
0.24316158890724182,
0.608149528503418,
0.16218416392803192,
0.5442819595336914,
0.20080143213272095,
0.561730146408081,
0.19481685757637024,
-0.24114857614040375,
0.0035434977617114782,
-0.401754230260849,
0.22775502502918243,
0.01811623014509678,
0.02866622991859913,
-0.5337874889373779,
-0.3439886271953583,
0.13744984567165375,
0.24241192638874054,
0.389362633228302,
0.0708715096116066,
0.34492793679237366,
-0.15373557806015015,
-0.18723821640014648,
0.27947866916656494,
-0.13467270135879517,
-0.13430935144424438,
0.3886256515979767,
0.7171304225921631,
0.04889937862753868,
0.5193966031074524,
0.36927327513694763,
-0.19419659674167633,
0.2094477117061615,
-0.17801256477832794,
0.1498732566833496,
-0.2859717309474945,
0.5222745537757874,
-0.3652172386646271,
0.2384507805109024,
-0.42731979489326477,
0.3424733877182007,
0.6195600032806396,
-0.023543206974864006,
-0.0893387496471405,
-0.7716334462165833,
-0.4393441379070282,
-1.1978254318237305,
-0.20500822365283966,
0.36268720030784607,
0.3287819027900696,
-0.07051227241754532,
-0.38157591223716736,
0.37490415573120117,
0.2277655303478241,
-0.0270600114017725,
0.13901732861995697,
-0.16978347301483154,
0.129835307598114,
0.9775700569152832,
0.03513553366065025,
-0.4929518401622772,
0.4804060757160187,
0.016045518219470978,
-0.5851907134056091,
0.35458382964134216,
-0.0029730736277997494,
0.37990114092826843,
0.16737757623195648,
0.45330610871315,
-0.23613816499710083,
-0.48516950011253357,
-0.8946898579597473,
-0.12147098034620285,
0.257050484418869,
-0.15186122059822083,
0.4690728485584259,
-0.3514752686023712,
-0.9028441905975342,
0.7968472838401794,
0.1795172244310379,
-0.2979016900062561,
-0.9855538606643677,
0.294720321893692,
0.31730541586875916,
-0.5688809752464294,
0.5714690089225769,
0.3343043327331543,
-0.09650169312953949,
0.16533790528774261,
-0.1521482914686203,
0.24044948816299438,
-0.14124633371829987,
0.06378500163555145,
0.8356376886367798,
-0.22673331201076508,
-0.4158836603164673,
-0.602858304977417,
0.1294066309928894,
0.08905057609081268,
0.3739889860153198,
0.15081703662872314,
-0.27747851610183716,
0.7191617488861084,
0.15495629608631134,
-0.7343741059303284,
-0.5578895807266235,
0.07952407002449036,
0.259240061044693,
-0.19901902973651886,
0.06784120202064514,
0.21930086612701416,
0.1788814663887024,
0.22586452960968018,
0.24115657806396484,
-0.6744654774665833,
0.3960651457309723,
-0.3002660870552063,
0.44652819633483887,
0.04665030539035797,
0.09068097174167633,
-0.37516462802886963,
0.13570493459701538,
0.40389764308929443,
-0.12812717258930206,
-0.23178359866142273,
0.2717284560203552,
-0.061469417065382004,
-0.6876015067100525,
-0.8655012249946594,
-0.862017035484314,
-0.4134807586669922,
-0.7234640121459961,
-0.3443457782268524,
-0.2799738943576813,
0.15373243391513824,
0.8879984021186829,
-0.061011116951704025,
0.3194184899330139,
0.11925521492958069,
-0.32419559359550476,
0.19593897461891174,
-0.24933397769927979,
0.233504518866539,
-0.514977753162384,
-0.07514382153749466,
0.83646559715271,
0.12386782467365265,
-0.267129510641098,
-0.6642147898674011,
0.46122339367866516,
1.1503394842147827,
-0.0957423523068428,
-1.0332626104354858,
0.044738586992025375,
0.054200250655412674,
0.48731812834739685,
-0.19539451599121094,
-0.0350312665104866,
-0.0013772551901638508,
0.05830138921737671,
0.02059658244252205,
-0.6652575731277466,
-0.8292743563652039,
0.49304941296577454,
-0.42417606711387634,
-0.8159076571464539,
0.03215285763144493,
0.6870070099830627,
0.11012504249811172,
-0.10194646567106247,
-0.46914994716644287,
0.06698169559240341,
-0.3954819440841675,
0.2966923117637634,
0.06125365197658539,
0.0077947224490344524,
0.15711891651153564,
-0.0801905021071434,
-0.7211042046546936,
-0.5945550203323364,
-0.8879358172416687,
0.1654793620109558,
0.1438514143228531,
-0.38433340191841125,
-0.12598289549350739,
-0.08159361779689789,
0.22040686011314392,
0.5376810431480408,
-0.25456303358078003,
-0.7004864811897278,
-0.11008992791175842,
-0.383882075548172,
0.419515997171402,
0.04016566649079323,
-1.0570125579833984,
0.16131068766117096,
0.008067687042057514,
-0.1919471025466919,
-0.10654386132955551,
-1.1160050630569458,
-0.20800790190696716,
0.05349434167146683,
0.41850563883781433,
-0.025419937446713448,
0.2805997431278229,
-0.11123935878276825,
0.5475975871086121,
-0.43049541115760803,
-0.4382026195526123,
-0.34970369935035706,
-0.05522637814283371,
1.0086305141448975,
-0.7340500950813293,
0.19083349406719208,
0.019312484189867973,
0.35809972882270813,
-0.15789172053337097,
-0.428788959980011,
0.331041157245636,
0.7073739171028137,
0.6833226680755615,
-0.4031604826450348,
0.24102018773555756,
-0.6227554678916931,
0.12904787063598633,
0.174890398979187,
-0.52906334400177,
-0.7925322651863098,
0.012096117250621319,
0.24697072803974152,
0.2464190423488617,
0.0752665102481842,
-0.25817352533340454,
0.3852812647819519,
0.5010644793510437,
-0.10040327906608582,
0.2769061028957367,
0.423196017742157,
0.003006728133186698,
-0.5141689777374268,
0.1507311910390854,
-0.38496679067611694,
-0.18031491339206696,
-0.3006158173084259,
-0.12699592113494873,
-0.085706427693367,
-0.4888375997543335,
0.01929602026939392,
0.4100602865219116,
0.29981672763824463,
1.007239580154419,
-0.5286431312561035,
-0.3020242154598236,
-0.005770442076027393,
0.3129732608795166,
-0.15132203698158264,
0.1597145050764084,
0.4173087775707245,
0.18395818769931793,
-0.03729214146733284,
0.10245750099420547,
-0.1849135458469391,
-0.1680542230606079,
0.03219104930758476,
-0.08061059564352036,
-0.0787474662065506,
-0.16656583547592163,
0.15033479034900665,
-0.09641367197036743,
-0.26479995250701904,
-0.42923563718795776,
0.5128334164619446,
-0.024698279798030853,
0.8133673667907715,
0.14385788142681122,
0.027171693742275238,
-0.5784773826599121,
0.16418258845806122,
0.32671916484832764,
0.019705528393387794,
-0.45348063111305237,
-0.1579483449459076,
0.4545142948627472,
-0.0045548006892204285,
-0.1552223116159439,
1.0612868070602417,
0.1862819790840149,
-0.44967636466026306,
-0.1638922542333603,
-0.4515349268913269,
0.15077421069145203,
-0.20947742462158203,
0.16481271386146545,
0.2707522213459015,
0.4637368619441986,
0.05533012002706528,
0.7516722679138184,
0.2050364762544632,
-0.3720395267009735,
0.6677371263504028,
-0.13733473420143127,
-0.3994571268558502,
-0.1342294067144394,
0.007278504781424999,
0.6268280744552612,
0.06813139468431473,
0.7290443181991577,
0.7630048394203186,
-0.33488398790359497,
-0.09775784611701965,
-0.1070394292473793,
0.11301842331886292,
0.24472109973430634,
0.23660899698734283,
0.06779457628726959,
-0.33269211649894714,
0.35908836126327515,
-1.3759554624557495,
0.1602889448404312,
-0.37333452701568604,
0.5031776428222656,
-0.4936419725418091,
0.5965341925621033,
-0.3833587169647217,
-0.015608320012688637,
0.23024024069309235,
-0.033477868884801865,
-0.054721154272556305,
-0.27517378330230713,
-0.5475177764892578,
-0.38218939304351807,
-0.04727886617183685,
0.7578259110450745,
0.31396758556365967,
-0.35741108655929565,
0.14658866822719574,
0.33055397868156433,
-0.31216585636138916,
0.3493998944759369,
0.007762346416711807,
-0.030751576647162437,
0.04801619425415993,
0.0947342962026596,
-0.1710478514432907,
-0.058906324207782745,
0.5292700529098511,
0.3832349479198456,
-0.12636740505695343,
-0.33862924575805664,
0.20446212589740753,
-0.02337590791285038,
0.09590065479278564,
0.3796061873435974,
0.0014079277170822024,
-0.18101677298545837,
-0.1545470803976059,
-0.1511559635400772,
-0.6105319261550903,
0.30131903290748596,
0.04463609680533409,
0.0060237105935812,
0.3833377957344055,
-1.4002535343170166,
0.3270522654056549,
-0.7615971565246582,
0.06733205914497375,
0.5747161507606506,
0.5555023550987244,
0.6090854406356812
] |
217790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina%20Ricci | Christina Ricci | Christina Ricci () (Born February 12, 1980) is an American actress. Known for playing unconventional characters with a dark edge, Ricci predominantly works in independent productions, although she has appeared in numerous box office hits: to date, her films have grossed in excess of US$1.4 billion. She is the recipient of several accolades, including a National Board of Review Award and a Satellite Award, in addition to nominations for a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
Ricci made her film debut at the age of nine in Mermaids (1990), which was followed by a breakout role as Wednesday Addams in The Addams Family (1991)—which earned her a Saturn Award nomination—and its sequel Addams Family Values (1993). Subsequent appearances in Casper and Now and Then (both 1995) brought her fame as a "teen icon". At 17, she moved into adult-oriented roles with The Ice Storm (1997), which led to parts in films such as Buffalo '66, Pecker (both 1998). She garnered acclaim for her performances in The Opposite of Sex (1998), Sleepy Hollow (1999) and Monster (2003). Ricci's other credits include Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), Prozac Nation (2001), Pumpkin (2002), Anything Else (2003), Black Snake Moan (2006), Speed Racer (2008), and The Smurfs 2 (2013).
On television, Ricci appeared as Liza Bump in the final season of Ally McBeal (2002), and received acclaim for her guest role on Grey's Anatomy in 2006. She also starred as Maggie Ryan on the ABC series Pan Am (2011–12), and produced and starred in the series The Lizzie Borden Chronicles (2015) and Z: The Beginning of Everything (2017). As well as voicing characters in several animated films, Ricci provided voices for the video games The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon and Speed Racer: The Videogame (both 2008). In 2010, Ricci made her Broadway debut in Time Stands Still. She is the national spokesperson for the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN).
Early life
Ricci was born in Santa Monica, California, the youngest of four children of Sarah (née Murdoch) and Ralph Ricci. Her mother worked as a Ford Agency model during the 1960s, and later became a real estate agent. Her father had a varied career, including jobs as a gym teacher, lawyer, drug counsellor, and primal scream therapist. Regarding her surname, Ricci has stated, "The Italian blood has been bred out of me. There's an Italian four or five generations back who married an Irish woman and they had all sons. So they married more Irish women, there were more sons, and more Irish women. Now I'm basically Scots-Irish".
Ricci's family moved to Montclair, New Jersey, where she grew up attending Edgemont Elementary School, Glenfield Middle School, Montclair High School, and Morristown–Beard School. She later attended Professional Children's School in New York City.
Her siblings are Rafael (born 1971), Dante (born 1974), and Pia (born 1976). Ricci's parents separated when she was a preteen. She has been vocal about her childhood in interviews, particularly her parents' divorce and turbulent relationship with her father.
Career
Beginnings and child stardom (1990–1996)
At the age of eight, Ricci was discovered by a local theater critic when she starred in a school production of The Twelve Days of Christmas. Another child was originally cast in the part, but Ricci devised a plan to secure the role for herself: She taunted her rival so much that he punched her. When she told on him, he lost the part. She recalled, "I've always been a really ambitious person. I guess that's the first time it really reared its ugly head". Soon thereafter, she featured in a pair of spoof commercials on Saturday Night Live. The first of these featured Ricci as a child at a birthday party in which medical waste fell out of a burst piñata, parodying the then-topical dumping of waste in the rivers of the United States' east coast. This gained Ricci her SAG-AFTRA card.
Ricci's big-screen debut was in the 1990 film Mermaids, as Cher's character's youngest daughter, Kate. She also appeared—alongside Cher and co-star Winona Ryder—in the music video for "The Shoop Shoop Song", which featured on the film's soundtrack. The following year, she starred as the morbidly precocious Wednesday Addams in Barry Sonnenfeld's The Addams Family, based on the cartoon of the same name. She reprised the role for the 1993 sequel, Addams Family Values. Both films were a commercial success, and critics singled out Ricci's performances as highlights.
Her next project, the live-action adaptation of Casper (1995), was her first in a lead role. The film received mixed reviews, but it was the eighth highest-grossing production of the year. Ricci at the time starred in the adventure film Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain (1995), and as the younger version of Rosie O'Donnell's character, Roberta, in the coming-of-age drama Now and Then (1995). The latter is often cited as the "female version" of Stand by Me, and has gained a cult following since its release. She also had a supporting role in Bastard Out of Carolina (1996), which was the directorial debut of Anjelica Huston, whom Ricci had previously worked with on the Addams Family films.
Transition to adult roles (1997–1998)
In 1997, Ricci starred in the Disney remake of That Darn Cat, which was a moderate success at the box office. Later that year, she made a shift into "legitimate [...] adult roles" with her portrayal of the troubled, sexually curious Wendy Hood in Ang Lee's critically acclaimed art film, The Ice Storm. The part was originally given to Natalie Portman, who pulled out when her parents decided that the role was too provocative. In his review for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers wrote, "The sight of the [film's] young stars [...] fiddling with each other may shock '90s prudes, but Lee handles these moments with dry wit and compassion [...] The adolescent members of the cast do their characters proud, with Ricci a particular standout. Her wonderfully funny and touching performance, capturing the defiance and confusion that come with puberty, is the film's crowning glory".
Ricci had a small role in Terry Gilliam's offbeat road movie, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), which marked her first collaboration with Johnny Depp. In 1998, she also had starring roles in three independent features—Buffalo '66, where she played Vincent Gallo's unwitting abductee-turned-love interest; John Waters' satirical comedy Pecker, as the hard-nosed girlfriend of Edward Furlong; and Don Roos' black comedy-drama The Opposite of Sex, playing the acid-tongued, manipulative Dede. For the latter, Ricci garnered critical acclaim and was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress. Variety'''s Todd McCarthy described her as "deadly funny", and felt that she delivered her dialogue with "the skill of a prospective Bette Davis". Several years later, Entertainment Weekly singled out her portrayal of Dede as one of the "Worst Oscar Snubs Ever".
Continued acclaim (1999–2004)
In 1999, Ricci starred for a second time with Johnny Depp, in Tim Burton's gothic horror fantasy film Sleepy Hollow. The film was a commercial and critical success, and Ricci received a Saturn Award for her portrayal of Katrina Van Tassel. On December 4, 1999, Ricci appeared as the guest host on Saturday Night Live, and performed parodies of Britney Spears and the Olsen twins. During one of her skits, she accidentally punched actress Ana Gasteyer in the face. Other film appearances during this period included 200 Cigarettes (1999), Bless the Child (2000), and The Man Who Cried (2000; her third time working with Depp). She starred in Prozac Nation (2001), a drama based on Elizabeth Wurtzel's best-selling
memoir. The film—Ricci's first outing as a producer—received mixed reviews, but critics agreed that Ricci was the highlight, with Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine describing her as "splendid".
Ricci's next role was in The Laramie Project, a drama based on the murder of Matthew Shepard. The 2002 film, which premiered on HBO, received positive reviews from critics; TV Guide's Matt Roush praised the performances of the cast, while noting that the film's examination of homophobia could "enlighten" viewers. That same year, she starred with Kyle MacLachlan in the British comedy-thriller Miranda, and guest-starred on the fifth and final season of Ally McBeal, appearing as lawyer Liza Bump in seven episodes. Also, she produced and starred in Pumpkin, a black comedy about the relationship between a disabled young man and a sorority girl. In his review for The Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert wrote, "Pumpkin is alive, and takes chances, and uses the wicked blade of satire in order to show up the complacent political correctness of other movies in its campus genre. It refuses to play it safe. And there is courage in the performances--for example [...] the way Ricci sails fearlessly into the risky material".
In 2003, Ricci took on the roles of a young girl wandering through England on foot in the British horror film The Gathering, the former girlfriend of an up-and-coming movie star enjoying all the perks of celebrity in Adam Goldberg's I Love Your Work, and that of a manipulative, vain, indecisive, vindictive, and neurotic girlfriend in Woody Allen's Anything Else, in which she starred with Jason Biggs. In his review of the latter, A. O. Scott of The New York Times described the film as an "antiromantic comedy", and said that Ricci played her role with "feral, neurotic glee".
Ricci starred opposite Charlize Theron in the biographical crime drama, Monster, also in 2003. Ricci's character—Selby Wall—was a fictionalized version of Tyria Moore, the real-life partner of serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Speaking of her decision to take the part, Ricci said it posed a challenge as it "goes completely against who I am [as a person]", and described the filming experience as "dark and depressing". The film was directed by Patty Jenkins and received rave reviews upon its release, with most critics directing their attention toward Theron, who went on to receive an Academy Award for her portrayal of Wuornos. She acknowledged Ricci during her acceptance speech, calling her the film's "unsung hero". Of Ricci's performance, Roger Ebert said, "[she] finds the correct note for Selby [...] so correct [that] some critics have mistaken it for bad acting, when in fact it is sublime acting in its portrayal of a bad actor. She plays Selby as clueless, dim, in over her head, picking up cues from moment to moment, cobbling her behavior out of notions borrowed from bad movies, old songs, and barroom romances. Selby must have walked into a gay bar for the first time only a few weeks ago, and studied desperately to figure out how to present herself. Selby and Aileen are often trying to improvise the next line they think the other wants to hear".
Film, television, and theater (2005–2010)
Ricci made a cameo appearance on Beck's 2005 album Guero, providing vocals for the track "Hell Yes". In 2005, Ricci starred in the Wes Craven horror film Cursed, which gained notoriety for its troubled production history, and in 2006, she appeared as a paramedic in two episodes of Grey's Anatomy, for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Ricci played the title character in Penelope (2006), a fantasy romantic comedy based on the legends of pig-faced women. The role required Ricci to wear a prosthetic nose; "We had a couple different noses that they tested at one point ... this really hideous, awfully unattractive snout ... then there was this really cute Miss Piggy snout ... we ended up meeting somewhere in the middle". Empire called the film a "lovely fairy tale," while Andrea Gronvall of The Chicago Reader felt it was "a worthy vehicle" for Ricci. Similarly, David Rooney of Variety felt that Ricci gave "the fanciful script more grounding than it might otherwise have had", and critic Eric D. Snider said it was "fun to see her in the most light-hearted role she's played since ... well, almost ever".
Her portrayal of nymphomaniac Rae in the 2006 drama Black Snake Moan, opposite Samuel L. Jackson, was particularly well received. She lost several pounds in order to make her character look "unhealthy". The film was deemed controversial because of its dark and exploitative themes, but critics felt that Ricci was impressive. Writing for Film Comment, Nathan Lee described her performance as "fearless, specific, and blazingly committed", adding, "She's the white-hot focal point of [director] Brewer's loud, brash, encompassing vision". Ricci appeared alongside Jackson for the second time in another 2006 film, Home of the Brave, an ensemble drama following the lives of four soldiers in Iraq and their return to the United States.
Ricci played the girlfriend of the titular character in Speed Racer (2008), a US$120 million adaptation of the Japanese anime and manga series of the same name. The film, which was directed by the Wachowskis, received mixed reviews upon release and was deemed a financial failure; however, it has since been reappraised as a "masterpiece" by some critics. She also appeared in a segment of the 2008 anthology film New York, I Love You, with Orlando Bloom.
In 2009, Ricci guest-starred in three episodes of TNT's Saving Grace, during its second season, as a detective who teams up with lead character Grace, played by Holly Hunter. Also in 2009, she appeared alongside Liam Neeson in the psychological thriller After.Life and made her Broadway theatre debut as Mandy in Donald Margulies' play Time Stands Still, opposite Laura Linney. Her first public performance was on September 23, 2010, at the Cort Theatre. She replaced Alicia Silverstone, who played Mandy during the play's initial run in 2009. The New York Times described Ricci as "confident" and "appealing".
Focus on television (2011–present)
Ricci played a kindhearted waitress in Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star (2011), a comedy written by Adam Sandler. The film was universally panned by critics. Writing for Variety, Andrew Barker called it "one of the most astonishingly unfunny films of this or any other year", but commended Ricci, who he felt gave her role "more than it deserves". From 2011 to 2012, Ricci appeared as stewardess Maggie Ryan on the ABC drama series Pan Am, which was set in the 1960s and based on the iconic airline of the same name. The series garnered generally positive reviews, but, due to a decline in viewing figures during its initial run of 14 episodes, the producers decided not to proceed with a second season. In April 2012, Ricci returned to the stage, playing Hermia in an off-Broadway revival of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.
In 2012, Ricci also starred as a mistress alongside Robert Pattinson and Uma Thurman in the little-seen period film Bel Ami, based on the 1885 French novel of the same name, and in 2013, she headlined the Australian film Around The Block, as an American drama teacher who befriends an Aboriginal boy during the 2004 Redfern riots. She subsequently provided voices for the animated films The Smurfs 2 (2013) and The Hero of Color City (2014).
In 2014, Ricci played the title character in Lizzie Borden Took an Ax, a Lifetime film inspired by the true story of Borden, who was tried and acquitted of the murders of her father and stepmother in 1892, and in 2015 she reprised the role for the eight-part television series The Lizzie Borden Chronicles. The latter received generally positive reviews; Jane Borden of Vanity Fair called it "playful, wicked brain candy", adding that "Ricci was born to play [a] 19th-century ax murderer". Writing for The New York Times, Neil Genzlinger described Ricci as "gleeful and ruthless", while Keith Uhlich of The Hollywood Reporter felt that she and co-star Clea DuVall had "a delectable rapport not too far removed from Bette Davis and Joan Crawford at their hag-horror peak in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?". Ricci went on to receive a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Miniseries.
In 2016, Ricci played a woman who receives a life-changing revelation from the woman she thought was her sister in the independent drama Mothers and Daughters, as part of an ensemble cast, consisting of Sharon Stone, Susan Sarandon, Selma Blair, Mira Sorvino and Courteney Cox. Ricci next starred in the 2017 Amazon Video miniseries Z: The Beginning of Everything, which presented a fictionalized version of the life of American socialite Zelda Fitzgerald. Ricci served as a producer on the series, which, she later acknowledged, is how she got the lead part; "I can tell you that in my experience, I have never, ever been cast in a role like this and I would never get this part normally ... I'm just not seen in that way. There are categories that people fall into, and types, and I was never a romantic lead. Basically, you couldn't get five people in a room to agree that I should be a romantic lead. I could get one person, but there's always more than one person whose opinion matters".
In the 2018 psychological thriller Distorted, Ricci starred opposite John Cusack as a woman suffering from bipolar disorder. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who cited Ricci's performance as a highlight.
Personal life
She has struggled with both anxiety and anorexia.
Ricci is listed in several art publications as one of artist Mark Ryden's muses. Her image has appeared in several of his oil paintings and sketches.
Ricci has eight tattoos on her body: a lion on her right shoulder blade (a reference to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, a favorite novel of hers as a child); an Edward Gorey figure on the inside of her right wrist; a pair of praying hands on her left hip (this tattoo was originally a bat); the name "Jack" on her right thigh for a deceased pet; a sparrow on her right breast; and a mermaid on her left ankle. She also had the words "Move or Bleed" on the left side of her rib cage, as well as a bouquet of sweet peas on her lower back.
Relationships and family
Ricci began dating comedian and actor Owen Benjamin in 2008 after they met on the set of the film All's Faire in Love. They became engaged in March 2009, but ended the engagement two months later.
In February 2013, Ricci announced her engagement to dolly grip James Heerdegen, whom she met while working on the series Pan Am in 2012. They married on October 26, 2013, in Manhattan. They have a son, born in August 2014. On July 2, 2020, Ricci filed for divorce after almost seven years of marriage. In her divorce filing, Ricci stated that she was subjected to "severe physical and emotional abuse" by Heerdegen and that "many of these acts of abuse" took place in front of their son. The Los Angeles Police Department had previously responded to a call at Ricci and Heerdegen's Woodland Hills, California home on June 25, 2020. Heerdegen was not arrested, but Ricci was granted an emergency protective order against Heerdegen the day before she filed for divorce. The order prohibited any contact between the couple. In January 2021, Ricci was granted a domestic violence restraining order against Heerdegen. In April 2021, Ricci was granted full custody of their son, while Heerdegen will have visitation rights.
In August 2021, Ricci and her boyfriend, hairstylist Mark Hampton, announced that she was pregnant with her second child. Two months later, on October 9, Ricci announced her marriage to Hampton. They welcomed their first child together, a daughter, in December 2021.
Activism
Ricci is the national spokesperson for the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN).
Due to fan backlash after PETA named Ricci on their Worst Dressed List for wearing fur, Ricci announced she would stop wearing fur; PETA subsequently removed her from their list.
Filmography
Film
Television
Other works
Music
2005: "Hell Yes" – Beck
Music videos
1990: "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Cher
1991: "Addams Groove" – MC Hammer
1993: "Addams Family (Whoomp!)" – Tag Team
2000: "Natural Blues" – Moby
Video games
2008: The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon as Cynder
2008: Speed Racer: The Videogame as Trixie
Audiobooks
Gossip Girl – Narrator
Gossip Girl "You Know You Love Me" – Narrator
Little Women'' – Narrator
Awards and nominations
References
External links
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New Jersey
Actresses from Santa Monica, California
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of Italian descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American voice actresses
Living people
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Sexual abuse victim advocates
Montclair High School (New Jersey) alumni
Morristown-Beard School alumni
1980 births | [
-0.26052507758140564,
-0.720146894454956,
-0.39940163493156433,
-0.4705743193626404,
0.3971431851387024,
0.697009265422821,
0.5417157411575317,
0.12378925085067749,
-0.3549070656299591,
-0.07081880420446396,
-0.1378467082977295,
0.8002691268920898,
0.44605913758277893,
0.38687291741371155,
-0.2657238841056824,
0.4612081050872803,
0.46583104133605957,
0.7018036246299744,
0.07854145765304565,
-0.5989522933959961,
-0.13555094599723816,
0.19491857290267944,
0.37753409147262573,
0.31606900691986084,
-0.8467575311660767,
0.5768795609474182,
-0.07560337334871292,
0.16758060455322266,
0.655302882194519,
-0.11380981653928757,
0.053460679948329926,
0.10454227775335312,
0.40549957752227783,
-0.136394664645195,
0.0935533195734024,
0.6119735836982727,
-0.2263270914554596,
0.15428313612937927,
-0.6051550507545471,
0.03008287213742733,
-0.5172798037528992,
0.018504628911614418,
-0.018979230895638466,
-0.19108207523822784,
0.054613854736089706,
-0.5546148419380188,
-1.8193020820617676,
-0.24924755096435547,
-0.501354992389679,
-0.8141540288925171,
0.11362051963806152,
-0.07609301805496216,
0.418742835521698,
-0.03823107108473778,
-0.0337405651807785,
-0.25997573137283325,
-0.7081131339073181,
-0.4214790165424347,
0.36142054200172424,
0.026389123871922493,
0.17605915665626526,
-0.551798403263092,
-0.13895341753959656,
-0.748048722743988,
0.024248503148555756,
0.19532814621925354,
0.8082187175750732,
0.07211904972791672,
-0.22987966239452362,
-0.687050998210907,
0.15790866315364838,
0.34938299655914307,
0.4128890633583069,
-0.9474369883537292,
-0.2046305239200592,
-0.20875701308250427,
0.19841420650482178,
0.022527312859892845,
0.1669030785560608,
0.46802374720573425,
0.0567009337246418,
0.29225438833236694,
0.7313145399093628,
0.7823576927185059,
0.0028096467722207308,
0.03721963241696358,
-0.22308503091335297,
0.03884751722216606,
-0.4213230609893799,
0.7492225170135498,
-0.614924967288971,
-0.0967136099934578,
0.06890542060136795,
0.5531753897666931,
0.33337724208831787,
-0.516173243522644,
-0.13865213096141815,
-0.0688897892832756,
0.27307456731796265,
0.23517028987407684,
-0.638309895992279,
0.301903635263443,
-0.03368512541055679,
-0.9420070648193359,
-0.6772476434707642,
0.3158792555332184,
0.03142843768000603,
-0.060607876628637314,
-0.44506025314331055,
-0.039274729788303375,
0.01979663595557213,
0.27042797207832336,
-0.528276801109314,
-0.14784859120845795,
-0.7930383086204529,
0.21953384578227997,
0.6826527714729309,
0.1571599245071411,
-0.6392727494239807,
0.3421611487865448,
0.5692539215087891,
-0.16836515069007874,
0.2669377624988556,
0.49920010566711426,
-0.1767423450946808,
0.436014860868454,
-0.16492626070976257,
-0.45508259534835815,
0.1153545007109642,
0.18654130399227142,
-0.08691582083702087,
0.7370664477348328,
-0.5669021010398865,
-0.22070148587226868,
-0.18569312989711761,
-0.09176353365182877,
0.11289307475090027,
0.30955928564071655,
0.29412466287612915,
-0.07234648615121841,
-0.5495568513870239,
-0.21508757770061493,
-0.7176501154899597,
0.12501904368400574,
0.5768408179283142,
-0.25944581627845764,
0.16020625829696655,
-0.03169545531272888,
-0.4639746844768524,
-0.19903813302516937,
-0.5915747284889221,
0.15224376320838928,
0.04184290021657944,
-0.7928269505500793,
-0.46375080943107605,
0.1410134881734848,
0.6187619566917419,
-0.3846231997013092,
-0.019023485481739044,
0.07903868705034256,
0.47552794218063354,
0.08836295455694199,
0.050771020352840424,
-0.3427532911300659,
0.2458181083202362,
-0.12260381132364273,
0.13118648529052734,
-0.10487866401672363,
-0.009336020797491074,
-0.11295022070407867,
-0.34250205755233765,
0.6172429919242859,
-0.04077454283833504,
-0.010962332598865032,
-0.5733144283294678,
0.16855591535568237,
-0.3194015622138977,
0.10147541761398315,
-0.6174805760383606,
0.07399214804172516,
-0.28242093324661255,
0.14703994989395142,
0.11117401719093323,
-0.0025885188952088356,
0.4860728979110718,
0.19956983625888824,
0.13845637440681458,
-0.27642562985420227,
0.13424259424209595,
0.08000656217336655,
-0.686322808265686,
-0.17786642909049988,
0.7168001532554626,
0.5814992189407349,
0.5077800154685974,
-0.23138152062892914,
-0.33806419372558594,
0.5629294514656067,
0.23106391727924347,
0.1388803869485855,
-0.5799041390419006,
-0.8353249430656433,
0.029037637636065483,
0.38860198855400085,
-0.47175201773643494,
0.2280358225107193,
0.8542311191558838,
0.12952075898647308,
0.1541377454996109,
0.5571340322494507,
-0.0606844536960125,
-0.6168433427810669,
0.40734609961509705,
0.5567338466644287,
0.10653385519981384,
-0.6865392923355103,
-1.1381144523620605,
-0.05408965423703194,
0.25934967398643494,
-0.2731923460960388,
0.1145823672413826,
0.7152910232543945,
-0.07485102117061615,
-0.09151463210582733,
-0.3157966434955597,
0.8350309729576111,
0.28774625062942505,
0.29558679461479187,
0.40101009607315063,
-0.5526196360588074,
0.2941407859325409,
0.14008687436580658,
-0.5530544519424438,
-0.8369384407997131,
-0.4154231548309326,
0.39660021662712097,
0.6167604923248291,
-0.3892210125923157,
-0.23980627954006195,
-0.7854777574539185,
0.7854133248329163,
0.4191994071006775,
-0.5569444894790649,
0.05974918603897095,
-0.1478584110736847,
-0.07660501450300217,
0.37961170077323914,
-0.08130840957164764,
0.12096388638019562,
0.07751823961734772,
0.09376803785562515,
0.19520573318004608,
0.3386734426021576,
0.09591027349233627,
0.12085721641778946,
-0.2984493672847748,
-0.07052220404148102,
0.33306288719177246,
0.4842705726623535,
0.3701545000076294,
0.35715457797050476,
0.06230147182941437,
0.050886429846286774,
-0.3221946358680725,
-0.46813493967056274,
0.41898366808891296,
-0.20672030746936798,
-0.5912418961524963,
-0.11937441676855087,
0.041248686611652374,
0.2715194821357727,
-0.3065537214279175,
-0.054098326712846756,
-0.07705502957105637,
0.03987674042582512,
0.5273281931877136,
-0.32329294085502625,
0.09801086783409119,
-0.26101863384246826,
-0.5170016288757324,
0.31993287801742554,
0.5061312317848206,
0.11171092092990875,
-0.42847493290901184,
-0.4104677140712738,
-0.3619547188282013,
0.18857382237911224,
0.04430710896849632,
-0.41517287492752075,
-0.028720613569021225,
-0.022631000727415085,
-0.18141993880271912,
-0.3754328489303589,
0.7286121249198914,
-0.2619403600692749,
-0.3161315619945526,
0.3804621398448944,
0.526981770992279,
-0.3166136145591736,
0.06660576164722443,
-0.05301057547330856,
0.8458523750305176,
-0.3829194903373718,
0.4486439824104309,
0.5254990458488464,
0.30755531787872314,
-0.18647469580173492,
-0.308599591255188,
-5.624217987060547,
0.10550288110971451,
-0.039530664682388306,
0.4140274226665497,
0.7737148404121399,
-0.14013051986694336,
0.3156723082065582,
-0.4542841613292694,
0.4651832580566406,
0.5193678736686707,
-0.15987138450145721,
0.3348867893218994,
-0.5342362523078918,
0.2751690149307251,
-0.3608059585094452,
-0.15329375863075256,
-0.21289485692977905,
-0.6721188426017761,
0.04582688584923744,
1.0932914018630981,
-0.013773830607533455,
-0.09613140672445297,
-0.3741597533226013,
-0.00576033303514123,
-0.09633196890354156,
-0.11828536540269852,
-0.30104413628578186,
0.04693317040801048,
-0.5642944574356079,
0.020370159298181534,
-0.7351956367492676,
0.09311787784099579,
-0.7501451373100281,
-0.17527559399604797,
-0.03273930773139,
-0.29160448908805847,
0.5584455132484436,
-0.7166925668716431,
0.3290776014328003,
-0.4766944944858551,
-0.057473208755254745,
0.10951795428991318,
-0.8234243988990784,
0.4453178644180298,
0.5306903123855591,
-0.23859205842018127,
-0.7923591136932373,
-0.38878971338272095,
0.15236906707286835,
0.7002819776535034,
0.42221343517303467,
0.3308998644351959,
0.1896878182888031,
0.06076757609844208,
0.7916548848152161,
-0.37238913774490356,
0.37568220496177673,
0.22182509303092957,
-0.5325512290000916,
0.13063065707683563,
0.17877952754497528,
-0.41193827986717224,
0.1027023047208786,
-0.15026912093162537,
0.1520940214395523,
-0.20240913331508636,
0.3811328709125519,
-0.002761049196124077,
0.012331628240644932,
-0.5665895938873291,
-0.12322188913822174,
-0.4203246533870697,
0.13582269847393036,
-1.2576889991760254,
0.3684288263320923,
-0.48718973994255066,
0.008725099265575409,
0.23096129298210144,
-0.9327337145805359,
-0.4727840721607208,
0.4088151156902313,
-0.5079984664916992,
1.2082288265228271,
0.445675790309906,
0.3769187033176422,
0.16579289734363556,
0.07577876001596451,
0.02197991870343685,
-0.006447975989431143,
0.03600168600678444,
-0.365751177072525,
-0.1260048896074295,
-0.18997003138065338,
-0.0601297952234745,
-0.20241810381412506,
0.25382089614868164,
0.5612784028053284,
0.3092653453350067,
-0.16694027185440063,
0.20209790766239166,
0.06435570865869522,
-0.5159831047058105,
0.42706966400146484,
-0.1799599677324295,
0.07838509976863861,
-0.15117977559566498,
0.4415181875228882,
-0.007397033274173737,
0.4018324613571167,
-0.6923420429229736,
0.13710899651050568,
0.12718932330608368,
-0.32109054923057556,
-0.3457571268081665,
-0.08976658433675766,
0.06236271560192108,
-0.5044244527816772,
0.11079931259155273,
0.15633992850780487,
0.4205900728702545,
0.08322656154632568,
-0.2686953544616699,
0.01401576492935419,
0.3143645226955414,
0.16286727786064148,
-0.15651653707027435,
0.03937702998518944,
0.17272430658340454,
0.36719024181365967,
0.09899279475212097,
-0.610963761806488,
0.12407669425010681,
0.0401964969933033,
-0.12760959565639496,
0.256725013256073,
-0.35368385910987854,
-0.39495691657066345,
0.11528605967760086,
0.34179818630218506,
0.20915932953357697,
0.3238922655582428,
-0.4449923038482666,
-0.2932557761669159,
0.4774271845817566,
0.15403522551059723,
-0.19163507223129272,
0.38378044962882996,
0.03619081899523735,
-0.8908739686012268,
0.24591556191444397,
0.47587811946868896,
0.08082342147827148,
0.5439924597740173,
-0.5683354735374451,
0.1403336226940155,
0.3257838189601898,
0.00661835540086031,
-0.3305021822452545,
0.30944737792015076,
-0.4101550281047821,
0.012125951237976551,
-0.12736311554908752,
-0.7508434653282166,
0.030174681916832924,
-0.023288331925868988,
0.06742759048938751,
-0.20534144341945648,
-0.4267937242984772,
-0.7639276385307312,
0.7277477979660034,
-0.15563838183879852,
-0.4651918113231659,
0.22808724641799927,
0.2086271047592163,
0.09237251430749893,
0.2338947057723999,
0.13451923429965973,
-0.01660727895796299,
-0.58381187915802,
0.30773699283599854,
-0.018850287422537804,
-0.5232122540473938,
-0.7009870409965515,
-0.20097772777080536,
-0.18966557085514069,
0.1595623940229416,
-0.09763482213020325,
0.03691328689455986,
-0.532832145690918,
0.11984651535749435,
-0.2446829229593277,
0.11573208123445511,
-0.10571498423814774,
-0.2601724863052368,
-0.6971597671508789,
-0.2719374895095825,
0.19736793637275696,
0.170669287443161,
0.5202359557151794,
-0.10409528762102127,
-0.5094519853591919,
0.48944351077079773,
-0.8447340726852417,
0.10654928535223007,
0.3124157190322876,
-0.39051657915115356,
0.1597055047750473,
0.6099688410758972,
0.020307626575231552,
0.7237287163734436,
-0.173656165599823,
-0.2733927071094513,
0.501762330532074,
0.05180659145116806,
0.05388568714261055,
0.03940309211611748,
0.3586837351322174,
-0.019754871726036072,
0.23559515178203583,
-0.4716230630874634,
-0.5380472540855408,
-1.0091780424118042,
-0.04875032976269722,
0.03141352906823158,
-0.4470054805278778,
0.4012761116027832,
0.09995488077402115,
-0.25292810797691345,
0.5183567404747009,
0.11410467326641083,
-0.5799623131752014,
0.37476101517677307,
0.270442932844162,
0.17852163314819336,
-0.2823489308357239,
-0.21319672465324402,
-0.3646579682826996,
0.6885446906089783,
-0.49727994203567505,
0.2813743054866791,
0.521697998046875,
0.46841666102409363,
-0.3170037865638733,
0.36645743250846863,
0.4571774899959564,
0.6114945411682129,
-0.43274548649787903,
-0.3032343089580536,
-0.3005833327770233,
0.11155989021062851,
0.07946281880140305,
-0.29902008175849915,
-0.1788405478000641,
-0.021449143067002296,
0.4425206482410431,
-0.6969102025032043,
0.19964507222175598,
-0.09578869491815567,
-0.5103054642677307,
-0.01562689244747162,
0.07076805830001831,
-0.32663610577583313,
0.0037178234197199345,
0.27267900109291077,
-0.10893016308546066,
0.012470402754843235,
-0.007843603380024433,
-0.49376699328422546,
0.17733034491539001,
-0.4445313513278961,
-0.05339288339018822,
-0.13287034630775452,
0.1265658736228943,
0.5381484031677246,
-0.28579652309417725,
0.5813189744949341,
0.4390935003757477,
-0.47502872347831726,
0.1517261415719986,
0.09844096750020981,
-0.02823004312813282,
0.3803277313709259,
-0.7160573601722717,
-0.5374702215194702,
0.5054867267608643,
-0.16170497238636017,
0.43366482853889465,
-0.11750947684049606,
-0.3472328186035156,
0.4294009506702423,
0.3589222729206085,
0.13623502850532532,
-0.21396705508232117,
-0.16400623321533203,
-0.20520035922527313,
-0.0766398012638092,
-0.05306483060121536,
0.7005464434623718,
0.15453387796878815,
0.0771675854921341,
-0.3513159155845642,
0.8227909207344055,
0.0551396943628788,
-0.4099365472793579,
0.01814187318086624,
-0.27666765451431274,
-0.5068606734275818,
-0.6886351108551025,
-0.16604676842689514,
0.5008813142776489,
0.04278171434998512,
0.24239695072174072,
0.42293035984039307,
0.39992350339889526,
0.20466922223567963,
0.20604151487350464,
0.3803052008152008,
-0.3702807128429413,
-0.3114016652107239,
-0.08668879419565201,
-0.6007251739501953,
-0.10496290773153305,
0.1712367683649063,
-0.28091415762901306,
0.7933935523033142,
1.1276068687438965,
0.3386412560939789,
0.6897032260894775,
0.10945651680231094,
0.9428537487983704,
0.21611297130584717,
-0.736479640007019,
0.44216394424438477,
0.5018511414527893,
0.1454068124294281,
-0.9668678045272827,
0.5792514085769653,
0.021273016929626465,
0.595795750617981,
0.645296037197113,
0.015122518874704838,
0.5327935814857483,
0.062616266310215,
0.3795810341835022,
-0.06924311071634293,
0.1064848080277443,
-0.31535962224006653,
0.3589974641799927,
-0.6089357733726501,
-0.47143423557281494,
-0.3350655734539032,
0.37644141912460327,
0.3433869481086731,
-0.511806070804596,
0.7987934350967407,
-0.30384528636932373,
0.06165366619825363,
-0.2968241274356842,
-0.49743205308914185,
-0.3822682499885559,
-0.3919030725955963,
-0.8417760133743286,
0.9542367458343506,
0.7543463706970215,
-0.36813244223594666,
-0.20306849479675293,
-0.2580525577068329,
-0.10151226818561554,
-0.3923977315425873,
-0.19590075314044952,
0.4401623606681824,
0.6071849465370178,
-0.04062400758266449,
0.4522310197353363,
0.7020131349563599,
0.5778104066848755,
0.14092954993247986,
-0.3720686733722687,
-0.7270124554634094,
-0.31114131212234497,
-0.6228011250495911,
0.3718380928039551,
-0.16929899156093597,
0.05781951919198036,
0.06612090766429901,
-0.17872938513755798,
0.07105368375778198,
0.30685657262802124,
0.5342241525650024,
-0.30501362681388855,
0.469442218542099,
-0.40158790349960327,
-0.15114375948905945,
0.16371750831604004,
-0.5043392777442932,
0.5583729147911072,
-0.33078572154045105,
0.7384189963340759,
0.4861380457878113,
0.5910890102386475,
0.4161359965801239,
1.0677510499954224,
0.1388656198978424,
-0.0008962169522419572,
-0.8726053237915039,
0.27466610074043274,
0.08176463842391968,
0.4226696789264679,
-0.4396267533302307,
-0.37789905071258545,
0.17354831099510193,
-0.09657669812440872,
-0.31003037095069885,
-0.07621558755636215,
0.057837966829538345,
0.4554745554924011,
0.7954626679420471,
0.40912118554115295,
0.15051797032356262,
-0.4653259217739105,
-0.35329097509384155,
0.06630000472068787,
0.3900849223136902,
-0.18727853894233704,
-0.036522842943668365,
0.7758271098136902,
-0.21930477023124695,
-0.44424229860305786,
-0.23881283402442932,
0.06790094077587128,
-0.4388200342655182,
0.6257346272468567,
-0.18698139488697052,
0.1143370196223259,
-0.5551836490631104,
-0.311560720205307,
0.24735648930072784,
0.11061100661754608,
0.9083028435707092,
-0.1467626988887787,
0.2718162536621094,
-0.016914892941713333,
-0.6657437086105347,
0.13445620238780975,
-0.27364039421081543,
0.06861890852451324,
-0.5708574652671814,
-0.20490849018096924,
0.8310554623603821,
0.0646442100405693,
-0.24800540506839752,
-0.5599479079246521,
0.18060104548931122,
-0.6637691855430603,
-0.6391312479972839,
-0.45177191495895386,
0.3354446589946747,
-0.3757196366786957,
0.5220555067062378,
-0.24119244515895844
] |
217792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolour%20%28flag%29 | Tricolour (flag) | A tricolour (British English) or tricolor (American English) is a type of flag or banner design with a triband design which originated in the 16th century as a symbol of republicanism, liberty or indeed revolution. The flags of France, Italy, Romania, Mexico, and Ireland were all first adopted with the formation of an independent republic in the period of the French Revolution to the Revolutions of 1848, with the exception of the Irish tricolour, which dates from 1848 but was not popularised until the Easter Rising in 1916 and adopted in 1919.
History
The first association of the tricolour with republicanism is the orange-white-blue design of the Prince's Flag (Prinsenvlag, predecessor of the flags of the Netherlands), used from 1579 by William I of Orange-Nassau in the Eighty Years' War, establishing the independence of the Dutch Republic from the Spanish Empire. The flag of the Netherlands inspired both the French and Russian flags, which in turn subsequently inspired many further tricolour flags in other countries.
Though not the first tricolour flag, one of the most famous, known as Le Tricolore, is the blue, white and red (whence also called Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge) flag of France adopted in 1790 during the French Revolution. Based on a 1789 design of the Cockade of France, it was easy to construct and also stood in a visual opposition to complicated royal banners of the Ancien Regime.
With the formation of French client republics after 1795, the revolutionary tricolour was exported and adopted more widely in Europe, by the Republic of Alba 1796 (red-blue-yellow), the Cisalpine Republic 1797 (Transpadane Republic, green-white-red), the Cisrhenian Republic 1797 (green-white-red), the Anconine Republic 1797 (blue-yellow-red), the Roman Republic 1798 (black-white-red), the Helvetic Republic 1798 (green-red-yellow; canton of Neuchatel 1848), the Parthenopean Republic 1799 (blue-yellow-red), and the Principality of Lucca and Piombino 1805 (blue-white-red). Thus providing the format for most of modern Europe's national flags, from the flag of Italy, to the flag of Germany, flag of Ireland, flag of Belgium, flag of Romania, flag of Bulgaria, flag of Moldova, and others around the world such as the flag of India, flag of Cameroon, flag of Chad, flag of Ivory Coast, flag of Gabon, flag of Guinea, flag of Mali, and flag of Nigeria.
The green-white-red tricolour remained a symbol of republicanism throughout the 19th century and was adopted as national flag by a number of states following the Revolutions of 1848. It was also adopted by the Kingdom of Sardinia (inherited by the Kingdom of Italy 1861).
The flag of Germany (black-red-gold) originated as the flag of the revolutionary, anti-monarchist Freikorps of the 1830s and was later adopted by the republicanist bourgeoisie, at the time known as Dreifarb, a German calque of Tricolore. This flag was a symbol of opposition against the German Kleinstaaterei and the desire for German Unification. It was at first illegal in the German Confederation, but was adopted as the national flag at the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848/9. The flag of Belgium was introduced in a similar context, in 1831, its colours taken from the flag used in the Brabant Revolution of 1789.
The first national flag of the New World inspired by this symbolism was the flag of Mexico, adopted when the First Mexican Empire gained independence from Spain in 1821.
After 1848, the young republican nation states continued to pick triband designs, but now more prevalently expressing the sentiment of nationalism or ethnic identity than anti-monarchism, the flag of Hungary (1848), the flag of Romania (1848), the Flag of Ireland (1848),
the flag of Estonia (1880s),
the flag of Lithuania (1905),
and the flag of Armenia (1918).
By contrast, the flag of Russia was adopted by the Tsardom of Russia in the late 17th century and while it may or may not have been inspired by the Dutch tricolour, it never had any republican implications.
The political ideology of the unification of an ethnic nation state associated with tricolour flags since the 19th century has resulted in the design of new "tricolours" expressing specific nationalisms in the 20th century,
the Pan-African colours adopted in the 1920s for Pan-Africanism, chosen in numerous African flags during decolonisation (green-yellow-red, taken from the triband design used by the Solomonic dynasty for the Ethiopian Empire since 1897). The Pan-Arab colors adopted in Arab nationalism 1916 are a comparable concept, even though they combine four, not three, colours.
Also in the 20th century, Pan-Iranian colours for Iranian nationalism and Pan-Slavic colors for Slavic nationalism were adopted based on the triband design of the flags used during the 19th century by the Qajar dynasty and the Russian Empire, respectively.
The Indian independence movement in 1931 also adopted a tricolour (loan-translated as Hindi, तिरंगा Tiraṅgā) in the traditional symbolism of "national unification" and republican "self-rule" (Purna Swaraj), adopted as the flag of the Indian Republic in 1947.
In 1999, a red, green, and blue tricolour was proposed as the Flag of Mars. The design symbolizes liberty, and also the terraforming of Mars by humanity from a red planet to a green one, and eventually an Earth-like blue one.
Gallery
See also
List of national flags by design
Fin flash on military aircraft, sometimes in a "tricolour" form
Triband (flag)
References
Color schemes
Types of flags
French Revolution
History of liberalism
National symbols
Political flags
Republicanism
Revolution
Flags by design | [
0.3598538041114807,
-0.3225208520889282,
0.006266042590141296,
0.1769774854183197,
-0.2248036116361618,
0.18457791209220886,
-0.01056923158466816,
0.2501094937324524,
-0.3681081533432007,
-0.36132970452308655,
-0.31667059659957886,
0.16116376221179962,
-0.5337587594985962,
0.49593743681907654,
-0.14391390979290009,
0.5510115623474121,
0.2613317370414734,
0.5067024827003479,
-0.3239516317844391,
0.15412823855876923,
-0.8143238425254822,
0.010910408571362495,
-0.15852594375610352,
-0.687504768371582,
0.3423739969730377,
-0.2539171874523163,
0.5351516604423523,
-0.01836162433028221,
0.4124353528022766,
0.555647075176239,
0.5941838026046753,
0.464628130197525,
-0.01163580734282732,
0.06275689601898193,
-0.11445809155702591,
-0.31698885560035706,
-0.222177192568779,
-0.16560488939285278,
-0.23939433693885803,
-1.0267046689987183,
0.10025129467248917,
-0.39296624064445496,
0.575616717338562,
-0.135298490524292,
0.0238918736577034,
-0.7943739295005798,
-1.4365308284759521,
0.6289286613464355,
-0.3594708740711212,
0.3325732946395874,
-0.5274534225463867,
0.19238495826721191,
-0.3610701858997345,
0.650665819644928,
-0.24793726205825806,
0.6945796012878418,
-0.46759167313575745,
0.04848780855536461,
-0.21516701579093933,
-1.1140964031219482,
0.5054891109466553,
0.1917305886745453,
0.4583304822444916,
0.6710666418075562,
0.3270849883556366,
-0.24348561465740204,
-0.028728097677230835,
0.054460443556308746,
-0.48230230808258057,
-0.9332907795906067,
-0.18022885918617249,
0.12599880993366241,
-0.010404850356280804,
0.2458404004573822,
-0.40261784195899963,
-0.05554445832967758,
0.07089940458536148,
-0.09563583880662918,
-0.2191765159368515,
0.07819879055023193,
-0.16534246504306793,
-0.10351023077964783,
0.39364275336265564,
0.17729297280311584,
-0.009143093600869179,
-0.04651235044002533,
-0.5559163093566895,
-0.08963222056627274,
0.09511994570493698,
0.5103015303611755,
0.13075174391269684,
-0.2755908966064453,
0.7333779335021973,
0.19457966089248657,
-0.13516029715538025,
-0.27903643250465393,
-0.39776015281677246,
-0.10814516246318817,
-0.17498092353343964,
-0.41943711042404175,
-0.057828839868307114,
-0.030925562605261803,
0.5834565162658691,
-0.13900801539421082,
-0.9326287508010864,
0.021782660856842995,
0.014700365252792835,
-0.1713094264268875,
0.07644391804933548,
0.26480916142463684,
-0.278754323720932,
-0.1816692352294922,
0.6175124049186707,
0.19964486360549927,
-0.4047480821609497,
-0.1047564297914505,
0.45586612820625305,
0.23716256022453308,
0.24913248419761658,
0.012655031867325306,
-0.2606993615627289,
0.7000200748443604,
0.20272213220596313,
-0.23317325115203857,
0.492686927318573,
0.27579689025878906,
0.694271445274353,
0.26989397406578064,
-1.0674322843551636,
0.13483399152755737,
0.16826044023036957,
0.8541165590286255,
-0.6561324596405029,
-0.09678675979375839,
-0.4856956899166107,
-0.23560410737991333,
0.22871939837932587,
0.022451234981417656,
0.7187992930412292,
0.4130092263221741,
-0.6912736296653748,
-0.07379297912120819,
0.1365276277065277,
-0.38670313358306885,
0.24181391298770905,
-0.5035803914070129,
0.3355412781238556,
-0.8065711259841919,
-0.5152537226676941,
-0.612596869468689,
-0.2292618304491043,
-0.23235410451889038,
0.6313934922218323,
0.3490831255912781,
-0.45963287353515625,
0.22715339064598083,
0.06271882355213165,
-0.2690570652484894,
0.4058292806148529,
0.15370306372642517,
-0.152968630194664,
0.07770977914333344,
0.040333542972803116,
0.2694559097290039,
-0.15123844146728516,
0.2254360467195511,
-0.22877137362957,
0.7064776420593262,
0.199180006980896,
-0.41346457600593567,
0.15855421125888824,
-0.3006042540073395,
0.25190451741218567,
0.6529392600059509,
-0.17264454066753387,
0.43718162178993225,
0.21839681267738342,
0.08564785122871399,
0.2975919544696808,
0.0026382645592093468,
-0.41025322675704956,
0.5372968912124634,
0.3021148145198822,
0.09345193952322006,
-0.16771122813224792,
-0.24501118063926697,
0.47133275866508484,
-0.20268476009368896,
0.1739974468946457,
-0.08332595974206924,
-0.31247982382774353,
0.02368001453578472,
-0.48832038044929504,
-0.8816677331924438,
1.0448524951934814,
-0.30546706914901733,
-0.8754764795303345,
0.6047551035881042,
-0.15591326355934143,
0.4773280620574951,
-0.11934620887041092,
0.07824977487325668,
0.5443264245986938,
-0.03146795928478241,
0.1427142322063446,
-0.2698113024234772,
0.28770458698272705,
0.41910141706466675,
0.18177425861358643,
0.1148090660572052,
0.35521796345710754,
-0.41307783126831055,
0.23961372673511505,
0.36555635929107666,
0.17377986013889313,
-0.5599229335784912,
-0.3125051259994507,
0.03337036818265915,
0.029711242765188217,
-0.054875005036592484,
0.38583365082740784,
-0.5073267221450806,
-0.6631681323051453,
0.5707411766052246,
0.28927183151245117,
0.03538472205400467,
-0.20073725283145905,
0.16817761957645416,
0.4605022966861725,
-0.7777532339096069,
-0.0635376051068306,
-0.053734052926301956,
0.26549986004829407,
-0.38752156496047974,
-0.7148978114128113,
-0.5799251794815063,
0.27395373582839966,
-0.16590474545955658,
0.26370301842689514,
-0.24620503187179565,
0.38178715109825134,
0.15113067626953125,
-0.11005821079015732,
0.14439360797405243,
0.6087092757225037,
-0.2408979833126068,
-0.2959930896759033,
-0.05588093400001526,
0.6422489285469055,
-0.29005828499794006,
0.13080105185508728,
0.48276516795158386,
0.23023465275764465,
-0.591596245765686,
0.022733137011528015,
0.15558624267578125,
0.5988978147506714,
-0.09887716919183731,
0.3004629611968994,
0.469510018825531,
-0.43499353528022766,
0.3602152168750763,
-0.3230648934841156,
0.1635734885931015,
-0.2985464036464691,
-0.7523537278175354,
-0.6275715827941895,
0.408875972032547,
0.1378742754459381,
0.13893523812294006,
0.40113285183906555,
0.1622636914253235,
-0.49116501212120056,
-0.3995543122291565,
-0.05938466638326645,
-0.6504022479057312,
0.20594389736652374,
0.1177082285284996,
-0.3975638747215271,
-0.542263925075531,
-0.3327031433582306,
0.06939689815044403,
0.5855330228805542,
-0.5423732995986938,
-0.10717565566301346,
-0.31709736585617065,
0.5712360143661499,
-0.1013328805565834,
-0.034417733550071716,
0.1440914273262024,
-0.04231295734643936,
0.41724732518196106,
-0.17385119199752808,
0.3149755597114563,
-0.37415581941604614,
-0.00634201243519783,
0.30931010842323303,
-0.07261030375957489,
-0.22576814889907837,
0.13732439279556274,
-0.668631911277771,
0.06943435221910477,
-0.03288029506802559,
-0.28366976976394653,
0.43198028206825256,
-0.4377555549144745,
-0.05072600394487381,
0.3606221377849579,
-5.927737236022949,
-0.138501837849617,
-0.2658095359802246,
-0.23983843624591827,
-0.7132598161697388,
0.26550257205963135,
-0.21127867698669434,
0.08751727640628815,
0.6226089596748352,
-0.45670151710510254,
-0.20937193930149078,
-0.06436624377965927,
-0.296791672706604,
0.17906028032302856,
0.7918834686279297,
0.20626671612262726,
0.216776505112648,
0.3274190127849579,
0.03635522350668907,
0.047514550387859344,
0.054442208260297775,
-0.0818035751581192,
0.5490501523017883,
0.8256568908691406,
0.018849851563572884,
0.006435827352106571,
0.1015891283750534,
-0.2922161817550659,
-0.07855350524187088,
0.3097454905509949,
0.12600088119506836,
0.04429638758301735,
0.49950963258743286,
-0.09452137351036072,
0.010637900792062283,
-0.35528871417045593,
0.31099483370780945,
-0.14847926795482635,
-0.08185815066099167,
-0.17542776465415955,
-0.09760040044784546,
0.41793113946914673,
0.20107151567935944,
-0.32805705070495605,
-0.03513776510953903,
-0.45134076476097107,
-0.18943427503108978,
-0.10113116353750229,
-0.2434018850326538,
0.8023970723152161,
-0.4772816598415375,
0.2642820179462433,
0.7482945919036865,
-0.5857664346694946,
-0.3182469308376312,
0.12266623228788376,
0.6476166248321533,
-0.12859268486499786,
-0.7274771928787231,
0.01130820531398058,
0.5561296343803406,
-0.40658658742904663,
-0.5954126715660095,
0.002616529818624258,
0.1535877287387848,
-0.5716097950935364,
-1.037068247795105,
-0.5305984020233154,
0.6348326206207275,
0.4646567106246948,
-0.6042543053627014,
0.23707745969295502,
-0.20173868536949158,
-0.6163933873176575,
0.1467956155538559,
-0.6042295098304749,
0.14050501585006714,
-0.07700119912624359,
0.3829931914806366,
0.2912093698978424,
-0.5848006010055542,
-0.4493999481201172,
-0.1791570782661438,
0.12416252493858337,
0.05690887197852135,
-0.33812299370765686,
-0.5295044183731079,
0.2621578574180603,
-0.2484705001115799,
0.3362489342689514,
1.3151838779449463,
-0.07521302998065948,
0.3382978141307831,
0.25109586119651794,
0.3141861855983734,
0.4689244329929352,
-0.15098343789577484,
-0.3961387276649475,
0.5076333284378052,
-0.220930814743042,
0.20176196098327637,
0.13182714581489563,
0.1036137267947197,
-0.24933122098445892,
0.1600719541311264,
0.1536746323108673,
-0.33198171854019165,
-0.12138045579195023,
0.6536709666252136,
0.10997579246759415,
0.15089581906795502,
-0.11755884438753128,
0.2666743993759155,
-0.4725206792354584,
-0.6029660105705261,
0.2794584333896637,
0.46537062525749207,
0.2974981665611267,
0.3241589069366455,
-0.17248478531837463,
0.38591083884239197,
0.2653614580631256,
-0.6523355841636658,
0.15396744012832642,
0.043969929218292236,
0.15200285613536835,
-0.10793422907590866,
0.014758110046386719,
0.4800862669944763,
-0.07842253148555756,
0.5919870138168335,
-0.2853713035583496,
0.3829277753829956,
-0.17418090999126434,
0.1430826634168625,
-0.15895548462867737,
-0.19157427549362183,
-0.30828726291656494,
0.15501850843429565,
-0.4238661825656891,
-0.07985630631446838,
-0.4023735225200653,
0.030222587287425995,
0.07482345402240753,
0.21134530007839203,
-0.2545877695083618,
-0.22250764071941376,
-0.1673288643360138,
-0.025292668491601944,
0.9035536050796509,
-0.10621904581785202,
-0.037439197301864624,
0.19415801763534546,
-0.5535635352134705,
-0.35876670479774475,
-0.5098142623901367,
0.40438222885131836,
-0.07243990153074265,
-0.10981465131044388,
-0.3833020031452179,
-0.2616695165634155,
0.17764684557914734,
-0.7555670738220215,
-0.3693288266658783,
0.04189220815896988,
-0.2086898535490036,
-0.35918089747428894,
-0.14156247675418854,
0.38875192403793335,
0.42084628343582153,
-0.13003255426883698,
-0.6567708253860474,
-0.6135435104370117,
0.25950899720191956,
-0.11709880828857422,
0.532295286655426,
-0.020243708044290543,
-0.01339389942586422,
-0.11349291354417801,
0.21139898896217346,
-0.38239791989326477,
0.18258973956108093,
-0.25613316893577576,
0.5008371472358704,
0.5520821213722229,
-0.30086398124694824,
-0.41319310665130615,
0.05297587811946869,
-0.28325504064559937,
0.30247732996940613,
0.20966660976409912,
0.5143738389015198,
-0.06560250371694565,
0.0963289886713028,
-1.0732426643371582,
0.44066932797431946,
-0.5613476634025574,
0.6869494318962097,
0.45705538988113403,
-0.029307881370186806,
-0.14034952223300934,
0.11067059636116028,
-0.5291532278060913,
-0.31173577904701233,
-0.35475826263427734,
-0.398865282535553,
0.755720317363739,
0.3904069662094116,
-0.44207486510276794,
0.09228239953517914,
-0.22788529098033905,
-0.8998883366584778,
-0.10836444050073624,
0.12100984901189804,
-0.16030897200107574,
0.38951972126960754,
-0.4233972430229187,
-0.5896761417388916,
0.1303497850894928,
-0.5415204763412476,
0.2392408698797226,
0.1317252367734909,
-0.17584189772605896,
0.3961903154850006,
0.047702256590127945,
0.23719604313373566,
0.2561587989330292,
-0.18961969017982483,
0.0831194669008255,
0.0629902184009552,
0.2529446482658386,
-0.38077491521835327,
-0.3223705291748047,
0.2457749843597412,
0.3424641489982605,
0.13140812516212463,
-0.16488869488239288,
-0.3295016288757324,
0.15158355236053467,
0.10291218757629395,
0.2496178299188614,
0.809398889541626,
0.06232501566410065,
-0.2401154488325119,
0.0021912602242082357,
0.30308112502098083,
0.3834308087825775,
-0.5926443934440613,
-0.679975152015686,
0.20844867825508118,
0.0032946905121207237,
-0.4871402978897095,
-0.7894570231437683,
-0.21099470555782318,
0.6034314632415771,
0.10785790532827377,
-0.049739886075258255,
0.6536797881126404,
0.10431468486785889,
0.4837818145751953,
0.048439498990774155,
-0.01672772690653801,
-0.6566848158836365,
-0.4376087784767151,
0.00030552191310562193,
0.09132839739322662,
-0.3043903410434723,
-0.17352484166622162,
-0.13434849679470062,
0.11985698342323303,
0.2184060662984848,
0.04775995761156082,
0.36198973655700684,
0.4470871388912201,
0.23087389767169952,
-0.12594427168369293,
0.09179086983203888,
-0.32741352915763855,
0.6000792384147644,
0.08531491458415985,
-0.6868172287940979,
-0.09915655106306076,
0.3339160084724426,
0.3101312518119812,
0.1968594342470169,
-0.2900637686252594,
0.41572263836860657,
0.05579143762588501,
-0.023174162954092026,
-0.060097817331552505,
-0.05699874088168144,
0.5002345442771912,
0.3400167226791382,
0.13260415196418762,
-0.40391889214515686,
-0.10976573079824448,
0.38214147090911865,
0.36484935879707336,
-0.25542744994163513,
0.33371156454086304,
-0.3346373736858368,
0.38629865646362305,
0.2085457295179367,
-0.6540050506591797,
0.017502741888165474,
-0.05885627493262291,
0.5829702019691467,
-0.2938631772994995,
-0.2784775495529175,
0.09083978831768036,
0.27785465121269226,
-0.27655482292175293,
-0.04673129320144653,
0.20749974250793457,
-0.15974406898021698,
0.15397731959819794,
0.6176872253417969,
-0.23535221815109253,
0.5383254885673523,
0.11306023597717285,
0.6394746899604797,
0.18102218210697174,
-0.46521735191345215,
-0.3302432894706726,
-0.2785148620605469,
0.30469831824302673,
-0.18268422782421112,
-0.4220993220806122,
-0.07483085989952087,
0.3275613784790039,
0.3597043752670288,
0.548434853553772,
-0.5780468583106995,
0.032463058829307556,
-0.6924484968185425,
-0.5866751074790955,
0.23595453798770905,
-0.2092287689447403,
-0.012547600083053112,
0.6094070672988892,
0.29169461131095886,
0.15558400750160217,
0.0142460186034441,
-0.0663769543170929,
-0.22903871536254883,
0.28354761004447937,
-0.0000015565470903311507,
-0.126908540725708,
-0.03648766502737999,
0.04408658668398857,
0.7086827754974365,
0.23760738968849182,
0.11546643823385239,
-0.13478082418441772,
0.8152175545692444,
-0.8170965313911438,
0.07304389029741287,
0.19553501904010773,
0.30368492007255554,
-0.4449590742588043,
-0.23548999428749084,
0.45147302746772766,
0.32937726378440857,
-0.4531935751438141,
-0.4373312294483185,
0.3493210971355438,
0.5724039077758789,
-0.21793007850646973,
-0.4701523184776306,
0.25344544649124146,
0.24361327290534973,
-0.055781736969947815,
-0.5338643193244934,
0.387088805437088,
-0.23679012060165405,
-0.1947256326675415,
0.9409385323524475,
0.5467014312744141,
0.27858293056488037,
0.20011496543884277,
-0.6683521866798401,
-0.19915693998336792,
-0.27503064274787903,
-0.5455704927444458,
-0.06027747690677643,
-0.3171139061450958,
-0.16726094484329224,
0.026346692815423012,
-0.4357137084007263,
0.40863901376724243,
0.12172017991542816,
-0.32717952132225037,
0.026946891099214554,
-0.27782031893730164,
-0.35151368379592896,
0.36031046509742737,
-0.17151229083538055,
0.9272564649581909,
-0.28328269720077515,
-0.20870786905288696,
0.10175236314535141,
0.47369828820228577,
0.1869671791791916,
-0.48210006952285767,
-0.5322496294975281,
-0.23573483526706696,
-0.0573590062558651,
0.21766158938407898,
-0.42693161964416504,
0.018676619976758957,
0.13248798251152039,
-0.6187931895256042,
0.056622445583343506,
0.3344291150569916,
-0.500921368598938,
0.139168381690979,
0.7772272229194641,
-0.3582773506641388,
0.34742364287376404,
-0.6672162413597107,
0.21316741406917572,
0.15269099175930023,
-0.17098896205425262,
0.2072383314371109,
-0.40013763308525085,
-0.23574770987033844,
0.37347638607025146,
0.704325795173645,
-0.488986611366272,
0.5302799344062805,
0.021460801362991333,
0.08944366872310638,
-0.4120641052722931,
0.14108073711395264,
-0.46556389331817627,
-0.2872712314128876,
0.36415576934814453,
0.27903422713279724,
-0.20048902928829193,
-0.35048824548721313,
0.1835404634475708,
-0.21588295698165894,
0.2875606119632721,
-0.30259954929351807,
0.4325624108314514,
0.21150869131088257,
0.1278010904788971,
0.8388883471488953,
-0.2771429717540741,
0.46490269899368286,
0.19483818113803864,
0.11285426467657089,
0.3844245970249176,
-0.17021498084068298,
0.6925148367881775,
-0.26890236139297485,
-0.20064003765583038,
-0.33990442752838135,
0.0994945839047432,
0.48704439401626587
] |
217793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Happy%20Ending | The Happy Ending | The Happy Ending is a 1969 drama film written and directed by Richard Brooks, which tells the story of a repressed housewife who longs for liberation from her husband and daughter. It stars Jean Simmons (who received an Oscar nomination), John Forsythe, Shirley Jones, Lloyd Bridges and Teresa Wright.
Plot
1953: Through the course of a Colorado autumn and winter, Mary Spencer (Simmons) and Fred Wilson (Forsythe) lead an idyllic existence. Mary drops out of college (with 6 months to go) to marry Fred. Their perfect wedding mirrors the happy endings of the films Mary loves.
1969: It is the Wilsons' 16th wedding anniversary. On his way to work, Fred, a successful tax consultant, tells their maid Agnes (Nanette Fabray) that he has found vodka hidden in Mary's wardrobe and asks Agnes to keep an eye on his wife. Mary sets out for the beauty parlour. At an airline office, however, Mary buys a one-way ticket to Nassau, Bahamas, looking for an escape from her dull and unhappy suburban life.
On the flight she recalls the horrors of last year's anniversary party, when Fred drunkenly flirted with a blond divorcee, and she took refuge in the bottle and a rerun of Casablanca. At a stop-over, she calls home and learns this year's anniversary party has been a different sort of disaster. Her teenage daughter Marge (Kathy Fields) is scared by Mary's call, as it reminds her of the time she had found her mother unconscious after an overdose.
En route to Nassau, Mary meets Flo (Jones), an old college friend she has not seen since 1953. While Mary settled down to married life, Flo has been the mistress of a series of married men and lives a rather carefree and hedonistic lifestyle and has fully embraced the sexual revolution. She is on her way to Nassau to meet her latest beau, Sam (Bridges). Mary tells her she has had to get away from Fred, so Flo promises to look after her.
In the Bahamas, Mary enjoys the sun and long, empty stretches of beach. At a casino, she meets Franco (Bobby Darin), a hustler from Los Angeles who is down on his luck. Franco mistakenly assumes that Mary is wealthy. He affects an Italian accent and tells Mary he is a journalist who writes about film stars. She agrees to go to "his" boat, but Franco quickly loses interest when it transpires Mary is not wealthy, confessing his scam.
Walking by the ocean, Mary recalls the occasion of her suicide attempt—she had returned from having a face lift to learn that Fred was in Reno with a girl. Marge had found her in danger of death and rushed her to hospital. After that, Mary resumed drinking, recklessly spent a lot of money, and crashed her car while driving drunk.
In the present, Sam proposes to Flo, who accepts. Mary flies back home. Agnes helps her move into rooms she has rented away from Fred and Marge. She takes a job and enrolls in night classes at the university. It is here that Fred finds her, one evening. "What went wrong?" he asks. "All our friends are married, and they're happy."
Cast
Jean Simmons as Mary Wilson
John Forsythe as Fred Wilson
Shirley Jones as Flo Harrigan
Lloyd Bridges as Sam
Teresa Wright as Mrs. Spencer
Dick Shawn as Harry Bricker
Nanette Fabray as Agnes
Bobby Darin as Franco
Tina Louise as Helen Bricker
Kathy Fields as Marge Wilson
Karen Steele as Divorcee
Gail Hensley as Betty
Eve Brent as Ethel
William O'Connell as Minister
Barry Cahill as Handsome Man
Miriam Blake as Cindy
John Gallaudet as Airplane Passenger (uncredited)
Erin Moran as Marge Wilson as a Child (uncredited)
Nanci Roberts as Model (uncredited)
Production
The film was rated 'M' certificate, and has a running time of 112 minutes.
Music for the film was composed and conducted by Michel Legrand, the song lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman. The soundtrack performance of "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" was sung by Michael Dees and the soundtrack songs "Hurry Up 'N Hurry Down" and "Something for Everybody" were performed by William Eaton. The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Jean Simmons) and Best Music, Song (Michel Legrand, Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman, for "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?"). The song was one of the eight pieces of music chosen by Jean Simmons when she appeared on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs on 11 August 1975.
The film is rated R16 in New Zealand.
See also
List of American films of 1969
References
External links
1969 films
Adultery in films
American films
American psychological drama films
English-language films
1960s feminist films
Films about suicide
Films directed by Richard Brooks
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films set in 1953
Films set in 1969
Films set in Colorado
Films set in the Bahamas
United Artists films
1960s psychological drama films
1969 drama films | [
-0.9046294093132019,
0.3091031312942505,
0.2544075548648834,
-0.26133981347084045,
0.2360657900571823,
0.34460726380348206,
0.5752782821655273,
-0.08380904048681259,
-0.37644222378730774,
0.003446958726271987,
-0.5550504922866821,
0.5053027272224426,
-0.1418447494506836,
0.5920523405075073,
-0.16712617874145508,
0.29526376724243164,
0.3706517517566681,
0.2308826893568039,
0.027584707364439964,
-0.9167676568031311,
-0.23753778636455536,
-0.32348278164863586,
0.16020141541957855,
-0.13362793624401093,
-0.12678262591362,
-0.005806565284729004,
0.050660062581300735,
-0.08116188645362854,
0.14253121614456177,
-0.18361788988113403,
0.08225715160369873,
-0.4058741629123688,
-0.036539942026138306,
-0.12431064993143082,
0.43663015961647034,
0.2529483139514923,
-0.3229787051677704,
-0.06966834515333176,
-0.06800961494445801,
-0.019161004573106766,
-0.11472178250551224,
-0.43535569310188293,
0.4387545585632324,
-0.5523710250854492,
0.33984503149986267,
-0.450097918510437,
-1.3136248588562012,
-0.10695094615221024,
-0.3677740693092346,
-0.48369652032852173,
0.1972714513540268,
0.913121223449707,
0.8197028040885925,
0.17202970385551453,
0.06823835521936417,
0.34353387355804443,
-0.1570403277873993,
0.17159554362297058,
0.07469600439071655,
-0.15805678069591522,
0.3108402490615845,
-0.7321584820747375,
0.35342490673065186,
0.23452723026275635,
-0.27447155117988586,
0.46524888277053833,
-0.22117380797863007,
0.17230276763439178,
0.5340317487716675,
-0.5011467337608337,
0.09076201915740967,
-0.9625169038772583,
0.13728338479995728,
-0.45271965861320496,
-0.0035018406342715025,
-0.5450909733772278,
0.12654796242713928,
-0.262204110622406,
-0.13163094222545624,
0.24147260189056396,
-0.07877830415964127,
0.06711416691541672,
0.23153111338615417,
0.6083574295043945,
0.1556047648191452,
-0.28957006335258484,
0.13612735271453857,
0.7504504919052124,
0.1287420392036438,
0.7131991386413574,
-0.803858757019043,
-0.09403595328330994,
-0.06003338471055031,
0.03879417106509209,
-0.07446525245904922,
-0.00004752449967782013,
0.32357868552207947,
0.36362168192863464,
0.4234181046485901,
0.7085329294204712,
0.26421400904655457,
0.5281322598457336,
0.2544861435890198,
-0.8001841306686401,
-0.29841920733451843,
-0.19282308220863342,
0.36679816246032715,
-1.0311617851257324,
0.1595267802476883,
-0.07651671022176743,
-0.8038350343704224,
0.15529493987560272,
0.4700527489185333,
0.32123005390167236,
-0.20871314406394958,
0.3220181167125702,
-0.32537180185317993,
-0.5062177777290344,
-0.5971549153327942,
0.08623827993869781,
0.029855012893676758,
-0.42368772625923157,
-0.17022138833999634,
0.5328966379165649,
0.49853774905204773,
0.451459139585495,
-0.25588396191596985,
0.7189105153083801,
-0.9264714121818542,
0.45723506808280945,
0.038558103144168854,
-0.13469229638576508,
-0.6418400406837463,
-0.11937735229730606,
-0.017264965921640396,
0.12376070767641068,
0.6977388858795166,
-0.14900104701519012,
0.20925235748291016,
-0.23234958946704865,
-0.565107524394989,
0.06902643293142319,
-0.5238485336303711,
0.19038701057434082,
0.43707960844039917,
-0.10582911968231201,
-0.31345057487487793,
-0.2523539066314697,
0.45233818888664246,
-0.5649986267089844,
-0.07876066863536835,
-0.18582290410995483,
0.09209618717432022,
-0.6904621720314026,
-0.3962113559246063,
0.9055323600769043,
0.40677303075790405,
0.01808837428689003,
0.02089325524866581,
0.5047782063484192,
0.532975971698761,
0.6185799837112427,
-0.04275798797607422,
-0.023135822266340256,
0.0016365001210942864,
-0.0210531298071146,
0.5628636479377747,
-0.23675009608268738,
-0.0729621946811676,
-0.0935097485780716,
-0.5790933966636658,
0.1610259860754013,
0.22562260925769806,
-0.574508011341095,
-0.6053763628005981,
0.26861342787742615,
1.0912455320358276,
0.4920167922973633,
0.053488314151763916,
-0.1404338777065277,
-0.4858524799346924,
0.6256270408630371,
0.11166156828403473,
-0.1043180525302887,
-0.1424638032913208,
-0.14306777715682983,
-0.2351236194372177,
-0.37177109718322754,
-0.13796748220920563,
0.19872459769248962,
-0.6087613701820374,
-0.015851592645049095,
0.3429933488368988,
-0.667089581489563,
0.6360163688659668,
-0.4659164845943451,
-0.2117176502943039,
0.5530738830566406,
0.12504184246063232,
0.5157946944236755,
-0.09474490582942963,
0.10533064603805542,
0.32186540961265564,
0.21952462196350098,
-0.4151347279548645,
0.5029239654541016,
-0.1768701672554016,
0.6347381472587585,
0.549278974533081,
0.5454626083374023,
0.052536848932504654,
-0.04834626987576485,
0.6847450733184814,
0.42026421427726746,
0.2756822109222412,
-0.48412373661994934,
0.08489115536212921,
-0.7427284717559814,
-0.06526214629411697,
-0.23805122077465057,
-0.17582181096076965,
0.00798247754573822,
-0.027751997113227844,
0.22599349915981293,
0.2812719941139221,
0.7234577536582947,
0.18108488619327545,
0.0479312390089035,
0.2419072687625885,
0.2680392265319824,
-0.1764683723449707,
0.7423094511032104,
-0.0956483706831932,
0.4096282124519348,
0.4108891487121582,
0.30905619263648987,
0.18519195914268494,
-0.3105708956718445,
-0.6525207161903381,
0.05703544244170189,
0.4530251920223236,
-0.06938528269529343,
0.2781010568141937,
-0.045633766800165176,
-0.1991628259420395,
-0.37129366397857666,
0.1784416139125824,
-0.12024518102407455,
-0.4020196199417114,
0.28647956252098083,
-0.14614295959472656,
0.3144138753414154,
0.4616002142429352,
0.4051148593425751,
0.34545329213142395,
-0.4996332824230194,
-0.2714948058128357,
0.09118115156888962,
0.2177247703075409,
0.19196170568466187,
0.16305184364318848,
-0.2344954013824463,
0.3592380881309509,
0.11690504103899002,
-0.42659109830856323,
0.021381380036473274,
-0.6761959195137024,
-0.21869780123233795,
0.24518127739429474,
0.5895147323608398,
-0.39315924048423767,
0.03631531074643135,
-0.3326732814311981,
0.4689704477787018,
-0.1152266189455986,
-0.31317293643951416,
0.4661656320095062,
0.20171917974948883,
-0.5008424520492554,
0.035173263400793076,
0.5868807435035706,
0.1566932499408722,
0.35765841603279114,
-0.8254678845405579,
0.025141296908259392,
-0.1018332913517952,
-0.17171955108642578,
0.2823942303657532,
-0.49739453196525574,
0.019441695883870125,
-0.08739171177148819,
-0.31938377022743225,
0.07139936834573746,
-0.7430725693702698,
0.12147361785173416,
0.22138608992099762,
-0.1574457734823227,
0.29793405532836914,
0.38528352975845337,
0.39776384830474854,
0.05907216668128967,
0.5624871850013733,
0.044551439583301544,
-0.2786124050617218,
0.6315659284591675,
0.3199601173400879,
0.174563467502594,
-0.18418343365192413,
-5.971430778503418,
-0.09563517570495605,
0.17722898721694946,
-0.24264124035835266,
0.17468219995498657,
-0.14239254593849182,
0.7363152503967285,
-0.3158111274242401,
0.20866850018501282,
-0.2849009037017822,
-0.16485793888568878,
-0.2932687997817993,
0.17554639279842377,
0.13200800120830536,
-0.09860344976186752,
-0.5036119222640991,
-0.0010787132196128368,
-0.20757482945919037,
0.09763609617948532,
-0.09145164489746094,
-0.049915529787540436,
0.10313782095909119,
-0.14746209979057312,
-0.16720764338970184,
-0.6222534775733948,
0.593360185623169,
-0.12228188663721085,
0.05342596769332886,
-0.5845244526863098,
0.4948076605796814,
0.06886789202690125,
-0.1425548791885376,
-0.01695980876684189,
-0.11932852119207382,
-0.25452476739883423,
0.05080129951238632,
0.1786922961473465,
-0.11471854150295258,
0.4683016538619995,
0.07760614156723022,
-0.011489671654999256,
0.48689261078834534,
-0.44712138175964355,
0.36559489369392395,
0.5889641046524048,
-0.387475848197937,
-0.5214611887931824,
-0.2462770789861679,
-0.11003345996141434,
0.6476856470108032,
0.5245981812477112,
0.2726361155509949,
0.4064962863922119,
0.36527055501937866,
0.7492865920066833,
-0.02569383569061756,
-0.07953157275915146,
-0.5657480359077454,
-0.11383181065320969,
-0.3629488945007324,
0.01197004597634077,
-0.037281472235918045,
0.3714042603969574,
-0.4887477457523346,
-0.12247992306947708,
-0.24828416109085083,
-0.2774769961833954,
-0.2993914484977722,
-0.23506134748458862,
0.6816266179084778,
-0.02852916158735752,
-0.3322533667087555,
0.6231206655502319,
-0.7711191773414612,
-0.12133396416902542,
-0.04863983765244484,
-0.20097193121910095,
-0.2604355216026306,
-0.30676987767219543,
-0.6861868500709534,
0.7138634324073792,
0.20337867736816406,
0.48365214467048645,
0.1669939011335373,
0.4374648332595825,
0.08690634369850159,
0.11385089159011841,
0.1748393476009369,
-0.14038358628749847,
0.11446207016706467,
-0.013862400315701962,
0.3475540280342102,
-0.2572363615036011,
0.27364033460617065,
0.15579105913639069,
0.7942884564399719,
0.26615533232688904,
-0.15432627499103546,
0.4389786422252655,
-0.33033764362335205,
0.17626458406448364,
-0.49391430616378784,
0.09941919893026352,
-0.31321200728416443,
-0.18008947372436523,
-0.1939520388841629,
-0.2542659044265747,
0.5579041838645935,
-0.14812393486499786,
-0.5650076270103455,
-0.08304084837436676,
-0.14916789531707764,
0.014658540487289429,
-0.6180886030197144,
0.25869300961494446,
-0.49586328864097595,
-0.09740132838487625,
0.3357715308666229,
0.12005388736724854,
0.6128983497619629,
0.1065252348780632,
0.11555547267198563,
-0.19785067439079285,
-0.00988683570176363,
-0.2109500765800476,
0.2205876111984253,
0.16662268340587616,
-0.07546502351760864,
0.3452436625957489,
0.28040534257888794,
-0.5204217433929443,
-0.05038876831531525,
0.13974995911121368,
0.4582363963127136,
0.28847840428352356,
-0.5247648358345032,
-0.5133128762245178,
0.29055455327033997,
-0.37240251898765564,
-0.15399795770645142,
0.29101040959358215,
-0.11295570433139801,
-0.6011359095573425,
0.09861419349908829,
-0.029383275657892227,
-0.14471293985843658,
-0.3422497510910034,
-0.5929036140441895,
-0.05118582770228386,
-0.07293164730072021,
-0.13317640125751495,
-0.24102899432182312,
0.8006423115730286,
-0.6581435799598694,
-0.4425639808177948,
0.3706722855567932,
-0.0829148143529892,
0.1850583702325821,
-0.8948657512664795,
0.07675376534461975,
0.07397628575563431,
-0.0999923050403595,
-0.87309730052948,
0.17589738965034485,
-0.45139726996421814,
0.272798627614975,
0.1418335735797882,
-0.7268322706222534,
-0.45923006534576416,
0.33377745747566223,
0.1572342813014984,
0.3688564896583557,
0.24541863799095154,
0.11034327000379562,
0.40757158398628235,
0.15675979852676392,
-0.3022354543209076,
-0.029421430081129074,
0.17594842612743378,
-0.24078519642353058,
-0.03123730793595314,
-0.5625537633895874,
-0.5288636684417725,
0.09446128457784653,
0.204631969332695,
-0.4569040536880493,
-0.18041804432868958,
-0.6063729524612427,
-0.4617782533168793,
-0.3551642596721649,
0.10026417672634125,
0.04470326378941536,
0.3795798420906067,
-0.06159128621220589,
-0.6934682130813599,
-0.5128768682479858,
-0.2596859037876129,
-0.024727830663323402,
-0.01714136265218258,
-0.15394335985183716,
0.25372225046157837,
0.7834920883178711,
-0.9164202213287354,
0.21525853872299194,
0.5742045640945435,
-0.793282687664032,
0.4846733808517456,
0.3337858319282532,
-0.49523454904556274,
0.8362752795219421,
-0.2524353265762329,
-0.751814603805542,
-0.23351815342903137,
0.589566171169281,
0.14653433859348297,
-0.46284106373786926,
0.10726462304592133,
-0.3420698940753937,
0.18048103153705597,
0.2125118374824524,
0.227256178855896,
-0.5661388635635376,
-0.04405219852924347,
-0.07753695547580719,
-0.9104536175727844,
0.07973931729793549,
0.2451653927564621,
-0.6831117868423462,
0.21112418174743652,
-0.04873264953494072,
-0.35033389925956726,
-0.21714472770690918,
-0.011534511111676693,
-0.04109568148851395,
-0.3253115713596344,
-0.35554978251457214,
-0.26898348331451416,
-0.26374900341033936,
-0.5680287480354309,
0.5095841288566589,
0.0990932360291481,
0.935792863368988,
0.2560267746448517,
-0.5927426218986511,
0.0409163199365139,
0.40162572264671326,
-0.09235282242298126,
-0.5500481128692627,
-0.25089699029922485,
0.8417592644691467,
0.05639151856303215,
0.14756491780281067,
-0.14672237634658813,
-0.2767556309700012,
0.3230224847793579,
-0.6321001648902893,
-0.6399680972099304,
-0.053669609129428864,
0.04426264762878418,
0.021116703748703003,
-0.03429131582379341,
0.15760894119739532,
-0.15653085708618164,
-0.044586632400751114,
0.6968812942504883,
0.4664136469364166,
0.45108693838119507,
0.22930051386356354,
-0.20307476818561554,
-0.08075888454914093,
0.12450519949197769,
0.07170329988002777,
0.2906501293182373,
-0.1624184399843216,
-0.2796781659126282,
0.3358188271522522,
-0.3801489472389221,
-0.27801328897476196,
-0.2394632250070572,
-0.41289955377578735,
0.03932275250554085,
0.07734623551368713,
-0.1319822371006012,
-0.3231464922428131,
0.01705935224890709,
-0.6809617280960083,
0.4364778697490692,
-0.42002665996551514,
-0.1452244371175766,
0.16953998804092407,
-0.15289925038814545,
0.2843977212905884,
-0.04454216733574867,
0.31043586134910583,
0.05803068354725838,
0.11366768181324005,
0.12035646289587021,
0.7914247512817383,
-0.5491867065429688,
-0.5661232471466064,
-0.14055271446704865,
0.43440011143684387,
-0.40834882855415344,
-0.23129506409168243,
-0.20385003089904785,
-0.05886458978056908,
-0.28361544013023376,
-0.41648703813552856,
-0.33033013343811035,
0.4836590886116028,
-0.0261477492749691,
0.0882214605808258,
0.03346720710396767,
0.6602140665054321,
0.05669450759887695,
-0.03186485543847084,
0.3246186077594757,
-0.08264670521020889,
-0.07372448593378067,
-0.09984481334686279,
-0.19636909663677216,
-0.09250891208648682,
0.2832948863506317,
-0.868630588054657,
-0.3066921532154083,
0.38900133967399597,
0.02138715609908104,
0.70331209897995,
0.255381315946579,
0.22912505269050598,
0.703093409538269,
-0.5082417130470276,
0.7600077986717224,
0.4419509470462799,
-0.33221927285194397,
0.061785560101270676,
-0.01393743697553873,
-1.1518869400024414,
0.1144690066576004,
0.11858198791742325,
0.7226803302764893,
-0.26998570561408997,
0.18106448650360107,
0.23744191229343414,
0.8233419060707092,
-0.10173189640045166,
0.6266211867332458,
0.10106844455003738,
0.06751246750354767,
-0.3509785234928131,
0.5001010298728943,
0.1025659590959549,
0.22190165519714355,
-0.9616289734840393,
0.7526852488517761,
0.10717996954917908,
0.49629801511764526,
-0.0027123780455440283,
0.2692822217941284,
-0.13235801458358765,
-0.27689364552497864,
-0.3062931299209595,
-0.1690153032541275,
0.46050217747688293,
0.41744565963745117,
-0.29254859685897827,
0.16342423856258392,
-0.21014344692230225,
0.09003999829292297,
0.19963112473487854,
0.04090012609958649,
0.2220718413591385,
0.11427146196365356,
0.041044723242521286,
0.3584091365337372,
0.38034549355506897,
-0.34311115741729736,
0.2100522220134735,
0.06880608946084976,
0.27104026079177856,
-0.4090987741947174,
0.2407504767179489,
-0.44494396448135376,
-0.21538832783699036,
-0.0008084551664069295,
-0.30821704864501953,
-0.08751000463962555,
-0.5088452100753784,
0.14930911362171173,
-0.5833526253700256,
0.5873251557350159,
-0.4078688323497772,
-0.27943336963653564,
-0.30148494243621826,
0.0519523061811924,
0.1576596051454544,
-0.12042906135320663,
0.5679306387901306,
0.6220475435256958,
0.8396188616752625,
0.07214279472827911,
0.8606083393096924,
-0.27245599031448364,
0.30484437942504883,
-0.07247765362262726,
-0.026414476335048676,
-0.0963047668337822,
-0.11982281506061554,
-0.8149021863937378,
0.1444968432188034,
0.09167305380105972,
0.2177247554063797,
-0.17849484086036682,
0.4348530173301697,
-0.2367892861366272,
-0.34146106243133545,
0.7969995141029358,
-0.348961740732193,
0.17210324108600616,
-0.7191373109817505,
-0.1232934221625328,
-0.9800297617912292,
0.12987199425697327,
-0.2019186168909073,
-0.3952970802783966,
-0.05889538303017616,
0.05106653645634651,
-0.04741545021533966,
0.5290228128433228,
0.7378740906715393,
-0.11264708638191223,
0.3947541415691376,
0.4274290204048157,
0.1677253693342209,
-0.024359678849577904,
0.14324389398097992,
0.042716629803180695,
0.3462715148925781,
0.2648942470550537,
-0.5489403009414673,
0.10587942600250244,
-0.39198777079582214,
-0.06983425468206406,
0.1529492437839508,
-0.2640426754951477,
-0.3305959105491638,
-0.3452010750770569,
-0.19110077619552612,
-0.29360124468803406,
0.16842639446258545,
0.05615336075425148,
-0.35959872603416443,
-0.010244202800095081,
-0.2757664620876312,
-0.3136183023452759,
0.007298704702407122,
-0.37445494532585144,
-0.20671741664409637,
0.19236406683921814,
0.15762020647525787
] |
217794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2channel | 2channel | , also known as 2ch, Channel 2, and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net, was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura. Described in 2007 as "Japan's most popular online community", the site had a level of influence comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television, radio, and magazines. At the time, the site drew an annual revenue of around (about US$1 million), and was the largest of its kind in the world, with around ten million visitors and 2.5 million posts made per day.
The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins, based in San Francisco, California. In 2009, ownership of the site was transferred to Singapore-based Packet Monster Inc., under which Nishimura remained in control. In February 2014, Watkins seized the 2ch.net domain, taking full control over the website and assuming the role of site administrator. This has resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel: 2ch.sc, owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc., and , established in 2017 by redirect from the original domain and owned by Watkins through Philippines-based Loki Technology Inc.
2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan; they are extremely popular among Japan's extreme right-wing, known as the netto-uyoku, who post xenophobic comments, often targeting Koreans. Defamation is of particular concern; by August 2008, Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website. Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors. In 2012, 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers, although no charges were filed.
In September 2007, 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day. As of July 2020, 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends, with no growth since March 2016. Meanwhile, 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily.
History
Predecessors
Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies: dial-in bulletin boards, known in Japan as , and Usenet. 2channel has two direct predecessors: (あやしいわーるど), created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki, and Amezou (), created in 1997. Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan, while Amezou originated the more familiar "textboard" concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically, with new comments bumping old threads to the top, rather than in a branching tree. Ayashii World closed in 1998, leading most of its former users to go to Amezou; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999, calling it "Amezou's second channel". From June, Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers, until its host shut it down after threats against Amezou's anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it.
Early history
2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway, Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura. Success came quickly; many of Amezou's users began using it as soon as it opened. When compared with other bulletin boards, 2channel's technology wasn't much different; what led to its success was instead its being an "outlet for unfettered expression"; by being hosted in the United States, 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules, while still being accessible from Japan. The site also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers. By 2002, Google said that the most searched word in Japan was "2channel". By 2004, 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan.
The name "2channel" is a reference to VHF channel 2, the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles (such as Nintendo's Family Computer) when connecting to Japanese television sets. Where Amezou was originally meant to be "channel one", 2channel was meant to be "channel two". The site's iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the site's history, likening it to a spittoon (). Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the site's logo by 2002.
Jim Watkins, an ex-US army non-commissioned officer (sergeant first class), domain name registrar, and dedicated hosting service provider, hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities, including Big-server.com Inc., Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N. T. Technology Inc. Before 2channel, Watkins' company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan.
Ownership transfer and government scrutiny
On 2 January 2009, Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc., a company based in Chinatown, Singapore, and to no longer be involved in the site's management. However, Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012. As part of their case, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channel's operations, alleging Packet Monster Inc. is a shell company (). The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online; the , an agency of the MPD, alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion. On 19 March 2013, the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case.
In August 2013, the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012, years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc.; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax, .
Personal information leak
In August 2013, a hacker using the name the personal details (including names, addresses, and phone numbers) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channel's paid services into the public domain, exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers, including an attorney involved in 2channel cases, Takahiro Karasawa (), and a staff member of AKB48. More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak.
The paid service involved in the leak was known as the "2channel viewer" (), or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts, it would become part of the by a process of ".dat omission" () of such threads, after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible. 2channel charged per year for the service, which was typically paid by credit card; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak.
At the time of the leak, Watkins apologized on behalf of N. T. Technology, Inc., saying he was the victim of a "cyber attack" and that "some data [of my] customers was compromised."
Domain seizure and split
On 19 February 2014, Jim Watkins, as chairman of N.T. Technology, Inc., 2channel's domain registrar, seized 2channel's domain. He took full control over the website, relieved Nishimura of all power, and assumed the role of website administrator. Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control.
Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimura's debts, while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking. In response, Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net. In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the site's owner, Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins.
Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPO's Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system. Through the Japan Patent Office, Nishimura owns the trademark "2channel", though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that, suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not, in its view, a case of "cybersquatting" but rather a "business dispute".
Ron Watkins, Jim's son, in 2016 registered the trademark "5channel" in Japan. On 1 October 2017, 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net, a domain owned by Loki Technology, Inc. The chairman of Loki Technology Inc. is also Jim Watkins; his wife, Liziel, is the treasurer and majority shareholder. According to a press release, the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimura's ownership of the "2channel" trademark.
Culture
Due to its large number of boards, the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse. There are boards for topics as diverse as sports, sex, celebrity gossip, computer programming and ongoing earthquakes; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel.
Anonymous posting
One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting. Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenberg's Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user, a discussion tends to become a criticizing game. On the other hand, under the anonymous system, even though your opinion/information is criticized, you don't know with whom to be upset. Also with a user ID, those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority, and it becomes difficult for a user to disagree with them. Under a perfectly anonymous system, you can say, "it's boring," if it is actually boring. All information is treated equally; only an accurate argument will work.However, a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel, most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi, is that their anonymous nature make them mere "toilet graffiti" (). 2channel's anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration, usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual; its anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan. On 2channel, a name field is available, but it is seldom used. However, as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel, the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary.
Revenue
While 2channel and its successors are commercial, 2channel was moderated by volunteers. 2channel relied on advertisements from "obscure" companies. In 2007, it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012, in ad profits were transferred to Nishimura's Singaporean shell company.
As early as 2004, companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients, keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users; by 2006, 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel.
2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru. For its part, 5channel has a subscription service, , that allows people outside Japan to post on it; this service also hides ads from its subscribers.
Matome
2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data, providing it in an easily parsable format; this made it simple to create third party "dedicated browsers" () for posting on and using 2channel. The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the "best of" 2channel. In 2007, due to growing discontentment towards such sites, Nishimura added a board, /poverty/, which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other boards for that board.
Watkins made it a priority to combat "piracy" of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014, adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards. Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself, with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month. Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channel's data in March 2015, by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channel's, and later 5channel's, thread data.
Phenomena
Densha Otoko
Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie, television series, manga, and other media, all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train. The man ultimately begins dating one of the women. The event and the man's subsequent dates with the woman, chronicled on 2channel, directly inspired the franchise. Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated.
Shift_JIS art
2channel and its successors, being textboards, cannot have images posted to them. Users get around this, however, by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art: Shift_JIS art. Below is a small sample:
Controversies
Slander and legal issues
During Hiroyuki's administration, he was often openly defiant of Japanese law, especially around libel, and his duty to follow it, telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007:
By May 2008, Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts, and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties; by August, according to him, he'd received more than one hundred lawsuits. While according to the official pages of the website, slander was prohibited, activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case, returning mail unopened. After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc., Arudou, who had still not received any of the court ordered penalty, wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his "unaccountability". While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases, in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimura's books.
Crime announcements
Crime announcements () were a regular occurrence on 2channel, including of mass suicides and murders. After the 2000 Neomugicha incident, in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel, police officers started regularly policing 2channel; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well. Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a "den of iniquity". According to The Japan Times, however, 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses, from which their locations were determined.
Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel: it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel.
Nationalism and hate speech
2channel, with its massive size and anonymous posting, is abundant with slander, hate speech and defamation against public figures, institutions, and minority ethnic groups. Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku, a term roughly analogous to "alt-right". Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law, the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice. Furthermore, on occasion, 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts. The discussion boards are also often used to coordinate real-life demonstrations; as an example, 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television, their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows. Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel, which received most of 2channel's users, has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku.
2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans. In 2009, it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, fake news proliferated on 2channel, falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of "plundering" evacuation centers.
Technology
2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding, originally written by Hiroyuki himself, but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet; however, when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time, such as Amezou, 2channel's format was not much different.
Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post, so making a post would "bump" (, age) the thread to the top of the board index. However, when posting in a thread, users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way. Often, posters will use sage on purpose, to avoid unwanted attention.
Major outages
2010–2011 Korean DDoS
In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users, especially against Yuna Kim, an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group. The attack against Jim Watkins' Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well, including some belonging to US government agencies; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of "cyberterrorism"; according to him, sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011.
2015 8chan DDoS
Beginning on 8 January 2015, 8chan, also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N. T. Technology, Inc., suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack. Due to the attack, 2ch.net, then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel, went down as well. The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January, leading "many 2channel users to become angry with the management".
Societal impact
In September 2007, 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day. As of July 2020, 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends, with no growth since March 2016. Meanwhile, 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily. Due to its popularity, 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society.
Children's use of 2channel
Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan. Some children's search sites, such as , filtered textboards like 2channel. In Tokyo, a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the "sound and wholesome fostering [of their youth]"; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household.
Despite this, however, web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2%. In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying, the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue. Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers, a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use.
In February 2020, Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel.
Politicians and 2channel
Naoto Kan, a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet, sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him.
After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007, Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel. During each election season, supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel, turning them into something of a meme, similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States. After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices, including Governor of Tokyo, Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, representing Minato, in April 2019. Asahi Shimbun credited Akasaka's online fame with helping him win the surprise victory.
2channel in the media
Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about, and for leads. However, the mass media often reports on it negatively, similar to how it reported on otaku culture a decade ago, before it went more mainstream, even though internet trends nowadays routinely slip through into other media. The phrase "the online bulletin board says" (), when used in reporting, may refer either to 2channel or to other forums. Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention, noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers. Beyond this, though, 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan.
TV programs have even featured 2channel's moderators and users; comedian Hikari Ōta, for example, criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting System's Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks.
Shokun! magazine, during its operation, ran a column known as which shared "patriotic" 2channel posts. Weekly Bunshun (, published by Bungeishunjū), meanwhile, has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting.
See also
Futaba Channel (2chan)
Ilbe Storehouse, South Korea
Shift JIS art
Tianya Club, China
Footnotes
Notes
References
External links
(5channel)
(2ch.sc)
Internet properties established in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan
Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
Anonymous social media
Far-right politics in Japan
Otaku
Websites with far-right material | [
-0.0011298551689833403,
-0.672346830368042,
0.25859957933425903,
0.1478501856327057,
-0.4788964092731476,
-0.1941085308790207,
0.3982466161251068,
0.1640748381614685,
0.10538584738969803,
-0.4801604449748993,
-0.46176624298095703,
0.2315041720867157,
-0.300804078578949,
-0.2697020173072815,
-0.10911321640014648,
0.2921278476715088,
0.5751218795776367,
0.29952472448349,
-0.4032607078552246,
-0.5447458028793335,
-0.34292787313461304,
-0.1121167466044426,
0.6156061887741089,
-0.09604191780090332,
-0.34685036540031433,
0.05303052440285683,
0.3447636365890503,
-0.2444213479757309,
-0.004354251082986593,
0.17384296655654907,
-0.05017394945025444,
-0.5033031702041626,
-0.05187809839844704,
-0.03432886302471161,
-0.2553996741771698,
0.299686074256897,
-0.24480034410953522,
-0.022035377100110054,
-0.15119050443172455,
0.10577725619077682,
-0.45714038610458374,
0.09244437515735626,
0.16055826842784882,
0.30608996748924255,
0.0466315858066082,
0.3897196650505066,
-1.427983045578003,
0.038118258118629456,
-0.5270131230354309,
0.17409981787204742,
-0.03337855637073517,
0.2891150712966919,
0.2406446784734726,
0.6241422295570374,
-0.16310982406139374,
0.059025656431913376,
-0.3685719668865204,
0.04704969748854637,
0.0616406686604023,
-0.29563939571380615,
0.5060261487960815,
0.2221042662858963,
-0.17144279181957245,
0.2137773334980011,
-0.06699197739362717,
-0.26033926010131836,
-0.5207388997077942,
1.2544735670089722,
-0.12268846482038498,
-0.4418797194957733,
0.04089708253741264,
0.039254605770111084,
-0.39319509267807007,
0.03410784900188446,
-0.018966449424624443,
-0.3523961901664734,
-0.1065094918012619,
-0.10639333724975586,
-0.012117257341742516,
0.24913793802261353,
-0.0756145715713501,
0.7448329329490662,
0.1715392768383026,
-0.08434999734163284,
0.2002498358488083,
-0.43254509568214417,
-0.20827455818653107,
0.029470982030034065,
-0.08294082432985306,
0.6595507264137268,
-0.46224963665008545,
-0.239396870136261,
0.5231261849403381,
0.12654434144496918,
0.20039421319961548,
-0.018913788720965385,
-0.12909114360809326,
0.11875015497207642,
0.7110607028007507,
-0.04724155366420746,
-0.16976773738861084,
0.016523100435733795,
-0.3439837694168091,
-0.49154412746429443,
-0.6058173179626465,
-0.6485118865966797,
-0.11923330277204514,
-0.2687719762325287,
-0.6659795641899109,
0.5883777141571045,
-0.6875337362289429,
0.26176533102989197,
0.5919983386993408,
-0.018736528232693672,
-0.3208836317062378,
-0.015163871459662914,
0.23293769359588623,
-0.5611605048179626,
-0.2617346942424774,
-0.12935957312583923,
0.04913283884525299,
0.1514011025428772,
-0.02267133630812168,
-0.22722271084785461,
-0.11688549816608429,
0.005663018673658371,
0.21596769988536835,
0.42009681463241577,
-0.07748159766197205,
-0.3039228916168213,
0.1811865270137787,
0.35147348046302795,
0.3488769829273224,
-0.15086498856544495,
0.3339049518108368,
-0.4742898941040039,
0.307405948638916,
-0.08425676822662354,
-0.27301573753356934,
-0.08752701431512833,
-0.1706213504076004,
0.5754120945930481,
-0.5611295104026794,
-0.4799094796180725,
0.1463865488767624,
0.19433270394802094,
0.11604270339012146,
0.02416134811937809,
-0.33953437209129333,
0.03833997622132301,
-0.17861619591712952,
-0.0483291894197464,
0.2504895031452179,
0.08324915170669556,
-0.669439435005188,
0.48342734575271606,
0.21138626337051392,
-0.4235452115535736,
0.1798062026500702,
0.2963997423648834,
0.39090144634246826,
-0.16902963817119598,
-0.3589148223400116,
-0.09766342490911484,
0.07001326978206635,
0.037634238600730896,
0.08960197865962982,
0.00898368563503027,
0.5331816673278809,
-0.06421767175197601,
-0.07127660512924194,
-0.4346790611743927,
-0.1154288500547409,
0.16925561428070068,
0.038187175989151,
-0.4506739377975464,
0.37567418813705444,
0.31473249197006226,
0.010799790732562542,
-0.46207287907600403,
-0.8651874661445618,
-0.2950655221939087,
0.46727660298347473,
-0.15695981681346893,
0.7817397713661194,
-0.43655312061309814,
0.6748763918876648,
-0.02611272782087326,
0.32026833295822144,
0.48978906869888306,
-0.5154953002929688,
-0.34894025325775146,
-0.1559833586215973,
-0.17008255422115326,
0.5408998727798462,
0.018241696059703827,
-0.6355849504470825,
0.7502515316009521,
0.29185691475868225,
0.37765592336654663,
0.24049100279808044,
-0.2583053410053253,
-0.07445445656776428,
0.13701868057250977,
-0.1886831521987915,
0.22835026681423187,
0.539955735206604,
-0.41187068819999695,
0.23239563405513763,
0.009921533986926079,
0.2788081765174866,
-0.6285938620567322,
0.33859869837760925,
-0.04407906159758568,
0.1328810453414917,
-0.41752398014068604,
-0.0015500286826863885,
-0.574158787727356,
-0.05838414654135704,
0.0705435499548912,
0.8141665458679199,
0.1303802877664566,
-0.030780337750911713,
0.370986670255661,
-0.2258577048778534,
0.5165634751319885,
-0.2552543580532074,
0.3403052091598511,
0.6389384865760803,
0.28871026635169983,
-0.1274738609790802,
0.5340358018875122,
-0.04150301590561867,
-0.6196689009666443,
-0.022014791145920753,
0.08855799585580826,
0.5595658421516418,
-0.46456414461135864,
-0.059377796947956085,
-0.3036257326602936,
0.6140210628509521,
0.126682311296463,
-0.0025379210710525513,
0.2560419738292694,
0.30782264471054077,
-0.14578889310359955,
0.32193249464035034,
0.4433523714542389,
-0.04029281437397003,
-0.4802985191345215,
0.5888164043426514,
-0.13839730620384216,
0.19428744912147522,
-0.4456460177898407,
0.1562669277191162,
0.08377905189990997,
0.06797361373901367,
-0.10799288004636765,
-0.3465961515903473,
0.1041794866323471,
0.42644214630126953,
0.1576252430677414,
-0.11413737386465073,
-0.10962648689746857,
-0.28823044896125793,
-0.4063355624675751,
-0.8190255165100098,
0.047032199800014496,
0.20493721961975098,
-0.033401407301425934,
0.501054584980011,
0.4742090106010437,
-0.4342343807220459,
-0.3344106674194336,
-0.2204660177230835,
0.06978650391101837,
0.2697434425354004,
0.22146110236644745,
-0.09050960838794708,
-0.7092503905296326,
0.17167244851589203,
0.12489233165979385,
0.5189849734306335,
-0.36253854632377625,
-0.7548680305480957,
0.38810092210769653,
0.026776166632771492,
-0.5502961277961731,
-0.3884173035621643,
-0.11738034337759018,
-0.015611701644957066,
0.1154734343290329,
0.3550163209438324,
0.27286645770072937,
0.3189031481742859,
0.2774948179721832,
0.13126450777053833,
-0.07360146194696426,
-0.10638386756181717,
-0.21684736013412476,
-0.43456462025642395,
-0.33247461915016174,
-0.27080297470092773,
-0.3243568241596222,
0.3295997679233551,
-0.8394762873649597,
0.3800007104873657,
-0.4737127423286438,
-5.898930072784424,
-0.2592596411705017,
-0.5848377346992493,
0.21423082053661346,
0.37568551301956177,
-0.5744228959083557,
0.35702434182167053,
0.002436526119709015,
0.1415419727563858,
0.3937247693538666,
0.038768742233514786,
0.11025910824537277,
-0.23096665740013123,
-0.25497347116470337,
0.0007187537848949432,
-0.17644435167312622,
0.3350590169429779,
0.7048599123954773,
-0.2770841717720032,
0.010973453521728516,
0.14987191557884216,
-0.3997521698474884,
0.4686700701713562,
0.022634776309132576,
0.40749335289001465,
0.1414722353219986,
-0.38935256004333496,
0.26479223370552063,
-0.29160135984420776,
-0.323792040348053,
0.4511893093585968,
0.11263523995876312,
-0.2038801908493042,
0.6001405715942383,
-0.011296156793832779,
-0.2850383520126343,
0.6258050203323364,
-0.26877540349960327,
0.4765166938304901,
-0.5920007228851318,
0.2070561945438385,
0.048239436000585556,
-0.1809895783662796,
0.27334707975387573,
0.5428584814071655,
-0.45487260818481445,
-0.19888831675052643,
-0.2199212610721588,
-0.3418906629085541,
0.6487299203872681,
-0.2950526773929596,
0.53075110912323,
0.3959398567676544,
-0.036763232201337814,
0.1755441427230835,
-0.5863532423973083,
-0.3026041090488434,
-0.13948597013950348,
0.06836936622858047,
0.36311715841293335,
-0.01095447689294815,
-0.25942015647888184,
-0.4766877591609955,
-0.5072494745254517,
-0.32998645305633545,
-0.5696742534637451,
-0.5302813649177551,
-0.21534547209739685,
0.5984046459197998,
0.29316550493240356,
-0.33314749598503113,
0.26157718896865845,
0.5683436989784241,
-0.9622033834457397,
0.1922992318868637,
0.05443207919597626,
0.03526180237531662,
0.14741097390651703,
-0.3537217378616333,
0.1977650374174118,
0.11228469759225845,
0.2201845645904541,
-0.17159505188465118,
0.6727893352508545,
-0.18273398280143738,
-0.5214908719062805,
-0.16733743250370026,
0.10341180115938187,
0.053281284868717194,
-0.0954616516828537,
0.2834855914115906,
-0.29059940576553345,
0.502112865447998,
0.4444233775138855,
-0.623645544052124,
0.06427353620529175,
-0.43184083700180054,
0.3887382447719574,
0.2883774936199188,
-0.4013734459877014,
0.26876524090766907,
0.09490256756544113,
-0.3461115062236786,
-0.6599644422531128,
0.16847386956214905,
-0.6296894550323486,
0.12500983476638794,
-0.07599573582410812,
0.40109825134277344,
-0.4259754717350006,
-0.2343137562274933,
0.3260476589202881,
-1.2495453357696533,
-0.24484343826770782,
0.21171604096889496,
0.3620079457759857,
-0.48710644245147705,
-0.48758432269096375,
0.049007922410964966,
0.5519880652427673,
0.29659777879714966,
0.7054665088653564,
0.18999163806438446,
-0.2328789085149765,
-0.906583309173584,
-0.352677583694458,
-0.16778402030467987,
0.013717804104089737,
0.1824568212032318,
0.2751389741897583,
0.46097955107688904,
0.3957861661911011,
0.32928699254989624,
-0.3570804297924042,
-0.5846274495124817,
-0.7587131857872009,
-0.009336113929748535,
-0.2724190950393677,
-0.12975981831550598,
-0.7978101372718811,
0.026137812063097954,
0.5235552191734314,
0.11302775144577026,
0.3969777226448059,
0.12410452216863632,
0.374735027551651,
0.06671800464391708,
-0.04902738332748413,
-0.7325519919395447,
-0.31076163053512573,
-0.011774706654250622,
-1.4211596250534058,
0.732010006904602,
-0.03318285197019577,
0.09020332247018814,
0.22405792772769928,
-0.07300006598234177,
0.07868216186761856,
-0.05717175081372261,
-0.371551513671875,
0.2982846200466156,
-0.11917121708393097,
-0.34211641550064087,
0.44144877791404724,
0.3620476722717285,
0.30713796615600586,
-0.37147411704063416,
-0.6896942853927612,
-0.27331778407096863,
0.19176487624645233,
-0.28809088468551636,
-0.6008660793304443,
-0.26689857244491577,
-0.4547920227050781,
0.5578165054321289,
0.5027973055839539,
0.15351134538650513,
-0.0697401911020279,
0.46967241168022156,
-0.06757087260484695,
0.3943032920360565,
-0.23860204219818115,
-0.6075552105903625,
0.6646917462348938,
0.5884737372398376,
-0.31219661235809326,
-0.7391656041145325,
-0.15164947509765625,
0.08987512439489365,
0.22525785863399506,
0.5237661600112915,
0.09008292853832245,
0.07198718935251236,
0.048135749995708466,
-0.2527725398540497,
-0.18343932926654816,
0.4386783242225647,
0.5953539609909058,
-0.2265842705965042,
-0.6186299324035645,
-0.3530331552028656,
0.7603939771652222,
-0.6351312398910522,
0.25375044345855713,
0.7408676743507385,
-0.10698302835226059,
0.5874363780021667,
0.31140366196632385,
-0.6548737287521362,
0.22041727602481842,
0.5184626579284668,
-0.3248257339000702,
-0.2898912727832794,
-0.3605746030807495,
-0.15375690162181854,
0.2788781225681305,
0.03684812784194946,
-0.4811694025993347,
0.012494359165430069,
-0.8191771507263184,
-0.2552718222141266,
-0.4442253112792969,
-0.09465035051107407,
0.2276131510734558,
-0.1902744472026825,
-0.1197609156370163,
-0.06886924058198929,
0.00992948655039072,
-0.11862722039222717,
-0.7567965984344482,
-0.11134153604507446,
0.2952071726322174,
-0.021224141120910645,
0.36914435029029846,
0.12189175188541412,
-0.11239279061555862,
-0.3136737644672394,
0.6785563230514526,
0.1386101245880127,
-0.027457647025585175,
0.15699881315231323,
0.5471295118331909,
0.21565021574497223,
-0.12126798927783966,
-0.03474099934101105,
0.09264146536588669,
0.18106195330619812,
-0.013518587686121464,
-0.4128025472164154,
0.292136549949646,
0.30221110582351685,
-0.5707979202270508,
-0.7316248416900635,
-0.229559525847435,
1.1395007371902466,
-0.8399919867515564,
0.3126744329929352,
-0.058978140354156494,
-0.5625939965248108,
0.21230052411556244,
-0.18306636810302734,
0.21683144569396973,
-0.5564871430397034,
0.40404072403907776,
0.13914932310581207,
0.22340138256549835,
0.093743234872818,
-0.43604594469070435,
-0.4012635350227356,
0.08490313589572906,
-0.3542014956474304,
-0.2607359290122986,
0.1481887549161911,
0.13367359340190887,
0.049172304570674896,
0.4977177679538727,
0.3058553636074066,
-0.17412707209587097,
0.06989438831806183,
-0.012172394432127476,
0.146600604057312,
-0.18510517477989197,
0.3767220079898834,
-0.6869239211082458,
0.21809710562229156,
-0.5642669200897217,
0.06927858293056488,
0.06309109926223755,
-0.49733543395996094,
0.46577557921409607,
0.3730924427509308,
-0.08666618913412094,
-0.013049391098320484,
-0.10839667916297913,
-0.3095342516899109,
0.06862354278564453,
0.7371913194656372,
-0.24783705174922943,
0.24041913449764252,
-0.3203389346599579,
0.02628195658326149,
0.5832014083862305,
-0.0031661090906709433,
-0.013507956638932228,
0.18229351937770844,
0.07918022572994232,
-0.05560596287250519,
-0.36935245990753174,
0.04286907985806465,
0.21547934412956238,
-0.08707818388938904,
-0.09723646193742752,
0.8993150591850281,
0.781402051448822,
-0.6889225840568542,
0.0014484417624771595,
0.7504134774208069,
0.5172969698905945,
-0.35654470324516296,
-0.22665438055992126,
0.3211420774459839,
0.0726562887430191,
0.2947141230106354,
0.1016290932893753,
-0.41734084486961365,
0.7334775328636169,
-0.2999187111854553,
-0.38737961649894714,
0.38690218329429626,
-0.22757872939109802,
0.5085511207580566,
0.09517309069633484,
-0.09752438217401505,
0.7604117393493652,
-0.144573375582695,
-0.9388511180877686,
0.2747921943664551,
0.6910547018051147,
-0.3168024718761444,
0.6725369691848755,
-0.4118044972419739,
0.6835019588470459,
-0.08440008759498596,
0.07432305067777634,
0.020392969250679016,
0.5916138291358948,
-0.02023199573159218,
-0.18139173090457916,
-0.04108860716223717,
-0.08714330196380615,
0.2676331102848053,
-0.26783204078674316,
-0.30952706933021545,
0.7232707738876343,
-0.3152836859226227,
0.0021577368024736643,
-0.05428771674633026,
-0.6878480315208435,
0.21540053188800812,
-0.05453011766076088,
0.30348482728004456,
0.39227959513664246,
0.33314353227615356,
0.040900591760873795,
-0.5711789727210999,
-0.8374592065811157,
0.01657218486070633,
-0.10212491452693939,
0.3362293839454651,
0.1862262785434723,
-0.35087206959724426,
0.8333490490913391,
-0.13770514726638794,
-0.18383896350860596,
0.34559333324432373,
-0.1263798177242279,
0.3629462420940399,
0.14183786511421204,
-0.6505281329154968,
0.25635483860969543,
-0.07575557380914688,
0.08602578192949295,
-0.3958796560764313,
-0.9291766285896301,
-0.07094931602478027,
0.6649683117866516,
-0.3216271698474884,
0.2971552908420563,
-0.669771671295166,
0.2935638427734375,
0.04143328219652176,
-0.701292097568512,
-0.526947557926178,
-0.30587950348854065,
-0.046539682894945145,
-0.1113869920372963,
-0.4211162030696869,
0.004250497091561556,
0.28580182790756226,
0.4388250410556793,
0.5409010052680969,
0.5162063837051392,
0.2269301861524582,
0.06972820311784744,
-0.48992857336997986,
0.0695311576128006,
-0.5275071263313293,
-0.4147324860095978,
-0.49909043312072754,
0.2879665195941925,
0.46645697951316833,
-0.08142150193452835,
0.3246910870075226,
0.13786397874355316,
0.5196163654327393,
0.651646614074707,
1.5746687650680542,
-0.43923869729042053,
0.004454039968550205,
0.28047284483909607,
0.4046116769313812,
-0.3080481290817261,
0.46662360429763794,
0.5383013486862183,
-0.5998939275741577,
-0.06679936498403549,
0.36675918102264404,
0.2915274202823639,
-0.20429067313671112,
0.8497333526611328,
-0.14299094676971436,
-0.18832020461559296,
-0.4397098422050476,
0.18045645952224731,
-0.6384395956993103,
-0.5029050707817078,
-0.716649055480957,
0.19529347121715546,
0.6546412110328674,
0.31648340821266174,
0.1571720540523529,
-0.33879637718200684,
0.2863301932811737,
0.29700517654418945,
-0.2185908704996109,
-0.2644416391849518,
0.3143913745880127,
-0.38349390029907227,
-0.5932117700576782,
0.011160457506775856,
0.0637119710445404,
0.1962408721446991,
0.20290148258209229,
0.542355477809906,
-0.007904200814664364,
0.1502908319234848,
0.512938380241394,
-0.010285057127475739,
1.0884965658187866,
0.43023860454559326
] |
217798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki%20Nishimura | Hiroyuki Nishimura | is a Japanese internet entrepreneur best known for being the founder of the most accessed Japanese message board, 2channel, and current administrator of 4chan. He is also a self-help author and TV personality. He is often known by his given name, , which he uses, rendered intentionally in lowercase, both as a nom de plume and as a username.
Until February 2013, he was a director of, and advisor to, Niwango, best known for its service Nico Nico Douga.
Christopher Poole, the founder of 4chan, formally announced on 21 September 2015 that he had sold the website to Nishimura. After a dispute with 2channel's hosting provider, Nishimura no longer administrates 2channel, but instead operates a competitor to it, 2ch.sc.
Career
Nishimura was born in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, but raised in Tokyo. He founded Tokyo Access LP in 1998. In May 1999, he opened 2channel while he was studying at the University of Central Arkansas. In June 2001, he founded Irregulars and Partners KK with Ichirō Yamamoto, which was involved in 2channel's management, but later left.
He graduated with a degree in literature from Chuo University in 2000.
In January 2007, Nishimura was an advisor to Skip-Up KK, CEO of Tokyo Plus KK, co-founder of KK, and a director of Niwango, the company that launched Nico Nico Douga. He left his role at Niwango in February 2013.
2channel
During 2008, 2ch generated an annual revenue upwards of ¥100 million for Nishimura. The site was also run by 300 "volunteer administrators" who received no pay. Nishimura justified this with the comment, "I don't think that's all that different from some dude who opens a convenience store in front of a train station. They can make a million yen a day."
In August 2013, an accidental leak placed the credit card details of thousands of 2channel users into the public domain, and this event resulted in a series of lawsuits against the website. Around the same time, the anti-matome movement took place throughout 2channel, a controversial community development involving users protesting against which specialize in summarizing 2channel threads, which were taking away site traffic.
On 19 February 2014, Jim Watkins, as chairman of N.T. Technology, Inc., 2channel's domain registrar, seized 2channel's domain. He took full control over the website, relieved Nishimura of all power, and assumed the role of website administrator. Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimura's debts, while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking. In response, Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net. In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the site's owner, Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins.
In October 2017, Watkins renamed 2channel to 5channel and transferred it to Loki Technology Inc. to avoid legal complications.
4chan
On 21 September 2015, he bought the website 4chan from Christopher Poole. The amount paid has not been disclosed.
Users on 4chan refer to him commonly as 'hiro' but also by the ethnic slurs "gook moot" or "Hiroshima Nagasaki", "Jackie 4chan", or simply "hiroshimoot".
Lawsuits
As defendant
Nishimura has lost a number of libel lawsuits which have led to him being assessed a considerable amount in penalties. In 2008, he told Wired he has no intention of paying, saying, "If the verdict mandates deleting things, I'll do it," but, "I just haven't complied with demands to pay money. Would a cell phone carrier feel responsible when somebody receives a threatening phone call?"
As plaintiff
Nishimura has filed a number of lawsuits against Jim Watkins in connection with his allegation that 2channel was illegally seized. He has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPO's Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system. Through the Japan Patent Office, Nishimura owns the trademark "2channel", though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that, suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not, in its view, a case of "cybersquatting" but rather a "business dispute".
Personal life
Nishimura is married. As of May 2019, he lives in Paris, to which he moved in 2015.
Bibliography
Cited
Footnotes
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
hiroyuki on YouTube
1976 births
Living people
People from Sagamihara
People from Tokyo
2channel
Chuo University alumni
4chan
Japanese male YouTubers
Male YouTubers | [
0.10241227596998215,
-0.23645584285259247,
0.008356880396604538,
0.06595297902822495,
-0.6975538730621338,
0.07541465014219284,
0.10269457846879959,
0.35801079869270325,
-0.15684863924980164,
0.002589092357084155,
-0.1913968175649643,
0.16538554430007935,
-0.09571118652820587,
0.03471159189939499,
0.10764200985431671,
-0.21167822182178497,
0.13216686248779297,
-0.11292538046836853,
-0.22680522501468658,
0.007650705054402351,
-0.5105141997337341,
-0.2574365437030792,
-0.1706046164035797,
-0.16631850600242615,
0.12276613712310791,
0.0025233596097677946,
-0.084770567715168,
0.31648096442222595,
-0.37198707461357117,
-0.3664596974849701,
0.5421427488327026,
0.472903847694397,
0.4531066119670868,
-0.02614494226872921,
-0.3356687128543854,
-0.00932020042091608,
-0.3595561683177948,
-0.017528623342514038,
0.08242503553628922,
0.24489685893058777,
-0.47171658277511597,
0.00639923894777894,
-0.08523236960172653,
0.197858527302742,
-0.24946409463882446,
-0.6666115522384644,
-1.3340637683868408,
0.3288782835006714,
-0.9164161086082458,
0.05231214687228203,
-0.5098387002944946,
0.5045083165168762,
0.09666700661182404,
0.12089234590530396,
-0.355911523103714,
0.6961594820022583,
-0.08325158804655075,
-0.5574083924293518,
-0.1618197113275528,
-0.3078024387359619,
0.5182121396064758,
-0.0964566022157669,
0.6547514796257019,
-0.16864268481731415,
-0.2867157459259033,
0.3954680860042572,
0.05149499699473381,
0.523715615272522,
0.025867518037557602,
-0.267713338136673,
0.7496642470359802,
0.3155337870121002,
-0.046986375004053116,
0.2851150631904602,
0.06624651700258255,
-0.390805184841156,
-0.19962064921855927,
0.12489576637744904,
0.331428587436676,
0.13117097318172455,
-0.3809907138347626,
0.21933583915233612,
0.5522527694702148,
0.3135520815849304,
0.367204874753952,
0.052269112318754196,
-0.42938122153282166,
0.7123812437057495,
-0.673648476600647,
0.3705923855304718,
-0.1609947830438614,
-0.031239353120326996,
0.7669250965118408,
-0.050112493336200714,
-0.20638276636600494,
-0.12166883796453476,
-0.24215424060821533,
0.17115503549575806,
0.3755190372467041,
-0.1477188766002655,
0.14298555254936218,
-0.3962644934654236,
-0.4984717071056366,
-0.24860656261444092,
-0.8185301423072815,
0.05460185185074806,
0.15568086504936218,
-0.48972275853157043,
-0.5104336738586426,
0.3497484028339386,
-0.4555622935295105,
0.4952293336391449,
-0.057262927293777466,
0.11581644415855408,
0.0625585988163948,
0.5382909774780273,
-0.10462198406457901,
-0.41375115513801575,
0.060915954411029816,
0.11449769139289856,
0.056215401738882065,
0.08391423523426056,
-0.224874809384346,
-0.10591133683919907,
-0.1497877985239029,
-0.023225199431180954,
-0.14259785413742065,
-0.16449254751205444,
0.13747692108154297,
0.02318180911242962,
0.5760392546653748,
0.7061501741409302,
-0.004590331576764584,
-0.2246515154838562,
0.10558567941188812,
-0.4590824544429779,
0.2862142026424408,
-0.09026935696601868,
-0.2667992413043976,
-0.10283458977937698,
-0.8214840888977051,
-0.21036535501480103,
-0.704050600528717,
-0.5418010354042053,
-0.109354168176651,
0.5186949968338013,
-0.5975190997123718,
-0.7975655198097229,
-0.23022808134555817,
-0.10587236285209656,
-0.48166629672050476,
0.21975545585155487,
-0.41185230016708374,
-0.503013014793396,
0.019295785576105118,
0.8267923593521118,
0.6014559268951416,
-0.5491971969604492,
0.1516529619693756,
0.22496800124645233,
0.2285677045583725,
-0.3506142497062683,
-0.6397577524185181,
0.21567237377166748,
-0.09607155621051788,
-0.32133063673973083,
0.4428841769695282,
0.5982362627983093,
0.006559288129210472,
0.1608993262052536,
0.22196447849273682,
-0.560905396938324,
0.21577365696430206,
-0.4997979700565338,
0.3609330356121063,
0.15864330530166626,
0.6115150451660156,
-0.28840547800064087,
0.39083701372146606,
-0.14007467031478882,
-0.6029632687568665,
-0.5970766544342041,
-0.258942574262619,
0.4656922519207001,
0.3484284281730652,
-0.16940109431743622,
0.17854756116867065,
-0.2445191890001297,
0.5887951254844666,
0.8170390725135803,
-0.5748338103294373,
-0.5354382991790771,
-0.1541980504989624,
-0.14310456812381744,
0.9041479229927063,
0.24828994274139404,
-0.38787463307380676,
0.8543074727058411,
0.027374576777219772,
0.49246248602867126,
0.10887866467237473,
0.010155276395380497,
-0.33045291900634766,
-0.1301858276128769,
-0.5885287523269653,
0.17039483785629272,
0.47025999426841736,
0.19759726524353027,
-0.30990728735923767,
0.4395058751106262,
-0.10960423201322556,
-0.15841634571552277,
0.14148221909999847,
-0.47863373160362244,
-0.21025969088077545,
-0.04577202349901199,
-0.3311726152896881,
-0.30925509333610535,
0.20000207424163818,
-0.45869216322898865,
0.9744452834129333,
0.30605265498161316,
-0.34376636147499084,
0.7136982679367065,
0.02423611842095852,
1.0727890729904175,
0.2122129499912262,
0.15718431770801544,
0.23982907831668854,
-0.42792901396751404,
0.14830949902534485,
0.12349016964435577,
0.3389531075954437,
-0.2872139811515808,
-0.04630255699157715,
0.053561825305223465,
0.6069007515907288,
-0.5935138463973999,
0.07073099166154861,
0.1931290179491043,
0.539888322353363,
0.5138194561004639,
0.11418215185403824,
0.029616447165608406,
0.5003791451454163,
-0.020237265154719353,
-0.5006113648414612,
0.4972853362560272,
-0.34685805439949036,
-0.04141399636864662,
0.7462880611419678,
0.42320647835731506,
0.2788086235523224,
-0.09490453451871872,
0.4915318489074707,
-0.06923400610685349,
0.4939396381378174,
0.16257070004940033,
-0.5784522294998169,
0.1533379703760147,
-0.1413215547800064,
-0.1991526335477829,
-0.011358661577105522,
0.3432987332344055,
0.035846125334501266,
-0.2579547166824341,
0.1874675154685974,
-0.460805207490921,
0.614711582660675,
-0.06709199398756027,
0.10462383925914764,
-0.3475450873374939,
-0.597244918346405,
0.2842220664024353,
-0.1613450050354004,
-0.7253232598304749,
0.09828004240989685,
0.4232516288757324,
-0.26945582032203674,
-0.8356709480285645,
0.1390967071056366,
0.2993451654911041,
-0.14859962463378906,
-0.7345180511474609,
-0.2760913372039795,
-0.2873510420322418,
-0.747093141078949,
-0.3480284512042999,
-0.4353003203868866,
0.10405601561069489,
-0.22623440623283386,
0.5231134295463562,
0.08432456851005554,
0.29787665605545044,
-0.14672791957855225,
0.7715522646903992,
0.11080407351255417,
-0.4742686450481415,
0.37151408195495605,
-0.012890493497252464,
-0.5625870227813721,
-0.008260807022452354,
0.28689873218536377,
0.13751278817653656,
0.4142111539840698,
-0.35577571392059326,
0.41564640402793884,
-0.14215302467346191,
-5.786733150482178,
-0.05662447586655617,
0.038071565330028534,
-0.15987253189086914,
0.3161196708679199,
0.45548927783966064,
0.7327438592910767,
0.09806498885154724,
0.38777923583984375,
-0.4106975197792053,
-0.5486685633659363,
0.46658816933631897,
0.2766755521297455,
0.1423579901456833,
-0.3052518963813782,
0.6598305702209473,
0.5165797472000122,
0.1103680282831192,
0.3867124617099762,
0.07630998641252518,
-0.4679531157016754,
0.18675419688224792,
0.2070508748292923,
0.7583659291267395,
-0.27320414781570435,
0.49855631589889526,
-1.0012662410736084,
0.27241256833076477,
0.028428446501493454,
-0.1724216639995575,
-0.24305294454097748,
-0.2601037621498108,
-0.3538886308670044,
0.22946420311927795,
-0.4313288629055023,
-0.45901748538017273,
0.6054685115814209,
-0.3339226543903351,
0.1389552354812622,
-0.0856829285621643,
0.5847598910331726,
-0.08419646322727203,
-0.48827847838401794,
0.3730458617210388,
0.6764484643936157,
-0.7913318276405334,
-0.7417836785316467,
-0.2500161826610565,
0.15576782822608948,
0.12526045739650726,
0.32408708333969116,
0.03231881558895111,
0.37334737181663513,
0.01672566868364811,
0.449656218290329,
-0.5234962105751038,
0.24361951649188995,
-0.2468756139278412,
-0.3655359745025635,
-0.30964401364326477,
0.33069753646850586,
-0.37443897128105164,
0.01439085602760315,
-0.17127959430217743,
0.06935008615255356,
-0.10714355111122131,
0.3282880187034607,
-0.1411290466785431,
0.11605172604322433,
0.15677334368228912,
-0.8536167740821838,
0.8978716135025024,
0.5878495573997498,
-0.929239809513092,
0.45330488681793213,
0.24024444818496704,
-0.24286574125289917,
0.5798848867416382,
-0.5216748118400574,
-0.19223037362098694,
-0.5977553725242615,
-0.15204483270645142,
-0.654482364654541,
0.4198257029056549,
-0.19112472236156464,
-0.5821253657341003,
-0.14379797875881195,
-0.012718250043690205,
0.24715320765972137,
0.4463809132575989,
0.9193174839019775,
-0.4385448098182678,
0.561331570148468,
0.05554642155766487,
0.6638050079345703,
-0.08738923072814941,
-0.2690814435482025,
1.0583922863006592,
0.5903013944625854,
-0.36742475628852844,
0.45981577038764954,
-0.061051156371831894,
-0.7161993384361267,
-0.6190375685691833,
0.17419421672821045,
-0.1473618596792221,
0.32923683524131775,
0.06290724873542786,
0.140269473195076,
0.4495641887187958,
-0.40535396337509155,
0.4530439078807831,
-1.2318419218063354,
0.19295497238636017,
0.4411202073097229,
0.05411884933710098,
-0.32095077633857727,
-0.2220548838376999,
0.3426298499107361,
0.2479126751422882,
-0.10057243704795837,
0.5782685279846191,
0.1069699078798294,
-0.3146655857563019,
0.33618074655532837,
-0.1526888608932495,
-0.32729700207710266,
0.020760919898748398,
0.17492786049842834,
-0.016159364953637123,
-0.16526579856872559,
0.9135591983795166,
-0.09900688380002975,
-0.17396406829357147,
0.46482399106025696,
-0.6990805268287659,
-0.44482293725013733,
-0.6677340865135193,
-0.21766498684883118,
-0.12049928307533264,
0.3812362551689148,
-0.025296466425061226,
-0.05163050815463066,
0.4068564176559448,
-0.045688338577747345,
0.3117937445640564,
-0.5160125494003296,
0.17756085097789764,
-0.13651810586452484,
0.2979337275028229,
0.11162468791007996,
-1.466219186782837,
0.4338039755821228,
0.08108991384506226,
-0.05840825289487839,
0.2557164430618286,
-0.5502424240112305,
-0.07390608638525009,
-0.6469423770904541,
-0.11303713917732239,
0.49276161193847656,
-0.6999839544296265,
-0.8627741932868958,
0.009573404677212238,
0.29587921500205994,
0.1269684135913849,
-0.5838173031806946,
-0.3224840760231018,
-0.25459176301956177,
-0.018897593021392822,
0.2679819166660309,
0.08573226630687714,
-0.3465302884578705,
0.28789177536964417,
0.07690580934286118,
0.27669304609298706,
0.055470675230026245,
0.3725290894508362,
0.1322086751461029,
0.27627864480018616,
0.26318666338920593,
0.21879330277442932,
-0.3316720724105835,
0.7168592214584351,
0.4796571433544159,
-0.6070241928100586,
-0.06894375383853912,
-0.024018434807658195,
-0.3919769525527954,
0.36456605792045593,
-0.23136067390441895,
0.07872995734214783,
0.32923296093940735,
0.41797563433647156,
0.20977628231048584,
-0.6790444850921631,
0.35322749614715576,
-0.07947796583175659,
-0.3421986699104309,
-0.6515683531761169,
-0.345381498336792,
0.02668176032602787,
-0.6620892882347107,
-0.2953430712223053,
0.6078619956970215,
-0.31246522068977356,
-0.08226963132619858,
0.4944247305393219,
0.40880173444747925,
-0.0023108613677322865,
-0.42275679111480713,
-0.26523855328559875,
-0.10842893272638321,
-0.5734654068946838,
-0.27031561732292175,
-0.07140569388866425,
-0.06866730749607086,
0.019677812233567238,
-0.4353719651699066,
-0.14646953344345093,
-0.5292885899543762,
-0.04552709683775902,
0.19758053123950958,
-0.24777330458164215,
-0.3020191788673401,
0.16227443516254425,
0.6609770655632019,
0.17674720287322998,
-0.20521074533462524,
-0.4444045424461365,
0.06720128655433655,
-0.18111680448055267,
0.21905149519443512,
0.6198437809944153,
-0.37351468205451965,
0.13698500394821167,
0.146375373005867,
0.7511059641838074,
0.5777662992477417,
-0.0831935778260231,
0.11681399494409561,
0.27750536799430847,
-0.34696757793426514,
0.20666594803333282,
0.3015576899051666,
0.9231284260749817,
0.21099227666854858,
0.030816199257969856,
-0.1995835155248642,
0.040850456804037094,
0.09998606890439987,
-0.022914018481969833,
-0.030061149969697,
-0.04540792480111122,
0.5932518839836121,
-0.8673214912414551,
0.08649986237287521,
-0.6356640458106995,
-0.5251014232635498,
-0.40108582377433777,
-0.30214226245880127,
0.29444411396980286,
0.20759613811969757,
0.13624753057956696,
-0.3620761036872864,
0.12205017358064651,
-0.24314157664775848,
-0.046879302710294724,
-0.2595091760158539,
-0.7367469668388367,
-0.6352350115776062,
-0.1393163800239563,
-0.12596258521080017,
1.1299586296081543,
-0.3800738453865051,
0.3488626778125763,
-0.02758094295859337,
-0.018139103427529335,
-0.1532752960920334,
-0.09329208731651306,
-0.7933395504951477,
-0.15033304691314697,
0.3227567672729492,
-0.4027637541294098,
-0.04355302080512047,
-0.5273755788803101,
0.5706296563148499,
0.010522441938519478,
0.5851733088493347,
0.10223253816366196,
-0.9693446159362793,
-0.01010917965322733,
-0.09118569642305374,
-0.11988754570484161,
-0.4813357889652252,
-0.11166579276323318,
-0.18268945813179016,
-0.26599055528640747,
-0.8509368896484375,
-0.05443135276436806,
0.0017673196271061897,
0.10635723173618317,
0.6799584627151489,
0.30472826957702637,
0.38285598158836365,
0.13516639173030853,
-0.032115258276462555,
-0.43244630098342896,
0.19916845858097076,
0.33568358421325684,
0.23565781116485596,
0.13042545318603516,
0.002466899575665593,
0.6810421347618103,
-0.2990565001964569,
-0.16773997247219086,
0.27015212178230286,
-0.3334991931915283,
-0.46160927414894104,
-0.34647849202156067,
0.2601630687713623,
-0.06183339282870293,
0.7382248044013977,
0.18090695142745972,
0.4908999800682068,
0.6735813021659851,
0.36661145091056824,
-0.30785447359085083,
-0.0405689962208271,
0.9343627095222473,
0.2197405993938446,
0.05539329722523689,
-0.030853845179080963,
0.3908775746822357,
0.32183223962783813,
-0.35719043016433716,
0.0032355766743421555,
0.03880602493882179,
0.03354969993233681,
0.17022332549095154,
0.24782820045948029,
0.7657583951950073,
-0.7792221903800964,
0.025141345337033272,
0.005040484480559826,
0.47326552867889404,
0.19930008053779602,
0.1408885270357132,
-0.18701297044754028,
0.298811674118042,
0.35695621371269226,
0.25417470932006836,
0.38402482867240906,
-0.08844584226608276,
-0.2296520471572876,
-0.0733603909611702,
-0.4129692018032074,
-0.5103314518928528,
0.1584848314523697,
0.24043740332126617,
0.027319153770804405,
-0.20616917312145233,
0.5146934390068054,
-0.05011189356446266,
-0.1543784737586975,
-0.17593784630298615,
-0.5802669525146484,
-0.6610396504402161,
0.1562618613243103,
-0.22468921542167664,
-0.6250261068344116,
-0.13824138045310974,
-0.37876319885253906,
0.1709374636411667,
-0.059204816818237305,
0.5061860680580139,
0.5122550129890442,
-0.02415473386645317,
-0.4528895318508148,
0.12582284212112427,
-0.2702089250087738,
-0.14175085723400116,
-0.5441966652870178,
0.054166242480278015,
0.5142850279808044,
0.40625596046447754,
-0.4680559039115906,
0.628526508808136,
-0.6626635193824768,
0.17236308753490448,
-0.24315565824508667,
-0.7982730269432068,
-0.2323661595582962,
0.6773302555084229,
-0.3290691673755646,
0.14430168271064758,
-0.24835103750228882,
0.535007119178772,
0.7502890825271606,
0.3924488425254822,
-0.22058066725730896,
-0.3977804481983185,
0.020102204754948616,
-0.1164352148771286,
-0.4874137043952942,
0.4008660912513733,
-0.8955987691879272,
-0.20489825308322906,
-0.7192015051841736,
0.22868269681930542,
0.255322128534317,
0.23629580438137054,
-0.22459086775779724,
0.22075872123241425,
-0.2730957567691803,
0.1354702115058899,
0.7876948714256287,
-0.2450082004070282,
0.14821675419807434,
0.08993341028690338,
-0.26133209466934204,
0.12047430127859116,
0.4119376540184021,
0.6141973733901978,
0.09897658973932266,
0.1931477040052414,
0.24084997177124023,
0.0067022149451076984,
-0.5222737789154053,
0.4703473150730133,
-0.2995535433292389,
-0.3928622305393219,
-0.15688426792621613,
0.25401565432548523,
-0.17477336525917053,
-0.2487517148256302,
0.528924822807312,
0.35297438502311707,
0.18695303797721863,
-0.3478516638278961,
0.25284460186958313,
0.31504324078559875,
0.2000994235277176,
-0.1920545995235443,
-0.15782825648784637,
0.1423795372247696,
-0.1174907460808754,
-0.16561296582221985,
-0.24890467524528503,
-0.4808705449104309,
0.4381904900074005,
-0.4479624629020691,
0.593146026134491,
-0.3810635805130005,
0.29089024662971497,
0.12364686280488968,
0.8743622899055481,
-0.17270758748054504,
0.7661193609237671,
-0.16200841963291168
] |
217800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Love%20%28film%29 | Women in Love (film) | Women in Love is a 1969 British romantic drama film directed by Ken Russell and starring Alan Bates, Oliver Reed, Glenda Jackson, and Jennie Linden. The film was adapted by Larry Kramer from D. H. Lawrence's 1920 novel Women in Love. It is the first film to be released by Brandywine Productions.
The plot follows the relationships between two sisters and two men in a mining town in post-World War I England. The two couples take markedly different directions. The film explores the nature of commitment and love.
The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, with Jackson winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role, and the film receiving other honours.
Plot
The film takes place in 1920, in the Midlands mining town of Beldover. Two sisters, Ursula and Gudrun Brangwen, discuss marriage on their way to the wedding of Laura Crich, daughter of the town's wealthy mine owner, Thomas Crich, to Tibby Lupton, a naval officer. At the village's church, each sister is fascinated by a particular member of the wedding party – Gudrun by Laura's brother, Gerald, and Ursula by Gerald's best friend, Rupert Birkin. Ursula is a school teacher and Rupert is a school inspector; she remembers his visit to her classroom, interrupting her botany lesson to discourse on the sexual nature of the catkin.
The four are later brought together at a house party at the estate of Hermione Roddice, a rich woman whose relationship with Rupert is falling apart. When Hermione devises, as entertainment for her guests, a dance in the "style of the Russian ballet", Rupert becomes impatient with her pretensions and tells the pianist to play some ragtime. This sets off spontaneous dancing among the whole group and angers Hermione. She leaves. When Rupert follows her into the next room, she smashes a glass paperweight against his head, and he staggers outside. He discards his clothes and wanders through the woods. Later, at the Criches' annual picnic, to which most of the town is invited, Ursula and Gudrun find a secluded spot, and Gudrun dances before some Highland cattle while Ursula sings "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles". When Gerald and Rupert appear, Gerald calls Gudrun's behaviour "impossible and ridiculous", and then says he loves her. "That's one way of putting it", she replies. Ursula and Rupert wander away discussing death and love. They make love in the woods. The day ends in tragedy when Laura and Tibby drown while swimming in the lake.
During one of Gerald and Rupert's discussions, Rupert suggests Japanese-style wrestling. They strip and wrestle in the firelight. Rupert enjoys their closeness and says they should swear to love each other, but Gerald cannot understand Rupert's idea of wanting to have an emotional union with a man as well as an emotional and physical union with a woman. Ursula and Rupert decide to marry while Gudrun and Gerald continue to see each other. One evening, emotionally exhausted after his father's illness and death, Gerald sneaks into the Brangwen house to spend the night with Gudrun in her bed, then leaves at dawn.
Later, after Ursula and Rupert's marriage, Gerald suggests that the four of them go to the Alps for Christmas. At their inn in the Alps, Gudrun irritates Gerald with her interest in Loerke, a gay German sculptor. An artist herself, Gudrun is fascinated with Loerke's idea that brutality is necessary to create art. While Gerald grows increasingly jealous and angry, Gudrun only derides and ridicules him. Finally, he can endure it no longer. After attempting to strangle her, he trudges off into the cold, to commit suicide and die alone. Rupert and Ursula return to their cottage in England. Rupert grieves for his dead friend. As Ursula and Rupert discuss love, Ursula says there can't be two kinds of love. He explains that she is enough for love of a woman but there is another eternal love and bond for a man.
Cast
Production
Development
Larry Kramer was an American who moved to London in 1961 to work as an assistant story editor at Columbia and had become an assistant to David Picker at United Artists. United Artists wanted Kramer to move to New York but he wanted to live in London and produce, so he quit his job. He went to work on 1967's Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush as producer and ended up rewriting the script.
He was looking for another project when Silvio Narizzano, who had directed the successful Georgy Girl (1966), suggested Kramer make a film of Women in Love. Kramer read the novel, loved it, and optioned the screen rights for $4,200. He wrote a screen treatment based on the chapters and succeeded in selling the project to David Chasman and David Picker at United Artists.
Script
Kramer originally commissioned a screenplay from David Mercer. Mercer's adaptation differed too much from the original book and he was bought out of the project. "It was a horrible Marxist tract," Kramer said. "Just horrible. I had no script and no more money for another writer.
Ultimately, Kramer wrote the script, although he had not written one before. "I became a writer not by choice but out of necessity," he said.
Kramer said "slightly more than half the film" was directly from the novel. He took the rest from various sources including Lawrence's letters, essays, poems and plays.
"I wanted to show you can convey emotion along with action and that ideas and talk and beautiful scenery are not incompatible in films," said Kramer. "My first draft was all dialog, the second was mostly visual. The end result was a combination of both."
Ken Russell
Narizzano, intended as director, left the project after suffering a series of personal setbacks. He divorced his wife for a man who died soon after. After Narizzano's departure, Kramer considered a number of directors to take on the project, including Jack Clayton, Stanley Kubrick and Peter Brook, all of whom declined.
Ken Russell had previously directed only two films and was better known then for his biographical projects about artists for the BBC. His second film, Billion Dollar Brain was admired by Chasman and Picker at UA, who told him "they thought it got a raw deal from right wing critics and that I could do better with a more sympathetic subject." Chasman and Picker sent a copy of Kramer's script to Russell, who liked it. The director read the novel, which he loved; he called Women in Love "probably the best English novel ever written." He and Kramer collaborated on further drafts of the script, using information from Lawrence's own life and adding extra bits from the novel. This included adding the nude wrestling scene. "It wasn’t in the
original script," wrote Russell. "I didn't think it would pass the censor and I knew it would be difficult to shoot. I was wrong on my first guess and right on my second. Oily [Oliver Reed] talked me into it. He wrestled with me, jujitsu style, in my kitchen, and wouldn't let me up until I said, ‘OK, OK, you win, I’ll do it.’"
By the time United Artists approved the script, the project had a second producer, Martin Rosen.
Casting
Russell says casting was "difficult" in part because most of his television work was done with non-actors so he was "totally out of touch to the real talent at hand."
Kramer had been talking to Alan Bates about playing Birkin for a number of years and he was cast relatively easily. Bates sported a beard, giving him a physical resemblance to D.H. Lawrence.
Michael Caine, who had just made Billion Dollar Brain with Russell, says he was offered a lead role but turned it down because he felt unable to do the nude scene.
Kramer wanted Edward Fox for the role of Gerald. Fox fitted Lawrence's description of the character ("blond, glacial and Nordic"), but United Artists, the studio financing the production, imposed Oliver Reed, a more bankable star, as Gerald even though he was not physically like Lawrence's description of the character. Russell had worked with Reed before and said even though the actor "wasn't ideal physically for the part he couldn't have played it better."
Kramer was adamant to give the role of Gudrun to Glenda Jackson. She was, then, well recognised in theatrical circles. As a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company she had gained a great deal of attention as Charlotte Corday in Marat/Sade. United Artists was unconvinced, considering her not conventionally beautiful enough for the role of Gudrun, who drives Gerald to suicide. Russell was unimpressed when he met Jackson and says only in seeing Marat/Sade "did I realise what a magnificent screen personality she is."
The last of the four main roles to be cast was that of Ursula. Both Vanessa Redgrave and Faye Dunaway declined to take the role, finding it the less interesting of the two sisters and that they would be easily eclipsed by Glenda Jackson's acting skills. It was by accident that Russell and Kramer came upon a screen test that Jennie Linden had made opposite Peter O'Toole for The Lion in Winter, for a part she did not get. Linden had recently given birth to her only son and was not eager to take the role but was persuaded by Kramer and Russell.
Bates and Reed received a percentage of the profits while Linden and Jackson were paid a straight salary.
The composer Michael Garrett who also contributed to the score can be seen playing the piano in one scene.
Shooting
Filming started 25 September 1968 and took place in north England and Switzerland. The opening scene with credits was shot at what is now Crich Tramway Museum in Derbyshire. It took sixteen weeks and was budgeted at $1.65 million but came in at $1.5 million "because everyone was helpful," says Kramer, including key participants taking a percentage. Jackson was pregnant during filming.
The film features a famous nude wrestling scene between Bates and Reed. Kramer says Reed turned up to the shoot drunk and got Bates drunk. "I had to get drunk before I exposed myself on camera," said Reed.
Russell said he regretted omitting a scene where the sisters went to London "where they sample la vie boheme. It helped form their characters and explains their subsequent behaviour. And at least two of the actors were miscast. Another had to be replaced after his second appearance. But none of that matters when a movie turns you on. You can have brilliant camerawork, great editing, a fine script and good acting, but it don’t mean a thing if it ain’t got that swing."
Release and reception
Censor
The film was passed uncut by the British censor.
Box office
The film was one of the eight most popular films at the British box office in 1970. As it cost $1.6 million it recouped its costs in England alone.
It made $3.0 million in rentals in the U.S. and Canada and made $4.5 million worldwide.
Russell later wrote "I’ve made better films than Women in Love but obviously it had something that tickled the public’s fancy, and it wasn’t just the male members of Messrs Bates and Reed. It might have probed intimacy between the sexes as few movies had before, but I can take scant credit for that. I was only putting on the screen what D.H. Lawrence had written half a century before. But the film did have some excellent performances...and both Alan and Olly really came to grips with the subject, especially in the nude wrestling scene."
Critical response
Released in Britain in 1969 and the US in 1970, the film was applauded as a good rendering of D.H. Lawrence's once controversial novel about love, sex and the upper class in England. During the making of the film, Russell had to work on conveying sex and the sensual nature of Lawrence's book. Many of the stars came to understand this was to be a complex piece. Oliver Reed would do a nude wrestling scene with Alan Bates. He went as far as to persuade (and physically twist the arm of) director Russell to film the scene. Russell conceded and shot the controversial scene, which suggested the homoerotic undertones of Gerald and Rupert's friendship. The wrestling scene caused the film to be banned altogether in Turkey. Considered the best of Russell's films, it led him to adapt Lawrence's preceding novel The Rainbow into a 1989 film of the same name, followed by the 1993 BBC TV miniseries Lady Chatterley.
Women in Love received positive reviews from critics and currently holds an 83% rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews with an average rating of 7.5/10. Film critic Emanuel Levy has said of the film: "Though deviating from D. H. Lawrence's novel considerably, this is Ken Russell's most fully realised narrative film, lavishly mounted and well-acted, especially by Glenda Jackson in an Oscar-winning performance."
Accolades
Home media
Women in Love was released on VHS by MGM Home Entertainment in 1994, and on DVD in Regions 1 and 2 in 2003. The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD by the Criterion Collection on 27 March 2018, with the Blu-ray featuring a restored 4K digital transfer. The supplementary materials on the Criterion release include audio commentaries and various interviews, along with the 1972 short film Second Best, produced by and starring Alan Bates, based on a story by D.H. Lawrence.
See also
BFI Top 100 British films
References
Bibliography
Powell, Dilys (1989) The Golden Screen. London: Pavilion; pp 244–45
Taylor, John Russell (1969) Review in The Times 13 November 1969
External links
Women in Love at Letterbox DVD
Women in Love at Virtual History
Women in Love: Bohemian Rhapsody an essay by Linda Ruth Williams at the Criterion Collection
1969 films
1960s romantic drama films
1969 LGBT-related films
1960s historical romance films
British films
British romantic drama films
British historical romance films
British LGBT-related films
English-language films
Films directed by Ken Russell
Films with screenplays by Larry Kramer
Bisexuality-related films
Films scored by Georges Delerue
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by D. H. Lawrence
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in England
Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne
Films shot in Switzerland
Brandywine Productions films
1969 drama films | [
-0.3051103949546814,
0.3914390802383423,
-0.32048049569129944,
-0.1175234243273735,
0.17491814494132996,
0.6582075357437134,
0.4114808142185211,
-0.43787941336631775,
-0.5735159516334534,
0.31838735938072205,
-0.12024912983179092,
0.5727753639221191,
-0.23446278274059296,
0.2746252417564392,
0.10484720766544342,
0.3515681326389313,
0.539871335029602,
0.08184832334518433,
0.3054090440273285,
-0.9170844554901123,
-0.3062931299209595,
-0.3595517575740814,
0.5018234252929688,
-0.22997377812862396,
-0.36229437589645386,
-0.30758360028266907,
0.22077472507953644,
-0.09314757585525513,
0.4529186189174652,
-0.06917065382003784,
0.33224189281463623,
-0.17157380282878876,
0.13231924176216125,
-0.06771771609783173,
0.01850053481757641,
0.2525194585323334,
0.021780315786600113,
0.39314085245132446,
0.044939376413822174,
-0.13667282462120056,
0.012928130105137825,
-0.2848080098628998,
0.5078388452529907,
0.05613310635089874,
-0.5261437892913818,
0.08136999607086182,
-1.624219536781311,
-0.07935698330402374,
-0.3945697546005249,
-0.7597448825836182,
0.25992873311042786,
0.5808514952659607,
1.1056534051895142,
-0.16281045973300934,
0.48361480236053467,
0.6824802756309509,
-0.3610678017139435,
-0.09339819103479385,
-0.39017629623413086,
-0.12933272123336792,
0.4824121594429016,
0.004192438442260027,
0.4122813045978546,
-0.228789284825325,
0.23460282385349274,
0.48062872886657715,
-0.08162465691566467,
-0.1836349368095398,
0.2236226350069046,
-0.47394606471061707,
0.29451215267181396,
-0.22979551553726196,
0.07936454564332962,
-0.31240928173065186,
0.0977865606546402,
-0.41364943981170654,
0.3820137679576874,
-0.17404797673225403,
0.26091790199279785,
-0.12693502008914948,
-0.06403765082359314,
0.30692896246910095,
0.28495538234710693,
0.767662525177002,
0.04047468677163124,
-0.11797257512807846,
0.16931839287281036,
0.7067980766296387,
-0.04628884047269821,
0.6684279441833496,
-0.30935975909233093,
-0.31681185960769653,
-0.24786293506622314,
-0.013440150767564774,
0.05438780412077904,
0.33658498525619507,
0.40385404229164124,
0.3108043968677521,
0.4950236976146698,
-0.6534677147865295,
-0.12786494195461273,
-0.038392726331949234,
-0.11666246503591537,
-0.9131656289100647,
-0.6082560420036316,
0.2477857768535614,
0.12914039194583893,
-0.6264373660087585,
0.18336883187294006,
0.18539142608642578,
-0.3046882152557373,
0.21769940853118896,
0.02662525698542595,
-0.06925931572914124,
-0.5404152274131775,
0.3403661549091339,
0.10139429569244385,
-0.1764632612466812,
-0.2574548125267029,
0.6179034113883972,
0.23059585690498352,
-0.005220544524490833,
0.0843774750828743,
0.6359298825263977,
-0.11850924789905548,
0.2600562274456024,
0.14213921129703522,
0.4434843957424164,
-0.6381397247314453,
-0.12545742094516754,
0.16741368174552917,
0.26568156480789185,
-0.797428548336029,
0.22283779084682465,
0.21437954902648926,
-0.290875643491745,
0.23180757462978363,
-0.12147647142410278,
-0.010591408237814903,
0.5083368420600891,
-0.5672292709350586,
0.2469038963317871,
-0.316433310508728,
0.07060828059911728,
0.5913731455802917,
0.245484858751297,
0.46511349081993103,
-0.21737642586231232,
-0.14157025516033173,
-0.23204028606414795,
0.046421900391578674,
0.22759096324443817,
0.23577386140823364,
-0.4696028232574463,
-0.44898608326911926,
0.5242534279823303,
0.5468291640281677,
0.025563064962625504,
-0.17344065010547638,
-0.0649542361497879,
0.0045113638043403625,
0.11536598950624466,
0.04977868124842644,
-0.09437789767980576,
-0.10748034715652466,
-0.2556304335594177,
0.5609692335128784,
-0.26481789350509644,
-0.32026025652885437,
0.4599228501319885,
-0.10307669639587402,
0.02813846804201603,
0.19675302505493164,
-0.13629262149333954,
-0.28726842999458313,
0.35785964131355286,
0.06894472241401672,
0.7801796793937683,
-0.022960206493735313,
0.1334422528743744,
-0.4332617521286011,
0.3826027810573578,
-0.06688632816076279,
-0.1899103969335556,
0.35597941279411316,
0.5064065456390381,
-0.23368000984191895,
0.0037209633737802505,
-0.09430950880050659,
0.09831111133098602,
-0.42242932319641113,
-0.5456464290618896,
0.16608363389968872,
-0.13790962100028992,
0.7296760082244873,
-0.378025084733963,
-0.5160155296325684,
0.2598925828933716,
-0.22312697768211365,
-0.10405083745718002,
-0.02136347070336342,
-0.22734995186328888,
0.11548520624637604,
-0.1416463702917099,
-0.5469025373458862,
-0.3099147379398346,
0.09728392213582993,
0.25130173563957214,
0.5265905261039734,
0.2753032445907593,
-0.260007381439209,
-0.2543628215789795,
0.5980444550514221,
0.22978954017162323,
0.17783647775650024,
0.0047876546159386635,
-0.4982726573944092,
0.012278016656637192,
0.28552690148353577,
0.14898277819156647,
0.7787375450134277,
0.4873581826686859,
0.022964030504226685,
0.0724412128329277,
-0.014671715907752514,
0.4995780289173126,
-0.02942403219640255,
0.015593867748975754,
-0.0007283755694516003,
-0.1369124948978424,
0.11037884652614594,
0.9192187190055847,
-0.009249469265341759,
-0.3451113998889923,
0.028287304565310478,
0.5611695647239685,
0.2931443452835083,
-0.0007209402974694967,
0.03351553902029991,
0.01938214898109436,
0.5976487398147583,
0.5430107712745667,
-0.6013490557670593,
0.9600057005882263,
-0.19697369635105133,
-0.1885933130979538,
0.1828596591949463,
-0.3813868761062622,
-0.11201029270887375,
-0.07616887986660004,
0.21523204445838928,
0.6535609364509583,
-0.004875216633081436,
0.40285685658454895,
0.06431958079338074,
-0.26636946201324463,
-0.3797195255756378,
-0.4749927520751953,
0.8048000931739807,
0.039584871381521225,
0.19940906763076782,
0.15456728637218475,
0.17967663705348969,
0.5282186269760132,
-0.33532750606536865,
-0.062247224152088165,
-0.5897733569145203,
-0.5830062627792358,
0.17383597791194916,
0.3005908727645874,
-0.16938337683677673,
0.2560994625091553,
-0.372409850358963,
0.5518354177474976,
-0.15329387784004211,
0.24637286365032196,
-0.31921884417533875,
0.056086763739585876,
-0.4312892258167267,
-0.373569130897522,
0.6777312159538269,
0.36220264434814453,
-0.04297203570604324,
-0.33242446184158325,
-0.13563784956932068,
0.1323869824409485,
-0.25674498081207275,
0.24407333135604858,
0.018014680594205856,
-0.16373911499977112,
-0.3019059896469116,
0.3251101076602936,
-0.6559999585151672,
-0.7105832695960999,
0.06909948587417603,
0.2799327075481415,
-0.3398013412952423,
0.9165933132171631,
0.2978948950767517,
0.5137391090393066,
0.014372377656400204,
0.9998970627784729,
-0.2831849455833435,
-0.21732042729854584,
0.6449331045150757,
-0.05018726736307144,
0.2434418499469757,
-0.33146733045578003,
-6.057916641235352,
0.22631552815437317,
0.25101226568222046,
0.320046991109848,
0.6726329922676086,
-0.3992793560028076,
0.09155042469501495,
-0.3361690640449524,
-0.1691545844078064,
-0.0261070653796196,
0.3389807641506195,
0.019068008288741112,
-0.5391242504119873,
0.024405477568507195,
0.19162021577358246,
0.00032941901008598506,
-0.15962226688861847,
-0.8897687792778015,
-0.141368106007576,
0.3194485902786255,
-0.20650583505630493,
0.19565775990486145,
-0.10967086255550385,
0.2080242782831192,
0.10482501238584518,
0.4085357189178467,
-0.21673484146595,
-0.2931887209415436,
-0.7298171520233154,
0.0011046271538361907,
-0.047948986291885376,
0.4285476803779602,
0.1167827695608139,
-0.06689741462469101,
-0.18399678170681,
0.07520043104887009,
0.20497626066207886,
-0.2544810473918915,
0.2481960505247116,
-0.05734691396355629,
-0.490477979183197,
0.39565375447273254,
-0.7125213146209717,
0.17122292518615723,
0.4737835228443146,
-0.6211876273155212,
-0.30842676758766174,
-0.637915849685669,
0.40987345576286316,
0.10636155307292938,
-0.06063277646899223,
0.21204157173633575,
0.1470763087272644,
-0.385436087846756,
0.5249431729316711,
0.02728244848549366,
-0.4401003420352936,
0.481199711561203,
-0.1464698165655136,
0.16054511070251465,
-0.18618153035640717,
-0.05114594101905823,
-0.0646604672074318,
-0.12089785188436508,
-0.31937727332115173,
-0.2642909288406372,
-0.04376622661948204,
0.23180800676345825,
0.12625491619110107,
-0.10188715904951096,
0.12129712849855423,
0.5841315388679504,
0.28549784421920776,
-0.8658822178840637,
0.2694886028766632,
-0.43705490231513977,
0.20612536370754242,
-0.10460272431373596,
-0.28160855174064636,
-0.32956910133361816,
0.47423601150512695,
-0.09550829231739044,
0.6459236741065979,
0.19420291483402252,
0.4296737611293793,
-0.38760656118392944,
0.19743146002292633,
-0.24152366816997528,
-0.30706143379211426,
-0.09377741813659668,
-0.13985617458820343,
-0.2734125256538391,
0.19285836815834045,
0.5684606432914734,
0.7067800164222717,
0.40162938833236694,
0.06623212993144989,
0.3831500709056854,
0.2607213854789734,
-0.11801578849554062,
-0.30224958062171936,
-0.46944883465766907,
0.02968714013695717,
-0.3206264078617096,
-0.15502497553825378,
-0.46401920914649963,
0.1688203662633896,
0.36027923226356506,
0.8224178552627563,
-0.20285777747631073,
0.2524614930152893,
-0.28150674700737,
-0.26142242550849915,
-0.31928688287734985,
0.19282622635364532,
-0.6012916564941406,
-0.44366347789764404,
0.10474289208650589,
0.4629586935043335,
0.15617084503173828,
0.12733158469200134,
0.46938374638557434,
-0.42904460430145264,
-0.4054505527019501,
-0.39352884888648987,
0.004536930005997419,
0.34703344106674194,
-0.07966643571853638,
-0.52381831407547,
0.1656387746334076,
-0.4687849283218384,
0.13839958608150482,
-0.22415681183338165,
-0.3585418462753296,
0.35128751397132874,
-0.4130841791629791,
-0.4655604064464569,
0.5543931126594543,
-0.24070701003074646,
0.39496302604675293,
0.1700172871351242,
-0.2650943994522095,
-0.3716486394405365,
0.5875825881958008,
-0.49465441703796387,
-0.13852909207344055,
-0.22644668817520142,
-0.021772872656583786,
0.36591631174087524,
-0.050713952630758286,
-0.09405940771102905,
-0.05770384147763252,
1.0291467905044556,
-0.7883160710334778,
0.008169173263013363,
-0.3403964042663574,
0.023007895797491074,
0.2552068829536438,
-0.4364203214645386,
-0.4882003366947174,
0.047370634973049164,
0.09692642837762833,
-0.7412256002426147,
0.10592392832040787,
-0.10531919449567795,
0.34957534074783325,
-0.008035399951040745,
-0.7023926973342896,
-0.5471357107162476,
0.6333139538764954,
0.21978318691253662,
-0.049054425209760666,
0.09344276040792465,
-0.11425644159317017,
-0.18365897238254547,
0.4889260530471802,
-0.4200607240200043,
-0.0010017971508204937,
0.02264484204351902,
-0.4307561218738556,
-0.13968974351882935,
-0.2690124213695526,
-0.2731877863407135,
0.2642761468887329,
0.3039056956768036,
-0.3001183569431305,
-0.7376905083656311,
-0.42721644043922424,
-0.4145715534687042,
0.40802693367004395,
-0.0524381585419178,
0.24133281409740448,
0.7453943490982056,
0.08282716572284698,
-0.8257072567939758,
0.19316218793392181,
-0.022523483261466026,
0.10694115608930588,
0.10584607720375061,
-0.1796250343322754,
-0.3496148884296417,
0.46665412187576294,
-0.39486685395240784,
-0.04743358492851257,
0.525204598903656,
-0.8867908716201782,
0.42744046449661255,
-0.14039649069309235,
-0.5784769058227539,
0.48028984665870667,
-0.42904719710350037,
-0.07811751961708069,
0.258855402469635,
0.18068571388721466,
-0.16863058507442474,
0.32393211126327515,
0.3358122706413269,
-0.04727613925933838,
0.03915143013000488,
0.07776952534914017,
-0.08008420467376709,
-0.5759822130203247,
-0.6672515273094177,
0.004578354302793741,
-0.7830747365951538,
-0.053260330110788345,
-0.0012573299463838339,
-0.6806567311286926,
0.24379730224609375,
0.040349800139665604,
-0.36210885643959045,
-0.034788694232702255,
-0.0163834597915411,
-0.10955296456813812,
-0.041913580149412155,
-0.47476068139076233,
0.1884107142686844,
-0.030091658234596252,
0.2940179109573364,
-0.36918193101882935,
0.5504763126373291,
0.7197744846343994,
-0.3624606728553772,
0.07003722339868546,
0.25372111797332764,
0.5195901393890381,
-0.33218899369239807,
-0.9780927896499634,
-0.2311640977859497,
0.01191057451069355,
0.08175396919250488,
-0.16803695261478424,
-0.18411359190940857,
-0.32829293608665466,
-0.19705034792423248,
-0.3300899267196655,
0.14493680000305176,
0.049932755529880524,
-0.29324138164520264,
-0.0023100830148905516,
0.05267328768968582,
0.40325310826301575,
-0.7914099097251892,
-0.15505443513393402,
0.007973521016538143,
0.4672333598136902,
0.11568135023117065,
-0.2706919014453888,
-0.08213800936937332,
0.2310677021741867,
-0.08692655712366104,
-0.021355032920837402,
-0.17119647562503815,
0.4982247054576874,
-0.04269024357199669,
0.3043731451034546,
-0.33372533321380615,
-0.5660413503646851,
-0.007200596388429403,
-0.2803426682949066,
-0.5721397995948792,
0.36260026693344116,
-0.45985841751098633,
-0.4070780873298645,
0.054415009915828705,
-0.4899662733078003,
0.07128068059682846,
-0.5286715030670166,
-0.3063206970691681,
-0.12347313016653061,
0.2730170786380768,
0.00655485549941659,
-0.23619285225868225,
-0.1715690642595291,
0.27449002861976624,
-0.2599758505821228,
-0.4124758839607239,
0.032736580818891525,
-0.31385281682014465,
-0.16160286962985992,
-0.5264634490013123,
0.04872935265302658,
0.5769830942153931,
-0.15238936245441437,
0.3129154443740845,
-0.17034783959388733,
-0.3169054388999939,
-0.5879191160202026,
-0.4172202944755554,
0.5004667043685913,
-0.04652592912316322,
-0.35475942492485046,
-0.04021535813808441,
0.4284995496273041,
-0.528028130531311,
-0.3055223524570465,
0.2564491033554077,
-0.1518450826406479,
0.1441904902458191,
0.33583399653434753,
-0.3672734200954437,
-0.1195668950676918,
0.6665330529212952,
-0.2970154881477356,
0.3164142072200775,
0.44044777750968933,
0.23175519704818726,
0.7252861261367798,
0.3017647862434387,
0.39743709564208984,
0.24807409942150116,
-0.4362732470035553,
0.21743802726268768,
0.7352538108825684,
0.26089906692504883,
-0.49236738681793213,
-0.015636250376701355,
-0.3597208261489868,
0.5627731084823608,
0.26872432231903076,
0.09439868479967117,
-0.08986846357584,
-0.0830170065164566,
0.16734834015369415,
0.6069917678833008,
-0.0043109203688800335,
0.3428284227848053,
0.32277989387512207,
-0.0879741683602333,
-0.49253538250923157,
0.714737057685852,
0.3146935999393463,
-0.09014090150594711,
-0.6149678826332092,
0.7338591814041138,
0.44371944665908813,
0.12647873163223267,
0.054666463285684586,
-0.00669029401615262,
0.1715201586484909,
-0.3357600271701813,
-0.12724602222442627,
0.4431569278240204,
0.24371078610420227,
0.4099085330963135,
0.011562502011656761,
-0.20186279714107513,
-0.2934868633747101,
0.14532583951950073,
0.022808797657489777,
-0.005628656595945358,
0.04018370434641838,
-0.40850213170051575,
-0.20330561697483063,
0.3771200478076935,
0.17124323546886444,
0.0065124062821269035,
-0.036560870707035065,
-0.0085078040137887,
-0.24275316298007965,
-0.3092050850391388,
0.8056684732437134,
-0.23001234233379364,
-0.3636643588542938,
-0.10714505612850189,
-0.5111890435218811,
0.1920359879732132,
-0.037251681089401245,
0.05270969495177269,
-0.9290545582771301,
0.3527836799621582,
-0.2934055030345917,
-0.38219913840293884,
-0.04978948086500168,
-0.41975364089012146,
-0.14895153045654297,
-0.025780219584703445,
0.9025287628173828,
0.20212598145008087,
0.6034996509552002,
0.003158108564093709,
0.6515522599220276,
-0.3791761100292206,
0.873765766620636,
-0.3327792286872864,
-0.41316816210746765,
-0.4480077624320984,
0.2925264835357666,
-0.35148876905441284,
-0.12630435824394226,
-0.04614081606268883,
-0.08731751143932343,
0.03912924602627754,
0.30381953716278076,
0.0764751210808754,
-0.2746679484844208,
0.8824076652526855,
0.24318300187587738,
0.1224697008728981,
0.16960293054580688,
-0.43386203050613403,
-0.31848087906837463,
0.1919546276330948,
-0.361763060092926,
-0.5951457023620605,
0.3080945312976837,
-0.07161778211593628,
-0.42508262395858765,
0.0358109176158905,
0.3155302405357361,
-0.22944685816764832,
0.7688828706741333,
-0.14677199721336365,
-0.04627439007163048,
-0.17022332549095154,
-0.3554750680923462,
0.2478562295436859,
0.45565396547317505,
0.031360283493995667,
-0.42803075909614563,
0.32878172397613525,
-0.32932960987091064,
0.13992056250572205,
0.30493441224098206,
-0.31555742025375366,
-0.6826794147491455,
0.112574003636837,
-0.3017704486846924,
-0.24837078154087067,
0.4784165322780609,
-0.1300908774137497,
-0.5367574691772461,
-0.037564050406217575,
-0.8644275069236755,
-0.5040619373321533,
0.5939976572990417,
0.28120747208595276,
-0.30756208300590515,
0.22107423841953278,
0.06351257860660553
] |
217807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Social%20Union%20%28UK%29 | Christian Social Union (UK) | The Christian Social Union (CSU) was an organisation associated with the Church of England, with some similar features to the Social Gospel movement of North America. The group was established in 1889 and dedicated itself to the study of contemporary social conditions and the remedying of poverty and other forms of social injustice through public mobilisation to alleviate the same. The organisation was terminated by merger in 1919, becoming part of the Industrial Christian Fellowship (ICF).
Establishment
The Archbishop of Canterbury Edward Benson helped set the stage for the Christian Social Union. In his Christ and His Times (1886), Benson had written that "there is much in 'socialism,' as we now understand it, which honestly searches for some beneficial remedy—much of which is purely religious and Christian." Furthermore, Benson said that all clergy should have "some knowledge" of socialism and that they should "prepare and suggest and promote the wisest social measures."
In the spirit of the archbishop's admonitions, in 1889, Henry Scott Holland, Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford called together a group, which evolved into the Christian Social Union.
From that meeting, the Christian Social Union (CSU) was established at Oxford, England, on 16 November 1889. Within a year, it had 77 members. A London branch of the organisation was established the next year. It had 124 members in 1891.
Its rules were that it would consist of "members of the Church of England" who agreed:
To claim for the Christian law the ultimate authority to rule social practice.
To study in common how to apply the moral truths and principles of Christianity to the social and economic problems of the present time.
To present Christ in practical life as the Living Master and King, the enemy of wrong and selfishness, the power of righteousness and love.
The group's origins lay in the writings of Frederick Denison Maurice (once a professor of theology at King's College London), Charles Kingsley, and John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow.
It avoided "hard and fast lines", allowing differing parties to work together in different ways in the same organisation. The Oxford and London branches of the CSU had very different orientations. The Oxford branch was concerned mostly with the accumulation and analysis of economic facts, with a view to helping to understand the nature and magnitude of contemporary social problems and developing potential solutions for such issues.
The London branch, on the other hand, was more oriented towards mobilisation efforts, organising public meetings and providing series of sermons and public lectures to Church of England congregations as well as a broader public.
While many of its aims were comparable to those of the social gospel movement in the USA and Canada, the CSU was less directly aligned with forms of theological liberalism, and included both liberal and Anglo-Catholic leaders. One of the organisation's early pamphlets declared:
We start from the conviction ... that the time is come to vote urgency for the social question. We believe that political problems are rapidly giving place to the industrial problem, which is proving itself more and more to be the question of the hour ...
We are of those who are convinced that the ultimate solution of this social question is bound to be discovered in the person and life of Christ.
Development
From its origins in Oxford and London, the CSU spread throughout the United Kingdom, with about 60 branches established by the middle of the first decade of the 20th century. The organisation then claimed a membership of about 5000. Particularly active branches were established in Cambridge, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, and Leicester.
Two publications were associated with the group, The Economic Review, published at Oxford, and The Commonwealth, published in London.
The CSU became attached to the Oxford Movement through the work of slum priests.
Its leaders included Henry Scott Holland, Dean of St. Paul's, and, briefly William Temple, later Archbishop of Canterbury from 1942 to 1944.
Termination and legacy
Its last annual report showed thirty-five branches and with a total membership "well over 4,000".
The Christian Social Union merged in 1919 with the Navvy Mission Society to form the Industrial Christian Fellowship, which continues to develop issues of social justice, business ethics, etc.
The British CSU was the inspiration for a similar organisation in the United States, also known as the Christian Social Union, as well as affiliated organisations in New Zealand and Australia.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
1889 establishments in England
1919 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Anglican organizations
Christian organisations based in the United Kingdom
Christian socialist organizations
History of Oxford
Organizations disestablished in 1919
Organizations established in 1889
Politics of Oxford | [
0.6707858443260193,
-0.07696527242660522,
-0.2529827952384949,
-0.7908975481987,
-0.464656263589859,
0.2331579625606537,
0.0758526474237442,
0.5058659911155701,
-0.6053706407546997,
-0.3341210186481476,
-0.5082669258117676,
-0.257782906293869,
-0.2974846661090851,
0.4412822127342224,
-0.08730004727840424,
-0.030393561348319054,
0.3048011064529419,
0.4242030680179596,
-0.013681506738066673,
-0.42962563037872314,
-0.37805408239364624,
0.13673165440559387,
0.0887753963470459,
0.10878793150186539,
-0.20359601080417633,
0.2706337869167328,
0.6429617404937744,
-0.330426961183548,
0.18858206272125244,
-0.32311877608299255,
0.7982751131057739,
0.5308930277824402,
0.23237569630146027,
-0.4687308073043823,
-0.12514358758926392,
-0.3847668468952179,
0.2321845442056656,
-0.05585877224802971,
-0.0426781140267849,
-0.5864613056182861,
0.05565020814538002,
-0.5943095684051514,
0.5685787200927734,
1.0160521268844604,
0.19890537858009338,
-0.13620737195014954,
-1.437577247619629,
0.32075363397598267,
-0.8817310333251953,
0.051904480904340744,
-0.031032530590891838,
0.23058131337165833,
0.9185943603515625,
0.15788757801055908,
0.2526743710041046,
0.2877926826477051,
-1.0763483047485352,
0.15225310623645782,
0.12218502163887024,
-0.7395828366279602,
-0.010386301204562187,
0.325451135635376,
0.4066928029060364,
-0.19296930730342865,
0.09192711859941483,
-0.1820329874753952,
-0.09269439429044724,
0.29927271604537964,
-0.21634884178638458,
-0.9167271256446838,
-0.2900483310222626,
-0.2175517976284027,
-0.2451733946800232,
-0.12441902607679367,
-0.09681137651205063,
-0.7725897431373596,
-0.030160412192344666,
-0.18276596069335938,
0.6060850024223328,
0.03312259912490845,
-0.021702410653233528,
0.5115534663200378,
0.45104917883872986,
0.6491288542747498,
0.681884765625,
0.358591765165329,
-0.5772637724876404,
-0.0824725553393364,
0.3031967282295227,
0.9699916839599609,
0.021939389407634735,
-0.32238131761550903,
0.26463964581489563,
0.20625431835651398,
0.12346025556325912,
0.6674177050590515,
0.6699188351631165,
0.11838197708129883,
-0.016710592433810234,
-0.14004245400428772,
-0.3728187680244446,
0.49944597482681274,
0.22652333974838257,
-0.4742911159992218,
-0.3390066623687744,
0.10087169706821442,
-0.5958908796310425,
-0.5261812806129456,
0.013197900727391243,
-0.3220728635787964,
-0.5042916536331177,
0.19557327032089233,
-0.14015929400920868,
0.4793122708797455,
0.29935508966445923,
0.07006042450666428,
-0.2503112852573395,
-0.6730324029922485,
-0.23525367677211761,
-0.07764192670583725,
-0.5027489066123962,
0.9627203941345215,
-0.287198543548584,
0.6993620991706848,
0.5438868999481201,
0.6935375928878784,
0.1106748878955841,
0.5806458592414856,
-0.6451561450958252,
-0.2932530343532562,
0.6923295259475708,
1.0160584449768066,
0.08959601074457169,
-0.493161678314209,
-0.04163540154695511,
0.2207176685333252,
0.9957276582717896,
0.05405417084693909,
0.1577725112438202,
0.5859057903289795,
-0.30321037769317627,
-0.25649186968803406,
-0.1684526652097702,
0.16779756546020508,
0.452728271484375,
-0.3445661664009094,
0.02359708771109581,
-0.3875117897987366,
-0.6685716509819031,
-0.3847755193710327,
0.7888238430023193,
0.10364014655351639,
-0.0431111603975296,
-0.11873240023851395,
0.19645953178405762,
0.8418458700180054,
0.8139895796775818,
-0.5142667889595032,
0.2929654121398926,
0.7519787549972534,
-0.33007922768592834,
0.2511208951473236,
-0.325311541557312,
-0.28351715207099915,
0.38162901997566223,
-0.13503403961658478,
-0.29262804985046387,
-0.5871196389198303,
-0.06439346075057983,
0.7311589121818542,
-0.19780248403549194,
-0.13144871592521667,
0.015792176127433777,
-0.1144082248210907,
-0.13998299837112427,
-0.38323530554771423,
0.6083016991615295,
0.6632466316223145,
0.3728868365287781,
-0.17322324216365814,
-0.7102684378623962,
-0.09076433628797531,
0.09926514327526093,
-0.2943055033683777,
0.11352264881134033,
0.557473361492157,
0.17213527858257294,
0.179403617978096,
-0.6127139925956726,
0.2974708080291748,
-0.27887263894081116,
-0.43812423944473267,
0.039145998656749725,
-0.395464688539505,
1.7731151580810547,
-0.5798725485801697,
-0.02593020722270012,
0.327362596988678,
-0.1639595329761505,
0.07562794536352158,
-0.3749496042728424,
0.0675341859459877,
-0.35496795177459717,
-0.6359473466873169,
-0.3127564489841461,
0.5655112862586975,
0.11404534429311752,
0.1679348349571228,
0.054138220846652985,
0.32301071286201477,
0.14903733134269714,
-0.8019995093345642,
0.39025551080703735,
0.14398692548274994,
-0.2035961151123047,
-0.5993582010269165,
-0.07855325937271118,
0.1383262574672699,
0.5082693099975586,
0.08253501355648041,
0.6274976134300232,
-0.40352949500083923,
0.5251805186271667,
0.18042729794979095,
0.2080586701631546,
-0.3800751268863678,
0.041180193424224854,
-0.005673323292285204,
0.30001670122146606,
-0.0990627110004425,
0.6818946003913879,
0.42145735025405884,
-0.40591171383857727,
-0.2715107798576355,
0.053971897810697556,
-0.5568038821220398,
-0.36114296317100525,
-0.3940170705318451,
-0.28657597303390503,
-0.21960687637329102,
0.08842942863702774,
-0.19071783125400543,
-0.601890504360199,
0.24349750578403473,
-0.6808041930198669,
-0.01533599104732275,
-0.37517574429512024,
0.2028723806142807,
0.19554831087589264,
0.6099858283996582,
0.0742645189166069,
0.5447117686271667,
-0.009552986361086369,
-0.18140417337417603,
0.45614346861839294,
0.13578495383262634,
0.23094308376312256,
-1.0640631914138794,
0.0399518720805645,
0.42411041259765625,
0.18039539456367493,
-0.4969635009765625,
-0.28295639157295227,
0.17745497822761536,
0.03437444567680359,
-0.8410745859146118,
-0.7288733720779419,
-0.540529191493988,
0.2146524041891098,
0.1282767951488495,
0.12359413504600525,
-0.054585881531238556,
-0.660466194152832,
-0.12897764146327972,
0.1498192399740219,
0.035532426089048386,
-0.08293382823467255,
0.40350738167762756,
-0.0963190346956253,
-0.2831824719905853,
-0.41973987221717834,
0.5551655888557434,
0.31840619444847107,
-0.5609189867973328,
0.02100500278174877,
0.7909725308418274,
0.259471595287323,
-0.27126434445381165,
-0.3068416714668274,
-0.7383854985237122,
0.07045985758304596,
0.3502734303474426,
0.09996591508388519,
-0.825232744216919,
0.5888164639472961,
1.0617493391036987,
-0.028663286939263344,
0.3650871217250824,
0.07235633581876755,
-0.007479752413928509,
-0.13409674167633057,
0.854712963104248,
0.10496154427528381,
-0.07406103610992432,
0.5992195010185242,
-0.35389694571495056,
-0.4389978051185608,
-0.23446522653102875,
-5.4379119873046875,
0.6213603019714355,
-0.05990620329976082,
0.5139651894569397,
0.5502204298973083,
0.09417247027158737,
0.795638382434845,
-0.493438720703125,
-0.4534497559070587,
-0.5795897245407104,
-0.5101422667503357,
0.380264014005661,
-0.17252232134342194,
0.5726449489593506,
0.26773297786712646,
0.41368547081947327,
0.2406415343284607,
0.24014060199260712,
0.42423906922340393,
-0.3549925684928894,
-0.3783687353134155,
-0.08212235569953918,
-0.25624382495880127,
0.7113760113716125,
0.35789188742637634,
0.5139403939247131,
0.07239650189876556,
-0.011812036857008934,
-0.22181253135204315,
-0.27557796239852905,
-0.177219957113266,
0.3636478781700134,
0.0018912538653239608,
-0.5647580623626709,
0.3444477915763855,
0.06538060307502747,
0.5864948034286499,
0.5389933586120605,
-0.04468574374914169,
-0.4863230884075165,
-0.03755958378314972,
0.8991113305091858,
-0.7008670568466187,
-0.29974955320358276,
0.36454734206199646,
-0.09349864721298218,
-0.3291584551334381,
0.12572406232357025,
-0.5342804193496704,
0.6064249277114868,
-0.39947694540023804,
-0.2626956105232239,
0.147284597158432,
-0.4067891538143158,
0.35008227825164795,
-0.2984233796596527,
0.013593385927379131,
0.24127131700515747,
0.2974699139595032,
-0.3764711618423462,
0.1631661355495453,
-0.03255411610007286,
0.19488787651062012,
-1.1081538200378418,
-0.18895438313484192,
0.23199506103992462,
-1.0519379377365112,
0.1601700633764267,
0.92450350522995,
-0.15929125249385834,
0.09734969586133957,
0.14533965289592743,
0.00036971597000956535,
-0.8517923355102539,
-0.31393831968307495,
-0.23027972877025604,
0.12139612436294556,
-0.1472579687833786,
0.37345877289772034,
0.9728531837463379,
0.21523506939411163,
-0.3329477906227112,
-0.31564998626708984,
0.37161463499069214,
0.10423634201288223,
-0.4793884754180908,
0.06654676049947739,
0.1912565380334854,
-1.004141926765442,
-0.08397839963436127,
-0.08677689731121063,
-0.08299152553081512,
0.09861411899328232,
0.772095799446106,
0.6558524370193481,
0.06809911876916885,
-0.19189918041229248,
0.2532642185688019,
-0.03642240911722183,
-0.5305597186088562,
0.17827047407627106,
0.0330289825797081,
-0.3204323351383209,
-0.31855255365371704,
0.32245203852653503,
-0.09385132789611816,
-0.3065657317638397,
0.44928669929504395,
0.46658480167388916,
0.1722680628299713,
0.160868301987648,
-0.7409974932670593,
-0.7569783926010132,
0.07405070215463638,
0.3710476756095886,
0.14756262302398682,
-0.3965926468372345,
-0.1862560212612152,
-0.08904538303613663,
0.30203160643577576,
0.11026317626237869,
0.06957448273897171,
-0.4498630464076996,
-0.20308701694011688,
-0.42115169763565063,
-0.2837377190589905,
0.25688353180885315,
0.24860993027687073,
-0.4515228569507599,
0.19700874388217926,
0.24409878253936768,
-0.17565090954303741,
0.092532217502594,
-0.05923125147819519,
0.5095774531364441,
0.4949992001056671,
-0.6589949727058411,
0.3127707839012146,
-0.010713646188378334,
0.27522996068000793,
-0.11786101758480072,
0.29043474793434143,
0.26905956864356995,
0.37706276774406433,
0.820367693901062,
0.43815672397613525,
-0.1473119705915451,
0.6241664886474609,
-0.12472924590110779,
0.42715969681739807,
0.15201690793037415,
0.34481191635131836,
0.29470425844192505,
0.06975504010915756,
0.1126503050327301,
-0.13069510459899902,
0.16836127638816833,
-0.013498783111572266,
0.06591424345970154,
-0.323264479637146,
-0.5326681137084961,
-0.44133302569389343,
-0.7298274636268616,
-0.1396329253911972,
1.0797287225723267,
-0.8237603306770325,
-0.20777849853038788,
-0.7751693725585938,
-0.24890132248401642,
0.10988488793373108,
-0.5812509655952454,
0.29093074798583984,
-0.696061372756958,
-0.12629903852939606,
0.2607240676879883,
-0.04417170211672783,
0.13816964626312256,
-0.24456758797168732,
-0.4447484016418457,
-0.4045862853527069,
0.33571404218673706,
0.025049611926078796,
-0.2706098258495331,
-0.1632867306470871,
0.6368274092674255,
-0.18732382357120514,
-0.8994053602218628,
-0.42443153262138367,
0.591109573841095,
0.3868747055530548,
0.4066632390022278,
0.11859384179115295,
0.4254659414291382,
0.49385860562324524,
-0.5611032843589783,
-0.35140806436538696,
-0.11352461576461792,
0.5080949068069458,
0.11927204579114914,
-0.7536063194274902,
0.45362579822540283,
0.8800181150436401,
-0.13881176710128784,
-0.044504258781671524,
0.10679064691066742,
-0.8456116914749146,
0.6541054844856262,
-0.07079734653234482,
-0.5338760018348694,
0.4338570535182953,
-0.3606141209602356,
-0.3686843812465668,
-0.38644272089004517,
0.1968633234500885,
-1.0032645463943481,
-0.29641368985176086,
0.33149582147598267,
-0.28172796964645386,
-0.41665834188461304,
-0.5833803415298462,
0.05313777178525925,
0.16457822918891907,
-0.48793649673461914,
0.26314666867256165,
-0.3576958179473877,
0.22972996532917023,
0.14680416882038116,
-0.214435875415802,
-0.19715158641338348,
0.061890941113233566,
-0.34030961990356445,
-0.31261447072029114,
-0.02933652698993683,
-0.3892914354801178,
0.272211492061615,
0.15838967263698578,
0.12633927166461945,
-0.43053942918777466,
-0.03518350422382355,
-0.0932111144065857,
0.07332683354616165,
0.8606957197189331,
0.20326924324035645,
-1.2029019594192505,
0.07604027539491653,
0.559888482093811,
0.6644291281700134,
-0.07667361199855804,
-0.5605161190032959,
-0.3968977630138397,
0.5219117999076843,
0.20453302562236786,
-0.8435036540031433,
-0.6663774847984314,
0.3321879208087921,
-0.13782234489917755,
-0.5818217396736145,
-0.0575917549431324,
0.4293338656425476,
-0.5073547959327698,
0.12798495590686798,
-0.2038167119026184,
-0.4969683289527893,
0.5487200021743774,
0.17730164527893066,
0.48845916986465454,
0.4313177168369293,
-0.45941901206970215,
-0.38653337955474854,
-1.0059186220169067,
0.4576564431190491,
0.2610102891921997,
-0.07421471178531647,
0.4747176170349121,
0.3747168481349945,
-0.670267641544342,
0.03772751986980438,
-0.6730358004570007,
0.2753223180770874,
-0.011296848766505718,
0.06287158280611038,
0.10768157988786697,
0.5752766132354736,
-0.190931037068367,
-0.0026664540637284517,
-0.9276883602142334,
-0.04256197437644005,
-0.2054547518491745,
-0.6788291931152344,
-0.36783453822135925,
-0.24152475595474243,
-0.11191936582326889,
0.11268764734268188,
0.2983168959617615,
-0.6838405728340149,
-0.056444160640239716,
-0.633570671081543,
-0.6934528350830078,
0.3103185296058655,
-0.028919409960508347,
-0.6168873310089111,
0.6994309425354004,
0.045376069843769073,
-0.0641033947467804,
0.5179785490036011,
0.12521128356456757,
-0.5160759091377258,
-0.09222139418125153,
-0.22034674882888794,
0.4462592303752899,
0.3481485843658447,
-0.5232817530632019,
-0.1840720921754837,
0.7604016065597534,
-0.8988028168678284,
0.22682347893714905,
0.6074419617652893,
-0.5537276864051819,
0.5738189816474915,
0.23108604550361633,
0.13948208093643188,
0.6191198825836182,
0.5421843528747559,
-0.11635515838861465,
0.44132938981056213,
0.08906048536300659,
-0.3732670545578003,
0.1790490299463272,
-0.3785339295864105,
0.0998009592294693,
-0.04053094610571861,
0.17308610677719116,
-0.4964502453804016,
0.6499035954475403,
-0.48500868678092957,
-0.3911074995994568,
0.18228082358837128,
-0.20881234109401703,
-0.5238335132598877,
0.7301115393638611,
-0.40411582589149475,
-0.16241863369941711,
0.14030058681964874,
0.11899227648973465,
-0.07473412156105042,
0.29726922512054443,
-0.06260278075933456,
-0.31120747327804565,
0.23073509335517883,
0.7568807601928711,
0.8788683414459229,
-0.5494112372398376,
-0.14240190386772156,
0.05610283091664314,
0.21943990886211395,
-0.06406685709953308,
0.8357685804367065,
-0.35804858803749084,
-0.06838051229715347,
-0.507283091545105,
-0.3044012784957886,
0.43622422218322754,
0.028602544218301773,
-0.013430573046207428,
0.03013165295124054,
0.29196715354919434,
0.1683695763349533,
-0.7515690922737122,
0.047469861805438995,
0.2904649078845978,
0.6396071314811707,
-0.301520973443985,
-0.37904033064842224,
0.6766207218170166,
0.16896644234657288,
-0.3240945041179657,
0.8790859580039978,
0.10801058262586594,
0.39923059940338135,
-0.06800074130296707,
-0.2822619676589966,
0.199013814330101,
-0.2133602350950241,
-0.6067284345626831,
0.4188319146633148,
-0.2984628975391388,
-0.14364860951900482,
0.15892952680587769,
-0.5783356428146362,
0.3166746199131012,
0.043100230395793915,
-1.0119317770004272,
0.1677393913269043,
-0.3593468964099884,
-0.6867895126342773,
0.3392235338687897,
-0.2157069891691208,
0.6152769327163696,
0.6830249428749084,
0.05436442792415619,
-0.7473962306976318,
0.9278408288955688,
0.051808424293994904,
0.05898331105709076,
0.3488326668739319,
0.15502379834651947,
-0.6421416997909546,
-0.17713278532028198,
-0.0687854215502739,
0.3139299750328064,
0.13292919099330902,
0.46768009662628174,
0.0877465158700943,
0.6327461004257202,
-0.42736414074897766,
0.8694406151771545,
1.055282711982727,
-0.27054890990257263,
-0.4053788483142853,
0.32270222902297974,
-0.2989334464073181,
0.4124799966812134,
0.5477387309074402,
0.20415380597114563,
0.020032813772559166,
-0.2711006999015808,
0.4818445146083832,
-0.060943033546209335,
-0.24654154479503632,
0.4462846517562866,
-0.33289265632629395,
-0.047115832567214966,
-0.29801124334335327,
0.22787903249263763,
-0.7618279457092285,
0.5560842156410217,
0.06456659734249115,
0.40636250376701355,
-0.013758556917309761,
-0.4055834710597992,
-0.2511211037635803,
-0.525863766670227,
0.5685635805130005,
-0.1593673825263977,
-0.17483417689800262,
-0.15753565728664398,
0.14652876555919647,
-0.7229588627815247,
-0.7006215453147888,
0.01687522418797016,
0.13868595659732819,
-1.0458000898361206,
-0.33337193727493286,
-0.5201016068458557,
0.3942531943321228,
-0.16745969653129578,
-0.17978006601333618,
-0.3525002598762512,
0.12092329561710358,
0.14722692966461182
] |
217808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Democratic%20Party | Free Democratic Party | Free Democratic Party is the name of several political parties around the world. It usually designates a party ideologically based on liberalism.
Current parties with that name include:
Free Democratic Party (Germany), a liberal political party in Germany
Free Democratic Party (Liberia)
FDP.The Liberals, a conservative liberal political party in Switzerland
Free Democrats (Armenia)
Historical parties of the name include:
Free Democratic Party (GDR)
Free Democratic Party (Northern Cyprus)
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
Free Democratic Party (Turkey)
See also
Free Democrats (disambiguation)
Liberal Democratic Party (disambiguation)
Liberal Party | [
0.5994986295700073,
-0.29883551597595215,
0.06689315289258957,
0.29476213455200195,
-0.687921404838562,
-0.0949413999915123,
-0.10608189553022385,
0.26163214445114136,
-0.7809992432594299,
-0.19007092714309692,
-0.43513229489326477,
-0.04331216961145401,
-0.7084764242172241,
0.2506917119026184,
0.03417808189988136,
0.2015596628189087,
0.1722271889448166,
0.4317794144153595,
0.007636471651494503,
-0.33161717653274536,
-0.31623807549476624,
0.49175897240638733,
0.46775320172309875,
-0.11661049723625183,
-0.34673619270324707,
-0.031976521015167236,
0.5631288886070251,
0.10163803398609161,
-0.23634028434753418,
-0.19974258542060852,
0.06992927938699722,
0.5268820524215698,
-0.09113319963216782,
0.2983458638191223,
0.0964866653084755,
-0.30609509348869324,
-0.17525732517242432,
-0.29964351654052734,
-0.1443050503730774,
-0.48144426941871643,
-0.06573150306940079,
-0.3110142946243286,
0.4507586658000946,
0.5673814415931702,
0.30853283405303955,
-0.3029986619949341,
-1.0518074035644531,
0.40396857261657715,
-0.6707152128219604,
-0.06756336241960526,
-0.3460877537727356,
0.033953893929719925,
0.2562233507633209,
0.7930964827537537,
0.14255841076374054,
0.09459654986858368,
-0.8210883736610413,
-0.07606086879968643,
-0.35120221972465515,
-0.41626518964767456,
0.055233635008335114,
0.023946406319737434,
-0.037226352840662,
0.18229535222053528,
0.8415184617042542,
-0.06602264195680618,
-0.1169700175523758,
0.2974076569080353,
-0.641031801700592,
-0.24856403470039368,
-0.012082482688128948,
-0.6660225987434387,
-0.17394085228443146,
0.005858009215444326,
0.1632782518863678,
-0.8312645554542542,
0.24554918706417084,
0.36636292934417725,
0.100658118724823,
-0.32846689224243164,
0.04362073913216591,
0.2161129117012024,
0.7381240129470825,
0.1918361335992813,
0.4801753759384155,
0.04141271859407425,
-0.06926190108060837,
-0.31841811537742615,
-0.060146089643239975,
0.3483952283859253,
-0.1150071769952774,
-0.09341244399547577,
0.8132002353668213,
-0.0013991444138810039,
-0.3659778833389282,
-0.13531425595283508,
0.1911146342754364,
0.1759704053401947,
0.021545298397541046,
0.31235241889953613,
0.39759278297424316,
0.006894888821989298,
0.24668081104755402,
-0.49809300899505615,
-0.4614321291446686,
-0.025066334754228592,
-0.1568915992975235,
-0.25562235713005066,
-0.2720407247543335,
0.13229744136333466,
-0.3323906660079956,
0.5795882344245911,
0.1399129182100296,
0.03705563396215439,
0.014296863228082657,
0.32480981945991516,
-0.074335478246212,
-0.5360311269760132,
0.23662349581718445,
-0.12003663182258606,
-0.09889798611402512,
0.8204135298728943,
-0.3689256012439728,
0.47763925790786743,
0.12124741822481155,
0.40473759174346924,
0.24207757413387299,
0.6489139199256897,
-0.6139897704124451,
-0.036096297204494476,
0.8632262349128723,
0.5839371085166931,
-0.021891789510846138,
-0.287302166223526,
-0.3415153920650482,
-0.02907198667526245,
0.8260794281959534,
0.2752424478530884,
0.5852831602096558,
0.14392563700675964,
-0.608872652053833,
-0.2929699718952179,
-0.49237462878227234,
0.007470563519746065,
0.24042892456054688,
-0.07650395482778549,
0.17443394660949707,
-0.3247393071651459,
-0.16403770446777344,
-0.47964248061180115,
-0.3723677694797516,
0.05976811796426773,
0.22570867836475372,
0.4062815308570862,
0.006287097930908203,
0.3175990879535675,
0.4077962636947632,
-0.5297988057136536,
0.6916089653968811,
0.49379485845565796,
0.09333160519599915,
-0.33653518557548523,
0.3057155907154083,
0.016538221389055252,
0.5138145685195923,
-0.7052540183067322,
-0.3269612789154053,
0.32763051986694336,
0.2642957270145416,
0.24939943850040436,
-0.6030244827270508,
0.01945142261683941,
0.10129526257514954,
-0.3680156171321869,
0.25321561098098755,
-0.3074455261230469,
0.43750762939453125,
-0.1314721405506134,
0.2603982090950012,
-0.03950738534331322,
-0.6667077541351318,
-0.015123937278985977,
0.0899059921503067,
0.17288410663604736,
-0.0811208188533783,
0.20228298008441925,
0.13455833494663239,
0.10427691042423248,
-0.0023608047049492598,
-0.07340051978826523,
-0.0663234069943428,
0.1596757471561432,
-0.1579248458147049,
-0.4693402349948883,
0.9287605285644531,
-0.23192806541919708,
-0.4326513409614563,
0.8505616784095764,
-0.2203453928232193,
0.24426141381263733,
-0.12215378135442734,
-0.5272117257118225,
-0.18845698237419128,
-0.24484317004680634,
-0.5191046595573425,
0.5939344167709351,
0.14673005044460297,
0.7599790692329407,
0.06762323528528214,
0.08493824303150177,
0.43287786841392517,
-0.5648722648620605,
0.5145678520202637,
0.36409297585487366,
-0.08278460800647736,
-0.5146048069000244,
-0.3412485718727112,
0.3651096224784851,
0.09999716281890869,
0.3898662328720093,
1.1346386671066284,
-0.6258506178855896,
-0.17465002834796906,
0.7856509685516357,
0.2005939483642578,
0.4179705083370209,
0.2212609499692917,
0.5026822090148926,
0.456146776676178,
-0.12622009217739105,
0.5325176119804382,
0.22088834643363953,
0.5301311016082764,
-0.15327247977256775,
-0.05329280346632004,
-0.09362224489450455,
-0.18946993350982666,
-0.26329952478408813,
0.2840293347835541,
-0.09243347495794296,
0.7102794051170349,
-0.08209368586540222,
-0.10214487463235855,
0.27152279019355774,
-0.09447617828845978,
0.10579317063093185,
-0.47727203369140625,
0.4076699912548065,
-0.3968093991279602,
0.13934725522994995,
0.49141547083854675,
0.10865788161754608,
0.05968223512172699,
-0.5793622136116028,
0.03981854021549225,
0.12729033827781677,
-0.30876627564430237,
-0.16279199719429016,
0.5566425323486328,
0.5122731924057007,
-0.4382406175136566,
-0.35623541474342346,
-0.23874475061893463,
-0.008083004504442215,
0.07218337059020996,
-0.5092648267745972,
-0.5704350471496582,
-0.4153456389904022,
-0.14388473331928253,
0.22366531193256378,
0.5221711993217468,
0.3457615375518799,
-0.6665005683898926,
-0.47443437576293945,
-0.30205896496772766,
-0.5289627313613892,
-0.10813523083925247,
0.15346813201904297,
-0.5136016607284546,
-0.6919732689857483,
-0.5699876546859741,
0.1940947026014328,
0.34051713347435,
-0.9400237798690796,
-0.21201831102371216,
0.32028186321258545,
0.14623543620109558,
-0.06163739785552025,
-0.4788258969783783,
0.04679988697171211,
0.1922333538532257,
-0.02153230831027031,
-0.18988673388957977,
-0.2747170627117157,
0.32064780592918396,
0.16572414338588715,
0.11293799430131912,
0.34019163250923157,
-0.3089575469493866,
-0.4627735912799835,
0.18198439478874207,
0.5996003746986389,
-0.46463966369628906,
-0.039798554033041,
0.8626341819763184,
-0.2596791386604309,
-0.2188669741153717,
-0.04352473467588425,
-5.924129486083984,
-0.14727851748466492,
-0.2606671452522278,
0.20524880290031433,
-0.28335416316986084,
0.1008833795785904,
0.6185005307197571,
-0.38271966576576233,
0.08001846820116043,
-0.28718751668930054,
-0.626193106174469,
0.19717112183570862,
0.2064531445503235,
0.8271982073783875,
0.3543270230293274,
0.48254725337028503,
0.706498384475708,
0.6265870928764343,
0.07029015570878983,
-0.004587307572364807,
-0.08908010274171829,
-0.10926499217748642,
0.0726797953248024,
0.6683014035224915,
0.25609567761421204,
0.02548290602862835,
0.25827711820602417,
-0.14860351383686066,
-0.26215168833732605,
-0.6431529521942139,
-0.16663940250873566,
-0.07747138291597366,
-0.10201171040534973,
-0.5404458045959473,
0.7530892491340637,
-0.09900686144828796,
0.5834109783172607,
0.2993581295013428,
-0.13432738184928894,
-0.11840177327394485,
-0.23773320019245148,
0.540701150894165,
0.17426231503486633,
-0.1445263773202896,
-0.16575805842876434,
-0.05120544135570526,
-0.5178466439247131,
-0.015069162473082542,
-1.2058435678482056,
0.4700624644756317,
-0.3406499922275543,
-0.29961708188056946,
0.5773475170135498,
0.15167994797229767,
0.06902487576007843,
0.14306873083114624,
0.5867087244987488,
-0.00007512339652748778,
0.004654265474528074,
0.11367858201265335,
0.2702293395996094,
-0.010905048809945583,
0.31744882464408875,
-0.8704470992088318,
-0.320895791053772,
0.13024401664733887,
-0.6131556034088135,
-0.08220535516738892,
0.961388885974884,
0.2191036194562912,
-0.5096500515937805,
-0.010577520355582237,
0.013567370362579823,
-0.8118572235107422,
0.17755207419395447,
-0.32924699783325195,
0.0030813144985586405,
-0.2760189473628998,
0.30327486991882324,
0.5033349394798279,
-0.39525702595710754,
-0.06320179998874664,
-0.13088373839855194,
0.2534532845020294,
0.01972624845802784,
-0.4771687388420105,
-0.030340325087308884,
0.3313466012477875,
-0.5439543128013611,
0.3087581396102905,
0.007474930956959724,
-0.02302207052707672,
0.4873887598514557,
0.37627455592155457,
0.5294391512870789,
0.9926453232765198,
-0.20124462246894836,
-0.2813057005405426,
0.032582830637693405,
-0.37368664145469666,
0.4094686210155487,
-0.17207187414169312,
-0.5097938179969788,
-0.419285386800766,
0.04407620057463646,
0.371995210647583,
-0.12403630465269089,
0.5090019106864929,
0.509499192237854,
0.0017620195867493749,
0.03841628134250641,
-0.2834970951080322,
-0.436543345451355,
-0.6224567890167236,
0.4164217710494995,
-0.009343116544187069,
-0.5897018909454346,
0.235146626830101,
-0.3454292118549347,
0.29042306542396545,
0.015476459637284279,
0.605074942111969,
-0.20826281607151031,
0.06008853763341904,
-0.5786294341087341,
0.25374355912208557,
-0.2560994327068329,
-0.18754398822784424,
0.07348716259002686,
0.22668936848640442,
0.5674804449081421,
0.035411689430475235,
0.20239979028701782,
-0.3139365315437317,
0.23365218937397003,
0.2056126594543457,
0.09912775456905365,
0.156639963388443,
-0.3393096327781677,
-0.5372730493545532,
-0.1726740598678589,
0.06800548732280731,
0.35185226798057556,
0.2120366096496582,
0.6640816926956177,
0.03234385326504707,
-0.12114724516868591,
0.1794680953025818,
-0.3035541772842407,
0.6779001951217651,
0.25294849276542664,
-0.2073040008544922,
0.6555299758911133,
-0.04385149106383324,
0.055806227028369904,
-0.46839526295661926,
0.30376896262168884,
0.09548279643058777,
0.6573379635810852,
-0.4941839575767517,
0.08268169313669205,
-0.5773938298225403,
-0.6503115892410278,
0.5135412812232971,
0.4652904272079468,
-0.2921746075153351,
-0.2766355574131012,
-0.15916362404823303,
0.008263840340077877,
0.1454516500234604,
-0.019343219697475433,
0.3230092227458954,
-0.44757524132728577,
-0.29258137941360474,
0.1729237288236618,
-0.4294343888759613,
-0.13060449063777924,
0.12081404030323029,
-0.501768946647644,
-0.4436793029308319,
0.042908694595098495,
0.2364172637462616,
-0.44806045293807983,
0.21782371401786804,
0.27276337146759033,
-0.5270741581916809,
-0.13323858380317688,
0.09615161269903183,
0.005231860559433699,
0.12942059338092804,
0.6935184001922607,
0.8433213233947754,
0.5862017273902893,
-0.08744703233242035,
-0.3235819637775421,
-0.5053299069404602,
-0.19627737998962402,
0.6392623782157898,
-0.44653594493865967,
-0.6920664310455322,
0.42418810725212097,
0.014212029986083508,
-0.12703223526477814,
-0.2018202543258667,
-0.2474043220281601,
-0.454815149307251,
0.5570337772369385,
-0.29685917496681213,
-0.26616808772087097,
0.20090611279010773,
-0.6099365949630737,
-0.4348435401916504,
-0.42152854800224304,
-0.10273932665586472,
-0.7449631094932556,
0.19629722833633423,
0.4185500741004944,
-0.7615491151809692,
-0.6963458061218262,
0.054654158651828766,
0.07081197202205658,
0.0014231126988306642,
-0.33838945627212524,
0.15460483729839325,
-0.1130448654294014,
0.4957488179206848,
0.35810086131095886,
-0.09591656178236008,
0.10956331342458725,
-0.0855877622961998,
-0.23045621812343597,
-0.48076650500297546,
-0.16119353473186493,
-0.2717136740684509,
-0.673076868057251,
0.26517102122306824,
0.0841013714671135,
0.33131644129753113,
-0.5950328707695007,
0.3287709653377533,
-0.13183622062206268,
0.5374887585639954,
0.2530791461467743,
-1.1283586025238037,
0.09167458117008209,
0.21477243304252625,
0.46798333525657654,
-0.05596020445227623,
-0.7077733874320984,
-0.13260483741760254,
0.4062963128089905,
0.22023193538188934,
-0.5659876465797424,
-0.2036488801240921,
0.8590490221977234,
-0.5384840965270996,
-0.003818047232925892,
-0.21176677942276,
0.5302053689956665,
-0.04657243192195892,
0.0014792250003665686,
-0.39754027128219604,
-0.5003453493118286,
0.05055361986160278,
-0.07154002785682678,
-0.09483570605516434,
-0.43475255370140076,
-0.9112266898155212,
0.0363290049135685,
-0.36109304428100586,
-0.11305158585309982,
0.29512789845466614,
0.18001282215118408,
-0.06986065208911896,
0.3035377562046051,
0.10722159594297409,
-0.11547666788101196,
-0.3625798225402832,
0.09668400883674622,
0.11457551270723343,
-0.23990140855312347,
-0.04166247323155403,
0.15677691996097565,
-0.36645182967185974,
0.21990348398685455,
-0.6741194128990173,
-0.35168397426605225,
-0.24139586091041565,
-0.6044363975524902,
-0.5570467114448547,
-0.17744436860084534,
-0.1640191227197647,
-0.17470143735408783,
0.5624314546585083,
-0.2550126910209656,
0.4662938714027405,
-0.0822606310248375,
-0.20920248329639435,
-0.20212213695049286,
-0.6374240517616272,
-0.5007779002189636,
0.4062449038028717,
-0.06604543328285217,
-0.2296653538942337,
0.04126046970486641,
-0.17798583209514618,
0.3013364374637604,
-0.45141831040382385,
0.1238231286406517,
0.15363731980323792,
0.6492963433265686,
-0.28377819061279297,
0.21013598144054413,
0.5378247499465942,
-0.30804625153541565,
0.5766919255256653,
0.8659675717353821,
-0.4430755376815796,
0.45987388491630554,
-0.008533775806427002,
0.7745546102523804,
-0.08273795992136002,
-0.2137739658355713,
0.05407750606536865,
0.17268779873847961,
0.2622866630554199,
0.05726948380470276,
-0.23185740411281586,
0.40230727195739746,
-0.11850704997777939,
0.6701677441596985,
-0.0011642328463494778,
-0.29306280612945557,
0.40764597058296204,
-0.5618116855621338,
-0.44986775517463684,
-0.09101495891809464,
-0.3410350978374481,
-0.5704933404922485,
0.34343934059143066,
0.18283683061599731,
0.21389488875865936,
-0.27028557658195496,
0.007360662333667278,
-0.02824654057621956,
0.45948123931884766,
-0.3957875967025757,
0.1179470419883728,
-0.15787732601165771,
0.5003888607025146,
1.1324138641357422,
-0.4474153220653534,
-0.2580215632915497,
0.037976592779159546,
0.09511268138885498,
-0.72105473279953,
0.39069485664367676,
-0.27518245577812195,
0.04950152710080147,
-0.5862019658088684,
0.18850257992744446,
0.25731179118156433,
-0.02114173024892807,
0.09598561376333237,
-0.13256584107875824,
0.5238736867904663,
0.11404526233673096,
-0.35809972882270813,
-0.04369953274726868,
0.0800507441163063,
0.3792400062084198,
-0.25912463665008545,
-0.2857057452201843,
0.47855955362319946,
-0.5207886695861816,
-0.39798906445503235,
0.3334410488605499,
0.11634323000907898,
-0.11722495406866074,
0.07674738019704819,
-0.31897324323654175,
0.027950137853622437,
-0.28515127301216125,
-0.3938882350921631,
-0.010872995480895042,
-0.34519773721694946,
-0.6372860670089722,
-0.13047082722187042,
-0.4772430956363678,
0.4090765416622162,
-0.3560504913330078,
-0.5097252130508423,
0.09665587544441223,
0.11326321214437485,
-0.13411100208759308,
-0.10347389429807663,
-0.3865664601325989,
0.8585774302482605,
0.377027302980423,
0.04045754671096802,
-0.08175500482320786,
0.5719003677368164,
0.0796043798327446,
-0.20044851303100586,
0.007971475832164288,
0.218563973903656,
-0.6323579549789429,
-0.23902243375778198,
-0.34945914149284363,
0.6755885481834412,
0.5614884495735168,
0.028022080659866333,
0.38555729389190674,
1.0858615636825562,
-0.04411846771836281,
0.749818742275238,
1.3271393775939941,
-0.42135217785835266,
0.3644667863845825,
0.08153442293405533,
-0.04325566068291664,
-0.44126448035240173,
0.33828577399253845,
-0.2706082761287689,
0.010890213772654533,
-0.06754797697067261,
0.3999832272529602,
0.35318440198898315,
-0.6610358953475952,
0.3276926279067993,
-0.11139202117919922,
-0.45638757944107056,
-0.13748250901699066,
0.2095361053943634,
-0.956259548664093,
0.6125801801681519,
0.18952710926532745,
0.03999078646302223,
-0.003461971413344145,
-0.2954998314380646,
-0.20164607465267181,
-0.02446742355823517,
0.424756795167923,
-0.140105739235878,
-0.5445348620414734,
-0.012580427341163158,
0.3297513425350189,
0.25860142707824707,
-0.19304907321929932,
0.10225658863782883,
0.2023550271987915,
-0.0030062550213187933,
0.015059716068208218,
0.05440204590559006,
0.20117458701133728,
0.026246575638651848,
0.33039426803588867,
-0.42860645055770874,
0.07609954476356506,
0.2738524079322815
] |
217809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Alexander | Jane Alexander | Jane Alexander (née Quigley) is an American actress and author. She is the recipient of two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, and nominations for four Academy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. From 1993 to 1997, Alexander served as the chairwoman of the National Endowment for the Arts.
Alexander won the 1969 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway production of The Great White Hope. Other Broadway credits include 6 Rms Riv Vu (1972), The Night of the Iguana (1988), The Sisters Rosensweig (1993) and Honour (1998). She has received a total of eight Tony Award nominations and was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1994.
Her film breakthrough came with the romantic drama The Great White Hope (1970), which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her subsequent Oscar nominations were for her roles in All the President's Men (1976), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), and Testament (1983). An eight-time Emmy nominee, she received her first nomination for playing Eleanor Roosevelt in Eleanor and Franklin (1976), a role that required her to age from 18 to 60. She has won two Emmys for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Playing for Time (1980) and Warm Springs (2005).
Early life
Alexander was born Jane Quigley in Boston, Massachusetts, daughter of Ruth Elizabeth (née Pearson), a nurse, and Thomas B. Quigley, an orthopedic surgeon. She graduated from Beaver Country Day School, an all-girls school in Chestnut Hill outside of Boston, where she discovered her love of acting.
Encouraged by her father to go to college before embarking on an acting career, Alexander attended Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York, where she concentrated on theater, but also studied mathematics with an eye toward computer programming, in the event that she failed as an actress. Also while at Sarah Lawrence, she shared an apartment with Hope Cooke, who would become Queen Consort of Sikkim. Alexander spent her junior year studying at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, where she participated in the Edinburgh University Dramatic Society. The experience solidified her determination to continue acting.
Career
Alexander made her Broadway debut in 1963, replacing Phyllis Wynn as Sandy Dennis' standby in A Thousand Clowns. She reportedly performed the role a handful of times. Alexander's major break in acting came in 1967 when she played Eleanor Backman in the original production of Howard Sackler's The Great White Hope at Arena Stage in Washington, DC. Like her co-star, James Earl Jones, she went on to play the part both on Broadway (1968), winning a Tony Award for her performance, and in the film version (1970), which earned her an Oscar nomination. Alexander's additional screen credits include All the President's Men (1976), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), and Testament (1983), all of which earned her Oscar nods, Brubaker (1980), The Cider House Rules (1999), and Fur (2006), in which she played Gertrude Nemerov, mother of Diane Arbus, played in the film by Nicole Kidman.
The play The Time of Your Life was revived on March 17, 1972, at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles with Alexander, Henry Fonda, Gloria Grahame, Lewis J. Stadlen, Richard Dreyfuss, Ron Thompson, Strother Martin, Richard X. Slattery, and Pepper Martin among the cast with Edwin Sherin directing.
Alexander portrayed Eleanor Roosevelt in two television productions, Eleanor and Franklin (1976) and Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years (1977); she also played FDR's mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt, in HBO's Warm Springs (2005) with Kenneth Branagh and Cynthia Nixon, a role which garnered her an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Alexander co-starred with Rachel Roberts in Steven Gether's teleplay and production of A Circle of Children (1977), based on Mary MacCracken's autobiographical book about emotionally disturbed children (with an emphasis on autism), which won Gether an Emmy. Alexander also starred in its sequel, Lovey: A Circle of Children, Part II (1978).
In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Alexander's name and picture.
Alexander's other television films include Arthur Miller's Playing for Time, co-starring Vanessa Redgrave, for which Alexander won another Emmy Award; Malice in Wonderland (as famed gossip-monger Hedda Hopper); Blood & Orchids; and In Love and War (1987) co-starring James Woods, which tells the story of James and Sybil Stockdale during Stockdale's eight years as a US prisoner of war in Vietnam. Alexander also played the protagonist, Dr. May Foster, in the HBO drama series Tell Me You Love Me. Her character, a psychotherapist, serves as the connecting link between three couples coping with relational and sexual difficulties. The show's frank portrayal of "senior" sexuality and explicit sex scenes generated controversy, although it won a rare endorsement by the AARP. She also had a minor role as Dr. Graznik in The Ring.
In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed Alexander chairperson of the National Endowment for the Arts, the organization that had provided partial funding for The Great White Hope at Arena Stage. Alexander moved to Washington, DC, and served as chair of the NEA until 1997. Her book, Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics (2000), describes the challenges she faced heading the NEA at a time when the 104th U.S. Congress, headed by Newt Gingrich, unsuccessfully strove to shut it down. She was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999.
In 2004, Alexander, together with her husband, Edwin Sherin, joined the theater faculty at Florida State University. She serves on various boards, including the Wildlife Conservation Society, the National Audubon Society, Project Greenhope, the National Stroke Association, and Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament, and she has received the Israel Cultural Award and the Helen Caldicott Leadership Award. Alexander is also a fellow of the International Leadership Forum. In 2009 Alexander starred in Thom Thomas's play A Moon to Dance By at the Pittsburgh Playhouse and at the George Street Playhouse in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It was directed by her husband, Edwin Sherin.
Personal life
Alexander met her first husband, Robert Alexander, in the early 1960s in New York City, where both were pursuing acting careers. They had one son, Jace Alexander, in 1964, and the couple divorced a decade later. Alexander had been acting regularly in various regional theaters when she met producer/director Edwin Sherin in Washington, DC, where he was artistic director at Arena Stage. Alexander starred in the original theatrical production of The Great White Hope under Sherin's direction at Arena Stage prior to the play's Broadway debut. The two became good friends and, once divorced from their respective spouses, became romantically involved, marrying in 1975. Between the two, they have four children, Alexander's son Jace and Sherin's three sons, Tony, Geoffrey, and Jon. Edwin Sherin died at the age of 87, on May 4, 2017.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
References
Further reading
Alexander, Jane (2000). Command Performance: An Actress in the Theater of Politics. New York: PublicAffairs. .
International Leadership Forum biography
Lawson, Carol. "Howard Sackler, 52, Playwright Who Won Pulitzer Prize, Dead;" NYT (The New York Times). October 15, 1982. accessed September 8, 2006. (NOTE: payment required for full article, if retrieved online)
External links
Downstage Center at the American Theatre Wing interview
Jane Alexander in the International Leadership Forum
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Boston
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Drama Desk Award winners
Living people
National Endowment for the Arts
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Tony Award winners
Beaver Country Day School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | [
-0.41126686334609985,
0.08115378767251968,
-0.5907825827598572,
-0.4874209463596344,
0.4042436480522156,
0.8421343564987183,
0.5053645372390747,
-0.026566635817289352,
-0.43839335441589355,
0.1606597602367401,
-0.2180677056312561,
0.35360321402549744,
0.31968891620635986,
0.16013166308403015,
-0.3182782828807831,
0.534919023513794,
-0.07540316134691238,
0.5268553495407104,
-0.013896393589675426,
-0.5216319561004639,
-0.3742707669734955,
-0.07879508286714554,
0.3163962960243225,
0.4079590439796448,
-0.593123733997345,
0.5344037413597107,
-0.04544951766729355,
-0.12952543795108795,
0.34812089800834656,
0.33805620670318604,
-0.06336693465709686,
-0.020453467965126038,
0.5162504315376282,
-0.4087454080581665,
-0.39128977060317993,
0.2746606171131134,
-0.5701904892921448,
0.0768020749092102,
-0.32364875078201294,
0.11492783576250076,
-0.6971336603164673,
0.0761726126074791,
-0.12299501150846481,
-0.17865122854709625,
-0.11426296830177307,
-0.36103296279907227,
-1.9472815990447998,
0.04040197655558586,
-0.6599646806716919,
-0.14227548241615295,
-0.06045331805944443,
0.0761202722787857,
0.7040635347366333,
-0.0820007398724556,
-0.049442704766988754,
0.0510031096637249,
-0.3584774136543274,
0.15348683297634125,
0.10698501020669937,
-0.030103296041488647,
0.1892765760421753,
-0.16311317682266235,
0.3033958077430725,
-0.5203937888145447,
0.3223443627357483,
0.18668505549430847,
0.23884333670139313,
-0.07324106246232986,
-0.02493245340883732,
-0.10561668872833252,
0.020842893049120903,
0.6519420146942139,
0.4001505374908447,
-0.1512915939092636,
0.032240450382232666,
-0.2884921431541443,
0.19719162583351135,
-0.1319946050643921,
0.21611781418323517,
0.29959407448768616,
0.12939104437828064,
0.39089447259902954,
0.5175133943557739,
0.6465044617652893,
0.24918583035469055,
-0.40327751636505127,
-0.40135326981544495,
0.23291648924350739,
-0.08014445006847382,
0.04906320199370384,
-0.8279665112495422,
-0.15249423682689667,
-0.1966436207294464,
0.23998808860778809,
0.26626813411712646,
-0.6211436986923218,
-0.3909842371940613,
-0.3165234625339508,
0.18642133474349976,
0.17954230308532715,
-0.8974441289901733,
-0.24098579585552216,
0.39077720046043396,
-0.6949476599693298,
-0.5624346733093262,
0.09265047311782837,
-0.04984065145254135,
0.18969805538654327,
0.07446631789207458,
-0.7346147894859314,
-0.3904552757740021,
0.18869270384311676,
-0.4499245882034302,
-0.34800398349761963,
-0.2661747932434082,
0.5782142877578735,
0.25033172965049744,
-0.0880352333188057,
-0.38010236620903015,
0.1996791660785675,
0.1896316260099411,
0.3057570159435272,
0.12895837426185608,
0.3230119049549103,
-0.6915906071662903,
0.2691178023815155,
0.32021990418434143,
-0.03185586631298065,
-0.133187934756279,
0.3237316310405731,
-0.08515213429927826,
0.6636124849319458,
-0.32379889488220215,
-0.12298793345689774,
-0.3057500720024109,
0.4737195372581482,
0.3028927445411682,
0.38495612144470215,
0.08827532082796097,
0.2707770764827728,
-0.5202799439430237,
-0.04703774303197861,
-1.2383694648742676,
0.06835963577032089,
0.6422529816627502,
-0.204088032245636,
-0.01041242852807045,
0.09232749789953232,
-0.3171728551387787,
-0.13836640119552612,
-0.4311411380767822,
0.30787786841392517,
0.019122885540127754,
-0.2862321138381958,
-0.38287079334259033,
-0.0011577799450606108,
1.0740437507629395,
0.016246605664491653,
0.37308284640312195,
0.024700447916984558,
0.5301530361175537,
0.12416623532772064,
-0.009045111946761608,
-0.2078593522310257,
0.6144459843635559,
0.18643519282341003,
0.3276931643486023,
-0.3126852214336395,
-0.12282021343708038,
0.035222917795181274,
-0.42365822196006775,
0.1945033073425293,
0.25389403104782104,
-0.06422089785337448,
-0.4265347123146057,
0.11542535573244095,
-0.3165644407272339,
0.34821245074272156,
-0.5190885663032532,
0.01564222015440464,
-0.43516066670417786,
-0.27506351470947266,
-0.3757154047489166,
-0.011304009705781937,
0.20200546085834503,
0.05172872170805931,
0.03773196414113045,
-0.042773351073265076,
0.7324839234352112,
0.3513045012950897,
-0.6281285881996155,
-0.3640424311161041,
0.4098840057849884,
0.5666413307189941,
0.294889360666275,
-0.17260849475860596,
-0.2406981885433197,
0.37962472438812256,
0.32001379132270813,
0.1752719283103943,
-0.2991459369659424,
-0.6158484816551208,
-0.1751174032688141,
-0.045046500861644745,
0.09924541413784027,
1.1893787384033203,
0.7148013710975647,
0.13053905963897705,
0.18046852946281433,
0.5394936800003052,
-0.1136166974902153,
-0.3786735236644745,
0.5475723147392273,
0.8038588166236877,
-0.0355246365070343,
-0.5251779556274414,
-0.5447844862937927,
-0.14135630428791046,
0.4311183989048004,
-0.35207509994506836,
0.25124046206474304,
0.4753219485282898,
0.1861773580312729,
-0.06131687015295029,
-0.5562428832054138,
0.5144587755203247,
-0.05692644789814949,
0.21358922123908997,
0.3773239254951477,
-0.5234534740447998,
-0.16140827536582947,
0.3495771288871765,
-0.021483637392520905,
-0.8908990025520325,
-0.30505234003067017,
-0.1087297722697258,
0.3460121750831604,
-0.2751292288303375,
0.07327421754598618,
-0.7007763981819153,
0.4286220967769623,
0.7683343291282654,
-0.7632446885108948,
0.4050566256046295,
-0.05387816205620766,
-0.0696573406457901,
-0.058518700301647186,
-0.1734423041343689,
0.14071902632713318,
-0.28491222858428955,
0.2460378110408783,
0.3350890576839447,
0.5737619400024414,
0.16511861979961395,
0.020771363750100136,
0.24522987008094788,
-0.07281848043203354,
0.1414537876844406,
0.5831038355827332,
0.40173768997192383,
0.1889730542898178,
0.29699069261550903,
-0.08632229268550873,
-0.13856293261051178,
-0.14473523199558258,
0.0227337758988142,
-0.023316821083426476,
-0.9470727443695068,
0.3318574130535126,
0.5087422728538513,
0.2770213782787323,
-0.47437840700149536,
-0.4851556718349457,
-1.3850799798965454,
0.0047743357717990875,
0.2532338798046112,
-0.2082129865884781,
-0.09717246890068054,
-0.6278048753738403,
-0.7350972294807434,
0.03465836122632027,
0.8540312647819519,
0.09012094885110855,
-0.31195515394210815,
-0.45051127672195435,
-0.3477007746696472,
0.14820855855941772,
-0.00718191172927618,
-0.0946444422006607,
0.23992110788822174,
-0.020529383793473244,
0.37713488936424255,
-0.1650879979133606,
0.411867618560791,
0.15054360032081604,
0.22022901475429535,
-0.04465020075440407,
0.2293902039527893,
-0.4119148552417755,
0.15848784148693085,
-0.5691225528717041,
0.278592050075531,
0.10327289253473282,
0.2800769507884979,
0.25269535183906555,
0.35516688227653503,
-0.08622187376022339,
-0.015505298972129822,
-5.6231279373168945,
-0.21841974556446075,
0.05446331948041916,
-0.1862165331840515,
0.5644401907920837,
0.028239881619811058,
0.5014849305152893,
-0.3278047740459442,
0.03422091528773308,
0.16383425891399384,
0.28907278180122375,
0.5070896148681641,
-0.637907862663269,
0.36250850558280945,
0.44667163491249084,
0.6308395862579346,
-0.04161154478788376,
-0.625561535358429,
-0.13691724836826324,
0.6998581886291504,
-0.05876869335770607,
0.2367956042289734,
-0.3521713316440582,
-0.23078703880310059,
0.13238337635993958,
0.3252207338809967,
-0.3537777066230774,
-0.16840024292469025,
-0.34942835569381714,
-0.11792144179344177,
-0.19699521362781525,
-0.027975810691714287,
-0.3763934373855591,
-0.12102193385362625,
-0.3367251753807068,
-0.32237792015075684,
0.597091019153595,
-0.06620054692029953,
0.267890989780426,
-0.3465174734592438,
-0.21148300170898438,
0.2672194838523865,
-0.8651665449142456,
0.16117805242538452,
0.028629615902900696,
-0.061583131551742554,
-0.5085777044296265,
-0.5549237728118896,
0.40208131074905396,
0.39806994795799255,
0.22062236070632935,
0.08326666057109833,
0.8607200384140015,
0.0632319450378418,
0.6567778587341309,
0.0993301197886467,
0.3606879413127899,
-0.1494765281677246,
-0.3061038851737976,
-0.13238844275474548,
0.1255657970905304,
-0.2738344669342041,
0.37719446420669556,
-0.2613123655319214,
-0.04390835016965866,
-0.27624213695526123,
0.3445114493370056,
0.11311107128858566,
-0.15946215391159058,
-0.4109075963497162,
0.18091362714767456,
-0.047581713646650314,
0.27284929156303406,
-1.506332278251648,
0.06501467525959015,
-0.5354984402656555,
0.03421027213335037,
-0.05348806455731392,
-0.7963627576828003,
-0.4980885088443756,
-0.12095050513744354,
-0.33755210041999817,
0.4455278515815735,
0.5994503498077393,
0.3159636855125427,
-0.10461501032114029,
-0.19673864543437958,
0.021985288709402084,
-0.08173991739749908,
-0.10567942261695862,
-0.3559842109680176,
0.0047868588007986546,
0.06661190837621689,
0.47392433881759644,
0.23337095975875854,
0.17330056428909302,
0.7906749844551086,
0.06746605783700943,
0.1910760998725891,
0.3888958990573883,
-0.3275342285633087,
-0.4441283941268921,
0.20886534452438354,
-0.48081064224243164,
0.08752965927124023,
0.06128823012113571,
0.27688002586364746,
-0.05953439325094223,
0.8064475059509277,
-0.7022249102592468,
-0.0002111483336193487,
0.519267201423645,
-0.13289140164852142,
-0.5687836408615112,
0.2712535262107849,
-0.05647539347410202,
-0.2784177362918854,
0.31836867332458496,
0.2978940010070801,
0.2144177109003067,
0.038142845034599304,
0.15478630363941193,
-0.28046467900276184,
0.38490602374076843,
-0.001448296825401485,
-0.4708280861377716,
0.3443511426448822,
-0.4787425398826599,
-0.1633341759443283,
0.19441236555576324,
-0.6245095133781433,
0.30300354957580566,
-0.03204956650733948,
-0.10956069082021713,
0.06360984593629837,
0.14073126018047333,
-0.33798748254776,
0.267310231924057,
-0.13330993056297302,
0.2243419885635376,
0.08953028172254562,
-0.4491058588027954,
-0.45145997405052185,
0.43913987278938293,
0.2648697793483734,
-0.041522007435560226,
0.38636651635169983,
0.36589422821998596,
-0.3643134832382202,
0.25840795040130615,
0.17123155295848846,
0.14744554460048676,
0.5472686886787415,
-0.6857022047042847,
-0.22296947240829468,
0.04746057093143463,
-0.36970511078834534,
-0.32294508814811707,
0.25884634256362915,
0.3389829993247986,
-0.15274199843406677,
-0.4828447997570038,
-0.8445240259170532,
0.2236630618572235,
-0.29326093196868896,
-0.4006471037864685,
-0.3206228017807007,
-0.45782670378685,
-0.7930532693862915,
0.2500086724758148,
-0.15203136205673218,
-0.6578664779663086,
0.24018412828445435,
0.34666338562965393,
0.22887203097343445,
0.08970633149147034,
-0.263797789812088,
-0.14287707209587097,
-0.30953922867774963,
0.26308658719062805,
-0.16865268349647522,
-0.07203894108533859,
-0.8024685978889465,
0.2221049815416336,
0.2512974143028259,
0.14522285759449005,
-0.5877968668937683,
0.01616118848323822,
-0.3410182297229767,
0.23015096783638,
0.059882380068302155,
-0.16276296973228455,
-0.011608714237809181,
0.07760100811719894,
-0.7526862025260925,
0.3803064227104187,
0.15442408621311188,
-0.5834882855415344,
0.32802942395210266,
-0.24402204155921936,
-0.20266225934028625,
0.19026650488376617,
-0.6950915455818176,
0.18602073192596436,
0.30502909421920776,
-0.7977547645568848,
-0.09195936471223831,
0.024803685024380684,
0.11028485745191574,
0.9164720177650452,
0.07608570158481598,
-0.023972470313310623,
0.28907516598701477,
0.2353542596101761,
-0.1559334248304367,
0.21574029326438904,
0.274155855178833,
0.18749864399433136,
0.038194578140974045,
-0.6167914271354675,
-0.34438833594322205,
-0.8259488344192505,
-0.00948454812169075,
-0.08687577396631241,
-0.5109682679176331,
0.47049397230148315,
0.36274293065071106,
-0.7538244724273682,
0.808106005191803,
-0.03983983397483826,
-0.030683860182762146,
-0.018289053812623024,
0.25677335262298584,
-0.09878765046596527,
-0.4378418028354645,
-0.6202195286750793,
-0.10863498598337173,
0.6074468493461609,
-0.7647389769554138,
0.3020201623439789,
0.5332713723182678,
0.5100379586219788,
-0.37862884998321533,
0.20933911204338074,
0.14935605227947235,
0.39722201228141785,
-0.3141179084777832,
-0.7217189073562622,
-0.14304739236831665,
0.24990862607955933,
0.7717697620391846,
0.02653016336262226,
-0.35153502225875854,
0.404232382774353,
0.6178635954856873,
-0.6071261167526245,
0.4493592083454132,
0.02401571162045002,
-0.12461759150028229,
-0.3046886622905731,
0.07377396523952484,
-0.2795409858226776,
-0.5514132380485535,
-0.00021519942674785852,
-0.5273556709289551,
0.29785504937171936,
-0.16298899054527283,
-0.20179054141044617,
0.4155220091342926,
-0.3140653073787689,
-0.28669610619544983,
0.026066699996590614,
-0.04974180459976196,
0.5376253724098206,
-0.32419970631599426,
0.2732975482940674,
0.19888187944889069,
-0.2014232575893402,
0.07674943655729294,
-0.06228886917233467,
0.6771889925003052,
0.3741988241672516,
-0.3185828626155853,
-0.5568745732307434,
0.2345617562532425,
-0.3335557281970978,
0.41408783197402954,
-0.4083058536052704,
-0.26851537823677063,
0.11135713011026382,
-0.20865605771541595,
0.018733125180006027,
-0.44687479734420776,
-0.03865644335746765,
-0.025390418246388435,
-0.14889322221279144,
-0.28734585642814636,
0.5476114749908447,
-0.09048964828252792,
-0.04453272745013237,
-0.3943685293197632,
0.5611351728439331,
0.09281759709119797,
0.15918458998203278,
-0.068945974111557,
-0.12425148487091064,
-0.15557929873466492,
-0.9533190727233887,
-0.43138760328292847,
0.2764720916748047,
0.20595058798789978,
-0.27659595012664795,
0.7940247654914856,
0.670218288898468,
-0.1117570772767067,
0.11871849000453949,
0.20739217102527618,
-0.19117671251296997,
-0.14753681421279907,
0.20484334230422974,
-0.32426169514656067,
-0.3431776463985443,
0.5342127084732056,
-0.41227132081985474,
0.4683150053024292,
1.0167644023895264,
0.4368634819984436,
0.12283811718225479,
-0.482587069272995,
0.29398125410079956,
0.4509970247745514,
-0.20016449689865112,
0.23294204473495483,
0.5080274343490601,
0.026491716504096985,
-0.6904489994049072,
0.16861359775066376,
0.205630362033844,
0.4588194787502289,
0.5128785967826843,
-0.5165861248970032,
0.6761006712913513,
0.049683548510074615,
0.27615854144096375,
-0.15521617233753204,
-0.24199935793876648,
-0.21459151804447174,
0.6360203623771667,
-0.4247748553752899,
-0.3081475496292114,
-0.4150381088256836,
0.008478604257106781,
-0.006443659774959087,
-0.6777133941650391,
0.5432754158973694,
-0.14322537183761597,
0.45482781529426575,
-0.5119730830192566,
-0.057228852063417435,
-0.6120125651359558,
-0.5262756943702698,
-0.6729411482810974,
0.969539999961853,
0.6639357209205627,
-0.1924542784690857,
-0.10038450360298157,
-0.11449307948350906,
-0.6838022470474243,
-0.2879699766635895,
0.37648606300354004,
0.302299827337265,
0.5637142062187195,
0.02613581344485283,
0.3615293502807617,
0.6535947918891907,
0.6293630599975586,
0.48060372471809387,
-0.609403669834137,
-0.21959441900253296,
-0.21009302139282227,
-0.42449072003364563,
0.006597804371267557,
0.20994922518730164,
-0.10080108046531677,
0.2679615914821625,
-0.26842182874679565,
0.08384626358747482,
0.24693693220615387,
0.04699024558067322,
-0.06464677304029465,
0.7774460911750793,
-0.6089428663253784,
0.38746365904808044,
0.11333590745925903,
-0.4389275312423706,
0.5588526129722595,
-0.25320518016815186,
0.7036435604095459,
0.6602360606193542,
0.4087280035018921,
0.0827856957912445,
0.8091942667961121,
0.4520680606365204,
-0.07171719521284103,
-0.6405224800109863,
0.28293299674987793,
-0.19076581299304962,
0.15768657624721527,
-0.5367774367332458,
-0.3392084836959839,
0.2695428133010864,
-0.15172147750854492,
0.025292078033089638,
-0.1599057912826538,
-0.20518651604652405,
0.2619953751564026,
0.28986749053001404,
0.4065544903278351,
0.36555975675582886,
0.24856136739253998,
-0.1387198567390442,
0.5258971452713013,
0.2293485403060913,
0.2886353135108948,
-0.3538230359554291,
0.6009132862091064,
-0.3222433924674988,
-0.12468386441469193,
0.03371797129511833,
-0.20266768336296082,
0.037969302386045456,
0.5194512605667114,
-0.17130134999752045,
0.32110023498535156,
-0.30087611079216003,
-0.0022192993201315403,
0.18872281908988953,
0.5839467644691467,
0.8257540464401245,
-0.22485147416591644,
0.3902672529220581,
0.27677151560783386,
-0.20406512916088104,
0.2876340448856354,
-2.7143337726593018,
0.03262313827872276,
-0.4096401631832123,
-0.49733811616897583,
0.6027005910873413,
0.2813149094581604,
-0.16457097232341766,
-0.4378573000431061,
0.2895526885986328,
-0.35058650374412537,
-0.21315249800682068,
0.0325397327542305,
0.20449061691761017,
-0.41268274188041687,
0.5944606065750122,
-0.04148230701684952
] |
217810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%2013 | Messier 13 | Messier 13 or M13, also designated NGC 6205 and sometimes called the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules or the Hercules Globular Cluster, is a globular cluster of several hundred thousand stars in the constellation of Hercules.
Discovery and visibility
M13 was discovered by Edmond Halley in 1714, and cataloged by Charles Messier on June 1, 1764, into his list of objects not to mistake for comets; Messier's list, including Messier 13, eventually became known as the Messier Catalog.
About one third of the way from Vega to Arcturus, four bright stars in Herculēs form the Keystone asterism, the broad torso of the hero. M13 can be seen in this asterism of the way north (by west) from Zeta to Eta Herculis. Although only telescopes with great light-gathering capability fully resolve the stars of the cluster, M13 may be visible to the naked eye depending on circumstances. With a low-power telescope, Messier 13 looks like a comet or fuzzy patch. The cluster is visible throughout the year from latitudes greater than 36 degrees north, with the longest visibility during Northern Hemisphere spring and summer.
It is located at right ascension 16h 41.7m, declination +36° 28'. With an apparent magnitude of 5.8, it is barely visible with the naked eye on clear nights. Its diameter is about 23 arcminutes and it is readily viewable in small telescopes. Nearby is NGC 6207, a 12th-magnitude edge-on galaxy that lies 28 arcminutes directly northeast. A small galaxy, IC 4617, lies halfway between NGC 6207 and M13, north-northeast of the large globular cluster's center.
In traditional binoculars, the Hercules Globular Cluster appears as a round patch of light. At least four inches of telescope aperture resolves stars in M13's outer extent as small pinpoints of light. However, only larger telescopes resolve stars further into the center of the cluster.
Characteristics
About 145 light-years in diameter, M13 is composed of several hundred thousand stars, the brightest of which is a red giant, the variable star V11, also known as V1554 Herculis, with an apparent visual magnitude of 11.95. M13 is 22,200–25,000 light-years away from Earth, and the globular cluster is one of over one hundred that orbit the center of the Milky Way.
Single stars in this globular cluster were first resolved in 1779. Compared to the stars in the neighborhood of the Sun, the stars of the M13 population are more than a hundred times more densely packed. They are so close together that they sometimes collide and produce new stars. The newly formed, young stars, so-called "blue stragglers", are particularly interesting to astronomers.
The 1974 Arecibo message, which contained encoded information about the human race, DNA, atomic numbers, Earth's position and other information, was beamed from the Arecibo Observatory radio telescope towards M13 as an experiment in contacting potential extraterrestrial civilizations in the cluster. The cluster will move through space during the transit time; opinions differ as to whether or not the cluster will be in a position to receive the message by the time that it arrives.
Literary references
The science fiction novellas "Sucker Bait" by Isaac Asimov and the novel Question and Answer by Poul Anderson take place on Troas, a world within M13.
In the German science fiction series Perry Rhodan, M13 is the location of Arkon, the homeworld of the race of Arkonides.
In author Dan Simmons' Hyperion Cantos the Hercules cluster is where a copy of Earth was secretly recreated after the original was destroyed.
In his novel The Sirens of Titan, Kurt Vonnegut writes "Every passing hour brings the Solar System forty-three thousand miles closer to Globular Cluster M13 in Hercules—and still there are some misfits who insist that there is no such thing as progress."
Deliberately engineering a star in Messier 13 to go nova was part of the Cybermen's complicated plot in the 1968 Doctor Who story The Wheel in Space.
In Bill Amend's popular comic strip FoxTrot, Jason Fox mentions observing the M13 Globular Cluster.
Gallery
See also
List of globular clusters
Lists of astronomical objects
List of Messier objects
New General Catalogue
References
External links
Messier 13, SEDS Messier pages
Red Giant variable stars
L199 (V63), a new variable star in M13
Messier 13, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page
Messier 13, High-resolution LRGB image based on 2 hrs total exposure
Messier 13, Amateur astrophotographer (hgg) photo using the 9.25" Celestron Telescope (85min exposure)
M13 Hercules Globular photo detail Dark Atmospheres
Variable Stars in M13. II.The Red Variables and the Globular Cluster Period-Luminosity Relation
Variable Stars in M13. III. The Cepheid Variables and their Relation to Evolutionary Changes in Metal-Poor BL Her Stars.
Messier 13, Image by Waid Observatory
NightSkyInfo.com – M13, the Hercules Globular Cluster
Photometric study of the V2 cepheid in M13
Period, Amplitude and Light Curve of V38 in M13
Great Globular Cluster in Hercules (Messier 13/NGC 6205)
Messier 013
Messier 013
013
Milky Way
Messier 013
? | [
-0.06790320575237274,
0.3644978404045105,
-0.0171374324709177,
-0.45914047956466675,
-0.3391670882701874,
0.2649150490760803,
0.6724311709403992,
0.07791739702224731,
-0.758298933506012,
-0.3886323571205139,
-0.7370390295982361,
-0.21622268855571747,
-0.4407149851322174,
-0.0010732325026765466,
0.256246417760849,
-0.15808749198913574,
0.9023592472076416,
0.16808822751045227,
-0.4862923324108124,
-0.09892048686742783,
0.20110660791397095,
-0.04064936935901642,
0.0067960349842906,
-0.3144226670265198,
-0.11471698433160782,
0.023457884788513184,
-0.01668511889874935,
0.23214206099510193,
0.9618579149246216,
0.08573966473340988,
0.14885705709457397,
0.504327654838562,
0.22330738604068756,
-0.21243241429328918,
-0.3769654631614685,
-0.002970406087115407,
-0.26267921924591064,
-0.08355463296175003,
0.1207093819975853,
-0.2660299241542816,
0.2756074070930481,
-0.5535764694213867,
-0.0876827985048294,
0.022917330265045166,
-0.6022574305534363,
-0.7779179811477661,
-0.6507681012153625,
0.4804789423942566,
-0.7830304503440857,
0.36952030658721924,
-0.2665870487689972,
0.1388179510831833,
-0.18030919134616852,
0.4254499077796936,
-0.06402658671140671,
0.1436278074979782,
-0.5371828675270081,
0.3881285786628723,
0.29776328802108765,
-0.3247720003128052,
-0.12583668529987335,
-0.1644114851951599,
-0.27826178073883057,
0.09641733020544052,
-0.604948103427887,
0.4570941627025604,
0.11236611008644104,
0.7174733877182007,
-0.3367677330970764,
0.2051093429327011,
0.6681613326072693,
0.12081936001777649,
-0.0798887088894844,
0.1784304678440094,
0.16464702785015106,
-0.09055498987436295,
-0.3962165117263794,
0.06610270589590073,
-0.5332467555999756,
-0.005473990458995104,
-0.18055540323257446,
-0.07791826874017715,
1.033491849899292,
-0.34801843762397766,
-0.4669058620929718,
-0.20219644904136658,
-0.3185471296310425,
0.2065332531929016,
-0.07243472337722778,
0.38581523299217224,
-0.21864882111549377,
0.005050899926573038,
1.089309811592102,
-0.017032602801918983,
0.22744609415531158,
0.599288821220398,
-0.48858121037483215,
0.01790034957230091,
0.4210113286972046,
0.04581690952181816,
0.7653650641441345,
0.08248910307884216,
0.9756161570549011,
-0.3958089351654053,
-0.3573405146598816,
0.18148377537727356,
0.4824172258377075,
-0.5570235252380371,
-0.4319595694541931,
-0.06409456580877304,
-0.835394561290741,
-0.6131488084793091,
-0.13709774613380432,
-0.03692825138568878,
-0.4181098937988281,
-0.02681487798690796,
0.2925541400909424,
-0.09413281083106995,
-0.14599688351154327,
-0.5909333825111389,
0.07592350989580154,
0.5965444445610046,
0.5361676812171936,
0.40308210253715515,
-0.015432181768119335,
0.5996530055999756,
0.6245289444923401,
0.07220044732093811,
-0.49891743063926697,
0.5378724336624146,
-0.05271521210670471,
0.4519822299480438,
-0.21366064250469208,
0.3282873332500458,
-0.2724328339099884,
-0.28770390152931213,
-0.7776249647140503,
0.7676694989204407,
0.18108190596103668,
-0.12197362631559372,
-0.7086732387542725,
0.06436366587877274,
-0.3415552079677582,
0.12508636713027954,
-0.037389397621154785,
0.2932173013687134,
-0.42765891551971436,
-0.5912107825279236,
0.21649564802646637,
-0.6383956670761108,
-0.31522849202156067,
-0.7426852583885193,
-0.041727881878614426,
0.021370364353060722,
0.13400964438915253,
-0.14419963955879211,
0.22501493990421295,
0.7527603507041931,
0.43867918848991394,
0.09078129380941391,
0.15468788146972656,
-0.1031428650021553,
0.15471075475215912,
0.2924094498157501,
-0.03496775031089783,
0.46054691076278687,
0.6524770855903625,
-0.19162844121456146,
0.06293439120054245,
-0.16097106039524078,
0.13110435009002686,
-0.31217288970947266,
0.15548640489578247,
-0.007706542033702135,
-0.4367504417896271,
-0.48053640127182007,
0.5295623540878296,
0.7905768752098083,
0.3465217351913452,
-0.5640755891799927,
-0.5553951263427734,
-0.7534645199775696,
0.16770236194133759,
-0.35386228561401367,
0.6569738388061523,
0.1633707582950592,
0.5187079906463623,
0.3753623366355896,
-0.3776877522468567,
-0.04673420265316963,
-0.7445715069770813,
0.26934534311294556,
0.26639804244041443,
0.02306940034031868,
0.8126211166381836,
-0.14958421885967255,
-0.2248391956090927,
1.063425898551941,
0.2288707047700882,
0.284329354763031,
0.16084596514701843,
-0.4837578237056732,
0.5010231137275696,
0.4655230641365051,
-0.49523288011550903,
0.3543175458908081,
-0.16407646238803864,
0.20352418720722198,
-0.018491778522729874,
0.0009118566522374749,
0.6429991126060486,
-1.2770639657974243,
-0.4988076090812683,
0.33691921830177307,
-0.24737216532230377,
0.04464767500758171,
-0.4521830379962921,
-0.08950424194335938,
-0.6346017122268677,
0.6268265247344971,
1.2475115060806274,
-0.38793429732322693,
-0.13699238002300262,
-0.38260340690612793,
-0.6670642495155334,
0.8720071911811829,
0.36929208040237427,
0.18655626475811005,
0.13614757359027863,
-0.5095359086990356,
-0.23357442021369934,
-0.5611612200737,
0.41003188490867615,
0.35298219323158264,
0.07681752741336823,
-0.1627412736415863,
0.004993248265236616,
-0.6222326159477234,
-0.0745905339717865,
-1.1052473783493042,
0.2829725444316864,
0.24635152518749237,
-0.824627161026001,
0.012843632139265537,
0.6321702003479004,
0.04612690210342407,
-0.0550745390355587,
-0.3247433006763458,
-0.06306835263967514,
0.39768853783607483,
-0.18883055448532104,
0.5585054755210876,
0.09250286966562271,
-0.11124828457832336,
-0.31850889325141907,
0.08240558952093124,
0.5985555052757263,
0.06354305893182755,
0.4371775984764099,
0.10393086075782776,
-0.21969617903232574,
0.16218551993370056,
0.3557259738445282,
0.5372213125228882,
-0.4349023699760437,
-0.5033801794052124,
0.004554320126771927,
-0.04389148950576782,
0.558810293674469,
0.258188933134079,
1.1051443815231323,
-0.530068039894104,
-0.2701703906059265,
-0.20438134670257568,
0.09891115874052048,
-0.7360854148864746,
0.03007984720170498,
-0.09816425293684006,
-0.47492867708206177,
-0.3126378655433655,
0.4429362714290619,
0.5043109655380249,
0.48026594519615173,
0.08999911695718765,
-0.16717693209648132,
0.14845526218414307,
-0.10011535882949829,
-0.01637447625398636,
-0.3007177710533142,
-0.2559318244457245,
-0.4610016345977783,
0.1652974635362625,
-0.0812687799334526,
0.03217175230383873,
-0.07061245292425156,
-0.23799951374530792,
-0.18027575314044952,
0.09894006699323654,
0.2646673023700714,
-0.042085058987140656,
-0.6995944380760193,
0.9287569522857666,
-0.09702236950397491,
0.11873283237218857,
-0.2858636975288391,
-0.0660981610417366,
-0.0477963350713253,
0.7916725873947144,
-5.611662864685059,
-0.19577836990356445,
-0.07598676532506943,
-0.3005138039588928,
-0.3880634009838104,
0.35453295707702637,
0.4646380841732025,
-0.352617084980011,
0.2645550072193146,
-0.24794122576713562,
0.035862646996974945,
-0.05599348992109299,
-0.14016959071159363,
0.15017707645893097,
0.17458051443099976,
0.31049248576164246,
-0.4179803431034088,
0.26841944456100464,
0.5008736848831177,
0.25823456048965454,
0.296958327293396,
0.3756119906902313,
0.260357528924942,
-0.07472791522741318,
-0.5607109665870667,
0.32676631212234497,
0.17966166138648987,
-0.2847743630409241,
-0.4173024892807007,
-0.17523954808712006,
-0.10649455338716507,
-0.3812594711780548,
-0.44671496748924255,
-0.2811053991317749,
-0.32815611362457275,
-0.626598596572876,
0.7340558767318726,
-0.2114730030298233,
0.01934915967285633,
-0.31484082341194153,
-0.03923686221241951,
-0.07052525132894516,
0.554035484790802,
-0.3084520101547241,
0.7651299834251404,
-0.027162041515111923,
-0.444017618894577,
0.20078781247138977,
-0.05617726221680641,
0.8316208720207214,
0.4900253415107727,
0.17892898619174957,
-0.19269905984401703,
-0.2097957581281662,
-0.56927090883255,
0.6186522245407104,
-0.2460295557975769,
0.5325294137001038,
-0.7511709928512573,
0.3231421709060669,
0.4667730927467346,
0.09089642763137817,
-0.23720699548721313,
-0.4216839373111725,
0.12107539176940918,
0.22274646162986755,
-0.51389479637146,
0.015360215678811073,
0.6134951114654541,
-0.18414141237735748,
-0.23333613574504852,
0.4518125057220459,
-0.03043687902390957,
-0.8292405009269714,
0.33589133620262146,
-0.44480180740356445,
-0.42571017146110535,
-0.009210020303726196,
-0.2741381824016571,
-0.42690396308898926,
-0.5132549405097961,
-0.7325978875160217,
0.531914234161377,
-0.6691591143608093,
0.08755198866128922,
-0.23930537700653076,
-0.6146213412284851,
0.042169902473688126,
0.31943759322166443,
0.01540476456284523,
0.7410357594490051,
-0.3250035047531128,
0.24732960760593414,
0.6559658050537109,
0.26691052317619324,
0.47076189517974854,
0.2641332447528839,
0.4104459285736084,
0.9863245487213135,
0.6373682022094727,
0.1855573207139969,
-0.6813457012176514,
0.4964278042316437,
-0.5061215758323669,
-0.6402754187583923,
-0.3896373212337494,
-0.41040095686912537,
0.5368501543998718,
0.6799994707107544,
-0.589950680732727,
0.28044191002845764,
-0.3741779327392578,
-0.2968708574771881,
-0.0588049553334713,
0.5568143129348755,
-0.758424699306488,
0.21371494233608246,
0.6324297785758972,
0.14882995188236237,
0.02691657468676567,
-0.27733883261680603,
0.31945809721946716,
0.09875258058309555,
-0.25165078043937683,
-0.6235127449035645,
-0.05307094007730484,
-0.5471373796463013,
-0.3384983539581299,
-0.31461745500564575,
-0.3926416337490082,
-0.2810839116573334,
-0.22919322550296783,
0.5443475842475891,
0.38424745202064514,
0.34007251262664795,
-0.24543644487857819,
-0.5253282785415649,
0.06593874841928482,
0.5228887796401978,
0.12444090843200684,
-0.10705649107694626,
0.40734726190567017,
-0.6689901947975159,
0.826542854309082,
0.6498032808303833,
0.27626633644104004,
-0.061089206486940384,
-0.2539806067943573,
-0.2575130760669708,
0.36840492486953735,
-0.321033239364624,
-0.718086302280426,
0.2047031968832016,
0.04934648424386978,
-0.3327212929725647,
0.6800241470336914,
0.14650802314281464,
0.3712378144264221,
0.23668688535690308,
-0.03332965075969696,
-0.020748356357216835,
-0.24749135971069336,
-1.2078652381896973,
-0.022795110940933228,
0.14273567497730255,
-0.04846680164337158,
0.1930626928806305,
-0.13070279359817505,
-0.05947227403521538,
0.46546638011932373,
0.2793210446834564,
0.0843580961227417,
-0.13300655782222748,
-0.3403136134147644,
-0.10525964945554733,
0.3991003632545471,
-0.13101577758789062,
0.3264538645744324,
0.003635491244494915,
0.31801238656044006,
-0.507257342338562,
-0.01312853954732418,
-0.5276488065719604,
0.3747655749320984,
-0.2703918218612671,
0.4740626811981201,
-0.2512824237346649,
-0.3910539746284485,
0.037785448133945465,
-0.3356655240058899,
0.7311587333679199,
0.013795049861073494,
-0.5483264327049255,
0.412797212600708,
0.02387266792356968,
-0.39308682084083557,
-0.40569791197776794,
0.43838977813720703,
0.23105455935001373,
0.14644354581832886,
-0.2236960381269455,
0.06262312829494476,
-0.6604949235916138,
0.27928879857063293,
0.12058822065591812,
-0.46082642674446106,
0.23683880269527435,
-0.14104944467544556,
0.2631649672985077,
0.10772484540939331,
-0.03969675675034523,
-0.3311159908771515,
0.007751003839075565,
0.6536883115768433,
-0.06243174523115158,
0.14513398706912994,
-0.29131248593330383,
-0.6594297885894775,
-0.10421737283468246,
-0.28133919835090637,
-0.44499218463897705,
0.07702699303627014,
-0.03855622187256813,
-0.3848782777786255,
0.010095648467540741,
0.8510861396789551,
0.10386991500854492,
-0.4257466495037079,
0.4257456660270691,
-0.3870081603527069,
-0.1534060835838318,
0.1327201873064041,
0.0068519264459609985,
0.4990905523300171,
-0.2373981475830078,
-0.3341054916381836,
-0.11673049628734589,
-0.20619651675224304,
0.10703446716070175,
0.7387701869010925,
0.14984413981437683,
0.23303532600402832,
0.19032445549964905,
-0.6568742394447327,
-0.15068286657333374,
-0.6615205407142639,
1.1960558891296387,
-0.2675245702266693,
-0.20977303385734558,
-0.41604727506637573,
0.9212417602539062,
-0.2880612313747406,
-0.1968570053577423,
-0.257831871509552,
1.148354172706604,
-0.6299347877502441,
-0.058059412986040115,
-0.8125181198120117,
-0.049951162189245224,
-0.3420849144458771,
-0.017729703336954117,
-0.19605784118175507,
0.40521886944770813,
-0.17402245104312897,
0.21866045892238617,
0.20450946688652039,
-0.7079724073410034,
-0.18942135572433472,
0.4362308382987976,
-0.5016285181045532,
-0.3325671851634979,
-0.5301437377929688,
0.44897887110710144,
0.23058125376701355,
-0.17797493934631348,
0.591087818145752,
-0.23991060256958008,
-0.2174638956785202,
0.24171453714370728,
0.1983240693807602,
-0.7156868577003479,
-0.0028447965160012245,
-0.26995983719825745,
0.0931820496916771,
0.28099748492240906,
-0.42982831597328186,
-0.411997526884079,
0.3375120759010315,
0.042246222496032715,
0.5888203382492065,
-0.8272620439529419,
0.1870628446340561,
-0.21856118738651276,
-0.08479556441307068,
-0.15827244520187378,
0.25633975863456726,
0.5250189304351807,
0.7220454812049866,
-0.47484660148620605,
0.41405659914016724,
-0.7008584141731262,
0.1407352089881897,
0.3076190650463104,
-0.4745396375656128,
-0.26804208755493164,
0.006128731649369001,
0.17441479861736298,
-0.7277047038078308,
0.020331095904111862,
0.010686038061976433,
0.1735561341047287,
-0.31621062755584717,
0.25049322843551636,
0.07063236087560654,
-0.772054135799408,
0.3397330045700073,
1.333333969116211,
-0.3496973216533661,
0.4884696900844574,
0.5310681462287903,
0.5506308674812317,
0.543573260307312,
0.29499661922454834,
0.14501765370368958,
-0.9360018968582153,
0.42483773827552795,
-0.27472591400146484,
-0.07998460531234741,
0.3781415820121765,
0.4979088008403778,
0.5124722123146057,
-0.8198896646499634,
0.01260580588132143,
0.6208197474479675,
-0.450998455286026,
-0.273281067609787,
0.4144325852394104,
-0.21966806054115295,
0.0553981214761734,
-0.046009648591279984,
0.6352921724319458,
0.45669499039649963,
0.05939216539263725,
-0.14600440859794617,
-0.1678621470928192,
0.23247814178466797,
-0.3060782253742218,
-0.3041670024394989,
0.2620367109775543,
-0.34012728929519653,
0.11200135946273804,
0.19199493527412415,
0.22689129412174225,
-0.008085142821073532,
-0.07578597962856293,
0.26687565445899963,
0.048493411391973495,
-0.07281838357448578,
-0.04299353435635567,
0.3260500729084015,
0.25618234276771545,
-0.04629376903176308,
0.3699396550655365,
0.25042811036109924,
-0.48400241136550903,
-0.19916805624961853,
-0.2675033509731293,
0.39915943145751953,
-0.3505127727985382,
-0.0506771095097065,
-0.37586769461631775,
0.2249058485031128,
-0.25453710556030273,
0.3956603407859802,
-0.12400179356336594,
0.21757248044013977,
-0.08767300099134445,
0.5308404564857483,
0.06174035370349884,
-0.23738379776477814,
-0.1425536572933197,
-0.2518360912799835,
-0.06104595214128494,
-0.23873721063137054,
-0.3654654622077942,
-0.2460983693599701,
-0.12377651780843735,
-0.09607566148042679,
-0.022266095504164696,
-0.02326549030840397,
0.27051421999931335,
-0.2646777033805847,
0.03206799551844597,
-0.15335595607757568,
-0.2719222605228424,
0.032521653920412064,
0.4031294286251068,
0.6674138903617859,
-0.2179989069700241,
0.29821836948394775,
0.06434977799654007,
-0.5292602181434631,
0.28697669506073,
0.017733832821249962,
-0.4176628887653351,
0.4296416640281677,
0.22249488532543182,
0.4455759525299072,
-0.866608202457428,
0.16856953501701355,
0.017412623390555382,
0.29656973481178284,
-0.21867428719997406,
0.17257478833198547,
-0.6217140555381775,
-0.24693381786346436,
0.2145858108997345,
-0.5382786989212036,
0.10223817080259323,
-0.278921902179718,
-0.11662895977497101,
-0.8631550669670105,
0.31631195545196533,
0.05881202965974808,
-0.03528781235218048,
-0.18177500367164612,
0.38176485896110535,
-0.3190899193286896,
-0.4854549765586853,
0.6352972388267517,
0.43879979848861694,
-0.3511529266834259,
-0.20913133025169373,
-0.03786240145564079,
-1.0278589725494385,
0.04818808659911156,
0.2976236939430237,
0.393111914396286,
-0.08415649086236954,
-0.676250696182251,
0.2189807891845703,
0.1879846602678299,
-0.6655702590942383,
0.11910869926214218,
0.6140322089195251,
0.6525082588195801,
-0.8186081647872925,
-0.11797554045915604,
-0.5892141461372375,
0.6512219309806824,
0.3482328951358795,
-0.10125864297151566,
0.24104948341846466,
-0.6221157908439636,
0.3748120963573456,
-0.007054422982037067,
0.5920537114143372,
-0.052764005959033966,
0.7025335431098938,
0.28781092166900635
] |
217811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20MacGraw | Ali MacGraw | Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. In 1972, MacGraw was voted the top female box office star in the world and was honored with a hands and footprints ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre after having been in just three films. She went on to star in the popular action film The Getaway (1972). She played the female lead in Convoy (1978) and headlined the romantic sports drama Players (1979), the comedy Just Tell Me What You Want (1980), and appeared in the historical novel-based television miniseries The Winds of War (1983). In 1991, she published an autobiography, Moving Pictures.
Early life
MacGraw was born in Pound Ridge, New York, the daughter of commercial artists Frances (née Klein; 1901–1980) and Richard MacGraw. She has one brother, Dick, an artist. Her mother was Jewish, the daughter of emigrants from Budapest, Hungary. MacGraw's mother chose not to disclose her ancestry to her father, instead professing ignorance about it. "I think Daddy was bigoted," MacGraw has said.
Her mother was considered a "pioneer" as an artist, who had taught in Paris before settling in Greenwich Village. Her parents married when her mother was nearing 40: "My gorgeous father: a combination of Tyrone Power and a mystery, a brilliant artist and a brain beyond brains." He was born in New Jersey with his childhood spent in an orphanage. He ran away to sea when he was 16 and studied art in Munich. MacGraw adds, "Daddy was frightened and really, really angry. He never forgave his real parents for giving him up." As an adult, he constantly suppressed the rage he built up against his parents. She described her father as "violent".
MacGraw attended Rosemary Hall in Greenwich, Connecticut and Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Career
Early career
Beginning in 1960, MacGraw spent six years working at Harper's Bazaar magazine as a photographic assistant to fashion maven Diana Vreeland. She worked at Vogue magazine as a fashion model, and as a photographer's stylist. She has also worked as an interior decorator.
Film and television
MacGraw began her acting career in television commercials, including one for the Polaroid Swinger camera. In one commercial for International Paper, she was on a beach in a bikini made of Confil and went for a swim underwater to prove its strength and durability. MacGraw gained attention in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), but real stardom came when she starred opposite Ryan O'Neal in Love Story (1970), one of the highest-grossing films in U.S. history. MacGraw was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for that performance. Following Love Story, MacGraw was celebrated on the cover of Time magazine.
In 1972, after appearing in just three films, she had her footprints and autograph engraved at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. She then starred opposite Steve McQueen in The Getaway (1972), which was one of the year's top ten films at the box office. Having taken a five-year break from acting, in 1978 MacGraw re-emerged in another box office hit, Convoy (1978), opposite Kris Kristofferson. She then appeared in the films Players (1979) and Just Tell Me What You Want (1980), directed by Sidney Lumet.
In 1983, MacGraw starred in the highly successful television miniseries The Winds of War. In 1985, MacGraw joined hit ABC prime-time soap opera Dynasty as Lady Ashley Mitchell, which, she admitted in a 2011 interview, she did for the money. She appeared in 14 episodes of the show before her character was killed off in the "Moldavian Massacre" cliffhanger episode in 1985.
In February 2021, MacGraw and O'Neal were honored with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, nearly 50 years after the release of Love Story.
Stage
MacGraw made her Broadway theatre debut in New York City in 2006 as a dysfunctional matriarch in the drama Festen (The Celebration).
In 2016, MacGraw reunited with Ryan O'Neal in a staging of A.R. Gurney's play Love Letters, which toured the US and UK through 2017.
Magazine recognition
In 1991, People magazine selected MacGraw as one of its "50 Most Beautiful People" in the World.
In 2008, GQ magazine listed her in their "Sexiest 25 Women in Film Ever" edition.
Yoga
Having become a Hatha Yoga devotee in her early 50's, MacGraw produced a yoga video with the American Yoga Master Erich Schiffmann, Ali MacGraw Yoga Mind and Body. The impact of this bestselling video was such that in June 2007, Vanity Fair magazine credited MacGraw with being one of the people responsible for the practice's recent popularity in the United States.
Animal welfare
In July 2006, MacGraw filmed a public service announcement for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), urging residents to take their pets with them in the event of wildfires. In 2008, she wrote the foreword to the book Pawprints of Katrina by author Cathy Scott and photography by Clay Myers about Best Friends Animal Society and the largest pet rescue in U.S. history. MacGraw is also a U.S. Ambassador for animal welfare charity Animals Asia. An animal rights advocate throughout her life, she received the Humane Education Award by Animal Protection of New Mexico for speaking out about animal issues.
Personal life
MacGraw acknowledged having an abortion in her early 20s, at a time when the procedure was illegal. In 1979, MacGraw's mother, who was 38 when she had her, revealed that she had an abortion of her own in the early 1920s.
After college, MacGraw married Robin Hoen (d. September 13, 1962), a Harvard-educated banker, after dating for five years. The couple divorced after a year and a half.
On October 24, 1969, MacGraw married film producer Robert Evans (d. October 26, 2019); Their son, Josh Evans, is an actor, director, producer and screenwriter. They divorced in 1972 after she became involved in a public affair with Steve McQueen on the set of The Getaway. She married McQueen on July 13, 1973, in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and divorced him in 1978.
Since her divorce from McQueen, she has dated Warren Beatty, Rick Danko, Bill Hudson, Ronald Meyer, Rod Stryker, Fran Tarkenton, Peter Weller, Henry Wolf and Mickey Raphael.
MacGraw's autobiography, Moving Pictures, revealed her struggles with alcohol and sex addiction. She was treated for the former at the Betty Ford Center.
When former husband Evans received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2002, she accompanied him. Their grandson Jackson was born in December 2010 to Josh and his wife, singer Roxy Saint. After Evans's 2019 death, MacGraw told The Hollywood Reporter, "Our son, Joshua, and I will miss Bob tremendously, and we are so very proud of his enormous contribution to the film industry." Evans told Vanity Fair in 2010 that during the last four decades of his life, MacGraw had been a good friend to him.
MacGraw has lived in Tesuque, New Mexico, since 1994, after the house she rented in Malibu was destroyed by a fire. MacGraw was originally intended to make a cameo as herself in the Breaking Bad episode "Grey Matter" as a guest at the birthday party of character Elliott Schwartz, set in Santa Fe, but her appearance did not make the final cut of the episode.
Filmography
Films
Television
Explanatory footnotes
Citations
General sources
Artists Direct biography
People magazine interview, February 14, 1983
External links
1939 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American women writers
Actresses from New York (state)
American film actresses
American television actresses
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Jewish American actresses
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
David di Donatello winners
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico
American autobiographers
Women autobiographers
American female models
Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
Wellesley College alumni
Actors from Santa Fe, New Mexico
People from Pound Ridge, New York
People from Tesuque, New Mexico
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Evans family (Paramount Pictures)
21st-century American Jews | [
-0.31962597370147705,
-0.20044183731079102,
-0.7300022840499878,
-0.5209470391273499,
-0.17463012039661407,
0.8060903549194336,
0.6226527094841003,
-0.06160685420036316,
-0.1271539032459259,
0.018151825293898582,
-0.13382354378700256,
0.5115760564804077,
-0.24435199797153473,
0.4009168744087219,
0.02171987295150757,
0.4449516236782074,
-0.056515228003263474,
0.1938321441411972,
-0.5897968411445618,
-0.07018410414457321,
-0.38430842757225037,
-0.3196905553340912,
0.4162121117115021,
0.5141202211380005,
0.017979886382818222,
0.3040139377117157,
0.21131828427314758,
0.05493880435824394,
0.26201197504997253,
0.4637821316719055,
0.2606099247932434,
0.007408964913338423,
0.7352838516235352,
-0.12742243707180023,
-0.7144727110862732,
0.4105418622493744,
-0.5507479310035706,
0.2572672367095947,
0.10020995885133743,
-0.084513358771801,
-0.7853935956954956,
-0.16737668216228485,
-0.32001355290412903,
-0.13768646121025085,
-0.1236162781715393,
-0.3692304491996765,
-2.20251202583313,
0.047723304480314255,
-0.6441461443901062,
-0.1855679303407669,
-0.23196443915367126,
0.3449941575527191,
0.9087943434715271,
-0.2703677713871002,
0.21028617024421692,
-0.4176989495754242,
-0.4880513548851013,
-0.2022233009338379,
0.13806027173995972,
-0.2740015387535095,
0.5768628716468811,
0.0378066822886467,
0.6092712879180908,
-0.27546605467796326,
0.18912817537784576,
0.01831970363855362,
0.24641141295433044,
-0.3695566654205322,
-0.42518311738967896,
-0.3739258944988251,
-0.20241059362888336,
0.6106458306312561,
0.2818066477775574,
-0.26695284247398376,
0.13975703716278076,
-0.08146833628416061,
0.5321112871170044,
0.18759959936141968,
-0.035780973732471466,
0.33202922344207764,
0.2229154258966446,
0.14222337305545807,
0.497300922870636,
0.555099606513977,
-0.1328222006559372,
-0.5601385831832886,
-0.2516501545906067,
0.6654740571975708,
-0.1921745389699936,
0.3172597289085388,
-0.9495307803153992,
-0.07326362282037735,
0.03305752947926521,
0.6040880084037781,
0.23263882100582123,
0.13340836763381958,
0.23369479179382324,
-0.4140831232070923,
0.4240648150444031,
-0.11737293004989624,
-0.39285072684288025,
-0.2329126000404358,
-0.016516707837581635,
-0.45430633425712585,
-0.575384795665741,
-0.011780591681599617,
0.04200441762804985,
-0.008653620257973671,
-0.3793282210826874,
-0.35739821195602417,
-0.3605870008468628,
0.525340735912323,
-0.12397702783346176,
-0.7545786499977112,
-0.29900217056274414,
0.27701666951179504,
0.5107421278953552,
0.05056231841444969,
-0.34073135256767273,
0.4433709383010864,
-0.3167265057563782,
0.11509811878204346,
-0.2127995491027832,
0.6459676623344421,
-0.4611313045024872,
-0.04755331948399544,
-0.11110414564609528,
-0.09331715852022171,
-0.5265405774116516,
0.5246747136116028,
0.1544078141450882,
0.36530908942222595,
-0.11439383774995804,
0.030342979356646538,
-0.5885607004165649,
-0.07766958326101303,
0.16800957918167114,
0.286167174577713,
0.13603660464286804,
0.11729205399751663,
-0.30775168538093567,
0.0658845379948616,
-0.7789283990859985,
-0.14144882559776306,
0.7414897084236145,
-0.1411718875169754,
-0.034606315195560455,
0.33142173290252686,
0.0940161794424057,
-0.045137543231248856,
-0.559722363948822,
0.03197538107633591,
0.14405231177806854,
-0.8000978827476501,
-0.716675341129303,
-0.07063210755586624,
0.5361841320991516,
0.015414386987686157,
-0.013395470567047596,
0.25503766536712646,
0.34832844138145447,
0.07979312539100647,
0.2633608877658844,
-0.2524014115333557,
0.3464204668998718,
-0.030060209333896637,
0.029295839369297028,
-0.460433691740036,
0.3028896749019623,
-0.10856591165065765,
-0.02219240553677082,
0.23224306106567383,
0.17262700200080872,
0.09135973453521729,
-0.6958328485488892,
0.21320490539073944,
-0.27736151218414307,
0.30519112944602966,
-0.616169810295105,
-0.006074081640690565,
-0.40557461977005005,
-0.41630759835243225,
-0.13200053572654724,
0.44988980889320374,
0.30010929703712463,
0.12023210525512695,
-0.11169698089361191,
-0.2995184361934662,
0.6796528100967407,
0.38063740730285645,
-0.10492926836013794,
-0.4877571165561676,
0.14932070672512054,
0.27606454491615295,
0.3015288710594177,
-0.22796131670475006,
-0.2052018791437149,
0.24295486509799957,
-0.14102838933467865,
0.03783479332923889,
0.021036788821220398,
-0.4272584021091461,
0.3167695701122284,
-0.3826989531517029,
-0.44274505972862244,
0.5789405703544617,
0.4214431345462799,
0.4783070683479309,
-0.38915279507637024,
0.5089463591575623,
-0.09061587601900101,
-0.267670601606369,
0.028223123401403427,
0.7439890503883362,
0.1479053944349289,
-0.5728667974472046,
-0.33184146881103516,
-0.5306389927864075,
0.4986575245857239,
-0.3130578100681305,
0.4079299867153168,
0.14455127716064453,
-0.13782092928886414,
-0.02125709503889084,
-0.6703598499298096,
0.10693123191595078,
-0.20667162537574768,
0.10821590572595596,
0.5768964886665344,
-0.35312438011169434,
-0.06200389936566353,
0.5398403406143188,
-0.010093966498970985,
-0.47316262125968933,
-0.09086117148399353,
0.10509857535362244,
0.11843492835760117,
-0.0995359793305397,
0.37752747535705566,
-0.7623722553253174,
0.24773065745830536,
0.404997855424881,
-0.39440393447875977,
0.22164656221866608,
-0.12156745046377182,
-0.35518908500671387,
-0.016991792246699333,
-0.10822981595993042,
0.34472355246543884,
0.18835701048374176,
0.24719318747520447,
0.5045282244682312,
0.7812363505363464,
-0.13155525922775269,
-0.04113662242889404,
-0.06106242910027504,
-0.028128284960985184,
0.19651350378990173,
0.8439154624938965,
0.249374657869339,
0.18958334624767303,
0.1760936826467514,
0.062534399330616,
-0.19814832508563995,
-0.29001736640930176,
0.33961841464042664,
0.06767260283231735,
-0.24969379603862762,
0.15601792931556702,
-0.48916560411453247,
0.25431662797927856,
-0.2534466087818146,
0.14528405666351318,
-0.7152771949768066,
-0.043395329266786575,
0.44135433435440063,
-0.074693962931633,
0.19761599600315094,
-0.3744480609893799,
-0.7346038818359375,
0.3806782364845276,
0.6756071448326111,
0.021182438358664513,
-0.13524749875068665,
0.13165493309497833,
-0.17593416571617126,
-0.1307092010974884,
-0.49680280685424805,
-0.11199618875980377,
-0.06522626429796219,
-0.14783260226249695,
0.893159806728363,
-0.37636762857437134,
-0.022591030225157738,
0.017929865047335625,
0.012934532947838306,
-0.21532981097698212,
0.6493726968765259,
-0.22698283195495605,
0.07016512751579285,
-0.18007344007492065,
0.9995660781860352,
0.035532146692276,
0.4393879175186157,
0.6041083931922913,
0.43889153003692627,
0.08542998880147934,
-0.06763681024312973,
-5.878659725189209,
0.06512768566608429,
0.5136355757713318,
0.14808343350887299,
0.3387867212295532,
-0.15085230767726898,
0.20307371020317078,
-0.4041614234447479,
0.14609916508197784,
-0.0053566438145935535,
-0.03872113302350044,
0.4348367750644684,
-0.6873044967651367,
0.015008573420345783,
0.03255573287606239,
0.45779797434806824,
-0.0633978471159935,
-0.5433617234230042,
0.0023453354369848967,
0.841831624507904,
0.220345601439476,
-0.03855139762163162,
-0.37116530537605286,
0.21263553202152252,
-0.16118764877319336,
0.2586250305175781,
-0.12994548678398132,
0.15095333755016327,
-0.3096078336238861,
-0.36049044132232666,
-0.05852149426937103,
-0.09679742157459259,
-0.6895493268966675,
-0.07398497313261032,
-0.25831425189971924,
-0.035460956394672394,
0.25906404852867126,
-0.3441202640533447,
-0.041714511811733246,
-0.3527712821960449,
-0.26309481263160706,
-0.15171681344509125,
-0.8032000064849854,
0.060320183634757996,
-0.18476974964141846,
0.14267028868198395,
-0.4006398320198059,
-0.8800073266029358,
0.11055827140808105,
0.15160447359085083,
-0.13478106260299683,
0.14996770024299622,
0.42608991265296936,
-0.02873992547392845,
0.5143306851387024,
0.32485759258270264,
0.09658109396696091,
-0.038001175969839096,
-0.45041441917419434,
0.21160435676574707,
0.02345610409975052,
-0.1367512047290802,
-0.09272453188896179,
-0.017480377107858658,
-0.14361731708049774,
-0.3356655240058899,
0.18422675132751465,
0.2563838064670563,
0.15666773915290833,
-0.5687927603721619,
-0.08178900927305222,
0.0843249261379242,
0.02356274425983429,
-1.323623538017273,
0.038812801241874695,
-0.27181604504585266,
0.025283345952630043,
-0.059023138135671616,
-0.7986997961997986,
-0.3486359417438507,
-0.08354320377111435,
-0.5535212755203247,
0.8358397483825684,
0.27657774090766907,
0.2649669647216797,
-0.2566753029823303,
0.06333982199430466,
0.2964596450328827,
-0.12971749901771545,
0.44614309072494507,
-0.5089911222457886,
-0.24503934383392334,
-0.16855011880397797,
0.18260659277439117,
0.8896452784538269,
0.006422141101211309,
0.3094780147075653,
0.024396352469921112,
0.3512954115867615,
0.21278700232505798,
-0.41305235028266907,
-0.5041303038597107,
0.05762138590216637,
-0.719592809677124,
0.2615491449832916,
0.4466545581817627,
0.20515282452106476,
0.15574808418750763,
0.9790414571762085,
-0.5864253640174866,
0.05490511655807495,
0.2951892614364624,
-0.2104688584804535,
-0.29005616903305054,
0.021641042083501816,
-0.12214691191911697,
-0.16461457312107086,
0.31808170676231384,
0.6785691976547241,
0.3536527454853058,
-0.08049610257148743,
0.43491068482398987,
-0.37322771549224854,
0.3164622187614441,
0.17571771144866943,
-0.11466003209352493,
0.42384982109069824,
-0.13734284043312073,
-0.4209856688976288,
0.18036873638629913,
-0.47317469120025635,
-0.012022817507386208,
-0.28034836053848267,
-0.07374025136232376,
0.3271104097366333,
-0.1649172306060791,
-0.3450652062892914,
-0.028264682739973068,
0.12991730868816376,
0.269776850938797,
-0.34274786710739136,
-0.39189210534095764,
0.08590169996023178,
0.13128064572811127,
0.4118305444717407,
-0.006255069747567177,
0.36530330777168274,
0.06673312932252884,
-0.47149327397346497,
-0.0933384820818901,
0.2527076303958893,
0.3668745756149292,
0.6365058422088623,
-0.4709223210811615,
-0.3222752511501312,
-0.09974826872348785,
0.1946646124124527,
-0.28839534521102905,
-0.03990417346358299,
-0.10240406543016434,
0.05342176556587219,
-0.23094670474529266,
-0.9978917241096497,
-0.06547345221042633,
-0.10292699933052063,
0.1884286254644394,
-0.11002860963344574,
0.08951517939567566,
-0.400815486907959,
0.11452749371528625,
-0.039310093969106674,
-0.7959730625152588,
-0.028379425406455994,
0.35235729813575745,
0.08035959303379059,
-0.05998566374182701,
-0.07051066309213638,
-0.25943097472190857,
0.04582307115197182,
0.7122299671173096,
-0.19877329468727112,
0.12312883138656616,
-0.7299940586090088,
-0.09292937815189362,
0.13058167695999146,
-0.17474085092544556,
-0.7992687821388245,
0.033267147839069366,
-0.4603402316570282,
0.3509904146194458,
0.33066025376319885,
-0.4678163528442383,
-0.408203125,
0.1580243557691574,
-0.5037834644317627,
0.5187957286834717,
-0.004974646493792534,
-1.004037857055664,
0.23146812617778778,
-0.06293536722660065,
-0.23773600161075592,
0.40682706236839294,
-0.23200401663780212,
0.11475688964128494,
-0.28815340995788574,
-0.7706710696220398,
-0.022240281105041504,
0.07994145154953003,
0.03010743111371994,
0.33064523339271545,
-0.31943896412849426,
-0.19554586708545685,
0.037632621824741364,
0.5795191526412964,
-0.04487426578998566,
0.07720881700515747,
0.12447889894247055,
0.2418462485074997,
-0.07994519174098969,
-0.7769906520843506,
-0.33009299635887146,
-0.9957492351531982,
-0.0722225159406662,
0.2008521854877472,
-0.5851921439170837,
0.47102782130241394,
0.3261755108833313,
-0.6566156148910522,
1.1046079397201538,
0.3072158396244049,
0.12499424070119858,
0.2767070531845093,
0.11455795913934708,
0.6554974317550659,
-0.6148949265480042,
-0.6543185114860535,
-0.21460877358913422,
0.3404557704925537,
-0.7784184217453003,
0.15461935102939606,
0.3580283224582672,
0.46729180216789246,
-0.24724477529525757,
0.17521104216575623,
0.5873346328735352,
0.6030570268630981,
-0.13950635492801666,
-0.5223283767700195,
-0.20867599546909332,
0.030917411670088768,
0.2328597754240036,
0.5176448822021484,
-0.3852861225605011,
0.18677079677581787,
0.3913387358188629,
-0.82310551404953,
0.37049350142478943,
-0.13880999386310577,
-0.10689463466405869,
-0.31443238258361816,
0.05712530389428139,
-0.3454350233078003,
-0.7444387674331665,
-0.010219905525445938,
-0.5006294846534729,
0.12007548660039902,
-0.05786624178290367,
-0.09526863694190979,
0.2433803677558899,
-0.23737169802188873,
-0.41161784529685974,
-0.07087558507919312,
-0.1299707442522049,
0.7315035462379456,
-0.3694410026073456,
-0.11190712451934814,
0.15702635049819946,
0.03081059455871582,
0.06865604966878891,
0.21243244409561157,
0.02872752584517002,
0.021890873089432716,
-0.24810969829559326,
-0.6441622376441956,
0.5518137812614441,
-0.4740584194660187,
0.5475594401359558,
-0.22706033289432526,
-0.08408040553331375,
-0.08445550501346588,
-0.16007086634635925,
0.1997501105070114,
-0.051518313586711884,
-0.09692716598510742,
-0.37528303265571594,
-0.015417941845953465,
-0.4670034348964691,
0.4019562900066376,
-0.277184396982193,
-0.40220412611961365,
-0.5831357836723328,
0.329355388879776,
0.18037599325180054,
0.10128410160541534,
-0.22643381357192993,
-0.7185502052307129,
-0.085820272564888,
-0.4439983069896698,
-0.3521568775177002,
0.2967982590198517,
0.05514834076166153,
-0.09302260726690292,
0.7287210822105408,
0.21978794038295746,
-0.5192397832870483,
0.48810023069381714,
0.5046293139457703,
-0.19984467327594757,
0.2963505685329437,
-0.35715726017951965,
-0.564674973487854,
0.24181914329528809,
0.5435194373130798,
-0.10282718390226364,
0.5667335987091064,
0.6029518842697144,
0.4793548882007599,
0.1440209001302719,
-0.6020799279212952,
0.7456613183021545,
0.06526950746774673,
-0.1431875377893448,
0.2151263952255249,
0.40676143765449524,
0.47052839398384094,
-1.0764334201812744,
0.3163968026638031,
0.39301976561546326,
0.8943460583686829,
0.7104031443595886,
0.003952080849558115,
0.551534116268158,
0.09507688134908676,
0.4766673743724823,
0.049562007188797,
-0.0513082891702652,
0.11902493983507156,
0.7283962368965149,
-0.2083129584789276,
-0.4884113669395447,
-0.021966245025396347,
0.15071983635425568,
0.11261354386806488,
-0.5299692749977112,
0.600800096988678,
0.335979163646698,
0.4572601020336151,
-0.27971017360687256,
-0.49713075160980225,
-0.43887680768966675,
-0.584024965763092,
-0.39607688784599304,
0.6125196218490601,
0.40590012073516846,
-0.0864344984292984,
0.039725080132484436,
-0.1085670068860054,
-0.9205207228660583,
0.05500853434205055,
0.30635470151901245,
0.5470556020736694,
-0.03380478546023369,
-0.25299251079559326,
0.3350547254085541,
0.8193574547767639,
0.3328060805797577,
0.19045795500278473,
-0.7536102533340454,
-0.09113173186779022,
0.28594863414764404,
0.21091918647289276,
0.03368326276540756,
0.1331607550382614,
-0.1149984821677208,
0.4134773910045624,
0.013001876883208752,
0.17986655235290527,
0.3450286090373993,
-0.10352517664432526,
0.02178850769996643,
0.5545011758804321,
-0.32944849133491516,
0.13828377425670624,
0.39223724603652954,
-0.32781752943992615,
0.6917897462844849,
-0.13216140866279602,
0.5951993465423584,
0.4510451555252075,
0.4159153699874878,
0.08161861449480057,
0.8311336636543274,
-0.2616633474826813,
-0.06682400405406952,
-0.6283666491508484,
0.03526320680975914,
-0.1515226662158966,
0.051835544407367706,
-0.7338083982467651,
-0.10673052072525024,
0.7688874006271362,
-0.13627105951309204,
0.08719563484191895,
0.11633025109767914,
-0.23272371292114258,
0.5985755324363708,
0.5394168496131897,
0.4921039044857025,
-0.12737207114696503,
-0.0008977125398814678,
-0.14144518971443176,
0.09302522987127304,
-0.05766453221440315,
0.038547102361917496,
-0.2595326602458954,
0.5118652582168579,
-0.20970967411994934,
0.1045294925570488,
-0.1514342576265335,
-0.10457395762205124,
-0.08659615367650986,
0.23742660880088806,
-0.062082257121801376,
0.02937036193907261,
0.025404255837202072,
-0.02877526916563511,
0.4577397108078003,
0.8337224721908569,
0.6794865131378174,
-0.2882812023162842,
0.4030028283596039,
0.023615069687366486,
0.2552253007888794,
-0.37304940819740295,
-1.0402122735977173,
-0.3009653389453888,
-0.22753377258777618,
-0.39791059494018555,
0.9283999800682068,
0.34363308548927307,
-0.17143599689006805,
-0.3583557605743408,
0.031537432223558426,
-0.4427056312561035,
-0.22430871427059174,
-0.018034446984529495,
0.15928049385547638,
0.06324209272861481,
0.33654022216796875,
-0.5508182048797607
] |
217819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%27s%20Daughter | Ryan's Daughter | Ryan's Daughter is a 1970 British epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean and starring Robert Mitchum and Sarah Miles.<ref>"Variety" film review; 11 November 1970, p. 15.</ref> The film, set in August 1917–January 1918, tells the story of a married Irish woman who has an affair with a British officer during World War I, despite moral and political opposition from her nationalist neighbours. The supporting cast features John Mills, Christopher Jones, Trevor Howard and Leo McKern. The film is a re-telling of the plot of Gustave Flaubert's 1857 novel Madame Bovary.
The score was written by Maurice Jarre and the movie was photographed in Super Panavision 70 by Freddie Young. In its initial release, Ryan's Daughter was harshly received by critics but was a box office success, grossing nearly $31 million on a budget of $13.3 million, making the film the eighth-highest-grossing picture of 1970. It was nominated for four Academy Awards and won in two categories.
Plot
In August 1917, Rosy Ryan, only daughter of the local publican, widower Tom Ryan, is bored with life in Kirrary, an isolated village on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland. The villagers are nationalists, taunting British soldiers from a nearby army camp. Tom Ryan publicly supports the recently suppressed Easter Rising, but secretly serves the British as an informer.
Rosy falls in love with the village schoolmaster, widower Charles Shaughnessy. She imagines, though he tries to convince her otherwise, that he will somehow add excitement to her life. They marry and settle in the schoolhouse, but he is a quiet man uninterested in physical love.
Major Randolph Doryan arrives in October 1917 to take command of the army camp. After winning a Victoria Cross on the Western Front, he has a crippled leg and is suffering from shell shock. When he visits the pub where Rosy is serving alone, he collapses under a flashback to the trenches and is comforted by her. The two kiss passionately until they are interrupted by the arrival of Ryan and others. Next day, the two ride to a forest for a passionate liaison and make love for the first time. Charles becomes suspicious of Rosy, but keeps his thoughts to himself.
Charles takes his schoolchildren to the beach, where he notices Doryan's telltale footprints accompanied by a woman's in the sand. He tracks the prints to a cave and imagines Doryan and Rosy conducting an affair. Local halfwit Michael notices the footprints as well and searches the cave. Finding a button from Doryan's uniform, he pins it on his lapel and proudly parades through the village, but suffers abuse from the villagers. When Rosy comes riding past, Michael approaches her tenderly. Between Rosy's dismay and Michael's pantomime, the villagers surmise that she is having an affair with Doryan.
One night in January 1918, during a fierce storm, IRB leader Tim O'Leary – who had killed a police constable earlier – and a small band of his men arrive in Ryan's pub seeking help to recover a shipment of German arms being floated from a ship towards the beach. When they leave, Ryan tips off the British. The entire village turns out to help the rebels, with Ryan the most outwardly devoted to the task, wading into the breakers repeatedly to salvage boxes of weapons and explosives. O'Leary is overwhelmed by Ryan's devotion, and the villagers are ebullient. They gleefully free the rebels' loaded truck from the wet sand and follow it up the hill. Doryan, waiting at the top with his troops, captures the men and arms. O'Leary makes a break, but Doryan climbs atop the truck and brings him down with a single rifle shot. Then he suffers a flashback and collapses. Rosy presses through the crowd in concern, outraging the villagers.
Charles tells Rosy that he had let her affair run its course, hoping that the infatuation would pass, but now wants a separation. Rosy says the affair is over, but that night she leaves their bed in her nightdress to meet Doryan. In dismay, Charles wanders in his nightclothes to the beach, where the parish priest Father Collins finds him. The villagers storm into the schoolhouse and seize Rosy, convinced that she informed the British of the arms shipment. Ryan watches in shame and horror as his daughter takes the blame for his actions. The mob shears off her hair and strips off her clothes.
Doryan walks along the beach and gives his cigarette case to Michael. In gratitude, Michael leads Doryan to a cache of arms, including dynamite, that was not recovered. After Michael runs off, Doryan commits suicide by detonating the explosives. The next day, Rosy and Charles leave for Dublin. Father Collins follows them to the bus stop. Father Collins states to Charles that his only doubt is the same as Charles': if he and Rosy should separate.
Cast
Production
The production was filmed on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland in 1969. 'Ryan's Daughter' won two Oscars. However, due to poor weather, many of the beach scenes were filmed in South Africa, easily identified by the white sand. The shipwreck where Doryan detonates the explosives is that of the Kakapo which can be found just south of Cape Town (-34.12361, 18.34872)
Development
Robert Bolt's original idea was to make a film of Madame Bovary, starring Miles. Lean read the script and said that he did not find it interesting, but suggested to Bolt that he would like to rework it into another setting. The film still retains parallels with Flaubert's novel – Rosy parallels Emma Bovary, Charles is her husband, Major Doryan is analogous to Rodolphe and Leon, Emma's lovers.
Casting
Alec Guinness turned down the role of Father Collins; it had been written with him in mind, but Guinness, a Roman Catholic convert, objected to what he felt was an inaccurate portrayal of a Catholic priest. His conflicts with Lean while making Doctor Zhivago also contributed. Paul Scofield was Lean's first choice for the part of Shaughnessy, but he was unable to leave a theatre commitment. George C. Scott, Anthony Hopkins and Patrick McGoohan were considered but not approached, and Gregory Peck lobbied for the role but gave up after Robert Mitchum was approached.
Reportedly, Mitchum initially was reluctant to take the role. While he admired the script, he was undergoing a personal crisis at the time and when pressed by Lean as to why he would not be available for filming, told him: "I was actually planning on committing suicide." Upon hearing of this, scriptwriter Bolt told him, "Well, if you just finish working on this wretched little film and then do yourself in, I'd be happy to stand the expenses of your burial."
The role of Major Doryan was written for Marlon Brando, who initially accepted, but problems with the production of Burn! forced him to drop out. Peter O'Toole, Richard Harris and Richard Burton also were considered. Lean then saw Christopher Jones in The Looking Glass War (1969) and decided he had to have Jones for the part, and so cast him without ever meeting him. He thought Chris had that rare Brando/Dean quality he wanted on film.
Filming
Lean had to wait a year before a suitably dramatic storm appeared. The image was kept clear of spray by a glass disk spinning in front of the lens
, known as a Clear View screen.
Mitchum clashed with Lean, saying that "Working with David Lean is like constructing the Taj Mahal out of toothpicks"; despite this, Mitchum confided to friends and family that he felt Ryan's Daughter was among his best roles and he regretted the negative response the film received. In a radio interview, Mitchum claimed (despite the difficult production) Lean was one of the best directors he had worked with.
Jones claimed to have had an affair with Sharon Tate, who was killed by Charles Manson and his followers during filming, which devastated Jones. Miles and Jones also grew to dislike one another, leading to trouble when filming the love scenes. Christopher was engaged to Olivia Hussey, and he was not attracted to Miles. He even refused to do the forest love scene with her, which prompted Miles to conspire with Mitchum. It was Mitchum who settled on the idea of drugging Jones by sprinkling an unspecified substance on his cereal. Mitchum overdosed Jones, however, and the actor was nearly catatonic during the love scene.
Jones and Lean clashed frequently. Due to Jones' inability to do a convincing British accent and because Lean thought that Jones' voice was too flat to be compelling, he decided to have all of Jones' lines overdubbed by Julian Holloway. Lean was not alone in his disappointment with the actor. Jones' retirement from acting was purportedly due to the bad reviews he received for Ryan's Daughter.
Release
Censorship
The Motion Picture Association of America originally gave Ryan's Daughter an "R" rating. A nude scene between Miles and Jones, as well as its themes involving infidelity, were the primary reasons for the decision. At the time, MGM was having financial trouble and appealed the rating not due to artistic but financial reasons.
At the appeal hearing, MGM executives explained that they needed the less restrictive rating to allow more audience into the theatres; otherwise the company would not be able to survive financially. The appeal was granted and the film received a "GP" rating, which later became "PG". Jack Valenti considered this to be one of the tarnishing marks on the rating system. When MGM resubmitted the film to the MPAA in 1996, it was re-rated "R."
In Australia and New Zealand, the film was initially rated PG, but is currently rated M.
Reception
Upon its initial release, Ryan's Daughter received a hostile reception from many film reviewers. Roger Ebert gave it two stars out of four and wrote that "Lean's characters, well written and well acted, are finally dwarfed by his excessive scale." Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the screenplay "the kind of book-club fiction that should be read under a hair-dryer, a fact that cannot be disguised by the elaborate production (Mr. Lean built his own, brand-new Irish village for the film) and the almost metaphysical style." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety called the film a "brilliant enigma, brilliant, because David Lean achieved to a marked degree the daring and obvious goal of intimate romantic tragedy along the rugged geographical and political landscape of 1916 Ireland; an enigma, because overlength of perhaps 30 minutes serves to magnify some weaknesses of Robert Bolt's original screenplay, to dissipate the impact of the performances, and to overwhelm outstanding photography and production." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "Poor casting, heavy-handed direction that becomes comical during the big love scene and empty-headed characters make David Lean's 'Ryan's Daughter' an epic disappointment." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "The original love story which Robert Bolt has set in these desolate seascapes seems both too frail and too banal to sustain the crushing weight of 3 hours and 18 minutes of Super Panavision." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote, "There is no artistic or moral rationale for this movie—only expediency ... The emptiness of 'Ryan's Daughter' shows in practically every frame." According to James Wolcott, at a gathering of the National Society of Film Critics, Time critic Richard Schickel asked Lean "how someone who made Brief Encounter could make a piece of bullshit like Ryan's Daughter."
Some attribute the negative reviews to critics' expectations being too high, following the three epics Lean had directed in a row before Ryan's Daughter. The preview cut ran for over 220 minutes and was criticised for its length and poor pacing. Lean felt obliged to remove up to 17 minutes of footage before the film's wide release. The missing footage has not been restored or located. Lean took these criticisms very personally, claiming at the time that he would never make another film. (Others dispute this, citing the fact that Lean tried but was unable to get several projects off the ground, including The Bounty.) The film was moderately successful worldwide at the box office and was one of the most successful films of 1970 in Britain, where it ran at a West End theatre for almost two years straight.
The film was also criticized for its perceived depiction of the Irish proletariat as uncivilized. An Irish commentator in 2008 called them "the local herd-like and libidinous populace who lack gainful employment to keep them occupied". Some criticised the film as an attempt to blacken the legacy of the 1916 Easter Rising and the subsequent Irish War of Independence in relation to the eruption of "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland around the time of the film's release. Since the film's release on DVD, Ryan's Daughter'' has been reconsidered by some critics; it has been called an overlooked masterpiece, countering many of the criticisms such as its alleged "excessive scale". Other elements, like John Mills' caricature of 'the village idiot' (an Oscar-winning performance), have been met with ambivalence.
Awards and honours
Others
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
References
Further reading
External links
British Film Institute on Ryan's Daughter
Location on The Dingle Peninsula
1970 films
1970 romantic drama films
1970s English-language films
1970s historical drama films
British films
British epic films
British historical drama films
British romantic drama films
Easter Rising
Films about the Irish Republican Army
Films based on Madame Bovary
Films directed by David Lean
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Anthony Havelock-Allan
Films scored by Maurice Jarre
Films set in 1917
Films set in Ireland
Films set on beaches
Films set on the United Kingdom home front during World War I
Films shot in County Kerry
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Robert Bolt
Historical epic films
Romantic epic films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films | [
-1.1401182413101196,
0.016455553472042084,
-0.253503680229187,
-0.45454147458076477,
0.6351871490478516,
0.7585232257843018,
0.5750662088394165,
0.41173380613327026,
-0.34589076042175293,
0.17263111472129822,
-0.4384405016899109,
0.6045960783958435,
0.045924220234155655,
0.6445481777191162,
-0.14829927682876587,
0.5633967518806458,
0.27401003241539,
0.5664873123168945,
0.17302413284778595,
-0.8807335495948792,
-0.5931963920593262,
-0.611972987651825,
0.3601788282394409,
0.11028975248336792,
-0.0632060244679451,
0.02645735628902912,
0.30395063757896423,
-0.13390028476715088,
0.26849523186683655,
-0.13196884095668793,
0.3462701141834259,
0.14802111685276031,
0.6275998950004578,
0.0329572893679142,
-0.09154661744832993,
0.2923078238964081,
-0.4060820937156677,
0.33300164341926575,
-0.5911328196525574,
0.021283045411109924,
0.042560875415802,
-0.11685685068368912,
0.519633948802948,
0.06972062587738037,
-0.6123257279396057,
-0.03405778855085373,
-1.5295827388763428,
0.14649289846420288,
-0.05941888317465782,
-0.44742104411125183,
-0.5152563452720642,
0.007655846420675516,
0.9611465930938721,
-0.3883918523788452,
0.08878647536039352,
0.419636607170105,
-0.2462041974067688,
0.16293485462665558,
0.046533700078725815,
-0.29528164863586426,
0.12418065220117569,
0.004095116164535284,
0.6628462672233582,
0.24283361434936523,
-0.14848406612873077,
0.8316930532455444,
-0.06943906098604202,
0.19683024287223816,
-0.3598991930484772,
-0.6993899345397949,
0.21492210030555725,
-0.06379417330026627,
-0.16693326830863953,
-0.23560699820518494,
0.13430187106132507,
-0.10538718104362488,
0.5156271457672119,
-0.0035202994477003813,
0.42976251244544983,
0.1649402529001236,
0.25022733211517334,
0.13670359551906586,
-0.17121298611164093,
0.3727162182331085,
0.39383983612060547,
0.020555727183818817,
0.012995634227991104,
0.8529022336006165,
-0.31633713841438293,
0.47197046875953674,
-0.32460057735443115,
-0.010740288533270359,
-0.65851229429245,
0.2712622582912445,
-0.03995147719979286,
0.11495202779769897,
0.3702400028705597,
-0.5390174388885498,
0.3465868830680847,
-0.3014686107635498,
0.04055401682853699,
0.033757034689188004,
-0.09971445053815842,
-0.8640901446342468,
-0.8313098549842834,
0.09186001867055893,
0.037784039974212646,
-0.2955535054206848,
-0.4458846151828766,
-0.05425436794757843,
-0.4847121238708496,
0.21555189788341522,
-0.5287016034126282,
0.27997997403144836,
-0.051479581743478775,
0.14176230132579803,
-0.07750912755727768,
-0.469139039516449,
-0.7569713592529297,
-0.23915669322013855,
0.3572474718093872,
-0.23083697259426117,
-0.1529880315065384,
0.9004676342010498,
-0.07610303908586502,
0.4312700927257538,
-0.32478123903274536,
0.6871212720870972,
-0.3349030315876007,
0.602095365524292,
0.06048860028386116,
0.2076999694108963,
-0.5534945726394653,
-0.20408320426940918,
0.07967852056026459,
-0.2783918082714081,
0.4100486934185028,
-0.12697237730026245,
0.46918395161628723,
0.5420991778373718,
-0.8419287800788879,
0.4821667969226837,
-0.22400309145450592,
-0.33309683203697205,
0.4242059588432312,
-0.18310117721557617,
-0.12025675922632217,
0.07829064130783081,
-0.18589885532855988,
-0.4610293209552765,
0.21804581582546234,
-0.19160142540931702,
0.1283644139766693,
-0.20742182433605194,
-1.1753770112991333,
0.19895635545253754,
0.5227912068367004,
0.13591577112674713,
-0.48022398352622986,
0.5395808815956116,
0.3981020152568817,
0.6507492065429688,
-0.014419588260352612,
0.10028383135795593,
-0.12951357662677765,
0.300260990858078,
0.5776758193969727,
-0.16093939542770386,
0.04130588844418526,
-0.2568041682243347,
-0.02345649152994156,
0.5062362551689148,
0.004046295303851366,
-0.24638260900974274,
-0.46071505546569824,
0.3300797641277313,
-0.057648319751024246,
0.49881863594055176,
-0.32758629322052,
-0.37762966752052307,
-0.7042606472969055,
0.29299071431159973,
0.016225770115852356,
0.01071222685277462,
-0.1854420006275177,
0.28315162658691406,
-0.1563754826784134,
-0.3202642798423767,
-0.7253071665763855,
-0.048180416226387024,
-0.8842189908027649,
-1.0111231803894043,
0.7885113954544067,
-0.37581270933151245,
0.727735698223114,
0.07159482687711716,
0.6771446466445923,
-0.05817341431975365,
-0.21541234850883484,
0.6535336971282959,
0.07071483135223389,
-0.7915253639221191,
0.13980135321617126,
0.5036819577217102,
-0.7282943725585938,
0.20218783617019653,
-0.05435415357351303,
0.9525342583656311,
0.1643628627061844,
0.3844411075115204,
0.07198242098093033,
0.12717583775520325,
0.765737771987915,
0.6356257796287537,
-0.06705506891012192,
-0.16348329186439514,
-0.5792509913444519,
-0.4514504075050354,
0.3840554654598236,
-0.03628695383667946,
-0.19189879298210144,
0.2612783908843994,
0.31959277391433716,
-0.029278641566634178,
0.1872345507144928,
0.8498323559761047,
0.3011511266231537,
-0.14498820900917053,
0.14408284425735474,
-0.12566351890563965,
-0.3615151345729828,
0.6282389760017395,
-0.02505788393318653,
-0.5026856660842896,
0.3857467472553253,
-0.3694395422935486,
-0.15905122458934784,
0.003048224374651909,
0.10545577853918076,
0.009203030727803707,
0.17816299200057983,
0.006787177640944719,
-0.3794545829296112,
0.7683461308479309,
0.05660472437739372,
-0.04054589942097664,
0.24684777855873108,
0.09174809604883194,
-0.022074535489082336,
-0.6527431607246399,
0.08051155507564545,
0.4302976131439209,
0.4906831979751587,
0.5031113028526306,
0.26614910364151,
-0.38403263688087463,
0.09126053750514984,
0.12044856697320938,
0.19241437315940857,
0.43136832118034363,
0.02925230748951435,
-0.00758296949788928,
0.38652077317237854,
0.05666185915470123,
-0.11440189927816391,
0.17423321306705475,
-0.6149904131889343,
-0.792652428150177,
0.229712575674057,
-0.06279506534337997,
0.4747151732444763,
-0.3142133951187134,
-0.4362083375453949,
0.4202907085418701,
-0.030798470601439476,
0.4230307340621948,
-0.13375753164291382,
0.28677743673324585,
-0.7091379165649414,
-0.5009378790855408,
0.2634068727493286,
0.40738704800605774,
-0.4205458164215088,
-0.6783283948898315,
-0.3797622323036194,
-0.29149457812309265,
-0.5815334916114807,
-0.3516967296600342,
-0.3330075144767761,
-0.48693329095840454,
0.11158556491136551,
0.001420171232894063,
-0.4131488502025604,
-0.44582390785217285,
-0.2860502302646637,
0.13486692309379578,
0.17622095346450806,
0.40769264101982117,
0.18695920705795288,
0.1662759780883789,
-0.03193802759051323,
0.8793928623199463,
0.23624452948570251,
-0.06625732779502869,
0.40477773547172546,
0.1729198694229126,
-0.003245551371946931,
-0.5448111891746521,
-5.560697555541992,
0.3781808912754059,
0.25968435406684875,
-0.16017776727676392,
1.0512512922286987,
-0.24907703697681427,
0.5076230764389038,
-0.6791539788246155,
0.2377122938632965,
0.47237709164619446,
-0.24707312881946564,
0.21024897694587708,
-0.4534345269203186,
-0.3582536280155182,
0.613280177116394,
-0.39377719163894653,
0.08651154488325119,
-0.6595898866653442,
0.24667248129844666,
0.4646984934806824,
-0.3376210629940033,
0.08897487819194794,
-0.2912724018096924,
0.1544836312532425,
-0.18739557266235352,
0.8282353281974792,
-0.19157221913337708,
-0.7756929993629456,
-1.1288080215454102,
0.6773852109909058,
-0.30338984727859497,
-0.15811046957969666,
0.14390884339809418,
0.07010401040315628,
-0.39214345812797546,
-0.34216272830963135,
0.25460606813430786,
-0.45594877004623413,
0.5726932287216187,
-0.8274544477462769,
-0.41927552223205566,
0.1396729052066803,
-0.6044831275939941,
-0.11219025403261185,
0.20067428052425385,
-0.5030399560928345,
-0.9849762916564941,
-1.1974191665649414,
0.11126017570495605,
0.8654645681381226,
-0.09643044322729111,
0.48018619418144226,
0.10065848380327225,
-0.09169983118772507,
0.17569273710250854,
-0.4111135005950928,
0.2255023568868637,
-0.18202336132526398,
-0.45579758286476135,
0.13552579283714294,
0.30134350061416626,
-0.2721145451068878,
0.23921500146389008,
-0.12826699018478394,
0.06805978715419769,
-0.39957931637763977,
0.10375051945447922,
-0.6074824929237366,
-0.5759865641593933,
-0.19698938727378845,
-0.16705326735973358,
0.021782396361231804,
0.19468221068382263,
-0.8397672176361084,
-0.2847729027271271,
-0.009446565993130207,
-0.41471943259239197,
-0.023807818070054054,
-0.03540914133191109,
-0.6658235192298889,
0.46621882915496826,
-0.6606630086898804,
0.5963643193244934,
0.14489434659481049,
0.057294148951768875,
0.02190687507390976,
-0.22064025700092316,
-0.12317979335784912,
0.46814337372779846,
-0.3172173500061035,
0.11020094901323318,
-0.5089690089225769,
0.39683985710144043,
0.6589664816856384,
0.8621149063110352,
0.9233258366584778,
0.588824987411499,
0.3635428547859192,
-0.1464572548866272,
0.03631750866770744,
-0.12425176799297333,
-0.49954551458358765,
0.4201089143753052,
0.26366281509399414,
-0.02793445624411106,
-0.5860909223556519,
-0.2139248251914978,
0.2910555899143219,
0.10297571867704391,
-0.7424234747886658,
0.3072631061077118,
-0.3913120627403259,
-0.1421012580394745,
-0.7307798862457275,
0.028529873117804527,
-0.5372939705848694,
-0.23351344466209412,
0.6878821849822998,
0.6567761898040771,
0.17761102318763733,
0.28579431772232056,
-0.4459112286567688,
-0.3949943482875824,
-0.03503383696079254,
-0.8477985262870789,
-0.21628224849700928,
0.4058336317539215,
-0.3530252277851105,
0.11710881441831589,
0.6406003832817078,
-0.5586899518966675,
-0.4878065586090088,
-0.02524661459028721,
-0.3479931056499481,
0.2851719558238983,
-0.5936481952667236,
-0.026392271742224693,
-0.20283673703670502,
-0.6714022755622864,
0.12690506875514984,
-0.035561516880989075,
0.12395212799310684,
-0.4908979833126068,
0.21055829524993896,
-0.009760089218616486,
0.16191723942756653,
-0.2501141428947449,
-0.1869853436946869,
0.21045303344726562,
0.07379791140556335,
-0.1786106675863266,
-0.0655529648065567,
0.8262388110160828,
-0.5397068858146667,
-0.3255542516708374,
0.43087437748908997,
0.247181698679924,
0.18968376517295837,
-0.7125474810600281,
0.19717465341091156,
0.3479226529598236,
-0.06562041491270065,
-0.8534004092216492,
-0.0006501509924419224,
0.3065028190612793,
0.3849327266216278,
0.051472682505846024,
-0.331058144569397,
-0.37105831503868103,
0.5722669363021851,
0.22253406047821045,
0.16680069267749786,
0.24534830451011658,
0.45064109563827515,
0.09609660506248474,
0.40594813227653503,
-0.516715943813324,
-0.11754415929317474,
0.0344381183385849,
0.23914925754070282,
0.11561327427625656,
-0.10880065709352493,
-0.14496372640132904,
0.8558031916618347,
0.4821191132068634,
-0.048969898372888565,
-0.8014885187149048,
-0.4577486217021942,
-1.0189590454101562,
0.5547268986701965,
0.5098337531089783,
0.34246599674224854,
-0.35448047518730164,
0.607093095779419,
-0.6479308009147644,
-0.20541909337043762,
-0.48574742674827576,
-0.09261184930801392,
0.5776492953300476,
-0.11183620244264603,
-0.7645052075386047,
0.5736874938011169,
-0.7622677087783813,
0.2165592908859253,
0.3732401728630066,
-0.7261577844619751,
0.06555721908807755,
0.230470210313797,
-0.8933680057525635,
0.9169631600379944,
0.13450579345226288,
-0.4290676414966583,
0.16646350920200348,
0.6834402680397034,
0.30569010972976685,
0.08577537536621094,
0.28231489658355713,
-0.03196671977639198,
0.1370815932750702,
0.20265763998031616,
-0.5853980779647827,
-1.2052531242370605,
-0.26491978764533997,
-0.3905654549598694,
-0.5545732975006104,
0.4215182960033417,
0.20298410952091217,
-0.565519392490387,
0.0849791169166565,
-0.216150164604187,
-0.24985702335834503,
0.1368342489004135,
0.7575341463088989,
0.1569311022758484,
0.06410302221775055,
-0.31469669938087463,
-0.18776845932006836,
0.3631832003593445,
0.23468342423439026,
0.2349240481853485,
1.028716802597046,
0.260103315114975,
-0.24333305656909943,
-0.5311092138290405,
0.19730356335639954,
0.14456313848495483,
-0.13148057460784912,
-0.5971375703811646,
0.22236452996730804,
0.19967451691627502,
-0.19992247223854065,
-0.08409969508647919,
0.215409055352211,
-0.5945712924003601,
0.40065789222717285,
-0.7029479742050171,
0.07493885606527328,
-0.018786290660500526,
-0.4499872922897339,
-0.0004934461903758347,
-0.09458649158477783,
-0.5144766569137573,
-0.4918923079967499,
0.3010323643684387,
0.2836402952671051,
0.47209635376930237,
0.061532314866781235,
-0.19528502225875854,
0.05814910680055618,
0.21351973712444305,
-0.3504543602466583,
-0.36716532707214355,
1.076048493385315,
-0.012343539856374264,
-0.5231273174285889,
-0.18968579173088074,
-0.09726855158805847,
0.0992787778377533,
0.09669099748134613,
0.18906597793102264,
-0.37911781668663025,
0.00461939349770546,
-0.1267593801021576,
-0.6720725297927856,
-0.240929514169693,
-0.29910144209861755,
0.53065025806427,
-0.4097611606121063,
-0.14522020518779755,
0.10444820672273636,
0.257762610912323,
0.25729894638061523,
-0.1676429659128189,
-0.11226274073123932,
0.41833263635635376,
-0.02886037901043892,
-0.12904919683933258,
0.7469373345375061,
-0.9897985458374023,
0.30252817273139954,
-0.42054393887519836,
0.39404311776161194,
0.24231043457984924,
0.11212053894996643,
0.034690696746110916,
0.37662261724472046,
-0.07967008650302887,
-0.6715129613876343,
-0.028226139023900032,
-0.09753049910068512,
-0.5127367377281189,
0.29385367035865784,
0.33225810527801514,
0.34753766655921936,
-0.08686563372612,
0.06600665301084518,
0.44311365485191345,
-0.4356871545314789,
0.04667254909873009,
0.31680652499198914,
-0.11652615666389465,
-0.17298565804958344,
0.24910254776477814,
-0.17255836725234985,
-0.27431783080101013,
0.5882628560066223,
0.1699066162109375,
0.7142071723937988,
0.2739611864089966,
0.7261289358139038,
0.0449029877781868,
0.032066378742456436,
0.7442923188209534,
1.0534907579421997,
0.04456084966659546,
-0.5054003000259399,
0.26786094903945923,
-0.6228076219558716,
0.457305371761322,
0.5081506371498108,
0.179179385304451,
0.12142600864171982,
0.6306666731834412,
-0.17378884553909302,
0.29220089316368103,
0.2120858132839203,
0.47755080461502075,
0.14554716646671295,
-0.2498706579208374,
-0.30924955010414124,
0.37108445167541504,
0.3213834762573242,
0.19353969395160675,
-0.585728108882904,
0.4803336560726166,
-0.2479865849018097,
0.23347732424736023,
-0.08984818309545517,
-0.4485958218574524,
0.02911335974931717,
-0.9760617613792419,
-0.19844584167003632,
0.5963946580886841,
0.5388316512107849,
-0.12175250798463821,
-0.22116589546203613,
0.3940935730934143,
0.03523245081305504,
0.29490014910697937,
0.42149826884269714,
0.3423011898994446,
-0.16297923028469086,
-0.18194830417633057,
-0.08260113000869751,
0.6190081834793091,
0.5065295696258545,
0.05170844495296478,
-0.11761736869812012,
-0.004029570147395134,
0.16151756048202515,
-0.4375125765800476,
0.699284017086029,
-0.4048515558242798,
-0.06788020581007004,
-0.09585361927747726,
0.40446171164512634,
-0.07232851535081863,
-0.19886933267116547,
-0.2271854728460312,
-0.12353654205799103,
0.8328828811645508,
-0.4871779978275299,
0.2269006371498108,
0.11507109552621841,
-0.6635733842849731,
0.23592419922351837,
-0.2921105921268463,
0.6641085743904114,
0.8054618239402771,
0.5568515062332153,
-0.004650839604437351,
0.1481916308403015,
-0.42537277936935425,
0.4233231842517853,
-0.2970275580883026,
0.06430929154157639,
-0.09553280472755432,
0.7987046241760254,
-0.7071276307106018,
-0.3555532395839691,
0.27793294191360474,
-0.04280955716967583,
0.17106564342975616,
-0.3539719581604004,
-0.46932539343833923,
-0.4178650975227356,
0.7704200148582458,
0.44985100626945496,
0.24467188119888306,
-0.37667304277420044,
-0.10752101987600327,
-0.2026595175266266,
0.27518734335899353,
-0.3103417456150055,
0.049959320574998856,
0.39371058344841003,
-0.9107126593589783,
0.004611235111951828,
0.3697349727153778,
0.1255033165216446,
0.11023271083831787,
0.5931888818740845,
0.47807735204696655,
0.29190707206726074,
0.02845456637442112,
0.13755692541599274,
0.2801428437232971,
-0.30546632409095764,
0.1776001751422882,
-0.18805256485939026,
0.22885499894618988,
-0.5481007695198059,
0.14419302344322205,
0.029905354604125023,
-0.23921026289463043,
-0.39625564217567444,
0.07731553167104721,
-0.48028290271759033,
-0.2850324511528015,
0.22455672919750214,
0.12216630578041077,
-0.6247252225875854,
-0.23178379237651825,
-0.7074148654937744,
-0.5824301242828369,
-0.8264622092247009,
-0.14931371808052063,
-0.6718850135803223,
0.40094220638275146,
0.3317248821258545
] |
217821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Snodgress | Carrie Snodgress | Caroline Louise Snodgress (October 27, 1945 – April 1, 2004) was an American actress. She is best remembered for her role in the film Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award as well as winning two Golden Globes and two Laurel Awards.
Life and career
Born in Barrington, Illinois, Snodgress attended Maine Township High School East in Park Ridge, then Northern Illinois University before leaving to pursue acting. She trained for the stage at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University). After a number of minor TV appearances, her film debut was an uncredited appearance in Easy Rider in 1969 and a credited appearance in 1970 in Rabbit, Run. Her next film, Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970), earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress and two Golden Globe wins, as Best Actress in a Comedy or a Musical and New Star of the Year - Actress.
She left acting soon after to live with musician Neil Young and care for their son Zeke, who was born with mild cerebral palsy. She returned to acting in 1978 in The Fury.
According to Sylvester Stallone:The first choice for Adrian (in the movie Rocky) was a girl named Carrie Snodgress, who I wanted badly because, at the time, I wanted Adrian's family to be Irish and Harvey Keitel would be the brother. She said there wasn't enough money in it (we were getting paid $360 before taxes), so I said "I'll give you my share, I truly want you." She passed to do a part in Buffalo Bill and the Indians, which never happened for her.
Rocky director John G. Avildsen cast Snodgress in two of his later films: A Night in Heaven and 8 Seconds.
Neil Young's song "A Man Needs a Maid" was inspired by Snodgress, featuring the lyric "I fell in love with the actress / she was playing a part that I could understand." The songs "Heart of Gold,” "Harvest" and "Out on the Weekend" from Young's Harvest album and "Motion Pictures" from On the Beach are also inspired by their relationship. She and Young split in 1974, and his song "Already One" bookends their relationship. Later she and musician and film score composer Jack Nitzsche became lovers. Nitzsche had previously worked with Young on several albums. In 1979, Nitzsche was charged with threatening to kill her after he barged into her home and beat her with a handgun. He pled guilty to threatening her, was fined, and placed on three years' probation.
Her off-Broadway debut came as a replacement in 1981 with A Coupla White Chicks Sitting Around Talking. She also appeared in All the Way Home, Oh! What a Lovely War!, Caesar and Cleopatra, Tartuffe, The Balcony and The Boor (all at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago); and Curse of the Starving Class at the Tiffany Theatre (in Los Angeles). Other films include Murphy's Law, White Man's Burden, Pale Rider and Blue Sky. She also worked extensively in television.
Death
While waiting for a liver transplant, Snodgress was hospitalized in Los Angeles, where she died of heart failure on April 1, 2004, at age 58.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1945 births
2004 deaths
American film actresses
American television actresses
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Illinois
People from Barrington, Illinois | [
-0.5534347295761108,
-0.3416565954685211,
-0.9359601736068726,
-0.3418619632720947,
0.07453997433185577,
0.9395248889923096,
0.8372688889503479,
0.19176927208900452,
0.025234907865524292,
-0.3123759627342224,
0.3910629451274872,
0.6176142692565918,
0.026230407878756523,
0.47016456723213196,
-0.6477042436599731,
0.3152482211589813,
0.15882261097431183,
0.36232656240463257,
0.08897803723812103,
-0.515628457069397,
-0.7826799750328064,
-0.41671520471572876,
0.7257213592529297,
0.19110575318336487,
-0.3243770897388458,
0.6137845516204834,
-0.12034149467945099,
0.08438284695148468,
0.304810106754303,
0.42700663208961487,
-0.25128093361854553,
0.2421301305294037,
0.2430322766304016,
0.026546457782387733,
-0.615034282207489,
0.42822030186653137,
-0.5172462463378906,
0.14038176834583282,
-0.1965138465166092,
0.0571296289563179,
-0.46131080389022827,
-0.19916951656341553,
-0.017836805433034897,
-0.1489563137292862,
-0.32709693908691406,
-0.47518453001976013,
-2.3917012214660645,
-0.24369993805885315,
-0.392094224691391,
-0.8261770606040955,
-0.5710083842277527,
0.5935121178627014,
1.1330069303512573,
0.28267648816108704,
0.12447116523981094,
-0.3550504446029663,
-0.2988806366920471,
-0.15590357780456543,
-0.08515887707471848,
0.05529484897851944,
0.07808913290500641,
-0.4770858883857727,
0.15601302683353424,
-0.5075238943099976,
-0.0035791399423033,
0.35410404205322266,
0.061922069638967514,
-0.22238586843013763,
-0.18828439712524414,
-0.6363155245780945,
0.29580116271972656,
0.7063306570053101,
0.9610829949378967,
-0.1583586484193802,
0.2290031462907791,
0.08843772113323212,
0.6009440422058105,
-0.3624745309352875,
-0.08891941606998444,
-0.04144607484340668,
0.11146268993616104,
0.04879944771528244,
0.22287599742412567,
0.6665401458740234,
0.18964740633964539,
-0.6202778816223145,
-0.4738270044326782,
0.3913041353225708,
-0.24918343126773834,
0.19843824207782745,
-0.8265747427940369,
-0.17933282256126404,
-0.4488697946071625,
0.13488245010375977,
-0.11226938664913177,
-0.31510186195373535,
0.24398615956306458,
0.03962033987045288,
0.13777907192707062,
0.07192040979862213,
-0.5844520926475525,
-0.5153375864028931,
0.2602749764919281,
-0.901691734790802,
-0.6698819398880005,
0.2340986281633377,
0.40783265233039856,
0.22924667596817017,
-0.4738304018974304,
-0.4773784875869751,
-0.1873871088027954,
0.32734033465385437,
-0.2387666553258896,
-0.007151633035391569,
0.16493721306324005,
0.24404753744602203,
0.27279597520828247,
0.19351352751255035,
-0.8628956079483032,
-0.21689710021018982,
0.13180296123027802,
-0.6315855383872986,
-0.13612785935401917,
-0.17802654206752777,
-0.3090291917324066,
0.5671098828315735,
-0.2248203456401825,
0.16510114073753357,
-0.0972619280219078,
0.3715997040271759,
0.3977203965187073,
0.8027125597000122,
-0.24592092633247375,
-0.38005542755126953,
-0.20922580361366272,
-0.11815350502729416,
0.34747523069381714,
0.011280371807515621,
0.32467594742774963,
-0.4396856427192688,
-0.1490778923034668,
0.3645845651626587,
-1.4513083696365356,
-0.07671234011650085,
0.926115870475769,
-0.43790945410728455,
0.4530187249183655,
0.3252775967121124,
-0.4080163240432739,
-0.091204434633255,
-0.27215224504470825,
-0.06441470980644226,
0.41074705123901367,
-0.5256456136703491,
-0.4921993911266327,
0.06186183542013168,
0.5686164498329163,
-0.3295617997646332,
-0.2141074687242508,
0.3146391808986664,
0.4707264006137848,
0.3152874708175659,
-0.2068766951560974,
0.2507859170436859,
0.4248230755329132,
0.10317528992891312,
0.22588610649108887,
-0.9770103096961975,
0.012371295131742954,
0.3579004108905792,
-0.11934248358011246,
0.5938976407051086,
0.4196048676967621,
0.025814494118094444,
-0.6454111933708191,
0.35073718428611755,
-0.016192995011806488,
0.5827049612998962,
-0.5915393233299255,
-0.565820574760437,
-0.3610329031944275,
-0.04853193834424019,
0.25876152515411377,
0.22163890302181244,
0.17487762868404388,
0.2268630415201187,
0.46802443265914917,
0.018329445272684097,
0.10448218137025833,
-0.3673725128173828,
-0.3280740976333618,
-0.6644272208213806,
0.5894303321838379,
0.5213281512260437,
0.48106831312179565,
0.2008907049894333,
-0.13971823453903198,
-0.06123868376016617,
-0.1886301338672638,
-0.20024704933166504,
-0.16142505407333374,
-0.486638605594635,
0.2807421088218689,
-0.009318595752120018,
-0.22518964111804962,
0.2833910286426544,
0.17994089424610138,
0.25608140230178833,
0.21813805401325226,
1.1356067657470703,
-0.02667122893035412,
-0.9506011009216309,
0.2000667154788971,
0.8719266057014465,
0.24888697266578674,
-0.7570434808731079,
-0.6737954020500183,
-0.275739461183548,
0.7734161615371704,
-0.6311782002449036,
-0.312455952167511,
0.48494964838027954,
-0.1948394626379013,
-0.09291210025548935,
-0.24266502261161804,
0.20654460787773132,
-0.5504235625267029,
0.31681162118911743,
0.4074922800064087,
-0.09829141199588776,
0.33398351073265076,
0.14714519679546356,
0.1909841001033783,
-0.691305935382843,
0.15467900037765503,
0.2507316470146179,
0.12768159806728363,
-0.11034662276506424,
0.05672592297196388,
-0.7507855296134949,
0.041182003915309906,
0.2123749852180481,
-1.119367241859436,
0.31813040375709534,
-0.08885855227708817,
-0.332672119140625,
0.3394092321395874,
-0.04387776181101799,
0.07085245847702026,
-0.35647040605545044,
0.24197226762771606,
0.4880644381046295,
0.32827237248420715,
0.16555660963058472,
0.3197076916694641,
0.26038825511932373,
0.14958825707435608,
-0.0034710506442934275,
1.0180057287216187,
0.018804173916578293,
0.32536786794662476,
0.33082011342048645,
0.10197456926107407,
0.34001028537750244,
-0.21681955456733704,
0.13506966829299927,
-0.13432569801807404,
-0.4783017337322235,
-0.3564709424972534,
-0.1463913470506668,
0.19801786541938782,
-0.18893884122371674,
-0.18780095875263214,
-0.03977421671152115,
0.2689940333366394,
0.5473373532295227,
-0.2176617681980133,
0.2904272675514221,
-0.5214472413063049,
-0.7815805077552795,
0.9715930223464966,
0.766132116317749,
-0.12888039648532867,
-0.17165929079055786,
-0.22427532076835632,
-0.5975503921508789,
-0.09971033781766891,
-0.21310219168663025,
-0.3902500569820404,
0.17445729672908783,
-0.10277915745973587,
0.6463313698768616,
-0.9804062843322754,
0.46010297536849976,
-0.4692586362361908,
0.1977628916501999,
-0.46468764543533325,
0.25839826464653015,
-0.04832092672586441,
0.023627139627933502,
-0.23320910334587097,
0.724025547504425,
-0.24014993011951447,
-0.20265181362628937,
0.32723504304885864,
0.4571755528450012,
-0.284030556678772,
-0.2803589999675751,
-5.320001125335693,
0.2318289875984192,
0.6146200895309448,
-0.6342490911483765,
0.7298212647438049,
-0.3730967044830322,
0.0397423692047596,
-0.2594510316848755,
0.37884649634361267,
0.5021432042121887,
0.21260790526866913,
0.12219644337892532,
-0.6226604580879211,
0.021201116964221,
0.43406349420547485,
0.022843101993203163,
0.5588852763175964,
-0.7637487053871155,
-0.28317153453826904,
0.7246866226196289,
0.33884793519973755,
-0.562347948551178,
0.04519066587090492,
0.23615477979183197,
0.31765180826187134,
0.3280021846294403,
-0.054110728204250336,
-0.04534001275897026,
-0.5670368075370789,
-0.4188369810581207,
-0.284189909696579,
0.021593501791357994,
-0.3626033663749695,
-0.18200060725212097,
0.033443793654441833,
-0.06364353001117706,
0.6227375268936157,
0.01891643926501274,
0.18301653861999512,
-0.7918795347213745,
-0.16910596191883087,
0.0603141151368618,
-0.9215460419654846,
0.13592518866062164,
0.17101040482521057,
-0.09770634770393372,
-0.20119081437587738,
-0.8391464352607727,
0.03656540811061859,
0.7718428373336792,
0.4273870885372162,
0.19149743020534515,
0.44689956307411194,
0.004212328232824802,
0.6282846331596375,
-0.4208705425262451,
-0.09724386781454086,
0.05001547932624817,
-0.8750597238540649,
-0.03370587155222893,
0.046110574156045914,
-0.510471761226654,
-0.06268574297428131,
-0.3913213312625885,
-0.33980390429496765,
-0.43698805570602417,
0.026628969237208366,
0.5840123295783997,
-0.24193210899829865,
-0.4824053943157196,
0.32225289940834045,
0.06366682052612305,
-0.052904125303030014,
-1.1976112127304077,
0.3632446825504303,
-0.13019534945487976,
0.43854641914367676,
-0.24429592490196228,
-0.8324912786483765,
-0.629427969455719,
0.2927978038787842,
-0.3633003532886505,
0.9970200657844543,
0.553305983543396,
0.6224279999732971,
-0.0097931744530797,
-0.033536672592163086,
0.44243690371513367,
-0.45712026953697205,
-0.35224995017051697,
-0.2752523422241211,
-0.3350587785243988,
-0.06721088290214539,
0.47279709577560425,
0.3217313289642334,
-0.340586394071579,
0.5521200895309448,
0.38395050168037415,
0.13668569922447205,
0.032167255878448486,
-0.08145751804113388,
-0.37641641497612,
0.46400681138038635,
-0.47352129220962524,
-0.07474038004875183,
-0.007967949844896793,
0.1885003298521042,
-0.029416337609291077,
0.9089576005935669,
-0.8006693720817566,
-0.04917864128947258,
0.542890727519989,
-0.3212966322898865,
-0.18064206838607788,
0.25556135177612305,
-0.2623533010482788,
0.07901690900325775,
0.31093698740005493,
0.5206246376037598,
0.0009758173255249858,
0.31142452359199524,
0.3720642030239105,
0.027979787439107895,
0.11186391860246658,
0.33904433250427246,
-0.06965509802103043,
0.45827531814575195,
0.2175234705209732,
-0.6700015068054199,
0.40053313970565796,
-0.5303282737731934,
-0.0006474482361227274,
0.11544141173362732,
0.09466496109962463,
0.2643091082572937,
-0.4682629406452179,
-0.7170572280883789,
0.08347329497337341,
-0.17994043231010437,
0.13038372993469238,
-0.015261994674801826,
-0.38171055912971497,
-0.15877790749073029,
0.38390111923217773,
0.7396140098571777,
0.05946093425154686,
0.7566540241241455,
-0.17557968199253082,
-0.5014773011207581,
0.3086754083633423,
-0.3607732057571411,
0.3156903088092804,
0.23446524143218994,
-1.0456593036651611,
0.039639052003622055,
0.22903183102607727,
0.012684979476034641,
-0.46319302916526794,
0.046354129910469055,
-0.2260185182094574,
-0.15864767134189606,
-0.02118040807545185,
-0.5944952368736267,
0.6332342028617859,
-0.5438290238380432,
-0.014374712482094765,
-0.16626222431659698,
-0.4105488657951355,
-0.5006629824638367,
0.7322441935539246,
-0.10842423886060715,
-0.2775161564350128,
0.3053683638572693,
0.41046079993247986,
0.3676083981990814,
0.19641998410224915,
-0.43042945861816406,
-0.5445318222045898,
0.08023412525653839,
-0.16176581382751465,
-0.061063189059495926,
-0.27027416229248047,
-1.1507225036621094,
-0.1532306671142578,
0.17987190186977386,
-0.05211034044623375,
-0.356624960899353,
-0.19845785200595856,
-0.5346530675888062,
0.11007989197969437,
-0.11302976310253143,
-0.20074863731861115,
-0.35664406418800354,
0.559721052646637,
-1.0538082122802734,
0.38356003165245056,
-0.049066536128520966,
-0.21961069107055664,
0.4016173779964447,
-0.2700950503349304,
-0.5126245617866516,
0.29758939146995544,
-0.4792361557483673,
0.0027017167303711176,
0.3584292232990265,
-1.14700448513031,
0.1064056009054184,
0.05083794891834259,
-0.258149117231369,
1.0117084980010986,
-0.5057625770568848,
-0.07751761376857758,
0.22332143783569336,
0.42827731370925903,
-0.02197251282632351,
0.1922481656074524,
0.7837827205657959,
0.46459439396858215,
0.0451318584382534,
-0.8978882431983948,
-0.4941040277481079,
-1.098378300666809,
-0.2571514844894409,
0.2616254687309265,
-0.8308598399162292,
0.08706831187009811,
-0.24628494679927826,
-0.5590370297431946,
0.9294203519821167,
-0.112094447016716,
-0.13288792967796326,
-0.0389668308198452,
0.49798479676246643,
0.21925882995128632,
0.1816069632768631,
-0.4791141152381897,
-0.1586257815361023,
0.27149543166160583,
-0.29905205965042114,
0.37484219670295715,
0.593143880367279,
0.9168066382408142,
-0.23813842236995697,
0.27475640177726746,
0.3837939500808716,
0.44688287377357483,
-0.25310835242271423,
-0.5303743481636047,
-0.06665118038654327,
0.21753491461277008,
0.23986457288265228,
0.36358842253685,
-0.16895554959774017,
0.5119690895080566,
0.48454010486602783,
-0.8823595643043518,
0.023244867101311684,
0.11698976159095764,
-0.3569260835647583,
-0.08227724581956863,
-0.05076048523187637,
0.07641665637493134,
-0.24130676686763763,
0.0416560024023056,
0.35846206545829773,
0.5368646383285522,
0.0023593129590153694,
0.35673004388809204,
0.3837479054927826,
-0.09391871839761734,
-0.2836202085018158,
0.45868366956710815,
-0.17814423143863678,
0.0745665580034256,
-0.6736607551574707,
0.16555249691009521,
0.4114840030670166,
-0.3882448971271515,
0.14641091227531433,
-0.11500630527734756,
-0.28991299867630005,
0.22410474717617035,
-0.2998439073562622,
-0.7806066870689392,
-0.3722653090953827,
-0.6118748188018799,
0.5741952657699585,
-0.3385911285877228,
-0.35020920634269714,
-0.029522370547056198,
0.18587228655815125,
0.5504831075668335,
-0.3340263068675995,
0.04897364228963852,
-0.34768354892730713,
-0.10639676451683044,
0.2556745409965515,
0.9837521314620972,
-0.1875721663236618,
-0.10425955802202225,
-0.33696386218070984,
0.15851670503616333,
0.28019699454307556,
-0.0313258022069931,
0.10443226993083954,
-0.5034137964248657,
-0.24982470273971558,
-0.6831613183021545,
-0.40073636174201965,
0.47141233086586,
0.27775949239730835,
-0.06447567045688629,
0.5784146189689636,
0.8237143158912659,
-0.253380686044693,
0.13760243356227875,
0.281790167093277,
-0.13524973392486572,
-0.6551997065544128,
-0.10512713342905045,
-0.7402788996696472,
0.04554404690861702,
0.4309481084346771,
-0.22042535245418549,
0.42104372382164,
1.109602689743042,
0.5746407508850098,
0.3256226181983948,
-0.2660715579986572,
0.3883405923843384,
-0.06749770790338516,
-0.8171308040618896,
0.6657175421714783,
0.9533777236938477,
0.06665005534887314,
-0.6717305779457092,
0.6282328367233276,
-0.10506518930196762,
0.5344951748847961,
0.4925414025783539,
-0.18933141231536865,
0.5777863264083862,
0.05282898619771004,
0.17424316704273224,
0.1039990484714508,
0.12167282402515411,
0.2383558303117752,
0.5746001601219177,
-0.10968074202537537,
-0.8115968108177185,
0.41573548316955566,
-0.12701614201068878,
0.11296460777521133,
-0.4863939881324768,
1.193203091621399,
-0.10908292233943939,
0.44094735383987427,
-0.4226462244987488,
-0.44374221563339233,
-0.2714501917362213,
-0.7914870977401733,
-0.891388475894928,
0.9773821830749512,
0.3515379726886749,
-0.06853829324245453,
-0.2588074803352356,
-0.02119784988462925,
-0.3152913749217987,
-0.15868163108825684,
0.2740868031978607,
0.5535175204277039,
0.43857893347740173,
-0.4108884036540985,
0.2995130121707916,
0.4325626790523529,
0.18821045756340027,
0.5616323351860046,
-0.7057759761810303,
0.2209402322769165,
0.05397515371441841,
-0.21400940418243408,
0.38527289032936096,
0.267144113779068,
-0.38097235560417175,
0.059471748769283295,
-0.33612707257270813,
-0.1400732696056366,
-0.12036965787410736,
0.6997518539428711,
-0.48716866970062256,
0.7653635144233704,
-0.7907471656799316,
-0.28651222586631775,
0.09868492186069489,
-0.5624485015869141,
0.018769340589642525,
-0.2964472472667694,
0.8630902171134949,
0.37950798869132996,
0.5385684370994568,
0.19225625693798065,
0.598017156124115,
0.08679980039596558,
0.23404182493686676,
-0.42982062697410583,
0.4830763638019562,
-0.030908165499567986,
0.3968356251716614,
-0.4814678132534027,
-0.06151596084237099,
0.540378987789154,
0.3885154724121094,
-0.17929331958293915,
0.22777588665485382,
-0.6532731652259827,
0.1937648504972458,
0.6354307532310486,
0.20383182168006897,
-0.48972174525260925,
0.16330158710479736,
-0.22840216755867004,
-0.11936472356319427,
0.0677843913435936,
-0.4013165235519409,
0.04370886832475662,
0.9296452403068542,
-0.48311689496040344,
-0.038408245891332626,
0.048639215528964996,
0.23733623325824738,
-0.06308044493198395,
0.6659477353096008,
0.038265079259872437,
-0.14731846749782562,
-0.18970927596092224,
0.10485672950744629,
0.33205077052116394,
0.21793779730796814,
0.9566114544868469,
-0.6340925097465515,
0.3992452621459961,
0.09039344638586044,
-0.02469167485833168,
0.4579716622829437,
-0.6983944773674011,
-0.37005653977394104,
0.45859062671661377,
-0.25344279408454895,
0.504543125629425,
0.3740602731704712,
-0.5578360557556152,
-0.43490657210350037,
0.156068354845047,
-0.3353823125362396,
-0.2654241919517517,
-0.5849781036376953,
0.04954065755009651,
-0.30043357610702515,
0.25347864627838135,
-0.05854165554046631
] |
217822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozac%20Nation | Prozac Nation | Prozac Nation is a memoir by Elizabeth Wurtzel published in 1994. The book describes the author's experiences with atypical depression, her own character failings and how she managed to live through particularly difficult periods while completing college and working as a writer. Prozac is a trade name for the antidepressant fluoxetine. Wurtzel originally titled the book I Hate Myself and I Want To Die but her editor convinced her otherwise. It ultimately carried the subtitle Young and Depressed in America: A Memoir.
The book was adapted into a feature film, Prozac Nation (2001), starring Christina Ricci.
Reception
Reviews were mixed. In The New York Times, Michiko Kakutani characterized Prozac Nation as "by turns wrenching and comical, self-indulgent and self-aware," comparing it with the "raw candor of Joan Didion's essays, the irritating emotional exhibitionism of Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar and the wry, dark humor of a Bob Dylan song." While praising Wurtzel's prose style as "sparkling" and "luminescent," Kakutani thought the memoir "would have benefited enormously from some strict editing" and said that its "self-pitying passages make the reader want to shake the author, and remind her that there are far worse fates than growing up during the '70s in New York and going to Harvard." Publishers Weekly was similarly ambivalent: "By turns emotionally powerful and tiresomely solipsistic, [Wurtzel's] book straddles the line between an absorbing self-portrait and a coy bid for public attention."
Writing in New York Magazine, Walter Kirn found that although Prozac Nation had "moments of shapely truth-telling," altogether it was "almost unbearable" and "a work of singular self-absorption." Calling the book a "tedious and poorly written story of Wurtzel's melodramatic life, warts and all (actually all warts)," Erica L. Werner asked in The Harvard Crimson, "How did this chick get a book contract in the first place? Why was she allowed to write such crap?" Werner also described Prozac Nation as "obscenely exhibitionistic," with "no purpose other than alternately to bore us and make us squirm." She said that the author "comes off as an irritating, solipsistic brat."
"It would be possible to have more sympathy for Ms. Wurtzel if she weren't so exasperatingly sympathetic to herself," wrote Ken Tucker in the New York Times Book Review.
He observed, "The reader may well begin riffling the pages of the book in the vain hope that there will be a few complimentary Prozac capsules tucked inside for one's own relief." Kirkus Reviews thought the book to be filled with "narcissistic pride" and concluded, "By alternately belittling and belaboring her depression, Wurtzel loses her credibility: Either she's a brat who won't shape up or she needs the drugs. Ultimately, you don't care which."
See also
Cosmetic pharmacology
Eli Lilly and Company
Let Them Eat Prozac (2004)
Listening to Prozac (1993)
References
External links
Excerpts of reviews, from a Penguin Group website
Release me, a July 2004 article in The Guardian
Prozac Nation: Young and Depressed in America: A Memoir
1994 non-fiction books
Books about depression
Memoirs adapted into films
Eli Lilly and Company
Memoirs about drugs
American memoirs | [
-0.5304906368255615,
-0.08833132684230804,
-0.7065287828445435,
-0.20015406608581543,
0.3250088691711426,
0.38288137316703796,
0.7369639277458191,
0.004926689900457859,
-0.19978854060173035,
-0.19353312253952026,
0.13407978415489197,
0.5060209035873413,
0.23805460333824158,
-0.3864439129829407,
-0.015616115182638168,
0.05023682862520218,
-0.014822952449321747,
0.47596248984336853,
0.4994496703147888,
-0.41381311416625977,
-0.19108249247074127,
0.011069693602621555,
0.5966541171073914,
0.1892046332359314,
0.42419734597206116,
0.16479456424713135,
0.5172364711761475,
-0.23065808415412903,
-0.3904566764831543,
0.23071834444999695,
-0.15792082250118256,
0.22115394473075867,
0.166066512465477,
-0.6466290950775146,
0.033795807510614395,
-0.523184597492218,
-0.6321274638175964,
-0.2484300434589386,
-0.15058103203773499,
-0.352873831987381,
-0.1701677292585373,
0.23020781576633453,
0.3868330419063568,
0.6020959615707397,
-0.1131478101015091,
0.3341960310935974,
-1.5155006647109985,
0.5205414891242981,
-0.9294294714927673,
-0.019525030627846718,
-0.062199607491493225,
0.24640406668186188,
1.0883848667144775,
0.4017634689807892,
0.16404297947883606,
0.27107909321784973,
-0.9640452265739441,
-0.20122183859348297,
-0.08158472180366516,
-0.7656088471412659,
0.3251543343067169,
0.6172923445701599,
0.3248072862625122,
-0.016489729285240173,
0.4859282970428467,
-0.33816245198249817,
0.08058420568704605,
0.5759900808334351,
0.19676870107650757,
-0.29248693585395813,
-0.2040412276983261,
-0.3716246485710144,
0.3196547329425812,
0.05752456188201904,
-0.30584362149238586,
-0.2174481898546219,
0.39366623759269714,
0.268718421459198,
0.5692939758300781,
-0.07459218055009842,
0.057364847511053085,
-0.15324236452579498,
0.7093038558959961,
0.18637636303901672,
0.38462910056114197,
-0.26614245772361755,
0.14678993821144104,
-0.3327910006046295,
-0.3825238347053528,
-0.2270422875881195,
-0.49885496497154236,
-0.6517952680587769,
-0.07728283852338791,
0.3818815350532532,
-0.10316821187734604,
-0.3872605562210083,
-0.1625654101371765,
-0.15168069303035736,
0.24311760067939758,
0.053132399916648865,
-0.20041367411613464,
0.0660487562417984,
0.4218447208404541,
0.34055864810943604,
-0.7154096961021423,
-0.28595271706581116,
-0.2838216722011566,
0.07128598541021347,
0.8411867618560791,
0.35521161556243896,
0.30542275309562683,
0.25069475173950195,
-0.17699997127056122,
-0.12354349344968796,
0.09715451300144196,
0.29596930742263794,
-0.04907592386007309,
-0.2808935046195984,
-0.4924454987049103,
-0.4701825678348541,
0.15828837454319,
0.6843111515045166,
0.46929028630256653,
0.09854912012815475,
-0.21724049746990204,
-0.060741450637578964,
0.7045360803604126,
0.37577947974205017,
0.16195857524871826,
-0.15766355395317078,
0.22599029541015625,
0.35600215196609497,
-0.6601720452308655,
0.25050976872444153,
-0.07664445042610168,
-0.34469830989837646,
0.44609391689300537,
0.08557357639074326,
0.5034375190734863,
1.0372025966644287,
0.19624334573745728,
0.1841086894273758,
-0.2988450527191162,
-0.02587795816361904,
0.6229500770568848,
-0.05761835724115372,
-0.1534995287656784,
-0.2396644800901413,
-0.20296894013881683,
-0.28814685344696045,
0.24409344792366028,
-0.054974254220724106,
0.42643260955810547,
-0.0220465287566185,
-0.6458278894424438,
0.7184883952140808,
0.06552136689424515,
0.20629969239234924,
0.3950597941875458,
0.15211845934391022,
0.30392903089523315,
0.37839454412460327,
-0.13703356683254242,
0.43267497420310974,
0.3315499424934387,
-0.21417412161827087,
-0.02248297818005085,
0.18677957355976105,
0.4566915035247803,
0.14340905845165253,
-0.2616722583770752,
0.3062940537929535,
0.2834008038043976,
0.4026993215084076,
0.20106691122055054,
-0.1245620995759964,
0.4915218651294708,
0.3825366497039795,
0.35259026288986206,
-0.041819050908088684,
-0.324371337890625,
0.404195100069046,
-0.02245953679084778,
-0.2438770979642868,
0.3380206525325775,
0.02719121240079403,
0.6344079375267029,
-0.1799844354391098,
0.14798441529273987,
0.26530584692955017,
-0.4166812002658844,
-0.8033503293991089,
0.47166934609413147,
-0.6809897422790527,
1.3203926086425781,
0.1938055008649826,
-0.519956648349762,
0.8656824827194214,
0.04893692582845688,
0.49556857347488403,
-0.052558012306690216,
-0.20017771422863007,
0.4555876851081848,
-0.06367123126983643,
-0.2057422697544098,
0.21641016006469727,
-0.19419172406196594,
-0.06201937794685364,
0.3039628863334656,
0.1067572608590126,
-0.05977100133895874,
-0.1200532540678978,
0.1897142231464386,
-0.015598549507558346,
-0.5488218069076538,
-0.1468309760093689,
-0.013416233472526073,
0.585051417350769,
0.004081735387444496,
-0.18532384932041168,
1.318235158920288,
-0.1321767270565033,
0.058731794357299805,
0.5891793370246887,
0.32806530594825745,
0.3905942440032959,
-0.08923664689064026,
-0.20097137987613678,
0.2406332790851593,
-0.49503859877586365,
-0.18989188969135284,
0.5677024722099304,
-0.09651603549718857,
-0.7440363764762878,
1.051602840423584,
-0.018270626664161682,
0.0012915028491988778,
-0.05559474974870682,
0.33425915241241455,
-0.047077614814043045,
0.08165512979030609,
-0.3179640769958496,
-0.13256412744522095,
0.2704297602176666,
0.09843187034130096,
-0.057285577058792114,
0.34813225269317627,
0.1013539656996727,
-0.06307864934206009,
-0.3938314914703369,
0.18371592462062836,
0.7278998494148254,
0.4987448751926422,
-0.2782283425331116,
-0.44320541620254517,
0.18090049922466278,
-0.25786641240119934,
-0.14272764325141907,
0.6184674501419067,
0.21628402173519135,
-0.00417381851002574,
-0.2648627758026123,
-0.07483766973018646,
0.3171067237854004,
0.4540579915046692,
-0.6562967300415039,
-0.16990581154823303,
-0.7095803618431091,
0.8708028793334961,
0.06981087476015091,
-0.2154139280319214,
0.02039356343448162,
-0.14935514330863953,
-0.04798783361911774,
0.2792574167251587,
0.15673738718032837,
-0.6723878979682922,
0.17822888493537903,
0.07632875442504883,
-0.6395378112792969,
-0.0478932224214077,
0.9834577441215515,
0.5310015082359314,
-0.4103251099586487,
-0.10755655169487,
-0.11577186733484268,
0.14085926115512848,
-0.37496066093444824,
-0.24893933534622192,
0.062351860105991364,
0.15674762427806854,
-0.012133250012993813,
-0.36637017130851746,
-0.6753586530685425,
0.08969703316688538,
0.3595108687877655,
-0.3827534317970276,
0.016695063561201096,
-0.32742369174957275,
0.42772942781448364,
0.13690142333507538,
-0.0483819842338562,
-0.24257631599903107,
0.42160606384277344,
1.1750431060791016,
0.09834624081850052,
0.24557602405548096,
-0.47179239988327026,
-5.914065361022949,
0.339042991399765,
0.05448586493730545,
-0.34155207872390747,
0.14186544716358185,
0.1068878248333931,
0.43041735887527466,
0.12775933742523193,
-0.2860995829105377,
-0.14436505734920502,
-0.6042171716690063,
0.0072680008597671986,
-0.009230190888047218,
0.5544931292533875,
0.5098954439163208,
0.2735186815261841,
-0.03410883992910385,
-0.3925652503967285,
-0.49010178446769714,
0.40586891770362854,
0.1886047124862671,
0.32186010479927063,
-0.35124456882476807,
0.06850175559520721,
0.3954271674156189,
0.332422137260437,
-0.32417353987693787,
0.21188460290431976,
-0.46631816029548645,
0.3110145330429077,
-0.005986378062516451,
-0.3601807653903961,
0.023602891713380814,
-0.5619289875030518,
-0.58543860912323,
-0.28277167677879333,
0.35944855213165283,
0.40410420298576355,
0.27156516909599304,
-0.14377768337726593,
-0.8388726115226746,
0.41323307156562805,
-0.0532141737639904,
-0.5016090273857117,
0.37331780791282654,
0.6490605473518372,
-0.5039918422698975,
-0.6569623947143555,
-0.47159796953201294,
0.8703307509422302,
-0.22167514264583588,
-0.3744153380393982,
0.5085973143577576,
0.4963906705379486,
0.28217577934265137,
-0.5890335440635681,
0.47057294845581055,
-0.14055176079273224,
-0.28838369250297546,
0.2835332155227661,
0.16687853634357452,
-0.6879809498786926,
0.6052709221839905,
-0.5457466244697571,
-0.041572876274585724,
-0.6103605628013611,
-0.6178684830665588,
-0.2942173480987549,
-0.035931508988142014,
0.5694179534912109,
-0.5119442939758301,
0.3806825876235962,
-0.16174748539924622,
-1.1006228923797607,
-0.01601674221456051,
0.05482219159603119,
-0.5298947095870972,
-0.15713973343372345,
-0.06326348334550858,
0.3927968442440033,
0.010343401692807674,
-0.07156793028116226,
-1.003110647201538,
0.16590389609336853,
0.07419867813587189,
-0.42600661516189575,
-0.010053264908492565,
0.11456871032714844,
-0.9314838647842407,
0.16061197221279144,
0.3681773841381073,
0.048463016748428345,
-0.15875129401683807,
0.21244141459465027,
0.5772606134414673,
0.2392917275428772,
0.2893640398979187,
-0.12455237656831741,
0.26981502771377563,
-0.1863679140806198,
-0.25202032923698425,
-0.21836350858211517,
0.29818660020828247,
-0.35217776894569397,
0.012195232324302197,
0.11450067907571793,
-0.33554068207740784,
0.0023662899620831013,
0.5371105074882507,
-0.21184049546718597,
-0.07403683662414551,
-0.2126016765832901,
-0.08861685544252396,
-0.28673991560935974,
0.1827223300933838,
0.07497453689575195,
-0.26200389862060547,
-0.4765992760658264,
0.5595990419387817,
-0.04886589199304581,
0.28207844495773315,
0.133272185921669,
-0.5028629302978516,
0.23975490033626556,
-0.1327109932899475,
-0.8919995427131653,
0.4817946255207062,
-0.40254664421081543,
-0.40722164511680603,
-0.010281785391271114,
0.018711037933826447,
-0.6474989056587219,
0.30269655585289,
0.15361200273036957,
0.3783853352069855,
-0.31926196813583374,
-0.342056542634964,
-0.3868654668331146,
-0.4684440791606903,
0.5017793774604797,
-0.3308699429035187,
-0.5118813514709473,
0.28300198912620544,
-0.09449632465839386,
0.09080932289361954,
0.5628443360328674,
-0.07359465211629868,
0.008285540156066418,
-0.24143528938293457,
0.3401027023792267,
-0.21912312507629395,
0.28055980801582336,
1.035239577293396,
-0.26049092411994934,
-0.05598120763897896,
0.1099594384431839,
0.27251753211021423,
0.3022564649581909,
-0.45263656973838806,
0.00952501967549324,
0.07197275757789612,
-0.8884077668190002,
-0.8354265093803406,
-0.20632152259349823,
0.27588483691215515,
-0.16935765743255615,
-0.6087342500686646,
-0.776738166809082,
-0.18911141157150269,
-0.11372995376586914,
0.40567561984062195,
-0.019854744896292686,
-0.0836217924952507,
-0.016657952219247818,
0.4241289496421814,
-0.1453724503517151,
0.17713485658168793,
0.27164381742477417,
0.2181975096464157,
0.27521923184394836,
-0.18539264798164368,
0.4320523738861084,
0.00868108868598938,
0.187289297580719,
0.46820691227912903,
0.23187090456485748,
-0.19672183692455292,
0.15280716121196747,
-0.23936991393566132,
0.3339245021343231,
0.11656910926103592,
0.6914172768592834,
0.6465933918952942,
-0.12454625219106674,
-0.5777184367179871,
-0.07581376284360886,
0.035238925367593765,
0.7804250717163086,
-0.870572030544281,
-0.014384976588189602,
0.18071191012859344,
0.2550938129425049,
0.08828341215848923,
0.317979633808136,
0.41248026490211487,
-0.5799422264099121,
-0.13698677718639374,
-0.3525862395763397,
-0.628615140914917,
0.33141955733299255,
-0.021839192137122154,
-0.1141793429851532,
-0.36173534393310547,
0.2931731045246124,
0.19245809316635132,
0.2889811396598816,
-0.07588338851928711,
0.1100735291838646,
-0.510404109954834,
-0.009167829528450966,
0.06818520277738571,
-0.3192792236804962,
-0.4158172011375427,
-0.4317881762981415,
-0.3548932671546936,
0.37936970591545105,
0.07197649776935577,
-0.13075612485408783,
0.14457103610038757,
-0.5328613519668579,
-0.09539539366960526,
-0.05418878421187401,
0.06529870629310608,
-0.5190675854682922,
-0.25322866439819336,
-0.07595358043909073,
0.09839200228452682,
0.3479744791984558,
0.04727698490023613,
0.2681662440299988,
0.28130245208740234,
0.4208415746688843,
0.3550931513309479,
-0.1582980901002884,
0.10741473734378815,
0.02445746771991253,
-0.5872228145599365,
0.10143443942070007,
-0.5363845825195312,
-0.37669724225997925,
-0.16109754145145416,
-0.17198491096496582,
-0.5147606730461121,
-0.7199990153312683,
0.9088292121887207,
-0.5965586304664612,
-0.3841717541217804,
-0.3065876364707947,
-0.2253194898366928,
-0.07387780398130417,
0.029441513121128082,
-0.18185289204120636,
-0.8952170610427856,
0.06638985872268677,
0.21584634482860565,
-0.2634669542312622,
0.37437376379966736,
-0.5525431632995605,
-0.06678707897663116,
-0.8125824928283691,
-0.23872804641723633,
-0.17325693368911743,
-0.5322449207305908,
0.16103379428386688,
0.3966176509857178,
-0.16362500190734863,
-0.21033290028572083,
-0.01880551129579544,
0.116962730884552,
-0.3500930070877075,
-0.1377553939819336,
-0.11285490542650223,
-0.3745979070663452,
-0.20517957210540771,
-0.11221563816070557,
-0.2985553443431854,
-0.20884501934051514,
-0.474075049161911,
-0.21131712198257446,
0.14464923739433289,
-0.07077945023775101,
-0.008406201377511024,
-0.19601678848266602,
0.13740278780460358,
0.615748405456543,
-0.10169675946235657,
0.10343705862760544,
-0.44828230142593384,
-0.3909095227718353,
0.39501503109931946,
-0.4275849163532257,
0.09005516767501831,
0.15045194327831268,
-0.06964148581027985,
0.3302237391471863,
-0.1453738510608673,
-0.41084718704223633,
-0.22948580980300903,
-0.17210030555725098,
0.19333495199680328,
-0.1450127214193344,
-0.09060292690992355,
0.5321395993232727,
0.1950252503156662,
-0.568491518497467,
0.10409389436244965,
-0.018811242654919624,
-1.0473054647445679,
0.03156482055783272,
-0.11522957682609558,
0.40782201290130615,
-0.05920909345149994,
0.4116881191730499,
0.19033686816692352,
-0.16527731716632843,
0.40141549706459045,
-0.49897170066833496,
-0.1800568550825119,
0.11941138654947281,
-0.22037523984909058,
0.6287083029747009,
0.692618727684021,
0.05880732461810112,
-0.07433532923460007,
0.7726182341575623,
-0.4207487106323242,
-0.06397303938865662,
0.25788021087646484,
-0.018088528886437416,
0.4275144338607788,
-0.215248703956604,
0.024381380528211594,
0.19214218854904175,
0.5236731171607971,
0.1871201992034912,
-0.45733803510665894,
0.16776038706302643,
0.28949061036109924,
0.2619650363922119,
0.050223901867866516,
0.348764032125473,
0.829946756362915,
-0.3626329004764557,
-0.7429701089859009,
0.3823860287666321,
-0.04928411915898323,
-0.1880103051662445,
-0.3400748074054718,
0.027976101264357567,
-0.21780388057231903,
-0.03415462002158165,
0.06790933012962341,
-0.3686072528362274,
-0.13906638324260712,
-0.2865527272224426,
0.13973204791545868,
0.152568519115448,
-0.304336816072464,
0.04176650196313858,
0.11256791651248932,
0.5371779799461365,
-0.3295963406562805,
-0.5217469334602356,
-0.20561230182647705,
0.10423781722784042,
-0.20231588184833527,
0.20295777916908264,
-0.39205774664878845,
-0.18874874711036682,
-0.1339547038078308,
-0.5104077458381653,
-0.0019177005160599947,
-0.692198634147644,
0.33389928936958313,
0.6881871223449707,
0.6400030255317688,
0.05969711020588875,
0.20398150384426117,
-0.09022406488656998,
-0.11689239740371704,
0.06259899586439133,
-0.7017295360565186,
-0.25544747710227966,
0.2995752990245819,
-0.7621637582778931,
-0.02322269417345524,
0.013425474055111408,
0.9031173586845398,
0.34463366866111755,
0.024052895605564117,
-0.173243448138237,
0.0708673819899559,
0.08111803233623505,
0.9296629428863525,
-0.42280030250549316,
0.4249437749385834,
-0.6490114331245422,
-0.4245765507221222,
-0.05146610364317894,
0.5089079737663269,
0.10028430819511414,
0.2619546353816986,
-0.40171268582344055,
0.44948136806488037,
0.08171181380748749,
0.3330460786819458,
0.7063962817192078,
0.18549799919128418,
0.3287114202976227,
-0.3340510427951813,
0.014543489553034306,
-0.317608505487442,
0.46719038486480713,
0.5950736403465271,
-0.25689855217933655,
-0.0984758660197258,
-0.024225834757089615,
-0.3459254205226898,
-0.3638538718223572,
-0.1377107948064804,
-0.7023833394050598,
-0.2704724371433258,
-0.08659624308347702,
0.5077646970748901,
0.1371213048696518,
0.01966872811317444,
0.6157599687576294,
0.3575798571109772,
0.05326877534389496,
0.08719483017921448,
-0.28494271636009216,
-0.24254147708415985,
0.6237887740135193,
-0.4926091432571411,
-0.6251611709594727,
0.037462640553712845,
0.23180285096168518,
-0.07545467466115952,
-0.6505559682846069,
-0.17466354370117188,
-0.2861185669898987,
0.49204444885253906,
-0.9161235094070435,
-0.5858516693115234,
-0.3056042790412903,
-0.3679081201553345,
0.14728465676307678,
-0.39221835136413574,
0.0872306302189827,
0.1545300930738449
] |
217824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary%20of%20a%20Mad%20Housewife | Diary of a Mad Housewife | Diary of a Mad Housewife is a 1970 American comedy-drama film about a frustrated wife portrayed by Carrie Snodgress. Snodgress was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won a Golden Globe award in the same category. The film was adapted by Eleanor Perry from the 1967 novel by Sue Kaufman and directed by Perry's then-husband Frank Perry. The film co-stars Richard Benjamin and Frank Langella.
Plot
Tina Balser, an educated, frustrated housewife and mother, is in a loveless marriage with Jonathan, an insufferable, controlling, emotionally abusive, social-climbing lawyer in New York City. He treats her like a servant, undermines her with insults, and belittles her appearance, abilities, and the raising of their two girls, who treat their mother with the same rudeness as their father. Searching for relief, she begins a sexually fulfilling affair with a cruel and coarse writer, George Prager, who treats her with similar brusqueness and contempt, which only drives her deeper into despair. She then tries group therapy, but this also proves fruitless when she finds her male psychiatrist Dr. Linstrom as well as the other participants equally shallow and abusive.
At the climax of the film, Jonathan confesses to Tina that his ambitious plans have collapsed. A French vineyard he had invested in is wiped out, and he is now in debt. Because he has been focusing on non-job issues, his work at his law firm has suffered. He also confesses to having an affair. Tina tells Jonathan that she accepts what he's done, and promises to support him, but does not tell him of her own affair with George. Tina reveals her story to her therapy group, who angrily criticize or belittle her. The final shot is of Tina's steadfast face as angry voices from the group are heard from off-screen with the credits rolling at the sides.
Cast
Carrie Snodgress as Bettina "Tina" Balser
Richard Benjamin as Jonathan Balser
Frank Langella as George Prager
Lorraine Cullen as Sylvie Balser
Frannie Michel as Liz Balser
Lee Addoms as Mrs. Prinz
Peter Dohanos as Samuel Keefer
Katherine Meskill as Charlotte Rady
Leonard Elliott as M. Henri
Margo as Valma
Hilda Haynes as Lottie
The Alice Cooper Band as Themselves
Lester Rawlins as Dr. Linstrom (uncredited)
Peter Boyle as Man in group therapy (uncredited)
Response
The film was critically acclaimed: It maintains an 82% rating at Rotten Tomatoes from 17 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars, writing "What makes the movie work...is that it's played entirely from the housewife's point of view, and that the housewife is played brilliantly by Carrie Snodgress."
Neil Young wrote the song "A Man Needs a Maid" inspired by Snodgress in Diary of a Mad Housewife: "I was watching a movie with a friend/I fell in love with the actress/she was playing a part I could understand." The song was included on his 1972 album Harvest. Soon after, Young and Snodgress became romantically involved for several years.
Groucho Marx criticized the movie in an interview on The Dick Cavett Show on May 25, 1971. He stated that it was an example of dirty entertainment and that he did not like it because the characters were in bed for 80 minutes. He made a joke of this, saying "Well I'm not interested in that. I don't care what they're doing in the sack. If I'm not doing it, why should I sit in the theater and watch it?"
Home media
The film was released on a bootleg DVD on October 15, 2014; VHS copies of Housewife have become rare, with sealed copies routinely selling for more than $100 on websites like Amazon.com and eBay. Universal had made the film available on VHS through its MCA label, and through license to Goodtimes Home Video. After years of being out-of-print, Kino Lorber released the film on DVD and Blu-ray on December 15, 2020.
Awards and nominations
Best Picture – Musical or Comedy (nominee) – 1970 Golden Globe
Best Actor – Musical or Comedy (nominee) – Richard Benjamin – 1970 Golden Globe
Best Actress – Musical or Comedy (winner) – Carrie Snodgress – 1970 Golden Globe
New Star of the Year – Male (nominee) – Frank Langella – 1970 Golden Globe
New Star of the Year – Female (winner) – Carrie Snodgress – 1970 Golden Globe
Best Actress (nominee) – Carrie Snodgress – 1970 Academy Award
Best Picture (nominee) – 1970 National Board of Review
Best Supporting Actor (winner) – Frank Langella – 1970 National Board of Review
References
External links
1970 films
1970 comedy films
1970 comedy-drama films
1970s feminist films
1970s sex comedy films
Adultery in films
American comedy-drama films
American films
American feminist films
American sex comedy films
1970s English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Frank Perry
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Universal Pictures films
1970 drama films | [
-0.5404985547065735,
0.6264201998710632,
-0.8149492740631104,
0.021937889978289604,
0.3862946331501007,
0.4084579348564148,
0.9985381960868835,
-0.24297627806663513,
-0.35798758268356323,
0.31987378001213074,
0.3603559732437134,
0.6397873759269714,
-0.2512870728969574,
0.7578461766242981,
-0.5092412829399109,
0.4705154597759247,
0.6836519837379456,
0.24985750019550323,
0.23970337212085724,
-0.6670129895210266,
-0.1768084317445755,
-0.5237516760826111,
0.41315755248069763,
-0.022850219160318375,
-0.6828703880310059,
0.4739150404930115,
0.12257985025644302,
-0.23378105461597443,
-0.04111529514193535,
0.08847512304782867,
-0.41876521706581116,
-0.4676794111728668,
0.3822287321090698,
-0.026069393381476402,
0.1875629872083664,
0.127356618642807,
-0.16300910711288452,
-0.020862970501184464,
-0.7139567136764526,
-0.5375180840492249,
-0.17571841180324554,
-0.27144667506217957,
0.6641525626182556,
0.17341719567775726,
-0.6505495309829712,
0.039268407970666885,
-1.7428905963897705,
-0.23719237744808197,
-0.5748072266578674,
-0.7542707920074463,
0.22643011808395386,
0.6845654249191284,
1.3412933349609375,
0.4030967354774475,
0.025684423744678497,
0.5909238457679749,
-0.21770207583904266,
-0.05971985310316086,
-0.44962453842163086,
0.15391770005226135,
0.4687810242176056,
-0.4169032573699951,
0.2850176692008972,
0.09258707612752914,
0.16249510645866394,
0.685478687286377,
-0.14395006000995636,
0.20256853103637695,
-0.30978089570999146,
-0.20090392231941223,
-0.2110469490289688,
-0.22854457795619965,
0.509926438331604,
-0.3537769019603729,
-0.40837910771369934,
-0.5298027992248535,
0.6911230683326721,
-0.4235370457172394,
0.23935066163539886,
-0.09598071873188019,
-0.6935105919837952,
0.49249735474586487,
0.39115414023399353,
0.30684489011764526,
0.18359261751174927,
-0.35760051012039185,
0.32494086027145386,
0.33743810653686523,
0.14381498098373413,
0.3976965844631195,
-0.4260660409927368,
-0.49517613649368286,
-0.756158173084259,
0.27407029271125793,
-0.37352603673934937,
-0.21717305481433868,
0.27535614371299744,
-0.025801073759794235,
-0.1302207112312317,
0.004761164542287588,
0.2762254774570465,
0.3178439438343048,
0.4928399920463562,
-0.11795948445796967,
-0.24049286544322968,
-0.05074791982769966,
0.14011874794960022,
-0.7727146744728088,
-0.01314285583794117,
0.28485870361328125,
-0.21077388525009155,
0.4556539058685303,
-0.4663534164428711,
-0.4334786534309387,
-0.43107953667640686,
0.1972987800836563,
0.45421433448791504,
-0.389855295419693,
-0.467526376247406,
-0.10439469665288925,
0.3727286458015442,
-0.8136810660362244,
0.1941177397966385,
0.3830954134464264,
-0.09363990277051926,
0.5976157188415527,
-0.031466688960790634,
0.301286906003952,
-0.43137291073799133,
0.15116862952709198,
0.31580349802970886,
0.8243617415428162,
-0.4050300419330597,
-0.4527619481086731,
0.04600768908858299,
0.30025315284729004,
0.6201983690261841,
0.11147568374872208,
0.048434872180223465,
0.6079102754592896,
-0.2792810797691345,
0.03391903638839722,
-0.6848275065422058,
-0.14623551070690155,
0.44138407707214355,
-0.5242341756820679,
-0.009786532260477543,
-0.051778074353933334,
-0.1211031898856163,
-0.32240572571754456,
-0.15848113596439362,
0.30952882766723633,
0.1802092045545578,
-0.6716033220291138,
-0.463820219039917,
-0.21157070994377136,
0.5623441338539124,
-0.25705602765083313,
0.27783840894699097,
0.4486827552318573,
0.1300385743379593,
0.5436072945594788,
-0.2169102281332016,
-0.23412670195102692,
-0.31484439969062805,
0.04625551775097847,
0.7883707880973816,
-0.5070639252662659,
0.12902770936489105,
0.5127922296524048,
-0.7564895153045654,
0.4429498314857483,
0.21946538984775543,
-0.012136995792388916,
-0.23655034601688385,
0.25811833143234253,
1.0793834924697876,
0.5160984396934509,
-0.22227230668067932,
-0.6410087943077087,
-0.5615860819816589,
0.14895211160182953,
-0.16792011260986328,
-0.32946348190307617,
0.42986151576042175,
0.36501792073249817,
-0.08581036329269409,
-0.1056976169347763,
-0.18471230566501617,
-0.37301960587501526,
-0.4644927680492401,
-0.5003673434257507,
0.8875678181648254,
0.055088918656110764,
0.9988123774528503,
0.037974197417497635,
-0.32726287841796875,
0.2465181052684784,
-0.17445489764213562,
-0.0136325778439641,
-0.3435817360877991,
-0.18316800892353058,
0.32993486523628235,
-0.1546984612941742,
-0.5032241940498352,
-0.06065796688199043,
0.20583631098270416,
0.5585662126541138,
0.45063599944114685,
0.9286512136459351,
0.018214456737041473,
-0.7199925184249878,
0.5831066966056824,
0.47872334718704224,
0.062075357884168625,
-0.46298307180404663,
-0.0638873353600502,
-0.028000088408589363,
0.4433676600456238,
-0.1403280794620514,
0.37923312187194824,
-0.33987364172935486,
-0.2729826271533966,
0.38200053572654724,
-0.033928319811820984,
0.4195789694786072,
-0.1576564610004425,
0.10959400981664658,
0.49313944578170776,
-0.2977850139141083,
0.03262487053871155,
0.926059365272522,
0.2284521460533142,
-0.24317249655723572,
-0.7209148406982422,
0.13365744054317474,
-0.04395062103867531,
-0.21300627291202545,
-0.1899498850107193,
-0.3240016996860504,
0.5011926293373108,
0.24677501618862152,
-0.46968796849250793,
0.76301109790802,
0.1209101676940918,
-0.6572167873382568,
-0.2774619460105896,
0.29389670491218567,
-0.19543763995170593,
0.023174775764346123,
0.5918718576431274,
0.6851000785827637,
0.6484406590461731,
-0.22582416236400604,
-0.05865142494440079,
0.23554521799087524,
-0.6486721038818359,
-0.3021601438522339,
0.8367292284965515,
0.31888628005981445,
-0.15548193454742432,
0.29503288865089417,
0.19790144264698029,
0.30703482031822205,
0.132716104388237,
0.16981366276741028,
-0.19123369455337524,
-0.40799036622047424,
-0.05478017032146454,
0.4630795419216156,
0.24100430309772491,
0.03566156327724457,
-0.44375988841056824,
0.5269769430160522,
0.4721227288246155,
0.27360543608665466,
-0.18128268420696259,
-0.015937790274620056,
-0.6764639616012573,
-0.4343288540840149,
0.4986726641654968,
0.8278406262397766,
0.11859005689620972,
-0.4102685749530792,
-0.5717035531997681,
-0.27574682235717773,
-0.12705428898334503,
-0.3457983434200287,
-0.3797437846660614,
-0.13371425867080688,
-0.5041150450706482,
-0.15479543805122375,
-0.7606943249702454,
-0.13212332129478455,
-0.4201613962650299,
-0.11011964082717896,
-0.6150615811347961,
0.07822282612323761,
0.17720787227153778,
0.03367755189538002,
-0.04844507947564125,
0.5008816719055176,
-0.593357503414154,
-0.1578066498041153,
0.8221588134765625,
-0.19790738821029663,
0.15664160251617432,
-0.3582442104816437,
-5.343595027923584,
0.10106038302183151,
0.2667257785797119,
-0.7651076316833496,
0.7861543893814087,
-0.1360907405614853,
-0.1253574639558792,
-0.5104585289955139,
-0.22364647686481476,
0.4393526315689087,
-0.1334366649389267,
0.17292778193950653,
-0.05981061980128288,
0.3791326880455017,
0.4140065610408783,
-0.33828204870224,
0.07004264742136002,
-0.6589210629463196,
-0.04586711898446083,
0.29007312655448914,
0.3843384385108948,
0.30223190784454346,
-0.182560995221138,
0.24292023479938507,
0.4502602517604828,
0.7824245691299438,
-0.3197360634803772,
-0.24741458892822266,
-0.6347317695617676,
0.39521145820617676,
-0.44616270065307617,
-0.20973587036132812,
-0.34267908334732056,
-0.1624552458524704,
0.2659324109554291,
0.08385057747364044,
0.37629419565200806,
0.15916934609413147,
0.422826886177063,
-0.5994600653648376,
-0.5109561681747437,
0.2699272334575653,
-0.6452174186706543,
0.29371750354766846,
0.6541886329650879,
0.02588937245309353,
-0.5455827116966248,
-1.169353723526001,
0.1272919774055481,
0.4508823752403259,
-0.02707180567085743,
-0.025081399828195572,
0.26417845487594604,
0.5480613112449646,
0.30419450998306274,
-0.49005818367004395,
-0.2077399641275406,
0.0728749930858612,
-0.7607448697090149,
-0.15758535265922546,
-0.09716764837503433,
-0.4282820224761963,
-0.10219737887382507,
-0.11533793061971664,
-0.08416999131441116,
-0.5595182180404663,
-0.3665333688259125,
-0.18096968531608582,
0.3289696276187897,
0.09033992886543274,
0.14390359818935394,
-0.43865692615509033,
0.37906432151794434,
-1.416352391242981,
0.8817621469497681,
-0.2882115840911865,
-0.16184818744659424,
0.006394647061824799,
-0.3195824921131134,
-0.5581909418106079,
0.7481105327606201,
0.045628245919942856,
0.30843615531921387,
-0.10474991053342819,
0.33291149139404297,
-0.7729901075363159,
0.12175870686769485,
0.13860785961151123,
-0.5376001596450806,
0.053148552775382996,
-0.1362355649471283,
0.017986953258514404,
0.0925673395395279,
0.4256720542907715,
0.7484485507011414,
0.4066503643989563,
0.4573821425437927,
0.3367326557636261,
0.391093373298645,
-0.009561561979353428,
-0.0556308813393116,
-0.4392903447151184,
0.3112923204898834,
-0.6764573454856873,
0.14658065140247345,
-0.5967465043067932,
0.22100287675857544,
0.14203621447086334,
0.5322644710540771,
-0.333042174577713,
-0.5769708156585693,
-0.19173617660999298,
-0.1048700287938118,
-0.2719461917877197,
0.08548155426979065,
-0.11474558711051941,
-0.3848193883895874,
0.7497473359107971,
0.3692094385623932,
0.09926287084817886,
0.23586013913154602,
0.20348818600177765,
-0.5435905456542969,
-0.23327422142028809,
-0.11331281065940857,
-0.06609299033880234,
0.8910747170448303,
-0.008651711978018284,
0.1951581835746765,
0.18884624540805817,
-0.6562837958335876,
-0.37400367856025696,
-0.11416327208280563,
-0.12954813241958618,
-0.0336720235645771,
-0.33507731556892395,
-0.4285288155078888,
0.31406813859939575,
-0.31322231888771057,
0.3267316520214081,
-0.07651299238204956,
-0.3469252288341522,
-0.31824204325675964,
0.5569416284561157,
-0.12244965881109238,
0.05601963400840759,
0.2992732524871826,
-0.1517970860004425,
0.12120907753705978,
0.048710454255342484,
-0.5754416584968567,
0.14778490364551544,
0.7680338025093079,
-0.681747555732727,
-0.0025581258814781904,
0.3624679446220398,
0.356536865234375,
0.40314269065856934,
-0.6546399593353271,
-0.06719785928726196,
-0.20539765059947968,
-0.48646292090415955,
-1.14439058303833,
0.14553841948509216,
-0.6718369722366333,
0.005707044154405594,
0.0623004175722599,
-0.3972141742706299,
-0.013309700414538383,
0.9542984366416931,
0.3016863763332367,
0.634765625,
0.31064093112945557,
0.30009591579437256,
0.8217716813087463,
0.5491915345191956,
-0.09384479373693466,
0.451663076877594,
0.3577105402946472,
-0.23420943319797516,
-0.31615498661994934,
-0.2601761817932129,
-0.47731801867485046,
0.17107614874839783,
0.46004289388656616,
-0.21618378162384033,
-0.24532701075077057,
-0.31658563017845154,
-0.6395842432975769,
-0.15719899535179138,
0.08512713760137558,
0.3061313331127167,
0.4178847372531891,
0.6119160652160645,
-1.2001073360443115,
-0.07970541715621948,
-0.17979827523231506,
0.3014398217201233,
0.5119460225105286,
-0.5138632655143738,
-0.19353492558002472,
0.6171181201934814,
-0.6943994164466858,
-0.0484888069331646,
0.8157349228858948,
-1.1493761539459229,
0.22051087021827698,
-0.5011401772499084,
-0.3451301157474518,
1.4715180397033691,
-0.16176782548427582,
0.4669610857963562,
-0.04736781120300293,
0.596824586391449,
-0.10017514228820801,
-0.35416293144226074,
0.3591202199459076,
-0.32318541407585144,
-0.1250055581331253,
-0.14483584463596344,
-0.5956504940986633,
-0.3648509681224823,
-0.6812248826026917,
-0.050537463277578354,
-1.0115981101989746,
0.007587993983179331,
-0.09704721719026566,
-0.9742842316627502,
0.17122302949428558,
-0.20129570364952087,
0.02887386828660965,
0.2253011167049408,
0.04549602419137955,
-0.3553139567375183,
-0.1606733351945877,
-1.198265790939331,
0.482570618391037,
0.554781436920166,
-0.01555634941905737,
0.28514692187309265,
0.6370992064476013,
1.0276644229888916,
0.5081368088722229,
-0.20639456808567047,
0.5568653345108032,
0.33917826414108276,
-0.18021298944950104,
-0.8826401233673096,
-0.23960590362548828,
0.4949280321598053,
0.24181689321994781,
-0.03582271561026573,
-0.23188892006874084,
-0.24582357704639435,
0.6139758825302124,
-1.017676591873169,
-0.006186563987284899,
0.022046338766813278,
0.0765659287571907,
0.0776711106300354,
0.011334086768329144,
0.16033998131752014,
-0.34964489936828613,
0.3305094838142395,
0.2378573715686798,
0.40649110078811646,
0.11976921558380127,
-0.11570876091718674,
0.22196312248706818,
-0.5222277045249939,
-0.085795558989048,
0.3266487419605255,
0.11058768630027771,
0.08180298656225204,
0.08400468528270721,
-0.071921706199646,
-0.23941169679164886,
-0.7522554397583008,
-0.14578944444656372,
-0.15790653228759766,
0.03917041793465614,
0.1876661777496338,
-0.6767675876617432,
-0.9175461530685425,
0.3201742172241211,
-0.6158590316772461,
0.30350351333618164,
-1.1658145189285278,
-0.21687360107898712,
-0.2501865327358246,
0.009495241567492485,
0.08380778878927231,
0.4413529932498932,
0.4547280967235565,
-0.1994304209947586,
0.029685545712709427,
0.15134836733341217,
0.5059534311294556,
-0.2898786962032318,
-0.3628976345062256,
-0.371130108833313,
0.37579989433288574,
0.11525890231132507,
-0.004724306054413319,
-0.06264019012451172,
-0.3421030342578888,
-0.2852116525173187,
-0.29894742369651794,
-0.8110051155090332,
0.14576466381549835,
-0.14601056277751923,
-0.02002779394388199,
0.5158670544624329,
0.4290357828140259,
-0.3561766445636749,
-0.22926361858844757,
0.28954774141311646,
-0.14606507122516632,
-0.22957271337509155,
0.18839678168296814,
0.06261520832777023,
-0.41377848386764526,
0.4425332248210907,
-0.36507993936538696,
0.04729780927300453,
0.6177272200584412,
-0.1628887951374054,
0.6293549537658691,
0.37368419766426086,
-0.5237913131713867,
0.5245404243469238,
-0.6303396224975586,
0.19941015541553497,
0.9148594737052917,
-0.37671613693237305,
0.09046538174152374,
0.33962973952293396,
-0.31705528497695923,
0.16135424375534058,
0.23805208504199982,
0.18873636424541473,
0.268444687128067,
0.192219540476799,
0.5879460573196411,
0.2338888794183731,
0.5305558443069458,
0.9421386122703552,
-0.023645179346203804,
-0.09606929123401642,
-0.4365279972553253,
0.39857202768325806,
0.23907068371772766,
0.35216841101646423,
-0.6972567439079285,
0.9822198152542114,
-0.11165610700845718,
0.18286259472370148,
-0.20369666814804077,
-0.05349011719226837,
0.13077107071876526,
-0.6394668817520142,
-0.4997120499610901,
0.04793601110577583,
0.6174072623252869,
0.24539215862751007,
0.23814472556114197,
0.04870378226041794,
-0.17233000695705414,
-0.09047841280698776,
0.04728742688894272,
0.6389675736427307,
-0.1271272450685501,
-0.32232239842414856,
0.07632684707641602,
0.6294644474983215,
0.27612507343292236,
0.14711043238639832,
-0.4320243000984192,
-0.24694864451885223,
-0.38948050141334534,
-0.44328299164772034,
0.6286979913711548,
-0.5160624980926514,
-0.4256928861141205,
0.46710023283958435,
-0.0031083393841981888,
-0.3709639310836792,
-0.420755535364151,
0.29878804087638855,
-0.8257091641426086,
0.5092694163322449,
-0.6966857314109802,
-0.5072318315505981,
0.17533861100673676,
-0.2470928430557251,
-0.2272297888994217,
0.16583086550235748,
0.8742309212684631,
0.5598555207252502,
0.7793992161750793,
0.017548393458127975,
0.5981758832931519,
-0.4868825078010559,
0.9111480712890625,
-0.6753994226455688,
-0.001668437384068966,
-0.23096872866153717,
0.14428357779979706,
-0.9444527626037598,
0.06621833890676498,
-0.1570991426706314,
0.29460588097572327,
0.059178676456213,
0.6250582337379456,
-0.3920010030269623,
-0.2238362431526184,
1.065694808959961,
-0.17852847278118134,
0.1033669114112854,
-0.14520980417728424,
-0.0331227108836174,
-0.7347283363342285,
0.206210196018219,
0.035105861723423004,
-0.5030806064605713,
0.17634287476539612,
-0.002900107065215707,
-0.64674311876297,
0.15351533889770508,
0.0023710273671895266,
-0.5680838823318481,
0.730475127696991,
-0.09272252023220062,
0.28764808177948,
-0.13072620332241058,
0.14926709234714508,
0.5097979307174683,
0.5531899929046631,
0.7312846183776855,
-0.44756877422332764,
0.5866221189498901,
-0.6828087568283081,
-0.1397016942501068,
0.39478906989097595,
-0.35947051644325256,
-0.08674215525388718,
-0.10937665402889252,
-0.4900243580341339,
0.39779019355773926,
0.3010527789592743,
0.054925866425037384,
-0.01216926984488964,
-0.8146687746047974,
-0.7834393382072449,
-0.0922493189573288,
0.17249174416065216,
0.08659437298774719,
-0.8390212655067444,
0.354566365480423,
0.19925151765346527
] |
217825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak%20to%20Me%20of%20Love | Speak to Me of Love | Speak to Me of Love () is a 2002 French drama film written and directed by Sophie Marceau and starring Judith Godrèche, Niels Arestrup, and Anne Le Ny. The first feature-length motion picture directed by actress Sophie Marceau, the film is about the breakup of a long-term relationship. Speak to Me of Love was filmed on location in New York City and Paris. In 2002, the film received the Montréal World Film Festival Award for Best Director (Sophie Marceau) and was nominated for the Grand Prix des Amériques.
Plot
Justine and Richard's fifteen-year relationship ends in separation due to irreconcilable differences with Justine maintaining custody of their three boys. Her new life means having to deal with being a single parent but at the same time, she comes to terms with her own parents' divorce and finds a common bond with her long-suffering mother. Richard, a renowned author, deals with the situation by devoting all his attention to his writing. Both are forced to confront their uncertain futures, while examining what led to the breakdown of their marriage.
Cast
Judith Godrèche as Justine
Niels Arestrup as Richard
Anne Le Ny as Amélie
Laurence Février as Justine's mother
Jean-Marie Frin as Justine's father
Aurélien Wiik as William
Daniel Isoppo as Hubert
Christelle Tual as Josée
Chantal Banlier as Christine
Isabelle Olive as Carole
Jimmy Baudrand as Constantin
Louis-Alexandre Lucotte as Jérémy
Jules Boudier as Jacob
Ariane Seguillon as Corinne
Léa Unglick as Justine (5 years old)
Lilly-Fleur Pointeaux as Justine (9–12 years old)
Nastasia Demont as Clémentine (8 years old)
James Gorter as Clément (8 years old)
Annelise Hesme as Elsa
Julien Marion as Justine's brother (14 years old)
Awards and nominations
2002 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Best Director (Sophie Marceau)
2002 Montreal World Film Festival Award Nomination for Grand Prix des Amériques (Sophie Marceau)
References
External links
2002 films
2002 drama films
French films
Films directed by Sophie Marceau
Films produced by Alain Sarde
2002 directorial debut films
French drama films
2000s French-language films | [
0.01214164961129427,
0.5600160360336304,
0.18220049142837524,
-0.18105211853981018,
0.07310671359300613,
0.5097575187683105,
0.6391676664352417,
-0.5339085459709167,
0.030261468142271042,
-0.21547715365886688,
-0.07275143265724182,
0.6006023287773132,
-0.17812633514404297,
0.08994535356760025,
0.26071876287460327,
0.18375061452388763,
0.409574419260025,
0.5583282113075256,
0.25743499398231506,
-0.7703539133071899,
-0.7151862382888794,
-0.6297588348388672,
0.48789194226264954,
-0.20320908725261688,
0.0341205857694149,
0.3909401595592499,
0.2392226755619049,
0.3314211964607239,
0.07451115548610687,
-0.061943817883729935,
0.5718327164649963,
0.31830352544784546,
-0.10259004682302475,
-0.3740372657775879,
-0.1932228058576584,
0.3683507740497589,
-0.31070464849472046,
-0.24691671133041382,
-0.5363784432411194,
-0.00594330532476306,
-0.4169294238090515,
0.20294447243213654,
0.6123518943786621,
0.21902598440647125,
-0.3462221920490265,
-0.03186740353703499,
-1.3595649003982544,
-0.07904896140098572,
-0.4199938476085663,
0.10565057396888733,
0.05074888840317726,
-0.02769419364631176,
0.8553351163864136,
0.10281073302030563,
0.07752944529056549,
0.3125428557395935,
-0.8592475056648254,
-0.3179665803909302,
-0.16407379508018494,
-0.6255416870117188,
-0.0014568648766726255,
0.2805282175540924,
0.8265204429626465,
-0.14650946855545044,
0.6740729808807373,
0.413175106048584,
-0.16828900575637817,
-0.05016495659947395,
0.02948787808418274,
-0.08196313679218292,
0.6461938619613647,
0.0011983520817011595,
-0.07313103973865509,
0.3639385402202606,
0.38785290718078613,
-0.638166606426239,
0.19885563850402832,
0.2668325901031494,
0.24773773550987244,
0.013882812112569809,
-0.12205280363559723,
-0.10289169102907181,
0.5214871764183044,
-0.05218231678009033,
-0.08899789303541183,
-0.11682815104722977,
0.25335007905960083,
0.8084238171577454,
-0.6028618216514587,
-0.4753251075744629,
-0.3857271671295166,
-0.9639913439750671,
-0.177450031042099,
-0.05062674358487129,
0.3975987136363983,
0.5892590880393982,
0.398525208234787,
0.377422958612442,
0.044914986938238144,
0.3010770380496979,
0.16959154605865479,
0.3238362967967987,
0.13818255066871643,
-0.5756493806838989,
-0.8460143208503723,
-0.3167881369590759,
-0.3564003109931946,
-0.5545849204063416,
0.19312770664691925,
0.3212611973285675,
-0.02698282152414322,
0.09892765432596207,
-0.6128084659576416,
-0.1158737987279892,
-0.34639185667037964,
0.6433882117271423,
0.5197973847389221,
0.23222340643405914,
-0.44609400629997253,
-0.1890077292919159,
0.35180139541625977,
0.468369722366333,
0.1134977862238884,
0.28906816244125366,
-0.05572744086384773,
0.2547634243965149,
-0.06679895520210266,
0.3941271901130676,
-0.42539817094802856,
0.2104586958885193,
0.2910917401313782,
0.28387293219566345,
-0.24155616760253906,
-0.38343319296836853,
-0.08808182179927826,
0.01783285103738308,
0.5956884026527405,
-0.5477064251899719,
-0.19816084206104279,
0.5748738050460815,
-0.5546367764472961,
-0.032439351081848145,
-0.5162771344184875,
0.30999183654785156,
0.7949422597885132,
0.08651679754257202,
-0.4259600341320038,
0.04409514367580414,
0.07335136085748672,
0.002209899015724659,
-0.2119639664888382,
0.20304498076438904,
0.6514251828193665,
-0.306311696767807,
-0.6561897993087769,
0.2713693082332611,
-0.14178426563739777,
0.16761232912540436,
0.4057885408401489,
0.1868453025817871,
0.3649486303329468,
0.04268110916018486,
0.3447737395763397,
-0.041463542729616165,
0.0886063277721405,
-0.1404561847448349,
0.4878523349761963,
-0.25744929909706116,
-0.26543113589286804,
-0.05965545028448105,
-0.42482706904411316,
0.017577674239873886,
-0.014659618027508259,
-0.18598444759845734,
-0.06017618253827095,
-0.15312035381793976,
0.4688670337200165,
0.3496706783771515,
0.06407678127288818,
-0.07024352252483368,
-0.8079399466514587,
0.34198808670043945,
-0.3208490312099457,
-0.5803557634353638,
0.6191895008087158,
0.2824985384941101,
0.30125683546066284,
0.23970401287078857,
0.011219502426683903,
-0.01386307179927826,
-0.9046952724456787,
-1.2987319231033325,
0.9722748398780823,
0.06490924954414368,
0.8227412700653076,
-0.13515444099903107,
0.31615158915519714,
0.6078253388404846,
-0.30891484022140503,
0.17215409874916077,
-0.15269814431667328,
-0.2616218328475952,
0.6062150597572327,
0.15999002754688263,
-0.36173540353775024,
0.13470964133739471,
0.09039115160703659,
-0.21709012985229492,
0.28068894147872925,
0.2940230667591095,
-0.2593902051448822,
-0.24409618973731995,
0.4230799674987793,
-0.02982116863131523,
-0.31234997510910034,
-0.279849648475647,
0.20662517845630646,
0.1461886614561081,
0.044850241392850876,
0.5414867997169495,
0.8709135055541992,
0.0335417240858078,
-0.3762301504611969,
0.5316236019134521,
-0.18150381743907928,
0.5274851322174072,
0.3508017063140869,
-0.044619277119636536,
-0.2065369337797165,
-0.0378633551299572,
-0.5376808643341064,
0.290157675743103,
-0.2171669900417328,
-0.40648820996284485,
0.1629602015018463,
-0.03356272354722023,
-0.09979663789272308,
-0.2845291197299957,
0.10696427524089813,
-0.11014717817306519,
0.5794424414634705,
-0.0013757527340203524,
-0.545883297920227,
0.3761698007583618,
0.26374122500419617,
0.22377917170524597,
0.13947147130966187,
-0.12001211941242218,
-0.08192914724349976,
-0.029626348987221718,
-0.14698024094104767,
0.2245570421218872,
0.074275903403759,
-0.09252109378576279,
-0.02876931056380272,
-0.32529059052467346,
-0.08497848361730576,
0.27643144130706787,
0.5895094275474548,
0.09899784624576569,
-0.26764512062072754,
-0.31643006205558777,
0.27632808685302734,
0.4699726104736328,
0.06289534270763397,
-0.5596612095832825,
-0.36864617466926575,
-0.6882137656211853,
0.5991179943084717,
0.12937244772911072,
0.03319115564227104,
-0.08881529420614243,
-0.16267092525959015,
0.2813338339328766,
0.0207986943423748,
0.5440059304237366,
-0.01345550362020731,
0.013082219287753105,
-0.42514070868492126,
-0.3933267891407013,
0.4595421552658081,
0.6884343028068542,
-0.021765900775790215,
-0.29305845499038696,
0.3473263680934906,
-0.046568792313337326,
0.04832441732287407,
-0.5569186210632324,
-0.4785800576210022,
-0.06186710670590401,
0.13137535750865936,
0.3209960460662842,
-0.14398235082626343,
-0.2368234544992447,
0.13340750336647034,
-0.5533591508865356,
-0.13703835010528564,
0.32781288027763367,
0.12377285957336426,
0.4520365297794342,
-0.20874714851379395,
0.7585393190383911,
-0.16320042312145233,
0.43643611669540405,
0.4715675413608551,
-0.09270547330379486,
-0.01299410779029131,
0.03643958270549774,
-5.849410057067871,
-0.19478052854537964,
0.5269501805305481,
0.1476832628250122,
0.23643042147159576,
-0.22346782684326172,
0.2114361822605133,
-0.3827185332775116,
0.15916813910007477,
0.45881855487823486,
-0.2681151330471039,
0.06806305795907974,
0.259708970785141,
0.28570109605789185,
0.06763149797916412,
0.5073829293251038,
-0.6107243299484253,
-0.7527335286140442,
0.23128774762153625,
0.5333259105682373,
-0.03448937088251114,
0.6457898020744324,
-0.2075517475605011,
0.3778422772884369,
0.2926528751850128,
0.7326338291168213,
-0.41295090317726135,
0.2982633411884308,
-0.3987770974636078,
-0.26141318678855896,
-0.20472949743270874,
-0.05336939916014671,
0.05334959924221039,
-0.02138388901948929,
-0.2836388647556305,
0.023655883967876434,
-0.05535787343978882,
-0.2598131597042084,
-0.07336753606796265,
-0.5360147356987,
-0.1825987547636032,
0.15209560096263885,
-0.05812022462487221,
-0.2734352648258209,
0.07510535418987274,
-0.4655431807041168,
-0.6607268452644348,
-0.588994026184082,
0.24855929613113403,
0.8119848370552063,
-0.09604837000370026,
-0.35682743787765503,
0.22153708338737488,
0.10649947822093964,
0.5921133756637573,
0.33467933535575867,
0.42787912487983704,
-0.1717098355293274,
0.001999222207814455,
0.5574349761009216,
0.09459488093852997,
0.07990635931491852,
-0.41136330366134644,
-0.6501933932304382,
0.28481706976890564,
-0.3785631060600281,
0.1758519858121872,
-0.4164144992828369,
-0.3805132508277893,
0.2962760627269745,
0.05225344002246857,
0.8123235106468201,
0.12019399553537369,
-1.0377191305160522,
-0.3237254321575165,
-0.44575345516204834,
-0.5536590218544006,
-0.02561180852353573,
-0.41474825143814087,
0.10799834132194519,
-0.2726779282093048,
-0.2501794695854187,
0.15786591172218323,
0.4454056918621063,
0.19821205735206604,
-0.5641117095947266,
0.1427021026611328,
-0.3461998999118805,
-0.1411973237991333,
-0.1617010533809662,
-0.008293368853628635,
-0.5302758812904358,
-0.35146188735961914,
0.27197110652923584,
0.7549225091934204,
0.3358018398284912,
0.12589354813098907,
0.3152897357940674,
0.47160011529922485,
-0.2255699783563614,
0.02305801399052143,
-0.2968747317790985,
0.05901684612035751,
-0.06677991896867752,
0.47260648012161255,
-0.14018332958221436,
-0.25499585270881653,
0.5670409202575684,
0.6546534895896912,
-0.10316189378499985,
0.07553749531507492,
-0.003658654633909464,
-0.24531759321689606,
-0.06608974188566208,
0.09031321108341217,
-0.6866469979286194,
-0.1622176468372345,
0.552736222743988,
0.7558421492576599,
-0.15053360164165497,
-0.21976353228092194,
0.6988158226013184,
-0.33017438650131226,
-0.20127470791339874,
-0.6109645962715149,
-0.21448878943920135,
0.23813150823116302,
0.4264226257801056,
-0.6575855016708374,
0.18584655225276947,
-0.4711569547653198,
-0.06886401772499084,
0.24406294524669647,
-0.2664322555065155,
0.7925221920013428,
-0.8260183930397034,
0.16954688727855682,
0.28011319041252136,
-0.37953972816467285,
0.28898748755455017,
-0.16924463212490082,
-0.6013100743293762,
-0.49105310440063477,
0.17297209799289703,
0.23816817998886108,
-0.023728463798761368,
-0.2760513722896576,
0.09617681801319122,
-0.27937906980514526,
-0.031072616577148438,
0.28700029850006104,
0.06803865730762482,
1.2557299137115479,
-0.5621146559715271,
0.03410010412335396,
-0.34694889187812805,
0.2791810929775238,
0.402783066034317,
-0.02007727511227131,
-0.39368730783462524,
-0.14882729947566986,
-0.06758968532085419,
-0.810826301574707,
-0.010662314482033253,
0.40398144721984863,
-0.3115999102592468,
-0.387935608625412,
-0.6310144066810608,
0.10060305893421173,
0.2196095585823059,
-0.06341072916984558,
-0.6621357202529907,
-0.4302460253238678,
0.17224840819835663,
-0.26486846804618835,
0.06670450419187546,
-0.2006961852312088,
0.04589999467134476,
0.02634468860924244,
0.07789172977209091,
0.16022765636444092,
-0.501090407371521,
-0.017758332192897797,
0.21338221430778503,
0.5832802057266235,
-0.22970043122768402,
-0.04135773330926895,
-0.42170199751853943,
-0.4184134900569916,
0.15032777190208435,
-0.4910271465778351,
0.6171071529388428,
-0.1440368890762329,
0.20713655650615692,
-0.678777813911438,
-0.6237003803253174,
0.3698156774044037,
-0.5688925981521606,
0.3248087465763092,
-0.06819793581962585,
0.28948545455932617,
0.310746967792511,
-0.3567712903022766,
0.21590811014175415,
0.948246955871582,
-0.888158917427063,
0.348582923412323,
0.20773079991340637,
-0.7961082458496094,
0.7320974469184875,
-0.4512117803096771,
-0.5173020362854004,
0.48298555612564087,
0.05011841282248497,
-0.5554612278938293,
0.09449326246976852,
0.2762017548084259,
-0.4021516740322113,
-0.4235219955444336,
-0.3187428414821625,
0.312931627035141,
-1.1124393939971924,
-0.633232057094574,
-0.17238275706768036,
-1.0550388097763062,
0.043417803943157196,
0.23490242660045624,
-0.220661923289299,
0.8214524984359741,
-0.6101186871528625,
-0.4581334590911865,
0.33613571524620056,
0.2974098324775696,
0.27648264169692993,
-0.6042172312736511,
-0.5990899801254272,
-0.44442492723464966,
0.21259531378746033,
0.026282617822289467,
0.35340189933776855,
0.898798406124115,
0.517395555973053,
-0.214610293507576,
-0.21888494491577148,
0.32419493794441223,
1.1270021200180054,
-0.6320858597755432,
-0.786595344543457,
-0.10760347545146942,
-0.19121478497982025,
-0.07909796386957169,
0.4070180654525757,
-0.15327109396457672,
-0.6500356793403625,
0.8267623782157898,
-0.09610951691865921,
-0.06269920617341995,
0.22664359211921692,
-0.39810627698898315,
0.3605763614177704,
0.08293884992599487,
0.08052489906549454,
-0.2959742844104767,
0.3713604211807251,
0.1963426172733307,
0.21036957204341888,
0.11596887558698654,
-0.27217450737953186,
-0.05637180060148239,
0.5527410507202148,
-0.4688760042190552,
-0.1944628804922104,
-0.4193803369998932,
0.13194158673286438,
-0.33999916911125183,
0.04533262550830841,
-0.4893761873245239,
-0.26598119735717773,
0.1988273411989212,
-0.14888806641101837,
-0.1299644112586975,
0.3982497453689575,
-0.45758357644081116,
-0.42275378108024597,
0.36968883872032166,
-0.039472807198762894,
-0.21991530060768127,
-0.7079143524169922,
-0.034218404442071915,
-0.1039007306098938,
-0.15644316375255585,
0.008680682629346848,
-0.3898176848888397,
0.24000824987888336,
0.3349747955799103,
0.0864931121468544,
-0.6077992916107178,
0.08497846126556396,
-0.04567256569862366,
-0.25632643699645996,
-0.40952247381210327,
0.43293601274490356,
0.45275741815567017,
-0.48115813732147217,
0.030061593279242516,
0.21794262528419495,
0.2392580509185791,
-0.45809119939804077,
0.009165240451693535,
0.43767988681793213,
0.02876582369208336,
0.3521583676338196,
-0.023797936737537384,
0.8214868307113647,
-0.018966468051075935,
0.09664757549762726,
0.07844864577054977,
-0.5751710534095764,
-0.10648053884506226,
0.33803778886795044,
0.10388290137052536,
-0.6187134981155396,
0.6525978446006775,
0.03035338595509529,
-0.643640398979187,
0.3479920029640198,
-0.3316642642021179,
-0.06433185935020447,
0.1247699037194252,
0.011546052061021328,
0.4121527671813965,
0.39891964197158813,
0.27638334035873413,
0.534335732460022,
0.1522122323513031,
-0.2658511698246002,
0.01924925483763218,
0.14576633274555206,
0.5578368306159973,
0.1191115602850914,
-0.21503353118896484,
0.002597711281850934,
-0.08464008569717407,
-0.16518427431583405,
0.045816101133823395,
0.30976638197898865,
0.10201073437929153,
0.985872209072113,
0.29830774664878845,
-0.01838640123605728,
0.3126693367958069,
0.6811748147010803,
-0.15376847982406616,
-0.9672402739524841,
0.06729158759117126,
0.4202938675880432,
-0.1353507786989212,
-0.1338421106338501,
-0.0800088495016098,
0.4442906677722931,
-0.16884221136569977,
-0.6530756950378418,
0.45165330171585083,
0.8403511643409729,
0.07490835338830948,
0.22798925638198853,
0.2443086951971054,
-0.7264959812164307,
0.4022742211818695,
-0.11777951568365097,
-0.32059696316719055,
-0.060109417885541916,
-0.31439611315727234,
-0.1958438605070114,
0.1560797542333603,
0.11852092295885086,
-0.3774110972881317,
-0.7054053544998169,
-0.4087737798690796,
-0.578580915927887,
-0.48065391182899475,
0.3077426254749298,
-0.32333406805992126,
-0.5653061866760254,
0.005340329371392727,
0.2839192748069763,
-0.3189675807952881,
0.1038358137011528,
0.1790640950202942,
-0.5795762538909912,
0.05769629031419754,
-0.7563790678977966,
0.14181490242481232,
-0.023682251572608948,
-0.7268717885017395,
-0.4115569293498993,
-0.0009352131164632738,
0.8430368900299072,
0.3283853828907013,
0.04805891588330269,
0.40561002492904663,
0.3451063334941864,
-0.07863409072160721,
0.3641147315502167,
0.18981072306632996,
0.046072181314229965,
-0.5764064192771912,
0.07435251027345657,
-0.8285242319107056,
-0.08204358071088791,
0.053590595722198486,
-0.18628384172916412,
-0.13986743986606598,
0.3646817207336426,
0.25258857011795044,
0.2899751663208008,
0.2802577614784241,
0.5356267094612122,
0.6171100735664368,
-0.24083738029003143,
-0.30926069617271423,
0.0029905789997428656,
0.3280090093612671,
0.36352455615997314,
0.08666844666004181,
0.4230257570743561,
0.14655300974845886,
0.14680135250091553,
-0.05171330273151398,
-0.10420074313879013,
0.09164711833000183,
0.4794161915779114,
-0.1316104680299759,
-0.15435953438282013,
-0.2437322437763214,
-0.2909577488899231,
0.4755367934703827,
0.3120775520801544,
0.0908682718873024,
-0.4701785743236542,
-0.06240466982126236,
-0.1923317015171051,
0.265004426240921,
0.532606303691864,
-0.531542181968689,
-0.6980780959129333,
0.013316567987203598,
-0.8152958154678345,
-0.41559213399887085,
0.30791160464286804,
0.5343701243400574,
-0.9205383062362671,
0.1976468563079834,
-0.48373034596443176,
-0.6638803482055664,
0.6812522411346436,
0.30049821734428406,
-0.4150908887386322,
0.1983119398355484,
-0.26961469650268555
] |
217827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93write%20conflict | Read–write conflict | In computer science, in the field of databases, read–write conflict, also known as unrepeatable reads, is a computational anomaly associated with interleaved execution of transactions.
Given a schedule S
In this example, T1 has read the original value of A, and is waiting for T2 to finish. T2 also reads the original value of A, overwrites A, and commits.
However, when T1 reads from A, it discovers two different versions of A, and T1 would be forced to abort, because T1 would not know what to do. This is an unrepeatable read. This could never occur in a serial schedule. Strict two-phase locking (Strict 2PL) prevents this conflict.
Real-world example
Alice and Bob are using a website to book tickets for a specific show. Only one ticket is left for the specific show. Alice signs on first to see that only one ticket is left, and finds it expensive. Alice takes time to decide. Bob signs on and also finds one ticket left, and orders it instantly. Bob purchases and logs off. Alice decides to buy a ticket, to find there are no tickets. This is a typical read-write conflict situation.
See also
Concurrency control
Write–read conflict
Write–write conflict
Data management
Transaction processing | [
-0.25118488073349,
0.1800944209098816,
-0.31526264548301697,
0.2780640721321106,
0.007551615592092276,
-0.1019587367773056,
-0.06757393479347229,
-0.06307796388864517,
0.1912667155265808,
-0.3888317942619324,
-0.3447537124156952,
0.3324371874332428,
-0.4202410876750946,
0.6182222962379456,
-0.41077354550361633,
0.38400882482528687,
0.07506243139505386,
0.0752548798918724,
0.19634877145290375,
-0.03664706274867058,
-0.1648855209350586,
0.11517273634672165,
-0.11402280628681183,
0.01886850968003273,
0.30496978759765625,
-0.16149771213531494,
0.14344730973243713,
-0.2369944155216217,
-0.21252281963825226,
0.05153261870145798,
0.11321434378623962,
0.5006807446479797,
0.2219667285680771,
0.2849842309951782,
0.09694045782089233,
0.08924269676208496,
-0.5761054754257202,
0.023215176537632942,
-0.003526535350829363,
-0.6777845025062561,
0.4747541844844818,
-0.20429901778697968,
-0.26833659410476685,
0.290217787027359,
-0.18540534377098083,
-0.16016627848148346,
-1.7563121318817139,
0.16784916818141937,
-0.7746289968490601,
-0.22665522992610931,
-0.6812331676483154,
1.0231549739837646,
-0.10889680683612823,
0.3876829445362091,
-0.11594018340110779,
0.3206962049007416,
-0.17635175585746765,
-0.643059253692627,
0.41286584734916687,
-0.2990400493144989,
0.8226481676101685,
-0.12019183486700058,
-0.23729752004146576,
0.022622687742114067,
-0.11523527652025223,
-0.29175636172294617,
0.18145115673542023,
0.07533267140388489,
-0.665887713432312,
-0.5962516665458679,
-0.08448868244886398,
0.2911778390407562,
-0.22313258051872253,
-0.15827830135822296,
-0.37717774510383606,
0.32242926955223083,
0.1657172292470932,
0.34048381447792053,
-0.3298816978931427,
-0.12599635124206543,
-0.506695032119751,
0.5743767023086548,
-0.05450717732310295,
-0.27735477685928345,
0.6440516114234924,
-0.7198625802993774,
-0.5662818551063538,
0.4049295485019684,
-0.45379868149757385,
0.4781339466571808,
-0.00869248528033495,
0.11269308626651764,
0.01866510510444641,
0.11747629195451736,
0.07239735126495361,
-0.05099260434508324,
0.3398943543434143,
0.061130836606025696,
0.5124605298042297,
0.0774788185954094,
0.2774049937725067,
-0.539628267288208,
0.7577233910560608,
0.11846650391817093,
-0.0438079908490181,
-0.058178145438432693,
-0.5087859034538269,
-0.4009319543838501,
0.46306949853897095,
-0.3784651756286621,
0.02128051221370697,
0.2352018803358078,
-0.0675431415438652,
0.06532827019691467,
-0.4805377423763275,
0.19765010476112366,
-0.2309959977865219,
0.20923669636249542,
-0.09586577117443085,
-0.003190646879374981,
0.24742139875888824,
0.4701017737388611,
-0.10890571027994156,
0.1886998862028122,
0.07270778715610504,
-0.10550950467586517,
0.2680908441543579,
0.3939308226108551,
-1.0355757474899292,
-0.02631423994898796,
0.4035707116127014,
0.9173856973648071,
-0.13597697019577026,
-0.240199014544487,
-0.2538337707519531,
0.45451968908309937,
0.6385529637336731,
-0.05637200549244881,
0.8129576444625854,
-0.1329708844423294,
-0.29622459411621094,
-0.642985463142395,
-0.19265025854110718,
0.12115482240915298,
0.2850996255874634,
0.24127405881881714,
-0.0019091138383373618,
-0.45458006858825684,
-0.10142319649457932,
-0.35746049880981445,
-0.06632402539253235,
-0.3928990364074707,
-0.36518701910972595,
0.010444088838994503,
0.13636229932308197,
0.25732186436653137,
0.25070372223854065,
-0.11975551396608353,
-0.3257480263710022,
0.7076626420021057,
-0.01547675859183073,
0.2883755564689636,
-0.897433876991272,
-0.36859163641929626,
-0.5327386260032654,
-0.2389492690563202,
0.59786456823349,
0.3075938820838928,
-0.08375244587659836,
0.0071477144956588745,
-0.308125376701355,
0.1343224048614502,
0.7288644909858704,
-0.5898990035057068,
0.3349991738796234,
0.2902084290981293,
0.05623451620340347,
0.3829854726791382,
0.8946287035942078,
0.45388707518577576,
-0.4926847815513611,
0.045666854828596115,
0.23983539640903473,
0.23531536757946014,
-0.14819402992725372,
0.3235831558704376,
0.4609487056732178,
-0.27481889724731445,
-0.6339998841285706,
-0.33875879645347595,
-0.6251444816589355,
-0.23529183864593506,
0.07690177857875824,
-0.31224924325942993,
1.137880802154541,
-0.13277120888233185,
-0.2473861128091812,
1.094537615776062,
0.04893731698393822,
0.384831964969635,
0.05492323264479637,
0.36687126755714417,
0.6524206399917603,
-0.09622396528720856,
-0.6637678146362305,
0.19802917540073395,
0.1277483105659485,
-0.3776845633983612,
-0.6705598831176758,
0.24215514957904816,
0.3571802079677582,
-0.11370182037353516,
-0.36877351999282837,
-0.29360610246658325,
0.17762993276119232,
0.13812962174415588,
-0.5780186653137207,
0.06515992432832718,
-0.23067046701908112,
-0.05398186296224594,
0.4829574525356293,
-0.33520883321762085,
0.46308156847953796,
0.8793781995773315,
0.002931017894297838,
0.6051743626594543,
0.11987649649381638,
0.6343631148338318,
0.8944317698478699,
-0.6149861812591553,
-0.24113205075263977,
0.3491959869861603,
0.2872875928878784,
-0.6505997776985168,
-0.20930106937885284,
-0.05170963704586029,
0.16278065741062164,
-0.14025725424289703,
0.2840239405632019,
0.04057785123586655,
-0.5667736530303955,
0.7546834945678711,
-0.3166772425174713,
0.4103514850139618,
-0.13074158132076263,
-0.36927330493927,
-0.3425702750682831,
0.45903676748275757,
-0.12420694530010223,
0.06725245714187622,
0.25745147466659546,
0.7291371822357178,
-0.0717521607875824,
-0.5310513377189636,
0.15934675931930542,
0.015616017393767834,
0.21059776842594147,
0.21729396283626556,
-0.007811269257217646,
-0.1789431869983673,
-0.47551000118255615,
0.21014824509620667,
-0.12350863963365555,
-0.03197625279426575,
-0.16818760335445404,
-0.4095380902290344,
-0.3330765962600708,
0.08891918510198593,
0.02241036854684353,
0.01953730918467045,
0.7207262516021729,
-0.27072298526763916,
-0.5847772359848022,
0.15247197449207306,
-0.5773105621337891,
-0.1491106003522873,
0.21274156868457794,
0.04832179844379425,
-0.2631632685661316,
-0.5495504140853882,
0.09962692856788635,
0.33277028799057007,
0.11719803512096405,
-1.0705478191375732,
0.09032481908798218,
-0.01628986746072769,
-0.2440413385629654,
-0.13077032566070557,
-0.08429668098688126,
-0.4323447346687317,
-0.5596655011177063,
0.43356215953826904,
0.24710863828659058,
0.4232858419418335,
0.5726423263549805,
0.7423763275146484,
0.10925279557704926,
0.15576162934303284,
0.40899357199668884,
0.3965582847595215,
0.010026676580309868,
0.40369635820388794,
-0.44376400113105774,
-0.1776135414838791,
0.06593930721282959,
-0.4321048855781555,
-0.7901645302772522,
0.23515969514846802,
-5.900359153747559,
0.2045634388923645,
-0.0892292857170105,
-0.181341290473938,
-0.1657865047454834,
0.13416264951229095,
0.6424189209938049,
-0.05090441554784775,
-0.08677870780229568,
-0.3215339779853821,
0.038264401257038116,
-0.3516165316104889,
-0.05772758275270462,
0.05863654240965843,
0.131448432803154,
0.342476487159729,
0.9285007119178772,
-0.5408226847648621,
0.19452795386314392,
0.2437128871679306,
-0.12471017241477966,
0.2870490849018097,
-0.1895076334476471,
0.12132646888494492,
-0.20275618135929108,
0.03505633771419525,
0.2168426811695099,
-0.07585101574659348,
-0.17955560982227325,
-0.1522800177335739,
-0.1320345550775528,
-0.12755590677261353,
-0.2857478857040405,
-0.4359751045703888,
-0.06205126643180847,
0.049245599657297134,
0.4716276228427887,
0.06802040338516235,
0.1425548940896988,
0.02190118469297886,
0.12590190768241882,
0.06750381737947464,
0.6661399006843567,
0.1525876224040985,
0.31667134165763855,
0.34210821986198425,
0.1430862694978714,
-0.09909363836050034,
0.01701596938073635,
0.3948806822299957,
-0.21953508257865906,
-0.22617574036121368,
0.5145349502563477,
-0.04763231426477432,
0.5290337800979614,
-0.10012013465166092,
0.35245203971862793,
-0.9297058582305908,
-0.2599833309650421,
-0.0683785155415535,
0.3741774260997772,
-0.7882670164108276,
0.05069352686405182,
-0.510450541973114,
0.004223751835525036,
-0.5856118202209473,
-0.15632213652133942,
-0.38607534766197205,
1.0376378297805786,
0.0795941948890686,
-0.19264306128025055,
0.48721054196357727,
0.13184617459774017,
-0.8563560247421265,
0.30435678362846375,
-0.3678743839263916,
0.3168967664241791,
0.09590797126293182,
0.16365976631641388,
-0.5917761921882629,
-0.4189455807209015,
0.18577340245246887,
-0.46377888321876526,
-0.4747922122478485,
0.2355937510728836,
-0.4688645601272583,
-0.08224247395992279,
0.518042802810669,
-0.3128833472728729,
0.2323133647441864,
0.5170488357543945,
0.014993461780250072,
0.1147625669836998,
0.28006693720817566,
0.5168123245239258,
0.34634003043174744,
0.04116791486740112,
0.6818744540214539,
0.24983133375644684,
0.24798494577407837,
0.428434282541275,
-0.615532636642456,
0.3237287402153015,
-1.1311895847320557,
-0.27049821615219116,
0.23564010858535767,
-0.3872130811214447,
0.36240214109420776,
0.02331993356347084,
-0.063720703125,
-0.2891917824745178,
0.6317526698112488,
-0.34503862261772156,
-0.40171921253204346,
-0.04699152708053589,
0.2568485736846924,
-0.13732638955116272,
0.5516679883003235,
-0.15683066844940186,
-0.3598273694515228,
-0.07133033871650696,
0.43975386023521423,
-0.08165737241506577,
-0.19002629816532135,
0.666564404964447,
-0.5655993819236755,
-0.22076228260993958,
0.026324642822146416,
0.19506920874118805,
-0.031261008232831955,
0.29573026299476624,
0.1712469458580017,
0.13648399710655212,
-0.06425723433494568,
0.13506107032299042,
-0.7856653928756714,
0.04041781648993492,
0.38616687059402466,
-0.4118393063545227,
-0.2611345648765564,
0.4923608601093292,
-0.4237798750400543,
-0.08144623041152954,
-0.29497334361076355,
0.5314527153968811,
-0.1575157195329666,
-0.2607977092266083,
-0.04056933894753456,
-0.2252770960330963,
0.7608232498168945,
-0.19946877658367157,
-0.3760172128677368,
0.12335596978664398,
-0.34634244441986084,
0.3458223044872284,
0.29430699348449707,
0.2761775553226471,
0.43962159752845764,
0.31044065952301025,
-0.3776744306087494,
-0.22157056629657745,
-0.162331223487854,
-0.9058428406715393,
-0.24186651408672333,
-0.1747877150774002,
0.1163543090224266,
-0.493343710899353,
-0.17542250454425812,
-0.4806223213672638,
0.31319940090179443,
-0.525187075138092,
-0.14182177186012268,
-0.4349285662174225,
-0.04237053915858269,
0.36481723189353943,
0.17182445526123047,
0.21013927459716797,
-0.12676092982292175,
0.35040268301963806,
-0.11691690236330032,
-0.38062584400177,
-0.02168666571378708,
-0.21139946579933167,
0.722242534160614,
0.4911675453186035,
-0.35207492113113403,
0.2908138632774353,
0.6258869767189026,
-0.6929198503494263,
-0.4093344211578369,
0.4170476794242859,
-0.006083442363888025,
0.843268096446991,
0.1288583129644394,
0.12017723172903061,
-0.17761273682117462,
0.22946391999721527,
0.3338306248188019,
-0.12265145778656006,
-0.10352206230163574,
0.2060294896364212,
0.5533953309059143,
-0.5606542229652405,
0.07334691286087036,
0.039304811507463455,
-0.4783998131752014,
-0.0422905832529068,
-0.4812069535255432,
-0.6109228134155273,
0.35312148928642273,
-0.19645920395851135,
-0.17674151062965393,
-0.3459120988845825,
0.4923928380012512,
-0.005536913871765137,
-0.4932789206504822,
0.2109910249710083,
-0.060401495546102524,
-0.01166664157062769,
0.39708638191223145,
-0.0550067275762558,
-0.19594593346118927,
-0.16061332821846008,
-0.05932062119245529,
-0.4365558922290802,
0.24043329060077667,
0.0745486468076706,
-0.4373382329940796,
0.8196384310722351,
0.21059608459472656,
0.11645489186048508,
-0.6962327361106873,
0.4689067304134369,
0.09481406956911087,
-0.018322622403502464,
-0.2818982005119324,
-0.287802129983902,
0.12610961496829987,
-0.46320343017578125,
-0.4322725534439087,
0.326010137796402,
0.3071146011352539,
0.22688665986061096,
-0.5422813296318054,
-0.3766297996044159,
0.46074551343917847,
0.4908946752548218,
-0.46446847915649414,
-0.4889416992664337,
0.23273688554763794,
0.3985587954521179,
0.26354721188545227,
-0.31796500086784363,
0.47543466091156006,
0.5433797836303711,
0.2654058635234833,
-0.12668007612228394,
-0.6219848394393921,
-0.09014984965324402,
0.1735633760690689,
0.3041982054710388,
-0.5714461803436279,
-0.1701715886592865,
-0.25319910049438477,
-0.012516888789832592,
-0.10067813843488693,
0.1187862753868103,
-0.19414517283439636,
0.05869484692811966,
-0.414705753326416,
0.22773477435112,
-0.7688961029052734,
0.5745899677276611,
0.2956363558769226,
-0.2148245871067047,
0.3063662350177765,
-0.38438883423805237,
-0.5816903710365295,
0.16067387163639069,
0.23463065922260284,
-0.1425546109676361,
-0.5003665089607239,
-0.37685197591781616,
-0.8169882893562317,
0.8278535008430481,
-0.037684325128793716,
0.10100908577442169,
0.04262740537524223,
0.07643435895442963,
-0.5956248044967651,
-0.8271263241767883,
0.282473087310791,
-0.03616836294531822,
0.4445403516292572,
-0.23734605312347412,
-0.5052725672721863,
0.042362090200185776,
0.302561491727829,
-0.6607503890991211,
0.018695561215281487,
-0.5537986159324646,
0.2540152966976166,
0.4594084918498993,
-1.0884649753570557,
0.8714228272438049,
0.11786309629678726,
-0.4253428876399994,
-0.18849201500415802,
0.39593273401260376,
-0.4064236879348755,
0.28393086791038513,
-0.10790394991636276,
0.009885375387966633,
0.0895775631070137,
0.09536293148994446,
-0.195226788520813,
0.46694862842559814,
-0.2676527202129364,
0.4530164301395416,
0.11348831653594971,
-0.07649596035480499,
-0.08475204557180405,
0.5021364688873291,
0.003212146693840623,
0.46008849143981934,
0.5468236207962036,
0.6011500358581543,
0.04633272811770439,
0.0835326537489891,
0.3543703556060791,
0.4272378385066986,
-0.11309327185153961,
-0.22803789377212524,
-0.07328276336193085,
0.06381682306528091,
-0.34029513597488403,
0.2566453814506531,
-0.8734886050224304,
-0.5388509631156921,
0.4316518306732178,
0.2866764962673187,
0.3487370014190674,
0.025382455438375473,
0.3499988913536072,
-0.5829576849937439,
0.26446306705474854,
0.5871540307998657,
0.1500190645456314,
-0.3636447489261627,
0.18526454269886017,
0.23814357817173004,
-0.35701295733451843,
0.16546234488487244,
-0.49743905663490295,
0.36608442664146423,
-0.550055742263794,
0.41425052285194397,
-0.09206347912549973,
0.05658679082989693,
-0.1540369689464569,
-0.019822711125016212,
0.4117419719696045,
0.30804336071014404,
-0.06342262774705887,
0.0582965724170208,
-0.17905649542808533,
0.7512261867523193,
0.13309301435947418,
0.18353408575057983,
0.07920718193054199,
-0.32137903571128845,
0.40838420391082764,
-0.12422528862953186,
0.3463589549064636,
0.42634323239326477,
-0.9762465357780457,
0.6802704930305481,
0.3794509470462799,
-0.16822709143161774,
0.14585259556770325,
0.15801101922988892,
-0.23451034724712372,
-0.1785663515329361,
-0.6115738749504089,
0.26242733001708984,
-0.26565316319465637,
0.3970172703266144,
0.25627589225769043,
-0.2065097987651825,
-0.2774491012096405,
0.22567465901374817,
-0.4296122193336487,
-0.5271059274673462,
0.3158378005027771,
-0.33318525552749634,
-0.16432861983776093,
-0.1947360336780548,
1.213353157043457,
-0.11457899957895279,
0.46844369173049927,
0.01419434417039156,
-0.508276104927063,
0.25443556904792786,
0.4221656620502472,
-0.7880403399467468,
0.484742671251297,
0.0342242456972599,
-0.19291344285011292,
-1.0000253915786743,
0.14869911968708038,
0.6958072781562805,
-0.2086448073387146,
-0.06003616377711296,
0.35393938422203064,
-0.4276583194732666,
-0.49827033281326294,
0.6157299876213074,
-0.3558424115180969,
0.15676897764205933,
-0.16976267099380493,
0.17610470950603485,
0.037510376423597336,
0.4892585575580597,
-0.019702401012182236,
-0.1336767077445984,
-0.05062084272503853,
0.4084181487560272,
0.4258424639701843,
0.09627563506364822,
0.4222041070461273,
-0.39500322937965393,
-0.06095986068248749,
0.01879701390862465,
0.6505870819091797,
-0.05846009403467178,
-0.550962507724762,
0.09964706003665924,
0.19434437155723572,
0.275662362575531,
-0.4251822233200073,
0.4795938730239868,
-0.14120566844940186,
-0.22186404466629028,
-0.1102447509765625,
-0.5337364673614502,
0.16080918908119202,
-0.1316830813884735,
-0.2537820637226105,
-0.09681128710508347,
0.41460901498794556,
0.3764328956604004,
-0.6451043486595154,
-0.3521243631839752,
0.09825081378221512,
-0.3472808003425598,
0.009050542488694191,
-0.30035367608070374,
-0.7591853737831116,
-0.3414192199707031,
0.14259842038154602
] |
217828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JXTA | JXTA | JXTA (Juxtapose) was an open-source peer-to-peer protocol specification begun by Sun Microsystems in 2001. The JXTA protocols were defined as a set of XML messages which allow any device connected to a network to exchange messages and collaborate independently of the underlying network topology.
As JXTA was based upon a set of open XML protocols, it could be implemented in any modern computer language. Implementations were developed for Java SE, C/C++, C# and Java ME. The C# Version used the C++/C native bindings and was not a complete re-implementation in its own right.
JXTA peers create a virtual overlay network which allows a peer to interact with other peers even when some of the peers and resources are behind firewalls and NATs or use different network transports. In addition, each resource is identified by a unique ID, a 160 bit SHA-1 URN in the Java binding, so that a peer can change its localization address while keeping a constant identification number.
Status
"In November 2010, Oracle officially announced its withdrawal from the JXTA projects". As of August 2011, the JXTA project has not yet been continued or otherwise announced to retain operations, neither a decision was made on the assembly of its Board nor an answer by Oracle regarding a pending request to move the source-code to Apache license version 2.
Protocols in JXTA
Peer Resolver Protocol
Peer Information Protocol
Rendezvous Protocol
Peer Membership Protocol
Pipe Binding Protocol
Endpoint Routing Protocol
Categories of peers
JXTA defines two main categories of peers: edge peers and super-peers. The super-peers can be further divided into rendezvous and relay peers. Each peer has a well defined role in the JXTA peer-to-peer model.
The edge peers are usually defined as peers which have transient, low bandwidth network connectivity. They usually reside on the border of the Internet, hidden behind corporate firewalls or accessing the network through non-dedicated connections.
A Rendezvous peer is a special purpose peer which is in charge of coordinating the peers in the JXTA network and provides the necessary scope to message propagation. If the peers are located in different subnets then the network should have at least one Rendezvous peer.
A Relay peer allows the peers which are behind firewalls or NAT systems to take part in the JXTA network. This is performed by using a protocol which can traverse the firewall, like HTTP, for example.
Any peer in a JXTA network can be a rendezvous or relay as soon as they have the necessary credentials or network/storage/memory/CPU requirements.
Advertisements
An Advertisement is an XML document which describes any resource in a P2P network (peers, groups, pipes, services, etc.). The communication in JXTA can be thought as the exchange of one or more advertisements through the network.
Pipes
Pipes are a virtual communication channel used by JXTA to exchange messages and data. Pipes are asynchronous, unreliable, and unidirectional. There are basically three types of pipes:
Unicast
Uni-cast Secure
Propagate
Peer groups
A peer group provides a scope for message propagation and a logical clustering of peers. In JXTA, every peer is a member of a default group, NetPeerGroup, but a given peer can be member of many sub-groups at the same time. A peer may play different roles in different groups; it may act as an edge peer in one group, but a rendezvous in another.
Each group should have at least one rendezvous peer and it is not possible to send messages between two groups.
Rendezvous network
The Rendezvous peers have an optimized routing mechanism which allows an efficient propagation of messages pushed by edge peers connected to them. This is achieved through the use of a loosely consistent network.
Each Rendezvous peer maintains a Rendezvous Peer View (RPV), a list of known rendezvous peers ordered by the Peer ID. There is not any mechanism to enforce the consistency of all RPVs across the JXTA network, so a given RPV can have a temporary or permanent inconsistent view of the other rendezvous peers. As soon as there is a low churn rate, that is, a stable network where peers don't join or leave too frequently, the RPV list of each peer will converge as each rendezvous peer exchange a random subset of its RPV with other rendezvous peers from time to time.
When an edge peer publishes an Advertisement, the index of this advertisement is pushed to the rendezvous through a system called Shared Resource Distributed Index (SRDI). After that, the rendezvous applies a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) function so that it can forward the index to another peer in the RPV list. For replication purposes, it will send this index to the neighbours of the chosen rendezvous peer in the RPV list.
The lookup process requires the use of the same DHT function to discover the rendezvous peer which is in charge of storing that index. Once the rendezvous peer is reached it will forward the query to the edge peer which published the advertisement and this peer will get in touch with the peer which issues the query.
If the DHT function cannot find a peer which is in charge of the advertisement then the query will be forwarded up and down the RPV list until a match is found, the query is aborted, or it reaches the limits of the RPV list. This process is called random walk.
See also
Peer-to-peer
Rendezvous protocol
Chimera.
References
External links
Official web site
Java implementation of JXTA
french site
Overview of JXTA
Sonatype Repo
Distributed data storage
Cross-platform free software
Free network-related software
Java platform
Network protocols
Sun Microsystems software | [
0.25702133774757385,
-0.1364055871963501,
-0.2253924459218979,
-0.15853509306907654,
-0.39926877617836,
-0.11904031783342361,
0.20598338544368744,
0.1767680048942566,
0.24468781054019928,
-0.39296409487724304,
-0.20581595599651337,
0.13016092777252197,
-0.36970677971839905,
0.029680883511900902,
-0.5225447416305542,
-0.44822582602500916,
0.4622538983821869,
0.32465240359306335,
0.3078289031982422,
0.12296798825263977,
-0.20268462598323822,
-0.18678323924541473,
-0.7021287679672241,
-0.7454437613487244,
0.056484535336494446,
0.26746174693107605,
-0.08249006420373917,
-0.22050312161445618,
-0.29540786147117615,
0.11575035750865936,
0.34012314677238464,
0.23886612057685852,
0.010142420418560505,
-0.40817588567733765,
-0.4766958951950073,
0.28991517424583435,
-0.36711564660072327,
0.38509583473205566,
-0.048964180052280426,
-0.5639564394950867,
-0.11249677836894989,
-0.30908581614494324,
0.2761712372303009,
0.33685705065727234,
-0.20130276679992676,
0.15945649147033691,
-1.4014892578125,
0.05576460808515549,
-0.7338104248046875,
0.15858463943004608,
-0.8464134335517883,
0.3096725344657898,
-0.47237470746040344,
0.24497786164283752,
0.17867957055568695,
-0.261321097612381,
0.025717077776789665,
-0.5872612595558167,
0.07220929861068726,
-0.2082291543483734,
0.11076313257217407,
-0.08571905642747879,
0.0702163353562355,
-0.02241412363946438,
-0.09772929549217224,
0.11972418427467346,
-0.01168467290699482,
0.3901675045490265,
-0.5395237803459167,
-0.12934401631355286,
0.542842447757721,
0.28336307406425476,
-0.4228768050670624,
-0.1158812940120697,
0.19126766920089722,
-0.014005417935550213,
-0.37719452381134033,
0.18790361285209656,
0.31195226311683655,
0.43884462118148804,
-0.040437646210193634,
0.6555052399635315,
0.4755280017852783,
-0.06678225845098495,
0.8378764986991882,
-0.49921688437461853,
-0.2763558626174927,
0.31676822900772095,
-1.03866708278656,
0.673280656337738,
-0.1291075199842453,
0.2994190454483032,
0.4533592760562897,
0.14543648064136505,
-0.07069618999958038,
0.2490040808916092,
-0.43699297308921814,
0.12008436769247055,
0.6248770952224731,
0.018567867577075958,
0.010480286553502083,
0.0032118656672537327,
-0.021637942641973495,
-0.6041769981384277,
-0.22684554755687714,
0.004395222291350365,
-0.521209716796875,
-0.7718197107315063,
0.485586941242218,
-0.08324111253023148,
0.33960390090942383,
0.0995599552989006,
0.3872288167476654,
0.3546982407569885,
-0.09577855467796326,
0.6558189392089844,
-0.048038676381111145,
-0.16027118265628815,
0.04995836690068245,
-0.0788319930434227,
0.03091626800596714,
1.1218608617782593,
0.33147141337394714,
0.23025144636631012,
0.15209002792835236,
0.41502639651298523,
0.6136554479598999,
0.37546083331108093,
-0.013741609640419483,
-0.011879846453666687,
0.12573778629302979,
0.7492596507072449,
0.5013508796691895,
-0.07855980098247528,
0.28315314650535583,
-0.13669593632221222,
0.4893410801887512,
-0.14433354139328003,
0.42638564109802246,
0.2903405427932739,
-0.25225701928138733,
0.14728638529777527,
-0.2845483720302582,
-0.03117988631129265,
0.22969524562358856,
0.44776591658592224,
-0.11649157851934433,
-0.3166947364807129,
-0.4794703722000122,
0.10787122696638107,
-0.5822375416755676,
0.2061185985803604,
0.039242956787347794,
0.14899013936519623,
-0.019289132207632065,
0.628053605556488,
0.25398293137550354,
0.20981720089912415,
-0.02393566444516182,
0.2652207612991333,
0.13304875791072845,
0.8362506628036499,
-0.40758123993873596,
-0.07442829757928848,
-0.17700092494487762,
-0.2698412835597992,
-0.060987308621406555,
0.26276150345802307,
0.3720671236515045,
-0.1803400218486786,
0.17556005716323853,
-0.3924415111541748,
-0.022906236350536346,
0.11115709692239761,
0.07626621425151825,
-0.06969238072633743,
0.18542274832725525,
-0.07081936299800873,
0.02069012075662613,
0.5130974054336548,
-0.5784893035888672,
0.2113611102104187,
0.5855720639228821,
-0.031658269464969635,
0.3211773931980133,
0.17053070664405823,
0.42878368496894836,
0.42349302768707275,
-0.27134060859680176,
-0.39185193181037903,
-1.2453398704528809,
-0.29976579546928406,
0.1838136911392212,
-0.12993493676185608,
0.780556321144104,
0.00002887414666474797,
-0.8498539924621582,
0.7745546102523804,
-0.07010205090045929,
0.2036101371049881,
-0.024234136566519737,
0.07196197658777237,
0.43958184123039246,
-0.41216737031936646,
0.3693172037601471,
-0.30199259519577026,
0.018198972567915916,
-0.1343453824520111,
-0.384062260389328,
-0.06686679273843765,
-0.08909744024276733,
-0.358388751745224,
0.24827641248703003,
-0.4027245342731476,
-0.5260480046272278,
-0.19476644694805145,
-0.25479069352149963,
0.441572904586792,
-0.1304938942193985,
-0.21380949020385742,
1.515930414199829,
-0.10315932333469391,
-0.2233455777168274,
0.1801135390996933,
-0.4445289373397827,
1.2634332180023193,
0.4938346743583679,
0.14155814051628113,
0.7120293974876404,
0.3694390058517456,
-0.14699050784111023,
-0.0028765720780938864,
-0.15741632878780365,
-0.6062676310539246,
0.8477007150650024,
-0.09480295330286026,
0.22537188231945038,
-0.5022954344749451,
0.0873187705874443,
0.13200755417346954,
0.1594429612159729,
0.39721423387527466,
-0.45179978013038635,
-0.3689534664154053,
0.406221479177475,
-0.0679161548614502,
0.17049378156661987,
0.01581830345094204,
-0.5371250510215759,
0.36257752776145935,
-0.05951470881700516,
0.3629959225654602,
-0.49419835209846497,
0.13150538504123688,
-0.13967594504356384,
0.4473658800125122,
-0.09818894416093826,
-0.18611358106136322,
-0.6539474129676819,
0.8112214207649231,
-0.10077513009309769,
-0.12635131180286407,
0.2058868408203125,
0.06928769499063492,
0.036352429538965225,
-0.6577552556991577,
0.3359816074371338,
-0.32080748677253723,
0.7480307221412659,
-0.06727045774459839,
0.7477911710739136,
-0.6034285426139832,
-0.26955530047416687,
-0.1762090027332306,
-0.8425904512405396,
-0.5532790422439575,
0.01032604556530714,
0.0629875585436821,
-0.34872639179229736,
-0.5190913677215576,
-0.09150655567646027,
0.6082388162612915,
-0.19227680563926697,
-0.6183048486709595,
0.17841453850269318,
-0.11569564044475555,
-0.14334653317928314,
-0.8966847062110901,
-0.5846586227416992,
-0.05781607702374458,
0.21432247757911682,
0.9281522035598755,
-0.2067478448152542,
0.011395392939448357,
0.2471943199634552,
0.2000495344400406,
0.4176275432109833,
0.2399609088897705,
0.22348463535308838,
0.27595406770706177,
-0.497573584318161,
0.16017000377178192,
0.146613210439682,
-0.1820804327726364,
0.343353271484375,
-0.04784736409783363,
0.1818915158510208,
-0.3090262711048126,
-5.850228309631348,
0.17335264384746552,
-0.017140919342637062,
-0.2025243192911148,
0.45873746275901794,
-0.021595360711216927,
0.6389439105987549,
0.10515707731246948,
0.3289199769496918,
-0.32408401370048523,
-0.17903326451778412,
0.22504915297031403,
-0.34123608469963074,
-0.031859468668699265,
0.2221595197916031,
0.18688645958900452,
0.270307332277298,
0.06910818070173264,
0.4302091896533966,
0.06916230171918869,
-0.36201462149620056,
-0.19030365347862244,
-0.01292034238576889,
0.029217027127742767,
-0.40089160203933716,
-0.3575051724910736,
-0.7888258099555969,
0.1422095149755478,
-0.07130022346973419,
-0.333139568567276,
0.2104092836380005,
-0.09285444021224976,
-0.20201067626476288,
-0.07060626894235611,
-0.4585258364677429,
0.15893280506134033,
0.7998966574668884,
0.31501609086990356,
0.11096880584955215,
-0.3129560649394989,
0.38540470600128174,
0.7099295854568481,
0.09126554429531097,
-0.4668410122394562,
0.5468853116035461,
-0.1641068011522293,
0.06557220220565796,
0.6391608715057373,
-0.16890569031238556,
0.3212566375732422,
-0.08939564973115921,
-0.11711881309747696,
-0.2549682557582855,
-0.2494477778673172,
-0.27981793880462646,
-0.5154122710227966,
-0.32473480701446533,
0.08773173391819,
-0.7821810245513916,
0.5518513321876526,
0.608589231967926,
-0.6900328397750854,
-0.21626681089401245,
-1.3819109201431274,
-0.40727725625038147,
-0.2712956368923187,
-0.5274632573127747,
-0.1345212608575821,
0.45812833309173584,
0.0014402533415704966,
0.004770237486809492,
0.27203047275543213,
-0.07734060287475586,
-0.9912905097007751,
0.6077471971511841,
-0.954240620136261,
0.19725552201271057,
-0.41312554478645325,
-0.42459753155708313,
0.10348986834287643,
0.2248731404542923,
-0.34547969698905945,
-0.24729129672050476,
-0.13486897945404053,
-0.07770278304815292,
-0.06841512769460678,
-0.13553781807422638,
0.3222366273403168,
-0.3257429301738739,
-0.3669492304325104,
0.7247986793518066,
-0.25826916098594666,
-0.20935654640197754,
0.3553372621536255,
0.5043912529945374,
0.2401849776506424,
0.008777390234172344,
0.4639180600643158,
-0.2888946533203125,
0.15037836134433746,
0.10428877174854279,
0.0010733695235103369,
0.012019630521535873,
-0.31871750950813293,
0.05540456250309944,
-0.254980206489563,
-0.6477900743484497,
-0.050464652478694916,
0.42955246567726135,
0.4293229877948761,
-0.6715371012687683,
0.2637571394443512,
-0.21837416291236877,
-0.24343723058700562,
-0.18603840470314026,
0.3482206165790558,
-0.44361522793769836,
-0.05854199081659317,
0.004457883071154356,
-0.021246295422315598,
-0.03966004028916359,
0.4480744004249573,
0.13972771167755127,
-0.20976102352142334,
-0.01503700576722622,
-0.7272182106971741,
-0.31624963879585266,
0.19528715312480927,
0.6012982726097107,
-0.1794215589761734,
0.3567639887332916,
0.1761734038591385,
-0.0058402251452207565,
0.14704890549182892,
-0.04893709346652031,
-0.21203501522541046,
-1.0034141540527344,
0.21541859209537506,
0.04105139523744583,
-0.1957344263792038,
0.4404761791229248,
-0.03155188634991646,
-0.04737522825598717,
0.16372883319854736,
0.9329526424407959,
0.17912638187408447,
-0.12233855575323105,
-0.3313930332660675,
-0.4365570843219757,
0.1663876175880432,
0.1333383321762085,
-0.5786682367324829,
0.001090675126761198,
0.21087798476219177,
-0.4483070969581604,
0.26953864097595215,
0.25641533732414246,
0.2124992161989212,
0.40907424688339233,
-0.38330212235450745,
-0.5282906293869019,
-0.14549537003040314,
-0.7079887390136719,
-0.14359675347805023,
0.16179215908050537,
0.03057832643389702,
-0.5231292247772217,
0.017350628972053528,
-0.670240581035614,
-0.46039819717407227,
-0.38920941948890686,
0.10453778505325317,
0.2631305158138275,
-0.3556148111820221,
0.13173803687095642,
0.7226991653442383,
0.6066260933876038,
-0.1799217015504837,
-0.1547262817621231,
0.17695149779319763,
0.2385052889585495,
-0.0008999718702398241,
-0.44206759333610535,
0.19851326942443848,
0.27706658840179443,
-0.44551852345466614,
0.037797678261995316,
0.023523656651377678,
-0.12251215428113937,
-0.10836930572986603,
0.018355533480644226,
-0.08972310274839401,
0.49196961522102356,
0.3207319676876068,
-0.24777758121490479,
-0.607775092124939,
0.13612058758735657,
0.5156300663948059,
0.2472268044948578,
-0.6227037906646729,
0.11960497498512268,
0.7063400745391846,
-0.6935655474662781,
0.35147222876548767,
-0.08264663815498352,
-0.9086636900901794,
-0.21300269663333893,
-0.09222561866044998,
0.001315939356572926,
-0.4408741593360901,
0.0066354298032820225,
-0.6209234595298767,
-0.1035289391875267,
-0.012603679671883583,
0.07846761494874954,
0.26340559124946594,
0.1805238425731659,
-0.12673713266849518,
-0.13780376315116882,
-0.5178579092025757,
0.08555538207292557,
0.05264497920870781,
-0.16315792500972748,
-0.0023748024832457304,
-0.5280668139457703,
0.45373860001564026,
-0.15872260928153992,
-0.12922178208827972,
0.18986599147319794,
-0.11324745416641235,
0.2690050005912781,
-0.20060792565345764,
-0.20344848930835724,
0.47465062141418457,
0.11359259486198425,
-0.4287406802177429,
-0.480710506439209,
-0.11555132269859314,
0.13064724206924438,
0.10639389604330063,
0.10747577250003815,
0.43723681569099426,
-0.22678996622562408,
-0.7712259292602539,
-0.7911852598190308,
0.00021868452313356102,
0.10897746682167053,
0.17681317031383514,
-0.8925586938858032,
-0.1675780713558197,
0.33635276556015015,
-0.492489755153656,
-0.6097072958946228,
0.08754941076040268,
1.036537766456604,
0.7438618540763855,
-0.22569555044174194,
-0.6733648180961609,
-0.6878794431686401,
-0.5388339757919312,
0.11224398761987686,
0.031232254579663277,
-0.05592911317944527,
0.4344536066055298,
0.1451035737991333,
0.2488606721162796,
-0.03802795335650444,
-0.7847021222114563,
0.17412523925304413,
-0.7444698810577393,
-0.35306406021118164,
-0.42985785007476807,
0.16415442526340485,
0.8364551067352295,
-0.04913051426410675,
-0.02814677357673645,
0.24144652485847473,
-0.29280412197113037,
0.3549002707004547,
0.4432237446308136,
-0.0008141548023559153,
-0.011193030513823032,
-0.23145900666713715,
0.3486616313457489,
-0.22387491166591644,
-0.34210675954818726,
0.516325056552887,
-0.08893042057752609,
0.007584770210087299,
-0.21828940510749817,
-0.8099327683448792,
0.7299679517745972,
0.12857384979724884,
0.2657214403152466,
-0.3358558714389801,
-0.12581194937229156,
0.3257204592227936,
-0.13007070124149323,
-0.470254510641098,
-0.14344492554664612,
-0.11349913477897644,
0.4589565396308899,
1.195764183998108,
-0.474798321723938,
0.4608195722103119,
0.3825402557849884,
-0.019049163907766342,
-0.021425005048513412,
0.006218212191015482,
0.15999236702919006,
0.05945456773042679,
-0.07545605301856995,
0.16517038643360138,
0.167205810546875,
-0.8613775372505188,
-0.052889157086610794,
0.19023625552654266,
-0.17328289151191711,
0.2998358905315399,
-0.11082958430051804,
-0.0666332021355629,
-0.18761780858039856,
0.26356732845306396,
-0.11083454638719559,
0.14418557286262512,
0.638310432434082,
0.6227824091911316,
-0.08589594811201096,
-0.15262073278427124,
0.34282928705215454,
0.46346473693847656,
-0.6037303805351257,
0.1332266628742218,
-0.38035181164741516,
0.40959668159484863,
-0.02113231085240841,
0.18177257478237152,
0.2922183573246002,
-0.5003646612167358,
0.7448822259902954,
0.4135909378528595,
0.41926875710487366,
-0.2695697546005249,
0.10333471745252609,
-0.22895166277885437,
-0.059914227575063705,
-0.04307344928383827,
0.4268365204334259,
0.5118062496185303,
0.6037119030952454,
0.4326417148113251,
0.09715142101049423,
-0.0318634957075119,
-0.03761598467826843,
-0.014043481089174747,
-0.4504338502883911,
0.21176192164421082,
0.0929056778550148,
0.11760760843753815,
0.2611948251724243,
0.07675705850124359,
0.4439370036125183,
0.5642289519309998,
0.0025455679278820753,
-0.7353867888450623,
-0.12671908736228943,
0.4591393768787384,
-0.07819205522537231,
0.2582336962223053,
0.2270403653383255,
-0.21751049160957336,
0.3502035439014435,
-0.292824923992157,
1.1148587465286255,
-0.22717587649822235,
-0.1579306721687317,
0.4408801198005676,
-0.002110244706273079,
0.00546216918155551,
0.10638907551765442,
-0.3749302327632904,
-0.4411206543445587,
0.025296363979578018,
-0.3642507493495941,
0.06094638258218765,
0.09955345839262009,
-0.36602848768234253,
0.4050379693508148,
0.26223769783973694,
-0.0962897390127182,
-0.3093290627002716,
-0.12915711104869843,
0.7645017504692078,
0.20558340847492218,
-0.19116707146167755,
0.656083881855011,
-0.08159132301807404,
0.9250218272209167,
0.3760363757610321,
0.03531415015459061,
0.0025871782563626766,
0.18517912924289703,
0.406264066696167,
-0.44185352325439453,
-0.11727811396121979,
0.8183115720748901,
-0.5635586380958557,
-0.1415736973285675,
-0.26499950885772705,
0.004821833688765764,
0.5211495161056519,
0.2112349420785904,
0.18960508704185486,
-0.3758772909641266,
-0.41012921929359436,
0.502228319644928,
0.5390403270721436,
-0.2543164789676666,
-0.08586163073778152,
0.2750403583049774,
-0.477402925491333,
-0.012412219308316708,
0.396883487701416,
-0.24213159084320068,
0.09482880681753159,
0.3580268323421478,
0.402132123708725,
0.18215104937553406,
-0.4526929259300232,
0.44381752610206604,
0.33921539783477783,
-0.1897560954093933,
0.09683765470981598,
0.5801043510437012,
-0.7206085324287415,
0.32148221135139465,
-0.49037930369377136,
0.7843287587165833,
0.4445091485977173,
-0.5053291916847229,
-0.13758961856365204,
0.4730783998966217,
-0.3844998776912689,
-0.2614080607891083,
0.0008119879639707506,
0.2746306359767914,
-0.35711824893951416,
-0.6483777761459351,
-1.3901336193084717,
-0.08391962200403214,
0.0556420236825943,
-0.20353662967681885,
-0.16242185235023499,
-0.6277068257331848,
-0.014166560024023056,
0.15796302258968353,
0.48241695761680603,
-0.4068882465362549,
0.05470050871372223,
-0.15077480673789978
] |
217831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Lloyd%20Webber | Julian Lloyd Webber | Julian Lloyd Webber (born 14 April 1951) is a British solo cellist, conductor and broadcaster, a former principal of Royal Birmingham Conservatoire and the founder of the In Harmony music education programme.
Early years and education
Julian Lloyd Webber is the second son of the composer and music educator William Lloyd Webber and his wife, Jean Johnstone (a piano teacher). He is the younger brother of the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. The composer Herbert Howells was his godfather. He won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in 1968 and completed his studies with Pierre Fournier in Geneva in 1973.
Career
Lloyd Webber made his professional debut as a cellist at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, in September 1972 when he gave the first London performance of the cello concerto by Sir Arthur Bliss. Throughout his career, he has collaborated with a wide variety of musicians, including conductors Yehudi Menuhin, Lorin Maazel, Neville Marriner, Georg Solti, Yevgeny Svetlanov, Mark Elder, Andrew Davis, Charles Mackerras and Esa-Pekka Salonen, pianists Clifford Curzon and Murray Perahia as well as Stéphane Grappelli, Elton John and Cleo Laine. He was described in The Strad as the "doyen of British cellists".
His many recordings include his BRIT Award-winning Elgar Cello Concerto conducted by Yehudi Menuhin (chosen as the finest ever version by BBC Music Magazine), the Dvořák Cello Concerto with Václav Neumann and the Czech Philharmonic, Tchaikovsky's Rococo Variations with the London Symphony Orchestra under Maxim Shostakovich and a coupling of Britten's Cello Symphony and Walton's Cello Concerto with Sir Neville Marriner and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields which was described as "beyond any rival" by Edward Greenfield in Gramophone magazine, He has also made several recordings of shorter pieces for Universal Classics including Made in England, Cello Moods, Cradle Song and English Idyll.
Lloyd Webber has premiered the recordings of more than 50 works, inspiring new compositions for cello from composers as diverse as Malcolm Arnold (Fantasy for Cello, 1986, and Cello Concerto, 1989), Joaquín Rodrigo (Concierto como un divertimento, 1982) James MacMillan (Cello Sonata No. 2, 2001), and Philip Glass (Cello Concerto, 2001). More recent concert performances have included four further works composed for Lloyd Webber – Michael Nyman's Double Concerto for Cello and Saxophone on BBC Television, Gavin Bryars's Concerto in Suntory Hall, Tokyo, Glass's Cello Concerto at the Beijing International Festival and Eric Whitacre's The River Cam at the Southbank Centre. His recording of the Glass concerto with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic conducted by Gerard Schwarz was released on Glass' Orange Mountain label in September 2005.
Other recordings include The Art of Julian Lloyd Webber (2011), Evening Songs (2012), A Tale of Two Cellos (2013), Vivaldi Concertos for Two Cellos (2014) and his debut recording as a conductor of English music for strings And the Bridge Is Love (2015).
In May 2009, Lloyd Webber was elected President of the Elgar Society in succession to Sir Adrian Boult, Lord Menuhin, and Richard Hickox.
On 28 April 2014, Lloyd Webber announced his retirement from public performance as a cellist because of a herniated disc in his neck which reduced the power in his bow arm. His final public performance as a cellist was on 2 May 2014 at the Festival Theatre, Malvern, with the English Chamber Orchestra.
In September 2014, the charity Live Music Now announced Lloyd Webber as its public spokesman.
In July 2015 Lloyd Webber was appointed Principal of Royal Birmingham Conservatoire
In 2016 Lloyd Webber scripted and presented 'Classic Cellists at the BBC' for BBC TV
In 2019, to commemorate the centenary of the first performance of Elgar's Cello Concerto in October 1919, Lloyd Webber scripted and presented 'Music in the Air: 100 years of Elgar's Cello Concerto' for Classic FM
In 2021 Lloyd Webber presented and scripted a five part series for Classic FM in which he chose "30 under 30 of today's finest young musicians at a time when it has never been more difficult for them to show their talents on stage".
In November 2021 Sky Arts screened a TV Special called "Classic FM's Rising Stars with Julian Lloyd Webber".
Involvement with music education
Demonstrating his involvement in music education, he formed the Music Education Consortium with James Galway and Evelyn Glennie in 2003. As a result of successful and continued lobbying by the Consortium, on 21 November 2007, the UK government announced an infusion of £332 million for music education. In 2008, the British government invited Lloyd Webber to be chairman of its In Harmony programme which is based on the Venezuelan social programme El Sistema. The government-commissioned Henley Review of Music Education (2011) reported, "There is no doubt that they [the In Harmony projects] have delivered life-changing experiences." In July 2011 the founder of El Sistema in Venezuela, José Antonio Abreu, recognised In Harmony as part of the El Sistema worldwide network. Further, in November 2011 the British government announced additional support for In Harmony across England by extending funding from the Department for Education and adding funding from Arts Council England from 2012 to 2015. Lloyd Webber now chairs the charity Sistema England. In October 2012 he led the Incorporated Society of Musicians campaign against the implementation of the English Baccalaureate which proposed to remove arts subjects from the core curriculum. In February 2013 the government withdrew its plans.
Lloyd Webber has represented the arts sector on programmes such as BBC1's Question Time, The Andrew Marr Show, BBC2's Newsnight and BBC Radio 4's Today, The World at One, PM, Front Row and The World Tonight.
Lloyd Webber was part of the panel which produced the UK government's Model Music Curriculum in March 2021.
He is a patron of the charity Quartet of Peace, which supports the further education of talented young South African musicians.
Principal of Royal Birmingham Conservatoire
Lloyd Webber was appointed principal of the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire in July 2015. During his five-year tenure he oversaw the move to a new £57 million building on the Birmingham City University City Centre Campus and the merger of the Conservatoire with the Birmingham School of Acting. In September 2017 the Conservatoire received the Royal status by Queen Elizabeth II. In September 2020, in recognition of his tenure, Lloyd Webber was appointed Emeritus Professor of Performing Arts by Birmingham City University.
Honours and awards
Lloyd Webber received the Crystal Award at the World Economic Forum in 1998 and a Classic FM Red Award for outstanding services to music in 2005. He won the Best British Classical Recording at the 1986 Brit Awards for his recording of Elgar's Cello Concerto with Sir Yehudi Menuhin and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. He was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Music in 1994 and has received honorary doctorates from the University of Hull, Plymouth University and Thames Valley University.
He is vice president of the Delius Society and a patron of Music in Hospitals. He has been an ambassador for the Prince's Trust for more than thirty years and a patron of CLIC Sargent for more than thirty years.
In May 2001, he was granted the first busker's licence on the London Underground.
In September 2009 he joined the board of governors of the Southbank Centre. He was the Foundling Museum's Handel Fellow for 2010. He was the only classical musician chosen to play at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony.
On 16 April 2014 Lloyd Webber received the Incorporated Society of Musicians Distinguished Musician Award.
Lloyd Webber was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to music.
Personal life
Lloyd Webber has married four times. In 1974, aged 23, he married Celia Ballantyne, a marriage that lasted 15 years. In 1989 he married Zohra Mahmoud Ghazi, a great niece of Mohammed Zahir Shah, king of Afghanistan, with whom he had a son, David. His third marriage was to French-Algerian Kheira Bourahla. In 2009 he married fellow cellist Jiaxin Cheng. The couple have one daughter, Jasmine Orienta.
He is a lifelong supporter of Leyton Orient football club.
Recordings
Cello and orchestra
Frank Bridge – Oration (1976)
Édouard Lalo – Cello Concerto (1982)
Frederick Delius – Cello Concerto (1982)
Joaquín Rodrigo – Concierto como un divertimento (1982)
Joseph Haydn – Cello Concertos No. 1 and No. 4 (1983)
Edward Elgar – Cello Concerto (1985)
Victor Herbert – Cello Concerto No. 2 (1986)
Arthur Sullivan – Cello Concerto (1986)
Antonín Dvořák – Cello Concerto (1988)
Arthur Honegger – Cello Concerto (1990)
Camille Saint-Saëns – Cello Concerto No. 1 (1990)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Variations on a Rococo Theme (1991)
Nikolai Myaskovsky – Cello Concerto (1991)
Gustav Holst – Invocation (1993)
Gavin Bryars – Cello Concerto (1994)
Benjamin Britten – Cello Symphony (1995)
William Walton – Cello Concerto (1995)
Michael Nyman – Concerto for Cello, Saxophone and orchestra (1996)
Max Bruch – Kol Nidrei (1998)
Granville Bantock – Sapphic Poem (1999)
Philip Glass – Cello Concerto No. 1 (2003)
Andrew Lloyd Webber – Phantasia for violin, cello and orchestra (2004)
Eric Whitacre – The River Cam (2012)
Vivaldi Concertos for Two Cellos (2014)
Howard Goodall – And the Bridge Is Love (2015)
Cello and piano
Peter Racine Fricker – Cello Sonata (1976)
John Ireland – Complete Piano Trios (1976)
Benjamin Britten – Third Suite for Cello (1979)
Claude Debussy – Cello Sonata (1979)
John Ireland – Cello Sonata (1979)
Sergei Rachmaninoff – Cello Sonata (1979)
Alan Rawsthorne – Cello Sonata (1986)
Benjamin Britten – Cello Sonata (1988)
Sergei Prokofiev – Ballade (1988)
Dmitri Shostakovich – Cello Sonata (1988)
Gabriel Fauré – Elegie (1990)
Charles Villiers Stanford – Cello Sonata No. 2 (1991)
Frederick Delius – Caprice and Elegy (1993)
Edvard Grieg – Cello Sonata (1995)
Frederick Delius – Cello Sonata (1995)
Solo cello
John McCabe (composer) – Partita for Solo Cello (1976)
Benjamin Britten – Third Suite for Cello (1979)
Malcolm Arnold – Fantasy for Cello (1986)
William Walton – Passacaglia for solo Cello (1986)
Benjamin Britten – Tema Sacher (1979)
J. S. Bach – Bourrées from Suite No. 3 (1973)
Trad. Irish – "Star of the County Down" (1993)
Semi-classical
Variations with Gary Moore, Barbara Thompson, Jon Hiseman, Rod Argent (1978)
Oasis, with Peter Skellern and Mary Hopkin (1984)
Two Worlds, with Lee Ritenour and Dave Grusin (2000)
Collections
Travels with My Cello (1984)
Pieces (1985)
Encore! – Travels with my Cello Vol. 2 (1986)
Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber (1989)
Cello Song (1993)
English Idyll (1994)
Cradle Song (1995)
Cello Moods (1998)
Elegy (1999)
Celebration (2001)
Made in England (2003)
Unexpected Songs (2006)
Romantic Cello Concertos (2009)
Fair Albion – Music by Patrick Hawes (2009)
The Art of Julian Lloyd Webber (2011)
Evening Songs (2012)
A Tale of Two Cellos (2013)
A Span of Time (2018)
The Singing Strad (2021)
Conducting
And the Bridge Is Love – English Music for Strings, English Chamber Orchestra (2015)
First performances
Publications
Travels with My Cello, Julian Lloyd Webber, Pavilion Books, London (1984).
Julian Lloyd Webber: Married to Music. The Authorised Biography, Margaret Campbell, Robson Books, London (2001). .
Short Sharp Shocks – A Masterclass of the Macabre, ed. Julian Lloyd Webber, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1990, .
Song of the Birds. Sayings, Stories and Impressions of Pablo Casals, compiled, edited and with a foreword by Lloyd Webber, Robson Books, London (1985 .
Numerous editions including Arnold's Fantasy for Cello (Faber Music), Rodrigo's Concierto como un divertimento (Schott) and a series of editions for Faber Music's Young Cellists' Repertoire (books 1, 2 and 3), followed by two advanced volumes, Recital Repertoire for Cellists (books 1 and 2.)
Editions of the major cello repertoire, The Julian Lloyd Webber Performing Edition, Kevin Mayhew Ltd.
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Brit Award winners
English classical cellists
People educated at University College School
20th-century classical musicians
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century English musicians
20th-century English musicians
Lloyd Webber family
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Musicians from London
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Oasis (1980s band) members | [
-0.3870621621608734,
0.279121994972229,
0.12545013427734375,
-0.8919056057929993,
0.09231141954660416,
0.16358894109725952,
-0.18290477991104126,
0.07680173218250275,
-0.22536371648311615,
-0.1910400092601776,
-0.7410757541656494,
0.0031320909038186073,
-0.21815527975559235,
-0.16677643358707428,
-0.09307968616485596,
0.06419660896062851,
0.6411824226379395,
-0.6310014128684998,
-0.5454926490783691,
-0.25887301564216614,
0.18504992127418518,
0.26251575350761414,
0.05543438717722893,
0.5899848937988281,
-0.11088697612285614,
0.11085234582424164,
-0.3737512230873108,
0.1251496970653534,
0.3610718548297882,
-0.24480614066123962,
0.24693463742733002,
0.3278826177120209,
0.713144063949585,
-0.5494322776794434,
-0.35931676626205444,
0.5002586841583252,
-0.429798424243927,
-0.29335910081863403,
-0.0796871930360794,
-0.10067672282457352,
-0.12729491293430328,
-0.06109381094574928,
0.43021470308303833,
0.3353802561759949,
-0.09669602662324905,
0.021292028948664665,
-1.9601657390594482,
0.38806119561195374,
-0.29665547609329224,
-0.26416733860969543,
-0.4059973955154419,
0.7718872427940369,
0.8195045590400696,
0.07521671056747437,
-0.42820850014686584,
-0.43210622668266296,
-0.3925757110118866,
-0.11077190935611725,
0.21010349690914154,
-0.698462724685669,
0.046895429491996765,
0.285193532705307,
0.0993439257144928,
-0.3205057680606842,
-0.0007997840875759721,
-0.664749026298523,
0.005703313741832972,
0.22593027353286743,
-0.12429077923297882,
-0.14701995253562927,
-0.039314765483140945,
0.16451828181743622,
-0.17190439999103546,
-0.16482490301132202,
-0.5674152970314026,
-0.22771453857421875,
0.43569105863571167,
-0.12839479744434357,
0.3498963415622711,
0.32582786679267883,
0.3086560070514679,
-0.03464359790086746,
0.8734493255615234,
0.20486606657505035,
-0.08379554003477097,
0.09921476989984512,
-0.7485011219978333,
0.40319159626960754,
-0.7632365226745605,
0.20180028676986694,
-0.16619060933589935,
-0.6251303553581238,
0.9215569496154785,
0.5465590357780457,
0.29730120301246643,
0.30735787749290466,
0.1182110458612442,
0.13542421162128448,
0.12081051617860794,
-0.25384294986724854,
0.3141385316848755,
-0.30809855461120605,
0.05936834588646889,
-0.16378863155841827,
-0.07346856594085693,
-0.2034737467765808,
-0.21982011198997498,
-0.14132919907569885,
-0.5212917327880859,
0.5797410011291504,
-0.6781619787216187,
-0.6818244457244873,
0.19618907570838928,
0.42482519149780273,
0.4462455213069916,
0.32643210887908936,
-0.29349175095558167,
-0.28675729036331177,
-0.6677373647689819,
0.09441868215799332,
0.4658133089542389,
0.46222102642059326,
0.050066202878952026,
0.3717205226421356,
-0.7110098600387573,
-0.17427031695842743,
0.3522855341434479,
0.45219045877456665,
-0.9078766107559204,
-0.3954950273036957,
-0.25614145398139954,
0.7131689190864563,
0.07659367471933365,
-0.18921129405498505,
-0.03826380521059036,
-0.14428603649139404,
-0.022277839481830597,
-0.630615770816803,
-0.41893869638442993,
0.5276891589164734,
-0.3318626582622528,
-0.30265122652053833,
-0.5155975818634033,
-0.4541868269443512,
0.6519534587860107,
-0.17151346802711487,
-0.5464189052581787,
-0.02161690592765808,
0.4110006093978882,
-0.32801365852355957,
0.03505878895521164,
0.2406569868326187,
-0.596305251121521,
-0.3102150559425354,
-0.3865145146846771,
0.24930833280086517,
0.8474060893058777,
-0.022367604076862335,
0.15644478797912598,
-0.3887946903705597,
0.5029953122138977,
-0.7978081107139587,
0.23649652302265167,
-0.25129494071006775,
-0.2833500802516937,
-0.9551059007644653,
0.10216690599918365,
0.4542897641658783,
-0.37206563353538513,
0.025135720148682594,
-0.054852936416864395,
-0.10114289075136185,
0.460171103477478,
-0.4121277928352356,
-0.1136406883597374,
-0.04623420536518097,
0.17155857384204865,
0.5240611433982849,
0.366654634475708,
-0.1416395604610443,
-0.7374813556671143,
-0.48553815484046936,
0.14903949201107025,
0.32379522919654846,
0.4795677065849304,
0.47322651743888855,
-0.17352846264839172,
0.5192471742630005,
0.6427714228630066,
0.15003685653209686,
-0.43125659227371216,
-0.5372938513755798,
-0.12164028733968735,
0.09403543919324875,
0.5798588395118713,
0.5407410264015198,
-0.1348353773355484,
-0.029931435361504555,
0.8573822379112244,
0.36600542068481445,
0.07869565486907959,
0.2754656970500946,
-0.09414607286453247,
-0.15152013301849365,
0.4024059474468231,
0.020525792613625526,
0.5153844356536865,
-0.18809466063976288,
0.015197156928479671,
-0.2027396857738495,
-0.039246395230293274,
-0.7950574159622192,
0.22480954229831696,
0.3536919355392456,
-0.3333715796470642,
-0.2638278007507324,
-0.7618575096130371,
-0.324044793844223,
0.26206687092781067,
-0.37631604075431824,
0.5414194464683533,
0.3122551143169403,
0.21234381198883057,
0.203897625207901,
-0.22656261920928955,
1.0472372770309448,
-0.5567537546157837,
0.13151028752326965,
-0.2534447908401489,
0.5258315801620483,
0.10679434984922409,
-0.058826226741075516,
-0.058648768812417984,
0.11181497573852539,
0.2767760455608368,
0.15575537085533142,
-0.15645277500152588,
-0.7082635164260864,
0.11936241388320923,
-0.30361810326576233,
0.3684540390968323,
-0.08505629748106003,
-0.6223946809768677,
0.14423313736915588,
-0.22301499545574188,
-0.07386957108974457,
0.1958644539117813,
-0.25110867619514465,
-0.010658876970410347,
0.5178319215774536,
0.4388311207294464,
0.12468354403972626,
0.1046648919582367,
0.5917770862579346,
-0.017401643097400665,
0.06616158783435822,
0.25475677847862244,
-0.17379076778888702,
0.2001892328262329,
0.11463548243045807,
0.49956566095352173,
-0.4523589611053467,
0.03517733886837959,
-0.2662571966648102,
-0.6144845485687256,
-0.7468225955963135,
0.4669245183467865,
-0.5473019480705261,
0.906088650226593,
-0.3651339113712311,
0.19723738729953766,
-0.18349982798099518,
0.3237400949001312,
1.0130854845046997,
-0.15808382630348206,
0.19708186388015747,
-0.2251787930727005,
-0.44398561120033264,
0.07980526983737946,
-0.7142438292503357,
0.8334938287734985,
0.19180648028850555,
-0.8232598900794983,
-0.348955899477005,
-0.7189427614212036,
0.2840835750102997,
-0.05632171407341957,
-0.23201879858970642,
0.4120436906814575,
-0.08329767733812332,
0.02741994522511959,
1.1775692701339722,
0.3165127635002136,
0.3772808909416199,
0.06328271329402924,
0.9127432107925415,
0.04171443358063698,
-0.6852170825004578,
-0.7167584896087646,
-0.6991852521896362,
-0.11807667464017868,
0.37280967831611633,
-0.07805095613002777,
0.16189903020858765,
0.08613251894712448,
-0.18900512158870697,
-0.7461576461791992,
0.15813615918159485,
-5.637879371643066,
-0.14499005675315857,
0.1930144727230072,
-0.12949177622795105,
-0.07260410487651825,
0.4332942068576813,
0.3230867385864258,
-0.6682548522949219,
-0.025960342958569527,
-0.41890695691108704,
-0.18497703969478607,
0.2688293755054474,
-0.41502845287323,
0.7090672254562378,
0.47038373351097107,
0.0355348214507103,
-0.15960517525672913,
-0.3192319869995117,
0.25007152557373047,
0.7550256252288818,
0.3620961010456085,
-0.5563132166862488,
-0.0639859065413475,
0.29647296667099,
-0.28809186816215515,
0.000881538784597069,
-0.33339712023735046,
0.2916807532310486,
-0.7875574231147766,
-0.026558557525277138,
-0.17094126343727112,
-0.598606526851654,
-0.7539749145507812,
-0.08148600906133652,
0.28825920820236206,
0.570716917514801,
0.3155498504638672,
0.3483352065086365,
0.09278137981891632,
-0.08047033101320267,
0.16414467990398407,
-0.07045252621173859,
-0.3124102056026459,
0.1106511801481247,
-0.29907089471817017,
0.10808371007442474,
-0.40822601318359375,
0.2032129168510437,
-0.7015838027000427,
0.8460023403167725,
0.21365390717983246,
-0.1392313539981842,
0.4518055319786072,
-0.5090445280075073,
-0.050027236342430115,
-0.4799150824546814,
0.15465900301933289,
0.08867254108190536,
0.13284103572368622,
0.20045876502990723,
0.07692777365446091,
0.06022690236568451,
-0.2360403835773468,
-0.20574088394641876,
-0.3269183933734894,
0.26014792919158936,
-0.47784069180488586,
0.13044843077659607,
0.19649755954742432,
0.3244118392467499,
0.7853870391845703,
0.12769201397895813,
0.025620868429541588,
-0.8983780741691589,
-0.48309290409088135,
-0.6032949090003967,
0.41770708560943604,
-0.21698711812496185,
-0.022826511412858963,
0.29284441471099854,
-0.2540890574455261,
-0.3321674168109894,
-0.08528901636600494,
0.41684114933013916,
0.23176468908786774,
-0.14532893896102905,
-0.592939019203186,
0.5519940257072449,
-0.029466623440384865,
-0.371660053730011,
-0.01671959087252617,
-0.32350611686706543,
-0.5853758454322815,
0.6709277033805847,
0.8494257926940918,
0.30375558137893677,
-0.4307078719139099,
1.0395519733428955,
0.6289783120155334,
0.16208411753177643,
0.12817369401454926,
-0.6449527144432068,
-0.06778346002101898,
-0.2928374111652374,
0.540473461151123,
-0.029883818700909615,
-0.7216778993606567,
-0.08647972345352173,
0.4178379774093628,
0.11895128339529037,
0.5364719033241272,
0.17036347091197968,
-0.22262296080589294,
-0.38987743854522705,
-0.03699066862463951,
-0.5208908319473267,
-0.0931897833943367,
0.16769233345985413,
-0.12424003332853317,
0.07603582739830017,
-0.21201550960540771,
-0.4112039804458618,
0.17509372532367706,
0.5145096182823181,
-0.172675222158432,
0.35755911469459534,
-0.45365941524505615,
-0.05028841644525528,
-0.4783637225627899,
0.15514996647834778,
0.05908108875155449,
0.6727027297019958,
-0.12727786600589752,
0.6910643577575684,
0.3934710919857025,
0.1718100905418396,
-0.8378063440322876,
0.09987394511699677,
-0.1621975153684616,
0.04305686801671982,
0.5043905973434448,
-0.2638787031173706,
0.0790560320019722,
-0.11552058160305023,
0.44785669445991516,
-0.07788417488336563,
-0.44729506969451904,
-0.3403956890106201,
-0.32960256934165955,
0.46091535687446594,
0.5047498345375061,
-0.37032192945480347,
0.09276337921619415,
0.003634880529716611,
-0.26823803782463074,
-0.18792439997196198,
-0.5077688097953796,
-0.2963258922100067,
0.07422759383916855,
-0.1204201802611351,
0.5701243877410889,
0.15091487765312195,
-0.6386176347732544,
-0.488240510225296,
0.6448144316673279,
0.7035245895385742,
-0.27386659383773804,
-0.2536628842353821,
-0.20468884706497192,
-0.19565120339393616,
0.18512649834156036,
-0.7228463292121887,
0.006162137258797884,
-0.3873678147792816,
0.7027451395988464,
-0.1518331915140152,
-0.23564258217811584,
-0.47246283292770386,
-0.08344065397977829,
0.3761478066444397,
0.09021640568971634,
-0.32883739471435547,
-0.9836639761924744,
0.13204310834407806,
-0.09831134229898453,
0.37102288007736206,
-0.47064125537872314,
-0.665642261505127,
0.3847431540489197,
-0.057855602353811264,
-0.3444618582725525,
-0.4769362807273865,
0.31781941652297974,
0.5898937582969666,
-0.043092403560876846,
-0.5932381749153137,
0.19911764562129974,
-0.3746362328529358,
-0.19616220891475677,
-0.627303957939148,
0.1792915165424347,
-0.17116349935531616,
-0.7062274217605591,
-0.19451484084129333,
0.33160871267318726,
-0.8371790647506714,
-0.2448454648256302,
0.163334459066391,
-0.33129361271858215,
0.736345648765564,
-0.07707049697637558,
-0.129169762134552,
0.6083481907844543,
-0.08964551240205765,
-0.4979843497276306,
-0.014140439219772816,
-0.09620441496372223,
-0.2809964716434479,
-0.39861878752708435,
0.2905055582523346,
-0.5879133939743042,
0.1460467427968979,
-0.3447801172733307,
-0.14217634499073029,
-0.38949379324913025,
0.12884822487831116,
0.36686259508132935,
0.07654475420713425,
0.016572464257478714,
-0.37761378288269043,
-0.49659988284111023,
0.025670558214187622,
-0.29412707686424255,
0.3446469008922577,
-0.26406368613243103,
-0.24780011177062988,
-0.33500057458877563,
0.184363454580307,
-0.36452651023864746,
0.44283947348594666,
0.6513045430183411,
0.6902180314064026,
-0.05241190642118454,
-0.16209954023361206,
-0.2126844823360443,
0.1071501150727272,
0.8299669027328491,
0.277102530002594,
0.12767258286476135,
0.1886848658323288,
0.47346848249435425,
0.17965924739837646,
-0.14696837961673737,
-0.31491124629974365,
0.6027691960334778,
-0.3878612220287323,
0.5802363157272339,
-0.8589104413986206,
0.005917641334235668,
-0.29413577914237976,
0.45361292362213135,
0.040036097168922424,
0.5085413455963135,
-0.538200855255127,
0.0782032385468483,
0.3111211955547333,
0.020925402641296387,
-0.27459970116615295,
0.05413020774722099,
-0.18505176901817322,
0.501717746257782,
0.043036166578531265,
-0.027362484484910965,
0.6973624229431152,
0.165774866938591,
0.35788068175315857,
0.03841083124279976,
0.014610227197408676,
0.09379054605960846,
0.5153873562812805,
-0.19242070615291595,
0.3116202652454376,
-0.06614483147859573,
-0.6468989849090576,
0.46546298265457153,
-0.01477079838514328,
-0.5205314755439758,
-0.1063380241394043,
0.4723871350288391,
-0.321653813123703,
-0.666271984577179,
-0.10275138169527054,
-0.1944674551486969,
0.2157888114452362,
-0.05251266062259674,
0.13185709714889526,
0.08589321374893188,
0.1063026711344719,
0.0807160958647728,
-0.2812066078186035,
-0.2744176983833313,
0.8346368074417114,
0.4230722486972809,
-0.0075699398294091225,
0.26404422521591187,
0.09037605673074722,
0.06639577448368073,
-0.08362185955047607,
0.13790646195411682,
-0.28603890538215637,
0.31666824221611023,
-0.4966444969177246,
-0.16317631304264069,
0.8243818283081055,
-0.6643800139427185,
0.2173379361629486,
0.9059687852859497,
0.11959963291883469,
0.3800179362297058,
0.2921331226825714,
-0.0006383473519235849,
-0.5507102608680725,
0.5381863713264465,
0.16623426973819733,
0.10841096192598343,
-0.04611006751656532,
0.1282729059457779,
-0.014085862785577774,
0.12840770184993744,
0.7688506841659546,
0.36900657415390015,
0.025287413969635963,
-0.16689293086528778,
1.0570112466812134,
0.02589460276067257,
-0.46608081459999084,
0.406057208776474,
-0.5168171525001526,
-0.3549037277698517,
-0.26663175225257874,
0.14672459661960602,
0.19143430888652802,
0.20260336995124817,
0.3487008213996887,
-0.20887601375579834,
0.3909779489040375,
0.012500526383519173,
0.5530561804771423,
-0.6526913642883301,
-0.15309546887874603,
0.694800615310669,
0.7594961524009705,
0.5574681758880615,
-0.3798350691795349,
0.13244937360286713,
0.23496855795383453,
1.226881742477417,
-0.10319886356592178,
0.023583194240927696,
0.10722330957651138,
0.09252525120973587,
0.00028107737307436764,
0.9751638770103455,
0.2021445482969284,
-0.37073448300361633,
0.024175234138965607,
0.06374463438987732,
-0.7933087348937988,
0.2004096508026123,
0.03446353226900101,
-0.21581324934959412,
-0.014476465992629528,
-0.6131128072738647,
0.8022105097770691,
-0.018709206953644753,
-0.2573583722114563,
0.21057626605033875,
-0.03630855306982994,
0.47117170691490173,
0.3215566873550415,
-0.31425273418426514,
-0.11784559488296509,
0.012657574377954006,
-0.03604312986135483,
-0.04639246314764023,
-0.8208419680595398,
-0.020184647291898727,
0.05755523964762688,
-0.28812289237976074,
0.09685928374528885,
0.05069306492805481,
-0.3531879186630249,
-0.3459320664405823,
-0.04744464159011841,
-0.523200511932373,
-0.5954499840736389,
0.18814384937286377,
0.4502122402191162,
0.2908523678779602,
0.16290809214115143,
0.39473217725753784,
0.41220876574516296,
0.46947425603866577,
-0.07316894829273224,
-0.3773743808269501,
-0.008277537301182747,
-0.9125751852989197,
-0.06586556136608124,
-0.7873201370239258,
0.11777912080287933,
0.37335628271102905,
0.052188485860824585,
-0.4361962378025055,
0.3613682985305786,
0.25356394052505493,
1.2148606777191162,
0.03755005821585655,
0.23286573588848114,
0.09026357531547546,
-0.20935341715812683,
0.5327605605125427,
0.2631160318851471,
0.16935032606124878,
-0.341267853975296,
-0.33980149030685425,
0.40044620633125305,
-0.07948024570941925,
-0.30075517296791077,
-0.36591047048568726,
0.7938122749328613,
-0.05325160548090935,
0.5373623967170715,
-0.484096497297287,
0.2550083100795746,
-0.39944958686828613,
-0.6147172451019287,
0.706863522529602,
0.06109052896499634,
-0.019033465534448624,
-0.8555974960327148,
0.10981839895248413,
0.5372310876846313,
-0.4419047236442566,
0.0702107697725296,
0.010913525708019733,
0.22065582871437073,
0.18682654201984406,
-0.685680627822876,
-0.30023080110549927,
0.5644907355308533,
0.5731520652770996,
-0.47518986463546753,
0.06251257658004761,
-0.7165329456329346,
-0.10835372656583786,
-0.3141101002693176,
0.2611657679080963,
0.2113489806652069,
0.08763551712036133,
-0.08739840239286423
] |
217832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Esaki | Leo Esaki | Reona Esaki (江崎 玲於奈 Esaki Reona, born March 12, 1925), also known as Leo Esaki, is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his work in electron tunneling in semiconductor materials which finally led to his invention of the Esaki diode, which exploited that phenomenon. This research was done when he was with Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now known as Sony). He has also contributed in being a pioneer of the semiconductor superlattices.
Early life and education
Esaki was born in Takaida-mura, Nakakawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture (now part of Higashiōsaka City) and grew up in Kyoto, near by Kyoto Imperial University and Doshisha University. He first had contact with American culture in . After graduating from the Third Higher School, he studied physics at Tokyo Imperial University, where he had attended Hideki Yukawa's course in nuclear theory in October 1944. Also, he lived through the Bombing of Tokyo while he was at college.
Esaki received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in 1947 and 1959, respectively, from the University of Tokyo (UTokyo).
Career
Esaki diode
From 1947 to 1960, Esaki joined Kawanishi Corporation (now Denso Ten) and Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now Sony). Meanwhile, American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor, which encouraged Esaki to change fields from vacuum tube to heavily-doped germanium and silicon research in Sony. One year later, he recognized that when the PN junction width of germanium is thinned, the current-voltage characteristic is dominated by the influence of the tunnel effect and, as a result, he discovered that as the voltage is increased, the current decreases inversely, indicating negative resistance. This discovery was the first demonstration of solid tunneling effects in physics, and it was the birth of new electronic devices in electronics called Esaki diode (or tunnel diode). He received a doctorate degree from UTokyo due to this breakthrough invention in 1959.
In 1973, Esaki was awarded the Nobel Prize for research conducted around 1958 regarding electron tunneling in solids. He became the first Nobel laureate to receive the prize from the hands of the King Carl XVI Gustaf.
Semiconductor superlattice
Esaki moved to the United States in 1960 and joined the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, where he became an IBM Fellow in 1967. He predicted that semiconductor superlattices will be formed to induce a differential negative-resistance effect via an artificially one-dimensional periodic structural changes in semiconductor crystals. His unique "molecular beam epitaxy" thin-film crystal growth method can be regulated quite precisely in ultrahigh vacuum. His first paper on the semiconductor superlattice was published in 1970. A 1987 comment by Esaki regarding the original paper notes:
"The original version of the paper was rejected for publication by Physical Review on the referee's unimaginative assertion that it was 'too speculative' and involved 'no new physics.' However, this proposal was quickly accepted by the Army Research Office..."
In 1972, Esaki realized his concept of superlattices in III-V group semiconductors, later the concept influenced many fields like metals, and magnetic materials. He was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor "for contributions to and leadership in tunneling, semiconductor superlattices, and quantum wells" in 1991 and the Japan Prize "for the creation and realization of the concept of man-made superlattice crystals which lead to generation of new materials with useful applications" in 1998.
Esaki's “five don’ts” rules
In 1994 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, Esaki suggests a list of “five don’ts” which anyone in realizing his creative potential should follow. Two months later, the chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics Carl Nordling incorporated the rules in his own speech.
Don't allow yourself to be trapped by your past experiences.
Don't allow yourself to become overly attached to any one authority in your field – the great professor, perhaps.
Don't hold on to what you don't need.
Don't avoid confrontation.
Don't forget your spirit of childhood curiosity.
Later years
In 1977, Esaki was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the engineering of semiconductor devices.
Esaki moved back to Japan in 1992. Subsequently, he served as president of the University of Tsukuba and Shibaura Institute of Technology. Since 2006 he is the president of Yokohama College of Pharmacy. Esaki is also the recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence, the Order of Culture (1974) and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1998).
In recognition of three Nobel laureates' contributions, the bronze statues of Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Leo Esaki, and Makoto Kobayashi were set up in the Central Park of Azuma 2 in Tsukuba City in 2015.
After the death of Yoichiro Nambu in 2015, Esaki is the eldest Japanese Nobel laureate.
His daughter, Ana Esaki, is married to Craig S. Smith, former Shanghai bureau chief of The New York Times and China bureau chief of The Wall Street Journal.
Recognition
Awards and honors
1959 – Nishina Memorial Prize
1960 – Asahi Prize
1961 – Stuart Ballantine Medal
1965 – Japan Academy Prize
1973 – Nobel Prize in Physics
1974 – Order of Culture
1985 – James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials
1989 – Harold Pender Award
1991 – IEEE Medal of Honor
1998 – Japan Prize
1998 – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun
2001 – Honorary Doctor at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
2007 – Honorary Distinguished Professor at the National Tsing Hua University
Membership in learned societies
1960 Fellow of the American Physical Society
Physical Society of Japan
1975 – Member, the Japan Academy
1976 – Foreign Associate, National Academy of Sciences
1977 – Foreign Associate, National Academy of Engineering
1989 – Member, Max Planck Society
1991 – Member, American Philosophical Society
1994 – Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences
1995 – Honorary Foreign Member, Korean Academy of Science and Technology
1996 – Member, Accademia dei Lincei
See also
List of Japanese Nobel laureates
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Tokyo
References
Further reading
Large scale integrated circuits technology: state of the art and prospects, proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Large Scale Integrated Circuits Technology: State of the Art and Prospects," Erice, Italy, July 15–27, 1981 / edited by Leo Esaki and Giovanni Soncini (1982)
Highlights in condensed matter physics and future prospects / edited by Leo Esaki (1991)
External links
including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1973 Long Journey into Tunnelling
IBM record
IEEE History Center – Leo Esaki. Retrieved July 19, 2011 from Leo Esaki - Engineering and Technology History Wiki
Sony History – The Esaki Diode. Retrieved August 5, 2003 from Sony Global | Sony History
Freeview video 'An Interview with Leo Esaki' by the Vega Science Trust
1925 births
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
IBM Fellows
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Japanese Nobel laureates
20th-century Japanese physicists
Japanese nanotechnologists
20th-century Japanese inventors
Kwansei Gakuin University faculty
Kyoto University faculty
Living people
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Higashiōsaka
Semiconductor physicists
Recipients of the Order of Culture
University of Tsukuba faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering | [
-0.05038309469819069,
0.3510350286960602,
-0.6673985719680786,
-0.15522192418575287,
-0.19347505271434784,
0.7564743161201477,
0.23854172229766846,
-0.5883899927139282,
-0.28593286871910095,
0.22240988910198212,
-0.14386247098445892,
0.2582356333732605,
-0.18912507593631744,
0.34800583124160767,
-0.3017140030860901,
-0.22699756920337677,
0.4905696511268616,
-0.3589569628238678,
-0.3928918242454529,
0.030297739431262016,
-0.02376207336783409,
0.05769576504826546,
0.4864431619644165,
-0.2750437557697296,
-0.3757322132587433,
-0.007187184412032366,
0.3199891149997711,
-0.13203875720500946,
0.15002501010894775,
0.2126026749610901,
-0.1707778126001358,
0.9394180178642273,
0.6194384098052979,
0.06743006408214569,
-0.11971624940633774,
0.49277904629707336,
-0.3010891079902649,
0.2516089379787445,
0.5074008703231812,
0.5787143111228943,
0.3560331463813782,
0.13698649406433105,
0.1524086445569992,
0.13183654844760895,
-0.20787116885185242,
-0.4884330630302429,
-1.6905815601348877,
0.005790830124169588,
-0.45235538482666016,
-0.32272711396217346,
-0.5217591524124146,
0.2984830439090729,
-0.27087852358818054,
0.46949440240859985,
-0.02835273928940296,
0.3124378025531769,
-0.25687146186828613,
0.015146875753998756,
0.10151078552007675,
-0.5475587248802185,
0.3406526446342468,
-0.1379307359457016,
0.2959650158882141,
-0.015329014509916306,
-0.06848838925361633,
0.7550007104873657,
0.49041488766670227,
-0.31266289949417114,
-0.06768317520618439,
-0.1304529756307602,
0.22084549069404602,
0.5748456716537476,
-0.609924852848053,
-0.29095694422721863,
0.3314938247203827,
-0.06042812019586563,
0.2333449423313141,
-0.03137464076280594,
-0.22785142064094543,
0.22357194125652313,
-0.34653979539871216,
-0.33837148547172546,
0.135986328125,
0.32057875394821167,
0.1405918300151825,
-0.3091592490673065,
-0.6200208067893982,
0.7798125147819519,
-0.543971836566925,
0.29662686586380005,
-0.3465679883956909,
-0.26604652404785156,
0.25047317147254944,
0.5116750001907349,
-0.44759055972099304,
0.08268412202596664,
0.06535766273736954,
0.09208204597234726,
0.14493373036384583,
-0.15065862238407135,
0.14935801923274994,
-0.045255545526742935,
0.028381945565342903,
-0.3963356018066406,
0.10688288509845734,
-0.30577972531318665,
0.19755561649799347,
-0.30673712491989136,
-0.017527572810649872,
0.12135083973407745,
-0.3431117832660675,
0.23140637576580048,
-0.13234367966651917,
0.071843221783638,
-0.23913386464118958,
0.2968388795852661,
-0.02747039496898651,
-0.9407393336296082,
-0.034323498606681824,
0.4240584373474121,
0.233342245221138,
1.2453111410140991,
0.2047669142484665,
0.04434441775083542,
-0.20807579159736633,
0.06002826616168022,
0.12629245221614838,
0.4834720492362976,
-0.5303909182548523,
0.7123157382011414,
0.23828211426734924,
0.6182343363761902,
0.06590913236141205,
0.20150715112686157,
0.20688076317310333,
-0.6160440444946289,
0.05119005963206291,
-0.04866722226142883,
-0.31387120485305786,
0.293125182390213,
-0.5536529421806335,
0.23126311600208282,
-0.6689914464950562,
0.33594977855682373,
0.19296327233314514,
0.19037051498889923,
0.05509189888834953,
0.03443650156259537,
-0.22292901575565338,
0.114814892411232,
-0.16054998338222504,
-0.16022631525993347,
0.14359483122825623,
-0.34596022963523865,
-0.21840375661849976,
0.22948108613491058,
0.3611626625061035,
0.013581207022070885,
-0.24771076440811157,
0.2613973319530487,
0.23201845586299896,
-0.7650838494300842,
-0.8177301287651062,
0.27950841188430786,
0.03883575648069382,
-0.2940203845500946,
0.334218829870224,
0.6192020773887634,
0.008334019221365452,
0.25132712721824646,
0.2371421754360199,
-0.6325721144676208,
-0.16452249884605408,
-0.49189651012420654,
-0.26186203956604004,
0.3088918924331665,
0.38860639929771423,
0.21494784951210022,
0.249516099691391,
-0.3626750409603119,
-0.8293957710266113,
-0.7444333434104919,
-0.35183361172676086,
0.31734800338745117,
0.5172111392021179,
0.13264457881450653,
0.5175024271011353,
0.45155882835388184,
0.05206495150923729,
0.1792660653591156,
-0.7346161007881165,
-0.5952730178833008,
0.4795779287815094,
-0.3685806095600128,
0.9836646318435669,
0.6015219688415527,
0.08008544892072678,
0.5948140621185303,
0.05037014186382294,
0.1254623979330063,
-0.17081940174102783,
-0.0037855617702007294,
0.185980886220932,
-0.13803398609161377,
-0.24917921423912048,
0.11164319515228271,
0.8207436203956604,
0.41890624165534973,
0.04988660290837288,
0.16216792166233063,
0.28597453236579895,
-0.4037475883960724,
0.18302324414253235,
-0.3488742411136627,
-0.11285438388586044,
0.20212550461292267,
-0.9098768830299377,
0.15615886449813843,
0.46310722827911377,
0.0012941615423187613,
0.23173604905605316,
0.41660210490226746,
-0.027459178119897842,
0.13145948946475983,
1.0487929582595825,
1.591729760169983,
0.8060330152511597,
-0.07171835005283356,
0.07159129530191422,
-0.0013875956647098064,
0.4513665735721588,
-0.590265691280365,
0.9451046586036682,
0.06045365333557129,
0.29263949394226074,
-0.22371207177639008,
0.6709088087081909,
-0.11024157702922821,
0.15478341281414032,
-0.2938961684703827,
0.21998225152492523,
0.5796504616737366,
-0.3914981484413147,
0.2663939893245697,
0.1772218644618988,
0.1633799821138382,
0.17697252333164215,
-0.34566015005111694,
-0.04974101111292839,
-0.011882816441357136,
0.052128665149211884,
0.5177800059318542,
-0.10332939773797989,
-0.030978867784142494,
0.13118351995944977,
-0.42414337396621704,
-0.07012372463941574,
0.10492074489593506,
0.36898180842399597,
0.08913290500640869,
-0.27528250217437744,
-0.6199378371238708,
0.4387975037097931,
-0.10866496711969376,
-0.4101022779941559,
-0.2897037863731384,
0.30952608585357666,
-0.13559791445732117,
0.6106598973274231,
-0.399009108543396,
0.13622212409973145,
-0.007702288683503866,
-0.5651423931121826,
0.28181007504463196,
-0.2541266083717346,
-0.6284536123275757,
-0.41586825251579285,
0.6968210339546204,
-0.7269559502601624,
-0.5876346826553345,
0.7130683064460754,
0.5122523903846741,
-0.33778688311576843,
-0.5276101231575012,
-0.3822587728500366,
-0.27008071541786194,
-0.8732798099517822,
-0.20417682826519012,
-0.07638483494520187,
-0.417831689119339,
-0.505405843257904,
1.0353559255599976,
-0.312265545129776,
-0.3655761480331421,
-0.15443772077560425,
1.0630872249603271,
-0.3127586245536804,
-0.13411779701709747,
0.6233604550361633,
-0.17589810490608215,
-0.2993775010108948,
-0.341076523065567,
-0.38116323947906494,
0.3445731997489929,
-0.1308399885892868,
0.05129851773381233,
0.04063068702816963,
0.18090227246284485,
-5.620273113250732,
0.601506769657135,
0.24329714477062225,
-0.08711192011833191,
0.20933669805526733,
0.4853851795196533,
0.6137545704841614,
0.025463763624429703,
0.40758007764816284,
-0.7194694876670837,
-0.3348233699798584,
-0.10451038926839828,
0.014125190675258636,
0.6807996034622192,
0.05694463104009628,
0.7101849317550659,
0.6066431403160095,
-0.20213043689727783,
0.4769277274608612,
0.2786458432674408,
0.30278754234313965,
-0.24420540034770966,
-0.4015685021877289,
0.7681499719619751,
0.061662591993808746,
-0.1512933075428009,
-0.40508022904396057,
0.2516901195049286,
-0.5312772393226624,
-0.3631633520126343,
-0.36505839228630066,
-0.374872624874115,
-0.4898410141468048,
0.061980731785297394,
-0.03313339501619339,
-0.010126248002052307,
0.31286880373954773,
-0.15356071293354034,
0.21600013971328735,
-0.060788191854953766,
0.015112069435417652,
0.24910713732242584,
-0.26107481122016907,
0.26423245668411255,
0.3581644296646118,
-0.3433561623096466,
-0.6781390309333801,
0.17276693880558014,
0.6228933334350586,
0.4079788625240326,
0.4541889429092407,
-0.042736463248729706,
0.3544740676879883,
-0.5471827983856201,
0.010864055715501308,
-0.020892351865768433,
-0.4256038963794708,
0.4573477804660797,
-0.1744285374879837,
-0.2340223789215088,
-0.29569581151008606,
-0.0938962772488594,
0.12164901196956635,
-0.1922294795513153,
-0.6087313890457153,
0.4933965504169464,
-0.05098964646458626,
-0.282920241355896,
0.1471051573753357,
-0.31100133061408997,
-0.5372589230537415,
0.9576355814933777,
-0.24202293157577515,
-1.148571491241455,
0.01977616548538208,
0.39486080408096313,
-0.06360737979412079,
-0.15018746256828308,
-0.5818303227424622,
0.1336422562599182,
-0.8146507143974304,
-0.2607220709323883,
-0.07655277103185654,
0.64784836769104,
0.5457707643508911,
0.03666827455163002,
-0.19631555676460266,
0.20828701555728912,
-0.20192354917526245,
0.2683786153793335,
0.8448472619056702,
-0.20070292055606842,
0.27645352482795715,
0.38759246468544006,
0.555141806602478,
-0.14965157210826874,
-0.10784343630075455,
1.2523398399353027,
0.7640014886856079,
0.2233472466468811,
-0.6469899415969849,
-0.1533823013305664,
-0.19946852326393127,
-0.5955958366394043,
0.19946210086345673,
0.20579975843429565,
-0.4145830571651459,
-0.3478999435901642,
0.0005899890093132854,
-0.13222123682498932,
-0.054843902587890625,
0.7548450231552124,
-0.6054143309593201,
0.21914973855018616,
0.6985129714012146,
-0.4900647699832916,
-0.01116617489606142,
-0.08028501272201538,
0.3844321668148041,
-0.11083467304706573,
-0.1952141970396042,
0.267068475484848,
-0.27377113699913025,
-0.49385014176368713,
0.6912090182304382,
-0.35124069452285767,
-0.3931156396865845,
0.5098296403884888,
-0.26163703203201294,
0.03875865042209625,
-0.25876691937446594,
1.246254324913025,
-0.19189508259296417,
-0.2715412378311157,
0.6040717363357544,
-0.6092487573623657,
-0.9413722157478333,
-0.22592021524906158,
-0.03640185669064522,
0.3814251720905304,
0.5471413135528564,
-0.4897492825984955,
0.16339316964149475,
-0.026925770565867424,
0.1441624015569687,
0.33459746837615967,
0.09893890470266342,
-0.2256758064031601,
-0.29455044865608215,
0.33402520418167114,
0.3481293022632599,
-1.0435004234313965,
-0.004552514757961035,
-0.34072715044021606,
-0.40038374066352844,
0.24180850386619568,
-0.2684144377708435,
-0.37002307176589966,
-0.43037092685699463,
0.33418458700180054,
0.5080227851867676,
0.2917749881744385,
-0.7425785064697266,
0.009203081950545311,
-0.30718305706977844,
0.26305028796195984,
-0.3979226350784302,
-0.14381343126296997,
-0.2397637963294983,
0.4614621698856354,
-0.2134607583284378,
-0.008828679099678993,
0.18595397472381592,
0.1816807985305786,
-0.13227948546409607,
0.4606779217720032,
0.23323789238929749,
-0.021329304203391075,
-0.4528554677963257,
-0.42712533473968506,
0.42994973063468933,
0.1429218351840973,
-0.49062082171440125,
0.3622691035270691,
0.09058186411857605,
-0.4516673684120178,
-0.21746662259101868,
-0.09250642359256744,
-0.5464251637458801,
-0.40996474027633667,
-0.01541199628263712,
-0.1740279495716095,
0.19864502549171448,
0.30483657121658325,
0.20993967354297638,
-0.57709139585495,
-0.31042712926864624,
0.4744452238082886,
-0.29908350110054016,
-0.3207400143146515,
-0.3282628655433655,
-0.42171600461006165,
-0.465831995010376,
-0.0512007512152195,
0.1828400194644928,
-0.5323861241340637,
-0.6706848740577698,
0.8461101651191711,
0.4132043421268463,
0.180684894323349,
-0.9014312028884888,
-0.5435300469398499,
-0.044373370707035065,
-0.03443456441164017,
-0.17033600807189941,
0.46478208899497986,
0.2956710159778595,
0.32356569170951843,
-0.21303991973400116,
-0.4471744894981384,
-0.3880566358566284,
-0.059584785252809525,
0.4040932357311249,
-0.3138984143733978,
-0.12304026633501053,
0.34342625737190247,
0.5820295810699463,
0.03747106343507767,
0.12400424480438232,
-0.19439275562763214,
-0.8382522463798523,
-0.20375531911849976,
0.035619597882032394,
0.02563929744064808,
-0.15620221197605133,
0.03637010604143143,
0.35549595952033997,
0.182792529463768,
0.2159309983253479,
0.3986421227455139,
0.0036679310724139214,
0.15176884829998016,
-0.4176958203315735,
0.28524333238601685,
-0.6767318844795227,
0.38349008560180664,
0.30607810616493225,
-0.07173101603984833,
-0.41173020005226135,
0.20733055472373962,
0.15227393805980682,
-0.06810887902975082,
-0.35941511392593384,
-0.15401658415794373,
1.0536199808120728,
-0.323028564453125,
-0.27456381916999817,
-0.358546644449234,
-0.511102557182312,
-0.27408766746520996,
-0.41700324416160583,
0.0014820497017353773,
-0.2121322751045227,
-0.20837070047855377,
-0.3217071294784546,
0.6646674871444702,
-0.15454302728176117,
-0.5318584442138672,
0.1581849455833435,
-0.7384295463562012,
0.15682820975780487,
-0.30357399582862854,
0.16087594628334045,
1.0554858446121216,
-0.5205506682395935,
0.5189517140388489,
-0.4008300304412842,
-0.025352347642183304,
-0.4784574806690216,
-0.6517587900161743,
-0.7905972599983215,
-0.09204564988613129,
0.6281803846359253,
-0.16570799052715302,
0.015674686059355736,
-0.5334722399711609,
-0.052674949169158936,
-0.38251665234565735,
-0.10151553899049759,
-0.08331190794706345,
-0.6857606768608093,
-0.15114463865756989,
-0.45884624123573303,
-0.4566100239753723,
-0.33767610788345337,
0.05919638276100159,
0.03443058207631111,
0.22771069407463074,
-0.9347492456436157,
-0.21154557168483734,
-0.21040961146354675,
0.011811126954853535,
0.6527071595191956,
-0.16888399422168732,
0.18468520045280457,
0.04269467666745186,
0.4482293426990509,
0.09498612582683563,
-0.6425753831863403,
0.4635731875896454,
0.1799926906824112,
0.015156897716224194,
-0.4778836667537689,
0.569252073764801,
-0.9929080605506897,
-0.33109042048454285,
0.17141209542751312,
-0.3208456337451935,
-0.16611026227474213,
0.49119824171066284,
0.20524251461029053,
-0.08708855509757996,
0.31005266308784485,
-0.03703351691365242,
0.08423551917076111,
0.654167890548706,
0.6915110349655151,
-0.0032517877407372,
-0.34444642066955566,
0.44386211037635803,
0.4192976653575897,
-0.2437269240617752,
-0.1034407690167427,
0.3658031225204468,
0.37597987055778503,
-0.05070614814758301,
-0.24398982524871826,
-0.9253372550010681,
-0.12658360600471497,
0.21541905403137207,
0.45752570033073425,
1.3770726919174194,
-0.5814195275306702,
-0.0990472137928009,
0.33679279685020447,
0.1417519450187683,
0.09041871130466461,
0.46103042364120483,
-0.12427594512701035,
0.13175982236862183,
0.16343460977077484,
-0.30940186977386475,
0.0872642770409584,
-0.7389621734619141,
-0.13152271509170532,
0.05699015408754349,
0.3964754343032837,
-0.4611976146697998,
0.1838771253824234,
0.45631706714630127,
0.1261744350194931,
0.15824615955352783,
0.5614525079727173,
0.0962841585278511,
-0.3001793920993805,
-0.5128226280212402,
-0.8606488704681396,
-0.8595735430717468,
0.19545577466487885,
-0.30091992020606995,
-0.18897096812725067,
-0.5324597954750061,
-0.38221609592437744,
0.3467094600200653,
0.03810848295688629,
-0.017733223736286163,
0.3058573007583618,
0.046283915638923645,
-0.044264793395996094,
0.32772475481033325,
-0.5053356289863586,
0.6703694462776184,
-0.2561083436012268,
-0.3570442199707031,
0.10757815092802048,
0.2902831733226776,
0.1447424590587616,
0.31090793013572693,
0.03927650302648544,
-0.132379412651062,
0.63441002368927,
-0.2727484405040741,
-0.44659391045570374,
0.5633081197738647,
-0.36554577946662903,
-0.2930615544319153,
0.056586265563964844,
0.2903013825416565,
0.5426614880561829,
0.42768585681915283,
0.2779870927333832,
-0.011917829513549805,
0.5114078521728516,
0.31038278341293335,
-0.45493456721305847,
0.5887142419815063,
-0.6172834038734436,
0.09172449260950089,
-0.7942033410072327,
0.44375503063201904,
0.5753250122070312,
0.09731230139732361,
-0.0204040315002203,
-0.02856864593923092,
0.09407536685466766,
-0.3713233172893524,
0.157953143119812,
-0.16019530594348907,
0.10600027441978455,
0.23151162266731262,
-0.1846265345811844,
-0.6368007063865662,
-0.04031477868556976,
0.2044924646615982,
-0.5488405227661133,
0.17125004529953003,
0.29780787229537964,
-0.47540751099586487,
0.2196493148803711,
0.03753132373094559,
0.5178365707397461,
-0.42375093698501587,
-0.5469940304756165,
0.07433520257472992,
-0.3831852674484253,
-0.33587446808815,
0.16949240863323212,
0.19218391180038452,
-0.08605223894119263,
-0.3020648956298828,
0.2802260220050812,
0.4758880138397217,
-0.3078063130378723,
-0.08042670041322708,
0.15650629997253418,
0.35549187660217285,
0.011878995224833488,
-0.5531644821166992,
0.13419827818870544,
0.7130861282348633,
-0.18137259781360626,
-0.330623984336853,
0.06941372156143188,
-0.3551318943500519,
-0.23983314633369446,
-0.15386545658111572,
0.9821680784225464,
-0.06853657960891724,
0.5153104066848755,
-0.34991273283958435
] |
217833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audio | DVD-Audio | DVD-Audio (commonly abbreviated as DVD-A) is a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio uses most of the storage on the disc for high-quality audio and is not intended to be a video delivery format.
The first discs entered the marketplace in 2000. DVD-Audio was in a format war with Super Audio CD (SACD), and along with consumers' tastes tending towards downloadable music, these factors meant that neither high-quality disc achieved considerable market penetration; DVD-Audio has been described as "extinct" by 2007. As of June 2019, Amazon lists only 155 albums available on "Audio DVD". DVD-Audio remains a niche market but some independent online labels offer a wider choice of titles.
Audio specifications
DVD-Audio offers many possible configurations of audio channels, ranging from single-channel mono to 5.1-channel surround sound, at various sampling frequencies and sample rates. (The ".1" denotes a low-frequency effects channel (LFE) for bass and/or special audio effects.)
Compared to the Compact Disc, the much higher capacity DVD format enables the inclusion of either:
Considerably more music (with respect to total running time and quantity of songs) or
Encoding at higher linear sampling rates and more bits-per-sample, and/or
Additional channels for spatial sound reproduction.
Audio on a DVD-Audio disc can be stored in many different bit depth/sampling rate/channel combinations:
Different bit depth/sampling rate/channel combinations can be used on a single disc. For instance, a DVD-Audio disc may contain a 96 kHz/24-bit 5.1-channel audio track as well as a 192 kHz/24-bit stereo audio track. Also, the channels of a track can be split into two groups stored at different resolutions. For example, the front speakers could be 96/24, while the surrounds are 48/20.
Audio is stored on the disc in Linear PCM format, which is either uncompressed or losslessly compressed with MLP (Meridian Lossless Packing). The maximum permissible total bit rate is 9.6 Megabits per second. Channel/resolution combinations that would exceed this need to be compressed. In uncompressed modes, it is possible to get up to 96/16 or 48/24 in 5.1, and 192/24 in stereo. To store 5.1 tracks in 88.2/20, 88.2/24, 96/20 or 96/24 MLP encoding is mandatory.
If no native stereo audio exists on the disc, the DVD-Audio player may be able to downmix the 5.1-channel audio to two-channel stereo audio if the listener does not have a surround sound setup (provided that the coefficients were set in the stream at authoring). Downmixing can only be done to two-channel stereo, not to other configurations, such as 4.0 quad. DVD-Audio may also feature menus, text subtitles, still images and video, plus in high end authoring systems it is also possible to link directly into a Video_TS directory that might contain video tracks, as well as PCM stereo and other "bonus" features.
Player compatibility
With the introduction of the DVD-Audio format, some kind of backward compatibility with existing DVD-Video players was desired, although not required. To address this, most DVD-Audio discs also contain DVD-Video compatible data to play the standard DVD-Video Dolby Digital 5.1-channel audio track on the disc (which can be downmixed to two channels for listeners with no surround sound setup). Many DVD-Video players also offer the option to create a Dolby MP matrix-encoded soundtrack for older surround sound systems lacking Dolby Digital or DTS decoding. Some discs also include a native Dolby Digital 2.0 stereo, and even a DTS 96/24 5.1-channel, audio track.
Since the DVD-Audio format is a member of the DVD family, a single disc can have multiple layers, and even two sides that contain audio and video material. A common configuration is a single-sided DVD with content in both the DVD-Video (VIDEO_TS) and DVD-Audio (AUDIO_TS) directories. The high-resolution, Packed PCM audio encoded using MLP is only playable by DVD players containing DVD-Audio decoding capability. DVD-Video content, which can include LPCM, Dolby or DTS material, and even video, makes the disc compatible with all DVD players. Other disc configurations may consist of double layer DVDs (DVD-9) or two-sided discs (DVD-10, DVD-14 or DVD-18). Some labels have released two-sided DVD titles that contain DVD-Audio content on one side and DVD-Video content on the other, the Classic Records HDAD being one such example.
Unofficial playback of DVD-Audio on a PC is possible through freeware audio player foobar2000 for Windows using an open source plug-in extension called DVDADecoder. VLC media player has DVD-Audio support Cyberlink's PowerDVD Version 8 provides an official method of playing DVD-Audio discs. This feature was dropped from version 9 onwards. Creative also provide a dedicated DVD-Audio player with some of its Soundblaster Audigy and X-Fi cards.
Preamplifier/surround-processor interface
In order to play DVD-Audio, a preamplifier or surround controller with six analog inputs was originally required. Whereas DVD-Video audio formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS can be sent via the player's digital output to a receiver for conversion to analog form and distribution to speakers, DVD-Audio is not allowed to be delivered via unencrypted digital audio link at sample rates higher than 48 kHz (i.e., ordinary DVD-Video quality) due to concerns about digital copying.
However, encrypted digital formats have now been approved by the DVD Forum, the first of which was Meridian Audio's MHR (Meridian High Resolution). The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI 1.1) also allows encrypted digital audio to be carried up to DVD-Audio specification (6 × 24-bit/96 kHz channels or 2 × 24-bit/192 kHz channels). The six channels of audio information can thus be sent to the amplifier by several different methods:
The 6 audio channels can be decrypted and extracted in the player and sent to the amplifier along 6 standard analog cables.
The 6 audio channels can be decrypted and then re-encrypted into an HDMI or IEEE-1394 (FireWire) signal and sent to the amplifier, which will then decrypt the digital signal and then extract the 6 channels of audio. HDMI and IEEE-1394 encryption are different from the DVD-A encryption and were designed as a general standard for a high-quality digital interface. The amplifier has to be equipped with a valid decryption key or it will not play the disk.
The third option is via the S/PDIF (or TOSLINK) digital interface. However, because of concerns over unauthorized copying, DVD-A players are required to handle this digital interface in one of the following ways:
Turn such an interface off completely. This option is preferred by music publishers.
Downconvert the audio to a 2-channel 16-bit/48 kHz PCM signal. The music publishers are not enthusiastic about this because it permits the production of a CD-quality copy, something they still expect to sell, besides DVD-A.
Downconvert the audio to 2 channels, but keep the original sample size and bit rate if the producer sets a flag on the DVD-A disc telling the player to do so.
A final option is to modify the player, capturing the high resolution digital signals before they are fed to internal D/A converters and convert it to S/PDIF, giving full range digital (but only stereo) sound. There exists already do-it-yourself solutions for some players. There also exists an option to equip a DVD-A player with multiple S/PDIF outputs, for full resolution multichannel digital output.
Sound quality
Researchers in 2004 found no detectable difference in audio quality between DVD-A and SACD (and subsequent research found no detectable difference in audio quality between SACD and CD).
Format variants
Four of the major music labels, Universal Music, EMI, Warner Bros. Records, Naxos Records and several smaller audiophile labels (such as AIX Records, Claudio Records, DTS Entertainment, Silverline Records, OgreOgress productions, Tacet and Teldec) have released or are continuing to release albums on DVD-Audio, but the number is minimal compared to standard CDs. New high-definition titles have been released in standard DVD-Video format (which can contain two-channel Linear PCM audio data ranging from 48 kHz/16-bit to 96 kHz/24-bit), "HDAD", which includes a DVD-Video format recording on one side and DVD-Audio on the other, CD/DVD packages, which can include the album on both CD and DVD-Audio, or DualDisc, which can contain DVD-Audio content on the DVD side. In addition, some titles that had been initially released as a standalone DVD-Audio disc were re-released as a CD/DVD package or as a DualDisc.
Copy protection
DVD-Audio discs may optionally employ a copy protection mechanism called Content Protection for Prerecorded Media (CPPM). CPPM, managed by the 4C Entity, was designed to prevent users from extracting audio to computers and portable media players.
Because DVD-Video's content-scrambling system (CSS) was quickly broken, DVD-Audio's developers sought a better method of blocking unauthorized duplications. They developed CPPM, which uses a media key block (MKB) to authenticate DVD-Audio players. In order to decrypt the audio, players must obtain a media key from the MKB, which also is encrypted. The player must use its own unique key to decrypt the MKB. If a DVD-Audio player's decryption key is compromised, that key can be rendered useless for decrypting future DVD-Audio discs. DVD-Audio discs can also utilize digital watermarking technology developed by the Verance Corporation, typically embedded into the audio once every thirty seconds. If a DVD-Audio player encounters a watermark on a disc without a valid MKB, it will halt playback. The 4C Entity also developed a similar specification, Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM), which is used on Secure Digital cards.
DVD-Audio's copy protection was overcome in 2005 by tools which allow data to be decrypted or converted to 6 channel .WAV files without going through lossy digital-to-analog conversion. Previously that conversion had required expensive equipment to retain all six channels of audio rather than having it downmixed to stereo. In the digital method, the decryption is done by a commercial software player which has been patched to allow access to the unprotected audio.
In 2007 the encryption scheme was overcome with a tool called dvdcpxm. On 12 February 2008 a program called DVD-Audio Explorer was released, containing aforementioned libdvdcpxm coupled with an open source MLP decoder.
Like DVD-Video decryption, such tools may be illegal to use in the United States under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. While the Recording Industry Association of America has been successful in keeping these tools off Web sites, they are still distributed on P2P file sharing networks and newsgroups. Additionally, in 2007 the widely used commercial software DVDFab Platinum added DVD-Audio decryption, allowing users to back up a full DVD-A image to an ISO image file.
Authoring software
OS X
Sonic Solutions DVD Creator AV – The first DVD-Audio authoring solution available. A spin-off of the popular high-end DVD Video authoring package. It allows DVD-Audio authoring at the command line level only. No longer sold or supported by Sonic Solutions.
Sonic Studio SonicStudio HD – Macintosh-based tool used for High Density audio mastering and to prepare audio for DVD-A authoring in One Click DVD.
Sonic Studio OneClick DVD – Converts prepared Sonic Studio EDLs into binary MLP files to be used in the authoring tool. Also generates scriptFile information to be added to DVD Creator AV projects. This product is no longer available.
DVD audio Tools: see Windows section below.
Apple Logic Pro 8 and later - When bouncing, choose "Burn to CD/DVD" under destination, and then choose DVD-A for the destination format.
Minnetonka discWelder - This product is no longer available.
Steinberg Wavelab Pro - This product does not support MLP encoding or MLP-encoded files. It supports slideshows and DVD menus.
Burn - General purpose CD and DVD burning utility that can write AUDIO_TS data. Select "Audio" tab then "DVD-Audio" from the drop-down menu.
Windows
Minnetonka discWelder - This product is no longer available.
Cirlinca HD-AUDIO Solo Ultra. This product does not support MLP encoding or MLP-encoded files. It has not been available online as of early 2019.
DVD Audio Extractor - This product and others can extract audio from DVD-Audio discs, but does not author new DVD-Audio discs.
Steinberg WaveLab Pro - This product does not support MLP encoding or MLP-encoded files. It supports slideshows and DVD menus.
Gear Pro Mastering Edition - This product can burn DVD-Audio images, but does not author new DVD-Audio discs.
DVD audio tools package: A project called DVD audio Tools provides a free/open source console application and user interface. Supports menu editing and audio extraction from discs. Experimental support for MLP decoding. DVD-Audio/Video discs (aka Hybrid or Universal DVDs) can be authored.
MAGIX Samplitude Restricted DVD-Audio editing (no MLP, no menus, no slideshows)
MAGIX Sequoia
Linux
DVD audio Tools provides free/open source DVD-Audio authoring tools for Linux and other *nix platforms. (See above for Windows). For non-expert users debian or rpm binary packages are provided.
References
External links
Robert Normandeau Interview Interview with Robert Normandeau On Outsight Radio Hours about using the format for the release of Puzzles (empreintes DIGITALes, IMED 0575, 2005)
DVD-Audio at the Museum of Obsolete Media
Audio storage
Audio
Audiovisual introductions in 2000 | [
0.22129085659980774,
-0.059783659875392914,
0.25933781266212463,
0.3864697217941284,
-0.15225768089294434,
-0.4782711863517761,
-0.3016279935836792,
0.025489145889878273,
0.06536058336496353,
-0.10080838203430176,
-0.7486658096313477,
1.0065118074417114,
0.03776119276881218,
0.20823965966701508,
-0.0039059894625097513,
0.27431216835975647,
0.583308219909668,
0.329081654548645,
-0.023306148126721382,
-0.5179222822189331,
-0.22415326535701752,
-0.3006879389286041,
0.17643621563911438,
-0.3843526244163513,
-0.252384215593338,
0.08607245236635208,
0.013182937167584896,
0.2731294631958008,
-0.32150524854660034,
-0.21698327362537384,
0.22266539931297302,
0.049232080578804016,
-0.11134439706802368,
0.015491623431444168,
-0.027766486629843712,
0.1755722165107727,
-0.4046483337879181,
-0.13988858461380005,
-0.1907636970281601,
-0.5487516522407532,
0.008696142584085464,
0.12152113765478134,
0.009618964977562428,
0.6491590738296509,
-0.16958650946617126,
-0.03974447026848793,
-1.4282684326171875,
-0.01142251305282116,
-0.4548007845878601,
0.14574408531188965,
0.18417610228061676,
0.44450196623802185,
-0.19929900765419006,
0.5764992237091064,
0.1860339641571045,
0.54157555103302,
-0.3655370771884918,
-0.25303778052330017,
0.28436538577079773,
0.04454772174358368,
0.39514026045799255,
-0.43290334939956665,
-0.0635492131114006,
0.34628602862358093,
0.21103531122207642,
-0.21539689600467682,
-0.07560602575540543,
0.3043329119682312,
0.03975531458854675,
-0.18462993204593658,
-0.15080955624580383,
-0.44432249665260315,
0.16231510043144226,
-0.30232831835746765,
-0.1374303698539734,
0.27077239751815796,
-0.2550412118434906,
-0.7114292979240417,
0.408945232629776,
-0.09625203907489777,
0.03541097417473793,
0.8435683846473694,
0.3325161635875702,
0.07492904365062714,
0.17077690362930298,
0.20425589382648468,
-0.41199925541877747,
0.4928387999534607,
-0.609895646572113,
0.6024954915046692,
-0.22412356734275818,
0.2553951144218445,
0.5453604459762573,
-0.042809728533029556,
-0.08176999539136887,
-0.004301589913666248,
-0.3473724126815796,
0.028774354606866837,
0.2883026599884033,
0.3071848750114441,
-0.1608486771583557,
0.6060335636138916,
0.10393501818180084,
-0.5066460967063904,
-0.057830505073070526,
-0.29480159282684326,
-0.3551202118396759,
-0.15089356899261475,
-0.18137630820274353,
0.4211607277393341,
-0.1160748079419136,
-0.08266836404800415,
-0.18961605429649353,
0.06700106710195541,
-0.6597558856010437,
0.18281759321689606,
0.30898162722587585,
0.08192939311265945,
-0.4664890468120575,
0.12127378582954407,
0.010141732171177864,
0.4692530930042267,
-0.20356440544128418,
-0.1559952348470688,
-0.037950772792100906,
-0.178269162774086,
0.36310938000679016,
0.4676859676837921,
-0.0929204672574997,
-0.021118855103850365,
0.12966367602348328,
0.6636168360710144,
-0.012238264083862305,
0.31117865443229675,
0.08429437130689621,
0.27471429109573364,
0.3802849054336548,
-0.4319133460521698,
-0.19619496166706085,
-0.3074859380722046,
-0.43431976437568665,
-0.3447849154472351,
-0.7207998037338257,
-0.24515260756015778,
0.07595158368349075,
0.2040281593799591,
-0.25724583864212036,
0.02753203734755516,
-0.6101232171058655,
0.04601670801639557,
-0.006522247567772865,
0.11478271335363388,
-0.017779365181922913,
-0.3218742907047272,
-0.3125629127025604,
0.6634400486946106,
0.7045022249221802,
0.14501522481441498,
-0.19961017370224,
-0.42086100578308105,
-0.10185569524765015,
0.043640606105327606,
-0.4189754128456116,
-0.1136755719780922,
0.007415757980197668,
-0.6219737529754639,
-0.07764942944049835,
0.6245092749595642,
-0.03762943297624588,
-0.2007320076227188,
-0.3738599419593811,
-0.16377389430999756,
-0.33975648880004883,
0.14760345220565796,
-0.09750533103942871,
0.15262015163898468,
0.83342045545578,
0.5451981425285339,
0.5209798812866211,
-0.26514849066734314,
-0.8133593797683716,
0.3839873969554901,
0.6886222958564758,
-0.7348307967185974,
0.3217383325099945,
0.03724817931652069,
0.4428802728652954,
-0.039240945130586624,
0.0007239739643409848,
-0.21475011110305786,
-0.40374279022216797,
-0.701568603515625,
0.08969806134700775,
-0.4752003252506256,
0.34775593876838684,
-0.25216415524482727,
-0.4033779203891754,
1.1301647424697876,
-0.1614999622106552,
-0.08759239315986633,
0.22495527565479279,
0.6416821479797363,
0.2102709710597992,
-0.5021719336509705,
-0.1844141185283661,
0.27857545018196106,
0.3678174316883087,
-0.07537037879228592,
0.36453625559806824,
-0.2534482777118683,
0.4100440442562103,
-0.1250641942024231,
0.5217429399490356,
0.0013230250915512443,
0.03729724884033203,
0.08248474448919296,
-0.17033982276916504,
0.13643930852413177,
0.08989177644252777,
-0.773237943649292,
0.561424970626831,
-0.34418776631355286,
-0.12201042473316193,
0.39676862955093384,
-0.7710738182067871,
1.1265281438827515,
-0.17422069609165192,
0.51532381772995,
0.49545788764953613,
-0.10244373977184296,
-0.014429966919124126,
0.03551395237445831,
0.18745724856853485,
-0.016729701310396194,
-0.12830697000026703,
0.8109572529792786,
-0.18215329945087433,
-0.22868546843528748,
-0.015467897988855839,
0.015431901440024376,
0.15372228622436523,
-0.1273612082004547,
0.23529627919197083,
-0.14158031344413757,
0.4414981007575989,
-0.3261550962924957,
-0.038246095180511475,
0.32979172468185425,
-0.33300864696502686,
-0.07014613598585129,
0.31181541085243225,
0.04359600692987442,
0.3591976761817932,
-0.15098775923252106,
-0.04110526293516159,
-0.18641528487205505,
-0.3712161183357239,
-0.11398328095674515,
-0.2200470119714737,
0.31649839878082275,
-0.1758376508951187,
0.11984694749116898,
-0.08973358571529388,
-0.5049618482589722,
-0.11519019305706024,
-0.8334236741065979,
0.03512969985604286,
-0.00350963044911623,
0.02726413682103157,
0.16289648413658142,
-0.4304102063179016,
0.3369576930999756,
-0.3268263041973114,
-0.019978363066911697,
-0.4971087872982025,
-0.49689820408821106,
0.8481173515319824,
0.2272295355796814,
-0.04441830888390541,
-0.37266433238983154,
0.465628445148468,
0.23051242530345917,
0.7624176740646362,
-0.3027999997138977,
-0.7612172365188599,
-0.15849417448043823,
-0.024343054741621017,
-0.5796951055526733,
-0.16972659528255463,
-0.4266529679298401,
-0.19725701212882996,
0.46442079544067383,
0.10399779677391052,
0.35382241010665894,
0.7425862550735474,
0.6000109314918518,
-0.15501123666763306,
0.06329502910375595,
0.016079293563961983,
-0.20368026196956635,
-0.43900442123413086,
-0.2975406050682068,
-0.31038936972618103,
-0.24501170217990875,
0.17180779576301575,
-0.1120954379439354,
0.16266006231307983,
-0.2365356981754303,
-6.054927825927734,
0.2293662428855896,
-0.301284521818161,
-0.33654606342315674,
0.24214652180671692,
-0.1981206238269806,
0.782173216342926,
-0.443453311920166,
-0.6634987592697144,
0.41746532917022705,
-0.04752418026328087,
0.6783700585365295,
0.4243955910205841,
0.5516175031661987,
0.8989481329917908,
0.21869656443595886,
-0.05581894889473915,
0.4095627963542938,
-0.0063509042374789715,
0.3168575167655945,
0.3246689736843109,
-0.04959194362163544,
0.20002341270446777,
0.3373185992240906,
-0.0863250270485878,
0.06692343205213547,
-0.13288553059101105,
0.2849242091178894,
-0.09366177022457123,
-0.06744202971458435,
0.3063412606716156,
-0.1675502210855484,
-0.19751879572868347,
0.20505844056606293,
-0.22836370766162872,
0.06175430491566658,
0.674883246421814,
0.5077654719352722,
-0.09640883654356003,
-0.24546821415424347,
0.36648374795913696,
0.39324620366096497,
0.4656139016151428,
-0.19346575438976288,
-0.19967778027057648,
-0.2848488390445709,
0.0559585765004158,
0.09498240798711777,
-0.20879137516021729,
0.7781046628952026,
-0.33742189407348633,
-0.26759520173072815,
0.19480283558368683,
-0.021711986511945724,
-0.12813326716423035,
-0.39347043633461,
0.766796886920929,
0.04505700618028641,
-0.041592348366975784,
-0.056829601526260376,
-0.10701683163642883,
-0.7066957950592041,
-0.36933138966560364,
-0.6697977781295776,
-0.33483967185020447,
0.2267250418663025,
-0.6301159262657166,
-0.5008613467216492,
0.793601930141449,
0.6648627519607544,
-0.6755305528640747,
0.009228711016476154,
0.39038416743278503,
-0.36069172620773315,
0.27562370896339417,
-0.3429906964302063,
0.017925776541233063,
-0.12528730928897858,
-0.39825382828712463,
0.35814204812049866,
0.4343652129173279,
-0.2438909113407135,
-0.16829049587249756,
0.1297501027584076,
0.28205758333206177,
-0.6194068789482117,
0.4438977837562561,
0.2116701751947403,
0.19624905288219452,
-0.304855078458786,
0.31787264347076416,
-0.5884865522384644,
-0.13760152459144592,
0.427451491355896,
-0.2709839642047882,
0.10605467855930328,
0.32101815938949585,
0.5179036855697632,
0.7751566767692566,
-0.591510534286499,
0.017220916226506233,
-0.20887087285518646,
0.08673428744077682,
-0.8259764909744263,
-0.24534259736537933,
-0.397394061088562,
-0.3835363984107971,
-0.26368293166160583,
0.6058810353279114,
-0.1228952407836914,
-0.1385183036327362,
0.4666510820388794,
-0.08282681554555893,
-0.38628649711608887,
0.21736112236976624,
-0.0348348543047905,
-0.46931713819503784,
0.24807043373584747,
0.17680388689041138,
-0.45323649048805237,
0.3606083393096924,
0.27105608582496643,
-0.17376036942005157,
-0.0678425133228302,
-0.14932312071323395,
-0.2983313202857971,
-0.013384835794568062,
-0.046807095408439636,
-0.4111308753490448,
-0.3579462468624115,
0.4043581187725067,
0.19180132448673248,
0.5356509685516357,
0.22052669525146484,
0.24500271677970886,
-0.3198307752609253,
-0.3535812199115753,
0.2901201546192169,
-0.14161327481269836,
-0.6977854371070862,
0.10629023611545563,
-0.5904014706611633,
0.018260521814227104,
0.2918388247489929,
0.7437102198600769,
0.14799046516418457,
0.046190518885850906,
-0.100128673017025,
0.13270914554595947,
-0.03573782742023468,
-0.11692072451114655,
-0.09278527647256851,
0.1489843726158142,
0.11780665069818497,
-0.20816706120967865,
0.059092625975608826,
-0.05146455392241478,
0.09249816834926605,
0.15384097397327423,
-0.6358157396316528,
0.14753544330596924,
0.18578088283538818,
-0.6680232286453247,
-0.005581124685704708,
0.30605489015579224,
0.2960735261440277,
-0.6144149303436279,
-0.38168683648109436,
-0.3242465853691101,
0.2829827666282654,
-0.3333776593208313,
-0.30359870195388794,
-0.27939507365226746,
-0.3668679893016815,
0.6056404709815979,
0.2531139850616455,
0.4608794152736664,
0.07682260870933533,
0.34067875146865845,
-0.029855987057089806,
0.5713625550270081,
-0.7630191445350647,
-0.4091378152370453,
-0.09785623848438263,
0.2944115400314331,
-0.19996830821037292,
-0.4178825616836548,
0.10268077999353409,
-0.524717390537262,
-0.21574294567108154,
0.170684814453125,
0.08284203708171844,
0.646192193031311,
-0.08303114771842957,
0.29142287373542786,
-0.8551555871963501,
0.1813770979642868,
-0.06073784455657005,
0.000318855163641274,
-0.561852753162384,
0.17075178027153015,
0.4989190399646759,
-0.34816643595695496,
0.37372246384620667,
-0.08601202070713043,
-0.2235022485256195,
0.029243312776088715,
0.061406929045915604,
-0.13439619541168213,
0.28517717123031616,
-0.22532986104488373,
-0.2806513011455536,
0.02798467129468918,
0.31212759017944336,
-0.13909900188446045,
0.16609668731689453,
0.22777965664863586,
-0.32835307717323303,
0.3316514790058136,
-0.45096975564956665,
-0.2192336618900299,
-0.2023218274116516,
-0.29350781440734863,
0.2151792347431183,
-0.6888775825500488,
0.31412091851234436,
0.4735523760318756,
-0.5707334280014038,
0.3317583203315735,
-0.04829398915171623,
0.06562165915966034,
-0.4630565941333771,
-0.26079297065734863,
0.0692293792963028,
-0.10281848162412643,
-0.008267063647508621,
-0.43661051988601685,
0.5382548570632935,
0.22339195013046265,
-0.10441436618566513,
0.1208822950720787,
0.86869215965271,
0.11694356054067612,
0.002919572638347745,
-0.861223042011261,
0.34970414638519287,
0.08950022608041763,
-0.5452003479003906,
-0.6699551939964294,
0.5835003852844238,
-0.108374685049057,
-0.19093763828277588,
-0.8507527709007263,
-0.1164565235376358,
1.019395112991333,
-0.3054516613483429,
-0.01635558344423771,
-0.2703394889831543,
-0.14687992632389069,
0.48710542917251587,
-0.01898716390132904,
-0.5130571126937866,
-0.14301049709320068,
0.3505033552646637,
0.5290160775184631,
0.18160948157310486,
-0.13111905753612518,
0.10199891775846481,
-0.3930552899837494,
-0.15884867310523987,
0.3212703764438629,
0.18760471045970917,
0.3457837402820587,
1.0219502449035645,
0.7272776961326599,
0.15353742241859436,
0.09391725063323975,
-0.5802191495895386,
-0.234005868434906,
0.3700134754180908,
0.13830426335334778,
-0.5114997029304504,
-0.027838464826345444,
-0.5833121538162231,
-0.5807042717933655,
-0.20590351521968842,
0.03728034719824791,
0.09901968389749527,
-0.29559218883514404,
0.13788563013076782,
-0.5193161964416504,
0.43083810806274414,
0.014552295207977295,
0.2212151736021042,
0.11596236377954483,
-0.37768179178237915,
0.26808416843414307,
-0.09984815865755081,
0.036871690303087234,
-0.5348495244979858,
-0.4819347858428955,
0.5942391157150269,
0.28996655344963074,
-0.7856689691543579,
0.8054474592208862,
0.2260417491197586,
-0.07932320237159729,
-0.2433917373418808,
-0.07321808487176895,
0.15621469914913177,
0.054333776235580444,
0.10080040246248245,
0.4794703722000122,
0.9329715371131897,
-0.02334756590425968,
-0.5771868228912354,
0.5632309317588806,
0.0967685729265213,
0.25053131580352783,
-0.08388882875442505,
0.10769731551408768,
0.08762552589178085,
0.5415810346603394,
-0.18217946588993073,
-0.5412570238113403,
0.2891860008239746,
-0.3864233195781708,
-0.3598371744155884,
0.020809423178434372,
-0.044518209993839264,
0.9210112690925598,
0.06675926595926285,
-0.1440667361021042,
0.4976356625556946,
-0.26457372307777405,
-0.46843409538269043,
0.1831975132226944,
0.03640326112508774,
-0.35555505752563477,
0.5883771181106567,
0.2639009952545166,
0.02674010582268238,
0.3125164210796356,
0.6736359596252441,
-0.47190162539482117,
0.48528650403022766,
-0.04016435518860817,
0.1481468230485916,
-0.3615994155406952,
-0.3525227904319763,
0.1257317215204239,
-0.1309622973203659,
0.7102839350700378,
-0.26286277174949646,
0.10470642149448395,
-0.030390135943889618,
0.46621638536453247,
-0.1974736750125885,
0.04491487517952919,
-0.38855308294296265,
-0.13171041011810303,
0.8646040558815002,
0.4623924493789673,
0.17867620289325714,
0.16928406059741974,
-0.6413596272468567,
0.4588475525379181,
-0.23077253997325897,
0.24753986299037933,
0.05046956241130829,
-0.468542218208313,
0.30051812529563904,
-0.2628163993358612,
0.6124095320701599,
0.23177914321422577,
-0.21105487644672394,
-0.006131536792963743,
0.29804083704948425,
0.07672188431024551,
0.27840468287467957,
-0.19121946394443512,
-0.24025677144527435,
0.41018903255462646,
-0.5398617386817932,
0.26894599199295044,
-0.07654409110546112,
-0.24049286544322968,
0.23982290923595428,
0.14771069586277008,
-0.009169524535536766,
-0.2629372179508209,
-0.521952748298645,
0.24679957330226898,
-0.029890239238739014,
-0.13916245102882385,
-0.30405962467193604,
-0.09994711726903915,
0.6469221115112305,
0.24772486090660095,
-0.03383622318506241,
-0.35333874821662903,
0.5956950187683105,
-0.41230738162994385,
-0.10898347198963165,
-0.36666756868362427,
0.07305501401424408,
-0.56886225938797,
0.02504042536020279,
-0.7742384672164917,
0.36426693201065063,
0.7354166507720947,
0.11579602211713791,
-0.04074603319168091,
-0.2821279466152191,
0.4355909824371338,
0.1381751447916031,
0.6520052552223206,
-0.2548116147518158,
0.2766667306423187,
-0.03172735497355461,
0.0108523890376091,
-0.16790027916431427,
0.4008563160896301,
-0.3555322289466858,
0.07690946012735367,
0.5417843461036682,
0.5856181383132935,
-0.006302089896053076,
-0.9855104684829712,
0.29941821098327637,
-0.16463962197303772,
0.12473171204328537,
-0.47518306970596313,
0.39089491963386536,
0.02044486068189144,
-0.4040243327617645,
-0.41111645102500916,
0.06497927010059357,
0.24750526249408722,
-0.2814757823944092,
-0.22543098032474518,
0.05085385963320732,
-0.17433546483516693,
-0.4487107992172241,
-0.5559689402580261,
-0.1787944734096527,
-0.03249410167336464,
-0.43192100524902344,
-0.9879405498504639,
0.36878514289855957,
0.04119805991649628,
-0.8217965960502625,
0.2325141727924347,
-0.02834761142730713,
-0.21060188114643097,
0.27715814113616943,
-0.06488878279924393,
-0.03425066918134689,
0.11170792579650879,
-0.24872955679893494
] |
217834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenageary | Glenageary | Glenageary ( , meaning "Glen of the Sheep") is an area in the suburbs of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Ireland. While there is no officially defined boundary, it is surrounded by the areas of Dalkey, Dún Laoghaire, Glasthule, Johnstown, Killiney and Sallynoggin. The Church of Ireland does have a defined boundary for the Parish of Glenageary.
On early 20th century maps, Glenageary and Sallynoggin are considered to be the same place and it was not until the building of local authority houses in the late 1940s and 1950s in the townlands of Honeypark and Thomastown by Dún Laoghaire Borough Corporation that a clear distinction between Sallynoggin and Glenageary was created.
The Roman Catholic Parish of Glasthule covers all of Glasthule and Sandycove together with Glenageary east of Upper Glenageary Road and south of Lower Glenageary Road.
History
Until the late 1940s, Glenageary, like much of the south County Dublin, consisted mostly of large manor estates - each comprising a large house, some woodland and cultivated or landscaped fields. Since then it has been extensively redeveloped. Most of the original manors have been demolished and low-density housing developments built.
Glenageary has one church, St Paul's at the junction of Adelaide and Silchester Roads, which is a (Church of Ireland) church. It was opened in 1868.
Transport
The area is served by Dublin Bus, routes 7 (Every 30 minutes. 40 minutes on Sundays.) and the 59 (every hour). Other routes nearby in Sallynoggin include the 7a, 45a and 111 although these vary in frequency and service periods. Glenageary has its own railway station which is served by Iarnród Éireann's DART that provides a service between Greystones to the south, and Howth and Malahide to the north. Glenageary railway station opened on 1 November 1867.
People
Sinéad O'Connor and her novelist brother Joseph O'Connor spent some of their early lives in Glenageary
Niall Connolly, one of the Colombia Three, spent his childhood in Glenageary
Colm Ó Cíosóig, musician and drummer of My Bloody Valentine, is from Glenageary
John Dowse was an Irish-born British Army medical officer in World Wars I and II.
Raonaid Murray, a 17-year-old resident, was murdered on Silchester Road on 4 September 1999 near her home.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
Further reading
External links
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
St Paul's Church, Glenageary
Places in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown | [
0.12484113872051239,
0.2431376725435257,
-0.0964055135846138,
-0.7804908752441406,
0.31436118483543396,
0.5291638374328613,
0.4773125946521759,
-0.02323439158499241,
0.3059725761413574,
-0.46456512808799744,
-0.563464879989624,
0.2253803312778473,
-0.201588436961174,
0.5212484002113342,
-0.4676537811756134,
0.35048040747642517,
1.333285927772522,
0.1661723405122757,
0.4055327773094177,
-0.9908698797225952,
0.00011799087951658294,
-0.5054990649223328,
-0.5432156920433044,
0.5307196974754333,
0.4404652416706085,
-0.1391706019639969,
0.549668550491333,
0.27483072876930237,
0.464986115694046,
0.21354889869689941,
0.20024888217449188,
-0.04715532064437866,
0.06298702210187912,
-0.560910165309906,
0.08119265735149384,
0.06151975318789482,
0.2632705271244049,
-0.5902230143547058,
-0.7046964764595032,
0.10382600128650665,
-0.5920795202255249,
-0.03387535735964775,
0.1182970330119133,
0.3586489260196686,
-0.4816519618034363,
-0.1672709584236145,
-1.0489747524261475,
0.4987882077693939,
-0.8221858739852905,
0.6547351479530334,
-1.021000623703003,
0.044737715274095535,
-0.22962743043899536,
0.02732481062412262,
0.3268330991268158,
0.515924334526062,
-0.46068429946899414,
-0.020090889185667038,
0.8425209522247314,
-0.1751250922679901,
-0.24269405007362366,
0.6543339490890503,
0.30084237456321716,
-0.04513900354504585,
-0.2391810417175293,
0.18351532518863678,
-0.17279264330863953,
-0.04825938120484352,
0.015001657418906689,
-0.23000887036323547,
0.3173823654651642,
0.057342056185007095,
-0.052972856909036636,
0.26808661222457886,
0.1454278826713562,
0.2912547290325165,
-0.48440930247306824,
0.16567352414131165,
0.4556812047958374,
0.14882855117321014,
-0.039430469274520874,
0.12003730237483978,
0.040097203105688095,
0.5120503306388855,
0.7378355860710144,
0.26241111755371094,
-0.36528918147087097,
0.4786432087421417,
-0.05839644744992256,
0.5907825231552124,
-0.2430049479007721,
-0.20128312706947327,
-0.21365343034267426,
-0.27765488624572754,
-0.11035510897636414,
0.1341661959886551,
0.4005741477012634,
-0.1479829102754593,
-0.07997466623783112,
-0.08478829264640808,
-0.16794778406620026,
-0.023460790514945984,
0.07229726016521454,
-0.5060545206069946,
-0.8702828288078308,
-0.25367751717567444,
-0.6425440907478333,
-0.5392568111419678,
0.3340446949005127,
-0.7688989043235779,
-0.5696511268615723,
0.32920992374420166,
0.22879871726036072,
-0.03366836532950401,
-0.21563506126403809,
0.2182704210281372,
0.4060555398464203,
0.18388666212558746,
-0.42201560735702515,
0.3907945156097412,
0.6414478421211243,
0.5444276928901672,
-0.07887991517782211,
0.5031028985977173,
-0.39721137285232544,
-0.36269399523735046,
0.2509569525718689,
0.7326401472091675,
-0.15848417580127716,
0.353066086769104,
-0.143098846077919,
0.5823097229003906,
-0.3794543445110321,
-0.05621929466724396,
0.29920336604118347,
-0.402742475271225,
0.31578946113586426,
-0.1245456114411354,
0.7543219923973083,
0.2483426183462143,
-1.078642725944519,
0.31725138425827026,
0.25920119881629944,
-0.665560245513916,
0.1502830982208252,
-0.1207164078950882,
-0.38750338554382324,
-0.9060450792312622,
0.0984569564461708,
-0.6124628186225891,
0.23597615957260132,
0.3289026618003845,
0.25770241022109985,
0.10298637300729752,
-0.2684531807899475,
0.1649189442396164,
0.06929082423448563,
0.10311014950275421,
-0.25877809524536133,
0.1667085736989975,
0.5065891146659851,
0.2806713581085205,
0.7291606068611145,
-0.1464773565530777,
0.16031703352928162,
0.2569692134857178,
0.11103280633687973,
-0.355147123336792,
0.22267983853816986,
0.5854326486587524,
-0.2698664963245392,
-0.15931014716625214,
0.5172163248062134,
-0.1886722594499588,
0.25852346420288086,
0.07332972437143326,
0.36494165658950806,
-0.05327466502785683,
0.040687985718250275,
-0.1496148705482483,
-0.6710914969444275,
-0.16405579447746277,
0.23242683708667755,
0.07193757593631744,
0.2078213095664978,
-0.16629558801651,
0.4442935585975647,
-0.3473595678806305,
-0.2498098462820053,
0.016184890642762184,
-0.8352262377738953,
-0.5695998668670654,
0.6308474540710449,
-0.47227948904037476,
1.1666805744171143,
-0.02975926734507084,
0.4022284150123596,
0.16486498713493347,
-0.11579998582601547,
1.0655436515808105,
-0.3916204869747162,
-0.2867506444454193,
0.9012319445610046,
-0.4324818253517151,
-1.2121044397354126,
0.02640235796570778,
0.21142366528511047,
-0.19733183085918427,
-0.16606368124485016,
0.060777585953474045,
0.6560766100883484,
-0.24842292070388794,
0.16295336186885834,
0.31278538703918457,
0.03283877298235893,
-0.08734224736690521,
-0.40891480445861816,
-0.3109527826309204,
0.4560019075870514,
-0.45489636063575745,
0.2643568515777588,
0.2654609680175781,
0.5273637175559998,
0.29670313000679016,
-0.11327996850013733,
0.4000066816806793,
0.7983003854751587,
-0.27297088503837585,
0.7163496613502502,
-0.5603126883506775,
-0.4639860987663269,
0.04067665711045265,
-0.09380996972322464,
-0.2559099793434143,
0.4625967741012573,
-0.6494448184967041,
0.26792633533477783,
-0.22670848667621613,
0.4369480311870575,
-0.44224151968955994,
-0.03672846779227257,
-0.030716491863131523,
-0.006487303413450718,
0.10900168120861053,
0.33761242032051086,
0.4073927104473114,
0.019748592749238014,
0.5738560557365417,
0.4105153977870941,
-0.36847978830337524,
0.5411248207092285,
0.5591061115264893,
0.8164048194885254,
-0.0472072996199131,
0.1570313423871994,
-0.22069688141345978,
0.125223770737648,
0.706795871257782,
0.22203703224658966,
0.07544232904911041,
-0.8166754245758057,
0.6839451193809509,
-0.08301042020320892,
0.5132529139518738,
0.2089778035879135,
-0.21494923532009125,
-0.09704499691724777,
-0.5997529029846191,
0.3817812502384186,
0.09862103313207626,
0.504567563533783,
-0.5012357234954834,
-0.522612988948822,
-0.026288772001862526,
-0.5499867796897888,
-0.36649179458618164,
0.04256347566843033,
-0.17656290531158447,
-0.5218042135238647,
-0.40597182512283325,
0.18154123425483704,
0.875100314617157,
0.1602824628353119,
-0.31546086072921753,
-0.024191834032535553,
0.4270433783531189,
-0.11153767257928848,
-0.12207356840372086,
-0.1596762239933014,
-0.015365205705165863,
-0.014681675471365452,
0.06744522601366043,
-0.08013582229614258,
0.5783376693725586,
0.06645596027374268,
-0.6730812191963196,
0.3553085923194885,
-0.28014397621154785,
0.7149636745452881,
-0.38458389043807983,
-0.24594473838806152,
0.44522610306739807,
-0.39597010612487793,
0.1993253082036972,
-0.1443817913532257,
0.08296933770179749,
0.20130282640457153,
-0.358256995677948,
-5.2421064376831055,
0.543476939201355,
-0.10687381029129028,
0.037819720804691315,
0.6121116876602173,
-0.41599908471107483,
0.44291338324546814,
-0.8918760418891907,
-0.11502896249294281,
-0.20134079456329346,
-0.7412318587303162,
-0.6658118963241577,
0.29158762097358704,
-0.08429702371358871,
0.4348170757293701,
-0.025064993649721146,
-0.30538851022720337,
-0.19302231073379517,
-0.14692214131355286,
0.03868882358074188,
-0.1147514209151268,
0.26362913846969604,
-0.31688958406448364,
0.19933544099330902,
-0.2010166198015213,
0.3703790009021759,
-0.03464736416935921,
-0.4518778920173645,
-0.8791868090629578,
-0.31904688477516174,
0.08796179294586182,
0.03139493614435196,
0.6276484727859497,
0.1273450404405594,
-0.5315975546836853,
0.3524664342403412,
0.29213419556617737,
-0.44293516874313354,
0.8271105289459229,
-0.5082578063011169,
0.17600251734256744,
0.17391087114810944,
0.4226531386375427,
-0.7605222463607788,
0.32106173038482666,
-1.0948975086212158,
-0.7920661568641663,
-0.0481690838932991,
0.06193110719323158,
0.7851706147193909,
0.32883206009864807,
0.6820935010910034,
0.6682280898094177,
0.6353438496589661,
-0.3571345806121826,
0.14020149409770966,
0.61279296875,
-0.11771976947784424,
-0.3899461030960083,
0.9741237163543701,
0.7683299779891968,
-0.4482365548610687,
-0.24784377217292786,
-0.2460399717092514,
-0.18269333243370056,
-0.61922687292099,
-0.14512887597084045,
0.06253828853368759,
-0.20385786890983582,
-0.25898057222366333,
0.10015454888343811,
0.30096346139907837,
-0.06729744374752045,
-1.3668709993362427,
-0.5841419100761414,
-0.620601236820221,
-0.6852662563323975,
-0.3364225924015045,
-0.05050954222679138,
-0.2322714924812317,
0.6300608515739441,
-0.3629641830921173,
-0.22236646711826324,
0.6003902554512024,
-0.13763616979122162,
-0.8884479403495789,
-0.5645102262496948,
-0.06032506376504898,
-0.2053486555814743,
-0.9243024587631226,
0.6181724071502686,
-0.3641328513622284,
0.3893406093120575,
-0.6220324039459229,
-0.24395304918289185,
1.0144224166870117,
0.42290836572647095,
0.4689086079597473,
0.04777885973453522,
0.6440212726593018,
0.5399976372718811,
-0.4421214759349823,
0.322359561920166,
0.3007223606109619,
-0.7653990387916565,
-0.7808364033699036,
0.1856112778186798,
0.9652888178825378,
0.7727598547935486,
-0.4007624089717865,
0.1274167001247406,
-0.25175824761390686,
-0.41396644711494446,
-0.4703717827796936,
0.3300069570541382,
-0.035794273018836975,
-0.6071289777755737,
0.21333709359169006,
0.4278794825077057,
-0.05368063598871231,
0.3660562336444855,
-0.0409276969730854,
0.18762809038162231,
0.21274685859680176,
-0.05474473908543587,
-0.066983163356781,
1.0752698183059692,
-0.2682885229587555,
0.26203590631484985,
0.24772609770298004,
-0.21401730179786682,
-0.3065842390060425,
-0.1591116487979889,
-0.6612847447395325,
-0.4807780683040619,
-0.4457140266895294,
-0.6133756637573242,
-0.6979545950889587,
0.5931982398033142,
0.5692691802978516,
0.36662518978118896,
-0.2828964591026306,
-0.30581432580947876,
0.7228087782859802,
0.0487951897084713,
0.6905580759048462,
-0.769914984703064,
-0.07492831349372864,
-0.7517745494842529,
-0.053721267729997635,
-0.431638240814209,
-0.16256548464298248,
0.182411327958107,
-0.933134913444519,
-0.2564437985420227,
-0.5298205018043518,
-0.2671571373939514,
0.06128263100981712,
-0.1605907678604126,
-0.28757625818252563,
0.16605617105960846,
-0.2899596691131592,
-1.4412181377410889,
0.15849828720092773,
-0.19301553070545197,
0.598913311958313,
0.11839734017848969,
-0.6455469131469727,
-0.2809244990348816,
0.830313503742218,
0.2578546702861786,
-0.20326438546180725,
-0.3274551331996918,
-0.38993045687675476,
0.006542400922626257,
0.4291919469833374,
0.0321088545024395,
0.6574073433876038,
0.28407713770866394,
0.24657656252384186,
-0.10299624502658844,
0.1500072181224823,
0.4432292580604553,
0.760214626789093,
0.8699226379394531,
-0.9688213467597961,
-0.9978153705596924,
0.31148630380630493,
-0.545354425907135,
0.7952998280525208,
0.15218381583690643,
0.18200914561748505,
-0.08610069751739502,
0.4431557059288025,
-0.2164343148469925,
-0.6341115832328796,
-0.30789515376091003,
-0.49543121457099915,
-0.3608265221118927,
-0.21267534792423248,
-0.29570531845092773,
0.18159599602222443,
-0.691841185092926,
0.1852792352437973,
0.5505332946777344,
-0.6319848895072937,
0.3391866087913513,
0.1301354169845581,
-0.5854173898696899,
0.8543698787689209,
0.13698196411132812,
-0.7253119945526123,
0.16175134479999542,
0.3525797426700592,
-0.6464152932167053,
0.18858157098293304,
-0.4214811623096466,
-0.0903068408370018,
-0.6737198829650879,
-0.2824610769748688,
0.05828021839261055,
-0.7560057044029236,
0.19786453247070312,
-0.06800411641597748,
-0.37891098856925964,
0.24396809935569763,
-0.037740886211395264,
-1.0531710386276245,
0.4848324954509735,
0.09503032267093658,
-0.6970859169960022,
0.5946977138519287,
0.7672616839408875,
0.5424338579177856,
0.19190293550491333,
-0.05699450150132179,
0.172366663813591,
0.5591091513633728,
0.03382429480552673,
0.8864902853965759,
0.33426713943481445,
1.1477365493774414,
0.004614952486008406,
-0.5337687134742737,
-0.48023921251296997,
-0.09807708859443665,
-0.19537945091724396,
-0.2411019504070282,
-0.5323734283447266,
-0.07478088140487671,
0.0720999538898468,
-0.6396862268447876,
0.21663855016231537,
0.18074554204940796,
0.22995153069496155,
-0.16036327183246613,
0.3665189743041992,
0.3441670835018158,
0.5985230207443237,
0.46726489067077637,
0.5541020035743713,
-0.14416278898715973,
0.12663838267326355,
0.2024875283241272,
0.752568781375885,
-0.7176349759101868,
-0.10546274483203888,
-0.9004209637641907,
0.4383032023906708,
-0.22379831969738007,
-0.37575972080230713,
0.05046995356678963,
0.5527276396751404,
0.4170233905315399,
0.05266661196947098,
-0.03837630897760391,
-0.1639709770679474,
-0.9450324773788452,
0.4291227161884308,
-0.8005181550979614,
-0.5192230343818665,
-0.3320162296295166,
-0.10722454637289047,
0.31897255778312683,
-0.31486451625823975,
-0.46823227405548096,
0.12894238531589508,
-0.4016333222389221,
-0.6758418083190918,
0.08910171687602997,
-0.4712844491004944,
-0.7403717637062073,
0.058181557804346085,
-0.04420575872063637,
0.21536792814731598,
-0.046059153974056244,
0.35158970952033997,
0.3465951979160309,
-0.19860713183879852,
-0.3773996829986572,
-0.4851542115211487,
0.09155171364545822,
-0.33620843291282654,
-0.44245895743370056,
-0.14248377084732056,
0.08269023150205612,
0.27039602398872375,
-0.7282037138938904,
-0.269787073135376,
-0.052012667059898376,
0.22517329454421997,
0.28648093342781067,
0.2876798212528229,
0.7226152420043945,
0.06352944672107697,
0.03093312308192253,
0.5980429649353027,
-0.7380132079124451,
0.20281945168972015,
0.6048864722251892,
-0.14989657700061798,
0.24944695830345154,
0.151127889752388,
0.8443025946617126,
0.016755612567067146,
1.141194462776184,
-0.7492393255233765,
-0.18580955266952515,
0.6129573583602905,
0.7411292791366577,
-0.314575731754303,
-0.15061409771442413,
-0.14095090329647064,
0.8324685096740723,
-0.4896118938922882,
-0.4493964612483978,
0.12456902861595154,
-0.5025402903556824,
0.17160248756408691,
0.17000728845596313,
0.5173897743225098,
-0.13303279876708984,
0.17127054929733276,
0.3571012318134308,
-0.10076846182346344,
-0.0778297409415245,
0.149061918258667,
-0.3875066339969635,
0.3156401515007019,
0.35652902722358704,
0.1255718320608139,
-0.4636172354221344,
0.5039663910865784,
-0.6017104387283325,
-0.3839033246040344,
0.6898989677429199,
-0.7120993137359619,
-0.2660534381866455,
-0.7897118926048279,
0.3784602880477905,
-0.05612792819738388,
0.3436075448989868,
-0.4732755720615387,
-0.29100871086120605,
-0.28533005714416504,
-0.2872767448425293,
0.026387091726064682,
-0.3997153639793396,
-0.2750910520553589,
0.6168683171272278,
0.015156364999711514,
0.5904276967048645,
-0.24931927025318146,
-0.6989007592201233,
0.1872866153717041,
0.54876309633255,
0.7158635854721069,
0.6087114214897156,
0.170766219496727,
-0.25095900893211365,
0.16356800496578217,
0.4680808186531067,
-0.49643388390541077,
0.16891837120056152,
-0.01150200329720974,
-0.6123007535934448,
-0.15949852764606476,
0.055946167558431625,
-0.6345602869987488,
-0.30851155519485474,
0.07969073206186295,
0.12141431868076324,
-0.2871040999889374,
0.3062794506549835,
0.012306504882872105,
-0.1888572871685028,
-0.036679793149232864,
0.5160872340202332,
0.6366392970085144,
0.6437070369720459,
-0.18813304603099823,
0.05605215206742287,
-0.13307462632656097,
0.27417677640914917,
0.11209294199943542,
0.6606393456459045,
0.028714505955576897,
0.02047223038971424,
-0.428210973739624,
0.21401742100715637,
0.30000466108322144,
0.02236475795507431,
0.3341410458087921,
0.5311075448989868,
-0.3062220513820648,
0.3948572874069214,
0.36679768562316895,
0.2997308671474457,
-0.44423848390579224,
-1.2704766988754272,
0.3699833154678345,
0.06863109767436981,
0.3778556287288666,
0.3367677330970764,
0.17947007715702057,
-0.1554962694644928,
-0.19428446888923645,
0.0904260203242302,
-0.41521885991096497,
0.6930842995643616,
0.25158268213272095,
0.06461703777313232,
-0.32260167598724365,
0.2552824914455414,
-0.29431405663490295,
-0.18754884600639343,
-0.029083676636219025,
0.2288428097963333,
0.03281715139746666,
0.2306833118200302,
0.07018784433603287,
-0.4658508896827698,
0.21423275768756866,
0.5484111905097961,
-0.2942834198474884,
0.6242838501930237,
-0.1066824272274971,
-0.6210542321205139,
-0.433002233505249,
-0.10471589118242264,
0.4784945845603943,
-0.576382577419281,
0.1619347482919693,
-0.7014086246490479,
-0.27561765909194946,
-0.6479855179786682,
-0.055051662027835846,
-0.8748814463615417,
-0.1008264422416687,
0.2693791091442108
] |
217835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%20%2766 | Buffalo '66 | Buffalo '66 is a 1998 American crime comedy-drama film written and directed by Vincent Gallo, starring Gallo, Christina Ricci, Ben Gazzara and Anjelica Huston. The plot revolves around Billy Brown (Gallo), a man who kidnaps a young tap dancer named Layla (Ricci) and forces her to pretend to be his wife to impress his parents (Gazzara and Huston) after he gets released from prison.
The film was generally well-received; Empire listed it as the 36th-greatest independent film ever made. It was filmed in and around Gallo's hometown of Buffalo, New York, in winter. The film uses British progressive rock music in its soundtrack, notably King Crimson and Yes.
The title refers to the Buffalo Bills American football team, who had not won a championship since the 1965 American Football League Championship Game (which was actually played on December 28, 1965, four days before 1966 began). The plot involves indirect references to the Bills' narrow loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXV, which was decided by a missed field goal.
Plot
Having just served five years in prison, Billy Brown (Vincent Gallo) returns home to Buffalo, New York and is preparing to meet with his parents, who don't know he's been in prison. He kidnaps Layla (Christina Ricci), a tap dancer, and forces her to pretend to be his wife to his parents. He gives her the name "Wendy Balsam".
When they meet with Billy's parents (Ben Gazzara and Anjelica Huston), Layla sees that the relationship between them is very dysfunctional, and sees Billy's own mother forgetting he has a chocolate allergy and his father behaves inappropriately towards her. She finds out that Billy's mother has never missed a Buffalo Bills game, except in 1966, on the day Billy was born. In a flashback it is revealed that Billy once placed a reckless $10,000 bet on the Bills to win Super Bowl XXV; when they lost, the bookie (Mickey Rourke) forced Billy to clear his debt by confessing to a crime he didn't commit, resulting in his time served in prison. Now Billy seeks revenge on Scott Wood, the kicker who lost the game. (This is a reference to Buffalo Bills kicker Scott Norwood, who missed the potential game-winning field goal in Super Bowl XXV.)
As they leave his parents' house, Billy scolds Layla for telling an obvious lie to his father, and then decides to go bowling. Here Billy shows off his expertise at the sport, and Layla gives a tap dance routine to King Crimson's 'Moonchild'. The two use a photo booth to take photos "spanning time" which Billy intends to send to his parents once a year, but Billy becomes annoyed when Layla makes silly faces during the photos, in contrast to Billy's straight face.
After bowling, Billy and Layla visit a diner, where Billy encounters the real Wendy Balsam (Rosanna Arquette), a girl he used to have a crush on in middle school, who is now happily in a relationship with another man. Billy leaves Layla alone in the diner after a brief argument, but regretting his outburst, returns and apologizes to her. Billy and Layla check into a motel, where Billy and Layla have a deep conversation, and eventually admit that they have fallen in love with each other, and they both go to sleep.
A few hours after midnight, he is about to leave to exact his revenge on Wood, when Layla awakens. Despite Layla's doubts that he'll return and proclamation of her love for him, he leaves, lying to her that he'll return in a few minutes with hot chocolate for her.
Shortly after leaving Layla at the motel, Billy finds Scott Wood, now the owner of a topless bar. At Wood's own bar, he walks over to Wood's table and shoots him in the head, before shooting himself. His parents are then shown sitting by his grave with his mother showing more interest in a Buffalo game on the radio than in her own son's death. However, this is all shown to be inside of Billy's mind. Billy leaves the bar without killing Wood, realizing that in Layla he's finally found a person who truly loves him. After making amends with his friend Goon (Kevin Corrigan) on a payphone, the film ends with Billy elatedly buying Layla her hot chocolate and a heart-shaped cookie, and buying another for a man sitting nearby who tells him he has a girlfriend, before returning to Layla at the motel.
Cast
Production
Gallo had difficulties working with his cast and crew, and reportedly did not get along with Ricci on set. Gallo called Ricci a "puppet" who did what she was told. Ricci vowed never to work with Gallo again. She also resented comments Gallo made about her weight three or four years after filming. Anjelica Huston also had issues with Gallo, and Gallo claimed Huston caused the film to be turned down by the Cannes Film Festival. After Gallo fired original cinematographer Dick Pope, director Stéphane Sednaoui suggested Lance Acord, though Gallo has claimed credit for designing most of the film's cinematography, citing Acord as a "button pusher" who had "never shot a feature film in his life". Gallo also publicly disparaged Acord, saying "This guy had no ideas, no conceptual ideas, no aesthetic point of view." Kevin Corrigan chose to opt out of the credits because he did not want to be associated with the film at the time.
Gallo was unable to use real NFL logos or to refer to the team as the "Buffalo Bills" — just "Buffalo" or "the Bills" — as NFL Properties was uncooperative. Kicker Scott Norwood was invited to participate in the film but declined, meaning Gallo had to change the character's name to Scott Wood.
The film was made for just under $2 million. It was filmed on reversal stock to give it a classic look similar to that of NFL Films reels from the 1960s, with high color saturation and contrast.
Music
Most of the film's score was composed and performed by Gallo himself; however, it also makes use of several other songs, including "Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread)" by Nelson Riddle in a cover version performed by Gallo's father Vincent Gallo Sr., "Moonchild" by King Crimson, "I Remember When" by Stan Getz, and "Heart of the Sunrise" and "Sweetness" by Yes.
Reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 77% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 60 reviews with an average rating of 7.1/10. The critical consensus reads, "Self-indulgent yet intriguing, Buffalo '66 marks an auspicious feature debut for writer-director-star Vincent Gallo while showcasing a terrific performance from Christina Ricci". At Metacritic, it has a rating score of 68/100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston noted: "Ricci and Huston give poignant depth to characters that could have been cartoons, and Gallo makes Billy both annoying and sympathetic with seeming effortlessness. But the film's most potent ingredient is its visual style. The film's washed-out colors and the flashbacks that explode from Billy's head like comic-book thought balloons make Buffalo feel less like a movie than a dream given form."
In popular culture
Dialogue from the film is sampled in reverse during the song "I'm Getting Closer" on M83 by the band M83.
Swedish singer-songwriter Jens Lekman references “Buffalo ‘66” in earlier recordings of his song “A Postcard To Nina”. In the plot of the song, he must pretend that he is Nina’s boyfriend during dinner with her parents.
British band Wet Leg refers to the film in their 2021 song "Wet Dream", in which a character propositions the singer with "Baby do you want to come home with me; I've got Buffalo '66 on DVD".
References
External links
Entry for the film in the book New Cinematographers
1998 films
1990s crime comedy-drama films
1990s romantic comedy-drama films
American films
American crime comedy-drama films
American independent films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Buffalo Bills
English-language films
Lionsgate films
Films about dysfunctional families
American road comedy-drama films
1990s road comedy-drama films
Films directed by Vincent Gallo
Films set in Buffalo, New York
Films shot in Buffalo, New York
1998 independent films
1998 directorial debut films | [
0.1848071664571762,
0.33019936084747314,
-0.5022688508033752,
-0.11266566812992096,
0.349487841129303,
0.47085872292518616,
0.2212897390127182,
0.02688733860850334,
-0.65345698595047,
0.41569456458091736,
0.05933591350913048,
0.7542493343353271,
-0.16262459754943848,
0.37871792912483215,
0.2794274091720581,
0.9199849963188171,
0.496767520904541,
0.027244307100772858,
-0.5178281664848328,
-0.6935157775878906,
0.13856737315654755,
-0.17919544875621796,
0.5913520455360413,
0.23666824400424957,
-0.681466281414032,
0.44279900193214417,
-0.1540692150592804,
-0.14008355140686035,
0.04049796983599663,
0.269313246011734,
0.155291348695755,
-0.09982971101999283,
0.5521193146705627,
-0.26179683208465576,
0.1892554610967636,
0.6377969980239868,
-0.4062333106994629,
0.25207749009132385,
-0.04341040924191475,
-0.5643235445022583,
0.6482234001159668,
-0.40135112404823303,
0.17157939076423645,
-0.022957222536206245,
-0.482440322637558,
-0.03893953189253807,
-0.7825163006782532,
-0.2466633915901184,
-0.5453150868415833,
-0.6102945804595947,
0.3478165864944458,
0.5752606987953186,
0.04757325351238251,
0.23229391872882843,
0.08006910234689713,
0.5243347883224487,
-0.5882412791252136,
-0.4654926657676697,
0.13442362844944,
-0.5550455451011658,
0.22009600698947906,
-0.013657418079674244,
0.35798344016075134,
0.284395694732666,
-0.34407076239585876,
-0.053512092679739,
0.34424808621406555,
0.7076437473297119,
0.23755884170532227,
-1.035779595375061,
0.17425864934921265,
0.25283339619636536,
0.09325585514307022,
-0.4357714354991913,
0.2959091067314148,
-0.49953168630599976,
0.0012795132352039218,
-0.07882620394229889,
-0.2794155180454254,
0.27136343717575073,
-0.04714970290660858,
0.44649699330329895,
1.0140223503112793,
0.5753270983695984,
0.5812927484512329,
-0.6203324794769287,
-0.3728403151035309,
-0.07386568933725357,
-0.3893091380596161,
0.4275939464569092,
-0.6726499199867249,
0.12397930026054382,
-0.07466309517621994,
0.8024390935897827,
-0.4437967836856842,
-0.16046948730945587,
-0.39880049228668213,
-0.31871145963668823,
0.5048350691795349,
-0.08916546404361725,
0.41017308831214905,
-0.0577697716653347,
0.04989252984523773,
-0.44483301043510437,
-0.3999077379703522,
0.6131708025932312,
0.08797496557235718,
-0.6022401452064514,
-0.07188570499420166,
-0.26141592860221863,
-0.10084735602140427,
-0.13621743023395538,
-0.3375900089740753,
-0.40661877393722534,
0.5522101521492004,
-0.39244624972343445,
0.25971242785453796,
-0.3965609073638916,
-0.33307212591171265,
-0.1581929475069046,
0.2490071952342987,
0.5250107049942017,
0.10045720636844635,
0.8017602562904358,
-0.20593594014644623,
0.19126035273075104,
0.06958334892988205,
0.2904575765132904,
-0.5161769986152649,
-0.09899348020553589,
0.25454235076904297,
0.2921014130115509,
-0.446227490901947,
0.19190984964370728,
-0.19532199203968048,
0.21992293000221252,
-0.10914082825183868,
0.293489933013916,
-0.297780841588974,
-0.42537736892700195,
-0.863690197467804,
0.18501895666122437,
-0.21087539196014404,
0.07672399282455444,
0.2621707320213318,
-0.15045255422592163,
0.5356406569480896,
0.14886055886745453,
-0.12863773107528687,
-0.12674225866794586,
0.0803368017077446,
0.20917589962482452,
0.37143322825431824,
-0.6555778384208679,
-0.52728271484375,
0.6006166934967041,
0.3730449080467224,
-0.189349964261055,
-0.014439196325838566,
0.3365115225315094,
0.42921632528305054,
0.3075315058231354,
-0.24020802974700928,
-0.3729102611541748,
-0.2302398830652237,
0.05926534906029701,
-0.03996400907635689,
-0.5874119997024536,
-0.12129902094602585,
-0.017809724435210228,
-0.21344846487045288,
0.5779401063919067,
0.5771570801734924,
-0.31989309191703796,
-0.31584373116493225,
0.40950459241867065,
0.6987998485565186,
0.5876967310905457,
-0.10963417589664459,
0.3653651475906372,
-0.2883943021297455,
0.23614530265331268,
0.1822558492422104,
-0.028884906321763992,
-0.0030998378060758114,
-0.12690530717372894,
0.34524860978126526,
-0.05364948511123657,
-0.06726394593715668,
0.11841227114200592,
-0.444733202457428,
-0.27904173731803894,
-0.17180396616458893,
-0.15423570573329926,
0.972084641456604,
0.10321111977100372,
-0.47081270813941956,
0.14785781502723694,
0.24490003287792206,
0.32097697257995605,
-0.37042704224586487,
-0.17072445154190063,
0.7308746576309204,
0.2085161805152893,
-0.5400017499923706,
0.04030511900782585,
0.38561713695526123,
0.4388583302497864,
-0.033282190561294556,
0.3866833448410034,
0.09858833998441696,
-0.39052730798721313,
0.4531416594982147,
-0.011241113767027855,
0.26216503977775574,
0.4145990312099457,
-0.32277345657348633,
-0.26443198323249817,
0.05635485053062439,
-0.04152815788984299,
0.9196857810020447,
0.4186284840106964,
0.012835128232836723,
0.14024636149406433,
-0.18670202791690826,
1.0312061309814453,
-0.06259914487600327,
-0.0736459344625473,
0.5188111662864685,
-0.11068093776702881,
0.2774544358253479,
0.43849045038223267,
-0.5299398303031921,
0.09204170852899551,
0.2822144031524658,
-0.20745690166950226,
0.4211432933807373,
0.2394597977399826,
-0.1931435763835907,
-0.060371287167072296,
0.48463472723960876,
0.3930101692676544,
-0.42465662956237793,
0.36667025089263916,
-0.19653131067752838,
-0.23217667639255524,
0.26461249589920044,
0.17189417779445648,
-0.035726118832826614,
-0.2682324945926666,
0.6230441927909851,
0.3764258027076721,
-0.0338631272315979,
0.552266001701355,
0.4434473216533661,
-0.07313302904367447,
-0.09423620998859406,
0.08433378487825394,
0.7357553839683533,
-0.1006907969713211,
-0.13728520274162292,
-0.3235432803630829,
0.36257052421569824,
-0.0041769808158278465,
-0.24019530415534973,
-0.49241238832473755,
-0.493094265460968,
-0.1823064535856247,
-0.04231042414903641,
-0.0615399144589901,
-0.0173873919993639,
0.12219925969839096,
-0.31684988737106323,
0.5423758625984192,
0.22758062183856964,
0.23588882386684418,
0.029435090720653534,
-0.08754955232143402,
-0.8066625595092773,
-0.5924944281578064,
0.3236444294452667,
0.28083717823028564,
0.3661029040813446,
-0.9284332394599915,
0.1333463191986084,
0.32814928889274597,
-0.5074710845947266,
0.16905100643634796,
-0.5163127183914185,
-0.7291452884674072,
-0.09915764629840851,
-0.13141363859176636,
-0.20123116672039032,
0.2406376600265503,
-0.10620429366827011,
0.14070190489292145,
0.5673622488975525,
0.5477136373519897,
0.6228998303413391,
0.1906958520412445,
-0.11528126895427704,
0.3774915337562561,
-0.41549190878868103,
0.01294771395623684,
0.5469377636909485,
-0.5397884845733643,
0.1323750764131546,
-0.542076826095581,
-5.7624030113220215,
0.8105864524841309,
-0.23729242384433746,
0.42234182357788086,
1.0544724464416504,
-0.32303375005722046,
-0.0895998626947403,
-0.1584651619195938,
0.4540070593357086,
0.031052464619278908,
-0.3491268455982208,
-0.186443492770195,
-0.4699321389198303,
0.4237198233604431,
0.2511117458343506,
-0.03347412124276161,
-0.18808665871620178,
-0.2792668640613556,
-0.02173840068280697,
0.23170852661132812,
-0.146455317735672,
-0.09562171250581741,
-0.7476244568824768,
-0.12432608008384705,
-0.08758199214935303,
0.6281442642211914,
-0.37268954515457153,
0.3339860737323761,
-0.7733433246612549,
0.31401315331459045,
-0.8274915814399719,
-0.12760820984840393,
-0.39659032225608826,
-0.4522881805896759,
-0.32082560658454895,
-0.17515455186367035,
0.17576664686203003,
-0.622715413570404,
-0.03737993165850639,
-0.5173671841621399,
-0.061523716896772385,
0.5703982710838318,
-0.12644802033901215,
-0.26329305768013,
0.45882368087768555,
-0.4464702606201172,
-0.7812925577163696,
-0.9928159117698669,
0.7262184619903564,
-0.005592023953795433,
0.41536298394203186,
0.11570650339126587,
0.27201569080352783,
0.25765261054039,
0.5988842844963074,
-0.8325811624526978,
-0.23515334725379944,
0.6004794836044312,
0.30600813031196594,
0.38714343309402466,
0.2885860800743103,
-0.4525756537914276,
0.18231794238090515,
0.043497681617736816,
-0.007793684955686331,
0.031020663678646088,
0.5809415578842163,
0.06771348416805267,
0.15862905979156494,
-0.04337280988693237,
0.24797143042087555,
0.5574676394462585,
-0.12060758471488953,
-0.8718315958976746,
0.21779821813106537,
-0.41184788942337036,
-0.6923286318778992,
0.10066966712474823,
-0.9099656939506531,
0.1811886429786682,
0.3778248727321625,
-0.30011868476867676,
0.11589761078357697,
-0.20741510391235352,
0.2634071409702301,
-0.2462197244167328,
-0.0753965750336647,
-0.18066909909248352,
-0.4070986807346344,
0.06353312730789185,
-0.016416829079389572,
-0.3867710530757904,
-0.19086293876171112,
0.16883939504623413,
0.0002552025252953172,
0.45460161566734314,
0.007380647584795952,
0.80157071352005,
-0.16239313781261444,
0.541600227355957,
0.30021435022354126,
-0.9021800756454468,
0.08663490414619446,
-0.3884553611278534,
-0.4799424111843109,
-0.16439060866832733,
0.7238239049911499,
0.1839408129453659,
0.3045438826084137,
0.22673211991786957,
-0.06632343679666519,
-0.2623341381549835,
-0.03606368973851204,
0.007775093894451857,
0.11990479379892349,
0.20112206041812897,
-0.18189211189746857,
0.4008837044239044,
0.1345338374376297,
0.08238239586353302,
0.35565099120140076,
0.20362038910388947,
-0.6388886570930481,
-0.5542222261428833,
-0.45838281512260437,
-0.44215211272239685,
0.16928386688232422,
-0.09825417399406433,
0.5640372633934021,
-0.1202496811747551,
-1.1552832126617432,
-0.2570391297340393,
0.14016522467136383,
0.1218298077583313,
0.4856266677379608,
-0.5076588988304138,
0.14533264935016632,
0.392745703458786,
-0.22063885629177094,
0.3462422490119934,
0.0893513634800911,
-0.4742286801338196,
-0.3299953043460846,
0.5579970479011536,
-0.14479170739650726,
0.07858569920063019,
-0.16488464176654816,
-0.24940577149391174,
-0.5913246273994446,
0.20975151658058167,
-0.1765424907207489,
-0.1468951553106308,
0.2291315197944641,
-0.3983474373817444,
-0.13026294112205505,
-0.45102420449256897,
0.27434757351875305,
-0.18908534944057465,
0.6941778063774109,
-0.10358785092830658,
0.2852584719657898,
-0.06567680835723877,
-0.728069543838501,
0.3985576927661896,
-0.11082322895526886,
-0.2358797788619995,
0.37919649481773376,
-1.1012885570526123,
-0.5444111824035645,
1.006978988647461,
0.06393172591924667,
0.15310868620872498,
0.08206629008054733,
0.6125975847244263,
0.1882617324590683,
0.44386810064315796,
-0.2642447054386139,
-0.7797239422798157,
0.43990886211395264,
0.4291154742240906,
0.014793351292610168,
0.1791405826807022,
0.03908661752939224,
0.04119936004281044,
0.4450872242450714,
-0.8934201598167419,
-0.6273829340934753,
0.1592828333377838,
-0.39717575907707214,
0.20581461489200592,
0.004953694995492697,
0.6287360787391663,
0.20157696306705475,
0.33631256222724915,
-0.4439673125743866,
-0.008999533019959927,
-0.07891382277011871,
0.013348898850381374,
-0.14868801832199097,
0.13294167816638947,
0.15104351937770844,
0.3515329957008362,
-0.6137940287590027,
0.4269803464412689,
0.16547724604606628,
-0.4915430247783661,
0.1217682957649231,
0.08877203613519669,
-0.3820798993110657,
0.7090926766395569,
-0.4614846706390381,
-0.07119075208902359,
0.5527821779251099,
-0.01165852602571249,
0.2207491248846054,
0.08968951553106308,
0.33380404114723206,
-0.3259134888648987,
-0.21687664091587067,
-0.47421547770500183,
-0.6305699348449707,
-0.582430899143219,
-0.1416173279285431,
-0.17972709238529205,
-1.3535350561141968,
0.22789089381694794,
0.015361746773123741,
-0.7242854833602905,
-0.3814852833747864,
-0.1490287333726883,
-0.11756874620914459,
-0.7107435464859009,
0.08162502944469452,
0.2483539879322052,
-0.06536991149187088,
0.1624635010957718,
-0.05309230834245682,
-0.015308063477277756,
-0.11722023040056229,
0.17069034278392792,
0.24631966650485992,
0.5657846927642822,
-0.06963524222373962,
0.19079643487930298,
0.011624550446867943,
0.0813087597489357,
0.269912451505661,
-0.1709175407886505,
-0.3024272620677948,
-0.03951701894402504,
0.00801923032850027,
-0.24688030779361725,
-0.27157506346702576,
-0.07096193730831146,
0.37756356596946716,
-1.011946439743042,
0.031851012259721756,
-0.19273310899734497,
-0.0856727808713913,
0.033335041254758835,
0.22084969282150269,
0.40962138772010803,
-1.0030027627944946,
-0.09302344173192978,
-0.28621721267700195,
0.10953059047460556,
-0.010922975838184357,
-0.7495861053466797,
0.4346250593662262,
-0.4628189504146576,
-0.1274150311946869,
0.2230301797389984,
-0.350538969039917,
0.6243653893470764,
-0.058772824704647064,
-0.07535895705223083,
-0.29088151454925537,
-0.6959332227706909,
0.05409237742424011,
-0.5914152264595032,
-0.31291982531547546,
0.6366055607795715,
-0.7737337946891785,
-0.4851290285587311,
-0.4151298701763153,
-0.1803320050239563,
-0.12714578211307526,
-0.6727376580238342,
-0.28223830461502075,
0.4323027729988098,
-0.23074497282505035,
0.8780727982521057,
0.13668325543403625,
-0.3623313307762146,
-0.018993955105543137,
0.055284082889556885,
0.30033305287361145,
0.36742883920669556,
-0.3508628308773041,
0.14960263669490814,
-0.5271604657173157,
0.1001257449388504,
-0.2869727313518524,
-0.26774054765701294,
-0.5466201901435852,
-0.5091432332992554,
0.007222233340144157,
0.231873020529747,
-0.4115709960460663,
0.13127437233924866,
0.1727892905473709,
-0.7428513765335083,
0.4480167329311371,
0.23521026968955994,
0.036846987903118134,
-0.048226915299892426,
0.9568463563919067,
-0.1610850989818573,
-0.4405963122844696,
0.2746915817260742,
0.1388220191001892,
0.014265193603932858,
0.09911750257015228,
-0.15585798025131226,
0.46571311354637146,
0.6602905988693237,
0.01939157024025917,
0.015992876142263412,
0.2061774879693985,
0.7265362739562988,
0.1274322271347046,
-0.3496624827384949,
-0.06693336367607117,
0.4699424207210541,
0.3950486481189728,
-0.20461466908454895,
0.3790375590324402,
-0.017726831138134003,
0.3633333146572113,
0.28470104932785034,
-0.2229156792163849,
0.38351550698280334,
-0.18270334601402283,
0.3709995150566101,
0.0755983516573906,
0.10344736278057098,
0.2692669928073883,
-0.4244701862335205,
-0.14000310003757477,
-0.050707802176475525,
0.10777696222066879,
-0.002290254458785057,
0.09379726648330688,
-0.9244354367256165,
0.80890291929245,
-0.26794126629829407,
0.022870326414704323,
0.44538700580596924,
-0.02774824947118759,
0.08467411994934082,
0.06326505541801453,
0.0473303347826004,
0.7056834101676941,
0.12592607736587524,
-0.20664852857589722,
-0.3570247292518616,
-0.586879551410675,
-0.05491569638252258,
-0.586244523525238,
0.33880090713500977,
-0.3518795371055603,
0.346406489610672,
-0.28096285462379456,
0.3818303942680359,
0.4786083400249481,
0.6831607222557068,
0.27740949392318726,
0.1965191513299942,
-0.47734105587005615,
0.5693985223770142,
-0.007852829061448574,
0.0032277670688927174,
-0.7767038941383362,
0.24247418344020844,
0.4276183545589447,
-0.16682058572769165,
0.4124653935432434,
0.06126939877867699,
0.1702469289302826,
-1.000457763671875,
0.29498541355133057,
-0.8137000799179077,
-0.717730700969696,
0.4801180064678192,
0.04559047520160675,
-0.5646636486053467,
-0.4690901041030884,
0.6378528475761414,
0.020797671750187874,
0.3646276891231537,
0.6318853497505188,
0.2530837655067444,
-0.23060274124145508,
1.2844462394714355,
-0.3225025236606598,
-0.44149237871170044,
-0.376706063747406,
0.16080711781978607,
-0.6490780711174011,
0.2377849966287613,
0.0998440533876419,
0.34785065054893494,
-0.19463297724723816,
0.16288092732429504,
0.20613938570022583,
-0.391897588968277,
0.9136683344841003,
-0.18798501789569855,
-0.07903172075748444,
-0.29157009720802307,
-0.057749804109334946,
-0.2650021016597748,
0.10351943969726562,
0.4411957561969757,
-0.22439788281917572,
0.31669121980667114,
-0.023502551019191742,
-0.5814235806465149,
0.017000382766127586,
0.5022367835044861,
0.5972663760185242,
0.4280312657356262,
-0.12248459458351135,
-0.08439581841230392,
-0.2588692605495453,
-0.12754298746585846,
0.4047224521636963,
0.3424408733844757,
0.33444565534591675,
-0.16013310849666595,
0.19927679002285004,
-0.3965354561805725,
-0.21383975446224213,
-0.46161743998527527,
-0.5431621074676514,
-0.22519972920417786,
0.16231800615787506,
-0.40467211604118347,
-0.3973989188671112,
0.8051801323890686,
-0.44398921728134155,
-0.40542927384376526,
0.049641210585832596,
-0.75450599193573,
-0.7135848999023438,
0.3670175075531006,
0.1775851547718048,
0.20202669501304626,
0.007438431028276682,
-0.3645372688770294
] |
217837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Gallo | Vincent Gallo | Vincent Gallo (born April 11, 1961) is an American actor, director, model, musician, painter and former motorcycle racer. He has had supporting roles in films such as Arizona Dream (1993), The House of the Spirits (1993), Palookaville (1995), and The Funeral (1996). His lead roles include Tetro in Tetro (2009) and Mohammed in Essential Killing (2010). He won a Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his performance in Essential Killing.
He is most associated with the independent films he has made, including Buffalo '66 (1998), which he wrote, directed, scored and starred in, and The Brown Bunny (2003), which he also wrote, directed, produced, starred in and photographed. In the early 2000s, he released several solo recordings on Warp Records.
Early life
Vincent Gallo was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Janet, a hairdresser, and Vincenzo Vito Gallo, also a hairdresser and professional gambler. Both of his parents emigrated from Sicily, Italy.
Career
Films
During Gallo's artistic period in the 1980s, when he worked as a musician and painter in New York City, he also began experimenting with film. He made the short film "If You Feel Froggy, Jump" and appeared in the 1981 film Downtown 81 with painter Jean-Michel Basquiat. In 1984, Gallo acted in The Way It Is (1985) by Eric Mitchell, which included actors Steve Buscemi and Rockets Redglare. After starring in the obscure 1989 film Doc's Kingdom, he began acting in small parts in more well-known films such as Goodfellas, The House of the Spirits, and The Perez Family. French director Claire Denis hired Gallo to act in several films such as the short film Keep It for Yourself, the made-for-TV U.S. Go Home, and its follow-up feature Nénette et Boni (1996)."
In 1998, his directorial debut film Buffalo '66 was nominated for, but did not win, an award for "Best First Feature" at the Independent Spirit Awards. Gallo made this drama for $1.5 M, serving as writer, director, lead actor, and composer/performer of the soundtrack. The release of Buffalo '66 "gained him a solid fan base."
In 2003, Gallo starred in and directed the film The Brown Bunny, which chronicles a motorcycle racer's cross-country road trip, and co-starred Chloë Sevigny. The film, which contained a scene of Sevigny performing unsimulated oral sex upon Gallo, received an overwhelmingly negative critical response to its Cannes premiere and became a media scandal, in part due to Gallo's use of a still image from a sex scene on a promotional billboard. In part, the critical response discussed whether Sevigny had been pressured into performing a sex act by Gallo. According to Andrea LeVasseur of Allmovie, The Brown Bunny "premiered to much derision at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival." Film critic Roger Ebert stated that The Brown Bunny was the worst film in the history of Cannes. Gallo retorted by calling Ebert a "fat pig with the physique of a slave trader" and put a hex on Ebert, wishing him colon cancer. Ebert then responded – paraphrasing a statement made by Winston Churchill – that, "although I am fat, one day I will be thin, but Mr. Gallo will still have been the director of The Brown Bunny." Gallo and Ebert later made up, and Ebert ended up giving a thumbs up to a re-edited version of The Brown Bunny.
In 2010, Gallo won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 67th Venice International Film Festival for his role in Essential Killing, although he doesn't have a line in the film. He did not attend the ceremony to accept his award in person, leaving the duty to the film's director Jerzy Skolimowski, who tried to get the actor to reveal himself, leading the audience in a chant of his name. Gallo was not in attendance.
Gallo stars in Davide Manuli's La leggenda di Kaspar Hauser, a modern-western interpretation of the German legend of Kaspar Hauser which premiered at the 2012 International Film Festival Rotterdam. Gallo plays the two largest roles in the film, the English-speaking Sheriff and the Italian-speaking assassin.
He co-starred with Kōichi Satō and Yoo Ji-tae in Junji Sakamoto's 2013 film, Human Trust.
Music
Gallo played electric bass and sang in the mid-1970s in several adolescent garage bands such as Blue Mood; a progressive rock cover band named Zephyr (not to be confused with the late 1960s band of the same name) which did one performance at Lincoln Park, Tonawanda, New York in 1978; The Good (with Bernie Kugel and Larry Galanowitz); The Detours; and the Plastics. At the age of 16, Gallo moved to New York City and was a later member of the band Gray, with visual artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. Gray played at clubs such as Max's Kansas City, CBGB's, Hurrahs, and the Mudd Club. A few of Gray's recordings appear on the soundtrack for the film Downtown 81.
Gallo played in a band called Bohack which recorded an album entitled It Took Several Wives. When Bohack disbanded, Gallo turned his attention to acting, directing, and composing in films. He wrote songs for the soundtrack of the 1998 film Buffalo 66. He played in a rock band with Lukas Haas called Bunny, and Gallo put out his own album which he wrote, performed and produced under Warp Records, titled When.
On August 3, 2013, Vincent Gallo headlined the 3rd Annual San Frandelic Summer Fest in San Francisco.
Music videos
Gallo directed music videos for the songs "Going Inside" by John Frusciante, and "Anemone" by L'Arc-en-Ciel. He also starred in the music videos for "Bitter" by Lit, "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" by Glassjaw, "99 Problems" by Jay-Z and "Grounded" by My Vitriol.
Gallo also appeared as a model in H&M Spring 2009 Collection alongside Eva Herzigova.
Other work and appearances
In 1984, he (using the name "Prince Vince") appeared as a dancer on an unsold TV pilot for a hip-hop dance show called Graffiti Rock.
He makes a fictionalized appearance in Caspar Vega's 2012 book The Eclectic Prince.
Gallo did a fashion campaign and photo shoot with G-Star Raw jeans in Fall 2011.
Racist and antisemitic views
Gallo has expressed racist and antisemitic views, notably on a page on his personal website offering to sell his sperm, while maintaining "the right to refuse sale of his sperm to those of extremely dark complexions ... [because he] does not want to be part of that type of integration." He also offers a discount to those who are naturally blonde or related to a mid-century German soldier; however, he is willing to sell his sperm to a Jewish woman, as "connection to the Jewish faith would guarantee his offspring a better chance at good reviews and maybe even a prize at the Sundance film festival or an Oscar." In 2020, he made a series of t-shirts available on his website sporting slogans such as "Whites Freed The Blacks," "Fuck Black Lives Matter," and "Tell Your Thug Single Parent Children to Stop Resisting Arrest".
Personal life
Gallo is a supporter of the Republican Party, and has been seen at a New York fashion show with George W. Bush's daughters Barbara and Jenna. He has stated that his fantasy is "becoming more like the stereotype of the Republican Party." He also wishes to look "more like [American conservative journalist] George Will." In his own words, Gallo "considered himself a radical, always, but an extremely conservative radical." In a 1997 interview for Grand Royal magazine, he stated being fond of conservative radio personality Rush Limbaugh, as well as former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon, and filmmakers Pier Paolo Pasolini, Mario Bava, Lucio Fulci, Robert Bresson and Yasujirō Ozu.
He was a supporter of 45th President Donald Trump, stating in an open letter: "I like Donald Trump a lot and am extremely proud he is the American President. And I’m sorry if that offends you." In another open letter in March 2018, he criticized actress Rose McGowan for not publicly accusing producer Harvey Weinstein of sexual assault earlier.
He is an active real estate speculator in Los Angeles. "I own, like, $7 million worth of real estate that I don’t live in and I don’t rent it [out]," Gallo said in a 2004 interview with Howard Stern. "It’s sitting there, it’s hanging there. ... I’ve never lost a penny in my life."
Filmography
Film
Television
Short films
If You Feel Froggy, Jump (1980)
Wedding (1986)
The Gun Lover (1986)
That Smell (1988)
Gallo 2000 (1989)
Casting Director Billy Hopkins Leaves a Message for Vincent Gallo (1994)
Buffalo 66 Trailer (1997)
Vincent Gallo Has a Thing or Two to Say About the British (1997)
Vincent Gallo Directs (1997)
Looking for Enemies Finding Friends (1997)
Live Love Drive (1999)
Anemone (2000)
Honey Bunny (2001)
John Frusciante Plays and Sings (2001)
The Brown Bunny Trailers (2003)
The Curse of Manuel Chiche (2003)
Akiko (2004)
The Agent (2010)
Anea 17 (2010)
United States Wins the World Cup (2014)
Writer/director
Feature films
Buffalo 66 (1998)
The Brown Bunny (2003)
Promises Written in Water (2010)
April (unreleased)
Discography
Albums
It Took Several Wives (1982, Family Friend Records) as Bohack
The Way It Is Soundtrack (1984, Rojo Records)
Buffalo '66 Soundtrack (1998, Will Records)
When (2001, Warp Records)
Recordings of Music for Film (2002, Warp Records)
EPs
So Sad (2001, Warp Records)
Singles
Honey Bunny (2001, Warp Records)
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
American alternative rock musicians
American male film actors
Film directors from New York (state)
Male models from New York (state)
Male actors from Buffalo, New York
New York (state) Republicans
Volpi Cup for Best Actor winners
Warp (record label) artists
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American film directors of Italian descent | [
0.011728763580322266,
-0.16567036509513855,
-1.0160876512527466,
0.09481234103441238,
0.7124917507171631,
0.44220083951950073,
0.2050098478794098,
0.053904980421066284,
-0.09775125980377197,
0.12001073360443115,
0.011305263265967369,
1.322445273399353,
0.11198356747627258,
-0.15614677965641022,
0.21037235856056213,
0.40388649702072144,
0.147601917386055,
0.11377200484275818,
0.08958490937948227,
-0.4840461313724518,
-0.6798260807991028,
-0.07570692151784897,
0.10490156710147858,
0.19046670198440552,
-1.213636040687561,
0.7185792326927185,
-0.7449896335601807,
0.25540491938591003,
-0.44730985164642334,
0.15601128339767456,
0.007784915156662464,
0.7108873128890991,
0.5120857357978821,
-0.14641831815242767,
-0.23995225131511688,
0.17335054278373718,
-0.17353130877017975,
-0.5475420951843262,
-0.3099639117717743,
-0.022047724574804306,
0.2491312474012375,
0.1969723105430603,
-0.1409902423620224,
-0.13740862905979156,
-0.25319617986679077,
-0.0910155400633812,
-0.7656559348106384,
0.028583575040102005,
-0.6298197507858276,
-0.3123995065689087,
-0.14614129066467285,
0.26996466517448425,
-0.5081905722618103,
0.2836817800998688,
-0.07986637949943542,
0.09661666303873062,
-0.8680294752120972,
-0.31514185667037964,
0.27377310395240784,
-0.4554033577442169,
0.044790610671043396,
-0.2631578743457794,
0.12045479565858841,
-0.3792029023170471,
-0.028698328882455826,
-0.3084670901298523,
0.9017319679260254,
0.15199925005435944,
-0.07272562384605408,
-0.4825715124607086,
0.23179508745670319,
0.30024224519729614,
0.6042399406433105,
-0.2737828493118286,
0.31405147910118103,
0.051544588059186935,
-0.3810538947582245,
0.35160699486732483,
-0.735945463180542,
0.1725071519613266,
0.18773484230041504,
-0.36627089977264404,
0.8848111629486084,
0.9736620187759399,
0.07660122960805893,
-0.5658632516860962,
-0.22730587422847748,
0.07271779328584671,
-0.5130195617675781,
0.3651025891304016,
-0.886444628238678,
0.10046619921922684,
0.04091600701212883,
0.49827131628990173,
0.05006216838955879,
-0.13819852471351624,
-0.427155464887619,
0.1929362565279007,
0.3563960790634155,
-0.3089674413204193,
0.10620739310979843,
-0.15609008073806763,
-0.15851321816444397,
-0.5691502094268799,
-0.8045230507850647,
0.380864679813385,
0.3948597013950348,
0.3670231103897095,
-0.1307109296321869,
0.019045520573854446,
-0.35258933901786804,
0.1949804425239563,
-0.2922966778278351,
0.12163331359624863,
-0.4494178593158722,
0.26949653029441833,
0.4345584213733673,
0.01086482871323824,
-0.7445262670516968,
0.021663488820195198,
-0.027142463251948357,
0.11440224200487137,
0.07873956114053726,
1.0828174352645874,
-0.6547187566757202,
0.1660209745168686,
0.23003831505775452,
-0.00038796503213234246,
-0.008453997783362865,
-0.04202624037861824,
0.3081001043319702,
0.8318086862564087,
-0.7314909100532532,
-0.17439207434654236,
-0.41421639919281006,
-0.17906033992767334,
-0.06773291528224945,
-0.030144037678837776,
-0.015820873901247978,
-0.013245390728116035,
-0.7162759900093079,
-0.6521711945533752,
-0.17212125658988953,
0.1789039969444275,
0.447206974029541,
-0.15917256474494934,
0.08378306776285172,
-0.010968206450343132,
0.10134942084550858,
-0.07233480364084244,
-0.29152247309684753,
0.35817059874534607,
-0.08208102732896805,
-1.0840559005737305,
0.09712866693735123,
0.6854681372642517,
0.7120159864425659,
-0.24145850539207458,
0.12175824493169785,
-0.18527087569236755,
0.7111730575561523,
-0.5769971609115601,
-0.17313456535339355,
0.03820434585213661,
0.48293498158454895,
-0.23680216073989868,
-0.2692544460296631,
-0.42121922969818115,
-0.15027932822704315,
-0.1005530059337616,
-0.16337497532367706,
0.13285091519355774,
0.19186513125896454,
-0.5167049169540405,
-0.4908524751663208,
0.4719809889793396,
0.48232805728912354,
0.13065284490585327,
-0.25824543833732605,
0.33966681361198425,
-0.5655221939086914,
0.05579058453440666,
0.11940880864858627,
0.03755482658743858,
0.6433698534965515,
-0.14248524606227875,
0.2997424006462097,
-0.37386274337768555,
0.08941929042339325,
0.07199107855558395,
-0.8951410055160522,
-0.16988778114318848,
0.35714930295944214,
-0.4763992130756378,
0.3501376211643219,
0.10898034274578094,
-0.3553486168384552,
-0.0916479229927063,
0.43789124488830566,
0.32540974020957947,
-0.7709813117980957,
-0.5161597728729248,
0.5974868535995483,
-0.05449606105685234,
-0.891022801399231,
0.18263301253318787,
0.6925239562988281,
0.07189883291721344,
0.2419767528772354,
0.6263020038604736,
0.3016391098499298,
-0.14181837439537048,
-0.039699431508779526,
0.4944011867046356,
-0.16335326433181763,
-0.661188542842865,
-0.8103110194206238,
-0.7031161785125732,
0.2439391165971756,
-0.6312853693962097,
0.1044713631272316,
0.3804296851158142,
-0.20182690024375916,
0.33766043186187744,
-0.5034183859825134,
1.5854631662368774,
-0.23612476885318756,
-0.032098811119794846,
0.1883080154657364,
-1.0168039798736572,
-0.17230644822120667,
0.24465827643871307,
-0.3539943993091583,
-0.691469669342041,
0.25832173228263855,
0.328914612531662,
0.7038328647613525,
-0.6997431516647339,
-0.7522653937339783,
-0.7096695899963379,
0.45061519742012024,
0.4783017337322235,
-0.5139827132225037,
-0.19801145792007446,
0.1622394174337387,
0.25290659070014954,
0.6834834814071655,
0.4791364371776581,
-0.5236220359802246,
-0.21896988153457642,
0.588714063167572,
0.2174583226442337,
0.36095383763313293,
-0.18239571154117584,
0.15068578720092773,
-0.3253192901611328,
0.38614553213119507,
0.15733084082603455,
-0.09404879808425903,
-0.3013369143009186,
0.17037323117256165,
0.06401409208774567,
0.06465490907430649,
0.07322544604539871,
-0.44660577178001404,
-0.3757665455341339,
-0.2911677658557892,
-0.4709877669811249,
0.2244737595319748,
-0.16594769060611725,
0.19336020946502686,
-0.2593132555484772,
-0.10087472945451736,
0.19255439937114716,
0.4237898290157318,
0.5061296224594116,
-0.6748383045196533,
0.08398828655481339,
-0.19693446159362793,
-0.39730340242385864,
0.36999279260635376,
0.37999480962753296,
0.2597043812274933,
-0.624056339263916,
-0.23666022717952728,
-0.4157021939754486,
-0.5355223417282104,
0.048134204000234604,
-0.4869358539581299,
-0.3603290319442749,
-0.03265579417347908,
0.2165011763572693,
-0.24168330430984497,
0.9340448379516602,
-0.3782232403755188,
-0.6860142350196838,
0.3286572992801666,
0.20133933424949646,
-0.031961165368556976,
-0.5031226873397827,
-0.2793761193752289,
0.34401968121528625,
-0.1834571212530136,
-0.20640860497951508,
0.6941387057304382,
0.6223801970481873,
-0.029328396543860435,
-0.556852400302887,
-5.305427551269531,
0.7259037494659424,
-0.4176192879676819,
-0.09081479907035828,
0.3159385025501251,
-0.6014550924301147,
0.061023544520139694,
-0.26596248149871826,
0.2337854653596878,
-0.4570329785346985,
-0.455200731754303,
-0.09245714545249939,
0.13955377042293549,
0.522900402545929,
0.23661309480667114,
0.19060848653316498,
0.33987265825271606,
-0.2780188024044037,
-0.12302287667989731,
0.7439137101173401,
-0.20624037086963654,
-0.03172546252608299,
-0.6913584470748901,
-0.052169594913721085,
-0.6552786827087402,
0.5863090753555298,
-0.8942294120788574,
0.261811226606369,
-0.6290149092674255,
-0.1839258223772049,
-0.8091640472412109,
0.08299607038497925,
-0.3189096450805664,
0.2706426978111267,
-0.3568331301212311,
-0.36385172605514526,
0.6054883599281311,
-0.6410799026489258,
-0.037132129073143005,
-0.3549555242061615,
-0.28652799129486084,
-0.16423895955085754,
-0.7460708618164062,
0.4380544424057007,
0.43965503573417664,
-0.201370969414711,
-0.5461780428886414,
-0.2611945867538452,
0.5493975281715393,
0.6407129764556885,
0.5536458492279053,
-0.14310899376869202,
0.18503017723560333,
0.33527177572250366,
0.810204029083252,
-0.3895421028137207,
0.4309205710887909,
0.21799522638320923,
-0.827649712562561,
0.4710422158241272,
-0.2609359920024872,
-0.5870839357376099,
0.05207640305161476,
0.10912864655256271,
0.2507927417755127,
0.42621544003486633,
0.6844147443771362,
-0.35024696588516235,
-0.1820417195558548,
-0.060071736574172974,
0.01625985838472843,
0.6387590169906616,
-0.10847580432891846,
-0.9818702340126038,
-0.25378456711769104,
-0.30488982796669006,
0.2127687633037567,
0.07202842086553574,
-1.1437277793884277,
-0.5083960890769958,
0.012410556897521019,
-0.4522826373577118,
0.1704176813364029,
-0.3135623633861542,
0.2876429855823517,
0.3261844515800476,
0.09030988812446594,
0.626722514629364,
0.05823668837547302,
0.16473740339279175,
0.38505059480667114,
-0.11362580209970474,
0.24655304849147797,
0.13471166789531708,
0.04042970761656761,
0.2609645426273346,
0.5728780627250671,
0.4932084083557129,
0.31510254740715027,
0.16915839910507202,
0.13051465153694153,
-0.8344289064407349,
0.28557631373405457,
-0.339584082365036,
-0.5051230192184448,
0.10502469539642334,
0.8286141157150269,
0.526067852973938,
0.5127132534980774,
0.16763773560523987,
0.46305516362190247,
0.359056681394577,
-0.23722757399082184,
-0.04082810506224632,
0.3872283101081848,
0.15098436176776886,
-0.36072486639022827,
0.3295343220233917,
0.7175357937812805,
0.45759838819503784,
0.30439120531082153,
0.252598375082016,
-0.3807719647884369,
-0.13619837164878845,
-0.16143761575222015,
0.17054788768291473,
0.11453456431627274,
-0.3506030738353729,
0.5542427897453308,
-0.15989869832992554,
-1.124189019203186,
0.4716017544269562,
-0.10287663340568542,
0.33568888902664185,
0.5903570652008057,
-0.23163871467113495,
-0.7196226716041565,
-0.503346860408783,
0.5711537003517151,
-0.046347521245479584,
0.7923859357833862,
-0.44552725553512573,
0.44228801131248474,
0.2446124106645584,
0.16769461333751678,
0.02008792571723461,
-0.26996996998786926,
-0.10668081790208817,
0.08517010509967804,
0.8817402124404907,
0.47592034935951233,
-0.04969207942485809,
-0.3132835626602173,
-0.47934338450431824,
-0.486589252948761,
0.3790786564350128,
-0.6604409217834473,
-0.5119102001190186,
0.36022698879241943,
0.07500271499156952,
0.8851040005683899,
0.0021730465814471245,
-0.926500678062439,
0.20530050992965698,
0.06260795146226883,
0.14753709733486176,
-0.051768139004707336,
-1.038316011428833,
-1.440591812133789,
0.8744766116142273,
-0.11592394858598709,
-0.8031713366508484,
0.12814150750637054,
-0.12608207762241364,
0.16532929241657257,
-0.28461819887161255,
0.16209574043750763,
-0.029930144548416138,
-0.0213567353785038,
0.40156689286231995,
0.08492400497198105,
0.13333946466445923,
-0.331511914730072,
-0.23331856727600098,
0.28467613458633423,
-0.7790552377700806,
-0.5183489322662354,
0.025340545922517776,
-0.5507718920707703,
0.641589879989624,
-0.02174992859363556,
0.6198834776878357,
-0.3855411112308502,
0.5195024013519287,
-0.2209397554397583,
-0.416447252035141,
-0.05504019185900688,
0.0741959735751152,
0.19606910645961761,
0.1601846069097519,
-0.08529993891716003,
-0.017678577452898026,
-0.025699138641357422,
0.08595004677772522,
0.292276531457901,
0.38837915658950806,
-0.38248103857040405,
0.7045089602470398,
-0.1738826036453247,
0.6548582911491394,
-0.4104928970336914,
-0.5902819633483887,
0.34707674384117126,
0.20805583894252777,
0.4438840448856354,
-0.04210754111409187,
0.6087110042572021,
0.0901620090007782,
-0.5237652659416199,
-0.5729789733886719,
0.14905747771263123,
-0.06887148320674896,
0.14707131683826447,
-0.1928749680519104,
-0.5543332099914551,
0.4666801393032074,
-0.11268424242734909,
-0.3272083103656769,
0.32360678911209106,
-0.03455087170004845,
-0.8132773041725159,
-0.3462894856929779,
-0.02633366547524929,
0.2700745165348053,
0.04731954261660576,
0.042806658893823624,
0.08194766193628311,
0.970673143863678,
0.060970719903707504,
-0.23028133809566498,
0.7819480299949646,
1.0754060745239258,
0.113524429500103,
0.17585989832878113,
0.12547679245471954,
0.650994598865509,
-0.14232173562049866,
-0.38381263613700867,
-0.36532074213027954,
0.3029027581214905,
0.3578243553638458,
0.06067163124680519,
-0.7283282279968262,
0.7181560397148132,
0.5525619983673096,
-0.8011489510536194,
-0.15701688826084137,
-0.06522974371910095,
-0.19982090592384338,
0.2548174560070038,
0.31821417808532715,
0.012470313347876072,
0.013146776705980301,
-0.08184700459241867,
0.06365221738815308,
0.0070642209611833096,
-0.16592282056808472,
0.017649367451667786,
0.22540387511253357,
-0.6653381586074829,
-0.015095661394298077,
0.014824961312115192,
-0.2920214533805847,
0.658218264579773,
-0.2959970235824585,
0.6758952140808105,
0.12781035900115967,
-0.42916521430015564,
-0.2889017164707184,
-0.34736496210098267,
-0.4663657546043396,
0.6257677674293518,
-0.303814560174942,
-0.5091855525970459,
-0.16094696521759033,
0.04176899045705795,
0.14882127940654755,
-0.26874232292175293,
-0.5147439241409302,
0.13663023710250854,
-0.08867127448320389,
0.21673351526260376,
-0.006766920443624258,
-0.15669573843479156,
0.15434695780277252,
-0.3391087055206299,
0.36389297246932983,
1.1400662660598755,
-0.9726381301879883,
0.5080039501190186,
0.03615138307213783,
0.5483679175376892,
0.7995079159736633,
-0.7125065922737122,
-0.3902479112148285,
-0.26657989621162415,
-0.25299209356307983,
-0.4034990072250366,
-0.24439385533332825,
0.2611472010612488,
0.2814899981021881,
0.06974565982818604,
0.3443722724914551,
0.3804278075695038,
-0.07123751938343048,
0.23976589739322662,
0.48667144775390625,
-0.04305712506175041,
-0.28786587715148926,
-0.019795142114162445,
-0.11030421406030655,
-0.544996440410614,
0.6437386870384216,
-0.859124481678009,
0.8820513486862183,
1.0450307130813599,
-0.08286040276288986,
-0.09908837080001831,
0.5394270420074463,
0.8028894662857056,
-0.0389443039894104,
-0.4494445323944092,
0.09582395851612091,
0.5254397988319397,
-0.26352134346961975,
-0.5368083715438843,
0.03232695907354355,
-0.184869647026062,
0.7360835671424866,
0.019731974229216576,
0.21058866381645203,
0.1531585156917572,
-0.2971491813659668,
0.8625911474227905,
0.19828778505325317,
-0.0956285148859024,
0.17592953145503998,
-0.22821441292762756,
-0.5837709307670593,
-0.3407226800918579,
0.3132551908493042,
-0.29127269983291626,
0.5003991723060608,
-0.12427196651697159,
1.0373135805130005,
-0.6754627227783203,
-0.4221835434436798,
0.20377366244792938,
-0.47236278653144836,
0.1715313345193863,
-0.11084751039743423,
-0.6910034418106079,
1.4598270654678345,
0.506803035736084,
-0.09740427881479263,
-0.2774898409843445,
-0.20168785750865936,
-0.11559233069419861,
-0.3813914954662323,
0.4532288908958435,
0.002217759843915701,
0.6003800630569458,
-0.4943479299545288,
0.6498708128929138,
0.40712133049964905,
0.17321698367595673,
0.23340290784835815,
-0.3932732939720154,
-0.2851587235927582,
-0.05161110311746597,
-1.2766952514648438,
-0.226773202419281,
-0.450477659702301,
0.3395397663116455,
0.29617008566856384,
-0.20496362447738647,
-0.05084889754652977,
-0.09029722213745117,
0.4053743779659271,
-0.21669085323810577,
0.5682466626167297,
-0.5216189026832581,
-0.2861723005771637,
0.7231502532958984,
-0.07604692131280899,
-0.12999695539474487,
-0.7173417210578918,
0.42327067255973816,
0.40553176403045654,
0.42165109515190125,
0.6389496922492981,
0.366608202457428,
0.001469504670239985,
0.08543692529201508,
-0.5865891575813293,
-0.43834975361824036,
-0.12343524396419525,
0.1208505928516388,
-0.7636314034461975,
0.3359450697898865,
0.3221929669380188,
-0.18777671456336975,
-0.6193650364875793,
0.2325332909822464,
-0.08407792448997498,
0.08789224177598953,
0.5541155338287354,
-0.03514218330383301,
0.035657305270433426,
-0.5315298438072205,
-0.11045350134372711,
0.11041732132434845,
0.3926273584365845,
0.237969771027565,
-0.09517685323953629,
0.6239385604858398,
-0.22068938612937927,
-0.37136828899383545,
-0.41960635781288147,
0.5554023385047913,
-0.1096777617931366,
0.3075069189071655,
-0.3432605266571045,
-0.10799871385097504,
-0.3575904965400696,
-1.2380948066711426,
0.47523653507232666,
0.550149142742157,
0.703434407711029,
-0.2580273449420929,
0.793281078338623,
0.08863040804862976,
-0.292133629322052,
-0.1533089578151703,
0.16276083886623383,
-0.2541221082210541,
-0.24218139052391052,
0.016823993995785713,
0.26393988728523254,
0.2689976990222931,
0.1376526653766632,
0.21054607629776,
0.31906333565711975,
-0.7565244436264038,
-0.5481892824172974,
-0.06111811101436615,
0.2994579076766968,
0.030108550563454628,
0.7547221183776855,
-0.7780210375785828
] |
217843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper%20%28disambiguation%29 | Minesweeper (disambiguation) | A minesweeper is a military vessel used to destroy naval mines.
Minesweeper may also refer to:
Minesweeper (film), a 1943 American film by William Berke
Minesweeper (video game)
Microsoft Minesweeper, the Windows version of the game
Jean-Luc Dehaene or The Minesweeper, Belgian Prime Minister from 1992 to 1999
"The Sweepers" (poem), also known as "Mine Sweepers", by Rudyard Kipling
See also
Demining | [
0.28216880559921265,
0.3498011529445648,
-0.4544535279273987,
0.18141567707061768,
-0.22693391144275665,
-0.1604115515947342,
0.7442615628242493,
-0.3012419641017914,
-0.7362698912620544,
0.1583763211965561,
-0.21950535476207733,
0.4325111508369446,
-0.27797964215278625,
0.46223485469818115,
0.10969597101211548,
0.7124033570289612,
-0.05296396464109421,
0.6290780305862427,
-0.10906284302473068,
-0.2920958399772644,
-0.34945178031921387,
0.11313406378030777,
0.1976630687713623,
-0.5537716746330261,
-0.0840575098991394,
0.39461424946784973,
0.42530307173728943,
0.22473213076591492,
-0.08056056499481201,
-0.1777322143316269,
0.028796367347240448,
0.4953736364841461,
0.25337719917297363,
0.22459621727466583,
0.33851274847984314,
-0.02246464230120182,
0.007122617214918137,
-0.22197546064853668,
-0.22731760144233704,
-1.0064066648483276,
-0.29237595200538635,
-0.10892319679260254,
0.14044663310050964,
0.4870224595069885,
-0.4836418330669403,
-0.3058435022830963,
-1.1671990156173706,
-0.16153112053871155,
-0.2628549635410309,
0.11619069427251816,
-0.23470552265644073,
0.34462282061576843,
0.13714808225631714,
0.3925822973251343,
-0.12186878174543381,
0.5934796333312988,
-0.6298259496688843,
0.02932898886501789,
0.2800940275192261,
-0.5638007521629333,
0.2737467885017395,
0.26822933554649353,
-0.25779837369918823,
0.2672060430049896,
0.4342189133167267,
-0.12682507932186127,
-0.3893057703971863,
0.4633307158946991,
-0.5398059487342834,
-0.6271448731422424,
0.10251586139202118,
-0.6181672811508179,
0.2707706093788147,
-0.06246861815452576,
-0.6296316385269165,
-0.032363682985305786,
0.1765749603509903,
-0.6824318170547485,
0.05085316672921181,
0.08554316312074661,
-0.18757857382297516,
0.6765701174736023,
0.5764243602752686,
-0.025997212156653404,
0.058649566024541855,
0.08053352683782578,
-0.5921078324317932,
0.6264668703079224,
-0.3862316608428955,
0.6656756401062012,
0.4499041438102722,
-0.3878803253173828,
0.5946393013000488,
0.22887104749679565,
0.23774223029613495,
0.38385888934135437,
-0.18372242152690887,
0.36300620436668396,
0.5361490249633789,
0.19586379826068878,
0.05859458073973656,
0.19468256831169128,
0.6182990670204163,
0.3692663311958313,
-0.41041553020477295,
-0.4079759418964386,
-0.0064051044173538685,
-0.1764337718486786,
-0.22049546241760254,
-0.9697746634483337,
0.04244079068303108,
0.0483812540769577,
-0.4096711277961731,
0.26740914583206177,
-0.3567773997783661,
0.11207400262355804,
0.1827281266450882,
0.2629246413707733,
-0.1926165074110031,
0.13039685785770416,
0.7472738027572632,
0.46493589878082275,
-0.1728743612766266,
-0.1498824805021286,
0.24709638953208923,
0.42972856760025024,
0.8868980407714844,
0.6599643230438232,
-0.5945252180099487,
0.29801031947135925,
0.2750832438468933,
1.437122106552124,
-0.7977226972579956,
0.8115134835243225,
-0.5193880796432495,
-0.04727942496538162,
0.25653794407844543,
0.42098188400268555,
0.4841904938220978,
0.2761751711368561,
-1.4964255094528198,
-0.006202383898198605,
-1.2445327043533325,
-0.16395416855812073,
0.2897505462169647,
0.08697624504566193,
0.31961095333099365,
-0.2864484488964081,
-0.4130095839500427,
0.004425637423992157,
0.07002836465835571,
-0.03899552300572395,
-0.1622738540172577,
0.29175469279289246,
-0.6025158166885376,
-0.572152316570282,
0.2192477136850357,
-0.45178255438804626,
0.18793831765651703,
0.49889472126960754,
-0.4369487166404724,
-0.0059484741650521755,
-0.6015676259994507,
0.22193460166454315,
-0.0006703305407427251,
0.045048587024211884,
0.14294618368148804,
0.02193342335522175,
0.3837284743785858,
0.2748453617095947,
-0.4541683793067932,
0.1289689689874649,
0.34236305952072144,
-0.0009078640723600984,
-0.05124732851982117,
0.15645962953567505,
0.43059980869293213,
0.21044032275676727,
0.7379807829856873,
-0.5398954153060913,
-0.6384237408638,
-0.08733638375997543,
0.3253878057003021,
-0.08932769298553467,
0.11632775515317917,
0.11545632034540176,
0.20807984471321106,
0.07541730999946594,
-0.13325218856334686,
0.014915908686816692,
-0.33260050415992737,
-0.19907616078853607,
0.27622514963150024,
-0.5183748006820679,
1.3584280014038086,
-0.1430235058069229,
-0.5206649303436279,
0.24008366465568542,
0.06898070126771927,
0.3502625823020935,
-0.037451617419719696,
0.12981291115283966,
0.015402455814182758,
-0.16308465600013733,
-1.1172642707824707,
1.4671635627746582,
0.3952121436595917,
0.40173980593681335,
-0.34055978059768677,
0.3392947018146515,
0.2073139101266861,
-0.6747891902923584,
0.39698338508605957,
-0.5984864234924316,
0.02233448438346386,
0.435264527797699,
-0.4794420599937439,
0.1086922287940979,
0.09236206859350204,
-0.5635787844657898,
0.2736859619617462,
-0.4667353630065918,
-0.3143473267555237,
0.4870820641517639,
-0.16777263581752777,
0.17710822820663452,
-0.23333974182605743,
0.23667283356189728,
0.3144384026527405,
-0.8981674909591675,
0.1325446367263794,
0.3230665624141693,
0.36839109659194946,
-0.1822241246700287,
-0.291896253824234,
0.35486000776290894,
-0.008711743168532848,
-0.1419786661863327,
0.3845835030078888,
0.07952819019556046,
-0.1084723249077797,
0.39015549421310425,
-0.24758444726467133,
0.4140075445175171,
0.39444100856781006,
0.07238850742578506,
-0.08498948812484741,
-0.22397302091121674,
0.15762385725975037,
-0.041831374168395996,
0.7608823180198669,
0.14262470602989197,
0.3251720666885376,
-0.7782712578773499,
-0.22930331528186798,
-0.026497531682252884,
-0.43903765082359314,
-0.03022739477455616,
0.09827183187007904,
-0.5512795448303223,
-0.5347281694412231,
0.19031108915805817,
-0.21546655893325806,
0.20010842382907867,
0.07105070352554321,
-0.15386250615119934,
-0.2967306971549988,
-0.07952619343996048,
0.40685397386550903,
0.40656134486198425,
0.298880934715271,
0.13374453783035278,
-0.41994234919548035,
-1.5409709215164185,
0.009392823092639446,
0.06757290661334991,
0.3175775110721588,
0.46807461977005005,
-0.2079441398382187,
-0.0035431201104074717,
0.321132630109787,
0.22263093292713165,
0.15429000556468964,
-0.5300946235656738,
-0.03321026638150215,
-0.6236525774002075,
0.3539468050003052,
-0.014111744239926338,
-0.18434685468673706,
-0.5441451668739319,
-0.6557860970497131,
-0.3740403354167938,
-0.3380584120750427,
0.39437469840049744,
0.22605767846107483,
0.4325833022594452,
-0.5342915058135986,
-0.4030332565307617,
0.579437255859375,
-0.40850526094436646,
-0.6766560673713684,
0.2783392667770386,
-0.7187966704368591,
-0.13279685378074646,
-0.3431231379508972,
-0.2802027463912964,
-0.37376344203948975,
0.18202945590019226,
-5.300588607788086,
0.009883539751172066,
-0.39711645245552063,
-0.34767472743988037,
-0.0006803548894822598,
0.2465697079896927,
0.2887668013572693,
-0.16965317726135254,
-0.4067845046520233,
-0.1345469206571579,
0.3337562680244446,
0.1261027604341507,
0.560297966003418,
0.2710930407047272,
1.0518779754638672,
0.21580450236797333,
1.0504469871520996,
-0.2866826355457306,
0.3363162875175476,
-0.8132759928703308,
0.07676972448825836,
0.6953669786453247,
0.14176814258098602,
0.179820716381073,
0.16401052474975586,
0.48558127880096436,
-0.37017133831977844,
0.16566526889801025,
-0.5675437450408936,
-0.09991850703954697,
-0.281930148601532,
0.24240785837173462,
-0.1495675891637802,
-0.16726577281951904,
-0.3576590120792389,
-0.2005864530801773,
0.5375596284866333,
0.2557208836078644,
0.019670283421874046,
-0.038747966289520264,
-0.6560922861099243,
0.5941195487976074,
0.1438520848751068,
0.19563189148902893,
0.35035932064056396,
-0.6279501914978027,
-0.13506151735782623,
-0.20758658647537231,
0.10220617055892944,
0.6410711407661438,
-0.4480174779891968,
-0.15805977582931519,
0.9708126783370972,
0.3543354272842407,
0.22907648980617523,
-0.2662462592124939,
0.2578779458999634,
-0.08916860073804855,
-0.7689861059188843,
0.17097963392734528,
0.2658071517944336,
-0.145440474152565,
-0.14461645483970642,
-0.4764975905418396,
0.03192298859357834,
0.26667651534080505,
-0.5157017111778259,
-0.7061569690704346,
0.7021326422691345,
-0.26583486795425415,
-0.4985436201095581,
0.8558417558670044,
0.33011263608932495,
-0.6376772522926331,
0.31489765644073486,
-0.17642244696617126,
-0.18633778393268585,
0.06954407691955566,
0.12171164900064468,
0.044617168605327606,
-0.2271883636713028,
-0.11889207363128662,
-0.42551475763320923,
0.28121843934059143,
0.07995937019586563,
-0.6248366236686707,
-0.14135867357254028,
-0.007042388431727886,
-0.1776743233203888,
0.02294171042740345,
0.8997006416320801,
0.2296268194913864,
0.5593858957290649,
0.40297427773475647,
0.4441100060939789,
0.298468679189682,
0.002546499716117978,
-0.13774488866329193,
0.9034736752510071,
-0.6656481027603149,
0.002637776080518961,
-0.3891814649105072,
0.2948792576789856,
-0.19529716670513153,
0.2924358546733856,
-0.5954501628875732,
-0.15974533557891846,
0.04882510006427765,
0.48252883553504944,
-0.15466788411140442,
0.2814311683177948,
0.19667786359786987,
-0.2943271994590759,
0.15990261733531952,
0.48078519105911255,
-0.009794587269425392,
-0.47151628136634827,
0.5567325353622437,
0.3417521119117737,
-0.17301686108112335,
0.3459969162940979,
0.4073317050933838,
0.25088199973106384,
-0.5298085808753967,
-0.4611167311668396,
-0.8289559483528137,
0.4787898361682892,
-0.010446061380207539,
-0.06968840956687927,
0.13128039240837097,
0.46536439657211304,
0.8165280222892761,
0.24210594594478607,
-0.9715584516525269,
0.5067945718765259,
-0.7073125243186951,
-0.4344632923603058,
0.23060242831707,
0.06285274028778076,
-0.3639269769191742,
-0.09682664275169373,
-0.7630326151847839,
-0.3887876570224762,
0.4477432370185852,
0.8335383534431458,
0.4702220857143402,
0.3288116753101349,
0.03985816612839699,
0.5796033143997192,
0.8295653462409973,
-0.8432478308677673,
-0.2854211926460266,
0.56540447473526,
-0.9513328075408936,
0.4666045606136322,
-0.34789329767227173,
0.4793623685836792,
0.1073007732629776,
-0.2059921771287918,
-0.34799936413764954,
0.15776099264621735,
-0.209036722779274,
-0.8762671947479248,
0.22054734826087952,
0.3050785958766937,
-0.12433641403913498,
-0.7044429779052734,
-0.3532958924770355,
0.3509010076522827,
0.9685221910476685,
-0.20339329540729523,
-0.6765996813774109,
-0.882658064365387,
0.13270626962184906,
0.5436015725135803,
0.14648360013961792,
-0.13519354164600372,
0.41093090176582336,
-0.12638254463672638,
-0.2628021538257599,
0.0900922417640686,
-0.3954722583293915,
-0.0207984559237957,
0.7031109929084778,
0.2711377739906311,
-0.2039041370153427,
-0.6104136109352112,
0.2326739877462387,
-0.6120946407318115,
-0.04930853471159935,
-0.2326463907957077,
0.12978829443454742,
0.737939178943634,
0.23124876618385315,
-0.4721274971961975,
-0.005561507306993008,
-0.4629938304424286,
0.5793060660362244,
0.3041285574436188,
-0.6997110843658447,
0.17409494519233704,
0.5245599150657654,
-0.5344435572624207,
0.15602679550647736,
-0.1447073370218277,
-0.5831235647201538,
0.5360584259033203,
-0.3018786609172821,
-0.05454001948237419,
0.5725547075271606,
-0.3304186165332794,
-0.5300506949424744,
0.1734921783208847,
0.9583126306533813,
-0.4107418954372406,
-0.4742816090583801,
0.08821786195039749,
0.22481399774551392,
-0.1667582392692566,
-0.33344316482543945,
0.08923890441656113,
0.16605503857135773,
-0.0703882947564125,
0.22693794965744019,
-0.6417924165725708,
0.6903451085090637,
0.3885549306869507,
-0.47407564520835876,
0.2338869273662567,
0.1785830706357956,
-0.39159828424453735,
-0.13594770431518555,
-0.11373835057020187,
-0.5296614766120911,
0.652176558971405,
-0.1543092578649521,
0.268059104681015,
-0.3246367573738098,
0.07354552298784256,
-0.2658594846725464,
0.6008381843566895,
0.7316670417785645,
0.41725048422813416,
-0.4579702615737915,
-0.08480032533407211,
0.08902127295732498,
0.6576830148696899,
-0.9167535305023193,
-0.6807243227958679,
0.18841977417469025,
0.3850439190864563,
-0.46500256657600403,
-1.199215292930603,
-0.7722662091255188,
1.253250002861023,
-0.2351136952638626,
-0.2695976793766022,
-0.08039341866970062,
0.4783470928668976,
0.3914925456047058,
0.1348760426044464,
0.08033023774623871,
-0.5776203274726868,
-0.09886965155601501,
0.23535077273845673,
-0.30387017130851746,
-0.35116711258888245,
0.22888053953647614,
0.23389963805675507,
-0.4424303472042084,
-0.11269937455654144,
0.24230965971946716,
0.37248694896698,
0.6072872877120972,
0.5435053706169128,
-0.11721831560134888,
-0.005976527463644743,
-0.5918750166893005,
0.2720021605491638,
0.2260493040084839,
0.13738757371902466,
-0.06377559155225754,
0.3136950135231018,
-0.5539098381996155,
-0.0008345663663931191,
-0.26800501346588135,
0.2793777585029602,
-0.07911065965890884,
-0.250126451253891,
-0.35148221254348755,
0.0014424828113988042,
-0.3814997971057892,
-0.34588226675987244,
0.09650907665491104,
-0.12141655385494232,
0.42831921577453613,
-0.549315333366394,
-0.10896438360214233,
0.2837672233581543,
0.4114413857460022,
-0.7257357239723206,
0.4997049570083618,
-0.1517663598060608,
-0.9795851111412048,
0.7018023133277893,
-0.2802806794643402,
-0.08509909361600876,
-0.2305637001991272,
0.32512691617012024,
0.10204389691352844,
-0.18855319917201996,
-0.07866992801427841,
-0.1514570564031601,
0.6785691976547241,
0.18023428320884705,
-0.302561491727829,
0.6985958814620972,
-0.12714646756649017,
-0.04841228574514389,
0.06405580788850784,
0.1252804398536682,
-0.09959295392036438,
0.3697432279586792,
0.6550645232200623,
-0.2271433025598526,
0.5086451768875122,
-0.6055372953414917,
-0.6417497992515564,
0.41464176774024963,
0.488879531621933,
0.34894946217536926,
-0.18569570779800415,
-0.2767561674118042,
0.302338570356369,
-0.24630844593048096,
0.012807680293917656,
0.624962568283081,
-0.433921754360199,
-0.5095366835594177,
0.6978123784065247,
0.29313698410987854,
-0.030255068093538284,
-0.11340178549289703,
-0.3567293584346771,
-0.3314134478569031,
0.6948648691177368,
0.05492384731769562,
-0.10160403698682785,
-0.17318940162658691,
0.04043324664235115,
0.2505578100681305,
0.5202193856239319,
0.16072317957878113,
-0.17942148447036743,
-0.10764619708061218,
0.1345905214548111,
0.34478959441185,
-0.33142611384391785,
0.14044921100139618,
-1.190245270729065,
-0.09511967748403549,
0.009806952439248562,
-0.34241852164268494,
0.06211438030004501,
0.2304481714963913,
-0.02932361140847206,
0.4534679353237152,
-0.5245499014854431,
0.1515287607908249,
0.45115572214126587,
0.4979105293750763,
0.21789336204528809,
-0.0942438468337059,
0.25834429264068604,
0.001667747856117785,
0.007089069578796625,
0.29095855355262756,
0.28580912947654724,
0.23836059868335724,
-0.57071852684021,
-0.2680942714214325,
0.8234138488769531,
0.009664908051490784,
-0.6829047799110413,
0.13717782497406006,
-0.12782029807567596,
-0.09831804782152176,
0.17605958878993988,
0.3317466080188751,
0.48090651631355286,
0.4588989317417145,
-0.30056077241897583,
-0.35261839628219604,
0.013445214368402958,
-0.6492006182670593,
-0.003613170236349106,
-0.007131827995181084,
0.5801571011543274,
0.2722138464450836,
0.053495824337005615,
-0.41104260087013245,
0.16838735342025757,
-0.17677289247512817,
0.2611590027809143,
-0.6073107719421387,
-0.3209711015224457,
-0.30304381251335144,
0.5523673295974731,
-0.32876455783843994,
0.3303416967391968,
0.6551496982574463,
-0.3075234889984131,
-0.20542185008525848,
0.11808844655752182,
0.08334624767303467,
-0.1570209413766861,
0.2497548758983612,
-0.7243630290031433,
-0.18061764538288116,
-0.28041404485702515,
0.09969423711299896,
-0.38411813974380493,
-0.11107093840837479,
-0.02971458248794079,
-0.5936983823776245,
-0.6203703880310059,
0.19920913875102997,
-0.4265522062778473,
-0.06515896320343018,
0.06892552971839905,
-0.310870885848999,
0.28657495975494385,
-0.6793270707130432,
0.5402806997299194,
0.2511504590511322,
-0.13780663907527924,
0.11545305699110031,
0.07546399533748627,
0.36451515555381775,
-0.010757047683000565,
0.2637038230895996,
-0.4130643904209137,
-0.04351705685257912,
-0.4261142611503601,
-2.84417462348938,
-0.17017093300819397,
-0.1281067132949829,
-0.03988676518201828,
-0.04463158920407295,
0.3130740225315094,
0.5140902996063232,
-0.5769039988517761,
0.12014127522706985,
-0.2880731523036957,
0.286892831325531,
-0.06445145606994629,
0.5559101104736328,
-0.8530235886573792,
-0.3262006640434265,
0.3265547752380371
] |
217849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian | Serbian | Serbian may refer to:
someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe
someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people
Serbian language
Serbian names
See also
Old Serbian (disambiguation)
Serbians (disambiguation)
Serbia (disambiguation)
Names of the Serbs and Serbia
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | [
0.18586242198944092,
0.2557656764984131,
-0.6563355922698975,
-0.18293258547782898,
-0.05743354558944702,
0.06252965331077576,
0.5209258198738098,
0.26301440596580505,
-0.43716171383857727,
-0.3073219358921051,
-0.2537502348423004,
-0.06374900788068771,
-0.47005295753479004,
0.22985219955444336,
-0.29744458198547363,
0.5424502491950989,
0.35096365213394165,
0.7233207821846008,
0.45881736278533936,
0.21703287959098816,
-0.07807807624340057,
0.24387653172016144,
0.11485707014799118,
-0.11410246789455414,
0.024599149823188782,
0.04149620234966278,
0.3606344759464264,
-0.012254796922206879,
-0.531936764717102,
0.13355229794979095,
-0.3901539146900177,
0.7455136179924011,
-0.43191906809806824,
0.3418543338775635,
-0.5178008079528809,
-0.3584272563457489,
0.04557507485151291,
-0.9311819672584534,
-0.0773957222700119,
-1.1127883195877075,
-0.13441485166549683,
-0.3478810787200928,
0.07585715502500534,
0.779242992401123,
0.011494648642838001,
-0.867044985294342,
-1.0245846509933472,
0.864119291305542,
-0.30187323689460754,
0.1759643256664276,
-0.11397340148687363,
0.19709934294223785,
0.10730393975973129,
0.44649189710617065,
-0.25551170110702515,
0.2157553732395172,
-0.40075865387916565,
-0.349805623292923,
0.720546305179596,
-0.267793208360672,
0.6146009564399719,
0.3671274185180664,
-0.2514190971851349,
-0.15424834191799164,
1.2164499759674072,
0.2567521631717682,
-0.24228398501873016,
0.29795750975608826,
-0.5371134281158447,
-0.628641664981842,
-0.23379594087600708,
-0.07229217886924744,
-0.26154395937919617,
-0.1131444051861763,
-0.15964074432849884,
-0.012624760158360004,
-0.34895947575569153,
-0.19629664719104767,
-0.11480355262756348,
0.09901083260774612,
-0.02476354129612446,
0.28481343388557434,
0.43833327293395996,
0.00043549336260184646,
-0.04684275761246681,
-0.35425761342048645,
-0.4144279956817627,
-0.22418446838855743,
-0.3471747040748596,
0.15999193489551544,
0.4142177104949951,
-0.05430982634425163,
0.7732963562011719,
-0.338045597076416,
-0.2948242723941803,
0.09641609340906143,
-0.32603880763053894,
0.33482643961906433,
-0.3887646496295929,
0.14666394889354706,
-0.3667914867401123,
0.19370026886463165,
0.32153016328811646,
0.05495651438832283,
-0.5458827614784241,
-0.6462447047233582,
-0.33979180455207825,
0.810546875,
0.3720816671848297,
0.18769386410713196,
-0.3147434890270233,
0.16926342248916626,
0.16888082027435303,
0.17213009297847748,
0.0467492938041687,
0.29392194747924805,
-0.001724559348076582,
-0.11229110509157181,
-0.28848209977149963,
-0.11923359334468842,
-0.11838992685079575,
0.4095703065395355,
-0.1745968908071518,
-0.04425863176584244,
0.4661274254322052,
0.11734361946582794,
0.6605160236358643,
0.05615431070327759,
-0.7909897565841675,
0.23078469932079315,
-0.3816763460636139,
1.1752915382385254,
-0.12033148109912872,
0.21055078506469727,
-0.062479417771101,
-0.06981249153614044,
-0.14595893025398254,
0.1569727659225464,
0.3212448060512543,
0.41101303696632385,
-0.3611118197441101,
0.17257148027420044,
-0.4462727904319763,
0.1245502308011055,
0.31758731603622437,
-0.06235112249851227,
-0.05652408301830292,
-0.0715504065155983,
-0.2912059724330902,
-0.17620880901813507,
0.06608089059591293,
-0.07011735439300537,
-0.20851290225982666,
0.16147617995738983,
-0.12367796152830124,
0.48327499628067017,
0.3641048073768616,
-0.11229203641414642,
0.4014371633529663,
0.2235681712627411,
-0.2373807281255722,
0.26484212279319763,
0.22865799069404602,
0.11600363254547119,
0.5040815472602844,
-0.23092660307884216,
-0.23993729054927826,
0.42739593982696533,
0.08719708025455475,
0.4505336880683899,
-0.05043378844857216,
-0.05626945197582245,
0.2249884158372879,
0.09607882797718048,
-0.47202634811401367,
-0.15823903679847717,
0.16032782196998596,
0.3347209393978119,
-0.06693805009126663,
-0.18843452632427216,
-0.5433544516563416,
0.522712230682373,
-0.5070093870162964,
0.2573299705982208,
-0.10077627003192902,
0.4681469202041626,
0.02534213662147522,
0.20346461236476898,
0.07633513957262039,
-0.34436020255088806,
0.21455498039722443,
-0.6789793968200684,
-0.09678803384304047,
-0.4756561815738678,
1.1083358526229858,
-0.21604689955711365,
-0.3811397850513458,
0.9129550457000732,
-0.25501465797424316,
0.6359384655952454,
-0.261699914932251,
-0.5738731622695923,
0.09662413597106934,
0.21658937633037567,
0.272404283285141,
0.19677987694740295,
0.18732298910617828,
0.22267761826515198,
0.9731561541557312,
0.5369089841842651,
0.8330703377723694,
-0.2736327052116394,
0.20294782519340515,
-0.29536235332489014,
0.3179510831832886,
-0.031393881887197495,
0.004482264164835215,
0.21712620556354523,
-0.28359442949295044,
0.03505951911211014,
1.1501744985580444,
-0.618876576423645,
-0.07710318267345428,
-0.1431942582130432,
0.24510999023914337,
-0.00028401275631040335,
-0.5694684386253357,
0.2267257124185562,
0.3097507953643799,
-0.4495331645011902,
0.014146636240184307,
0.0022852395195513964,
0.37028956413269043,
-0.23864972591400146,
-0.8260147571563721,
-0.26132115721702576,
-0.3776871860027313,
-0.0625692680478096,
0.31120121479034424,
0.03276325762271881,
-0.09150433540344238,
0.40601006150245667,
-0.3005489706993103,
-0.27721211314201355,
0.3125051259994507,
-0.17977175116539001,
-0.40673476457595825,
-0.15102383494377136,
-0.5102158784866333,
-0.1331944763660431,
0.12621457874774933,
0.2596924602985382,
-0.0837656706571579,
-0.490460067987442,
0.24909572303295135,
0.030446428805589676,
0.35495802760124207,
-0.03988386690616608,
-0.028219299390912056,
-0.30167195200920105,
-0.10176737606525421,
0.14734625816345215,
-0.11923124641180038,
0.1732131838798523,
0.013926954008638859,
0.45059046149253845,
0.12457562237977982,
-0.1826828420162201,
0.2748034596443176,
0.4859634339809418,
0.17344056069850922,
0.2557949125766754,
-0.5304034948348999,
0.31888893246650696,
-0.07361442595720291,
-0.20775242149829865,
-0.42373794317245483,
-0.3397967517375946,
-0.27264276146888733,
-0.5663909912109375,
-0.4583592116832733,
0.6115472912788391,
0.5730495452880859,
-0.7448456883430481,
-0.32999464869499207,
-0.669540524482727,
0.023718638345599174,
-0.003172679338604212,
0.1150781437754631,
-0.24575892090797424,
-0.07955630868673325,
0.02220441959798336,
-0.12314680963754654,
-0.1533433198928833,
0.0006616070168092847,
-0.08356253802776337,
0.07286500930786133,
0.2974906265735626,
0.03477364033460617,
-0.6444451212882996,
-1.0114219188690186,
0.5668861865997314,
-0.22290389239788055,
-0.31698521971702576,
0.43495699763298035,
0.43405699729919434,
-0.5914286971092224,
0.08641532808542252,
-5.792415142059326,
0.1765008121728897,
-0.4440361559391022,
-0.431490957736969,
-0.2692796587944031,
-0.0942554697394371,
0.35722848773002625,
-0.23823247849941254,
-0.16561701893806458,
0.24423885345458984,
-0.06920333206653595,
0.39827218651771545,
-0.17448949813842773,
0.19392277300357819,
0.3460651636123657,
0.10418584197759628,
0.3254031538963318,
0.5553796887397766,
-0.09315278381109238,
0.519162654876709,
-0.09048721194267273,
0.5779000520706177,
-0.021030567586421967,
0.8209088444709778,
0.6416593790054321,
0.583090603351593,
-0.281411349773407,
0.16423310339450836,
-0.06027437746524811,
-0.4450324475765228,
-0.067214235663414,
0.040294140577316284,
0.7177021503448486,
0.03537841886281967,
0.05665302276611328,
0.36774975061416626,
0.4878607392311096,
0.6526660919189453,
0.2529386878013611,
-0.021095378324389458,
-0.08147155493497849,
0.2447262853384018,
0.32994917035102844,
-0.3090955913066864,
-0.17387650907039642,
-0.404315322637558,
-0.2146918773651123,
0.45275264978408813,
-1.0144951343536377,
1.0392036437988281,
-0.45637041330337524,
-0.3732188940048218,
0.4424400329589844,
0.058733854442834854,
0.3173215985298157,
0.03362422063946724,
0.8856346607208252,
0.02560100518167019,
-0.6212704181671143,
0.2834468185901642,
0.49064546823501587,
-0.4812350571155548,
-0.2039702832698822,
-0.875478982925415,
0.04872266575694084,
-0.5828874111175537,
-1.071707844734192,
-0.4614587426185608,
0.035181403160095215,
0.4848264455795288,
-0.6772764325141907,
0.023809045553207397,
-0.2757723331451416,
-0.6419453620910645,
0.08958671987056732,
-0.675195574760437,
-0.5821391344070435,
0.30602478981018066,
-0.23937185108661652,
0.5247177481651306,
-0.7400460839271545,
0.27546343207359314,
-0.614910364151001,
0.6034455299377441,
0.5065149068832397,
0.035492923110723495,
-0.43354031443595886,
-0.19148653745651245,
-0.5241143107414246,
-0.26467394828796387,
1.1892400979995728,
-0.5281636714935303,
0.12890830636024475,
0.0136038139462471,
-0.17783111333847046,
0.24989867210388184,
0.07499136030673981,
-0.6029419898986816,
0.6010586619377136,
-0.6455913782119751,
0.6200519800186157,
-0.08572174608707428,
-0.0061064851470291615,
-0.3060086965560913,
0.14387433230876923,
-0.3128156363964081,
-0.5222122669219971,
0.23457632958889008,
1.1286113262176514,
-0.4322364330291748,
0.004490080289542675,
0.07344989478588104,
-0.36419498920440674,
-0.4567185044288635,
0.3240774869918823,
-0.14424635469913483,
-0.46008700132369995,
0.6142640709877014,
0.1311420053243637,
-0.10613233596086502,
0.19098562002182007,
-0.16141800582408905,
-0.3105415999889374,
0.4717409908771515,
-0.3077225387096405,
0.0920879989862442,
-0.7082292437553406,
0.16747109591960907,
-0.21104396879673004,
0.25371742248535156,
0.6122673749923706,
-0.031855300068855286,
0.11206471174955368,
0.5179676413536072,
0.10535503923892975,
0.7833056449890137,
-0.29276835918426514,
-0.48698005080223083,
0.08803579211235046,
-0.9454603791236877,
-0.10760217159986496,
-0.5112698674201965,
0.27296051383018494,
-0.020647292956709862,
0.8613467216491699,
0.23773518204689026,
-0.11183113604784012,
-0.2074367254972458,
-0.4031718075275421,
0.4561760723590851,
-0.3037143051624298,
0.11513936519622803,
-0.06586945801973343,
-0.12409890443086624,
-0.6738216876983643,
-0.016752026975154877,
0.5417898297309875,
0.8314695358276367,
-0.413106232881546,
-0.024200202897191048,
-0.06758749485015869,
-0.837408185005188,
-0.15787091851234436,
0.1286771148443222,
0.36369606852531433,
-1.0175570249557495,
-0.6064224243164062,
0.22520266473293304,
-0.07771904766559601,
1.0387828350067139,
0.2517675459384918,
-0.4273928105831146,
-0.8183545470237732,
-0.29275575280189514,
0.4161204695701599,
-0.26524436473846436,
0.11512112617492676,
0.6296889781951904,
-0.13143949210643768,
0.17647488415241241,
0.4774628281593323,
-0.11923142522573471,
-0.18722690641880035,
0.42456182837486267,
0.5361135601997375,
0.28681105375289917,
-0.0382285974919796,
0.07302609086036682,
-0.1694089025259018,
-0.5336611270904541,
0.28843197226524353,
-0.3824271857738495,
0.41709014773368835,
-0.423881858587265,
0.00931235309690237,
-0.5771231055259705,
0.1393723487854004,
0.09329570084810257,
-0.20000199973583221,
-0.39248648285865784,
0.6902876496315002,
0.06875206530094147,
-0.24867607653141022,
0.02398099936544895,
-0.022853434085845947,
0.19797278940677643,
0.952487587928772,
-0.13944703340530396,
-0.6424931287765503,
-0.4329296052455902,
-0.15792296826839447,
-1.0847691297531128,
-0.2647406756877899,
0.08536310493946075,
-0.3191598057746887,
0.02260291762650013,
0.6772948503494263,
-0.3004506230354309,
-0.9389845728874207,
-0.7455899715423584,
0.36707407236099243,
0.3378058969974518,
0.03267098590731621,
0.030702074989676476,
0.2603563666343689,
0.011882337741553783,
0.10281611979007721,
-0.12462528795003891,
0.16638889908790588,
-0.18102441728115082,
0.4781062602996826,
-0.3436512351036072,
0.10263562947511673,
-0.2847088575363159,
0.19498348236083984,
-0.3093312084674835,
-0.29181933403015137,
-0.1251600980758667,
0.055005140602588654,
0.41077089309692383,
0.2855209708213806,
0.9481353759765625,
0.24408233165740967,
-0.3973783254623413,
-0.12183338403701782,
0.22124329209327698,
0.1661733239889145,
-0.050527166575193405,
-0.36362558603286743,
0.34720349311828613,
0.2796812057495117,
-0.07728766649961472,
-0.7781714797019958,
-0.46022170782089233,
0.36077451705932617,
-0.15294130146503448,
-0.3149402141571045,
0.045792922377586365,
-0.05305201932787895,
0.5021840333938599,
0.09365031123161316,
-0.1712804138660431,
0.15452805161476135,
0.134039968252182,
0.12018708139657974,
0.07527624815702438,
-0.26181766390800476,
0.5333197712898254,
0.21001426875591278,
-0.5503602027893066,
-0.3415260314941406,
-0.21680784225463867,
0.6011589765548706,
-0.19313457608222961,
-0.1649307906627655,
-0.009765426628291607,
-0.19504477083683014,
-0.0869983434677124,
0.07784519344568253,
0.5703685283660889,
-0.7746518850326538,
-0.3012435734272003,
0.059901878237724304,
0.3238282799720764,
0.10545734316110611,
-0.25238704681396484,
0.030824897810816765,
0.4379257261753082,
-0.3313983976840973,
0.03155601769685745,
-0.5308724045753479,
-0.12673979997634888,
-0.09190749377012253,
0.7829325199127197,
-0.053303081542253494,
-0.0555298812687397,
0.0980142131447792,
0.4465729594230652,
-0.07336403429508209,
0.44668903946876526,
-0.5300228595733643,
0.5233434438705444,
0.3455790579319,
-0.04219822213053703,
0.4871603846549988,
0.9366548657417297,
-0.0007296668482013047,
-0.5776839256286621,
0.40534675121307373,
-0.11307590454816818,
0.31467851996421814,
-0.01655178889632225,
0.7805464267730713,
0.5462533235549927,
-0.011914750561118126,
0.17594224214553833,
0.7735748291015625,
-0.005263408645987511,
-0.061075691133737564,
0.022195501253008842,
0.43510544300079346,
-0.6153615713119507,
0.4138968586921692,
-0.054282296448946,
-0.02184131368994713,
0.5227578282356262,
-0.26345768570899963,
-0.35881149768829346,
0.2158391773700714,
0.19772164523601532,
0.6872056722640991,
0.056993577629327774,
-0.11801712214946747,
-0.701878547668457,
-0.36001497507095337,
-0.0025310406927019358,
-0.12703172862529755,
-0.008450638502836227,
-0.5430734157562256,
0.7456772327423096,
0.6564395427703857,
-0.1387375295162201,
-0.6032153964042664,
0.22838349640369415,
-0.09844544529914856,
0.12156360596418381,
0.12388366460800171,
-0.1732274293899536,
0.4560795724391937,
-0.3411303162574768,
0.5414928197860718,
0.17341218888759613,
-0.15539613366127014,
-0.02642856538295746,
-0.19631583988666534,
-0.25185471773147583,
0.19879098236560822,
-0.24216461181640625,
-0.252327561378479,
-0.14522947371006012,
0.029640311375260353,
0.14884236454963684,
0.11680508404970169,
0.12865550816059113,
0.2047668993473053,
-0.0038063954561948776,
0.35565754771232605,
-0.5213740468025208,
-0.22535064816474915,
-0.35180148482322693,
0.15782023966312408,
0.3456812798976898,
-0.5409603118896484,
-0.00670997891575098,
0.04709555208683014,
-0.2851933240890503,
0.7760040760040283,
0.4167887568473816,
0.044738758355379105,
-0.2846628725528717,
0.0013445798540487885,
0.08901893347501755,
-0.316639244556427,
-0.6663339734077454,
0.03073357790708542,
-0.045619260519742966,
0.14748027920722961,
-0.012130276300013065,
-0.46707606315612793,
0.06389409303665161,
-0.02177736908197403,
-0.6002359986305237,
0.06766682118177414,
-0.20483975112438202,
-0.5606430768966675,
-0.548664391040802,
-0.4474751949310303,
0.9242216944694519,
0.2192605882883072,
0.19663268327713013,
0.24672462046146393,
-0.17356188595294952,
-0.003914706874638796,
0.4194835424423218,
-0.40633487701416016,
0.2275530844926834,
-0.41009521484375,
-0.022547325119376183,
-0.3409867584705353,
0.8016265630722046,
0.18548737466335297,
-0.027999551966786385,
0.20869669318199158,
0.26337170600891113,
-0.14404909312725067,
0.4071798324584961,
0.08567071706056595,
-0.24486146867275238,
0.23811368644237518,
-0.34238123893737793,
-0.17654941976070404,
-0.4927559196949005,
0.3634680509567261,
0.1122538298368454,
-0.18995247781276703,
-0.4197083115577698,
-0.003600762225687504,
0.8803605437278748,
-1.0625784397125244,
-0.15390799939632416,
-0.442595899105072,
0.373767614364624,
-0.028813589364290237,
0.5308216214179993,
-0.47835487127304077,
0.583314061164856,
0.06773792207241058,
0.03297685831785202,
-0.17597810924053192,
-0.31433022022247314,
-0.16670145094394684,
0.06477532535791397,
0.08642939478158951,
0.2189621478319168,
-0.05549008771777153,
-0.15251410007476807,
-0.6643550992012024,
0.05808066949248314,
-0.7863549590110779,
-0.26496422290802,
0.26035961508750916,
-0.13598448038101196,
0.467804878950119,
-0.35856619477272034,
0.6677035093307495,
-0.4727078378200531,
0.1341753751039505,
-0.8462749719619751,
0.2681158483028412,
-0.13884462416172028
] |
217851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Stone%20%28writer%29 | Peter Stone (writer) | Peter Hess Stone (February 27, 1930 – April 26, 2003) was an American screenwriter and playwright. Stone is perhaps best remembered by the general public for the screenplays he wrote or co-wrote in the mid-1960s, Charade (1963), Father Goose (1964), and Mirage (1965).
Life and career
Early life
Stone was born in Los Angeles to Jewish parents. His mother, Hilda (née Hess), was a film writer, and his father, John Stone (born Saul Strumwasser), was the writer and producer of many silent films, including Tom Mix, Buck Jones, Shirley Temple and Charlie Chan movies. Hilda was a Bavarian Jew from Bamberg, but was born in Mexico (her father dodged the draft back in the 1870s) and lived there for five years with her family until all foreign nationals were kicked out during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Stone has a brother David, who was a World War II veteran, serving with the U.S. Navy.
When Stone was 15, his parents took him to see Mexican Hayride starring Bobby Clark at the Hazard's Pavilion. Stone saw Clark throw his hat on a hat tree 100 feet away, and, at that moment, knew he wanted to work in theatre.
He graduated from University High School in Los Angeles, attended Bard College starting in 1947. While at Bard, Stone wrote two plays that were both produced and performed at the school.
Paris
After Stone left Bard, his mother (still married) eloped to Paris with a Hungarian literary agent (also married) named George Marton. While in Paris, they both settled their divorces and married each other. Stone describes this as "a really great opportunity came to me through what should have been emotionally wrenching, but wasn't", stating that his mother hated Hollywood and was finally happy. After visiting them in the late 1940s, Stone lived in and around Paris for about thirteen years.
Stone worked for CBS while overseas, as a radio writer and newsreader. He also did television features on subjects like the Arc de Triomphe horse race, the Cannes Film Festival and Princess Grace's wedding. "I was getting a sentimental education and letting Hollywood rub off me," he said later. Not too long after this, Stone got married.
During this time Stone sold his first script to Studio One in 1956, "A Day Before Battle".
Kean
In 1953, Stone saw a play by Jean Paul Sartre called Kean, adapted from the play by Alexandre Dumas based on the life of Edmund Kean. The Broadway singer and actor Alfred Drake was keen to make Kean into a musical, so much so that his agent (who was also Stone's agent) became the producer. Stone signed on in December 1960.
On 2 November 1961 Kean premiered on Broadway, with music and lyrics by Robert Wright and George Forrest, and Stone as playwright. He was hesitant to write for a musical, even though he loved them and saw them: "I did not see myself as doing that...and then an opportunity arose...I just wanted to be on Broadway". Stone needed some help, so he consulted Frank Loesser. Stone said of him, "terribly talented, successful and sophisticate man", when asking Loesser where songs went and other questions about musical structure, and said he was "more than helpful, he was inspiring". The show only ran for 92 performances but helped establish Stone on Broadway.
Television
Stone wrote two episodes of the 1961 television series The Asphalt Jungle and three episodes of The Defenders. One of his Defenders episodes, "The Benefactors", dealt with abortionists and was highly controversial, resulting in sponsors leaving the show. The New York Times called it "a remarkable demonstration of the use of theatre as an instrument of editorial protest." Stone won an Emmy for his script.
He also wrote episodes of Espionage and Brenner.
Charade and working for Universal
Stone's first film script was Charade (1963), which he turned into a novel at the suggestion of his agent Robert Lance. Stone said he submitted his original script "everywhere and nobody wanted it". After it was made into a novel, it was published, and even portions of it were pre-printed in Redbook.
Stone sold the script to Stanley Donen, whom he chose because "One was he was the only person who hadn't seen it before and I felt silly selling it to the people who rejected it. Two, It got me out of New York, which at that point I wanted to, I'd been there a long time with Kean. And three, Stanley got stars, and I had written with Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn in mind".
"I was on the set every day," Stone remembered, "and I had a marvelous time. There were very few hands involved. It was just Stanley (Donen, the director) and me and the actors, and we all worked it out together. It was an absolutely grand experience."
Universal who made Charade promptly signed Stone to write two more films: Mirage, based on a novel by Howard Fast, and Father Goose (1964), based on a story by Frank Tarloff, which Stone did at the behest of Cary Grant, who wanted to star.
When Charade came out it was a huge success. Stone signed an exclusive five-picture deal with Universal Studios.
Father Goose was made before Mirage. It earned Stone his one and only Oscar for Best Screenplay; he shared it with Tarloff. According to one of his obituaries, "Some felt that the honor was, in part, a delayed tribute for the overlooked Charade script."
Father Goose was a conventional comedy but Stone's next two scripts share a common theme and a style of screenwriting with Charade. Primarily, they attempt a blend of comedy, suspense, and romance: Mirage (1965) and Arabesque (1966).
A decade before Brian De Palma earned a reputation exploiting Hitchcockian motifs, Stone's work in the 1960s employed Hitchcock-like narratives, even while the director was still an active film maker. Hitchcock's influence is especially evident in the Edward Dmytryk-directed Mirage, a suspense-mystery that Stone adapted from the Howard Fast novel Fallen Angel. The narrative has Gregory Peck suffering from "unconscious amnesia" while dodging bullets in downtown New York. Although shot in black-and-white, many of its themes and images are reminiscent of Vertigo. The cast included Walter Matthau and George Kennedy from Charade.
Peck was also in Arabesque which was directed by Donen. Stone disliked the end result and used the pseudonym 'Pierre Marton' on the credits (literally 'Peter Stone' in French, as well as an homage to his stepfather George Marton).
Stone wrote some scripts which were not made, including The Expert (1964) written with Theodore Flicker.
Stone's contract with Universal enabled him to continue to write for theatre. He had a minor hit on Broadway with the musical Skyscraper (1965–66) with Julie Harris, that went for 248 performances. Stone later called it "A terrific idea, but it never jelled."
"People don't know what a book is", he said later. "They think it's the jokes. Well, everybody knows the actors make those up as they go along. A book is a concept and a structure, and dialogue is the smallest part... You can have the best score in the world, but if the book is weak, it won't work. On the other hand, if the book is good, it can carry a mediocre score."
Stone did a pilot for a TV series, Ghostbreakers (1967), that was not picked up. He adapted Androcles and the Lion (1967) for TV, starring Noël Coward and directed by Joe Layton and did the book for a musical, The Games People Play with Feuer and Martin, based on the best-selling text book (it ended up not being produced).
"I think I've always had an appetite for a certain kind of urbane comedy", he said in a 1967 interview. "But I don't believe comedy in and of itself is an end."
Stone wrote a series of films for Universal: The Secret War of Harry Frigg (1968), a World War Two comedy with Paul Newman; Jigsaw (1968), a mystery with Bradford Dillman; the film adaptation of the musical Sweet Charity (1969), directed by Bob Fosse, which was an unexpected box office flop; and what became Skin Game (1971).
1776
Stone wrote the book for the Broadway musical 1776 (1969–72) which went for 1,217 performances. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Stone won the Drama Desk Award for Best Book.
Stone continued to write scripts at Universal, doing work on Skin Game and writing a story about black-white relations that was ultimately never made, The Ornament.
He did some uncredited script doctoring on the book for the stage musical Georgy (1970), which was credited to Tom Mankiewicz. Then he wrote another musical, Two by Two (1970–71) which starred Danny Kaye with songs by Rodgers. It ran for 351 performances.
Stone was unhappy with the changes made to his script for Skin Game (1971) (eventually made by Warners), which he said were caused by James Garner wanting more screen time. He again used his "Pierre Marton" pseudonym saying "it was the only thing you can do in a situation like that."
A happier creative experience was the film of 1776 (1972) where he adapted his own book into a screenplay. It was a box office failure.
Stone had another Broadway hit with the book for the musical Sugar (1972–73), an adaptation of Some Like It Hot, produced by David Merrick and directed by Gower Champion. It ran for 505 performances.
Less successful was the only non-musical he did on Broadway, Full Circle (1973) based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque and directed by Otto Preminger. It only ran 21 performances.
Focus on screenwriting
Stone returned to TV for a small screen adaptation of the Katharine Hepburn-Spencer Tracy 1949 film, Adam's Rib (1973). Stone wrote episodes, including the pilot, and worked as a producer. However the show only had a short run. He wrote the pilot for Pat and Mike, based on another Tracy-Hepburn film, but it was not turned into a series.
Stone wrote the film adaptation of the train hijacking novel The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974). He worked on some scripts that were ultimately not produced including The Leavenworth Irregulars, The Grand Defiance, and The Ornament, as well as a musical that was not made, Subject to Change. He did some uncredited doctoring on the show Goodtime Charley (1975) and wrote the TV movie One of My Wives Is Missing (1976), a thriller, using the Pierre Marton pseudonym again.
Stone wrote the feature films Silver Bears (1977), Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978) and Why Would I Lie? (1980). He wrote some unfilmed scripts around this time called Csardas, The Late Great Creature, and The Day They Kidnapped Queen Victoria.
Return to Broadway
In 1980 Stone was working on a musical about the Algonquin Round Table but it was not made.
Stone returned to Broadway with the book of the musical adaptation of Woman of the Year (1981–83) starring Lauren Bacall which ran for 770 performances. Stone won the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical for his efforts.
Also successful was My One And Only (1983–85) where Stone wrote the book with the music of George Gershwin. Starring Tommy Tune and Twiggy it went for 767 performances.
Stone wrote the TV movie Grand Larceny (1987).
In 1988 he wrote "Baby on Board" for CBS Summer Playhouse. He did some uncredited script doctoring on the book for the musical Grand Hotel (1989) at the request of director Tommy Tune.
He was a writer for The 44th Annual Tony Awards (1990) and The 46th Annual Tony Awards (1992).
He wrote the book for The Will Rogers Follies (1991–93) which went for 981 performances. It won the Tony for Best musical, and Stone's book was nominated.
Later career
Stone wrote Just Cause (1996), a thriller film starring Sean Connery. He worked on the books for some musicals that were ultimately not made, Love Me Love My Dog and a musical with Michael Jackson.
Stone wrote the book for the musical Titanic (1997–99) with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston which had a troublesome preproduction period but ultimately ran for 804 performances and swept the Tonys with five wins, including Stone who won a Tony for his book.
"I love it when a show I'm working on is in trouble", Stone said around this time. "I'm an ardent puzzle doer, and I love solving the puzzle of it. I like the process. I don't like being in trouble in New York; nothing pleases the theatrical community more than knowing that a show is in trouble. And maybe had they succeeded--and the show was very nearly destroyed by it--it might have been discouraging. But they lost and we won."
He had given up screenwriting by this time saying "I miss writing them, but I don't miss what happens to them after you write them. Stars are now the producers, because they are the motivating force to what gets done--half Jim Carrey's salary is the entire budget for 'Titanic'--and stars don't have the slightest clue of how to rewrite anything. It hurts the pictures terribly. Minutes after the script leaves my computer, it's best I be put to sleep."
He said he hoped to write three or four more musicals. "'The Peter Principle'--this notion that as soon as you get good at something, you're promoted to something you're not good at--isn't going to work here," he said. "I'm good at writing book musicals and I'm going to keep writing them. I know I'm not going to sit down and write the Great American Play, but I hope to do the Great American Musical. Maybe I've already done it."
Stone had one last Broadway hit with a 1999 revival of Annie Get Your Gun, where Stone revised the book. It ran for 1045 performances.
When Charade was remade as The Truth About Charlie, Stone was credited on-screen as 'Peter Joshua', one of the names used by Cary Grant in the original film.
Dramatists Guild presidency
For 18 years, Stone served as the member-elected president of the Dramatists Guild of America from 1981 to March 24, 1999. He resigned his presidency so a "new crew could take over."
Death and postmortem
Stone died of pulmonary fibrosis on April 26, 2003 in Manhattan, New York. He was survived by his wife, Mary, and brother, David. On February 27, 2004, shortly after his death, he was posthumously inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Honoring him at the induction ceremony was his close friend, actress Lauren Bacall.
Shortly after Stone's death, in a memorial ceremony held June 30, 2003, at the Richard Rodgers Theatre, it was observed that the two most famous ships of all time were Noah's Ark and the Titanic, and that Stone had written Broadway musicals about both of them (Noah's Ark being the topic of Two by Two).
Posthumous
Stone had a posthumous success on Broadway with Curtains (2007–08) based on his original book. It ran for 511 performances.
In 2011, one of his projects was completed with Thomas Meehan, and Death Takes a Holiday was produced off-Broadway with a score by Maury Yeston.
Awards
Stone is among the small group of writers who have won acclaim in stage, screen, and television by winning a Tony, an Oscar, and an Emmy. In 1964, Stone won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for his screenplay for Charade.
Stone was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical five times (winning for Woman of the Year and Titanic) and for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical three times (winning for 1776 and posthumously for his contribution to Curtains).
Television
The Asphalt Jungle
The Defenders
One Of My Wives Is Missing
Film
Charade
Father Goose
Mirage
Arabesque
Skin Game
1776
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three
Who is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?
Just Cause
Theater
Kean - 1961
Skyscraper - 1965
1776 - 1969
Two by Two - 1970
Sugar - 1972
Full Circle - 1973
Woman of the Year - 1981
My One and Only - 1983
The Will Rogers Follies - 1991
Titanic - 1997
Annie Get Your Gun (revised book) - 1999
Curtains (original book and concept) - 2006
Death Takes a Holiday (original book, with Thomas Meehan) - 2011
References
External links
Peter Stone at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Peter Stone papers, 1757-2003 (bulk 1950-2000) Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
New York Public Library Blog on Peter Stone
1930 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
University High School (Los Angeles) alumni
American male screenwriters
Bard College alumni
Edgar Award winners
Emmy Award winners
Yale University alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
American musical theatre librettists
Tony Award winners
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters | [
-0.23125721514225006,
0.41348594427108765,
-0.9407464265823364,
-0.16476762294769287,
0.17943160235881805,
0.7219023108482361,
0.7197548151016235,
-0.061831265687942505,
0.41320496797561646,
-0.3682977259159088,
0.06381302326917648,
0.4672582149505615,
-0.01712598279118538,
0.16617150604724884,
-0.1147734746336937,
0.09855222702026367,
-0.3792850375175476,
-0.40496087074279785,
-0.25028979778289795,
-0.2385401874780655,
-0.46453410387039185,
-0.04952225834131241,
0.3768879175186157,
0.28106266260147095,
-0.10707206279039383,
0.1862010955810547,
-0.17920026183128357,
-0.42149028182029724,
0.25951987504959106,
0.3944684863090515,
-0.09900051355361938,
0.45058906078338623,
0.17377367615699768,
-0.6466617584228516,
-0.48566746711730957,
-0.1713818609714508,
-0.7147160172462463,
-0.07447656989097595,
-0.03007230907678604,
0.10030634701251984,
-0.005351993255317211,
0.32936251163482666,
0.17365393042564392,
-0.36980554461479187,
-0.09379713982343674,
-0.16630083322525024,
-2.111785411834717,
0.0014623430324718356,
-0.9814902544021606,
-0.4609711468219757,
0.01056885626167059,
0.40551307797431946,
0.9166526794433594,
-0.2231258898973465,
0.2901754081249237,
0.4875597655773163,
-0.41354915499687195,
0.0038362860213965178,
0.09008517861366272,
0.06954655051231384,
-0.1227719634771347,
-0.0665830671787262,
0.14916804432868958,
-0.005355909001082182,
-0.0335119254887104,
0.22923992574214935,
0.1388295590877533,
0.2833976745605469,
0.04751714691519737,
0.054621268063783646,
0.029205888509750366,
0.27849265933036804,
0.4567677080631256,
0.46823808550834656,
0.3057345747947693,
0.011688563972711563,
0.6241632103919983,
-0.36631453037261963,
-0.4512809216976166,
-0.21137693524360657,
-0.22803346812725067,
0.09263665229082108,
0.7367443442344666,
0.21755319833755493,
0.3894540071487427,
-0.17357268929481506,
-0.4067210555076599,
0.15538693964481354,
-0.2098025530576706,
-0.09560214728116989,
-0.9353064894676208,
-0.3374105989933014,
-0.40919145941734314,
0.3210724890232086,
0.2561318576335907,
-0.11848179996013641,
-0.05040974169969559,
0.7278132438659668,
0.17762960493564606,
-0.23403483629226685,
-0.036901529878377914,
-0.2364586889743805,
0.708313524723053,
0.029271362349390984,
-0.5539260506629944,
-0.1233295127749443,
0.24167320132255554,
-0.6353707313537598,
0.35436350107192993,
-0.5189471244812012,
-0.07783381640911102,
0.9327937960624695,
-0.021065594628453255,
0.12181518971920013,
-0.06313899159431458,
0.9295185208320618,
-0.15297213196754456,
-0.3074926435947418,
-0.7362489104270935,
0.40998491644859314,
-0.2397986799478531,
-0.0030801347456872463,
0.011442122049629688,
0.054358743131160736,
-0.8151782751083374,
0.08198660612106323,
0.18601857125759125,
-0.0017332970164716244,
-0.3221761882305145,
0.046688951551914215,
0.37953951954841614,
1.3527555465698242,
-0.3302150368690491,
-0.502601683139801,
-0.5382238626480103,
0.26803073287010193,
0.023446887731552124,
-0.33607155084609985,
-0.6065071225166321,
0.47726738452911377,
-0.46848270297050476,
0.2346220761537552,
-1.3305156230926514,
-0.329267293214798,
0.31107813119888306,
-0.10622278600931168,
0.14256879687309265,
-0.284070760011673,
-0.03791026026010513,
0.3393925130367279,
0.11121334135532379,
0.47357234358787537,
0.10223985463380814,
-0.22114932537078857,
-0.39199769496917725,
0.35076698660850525,
0.4843679368495941,
0.363467812538147,
-0.06981461495161057,
-0.07821374386548996,
0.31449344754219055,
0.05936183035373688,
0.10035484284162521,
-0.30063503980636597,
0.10228454321622849,
-0.15498048067092896,
0.42658597230911255,
-0.6071865558624268,
-0.05687994509935379,
0.49235817790031433,
-0.26092347502708435,
0.5414300560951233,
0.5293750166893005,
-0.15159869194030762,
0.18181222677230835,
0.20581528544425964,
0.47046273946762085,
1.0143903493881226,
-0.12000422924757004,
0.1319909244775772,
-0.5409290790557861,
-0.16266945004463196,
-0.26122233271598816,
0.019636472687125206,
-0.003862854093313217,
0.03541341423988342,
0.4849132001399994,
-0.4320908486843109,
0.7573350071907043,
0.19437573850154877,
-0.25850653648376465,
-0.38943958282470703,
0.22972625494003296,
-0.118897445499897,
0.9452674388885498,
-0.07391033321619034,
-0.6237401962280273,
0.5256597995758057,
0.09544958919286728,
0.5431894063949585,
-0.05575396493077278,
-0.5864928364753723,
0.22584298253059387,
-0.028467172756791115,
0.2817033529281616,
0.8493364453315735,
0.4499221742153168,
-0.08885002136230469,
0.19699892401695251,
0.8182452321052551,
0.4962112307548523,
-0.03732607141137123,
0.13003091514110565,
0.976599931716919,
-0.34660765528678894,
-0.9453285336494446,
-0.35032057762145996,
-0.33318206667900085,
0.3432280123233795,
-0.3010576665401459,
0.770712673664093,
0.23949772119522095,
0.34325626492500305,
0.5524028539657593,
-0.38698428869247437,
0.908363401889801,
-0.5567864179611206,
0.06062217429280281,
0.4467161297798157,
-0.5003544688224792,
-0.2112663835287094,
0.6134275794029236,
-0.1767769455909729,
-0.8196285367012024,
0.16994893550872803,
0.355988472700119,
0.15613122284412384,
-0.5631616115570068,
0.03672471642494202,
0.01374573353677988,
0.016864730045199394,
0.4687136113643646,
-0.6090025305747986,
-0.1450701206922531,
-0.20192290842533112,
0.1536659151315689,
0.20206224918365479,
0.03752380982041359,
-0.22969868779182434,
0.13787926733493805,
0.13829749822616577,
0.4332096576690674,
0.17371277511119843,
-0.09203564375638962,
-0.3839608430862427,
0.08952642232179642,
-0.29276371002197266,
-0.20708389580249786,
0.7955420017242432,
-0.046147409826517105,
-0.0648208037018776,
0.03568412736058235,
0.4261065721511841,
-0.3521072566509247,
-0.18493738770484924,
-0.2465851902961731,
0.040569718927145004,
-0.6213798522949219,
-0.35893023014068604,
0.2955203950405121,
0.42204052209854126,
-0.37362128496170044,
-0.10206133127212524,
-0.6114165186882019,
0.24896980822086334,
-0.10693676769733429,
-0.11780257523059845,
-0.18929696083068848,
-0.6990209221839905,
-0.6897168755531311,
0.5115617513656616,
0.684997022151947,
-0.05721178278326988,
-0.2664162814617157,
0.31652384996414185,
-0.20378035306930542,
-0.12510956823825836,
-0.007138863671571016,
0.05894264951348305,
-0.04197322577238083,
-0.46125856041908264,
0.6412039995193481,
-0.3633064925670624,
-0.01293994765728712,
-0.24065238237380981,
0.6121038794517517,
-0.38910746574401855,
-0.6774104833602905,
-0.16296662390232086,
0.29932451248168945,
-0.10415022075176239,
0.6293888092041016,
-0.06974441558122635,
0.5571041107177734,
0.18479204177856445,
0.2899697721004486,
-0.20492450892925262,
-0.3097648024559021,
-5.470083713531494,
0.017633596435189247,
-0.02214701659977436,
-0.25699642300605774,
0.5323114395141602,
0.10155962407588959,
0.3229556679725647,
0.1174566000699997,
0.4658306837081909,
-0.39113757014274597,
0.09368351846933365,
-0.17897140979766846,
-0.048616405576467514,
0.7946142554283142,
0.7700939178466797,
0.20902664959430695,
0.33812159299850464,
-0.49252647161483765,
-0.1999206393957138,
0.5981895923614502,
-0.055963557213544846,
-0.15186554193496704,
-0.1772891879081726,
-0.2194957733154297,
0.3726913332939148,
0.24279329180717468,
-0.6175861358642578,
0.4919432997703552,
-0.7262313365936279,
-0.10847006738185883,
0.034123439341783524,
0.17183171212673187,
-0.327588826417923,
-0.2523361146450043,
-0.07419264316558838,
-0.05231703445315361,
0.70588618516922,
0.5957338213920593,
0.2616518437862396,
-0.005697471555322409,
-0.1595449596643448,
0.21981647610664368,
-0.876248300075531,
-0.2788967192173004,
-0.016879934817552567,
-0.03595990687608719,
-0.5213901996612549,
0.026947172358632088,
-0.300431489944458,
0.45718616247177124,
0.5407803058624268,
0.1670599728822708,
0.8892615437507629,
0.5706504583358765,
0.20785927772521973,
-0.27587854862213135,
0.3308698236942291,
-0.31295135617256165,
-0.967073380947113,
0.08901012688875198,
0.09375816583633423,
-0.2183479219675064,
0.18309088051319122,
-0.4855353534221649,
-0.17845803499221802,
-0.7709398865699768,
-0.21034255623817444,
0.32334455847740173,
0.21189795434474945,
-0.6720951795578003,
-0.19294953346252441,
0.5990021228790283,
0.5044357180595398,
-1.173292875289917,
0.2699548304080963,
-0.3371005356311798,
-0.042688999325037,
-0.3350984752178192,
-0.9164835810661316,
-0.5950438976287842,
0.30598700046539307,
-0.18912473320960999,
-0.08442676067352295,
0.6432393789291382,
0.780878484249115,
0.2457786649465561,
-0.2882445752620697,
0.4522560238838196,
-0.8384493589401245,
-0.3960309326648712,
-0.002765751676633954,
-0.1036682277917862,
0.1172076016664505,
0.3703248202800751,
0.31763389706611633,
0.0645415261387825,
0.6682634353637695,
-0.04815226420760155,
0.3108080327510834,
-0.07352679967880249,
-0.5718977451324463,
-0.4778788685798645,
0.5031524300575256,
-1.0052902698516846,
-0.15657910704612732,
-0.2136297971010208,
-0.03393832594156265,
0.5126022100448608,
0.5923412442207336,
-0.07530879229307175,
-0.10219180583953857,
0.4994005560874939,
-0.3764980435371399,
-0.3790242373943329,
0.3012448251247406,
0.13479313254356384,
-0.13633258640766144,
-0.121350958943367,
0.3334464132785797,
0.48844054341316223,
-0.1513988971710205,
0.4051724970340729,
-0.16907979547977448,
-0.5587596297264099,
0.23501421511173248,
-0.7179169654846191,
0.053855039179325104,
-0.41386717557907104,
0.034620463848114014,
0.4132818877696991,
-0.5051521062850952,
0.7220995426177979,
-0.26006513833999634,
0.4028433859348297,
0.0855703204870224,
-0.08156680315732956,
-0.8931646943092346,
-0.19245919585227966,
-0.17439153790473938,
0.17456987500190735,
0.18037386238574982,
-0.4307110905647278,
-0.28454655408859253,
-0.1325640231370926,
0.06363878399133682,
-0.11602846533060074,
0.23269590735435486,
0.2775573134422302,
-0.15049371123313904,
0.3620811998844147,
-0.14884443581104279,
0.25420045852661133,
0.28807827830314636,
-0.4917086064815521,
-0.31630972027778625,
-0.005159428808838129,
-0.5916784405708313,
0.20036792755126953,
0.0916711613535881,
-0.15886975824832916,
0.19182737171649933,
-0.2772279679775238,
-1.062760591506958,
0.3189274072647095,
-0.08904965966939926,
-0.3382596969604492,
-0.38866865634918213,
-0.13968051970005035,
-0.48733481764793396,
0.5402554869651794,
0.4299929440021515,
-0.17825639247894287,
-0.07422757893800735,
0.22200460731983185,
0.20978283882141113,
0.09924193471670151,
-0.30578845739364624,
-0.5317266583442688,
0.18541887402534485,
0.27361029386520386,
0.20918706059455872,
-0.09186571091413498,
-0.7718361020088196,
0.0774707943201065,
0.36055609583854675,
-0.42248237133026123,
-0.33543503284454346,
-0.23107051849365234,
-0.4220034182071686,
-0.14929047226905823,
0.10332196950912476,
-0.4967005252838135,
0.4763126075267792,
0.6349896788597107,
0.011768205091357231,
0.090184286236763,
0.24396711587905884,
-0.2623511850833893,
-0.22719433903694153,
-0.1535128802061081,
0.27182579040527344,
0.23629313707351685,
-0.4119931161403656,
-0.22465860843658447,
0.08242535591125488,
-1.276703953742981,
-0.3532553017139435,
-0.2727404534816742,
0.26251062750816345,
0.9096186757087708,
0.03712863847613335,
-0.33033227920532227,
-0.12124849855899811,
-0.12871573865413666,
-0.2776072025299072,
0.11259641498327255,
0.585297703742981,
0.2076372653245926,
-0.7375728487968445,
-0.49829262495040894,
-0.07073059678077698,
-0.494984894990921,
-0.6522985696792603,
-0.10079143941402435,
-0.5292867422103882,
0.31369996070861816,
0.040021419525146484,
-0.7159508466720581,
0.30418816208839417,
-0.10433415323495865,
0.31163084506988525,
0.08571172505617142,
0.2633134722709656,
0.14645472168922424,
-0.21197469532489777,
-0.40298742055892944,
0.3223007619380951,
0.12378083914518356,
-0.5173540711402893,
0.17859575152397156,
0.5427836179733276,
0.9539254307746887,
0.6176233291625977,
0.08613184094429016,
0.24581682682037354,
0.06344309449195862,
-0.11243743449449539,
-0.3666699528694153,
-0.20567923784255981,
0.419773668050766,
0.9166576266288757,
0.20419184863567352,
-0.29942888021469116,
-0.10847864300012589,
0.7301931977272034,
-0.2271094024181366,
-0.14235609769821167,
0.3244177997112274,
0.23450423777103424,
0.34467265009880066,
0.24177700281143188,
-0.26231637597084045,
-0.5743740797042847,
0.1130312979221344,
-0.13142594695091248,
0.12524953484535217,
0.1354878693819046,
0.3072504997253418,
0.4260140359401703,
-0.4517363905906677,
-0.34753507375717163,
0.10716308653354645,
-0.3528922498226166,
0.7773308753967285,
0.02448396570980549,
-0.12825751304626465,
0.47555580735206604,
-0.568602979183197,
0.17827920615673065,
-0.5375868082046509,
0.09759353846311569,
0.47566619515419006,
-0.11623494327068329,
-0.6344591379165649,
-0.33959513902664185,
-0.2483941614627838,
0.2329561859369278,
-0.11242199689149857,
-0.2990577518939972,
-0.15508681535720825,
-0.5100482702255249,
0.014798328280448914,
-0.4653966426849365,
-0.09479237347841263,
0.3074808716773987,
-0.4079826772212982,
-0.387874573469162,
1.1222381591796875,
-0.09212914109230042,
-0.03484107926487923,
-0.5150560736656189,
0.2199053168296814,
0.4510771632194519,
0.04422147199511528,
0.31666871905326843,
-0.24458862841129303,
-0.41199496388435364,
-0.2653563916683197,
-0.34634411334991455,
0.3065689504146576,
0.3514694571495056,
-0.6136806011199951,
0.37092092633247375,
0.4411220848560333,
-0.2330635040998459,
0.11356515437364578,
0.556736409664154,
-0.25060614943504333,
-0.09938663244247437,
-0.1250690221786499,
-0.14658236503601074,
-0.054923057556152344,
0.8974780440330505,
-0.7711054682731628,
0.29353731870651245,
1.0442441701889038,
-0.1272577941417694,
-0.07486545294523239,
-0.5060428977012634,
-0.3237762451171875,
0.1858828216791153,
-0.3744209110736847,
-0.5990696549415588,
0.2877848446369171,
0.18245500326156616,
-0.4226730465888977,
0.24167445302009583,
0.20918051898479462,
0.15748758614063263,
0.024299513548612595,
-0.40548673272132874,
0.47413724660873413,
-0.0709579661488533,
0.1562749445438385,
0.3307344317436218,
-0.2188156098127365,
-0.017996078357100487,
0.6562021970748901,
-0.2928679585456848,
-0.04898703843355179,
0.6162113547325134,
0.1900821328163147,
0.1660488396883011,
-0.6839727163314819,
0.5653018951416016,
-0.16485922038555145,
0.559044599533081,
-0.09484348446130753,
0.28780779242515564,
-0.6592872738838196,
-0.14454114437103271,
-0.3159004747867584,
0.5057160258293152,
0.3243506848812103,
0.031870901584625244,
0.18707720935344696,
0.2703993022441864,
-0.948286235332489,
-0.23059888184070587,
0.5954288840293884,
0.004438737872987986,
0.34120282530784607,
-0.0703125074505806,
0.4932641386985779,
0.36648598313331604,
0.09738965332508087,
0.9832002520561218,
-0.6602166295051575,
0.003914942499250174,
-0.16462087631225586,
-0.24919985234737396,
-0.03747233748435974,
-0.44935888051986694,
-0.152042955160141,
-0.2300005853176117,
-0.18766097724437714,
0.3139877915382385,
0.18000513315200806,
-0.23278355598449707,
-0.4724733233451843,
0.19176973402500153,
-0.9559184312820435,
-0.5684645771980286,
0.516024112701416,
-0.8481613397598267,
0.2728818356990814,
-0.40608519315719604,
0.9765463471412659,
0.1484547257423401,
0.30493834614753723,
0.1269432157278061,
0.1402529776096344,
0.06759276986122131,
0.3469707667827606,
-0.3282144069671631,
0.10309289395809174,
-0.6989686489105225,
0.035479750484228134,
-0.9479342103004456,
0.08762364089488983,
0.47721484303474426,
0.5329642295837402,
-0.2843174338340759,
0.4881303310394287,
-0.23308897018432617,
-0.035397399216890335,
0.4478466808795929,
0.3460370600223541,
0.29722416400909424,
0.41863688826560974,
0.3201982080936432,
0.5303220152854919,
-0.1622508317232132,
0.2062702625989914,
-0.3794914484024048,
0.1906055063009262,
0.29054364562034607,
-0.3082179129123688,
-0.0040005967020988464,
0.10384640842676163,
-0.08312345296144485,
0.05188725143671036,
-0.29843670129776,
0.24933543801307678,
0.09153993427753448,
-0.25691911578178406,
0.4639267027378082,
0.9832851886749268,
0.41145920753479004,
-0.7344467043876648,
0.4170747995376587,
0.23580509424209595,
-0.28516843914985657,
0.10381006449460983,
-2.3336479663848877,
-0.13208554685115814,
0.0877469927072525,
-0.3106573522090912,
0.11113967001438141,
0.679099977016449,
-0.4643782675266266,
-0.6748945713043213,
0.1449999064207077,
-0.3076931834220886,
-0.031312234699726105,
0.5950031876564026,
-0.348305881023407,
-0.4553491473197937,
0.5556542277336121,
-0.13062654435634613
] |
217852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeg | Skeg | A skeg (or skegg or skag) is a sternward extension of the keel of boats and ships which have a rudder mounted on the centre line. The term also applies to the lowest point on an outboard motor or the outdrive of an inboard/outboard. In more recent years, the name has been used for a fin on a surfboard which improves directional stability and to a movable fin on a kayak which adjusts the boat's centre of lateral resistance (it moves the center of resistance relative to the center of effort). The term is also often used for the fin on water skis in the U.S. It has been used for the vertical fin on seaplane hulls and floats.
Etymology
The word originates in the Scandinavian word for beard; in Old Norse, skegg. In Icelandic the word remains skegg, in modern Norwegian Bokmål and Nynorsk, it appears as skjegg, in Swedish, it is skägg and in Danish, skæg. The Norwegian pronunciation of the letter combination skj is as in the English sh. The word is related to the English shaggy. It also appears in the English place name Skegness - 'beard point', from the way in which a series of tombolos forms, towards the nearby Gibraltar Point. Here, the English pronunciation reflects a probable Danish origin, which pronounces the sk letter combination as an English speaker would expect.
In boats and ships
Where a vessel's rudder is mounted on the centre-line, it is usual to hang it on gudgeons and pintles, the latter being upright pins and the former, rings to fit round them. Together, they form a hinge. This naturally leaves a small gap between the sternpost and the rudder, into which stray items like kelp and rope can catch, causing drag and threatening the security of the vessel's steering. In ships such as Mary Rose, the skeg is a very small feature; a tapered extension of the keel below the leading edge of the rudder. This somewhat beard-like sternward extension of the keel is the basic skeg. Subsequently, the lowest pintle was commonly mounted below the rudder on a metal extension of the keel. This helped further stabilize and protect the rudder and the name skeg was transferred to it. It used to be relatively small until screw propellers were introduced, when it had to reach below the screw and became a proportionately larger feature protecting both screw and rudder from damage.
On wooden vessels, the skeg may be protected from worm damage by the addition of a bug shoe, or a "a length of hardened material, such as ironbark, placed on the sternward keel extension (skeg) to protect from shipworm damage."
In more modern installations, with more than one screw, a fitting supports each propeller shaft just ahead of its screw. This is usually called a shaft bracket but the part of it which extends below the shaft bearing to protect the lower part of the propeller is also a skeg. Similarly, the protective projection of the drive casing, below the rotational axis of the propeller of an outboard motor is another form of the skeg.
Where a yacht is designed with a fin keel, it will normally, also have a skeg-mounted rudder.
Surfing
In surfing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing, skegs, usually known as "fins", are attached toward the tail of the board to improve directional stability and control through foot-steering. Fins allow the rider to control the board's direction by varying their side-to-side weight distribution.
Fixed fins were introduced to surfboards by surfing pioneer Tom Blake in 1935. Around 1936, Woody Brown independently added a fixed fin to his second surfboard design, which further popularized the feature. The stability and control it allowed revolutionized the sport.
Small single aluminum fins first evolved into larger wooden versions, then ones made from fiberglass and carbon fiber. In time, hydrodynamic improvements took place, pioneered by George Downing who also created the first removable skeg, which was a teak wood skeg in a teak wood box which was supposed to be held in place by the swelling of the wood in water. In modern surfing board design, the conventional set-up is to have three fins, with single fins being a minority. While most windsurfing boards are single-fin, wave boards now feature some twin-fin, tri-fin and quad-fin designs. Directional kitesurfing boards are usually three-fin, with five-fin designs being used for improved upwind performance.
Kayaks
A skeg is employed in the type of kayak used on more open water such as the sea. Its purpose and use are rather different from those of the surfing skeg. In the kayak, the amount of exposure of the skeg to the water, and also its effect on the position of the boat's centre of lateral resistance (CLR), is freely adjustable by the crew. The adjustment varies the degree to which the wind affects the boat - that is, the amount of lateral movement the wind can cause by impacting the upper parts of the boat and the crew. In more conventional calculations, this would be the centre of effort of the sail area (CE). In still water, where the wind is pushing the boat sideways, a contrary force (lateral resistance) develops, resisting that movement. If the central points of the application of those two forces coincide, the boat moves steadily sideways. Otherwise, it rotates in the horizontal plane, until they are in line. By varying the CLR, it is possible to better control the boat's attitude towards the wind and waves. Irregular flowing movement of the water complicates the issue, however. This link explains the subtleties of the kayak skeg. They may be made of wood, fiberglass or aluminum. Some are deployed using internal cables, but others use external ropes and bungee cord.
Typically, these are retractable, and they are not a rudder. If properly configured (e.g., use of street sign aluminum in a narrow box that extends through the hull) they will not flex, and will greatly decrease and counter pitch, roll and yaw, like a centerboard on a sailboat, when the craft is moving. In that sense, the skeg acts as a lifting foil.
Aircraft
Skegs have been used to improve the directional stability of seaplanes. They have been installed on floats and hulls
See also
Glossary of nautical terms
Notes
References
Further reading
Nautical terminology
Naval architecture
Sailboat components
Sailing rigs and rigging
Sailing ship components
Shipbuilding
Surfing equipment
Watercraft components | [
-0.28574833273887634,
-0.13926739990711212,
0.17046482861042023,
0.16385379433631897,
-0.7181584239006042,
0.566835343837738,
-0.21664944291114807,
0.13791336119174957,
-0.6914829015731812,
-0.39143848419189453,
-0.05448858067393303,
-0.23212634027004242,
-0.03065863810479641,
0.318973571062088,
-0.4489886462688446,
0.43072038888931274,
0.5287289023399353,
0.38821470737457275,
-0.1314903348684311,
-0.5287855267524719,
0.08344285935163498,
-0.3819381892681122,
-0.02401789277791977,
-0.05659029260277748,
0.9347111582756042,
0.10201626271009445,
0.136740043759346,
0.004308520816266537,
0.1309136003255844,
0.2535698711872101,
0.2086700201034546,
0.6712905168533325,
0.2864544093608856,
0.04758553206920624,
0.02306233160197735,
-0.3422183096408844,
-0.2381315529346466,
-0.18437179923057556,
-0.47438082098960876,
-0.06450306624174118,
-0.37670260667800903,
0.039722248911857605,
0.6572732329368591,
0.6179594993591309,
-0.3536427617073059,
-0.53725266456604,
-1.2146645784378052,
0.5737873911857605,
-0.35152047872543335,
0.4372786283493042,
-1.0072585344314575,
-0.018668856471776962,
-0.05548165738582611,
0.39149224758148193,
-0.02388729900121689,
0.4747101962566376,
0.21172435581684113,
0.5615150332450867,
-0.009574784897267818,
-0.6072536110877991,
0.13661816716194153,
-0.14431580901145935,
0.38526102900505066,
0.013446314260363579,
0.5131526589393616,
0.3659994304180145,
-0.6085712909698486,
0.4726199805736542,
-0.4114557206630707,
-0.14444978535175323,
0.09424278140068054,
0.034318555146455765,
-0.36823102831840515,
0.17965130507946014,
-0.2355867475271225,
-0.15576928853988647,
-0.19166947901248932,
-0.24566569924354553,
0.6920071840286255,
-0.37322601675987244,
0.5268909335136414,
0.051906518638134,
-0.11598952114582062,
0.7227138876914978,
0.24937006831169128,
0.23085783421993256,
-0.9808236360549927,
0.5064281821250916,
-0.5060489177703857,
0.7887915372848511,
0.5321611762046814,
-0.7053081393241882,
0.724138081073761,
0.6468409299850464,
-0.0150635726749897,
0.31243041157722473,
0.17846520245075226,
0.14891140162944794,
0.4618816375732422,
0.11652176082134247,
-0.26487448811531067,
-0.5648580193519592,
0.6612187623977661,
0.07564004510641098,
-0.25888940691947937,
-0.4216045141220093,
-0.4024669826030731,
-0.4491625130176544,
-0.14780418574810028,
-0.1294218748807907,
-0.6753861904144287,
0.03917647525668144,
0.03755056485533714,
0.11148145794868469,
0.15888173878192902,
0.013128743506968021,
0.011241788975894451,
-0.41994690895080566,
-0.20385104417800903,
-0.29704543948173523,
0.03188956528902054,
0.591741681098938,
-0.33581531047821045,
-0.1709393709897995,
-0.07930867373943329,
-0.3037177622318268,
0.24942231178283691,
1.2560683488845825,
-0.7543770670890808,
-0.595092236995697,
0.4947582483291626,
0.33063721656799316,
-0.006774526089429855,
0.09720160067081451,
-0.7433879971504211,
0.13409219682216644,
0.2639111280441284,
-0.20601484179496765,
0.31212401390075684,
0.4265969693660736,
-0.9318156838417053,
-0.023690661415457726,
-0.48423293232917786,
-0.6387434005737305,
-0.01192041952162981,
-0.11335214227437973,
0.02664514258503914,
-0.39437776803970337,
-0.7364348769187927,
0.13118156790733337,
0.23315073549747467,
0.40719926357269287,
0.03949921950697899,
-0.1269734501838684,
-0.48463380336761475,
-0.1154351532459259,
-0.035763733088970184,
-0.32082605361938477,
0.07370077818632126,
-0.11783773452043533,
0.022243240848183632,
-0.2477215975522995,
-0.2507879137992859,
0.27519771456718445,
0.5073806047439575,
-0.29096630215644836,
0.6540023684501648,
0.1472899615764618,
-0.4798722267150879,
0.38894402980804443,
0.10393126308917999,
0.31153568625450134,
1.050148367881775,
0.2213175892829895,
-0.11965876817703247,
-0.2555605173110962,
0.30535823106765747,
-0.47556257247924805,
0.9742394089698792,
-0.32393309473991394,
-0.8761700987815857,
-0.04838007315993309,
0.7343631982803345,
-0.18461063504219055,
-0.49243512749671936,
0.11160442233085632,
0.06464096158742905,
-0.07580696791410446,
0.1022799164056778,
-0.4015173017978668,
-0.53010094165802,
-0.7505624294281006,
0.0934416726231575,
0.06346739083528519,
1.1829429864883423,
-0.22464874386787415,
-0.20122550427913666,
0.1933206021785736,
-0.06181313842535019,
0.5844777226448059,
-0.3784841299057007,
-0.1563625931739807,
0.21949470043182373,
-0.5231528282165527,
-0.47493112087249756,
0.7731270790100098,
0.1766708940267563,
0.24438750743865967,
-0.32658860087394714,
-0.07041633129119873,
-0.1747695952653885,
-0.9151666760444641,
0.517157793045044,
-0.16060441732406616,
-0.2220727652311325,
-0.24780260026454926,
-0.06405826658010483,
0.1485355943441391,
0.13146628439426422,
0.05730472505092621,
0.7426683306694031,
0.20449727773666382,
-0.6422027349472046,
0.28425344824790955,
0.7374616265296936,
0.49984997510910034,
0.27826520800590515,
0.4344879984855652,
-0.1293279230594635,
-0.2532247304916382,
0.07735966145992279,
0.1415708065032959,
-0.061561379581689835,
-0.06984049081802368,
-0.6048879027366638,
0.0009601273341104388,
0.37682995200157166,
0.1745714545249939,
1.11238431930542,
-0.6838961839675903,
0.37942400574684143,
0.1080583706498146,
-0.5309398174285889,
0.05729014053940773,
1.1058990955352783,
0.15316727757453918,
0.1755942851305008,
0.1362069547176361,
0.3031814992427826,
-0.4880775511264801,
0.5147764682769775,
0.5292112231254578,
0.3116930425167084,
-0.9718085527420044,
-0.24251587688922882,
0.0978909358382225,
-0.03343425691127777,
-0.08771181851625443,
0.19605503976345062,
-0.0012219530763104558,
-0.2402416616678238,
-0.09642311930656433,
0.7205885648727417,
-0.7800911664962769,
0.08868912607431412,
0.017162872478365898,
0.07172631472349167,
0.01528962142765522,
0.9987324476242065,
0.29219478368759155,
0.13496500253677368,
0.4761550724506378,
-0.2937721610069275,
-0.2967674136161804,
-0.9037044644355774,
-0.7085041403770447,
0.8330468535423279,
-0.7299423217773438,
-0.756510853767395,
-0.7067282199859619,
0.037065211683511734,
0.20571868121623993,
-0.12406066805124283,
-0.35675227642059326,
0.30270132422447205,
-0.4060964286327362,
-0.05412832647562027,
-0.3437475860118866,
0.06275943666696548,
-0.18163736164569855,
0.16773858666419983,
0.38550475239753723,
-0.4280857741832733,
0.33578693866729736,
0.34939953684806824,
0.6322189569473267,
-0.8808544874191284,
-0.5173877477645874,
0.49685823917388916,
-0.4513261020183563,
-0.3167565166950226,
-0.30372804403305054,
0.45211875438690186,
-0.06668002158403397,
-0.2935902178287506,
-0.08361296355724335,
-0.09365997463464737,
0.35421276092529297,
-5.468949794769287,
-0.1417538970708847,
-0.4607141613960266,
-0.23679526150226593,
0.2827356457710266,
0.40001338720321655,
0.25557202100753784,
-0.034904517233371735,
0.2651512324810028,
-0.11298387497663498,
0.045883603394031525,
-0.11821361631155014,
-0.33140966296195984,
0.409783273935318,
0.4691299796104431,
0.3985157012939453,
0.5565060973167419,
-0.05883733555674553,
0.2038165032863617,
-0.21758559346199036,
0.19176319241523743,
0.01682581752538681,
0.042449887841939926,
0.3447711169719696,
0.13501885533332825,
-0.4847191274166107,
-0.34457749128341675,
-0.04408896341919899,
-0.658678412437439,
-0.5153824687004089,
0.07926525175571442,
-0.010898866690695286,
-0.331516295671463,
0.11123356968164444,
0.11281387507915497,
-0.11631404608488083,
0.6387568712234497,
0.4553508162498474,
0.2678324580192566,
-0.436604768037796,
0.02164405770599842,
0.8370481729507446,
-0.14727266132831573,
-0.22978092730045319,
1.3616795539855957,
-0.3344523012638092,
0.1091146320104599,
-0.3102279007434845,
-0.6197023391723633,
0.7354232668876648,
0.32662248611450195,
0.03715258464217186,
-0.17459626495838165,
0.14333784580230713,
0.28138241171836853,
-0.09696975350379944,
0.28443199396133423,
-0.0037520264741033316,
-0.31926438212394714,
0.2199133187532425,
0.868448793888092,
-0.3754129707813263,
-0.3138107657432556,
-0.48999011516571045,
-0.13947135210037231,
-0.6589518189430237,
-0.45182910561561584,
-0.2202252298593521,
0.3185235559940338,
0.12553845345973969,
-0.27942508459091187,
1.0333017110824585,
0.46636632084846497,
-0.6825793385505676,
0.3865478038787842,
-0.5811505317687988,
0.16350075602531433,
0.09680674225091934,
0.4192454218864441,
0.015066664665937424,
-0.1512046456336975,
-0.07877316325902939,
-0.5852584838867188,
0.3700350821018219,
-0.09786975383758545,
-0.9544166922569275,
-0.5094594359397888,
-0.39036136865615845,
-0.07765001803636551,
0.11564426124095917,
0.7773318290710449,
-0.44074615836143494,
0.16161398589611053,
0.1719154268503189,
-0.23541823029518127,
0.3049755394458771,
-0.36644116044044495,
-0.49129030108451843,
0.7091135382652283,
-0.48725610971450806,
0.3592546880245209,
0.04081878066062927,
-0.36095187067985535,
0.5389763712882996,
0.49566471576690674,
-0.2565104067325592,
-0.1338871568441391,
0.43140289187431335,
0.982313334941864,
0.20426569879055023,
0.28775903582572937,
0.09114950895309448,
-0.42545291781425476,
-0.20464569330215454,
0.3276197612285614,
-0.12460362166166306,
-0.7934810519218445,
0.3821399509906769,
0.05037349462509155,
-0.6699012517929077,
0.004510095808655024,
0.17717869579792023,
-0.3745708465576172,
-0.19682751595973969,
-0.56853187084198,
-0.3986058533191681,
0.13172151148319244,
0.07330292463302612,
-0.190176859498024,
0.46082764863967896,
0.6052298545837402,
0.41679617762565613,
0.2812846302986145,
-0.5552169680595398,
-0.29451948404312134,
-0.3944324553012848,
-0.19654111564159393,
0.1317095160484314,
-0.15780818462371826,
-0.6981226801872253,
-0.026784446090459824,
-0.3693060576915741,
0.13414019346237183,
-0.3622839152812958,
0.7623218894004822,
0.6708163619041443,
-0.0726529061794281,
0.8546248078346252,
-0.29880446195602417,
0.7522789835929871,
-0.7142179012298584,
-0.1091163381934166,
0.05248676985502243,
-0.6489675045013428,
0.6760268211364746,
-0.25228995084762573,
0.5221740007400513,
0.5758156180381775,
-0.21821798384189606,
-0.10314556956291199,
0.05233781784772873,
0.18806594610214233,
-1.0748909711837769,
-0.47084131836891174,
-0.32691726088523865,
0.20084692537784576,
-1.2333916425704956,
0.3058210015296936,
-0.04059826210141182,
0.012924632988870144,
-0.07012216001749039,
-0.8163064122200012,
-0.8690706491470337,
-0.42311781644821167,
0.3154984712600708,
0.028229082003235817,
-0.20375822484493256,
0.2801083028316498,
-0.4477253556251526,
0.046415384858846664,
-0.288402259349823,
-0.2126883715391159,
0.262386292219162,
0.7671752572059631,
0.2519628405570984,
0.01614762470126152,
-0.924643874168396,
-0.001810144865885377,
-0.43637993931770325,
0.16280893981456757,
-0.1705304980278015,
-0.6025393009185791,
0.45464980602264404,
0.4904754161834717,
-0.2698013186454773,
0.12243109941482544,
-0.15451617538928986,
0.6574820280075073,
0.08420281112194061,
-0.335633248090744,
-0.5100461840629578,
0.8241346478462219,
-0.6608472466468811,
0.19721129536628723,
0.13858415186405182,
-0.2605622112751007,
0.4350154995918274,
-0.17565810680389404,
-0.07558948546648026,
0.44639718532562256,
-0.3393060863018036,
-0.968933641910553,
-0.2513105869293213,
0.6196621060371399,
-0.41647711396217346,
0.23043237626552582,
0.31833305954933167,
-0.12245746701955795,
0.18027693033218384,
-0.5651220679283142,
0.3374291658401489,
-0.4797944128513336,
-0.43249809741973877,
0.020343612879514694,
-0.6655660271644592,
0.3525224030017853,
-0.41921862959861755,
0.18037563562393188,
0.5653555989265442,
-0.44246014952659607,
-0.07408130913972855,
-0.13381065428256989,
-0.14077532291412354,
0.03848198801279068,
0.6603956818580627,
-0.10408063977956772,
-0.40993064641952515,
0.25466281175613403,
0.6231019496917725,
-0.25190985202789307,
1.244077205657959,
1.182464361190796,
0.5186700224876404,
0.1879100799560547,
-0.01580219157040119,
-0.09812892228364944,
0.035052549093961716,
-0.6579626202583313,
-0.39510276913642883,
0.34453654289245605,
0.4194950461387634,
-0.3840485215187073,
-0.1869141310453415,
-0.0809464156627655,
0.4868716299533844,
0.4006005525588989,
0.38930705189704895,
-0.2993428707122803,
0.26971864700317383,
0.6770592331886292,
-0.02014683000743389,
0.36031192541122437,
-0.6722443103790283,
0.1721656173467636,
-0.21716921031475067,
0.11532066762447357,
-0.9651711583137512,
0.17538776993751526,
0.20708148181438446,
-0.19523069262504578,
0.06993353366851807,
0.19234752655029297,
0.5771028995513916,
0.10091396421194077,
0.19382978975772858,
0.5839303135871887,
0.015786677598953247,
0.2494245022535324,
0.511228084564209,
-0.025995124131441116,
-0.5154517889022827,
-0.2107858955860138,
0.22218018770217896,
-0.7274008393287659,
-0.4356083571910858,
-0.019968288019299507,
0.3982917368412018,
0.15689972043037415,
-0.021297069266438484,
-0.36150839924812317,
-0.2359175980091095,
-0.17592401802539825,
-0.3205292224884033,
1.2412503957748413,
-0.0018220447236672044,
0.09002450853586197,
0.2501877546310425,
0.5053589940071106,
0.5688877105712891,
0.47300446033477783,
-0.8311635255813599,
-0.15293578803539276,
-0.22449152171611786,
-0.8972856402397156,
0.12236516177654266,
0.016534892842173576,
-0.39187997579574585,
-0.45993155241012573,
0.22482964396476746,
0.45125922560691833,
-0.033846575766801834,
0.14200684428215027,
-0.3493887186050415,
0.643798828125,
-0.3774988353252411,
-0.5844231843948364,
0.21685950458049774,
-0.2987821102142334,
0.1928703486919403,
0.3502385914325714,
-0.20912028849124908,
-0.006823738571256399,
-0.1599508374929428,
0.13831426203250885,
-0.7771987915039062,
-0.41681909561157227,
-0.3577214479446411,
-0.05780603736639023,
0.019344056025147438,
0.6622871160507202,
0.1282394528388977,
0.30547526478767395,
-0.13156375288963318,
0.39585527777671814,
-0.15539364516735077,
-0.043768879026174545,
-0.1462341994047165,
-0.2442721128463745,
0.1486162394285202,
0.704777717590332,
0.10911981761455536,
0.29337796568870544,
-0.03272596374154091,
-0.15827374160289764,
-0.010171550326049328,
0.24894168972969055,
-0.21953071653842926,
-0.16128294169902802,
-0.2363017052412033,
0.11336756497621536,
0.1985340267419815,
-0.17587880790233612,
0.4340417683124542,
-0.33317047357559204,
0.06688672304153442,
0.19968479871749878,
0.5816540718078613,
-0.21458366513252258,
-0.3096517324447632,
0.2736424207687378,
0.133055180311203,
-0.20680436491966248,
0.12078088521957397,
-0.377617210149765,
-0.6126942038536072,
-0.2865428030490875,
0.4133421778678894,
-0.9223029017448425,
0.2693919539451599,
0.1452808976173401,
0.24367311596870422,
0.41507893800735474,
0.010187027044594288,
0.1062682643532753,
-0.420271635055542,
0.31321480870246887,
0.08606018871068954,
0.5989917516708374,
0.3309199810028076,
-0.5660269260406494,
-0.4336952567100525,
0.2145128846168518,
-0.2176639586687088,
-0.547726035118103,
-0.7249659299850464,
-0.1456660032272339,
0.01913594640791416,
0.0565369687974453,
0.23804745078086853,
0.5633344650268555,
0.09768737107515335,
-0.4544576108455658,
0.2219654619693756,
-0.12766747176647186,
-0.7409065365791321,
-0.3093780279159546,
-0.06499332934617996,
1.1405543088912964,
0.5839449763298035,
0.34616225957870483,
-0.9756342172622681,
0.4608267545700073,
-0.22738298773765564,
0.2245744913816452,
-0.04498336836695671,
-0.04508020728826523,
0.153018057346344,
0.330240398645401,
0.7370750904083252,
0.43277859687805176,
0.43143555521965027,
-0.8324680328369141,
-0.18806369602680206,
0.3039936423301697,
0.23415617644786835,
-0.07310294359922409,
0.676044762134552,
-0.2497134804725647,
0.06141015514731407,
-0.24516209959983826,
-0.21086782217025757,
0.20019890367984772,
-0.1759045273065567,
-0.1416987180709839,
0.2511766850948334,
0.2933618724346161,
0.17406779527664185,
-0.13216042518615723,
-0.42374417185783386,
0.6048339605331421,
-0.8944041728973389,
0.4750719368457794,
-1.1688575744628906,
0.11524342745542526,
-0.02808365225791931,
-0.025521958246827126,
-0.05485544726252556,
-0.04310695827007294,
0.6641145944595337,
-0.14078517258167267,
0.24471664428710938,
-0.01727328449487686,
-0.3024474084377289,
-0.0011889475863426924,
-0.2574019730091095,
0.046106286346912384,
-0.1474314033985138,
-0.07733131945133209,
-0.26112356781959534,
-0.05580546706914902,
0.6142584085464478,
-0.5920507311820984,
0.22649793326854706,
0.16641397774219513,
0.19693362712860107,
0.042531922459602356,
0.2742697298526764,
-0.9102770090103149,
-0.274367094039917,
-0.06212536618113518
] |
217853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical%20Gregorian%20University | Pontifical Gregorian University | {{Infobox university
| name = Pontifical Gregorian University
| native_name = Pontificia Università Gregoriana
| native_name_lang = it
| latin_name = Pontificiae Universitatis Gregorianae
| motto = Religioni et Bonis Artibus| motto_lang = la
| mottoeng = For Religion and Culture
| established =
| closed =
| type = Private pontifical university
| religious_affiliation = Catholic, Jesuit
| endowment =
| rector = Nuno da Silva Gonçalves
| chancellor = Giuseppe Versaldi
| students = 2,754 (2018–19)
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Rome
| country = Italy
| other_name = The Greg
| website =
| footnotes =
| image = Stemma della Gregoriana.svg
| image_size = 200px
| academic_staff = 304
| administrative_staff =
| coor =
| colors =
}}
The Pontifical Gregorian University (; also known as the Gregorian or Gregoriana) is a higher education ecclesiastical school (pontifical university) located in Rome, Italy.
The Gregorian originated as a part of the Roman College, founded in 1551 by Ignatius of Loyola, and included all grades of schooling. Its chairs of philosophy and theology received given Papal approval in 1556, making it the first institution founded by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). In 1584, the Roman College was given a new home by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was renamed the Gregorian University. It had distinguished scholars in ecclesiastical fields as well as in natural science and mathematics. Only the theology and philosophy departments of the Gregorian survived the political turmoil in Italy after 1870.
Today, the Gregorian has an international faculty and around 2,750 students from over 150 countries.
History
Founding
Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, established a School of Grammar, Humanities, and Christian Doctrine (Scuola di grammatica, d'umanità e di Dottrina cristiana) in Rome on 18 February 1551. It was located in a building at the base of the Capitoline Hill, on what is today the Piazza d'Aracoeli. Francis Borgia, the viceroy of Catalonia and a Catholic patron, provided financial support for the new school.
With a small library connected to it, the school was called the Roman College (Collegio Romano). In September 1551, due to its increased enrollment, the College moved to a larger facility behind the Santo Stefano del Cacco Church in Rome After only two years of operation, the Roman College had 250 graduates.
Early growth
In January 1556, Pope Paul IV authorized the Roman College to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy, elevating it to the rank of university. During the following 20 years, ever increasing enrollment forced the College to move to larger facilities twice. During this period, the College added chairs in moral philosophy and Arabic to the existing chairs in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.
When the College reached an enrollment of 1000 students, Pope Gregory XIII decided to build it a more expansive facility. He expropriated two city blocks in Rome near the Via del Corso and commissioned the architect Bartolomeo Ammannati to design a new building. The new College building was inaugurated in 1584 in what became known as the Piazza Collegio Romano, across from the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj. In gratitude for Gregory XIII's sponsorship, the college administration lauded him as its "founder and father" and renamed the Roman College as the Gregorian University.
The new space at Piazza Collegio Romano allowed the Gregorian University to add chairs of church history and liturgy. The Gregorian soon became known for its work in mathematics, physics and astronomy. Christopher Clavius, then a professor at the Gregorian, developed the Gregorian calendar that is still used worldwide today. The Jesuit mathematician Athanasius Kircher also later taught at the Gregorian. Not long after its Piazza Collegio Romano site opened, the Gregorian had 2000 students. Due to the limited size of its chapel, the Gregorian started rebuilding it in 1626 as the Church of Sant'Ignazio. Completed in 1650, the church is considered one of the major Baroque churches in the Rome area.
Modern era
In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus throughout Europe, the Jesuits were forced to cede control over the Gregorian University to the Diocese of Rome. However, Pope Leo XII returned the Gregorian to Jesuit control on 17 May 1824 after the reestablishment of the Society of Jesus.
With the Capture of Rome in 1870, Rome and the Papal States were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy. The new government of Italy then confiscated the Gregorian property and building, converting it into the Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio. The Gregorian was forced to move into a much smaller facility at the Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo on Via del Seminario in Rome. Due to its lack of space, the Gregorian was forced to drop all of its faculties except for theology and philosophy. Enrollment dropped to under 250 students by 1875.
Pope Pius IX later granted the Gregorian the title "Pontifical University". In 1876, the Faculty of Canon Law was transferred from the University of Rome La Sapienza to the Gregorian, and the university gradually resumed the teaching of other disciplines. After World War I, Pope Benedict XV and his successor, Pope Pius XI, worked to create a new campus for the Gregorian at the base of Quirinal Hill, adjacent to the Pontifical Biblical Institute (Biblicum). Pius XI laid the first stone for the new campus on 27 December 1924. Designed by architect Giulio Barluzzi in Neoclassical style, it was completed by 1930. After moving to the new campus, the Gregorian continued to expand to new faculties and disciplines as well as to add new buildings. The Pontifical Institute Regina Mundi, dedicated to the theological formation of women, opened in 1955 and closed in 2005.
Today
Today the Gregorian University has approximately 2,750 students from over 150 countries. About 70% of the students are foreign nationals, with 65% of them coming from non-European Union countries. Most students are priests, seminarians, and members of religious orders. After the Second Vatican Council, the first women to earn doctoral degrees at the university were Sandra Schneiders, IHM, and Mary Milligan, RSHM. Both graduates became authorities in New Testament Theology and Christian Spirituality.
The Gregorian faculties are approximately 60% Italian and mainly Jesuit priests. In recent years, there has been an increase in laity in both the faculties and the student body; today, diocesan and religious priests represent about 45%, seminarians 25%, lay men and women 22%, and nuns 8% of the student body. Around 1970, the Gregorian discontinued Latin as the principal language of instruction by lecturers and examiners.
Since the Gregorian is a pontifical university, the Holy See accredits its curriculum, and its degrees have full effect in canon law. However, its licentiates in philosophy and theology are conferred by some Jesuit universities worldwide, entitling recipients to teach in major seminaries.
Academics
Gregorian Consortium
The Gregorian University is one of three member institutes that make up the Gregorian Consortium, the other two institutions are the Pontifical Biblical Institute (founded in 1909) and the Pontifical Oriental Institute (founded in 1917). The Consortium was created under Pope Pius XI, in 1928.
Faculties, programs, institutes and services
The Gregorian University has faculties in theology, canon law, philosophy, history and cultural heritage of the Church, missiology and social sciences. In addition, it has institutes of spirituality and psychology. Other programs of study include Jewish studies, formation for Formators for the Priesthood and Consecrated life, Ignatian spirituality, dialogue between faith and culture, and interreligious studies.
Institute of Psychology
The Institute of Psychology was founded in 1971 at the Gregorian University by two Italian Jesuits, Luigi M. Rulla and Franco Imoda. Working within the framework of Christian anthropology, the Institute prepares specialists in psychology who integrate both spiritual and psychological dimensions in the apostolic and educational activities.
Faculty of History and the Cultural Heritage of the Church
The Faculty of History and the Cultural Heritage of the Church (Facoltà di Storia e Beni Culturali della Chiesa) was established at the Gregorian University in 1932. The Faculty is divided into two departments and organises teaching and research in the history and cultural heritage of the Catholic Church. The Faculty confers the following ecclesiastical grades:
Baccalaureate in History and Cultural Heritage,
Licentiate and Doctorate in either History or Cultural Heritage.
The second and third cycles are structured into these two programs.
Libraries
The three libraries of the Gregorian Consortium contain nearly 1.2 million volumes, with large collections in the fields of theology, philosophy, culture and literature. The original Roman College library was founded in1556. In 1872, the Gregorian library's 45,000 volumes, manuscripts, and archives were confiscated by the new Italian state; they were dispersed, with some of the collection going to the new Rome National Central Library.
Since 1928, the Gregorian library has been located on the Gregorian campus at Quirinal Hill. The majority of the library's collection, 820,000 volumes, is housed in a six-floor tower adjacent to the Palazzo Centrale. An additional 60,000 volumes are housed in the six reading rooms, which together seat 400 students. The library's reserve contains many ancient and precious books as well as rare editions, including 80 books from the 16th century.
Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University
The Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University (APUG) contain Jesuit records from the founding of the Roman College in 1551 to the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773. APUG has over 5,000 manuscripts for teaching rhetoric, grammar, philosophy and theology along with research on Greek and Latin classics, astronomy, mathematics, physics, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic.
Many of the APUG manuscripts were copied by auditores, others are autographs of masters such as Famiano Strada, Christopher Clavius, Francisco Suarez, Roberto Bellarmino, Mutio Vitelleschi, Roger Joseph Boscovich, Juan Bautista Villalpando, Francisco de Toledo. In some cases, these lesson notes gave origin to important works, like the Bellarmino's Controversie, of which APUG owns a copy with a lot of handwritten notes by the author. Other important documents at APUG include Athanasius Kircher's correspondence, the Christopher Clavius's correspondence or the codex used by Francesco Sforza Pallavicino to write his Istoria del Concilio di Trento''.
Many miscellaneous documents at APUG highlight the relations between the Roman College and many of the Jesuits in mission around the world. These documents provide insight on the Church Reforms, the grace or moral debates, the Jansenist polemic and Chinese rites. APUG also contains documentation about the teaching activity from the 19th century until today: it is the official respository for all the professors who have taught at the Gregorian since 1873. This also includes documents on the First Vatican Council and the Second Vatican Council.
Gregorian and Biblical Press
The Gregorian and Biblical Press prints and publishes documents for both the Gregorian University and the Biblical Institute. Since 2010, it has offered magazine subscriptions and book purchases online in six languages.
Gregorian University publications
Analecta Gregoriana
Documenta Missionalia
Miscellanea e storia pontificia
Tesi gregoriana
Canon Law
Phylosophy
Missiology
Spirituality
Ecclesiastical History
Teologia
nterreligious Investigations
Philosophia
Biblical Institute publications
Analecta Biblica
Biblica et orientalia
Studia Pohl (Series Maior)
Subsidia biblica
Extraterritoriality
According to Article 16 of the Lateran Treaty, a 1929 agreement between the Government of Italy and the Holy See, the Gregorian University enjoys a certain level of extraterritoriality. According to the treaty, Italy can never subject the university to "charges or to expropriation for reasons of public utility, save by previous agreement with the Holy See." The Gregorian is also exempt from all Italian tax and is included among those Roman buildings for which the Holy See has the right to deal "as it may deem fit, without obtaining the authorization or consent of the Italian governmental, provincial, or communal authority."
Notable students and professors
Gregorian's alumni include 17 popes, such as Pope Gregory XV, Pope Urban VIII, Pope Innocent X, Pope Clement XI, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius XII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul I. Eight of the last eleven popes were alumni of the Gregorian. Other students include 72 saints and beatified persons including Saint Robert Bellarmine, Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Saint Maximilian Kolbe. Former Gregorian professors include Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, a visiting professor in the Faculty of Theology from 1972 to 1973.
Gregorian alumni and professors include:
Bartholomew I, Greek Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and New Rome
Mar Joseph Kallarangatt, Indian theologian and bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai
Simona Brambilla, Italian nun and member of Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
Roger Boscovich, Croat Jesuit priest, physicist and mathematician
James Tunstead Burtchaell, American priest, university provost and professor
David Cairns, Scottish politician
Christopher Clavius, German Jesuit priest and inventor of the Gregorian calendar
Friedrich Dörr, German priest, professor and hymnwriter
Jules Mazarin, French cardinal and prime minister to the French Monarchy
Joseph Perumthottam, Indian Metropolitan of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry
Reginald Foster, American priest, Latinist and professor
Filippo Grandi, Italian Commissioner-General of UNRWA
Peter Henrici, Swiss Jesuit priest, philosopher and Auxiliary Bishop of Chur
Wilhelm Imkamp, German priest, theologian and professor
Francesco Lana de Terzi, Italian Jesuit priest and aeronautics scientist
Bernard Lonergan, Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, theologian and economist
Heinrich Maier, Austrian priest and resistance fighter against Nazi Germany
Mary McAleese, former President of Republic of Ireland
John Navone, American Jesuit priest, professor, theologian and author
Denis Fahey, Irish priest and theological writer
Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit priest, scholar and polymath
Hans Küng, Swiss priest and theologian
Charles Curran, American priest and moral theologian
Vincenzo Riccati, Venetian Jesuit priest and inventor of hyperbolic functions
Luca Valerio, Italian Jesuit priest and mathematician
Paul Guldin, Swiss Jesuit priest, mathematician and astronomer
Óscar Romero, Salvadoran archbishop and activist
Gian Vittorio Rossi, Italian poet, philologist and historian
Janni Sabucco, Italian poet, writer and homiletic speaker
Andrea Salvadori, Italian poet and librettist
Henricus Smeulders, Belgian Procurator General of the Order of Cistercians
John Wijngaards, Dutch theologian and former priest
James V. Schall, American Jesuit priest, writer, philosopher and professor
Francis A. Sullivan, American Jesuit priest, theologian and professor
Anderson Sunda-Meya, Congolese-American physicist and educator
David Tracy, American priest, theologian and professor
Niccolò Zucchi, Italian Jesuit priest, astronomer and physicist
Patrick Augustine Kalilombe, Malawian theologian and Bishop of Lilongwe, Malawi
Samuel Ruiz, Mexican liberation theologian and bishop of Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas
Sandra M. Schneiders, American theologian, writer and professor
Princess India of Afghanistan
Mary Milligan, theologian and professor. First woman to graduate from the Gregorian
The vast majority of the Church's leading experts come from the Gregorian; one-third of the current College of Cardinals studied there at one time or another, and more than 900 bishops worldwide are among its 12,000 living alumni.
See also
List of early modern universities in Europe
List of Jesuit sites
References
External links
Pontificia Università Gregoriana
UniGregoriana on Facebook
UniGregoriana on Twitter
UniGregoriana on YouTube
Pontifical Gregorian University
Pontifical Gregorian University Library
The Gregorian University Foundation
Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University
GBPress.net Gregorian and Biblical Press
Scholars and Literati at the Gregorian University of Rome (1551–1773), Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – RETE.
1551 establishments in the Papal States
Education in Rome
Educational institutions established in the 1550s
Jesuit universities and colleges
Gregorian
Properties of the Holy See
Roman Colleges
Seminaries and theological colleges in Italy | [
0.3210738003253937,
-0.1341739445924759,
0.6006802916526794,
0.058261506259441376,
0.1815756857395172,
0.5695452094078064,
0.18058349192142487,
1.0518510341644287,
-0.390127956867218,
-0.6120968461036682,
-0.05667124316096306,
0.5280568599700928,
0.5109866857528687,
0.5093928575515747,
0.6733186841011047,
-0.026929788291454315,
0.6311548948287964,
0.2803880572319031,
-0.20996984839439392,
-0.649140477180481,
-0.07740811258554459,
0.15819677710533142,
0.5345395803451538,
0.011911754496395588,
-0.26789987087249756,
0.34095707535743713,
0.5969159007072449,
0.043036554008722305,
-0.14564946293830872,
0.018876252695918083,
0.3366859257221222,
-0.255759060382843,
-0.523851752281189,
-0.0363791324198246,
0.20528124272823334,
0.043028850108385086,
0.03211214020848274,
-0.16647084057331085,
-0.03350580856204033,
-0.5894050598144531,
0.0703858733177185,
-0.7294655442237854,
-0.013119256123900414,
0.0978330746293068,
-0.626454770565033,
-0.8539780378341675,
-0.5771312117576599,
0.7735572457313538,
0.014305117540061474,
0.06052745506167412,
0.04688591510057449,
-0.01665341667830944,
0.40910854935646057,
0.5525224208831787,
-0.42670655250549316,
0.22538726031780243,
-0.6733565926551819,
0.07838412374258041,
0.2253909707069397,
-0.3799585998058319,
-0.007920974865555763,
0.913031816482544,
0.10091842710971832,
0.6391730308532715,
-0.47263702750205994,
-0.30953532457351685,
0.1459226906299591,
-0.038978736847639084,
-0.8877406120300293,
-0.7229523658752441,
-0.5265836119651794,
-0.2139011025428772,
-0.48901963233947754,
0.020517438650131226,
-0.3493218719959259,
-1.324047327041626,
-0.1480981409549713,
0.7109813690185547,
-0.1845262348651886,
0.039573390036821365,
0.028228091076016426,
0.25906386971473694,
0.6363927125930786,
-0.08568238466978073,
0.5508416891098022,
0.2879297733306885,
-0.4723127484321594,
-0.25345367193222046,
-0.6209324598312378,
0.2994372546672821,
-0.25092199444770813,
-0.1507001519203186,
0.08351140469312668,
-0.0026946973521262407,
0.20107415318489075,
0.5656750202178955,
-0.21721123158931732,
0.04122873768210411,
-0.05684169754385948,
0.33479923009872437,
-0.20355455577373505,
0.3738254904747009,
0.1416139453649521,
0.0007776501588523388,
-0.3142828047275543,
-0.2722121775150299,
-0.4216334819793701,
-0.5045716762542725,
-0.371792733669281,
0.31943637132644653,
-1.165451169013977,
0.05789459869265556,
-0.10788892209529877,
0.19881877303123474,
-0.13231422007083893,
-0.08837848156690598,
0.36103564500808716,
-0.7239463329315186,
-0.5170095562934875,
0.31044819951057434,
-0.002333437092602253,
-0.23909233510494232,
0.46122217178344727,
-0.007017570547759533,
0.5329647064208984,
0.7024933695793152,
0.5667732357978821,
0.6446001529693604,
-0.7547117471694946,
-0.19798894226551056,
0.4831240773200989,
0.6901280283927917,
0.26416468620300293,
0.16617770493030548,
-0.0414353609085083,
-0.45172059535980225,
-0.15639586746692657,
0.25467246770858765,
-0.12626908719539642,
0.1402750313282013,
-0.777601957321167,
-0.6871896982192993,
-0.7926137447357178,
-0.005126107018440962,
0.09164407849311829,
-0.4618954360485077,
0.07134762406349182,
0.48706376552581787,
0.07258696109056473,
-0.10356251150369644,
0.04894614592194557,
-0.32916855812072754,
-0.29802611470222473,
0.07967192679643631,
-0.15857762098312378,
-0.04643378406763077,
0.4532385766506195,
-0.12716223299503326,
0.5124980807304382,
0.0828031525015831,
0.17865552008152008,
0.3055614233016968,
-0.17162148654460907,
-0.21532182395458221,
-0.22311371564865112,
-0.08501681685447693,
0.182068333029747,
0.3839784860610962,
-0.5436044931411743,
0.055809494107961655,
-0.6300815939903259,
-0.0965481773018837,
-0.09712040424346924,
-0.23662732541561127,
-0.0020839243661612272,
0.08909821510314941,
0.46826308965682983,
0.01880410872399807,
0.6838710904121399,
-0.5121506452560425,
-0.6017482876777649,
0.29141539335250854,
-0.09309843182563782,
0.564842939376831,
-0.3414556086063385,
-0.16889174282550812,
0.20274364948272705,
0.3999572992324829,
0.450982004404068,
0.7784057855606079,
-0.511976957321167,
0.013956395909190178,
-0.1274256706237793,
0.19819383323192596,
0.8656274676322937,
-0.2867908179759979,
-0.6047267913818359,
0.962074875831604,
-0.6608084440231323,
0.5333503484725952,
-0.20663025975227356,
-0.2666809856891632,
0.2304469347000122,
-0.2101234644651413,
-1.0210978984832764,
-0.040379635989665985,
0.23422180116176605,
0.06941109895706177,
0.3242208659648895,
0.14425265789031982,
0.2078135460615158,
-0.67396080493927,
0.4233199656009674,
0.22343723475933075,
-0.26835164427757263,
-0.5698217153549194,
-0.40146341919898987,
-0.30683088302612305,
0.33936190605163574,
-0.5497540831565857,
0.9595191478729248,
-0.19559775292873383,
0.7991805076599121,
0.33397814631462097,
-0.22954678535461426,
0.16201139986515045,
-0.41255271434783936,
0.7510746121406555,
0.5602964162826538,
-0.8260396718978882,
0.6457899808883667,
-0.7101919651031494,
0.49335458874702454,
0.49097198247909546,
-0.4164387881755829,
0.12265311181545258,
-0.19105678796768188,
-0.4607340395450592,
0.2616318166255951,
0.045196205377578735,
0.15325826406478882,
0.0911911129951477,
-0.20746764540672302,
0.3312460780143738,
-0.14159874618053436,
-0.38927191495895386,
0.07444353401660919,
0.23642796277999878,
-0.33162933588027954,
-0.2769465744495392,
0.3694230020046234,
0.1457444727420807,
-0.30094093084335327,
0.14936207234859467,
-0.2752929925918579,
0.11680417507886887,
0.14174729585647583,
0.814362645149231,
0.03219282627105713,
-0.24991314113140106,
-0.25513800978660583,
-0.3766997456550598,
0.12792626023292542,
0.20357868075370789,
0.2724460959434509,
-0.26352086663246155,
-0.4059445858001709,
-1.0767446756362915,
0.04904361069202423,
-0.12873966991901398,
-0.08825480937957764,
0.19810524582862854,
-0.3287469744682312,
0.500049889087677,
-0.5476524233818054,
-0.4647487699985504,
-0.3813778758049011,
0.16470028460025787,
-1.001833438873291,
-0.4574933350086212,
0.02998065948486328,
-0.09808582067489624,
-0.37604111433029175,
-0.7382906079292297,
-1.2330741882324219,
0.5905389785766602,
0.09992929548025131,
-0.853365957736969,
-0.38106581568717957,
-0.15759943425655365,
-0.3298046588897705,
0.3697034418582916,
0.3177828788757324,
-0.36512643098831177,
-0.0020314499270170927,
-0.21093186736106873,
0.8819100260734558,
-0.5395066738128662,
0.7928802967071533,
0.12769478559494019,
-0.20370109379291534,
0.207920104265213,
0.08339986205101013,
0.12041223049163818,
0.2836393713951111,
-0.15220651030540466,
0.027911251410841942,
0.6991791725158691,
-5.427425861358643,
0.01922295242547989,
-0.46494340896606445,
0.525809109210968,
0.6474393010139465,
-0.5102630257606506,
0.7521472573280334,
-0.14742256700992584,
-0.2027166485786438,
-0.8509528040885925,
-0.3371345102787018,
0.748346745967865,
0.25929850339889526,
0.377723753452301,
0.14219239354133606,
0.6651273965835571,
0.7738614082336426,
-0.8632048964500427,
-0.15973211824893951,
-0.2837413251399994,
-0.2659093141555786,
-0.3970893621444702,
0.09404595196247101,
0.8792986273765564,
0.400859534740448,
0.32967308163642883,
-0.44348689913749695,
-0.02765485644340515,
-0.43863674998283386,
-0.2830902636051178,
0.264337420463562,
-0.620010495185852,
0.3138485550880432,
0.14684809744358063,
-0.19738435745239258,
0.4519675076007843,
0.9314049482345581,
-0.08618880063295364,
0.28564777970314026,
-0.12952746450901031,
0.38360485434532166,
0.21438737213611603,
-0.2711862325668335,
-0.40591102838516235,
-0.348575234413147,
-0.803683340549469,
-0.2597566545009613,
0.3331485092639923,
-0.32627394795417786,
0.6035111546516418,
-0.565969705581665,
0.0382663756608963,
0.2726813554763794,
0.2706460952758789,
-0.21589887142181396,
-0.21601781249046326,
0.47926440834999084,
0.9249361753463745,
-0.4480356276035309,
-0.03652770072221756,
-0.180080384016037,
-0.5052038431167603,
-0.14791586995124817,
-0.8486607074737549,
-0.17376752197742462,
0.1437142789363861,
-0.5674223303794861,
0.06138032674789429,
0.0540149100124836,
0.942889928817749,
-0.4642496109008789,
-0.056582335382699966,
-0.23515503108501434,
-0.8190203905105591,
-0.21434365212917328,
-0.9186333417892456,
-0.20550920069217682,
-0.1587267518043518,
-0.516567051410675,
-0.07598568499088287,
0.19550925493240356,
0.215250626206398,
0.09022532403469086,
0.4893801808357239,
0.32171371579170227,
-0.28180480003356934,
0.2540912330150604,
-0.540186882019043,
-0.09660252928733826,
-0.5250648856163025,
0.42379656434059143,
-0.27745333313941956,
0.2855677902698517,
0.18905127048492432,
-0.08244196325540543,
-0.031060300767421722,
-0.05455498769879341,
0.8380212783813477,
-0.10020769387483597,
-0.03174448385834694,
1.3178176879882812,
-0.4110286831855774,
-0.015350359492003918,
-0.15850234031677246,
-0.6995270252227783,
-0.027819395065307617,
-0.059110093861818314,
0.4101128876209259,
0.42690688371658325,
0.14764051139354706,
-0.04497421905398369,
-0.11004678905010223,
-0.41303667426109314,
-0.609587550163269,
-0.22201037406921387,
-0.07518260926008224,
-0.4828277826309204,
0.21330136060714722,
0.05140404775738716,
0.43686443567276,
0.4555705189704895,
-0.3815421462059021,
-0.06901711970567703,
-0.2575361430644989,
0.0515461191534996,
-0.0512673556804657,
0.06077521666884422,
0.07457821816205978,
-0.043854475021362305,
-0.2985718250274658,
-0.2545338571071625,
-0.4716591238975525,
0.14949581027030945,
-0.3907555341720581,
-0.004048499744385481,
0.3586711883544922,
0.16164205968379974,
-0.26347899436950684,
0.52216637134552,
0.3679005205631256,
-0.16736014187335968,
0.07581360638141632,
0.0972287654876709,
0.15499329566955566,
0.7568269371986389,
0.6129287481307983,
-0.46132394671440125,
-0.12414984405040741,
-0.6241299510002136,
0.6795531511306763,
0.2549685835838318,
-0.4249243438243866,
0.03239937499165535,
0.36345231533050537,
0.13856953382492065,
0.49434220790863037,
0.007406000513583422,
0.2849852442741394,
-0.10021506994962692,
0.27244633436203003,
-0.13928739726543427,
-0.6739994287490845,
-0.9263923764228821,
0.19694413244724274,
0.2796434760093689,
0.1292676031589508,
0.2449088990688324,
-0.623521089553833,
-0.7735947370529175,
0.7011762857437134,
0.20479716360569,
0.16703566908836365,
-0.8023624420166016,
-0.3940753638744354,
0.09689886122941971,
-0.2081897109746933,
0.09978704154491425,
0.28646403551101685,
0.6832966804504395,
0.30786368250846863,
0.5999566316604614,
-0.5895417928695679,
0.5274155735969543,
0.23266105353832245,
0.49810537695884705,
-0.18262864649295807,
-0.0649174377322197,
-0.27027589082717896,
-0.09873423725366592,
0.47097861766815186,
-0.1732814908027649,
0.19901038706302643,
0.4820641279220581,
0.20343808829784393,
0.07031269371509552,
-0.7278267741203308,
-0.4089643359184265,
0.2338680773973465,
-0.3661402463912964,
0.003721350571140647,
0.2171141505241394,
1.0604292154312134,
-0.7527114748954773,
0.5440402030944824,
0.3696533739566803,
0.12949898838996887,
0.6349101066589355,
0.13119366765022278,
0.1934598684310913,
0.03720018267631531,
-0.5747489333152771,
-0.4983765184879303,
0.06541140377521515,
0.7054425477981567,
-0.9328519701957703,
-0.3044590950012207,
0.00034305016743019223,
-0.6341275572776794,
-0.708669900894165,
-0.10214877873659134,
-0.27650490403175354,
0.12751378118991852,
-0.04975489154458046,
0.12388995289802551,
-0.17629927396774292,
0.5084405541419983,
-0.13027672469615936,
-1.024147629737854,
0.2920207977294922,
-0.09448543190956116,
0.5414484739303589,
-0.27861788868904114,
-0.0890321284532547,
0.09312630444765091,
-0.4093219041824341,
-0.11393184959888458,
0.04747001826763153,
-0.018647709861397743,
-0.5938192009925842,
-0.16839689016342163,
0.07341604679822922,
0.4898670017719269,
-0.4853719472885132,
-1.2286078929901123,
-0.04689401760697365,
0.3331143856048584,
0.3909451961517334,
0.23483091592788696,
-0.4685623347759247,
-0.05969938263297081,
-0.3046046495437622,
-0.4006316363811493,
-0.12663677334785461,
-0.6306219100952148,
0.43393656611442566,
-0.6608424782752991,
0.10639385133981705,
0.16929341852664948,
0.23596470057964325,
0.05183345079421997,
-0.217423677444458,
-0.2086762934923172,
-0.9323840141296387,
-0.569944441318512,
0.25053441524505615,
-0.16747541725635529,
0.312452107667923,
-0.19361719489097595,
0.4540157616138458,
-0.31053122878074646,
0.16209016740322113,
-0.47655853629112244,
0.39091694355010986,
-0.22186297178268433,
-0.1373293697834015,
0.044938791543245316,
-0.43206119537353516,
0.10166194289922714,
0.6285328269004822,
-0.03553958982229233,
-0.7260075211524963,
-0.01535617746412754,
-0.09202515333890915,
-0.05017765983939171,
0.2146051824092865,
-0.8107791543006897,
-0.08578918129205704,
0.5567364692687988,
-0.47858965396881104,
0.41758331656455994,
-0.33980807662010193,
-0.4470081627368927,
-0.12146082520484924,
0.7907404899597168,
-0.4259975552558899,
0.6390557885169983,
0.4801841676235199,
-0.06071127951145172,
0.17753112316131592,
0.27556946873664856,
-0.25709572434425354,
0.9082778692245483,
0.9712586402893066,
-0.03825366124510765,
0.46323978900909424,
0.12757262587547302,
0.402273029088974,
0.44265639781951904,
-0.3210386633872986,
-0.3266500234603882,
0.6952188611030579,
0.15384411811828613,
0.8802040815353394,
0.09611532092094421,
0.17776773869991302,
0.39280810952186584,
0.14223136007785797,
-0.23929139971733093,
-0.7727505564689636,
0.02412790060043335,
0.24061505496501923,
0.4039260149002075,
0.018117457628250122,
0.1375907063484192,
-0.1381445676088333,
0.4721311926841736,
-0.3777528703212738,
-0.5943239331245422,
0.7584778070449829,
-0.14128468930721283,
-0.20766013860702515,
0.08199795335531235,
-0.5639877319335938,
0.7449464201927185,
-0.26996010541915894,
-0.22267651557922363,
-0.0985473170876503,
-1.0421240329742432,
-0.7101109623908997,
0.6443486213684082,
0.8933284878730774,
0.8836126327514648,
-0.14932847023010254,
0.3673304319381714,
-0.7305248975753784,
0.5202412605285645,
-0.1554740071296692,
0.10807138681411743,
-0.3656114637851715,
0.03016205132007599,
0.051534414291381836,
0.0182680394500494,
0.013946271501481533,
0.382890909910202,
-0.21792301535606384,
-0.06943920254707336,
-0.07519780099391937,
-0.10421278327703476,
-0.6364351511001587,
-0.6231873631477356,
-0.30361858010292053,
0.24659837782382965,
0.8221525549888611,
-0.38428473472595215,
-0.15811502933502197,
0.5126080513000488,
0.11155533045530319,
-0.1805378794670105,
0.1525741070508957,
-0.1889803409576416,
0.37233856320381165,
0.4336644411087036,
-0.17999592423439026,
-0.11597799509763718,
0.4428643584251404,
0.14614631235599518,
0.17340624332427979,
0.48654791712760925,
-0.007887318730354309,
0.09630496799945831,
-0.8816583156585693,
-0.33987340331077576,
-0.46608075499534607,
0.49011027812957764,
0.12550339102745056,
-0.4136066138744354,
0.09627491980791092,
0.008440010249614716,
-0.10160157829523087,
0.25782784819602966,
0.2204403579235077,
-0.3358404040336609,
0.013500445522367954,
0.1315760761499405,
-0.34638527035713196,
-0.16966958343982697,
-0.3531644642353058,
0.37985557317733765,
0.2511409521102905,
0.040329962968826294,
0.26770737767219543,
-0.22262369096279144,
0.12937070429325104,
0.3792557418346405,
-0.6458200216293335,
-0.6658013463020325,
-0.07639659941196442,
0.23859363794326782,
-0.8677608966827393,
-0.017559148371219635,
0.2168579399585724,
-0.006661750376224518,
0.10904281586408615,
0.17494583129882812,
-0.11516603082418442,
0.6085041165351868,
0.46624234318733215,
-0.3795804977416992,
-0.7200286388397217,
-0.2735947072505951,
-0.29992496967315674,
-0.5787767171859741,
-0.11723034828901291,
1.2779650688171387,
0.4027678072452545,
-0.1993914693593979,
0.0598457045853138,
0.7766094207763672,
-0.3260602056980133,
0.014098428189754486,
-0.19808197021484375,
-0.02233436331152916,
-0.012354846112430096,
0.6660439372062683,
-0.32831841707229614,
0.9734163284301758,
0.6328921318054199,
0.8119993209838867,
0.16302822530269623,
-0.7251483798027039,
-0.03135306015610695,
0.08786745369434357,
0.29733842611312866,
0.2976871728897095,
-0.04070550203323364,
-0.2885219156742096,
0.044700738042593,
0.12075295299291611,
-0.5762555003166199,
0.5555769801139832,
0.350838840007782,
0.14214882254600525,
0.8001816272735596,
-0.22546258568763733,
-0.24980460107326508,
-0.034666743129491806,
0.5753118991851807,
-0.05213044956326485,
0.7354223728179932,
1.000634789466858
] |
217855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving%20duck | Diving duck | The diving ducks, commonly called pochards or scaups, are a category of duck which feed by diving beneath the surface of the water. They are part of Anatidae, the diverse and very large family that includes ducks, geese, and swans.
The diving ducks are placed in a distinct tribe in the subfamily Anatinae, the Aythyini. While morphologically close to the dabbling ducks, there are nonetheless some pronounced differences such as in the structure of the trachea. mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data indicate that the dabbling and diving ducks are fairly distant from each other, the outward similarities being due to convergent evolution.
Alternatively, the diving ducks are placed as a subfamily Aythyinae in a subfamily Anatidae which would encompass all duck-like birds except the whistling-ducks.
The seaducks commonly found in coastal areas, such as the long-tailed duck (formerly known in the U.S. as oldsquaw), scoters, goldeneyes, mergansers, bufflehead and eiders, are also sometimes colloquially referred to in North America as diving ducks because they also feed by diving; their subfamily (Merginae) is a very distinct one however.
Although the group is cosmopolitan, most members are native to the Northern Hemisphere, and it includes several of the most familiar Northern Hemisphere ducks.
This group of ducks is so named because its members feed mainly by diving, although in fact the Netta species are reluctant to dive, and feed more like dabbling ducks.
These are gregarious ducks, mainly found on fresh water or on estuaries, though the greater scaup becomes marine during the northern winter. They are strong fliers; their broad, blunt-tipped wings require faster wing-beats than those of many ducks and they take off with some difficulty. Northern species tend to be migratory; southern species do not migrate though the hardhead travels long distances on an irregular basis in response to rainfall. Diving ducks do not walk as well on land as the dabbling ducks; their legs tend to be placed further back on their bodies to help propel them when underwater.
Systematics
Three genera are included in the Aythyini. The marbled duck which makes up the monotypic genus Marmaronetta, however, seems very distinct and might have diverged prior to the split of dabbling and diving ducks as indicated by morphological and molecular characteristics. The probably extinct pink-headed duck, previously treated separately in Rhodonessa, has been suggested to belong into Netta, but this approach has been questioned. DNA sequence analyses have found it to be the earliest diverging member of the pochard group. The molecular analysis also suggests that the white-winged duck should be placed into a monotypic genus Asarcornis which is fairly close to Aythya and might belong into this subfamily.
Family Anatidae
Subfamily Anatinae
Tribe Aythyini
Genus Rhodonessa
Pink-headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) ; probably extinct (1945?)
Genus Marmaronetta
Marbled duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris)
Genus Netta (provisionally including Rhodonessa)
Red-crested pochard (Netta rufina)
Southern pochard (Netta erythrophthalma)
Rosy-billed pochard (Netta peposaca)
Genus Aythya
Canvasback (Aythya valisineria)
Common pochard (Aythya ferina)
Redhead (Aythya americana)
Ring-necked duck (Aythya collaris)
Hardhead (Aythya australis)
Baer's pochard (Aythya baeri)
Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca)
Madagascar pochard (Aythya innotata) – feared to be extinct, rediscovered (2006)
Réunion pochard, (Aythya cf. innotata) – extinct (c. 1690s)
New Zealand scaup (Aythya novaeseelandiae)
Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula)
Greater scaup (Aythya marila)
Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis)
References
Aythyinae
Diving ducks
Articles containing video clips | [
0.2006649672985077,
-0.05492400750517845,
-0.6290927529335022,
0.4487195611000061,
0.23634712398052216,
0.20775745809078217,
0.15285594761371613,
0.571723461151123,
-0.33159464597702026,
-0.5474497079849243,
-0.4080635905265808,
0.33467957377433777,
0.050204917788505554,
-0.19476495683193207,
-0.16866053640842438,
0.29696908593177795,
0.15919165313243866,
-0.005628804210573435,
0.7126907706260681,
-0.13519679009914398,
-0.9307135939598083,
-0.738379180431366,
0.011678177863359451,
-0.6233952045440674,
0.1880626380443573,
-0.024368619546294212,
0.22375784814357758,
0.6843880414962769,
0.07155272364616394,
0.22105394303798676,
0.35703837871551514,
0.7651483416557312,
0.37093570828437805,
-0.3499973714351654,
0.027416592463850975,
-0.05314277485013008,
-0.21500344574451447,
-0.2394607812166214,
0.07642284780740738,
-0.589625358581543,
0.01483726967126131,
-0.03877723589539528,
0.5232692956924438,
-0.09560753405094147,
-0.10743221640586853,
-0.4974003732204437,
-1.2147060632705688,
-0.00421609403565526,
-0.009612910449504852,
0.3847062289714813,
-0.3394218385219574,
0.6033872365951538,
-0.44950923323631287,
0.37438496947288513,
0.24562948942184448,
0.6494717597961426,
-0.33272549510002136,
0.24324603378772736,
-0.34183377027511597,
0.014367201365530491,
0.08059298247098923,
0.3158556818962097,
-0.013688542880117893,
0.2496267855167389,
0.09726817160844803,
0.5383795499801636,
0.26648271083831787,
0.06180655211210251,
-0.04189043492078781,
-0.19392986595630646,
0.17183257639408112,
-0.2167309671640396,
-0.38237103819847107,
0.565284252166748,
-0.38232871890068054,
-0.03092362731695175,
0.003640181617811322,
0.5101686716079712,
0.7593703269958496,
0.2421690970659256,
0.49346601963043213,
0.6899315714836121,
0.5727494955062866,
0.4778202176094055,
-0.09901683777570724,
0.10090494155883789,
-0.2949086129665375,
0.33617478609085083,
0.055395036935806274,
0.5520725250244141,
0.010017168708145618,
-0.018089676275849342,
0.4014407694339752,
-0.011911435052752495,
-0.4455519914627075,
-0.20838148891925812,
0.10246512293815613,
0.13185256719589233,
0.44940173625946045,
-0.33148661255836487,
-0.38116371631622314,
-0.11289359629154205,
0.689071536064148,
0.4143555462360382,
-0.7604867219924927,
0.12967735528945923,
-0.5228952169418335,
-0.7594191431999207,
-0.0283519197255373,
0.348438024520874,
-0.3689470589160919,
0.1085539311170578,
0.17623120546340942,
-0.007734272629022598,
-0.30994313955307007,
0.10609453171491623,
0.32689017057418823,
0.24637040495872498,
-0.020929569378495216,
-0.06795638799667358,
0.526767373085022,
-0.11531338840723038,
-0.0400095097720623,
-0.5253406167030334,
0.20565550029277802,
0.2856189012527466,
0.32954666018486023,
0.6036977767944336,
-0.4433835446834564,
-0.42559680342674255,
0.667678952217102,
0.9779477119445801,
-0.18997420370578766,
0.1470877230167389,
-0.00942402333021164,
-0.2180977165699005,
0.2699461877346039,
-0.26292648911476135,
0.2940959632396698,
0.38076725602149963,
-1.0878427028656006,
-0.26886826753616333,
-0.6181161403656006,
-0.6639013886451721,
-0.38793885707855225,
0.062486834824085236,
-0.11289627104997635,
-0.6123272180557251,
-0.20316199958324432,
-0.1311233639717102,
0.11038439720869064,
0.1753692924976349,
-0.32812997698783875,
-0.006891614757478237,
-0.610082745552063,
-0.47223740816116333,
0.15523453056812286,
-0.4093368649482727,
0.5303233861923218,
0.0023004175163805485,
0.3444489538669586,
0.2287629097700119,
-0.7551223635673523,
-0.39230218529701233,
0.08076412230730057,
-0.3611060380935669,
-0.2906368374824524,
0.30785071849823,
-1.043821930885315,
0.3726106882095337,
-0.08318012207746506,
0.5429495573043823,
0.8579900860786438,
-0.2458358258008957,
0.41499942541122437,
-0.43227970600128174,
-0.19060790538787842,
0.2806800603866577,
1.0803096294403076,
-0.2027389258146286,
-0.5876030325889587,
0.26689285039901733,
0.5019435882568359,
-0.3351089358329773,
-0.12334991246461868,
-0.16010218858718872,
0.35547634959220886,
0.11320634931325912,
0.031843770295381546,
-0.05802292749285698,
-0.7855409383773804,
-0.5580296516418457,
-0.33909934759140015,
-0.29111751914024353,
0.4151305854320526,
-0.18024928867816925,
-0.5693562626838684,
0.9649533629417419,
-0.05613867565989494,
0.3267546594142914,
-0.6156389713287354,
-0.006624890957027674,
0.30755212903022766,
-0.047075800597667694,
-1.6257268190383911,
0.3578616678714752,
0.1770477443933487,
-0.14862363040447235,
0.49332505464553833,
-0.24793508648872375,
0.11790551245212555,
-0.29984229803085327,
-0.06607851386070251,
-0.41438159346580505,
-0.10847818851470947,
-0.13875289261341095,
-0.5945807099342346,
0.22081127762794495,
-0.09392932057380676,
-0.1713765263557434,
0.8535700440406799,
-0.013084244914352894,
-0.40776678919792175,
0.5113537311553955,
0.2937886714935303,
0.8154834508895874,
0.19244597852230072,
-0.29443320631980896,
0.3222205936908722,
-0.4990958869457245,
-0.05179927125573158,
-0.21009555459022522,
-0.07405459880828857,
-0.414795845746994,
-0.41149136424064636,
-0.39763975143432617,
0.24266937375068665,
-0.29588690400123596,
0.7365295886993408,
0.3072909116744995,
0.599537193775177,
-0.13726678490638733,
-0.3449016809463501,
-0.037738896906375885,
0.15604043006896973,
-0.15531136095523834,
-0.001440031686797738,
0.33690255880355835,
-0.4663962423801422,
-0.33711883425712585,
0.3105667233467102,
1.1133774518966675,
0.29693520069122314,
-0.465991348028183,
0.42808571457862854,
0.15068335831165314,
0.029573218896985054,
0.6145752668380737,
0.01080950815230608,
0.13657702505588531,
-0.35743284225463867,
0.4798470139503479,
0.2613057792186737,
0.3211638927459717,
-0.1326291561126709,
-0.798130452632904,
-0.44701528549194336,
-0.2595331072807312,
0.1769210398197174,
0.6582225561141968,
0.7527755498886108,
0.44848695397377014,
-0.30503416061401367,
0.11957384645938873,
-0.2451612651348114,
-0.4637494385242462,
0.2107505053281784,
-0.36831238865852356,
-0.48366332054138184,
-0.7925636172294617,
0.3485131561756134,
0.6094507575035095,
-0.057012636214494705,
-0.630954384803772,
-0.27971842885017395,
0.2656698524951935,
0.29587113857269287,
0.034105733036994934,
-0.26190483570098877,
-0.2606762945652008,
0.11032413691282272,
-0.034893378615379333,
0.08904470503330231,
0.5463172197341919,
-0.2886914312839508,
-0.15526442229747772,
-0.4194088578224182,
0.8425813913345337,
0.521023690700531,
-0.4225461483001709,
-0.20202936232089996,
0.38157108426094055,
0.10737863183021545,
-0.45551735162734985,
0.120718814432621,
-0.27245739102363586,
0.2237328588962555,
0.272527813911438,
-5.690536975860596,
-0.01242555771023035,
-0.323770135641098,
0.03975721076130867,
0.3797520697116852,
0.41286617517471313,
0.3097347319126129,
-0.36753222346305847,
-0.26343879103660583,
0.511591911315918,
0.4463011920452118,
-0.08878716081380844,
0.3502681851387024,
-0.12003925442695618,
0.243555948138237,
-0.32664111256599426,
0.4652642011642456,
-0.049564387649297714,
-0.20307599008083344,
0.115158312022686,
-0.4490860104560852,
0.4444182813167572,
-0.155043363571167,
1.0851902961730957,
-0.1506074219942093,
-0.2735232412815094,
0.05114856734871864,
-0.45297619700431824,
-0.8375160694122314,
-0.05100855231285095,
-0.15463829040527344,
0.06405963003635406,
0.15040923655033112,
0.07119195908308029,
-0.08287759125232697,
-0.9222867488861084,
0.30881819128990173,
-0.026104701682925224,
0.5813247561454773,
-0.17080649733543396,
-0.7611920833587646,
-0.2666022777557373,
-0.13589604198932648,
-0.30298689007759094,
0.13442720472812653,
-0.2653307616710663,
0.28349044919013977,
0.05355147272348404,
0.23969672620296478,
0.6016857624053955,
0.39570510387420654,
-0.13086004555225372,
0.4683954119682312,
0.3161700665950775,
0.06758008152246475,
-0.3028445839881897,
0.465697705745697,
0.5480411052703857,
-0.09649235010147095,
0.19627025723457336,
0.952717661857605,
-0.24094949662685394,
-0.23208780586719513,
-0.071840800344944,
-0.28374162316322327,
-0.4809143841266632,
-0.40168869495391846,
-0.10815010219812393,
0.47690466046333313,
0.5683793425559998,
-0.10417943447828293,
0.3577210009098053,
-0.13616213202476501,
-0.9230409264564514,
0.6131947636604309,
-0.3409247100353241,
-0.4214116930961609,
-0.2110024392604828,
0.4096275568008423,
-0.0008348558912985027,
0.25118109583854675,
-0.40594369173049927,
0.12031643092632294,
0.7461939454078674,
-0.018120385706424713,
-1.1945234537124634,
-0.6275395154953003,
-0.1478750854730606,
0.4611496925354004,
-0.5663526654243469,
0.9859921336174011,
-0.11579583585262299,
0.41475769877433777,
-0.3181658685207367,
0.18670779466629028,
0.5899252891540527,
0.2896796464920044,
-0.19933368265628815,
0.4437310993671417,
-0.23102694749832153,
0.8155490159988403,
0.4357180595397949,
-0.26989230513572693,
-0.5434889793395996,
0.1448020190000534,
-0.5722552537918091,
0.4051242768764496,
0.3834783434867859,
0.9932259321212769,
-0.23010525107383728,
-0.19018004834651947,
-0.5752449631690979,
-0.25022441148757935,
-0.09260869026184082,
-0.13054132461547852,
0.15868732333183289,
-0.032018907368183136,
-0.10768946260213852,
0.321656197309494,
0.00968261994421482,
0.14374954998493195,
-0.02207411639392376,
-0.3662176728248596,
-0.14449644088745117,
0.4304298162460327,
-0.5708716511726379,
0.19223172962665558,
0.17234955728054047,
-0.33876925706863403,
-0.09096626192331314,
0.3910544216632843,
0.010042022913694382,
0.03167804330587387,
-0.2689472436904907,
0.2415788471698761,
0.1475978046655655,
-0.12262538075447083,
-0.1095096617937088,
0.11802385002374649,
-0.3173138201236725,
-0.4149189293384552,
-0.01906169205904007,
-0.16387756168842316,
0.20969796180725098,
0.6510596871376038,
0.6915141940116882,
-0.3730117678642273,
-0.13778597116470337,
0.0707508847117424,
0.9924454092979431,
-0.15596863627433777,
-0.30560287833213806,
0.1819297969341278,
-0.035406019538640976,
0.14146846532821655,
-0.6745227575302124,
0.2580600082874298,
0.20627960562705994,
0.10346093028783798,
-0.5215410590171814,
0.13812895119190216,
-0.1740381270647049,
-1.1238360404968262,
-0.5181098580360413,
-0.24793176352977753,
0.6926469802856445,
-0.6726582646369934,
-0.1368371695280075,
0.043805114924907684,
0.4711524248123169,
0.014858392998576164,
-0.08148527890443802,
-0.46924832463264465,
0.7213395833969116,
0.033836618065834045,
-0.13746200501918793,
-0.34881719946861267,
0.38542643189430237,
-0.13031624257564545,
-0.6535621881484985,
-0.11225274205207825,
-0.008180463686585426,
0.2060917615890503,
0.07998568564653397,
0.1784583479166031,
-0.8422578573226929,
0.07618673890829086,
-0.02734985575079918,
-0.3245982527732849,
0.4181726276874542,
0.32548314332962036,
0.5045207142829895,
0.6688459515571594,
0.27692660689353943,
-0.5339615941047668,
0.5180069804191589,
-0.1035471111536026,
0.49465304613113403,
-0.26177889108657837,
-0.4188612103462219,
0.17792411148548126,
0.08553946018218994,
-0.3006977140903473,
0.051348187029361725,
0.11022581905126572,
-0.6016770601272583,
0.3766928017139435,
0.16694404184818268,
-0.38678133487701416,
0.17267589271068573,
0.16613848507404327,
-0.7376516461372375,
0.37895122170448303,
0.6425134539604187,
-0.8947941064834595,
-0.003621105570346117,
0.024389779195189476,
-0.48731377720832825,
0.2722685635089874,
0.03069985657930374,
-0.38932836055755615,
0.0432087667286396,
-0.03230256214737892,
-0.1309959441423416,
-0.7698745131492615,
0.336338073015213,
-0.12080974131822586,
-0.33462512493133545,
0.8816307187080383,
-0.4626728892326355,
-0.1158195286989212,
-0.07530215382575989,
0.423302561044693,
-0.043133556842803955,
0.07768496870994568,
0.18322782218456268,
0.08662687987089157,
0.15068039298057556,
-0.14763927459716797,
0.05641699209809303,
0.3303722143173218,
1.2053263187408447,
0.23300063610076904,
0.19186262786388397,
-0.14309637248516083,
-0.09170851111412048,
0.3240974545478821,
-0.5440647602081299,
-0.9558957815170288,
-0.22586257755756378,
0.6938011050224304,
-0.042213622480630875,
0.1835835576057434,
-0.18198515474796295,
-0.1377859264612198,
-0.08991752564907074,
-0.051675692200660706,
0.023112047463655472,
0.11786509305238724,
0.26064780354499817,
0.6004323363304138,
0.4771891236305237,
-1.0084128379821777,
0.2584761381149292,
0.48363354802131653,
-0.4347147047519684,
-0.5723099112510681,
0.3264530599117279,
-0.05927177518606186,
-0.16992317140102386,
0.09503690153360367,
0.18005385994911194,
0.13673339784145355,
0.47080379724502563,
0.44419384002685547,
0.416778564453125,
-0.24019333720207214,
-0.8855953812599182,
-0.012385044246912003,
-0.022266637533903122,
-0.5030866265296936,
0.07783252000808716,
0.005036952439695597,
-0.5593942403793335,
-0.21494506299495697,
-0.01214602030813694,
-0.38380634784698486,
0.1877872496843338,
-0.083986297249794,
-0.17827127873897552,
-0.3453368544578552,
0.14437806606292725,
-0.15516343712806702,
0.39541298151016235,
0.2169223129749298,
0.2698201537132263,
0.4028511941432953,
0.23031793534755707,
-0.055657558143138885,
-0.061227425932884216,
-0.9076045751571655,
0.05664658173918724,
-0.11279204487800598,
-0.2814396917819977,
0.6950080394744873,
-0.3449012041091919,
-0.1515282839536667,
-0.01798209175467491,
-0.13776619732379913,
0.10287175327539444,
0.36344656348228455,
-0.2571828067302704,
-0.6278524994850159,
0.39907196164131165,
0.16467857360839844,
-0.028473256155848503,
-0.053527992218732834,
-0.6305094361305237,
0.4186553955078125,
0.5518778562545776,
0.043675459921360016,
-0.0462658517062664,
0.5772623419761658,
0.1586897224187851,
-0.9018651247024536,
-0.39012640714645386,
-0.5483770370483398,
-0.036587562412023544,
1.0701957941055298,
0.12778954207897186,
0.3649815618991852,
-0.07169590890407562,
-0.01610170304775238,
0.08825534582138062,
-0.054536059498786926,
-0.4327944815158844,
-0.17157095670700073,
-0.8297877907752991,
-0.3270364999771118,
0.43927866220474243,
1.0714653730392456,
0.18162770569324493,
0.45899781584739685,
-0.004740512929856777,
0.40585047006607056,
0.1392500102519989,
0.22850839793682098,
0.26361238956451416,
0.04314792528748512,
-0.47236284613609314,
0.18291854858398438,
-0.051374856382608414,
0.8053638935089111,
-0.6471360921859741,
0.33697786927223206,
0.2363196760416031,
-0.22169893980026245,
0.0412345752120018,
-0.26117733120918274,
0.14443880319595337,
-0.060490451753139496,
-0.09630071371793747,
-0.1335248351097107,
-0.6014909744262695,
-0.21161971986293793,
-0.11645019799470901,
-0.16276563704013824,
-0.7701221108436584,
0.11625482141971588,
-0.11905019730329514,
-0.10231374204158783,
0.394003689289093,
-0.2924545705318451,
-0.1732439249753952,
0.2620082199573517,
0.12275011092424393,
-0.1830419898033142,
0.6977495551109314,
-0.1568928211927414,
-0.016092577949166298,
-0.5626616477966309,
-0.19812637567520142,
-0.2593700885772705,
-0.4414399266242981,
0.26408421993255615,
0.2958409786224365,
0.08070062100887299,
-0.055579572916030884,
-0.18612460792064667,
0.10334987193346024,
-0.16082677245140076,
-0.5849486589431763,
-0.17380182445049286,
-0.09954100102186203,
0.05782005190849304,
-0.6968647241592407,
-0.22277212142944336,
0.6305217742919922,
-0.004771954379975796,
0.1353331208229065,
0.07375387847423553,
0.20822888612747192,
0.01452686358243227,
0.28950032591819763,
-0.47910159826278687,
0.18028178811073303,
-0.3967088758945465,
-0.02707054279744625,
-0.9189244508743286,
0.8512682914733887,
0.5576512813568115,
0.6002703309059143,
0.22354352474212646,
0.14323987066745758,
0.003360525704920292,
-0.5074039101600647,
0.5855566263198853,
-0.55802983045578,
-0.07648064941167831,
-0.42836353182792664,
-0.3043265640735626,
-0.5278871059417725,
-0.12333730608224869,
0.011217103339731693,
-0.14973358809947968,
-0.4558332860469818,
-0.1776166707277298,
0.07250475138425827,
-0.908258318901062,
0.6323743462562561,
-1.0249279737472534,
0.5424644947052002,
-0.4592961370944977,
0.37190866470336914,
-0.11770396679639816,
-0.8654817342758179,
0.22555401921272278,
0.5686820149421692,
0.43080124258995056,
-0.40347352623939514,
0.18316374719142914,
0.06466757506132126,
0.3210621476173401,
-0.18104811012744904,
0.42443856596946716,
-0.48436567187309265,
0.5520030856132507,
-0.28249460458755493,
-0.5825621485710144,
-0.004435589071363211,
0.4711136519908905,
-0.3521850109100342,
-0.13475941121578217,
-0.3278665542602539,
-0.43668556213378906,
0.2842601239681244,
0.35054323077201843,
-0.2536872923374176,
-0.26900404691696167,
0.45030704140663147
] |
217858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe%20%28biology%29 | Tribe (biology) | In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus, but below family and subfamily. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes. By convention, all taxonomic ranks from genus upwards are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe.
In zoology, the standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Examples include the tribes Caprini (goat-antelopes), Hominini (hominins), Bombini (bumblebees), and Thunnini (tunas). The tribe Hominini is divided into subtribes by some scientists; subtribe Hominina then comprises "humans". The standard ending for the name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina".
In botany, the standard ending for the name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Examples include the tribes Acalypheae and Hyacintheae. The tribe Hyacintheae is divided into subtribes, including the subtribe Massoniinae. The standard ending for the name of a botanical subtribe is "-inae".
In bacteriology, the form of tribe names is as in botany, e.g., Pseudomonadeae, based on the genus name Pseudomonas.
Rank recognition
An unfamiliar taxonomic rank cannot necessarily be identified as a tribe merely by the presence of one of the standard suffixes:
zoological -ini uniquely suffixes the animal tribe,
zoological -ina uniquely suffixes the animal subtribe
zoological -inae uniquely suffixes the animal subfamily
botanical -eae also suffixes class -phyceae, suborder -ineae, family -aceae, and subfamily -oideae (these additional -eae ranks are present in bacteria, plants, algae, and fungi, but not animals)
Accordingly, working within animals alone, subfamily -inae, tribe -ini, and subtribe -ina are unique suffixes to their specific taxonomic ranks. At the other extreme, working within algae alone, -eae suffixes class -phyceae, suborder -ineae, family -aceae, subfamily -oideae, and tribe -eae. The longer suffixes themselves suffixed with -eae must first be eliminated before recognizing an unfamiliar -eae designation as belonging to rank tribe.
See also
Taxonomy (biology)
Nomenclature codes
Notes
References
Bacterial nomenclature
Tribe
1rank16
rank16 | [
0.2674141526222229,
0.0006823621806688607,
-1.4385857582092285,
0.07288651168346405,
-0.3966251015663147,
-0.33114588260650635,
0.8470595479011536,
-0.39359378814697266,
0.020348645746707916,
-1.132936716079712,
-0.21695174276828766,
-0.4920196533203125,
-0.4672188460826874,
0.6855707764625549,
-0.39909765124320984,
1.1117876768112183,
-0.04447294399142265,
0.5819643139839172,
-0.1832980513572693,
-0.01794344373047352,
-0.43568694591522217,
0.03190886601805687,
-0.6798458099365234,
-0.17942865192890167,
0.1531524509191513,
0.38182854652404785,
0.48011428117752075,
0.30908891558647156,
0.1927403062582016,
-0.10118936747312546,
0.30553048849105835,
0.6934987902641296,
0.30010759830474854,
0.5895879864692688,
0.1169152706861496,
-0.3384716510772705,
0.10625007748603821,
-0.688406229019165,
0.0827222615480423,
-1.3063468933105469,
0.4758002758026123,
-0.567779541015625,
-0.30720847845077515,
0.6429058909416199,
-0.9157600998878479,
-0.037211403250694275,
-1.7549772262573242,
0.2147466093301773,
-0.6376478672027588,
0.5968191623687744,
-0.017523225396871567,
-0.6760233640670776,
0.9361252188682556,
0.43225759267807007,
-0.32520657777786255,
0.6242185831069946,
-0.6387915015220642,
0.015925582498311996,
0.5024216175079346,
-0.7317737340927124,
0.048866596072912216,
0.5248870253562927,
0.18000419437885284,
0.34105008840560913,
0.7610045075416565,
0.46455031633377075,
0.16939949989318848,
0.2039220631122589,
-1.0158531665802002,
-0.3866880536079407,
-0.4870242774486542,
-0.6559635400772095,
0.33600807189941406,
0.7935429811477661,
-0.36385780572891235,
-0.11210908740758896,
-0.27113077044487,
0.22348244488239288,
0.32081201672554016,
-0.22157683968544006,
-0.3389844596385956,
0.8596901297569275,
0.04359440878033638,
-0.34272029995918274,
0.4851708710193634,
0.2982505261898041,
-0.701420247554779,
-0.8263757228851318,
-0.4768911302089691,
0.30246320366859436,
0.17615747451782227,
-0.06426990777254105,
0.29502424597740173,
-0.04024723172187805,
0.6962945461273193,
-0.014743811450898647,
-0.3996053636074066,
-0.24824953079223633,
0.17745552957057953,
0.2985839247703552,
-0.3450821340084076,
-0.2786827087402344,
0.6894689798355103,
-0.6117778420448303,
-1.0167733430862427,
-0.5814750790596008,
-0.05341656878590584,
-0.215371236205101,
-0.43370282649993896,
-0.24184684455394745,
-0.5854012966156006,
0.15665452182292938,
0.24465887248516083,
0.09906302392482758,
-0.22944772243499756,
0.726762056350708,
-0.5522727370262146,
-0.18587292730808258,
0.02032848633825779,
-0.02057076431810856,
-0.13123922049999237,
0.6262664198875427,
0.022631434723734856,
0.3092751204967499,
-0.095299631357193,
0.2968209981918335,
0.5546842217445374,
0.4055386483669281,
-0.027603289112448692,
-0.3607383370399475,
-0.15613359212875366,
0.7888080477714539,
-0.06607206910848618,
0.21335215866565704,
0.5156431794166565,
-0.030702505260705948,
-0.1012604683637619,
0.34661269187927246,
0.48188433051109314,
0.2951725721359253,
-0.6512292623519897,
-0.14492833614349365,
-0.2624463737010956,
-0.22087353467941284,
0.39070820808410645,
0.23641857504844666,
0.1806202083826065,
-0.23138225078582764,
0.3341534435749054,
-0.2455778419971466,
0.14681388437747955,
-0.21345053613185883,
-0.3226475715637207,
-0.16133028268814087,
-0.35759082436561584,
0.0315278060734272,
0.22622263431549072,
-0.37934693694114685,
0.9111229181289673,
0.590787410736084,
-0.2438361942768097,
-0.354664146900177,
-0.1848563253879547,
-0.49172085523605347,
0.4548192620277405,
0.017702311277389526,
0.07122377306222916,
0.2651578187942505,
-0.44726380705833435,
0.5024052858352661,
-0.5500948429107666,
-0.6718945503234863,
-0.08213263005018234,
0.10721685737371445,
0.38380908966064453,
-0.1993054896593094,
-0.3170563578605652,
-0.0334673635661602,
0.7020573019981384,
-0.09751623123884201,
-0.2177942544221878,
-0.17829298973083496,
0.13210488855838776,
-0.004427753388881683,
-0.13725583255290985,
-0.34062105417251587,
-0.18852370977401733,
0.170504629611969,
-0.20342791080474854,
0.4664836525917053,
0.13329805433750153,
-0.19864407181739807,
0.03683784231543541,
-0.2880837619304657,
1.1887365579605103,
-0.28387734293937683,
-0.1150391474366188,
0.04905480518937111,
-0.25169137120246887,
-0.0839574784040451,
-0.23686309158802032,
-0.18006014823913574,
-0.15056663751602173,
-0.13619515299797058,
-0.39485594630241394,
0.6176409125328064,
-0.045342061668634415,
-0.3432658910751343,
-0.1321420818567276,
-0.5127737522125244,
-0.47237861156463623,
-0.0023161035496741533,
0.6028189659118652,
-0.39219677448272705,
0.6375154852867126,
-0.07005959004163742,
-0.3781506419181824,
0.7980870008468628,
-0.15219174325466156,
-0.34141165018081665,
0.6425876021385193,
-0.6879434585571289,
0.5578374862670898,
0.4842718839645386,
0.09851190447807312,
0.21860261261463165,
0.714352011680603,
0.17302097380161285,
0.6434445381164551,
-0.1689283847808838,
0.22296130657196045,
-0.5028600692749023,
0.42480477690696716,
-0.05172354727983475,
-0.4878103733062744,
-0.5636267066001892,
-0.3304724395275116,
-0.4974702298641205,
-0.022839857265353203,
-0.7109031677246094,
0.08897987008094788,
0.4315735101699829,
-0.42499321699142456,
0.1321646124124527,
0.4561191201210022,
-0.17842842638492584,
0.4034756124019623,
0.12230036407709122,
-0.2344362437725067,
0.17303180694580078,
0.3568231463432312,
0.2382897138595581,
0.9329589605331421,
-0.7694674134254456,
-0.1555040329694748,
0.36143624782562256,
0.608715295791626,
0.10389738529920578,
0.24867448210716248,
-0.13890668749809265,
-0.35130971670150757,
0.09069976210594177,
-0.160810187458992,
-0.3179429769515991,
-0.3663003742694855,
-0.36913931369781494,
-0.3748681843280792,
-0.6744893789291382,
0.6163484454154968,
0.048074476420879364,
0.5052266716957092,
0.32057273387908936,
-0.3571535050868988,
-0.5668531656265259,
-0.31979912519454956,
-0.6336997747421265,
0.16952374577522278,
0.5101701617240906,
-0.0363495759665966,
0.031324148178100586,
-0.028077255934476852,
-0.08251447230577469,
0.3520825207233429,
-0.6061899662017822,
-0.18712767958641052,
-0.10317747294902802,
1.0574209690093994,
-0.2623821198940277,
0.3060969114303589,
-0.2499951869249344,
0.12079690396785736,
0.32974129915237427,
-0.25044840574264526,
0.20601028203964233,
-0.09517870843410492,
-0.060035642236471176,
-0.1880904734134674,
0.3964761793613434,
-0.11568138003349304,
-0.5575412511825562,
-0.8003438711166382,
0.19288645684719086,
0.2214505821466446,
-0.3388083875179291,
-0.07621125131845474,
0.2526106536388397,
0.45575129985809326,
0.45445650815963745,
-5.341734886169434,
-0.4038400650024414,
-0.0934772863984108,
0.6754100918769836,
0.45433729887008667,
0.33242687582969666,
0.45423340797424316,
-0.5921738147735596,
0.01888047344982624,
0.42907318472862244,
-0.013741279020905495,
0.3914841115474701,
0.368069589138031,
0.38855233788490295,
0.6016010642051697,
-0.4238293766975403,
0.24005067348480225,
0.42118194699287415,
-0.027922187000513077,
-0.11215412616729736,
-0.057607006281614304,
0.6283177733421326,
-0.13105559349060059,
0.010834764689207077,
-0.23114363849163055,
-0.19138996303081512,
-0.006388221401721239,
-0.23099349439144135,
-0.4974072277545929,
-0.8598175048828125,
-0.20944128930568695,
-0.014304139651358128,
0.0781717523932457,
-0.2357887476682663,
-0.24771809577941895,
0.1175663024187088,
0.8598842024803162,
0.19236163794994354,
-0.27660349011421204,
0.3356781303882599,
-0.5005338191986084,
0.15621496737003326,
0.2907179594039917,
0.11793685704469681,
0.30780836939811707,
-0.4019030034542084,
-0.3425605297088623,
0.09351172298192978,
0.13204693794250488,
0.7442972660064697,
-0.9476481676101685,
0.6716301441192627,
0.707154393196106,
0.11152146756649017,
0.5890563726425171,
-0.23340333998203278,
0.5150514245033264,
0.5712168216705322,
-0.03091580979526043,
0.3065928816795349,
0.5645466446876526,
-0.4583289623260498,
-0.17627526819705963,
-0.5564799308776855,
0.5419644713401794,
-0.3614938259124756,
-0.6987150311470032,
0.43320968747138977,
0.5054085850715637,
-0.0790824368596077,
-0.3184100389480591,
-0.24441224336624146,
0.43419530987739563,
-0.9248298406600952,
0.44644293189048767,
-0.6621078252792358,
-0.0797438845038414,
-0.18000654876232147,
0.2645922303199768,
0.7147156000137329,
-0.19285237789154053,
-0.017661835998296738,
-0.5526338219642639,
0.21875238418579102,
-0.058885134756565094,
-0.05166194587945938,
-0.7239221930503845,
0.11104036122560501,
-0.36851051449775696,
0.23168055713176727,
-0.3777516186237335,
0.4612550735473633,
0.4429483711719513,
0.36021897196769714,
0.24073748290538788,
0.5758669376373291,
0.3006551265716553,
-0.3658909499645233,
0.13138441741466522,
-0.7288127541542053,
0.4933052361011505,
-0.27066561579704285,
-0.3875959813594818,
0.3869352638721466,
-0.009407082572579384,
-0.3469030559062958,
-0.507720947265625,
0.9412849545478821,
0.6429920196533203,
0.17454099655151367,
0.3659760653972626,
-0.12615859508514404,
0.17856742441654205,
-0.38076841831207275,
-0.05792361870408058,
-0.08395889401435852,
-0.4742022454738617,
0.8111324906349182,
0.5749096870422363,
0.7263898849487305,
-0.31485825777053833,
-0.2894430458545685,
-0.1344953030347824,
-0.3699992895126343,
-0.0681048184633255,
-0.2155860960483551,
0.006332987453788519,
-0.8629735112190247,
-0.2023886889219284,
-0.21669507026672363,
0.10337243974208832,
0.38391971588134766,
-0.46660318970680237,
-0.767874538898468,
0.13241785764694214,
0.08197590708732605,
-0.2735794484615326,
0.7523581385612488,
-0.0894346609711647,
-0.31367412209510803,
-0.11244998127222061,
-0.5432906746864319,
-0.7286986112594604,
0.1521265208721161,
0.11471191793680191,
0.3065277934074402,
-0.10357816517353058,
-0.34653306007385254,
0.27081742882728577,
0.9875505566596985,
0.2706356346607208,
-0.45380502939224243,
0.5149192810058594,
-0.5976094007492065,
-0.06259527802467346,
-0.22522327303886414,
0.7574107646942139,
-0.02931126579642296,
-0.43009287118911743,
-0.6789573431015015,
-0.4977200925350189,
-0.2312963455915451,
-0.6517793536186218,
0.40905630588531494,
0.3059770464897156,
0.010645280592143536,
-0.5349006652832031,
-0.35640162229537964,
-0.6280563473701477,
0.2501320242881775,
-0.31130343675613403,
0.12666405737400055,
-0.7325150966644287,
-0.43634283542633057,
0.16239380836486816,
0.020640768110752106,
0.5880346298217773,
0.7205929160118103,
-0.35136866569519043,
0.5024715662002563,
0.4760317802429199,
-0.09508142620325089,
-0.12207429111003876,
0.6466802358627319,
0.4229404032230377,
-0.0873999372124672,
0.4232105016708374,
0.045024629682302475,
-0.09638781100511551,
-0.04927246272563934,
0.13268965482711792,
0.13607659935951233,
0.4939424693584442,
-0.02902669459581375,
-0.5851076245307922,
-0.11995438486337662,
0.2939336597919464,
0.02490934543311596,
-0.22304494678974152,
-1.0694650411605835,
-0.10935115814208984,
0.3684562146663666,
0.00698567321524024,
0.13599622249603271,
0.40940356254577637,
-0.3561748266220093,
0.353501558303833,
-0.10897458344697952,
-0.455659419298172,
0.04650704935193062,
-0.112177774310112,
-1.0642706155776978,
-0.6376976370811462,
0.027029363438487053,
0.07413661479949951,
-0.06506478786468506,
0.16049958765506744,
-0.3106965124607086,
0.16291044652462006,
-0.35440710186958313,
0.7023952603340149,
0.22069589793682098,
0.2223324030637741,
-0.35466206073760986,
-0.08979780972003937,
-0.046551160514354706,
0.22777865827083588,
-0.08628005534410477,
0.4841747581958771,
-0.19175903499126434,
0.16414722800254822,
-0.13974180817604065,
0.06947386264801025,
-0.2872124910354614,
-0.4910999536514282,
-0.38790473341941833,
0.03957362100481987,
-0.14816874265670776,
-0.10549694299697876,
0.002356389770284295,
0.24161887168884277,
1.2889219522476196,
0.4358198940753937,
-0.8606683015823364,
-0.022887418046593666,
-0.19959408044815063,
0.3179168701171875,
-0.7448738217353821,
-0.4897322356700897,
0.204021155834198,
0.44321128726005554,
-0.6064397096633911,
-0.5361512899398804,
0.016643313691020012,
0.8304616212844849,
0.5756305456161499,
0.0456121452152729,
-0.14709146320819855,
-0.07162941247224808,
0.5670263171195984,
-0.2143651694059372,
0.19427652657032013,
-0.647120475769043,
-0.21383267641067505,
-0.12287115305662155,
-0.12901784479618073,
-0.5163880586624146,
0.07886181026697159,
0.7627949118614197,
-0.750177264213562,
0.33897536993026733,
-0.3952885568141937,
-0.22277073562145233,
0.4542763829231262,
0.8291215896606445,
-0.02550535276532173,
0.0027159876190125942,
-0.2744530439376831,
-0.05652210861444473,
-0.5751935243606567,
-0.33395296335220337,
0.281607449054718,
0.400306761264801,
-0.26561951637268066,
0.2039787620306015,
-0.3530103862285614,
-0.5438779592514038,
0.0896788090467453,
-0.26823022961616516,
0.21002008020877838,
-0.48476263880729675,
-0.3877853453159332,
-0.04935510829091072,
0.6922193765640259,
0.28496691584587097,
-0.18091723322868347,
0.09814062714576721,
-0.14066337049007416,
0.11622875928878784,
0.08061139285564423,
-0.7621361613273621,
0.7742924094200134,
0.7511410117149353,
-0.3341166079044342,
0.329551637172699,
0.5399953126907349,
0.32178211212158203,
-0.13084496557712555,
0.5048263669013977,
-0.09181936830282211,
0.407910019159317,
-0.10461947321891785,
0.3392844498157501,
0.4737932085990906,
-0.31319674849510193,
0.8488971590995789,
0.2204698622226715,
-0.46472179889678955,
0.2822207808494568,
-0.10823822766542435,
0.9631189703941345,
0.10642214864492416,
0.15647295117378235,
0.37465178966522217,
-0.47272586822509766,
0.3652004301548004,
-0.41100284457206726,
-0.09176421165466309,
-0.3417055606842041,
0.24340881407260895,
0.7478576302528381,
0.8920384645462036,
-0.747816801071167,
-0.007280292920768261,
-0.5826609134674072,
-0.8770567178726196,
0.01438501849770546,
0.18486958742141724,
-0.3021189272403717,
1.071960210800171,
0.4044583737850189,
0.3313993811607361,
-0.12054544687271118,
0.04757457599043846,
-0.41745102405548096,
-0.01097920909523964,
0.12399458885192871,
-0.09719680994749069,
0.16772472858428955,
0.35254785418510437,
0.062460124492645264,
0.3995787799358368,
0.25556522607803345,
0.32983264327049255,
0.24028697609901428,
0.028520595282316208,
0.5704059600830078,
-0.3842514753341675,
0.25318798422813416,
-0.29796141386032104,
-0.2146093249320984,
0.10156914591789246,
-0.6477466225624084,
0.7653934955596924,
-0.2024286836385727,
-0.06672991067171097,
0.4181520938873291,
-0.10346440225839615,
-0.6663694977760315,
-0.041379865258932114,
0.8384897112846375,
-0.33183249831199646,
0.0631156638264656,
0.2788912057876587,
0.5959221720695496,
-0.07352619618177414,
0.3853779733181,
0.23843461275100708,
0.08324143290519714,
-0.10292480885982513,
-0.6915308833122253,
-0.35135602951049805,
-0.3399677574634552,
-0.9317354559898376,
0.3321174383163452,
-0.2795809507369995,
-0.267500638961792,
0.48495203256607056,
-0.19011294841766357,
0.7598340511322021,
0.7068890929222107,
-0.47509387135505676,
0.025746136903762817,
-0.1471397429704666,
-1.0187430381774902,
0.3595806360244751,
-0.250203400850296,
0.564963698387146,
0.5456501245498657,
-0.8384860754013062,
-0.20071710646152496,
0.04124686121940613,
-0.22132690250873566,
-0.4035140573978424,
0.33921366930007935,
0.31238189339637756,
-0.48525118827819824,
-0.32249537110328674,
-0.7002071738243103,
0.4758377969264984,
0.2716084420681,
-0.5597624778747559,
0.002942429855465889,
0.8944727182388306,
-0.33888736367225647,
0.24221861362457275,
0.6966862678527832,
-0.7206785678863525,
0.11193189024925232,
-0.0011021120008081198,
-0.035480599850416183,
-0.40374648571014404,
0.3707149922847748,
0.9466122388839722,
-0.5486127138137817,
-0.07976990193128586,
0.033641837537288666,
0.5940133929252625,
-0.7685840725898743,
0.8366024494171143,
-0.3076133131980896,
0.8231163024902344,
-0.08689558506011963,
-0.31485772132873535,
-0.282344251871109,
-0.24325589835643768,
0.09688956290483475,
0.31002184748649597,
0.0847751572728157,
-0.0993589535355568,
-0.46970123052597046,
-0.1469726711511612,
0.0690416470170021,
-0.2205725461244583,
-0.9985371828079224,
0.22993987798690796,
-0.606471836566925,
-0.5883700847625732,
-0.4891430139541626,
0.0069204531610012054,
-0.054582782089710236,
0.3756994605064392,
0.3996851146221161,
-0.207072913646698,
-0.7061462998390198,
0.23746797442436218,
0.22879546880722046,
-0.7754177451133728,
0.29073524475097656,
0.8199875354766846
] |
217870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse%20defense | Abuse defense | The abuse defense is a criminal law defense in which the defendant argues that a prior history of abuse justifies violent retaliation. While the term most often refers to instances of child abuse or sexual assault, it also refers more generally to any attempt by the defense to use a syndrome or societal condition to deflect responsibility away from the defendant. Sometimes the concept is referred to as the abuse excuse, in particular by the critics of the idea that guilty people may use past victimization to diminish the responsibility for their crimes.
When the abuser is the victim of the crime, as is often the case, the abuse excuse is sometimes used as a way to "put the victim on trial".
The Supreme Court of the United States has held on numerous occasions that the defendant should be permitted to present any information that they feel might affect sentencing. Despite this legal precedent, the availability of the abuse defense has been criticized by several legal experts, particularly in the aftermath of the trials of Lorena Bobbitt and the Menendez brothers. Legal scholar Alan Dershowitz has described the abuse excuse as a "lawless invitation to vigilantism".
Definition
The abuse defense is "the legal tactic by which criminal defendants claim a history of abuse as an excuse for violent retaliation". In some instances, such as the Bobbitt trial, the supposed abuse occurs shortly before the retaliative act; in such cases, the abuse excuse is raised as a means of claiming temporary insanity or the right of self-defense. In other trials, such as those of the Menendez brothers, the supposed abuse occurs over a prolonged period of time, often beginning during the defendant's childhood; this relates the abuse defense to the concept of diminished capacity. Because the victim of the act is often the person who committed abuse against the defendant in the past, the goal of the abuse excuse is to "put the victim on trial" and show that the abuser "had it coming".
Other responsibility deflection defenses
There are more than 40 distinct defenses and syndromes that have been employed by defense attorneys, all of which share the goal of deflecting responsibility for the crime away from the defendant. Some of these defenses seek to relate the defendant's behavior to previously existing medical conditions, such as antisocial personality disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Other defenses seek to attribute the criminal act to the society in which the defendant lives rather than his or her own choices; the pornography defense asserts that the proliferation of pornography causes men to commit acts of sexual violence, and urban survival syndrome claims that violent conditions in a city or neighborhood may justify violent actions by a particular individual.
Prevalence
A growing concern among the American public is that guilty criminals are too often excused for their crimes or are given unsuitably short sentences, a problem that is exacerbated by the use of the abuse defense. Legal experts counter that excuse defenses either serve an insignificant role in the trial or are entirely unsuccessful. During the trial of Dan White, who assassinated gay rights advocates George Moscone and Harvey Milk, one expert testimony mentioned that the consumption of large amounts of junk food may have intensified White's state of depression prior to the murders. It was widely reported that White's counsel had earned him a reduced sentence by employing the so-called "Twinkie defense", despite the fact that the subject of sugar intoxication was only briefly touched upon during the trial.
Although the American public often complains about the supposed frequency with which defendants use the abuse defense, the reality is that it is generally only used in high-profile cases. In order for the abuse defense to be employed effectively, it is necessary for the defense to produce expert testimony on the defendant's behalf. Most defendants are unable to pay for such testimony; as such, qualified experts tend to provide advocating testimony only in those cases in which the defendant is wealthy or is supported by public interest groups. The trials of Lorena Bobbitt and the Menendez brothers were two high-profile cases that are often cited as examples of the abuse excuse in action.
Bobbitt trial
On June 23, 1993, Lorena Bobbitt cut off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping. Afterward, she drove away and tossed the severed penis out the car window into a nearby field. Bobbitt later claimed that her husband had raped her immediately prior to the incident, though he denied these claims and was eventually acquitted of rape charges. Bobbitt also claimed that her husband had repeatedly raped and verbally abused her in the past, and that the memories of this abuse "raced through her head" in the moments prior to the attack on her husband. At her trial, Bobbitt's defense attorney argued that she was not guilty by reason of temporary insanity. She was acquitted by this reason and was released after being taken into custody for psychiatric evaluation. Legal critics argued that Bobbitt won her trial by means of the abuse defense.
Menendez brothers
In August 1989, brothers Lyle and Erik Menendez shot and killed their parents in their home in Beverly Hills, California. The two constructed an elaborate alibi and maintained their innocence for several years until Erik confessed to his psychotherapist. When it was decided that the murder confession could be used as evidence during their trials, the brothers entered pleas of self-defense. They claimed that they had been sexually abused by their father throughout childhood and that they feared their parents intended to murder them. Despite the judge's refusal to present the juries with self-defense instructions, the first trials both ended with hung juries and were declared mistrials. Although the brothers were eventually convicted and given consecutive life sentences, many legal experts were outraged by the mistrials.
Legal precedent
The Supreme Court of the United States has held on numerous occasions that capital defendants have the right to present information about an abusive childhood as mitigating evidence. Prior to 1978, the capital statute of Ohio had placed limitations on what mitigating factors the defense could present during sentencing. However, this statute was invalidated by Lockett v. Ohio, in which Chief Justice Warren E. Burger proclaimed that the sentencer should not be "precluded from considering, as a mitigating factor, any aspect of a defendant's character or record and any of the circumstances of the offense that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death." A similar conclusion was reached in the 1982 case Eddings v. Oklahoma, in which the Supreme Court held that United States law does not prevent a jury from considering a defendant's childhood abuse when determining the appropriate sentence.
In the June 2003 case Wiggins v. Smith, the petitioner Kevin Wiggins, who had been sentenced to death for murder, was granted habeas corpus because his attorney had failed to fully investigate or present mitigating evidence regarding Wiggins's childhood. Wiggins had been abused and neglected by his mother and was repeatedly raped while in foster care; the Supreme Court determined that there was a "reasonable probability" that such information would have altered the jury's sentencing, and that the attorney's failure to present this information violated Wiggins's Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
Responses
Legal scholar Alan Dershowitz has argued that, while a prior history of victimization may be a contributing factor to a violent crime, victimization alone cannot fully explain an act of violence. The vast majority of those who have suffered abuse do not go on to kill their abuser, and there is no known correlation between severity of abuse and the "deadliness of the response". Dershowitz views the effectiveness of the abuse defense as a "lawless invitation to vigilantism" which will serve only to extend the cycle of violence.
Although political scientist James Q. Wilson has also denounced the abuse excuse, he points out that it is only effective if a jury finds it to be compelling evidence of innocence or a substantial mitigating factor. When this occurs, there is no reason to exclude claims of abuse from the trial proceedings. Wilson has argued that the problem lies not in the employment of excuses as legal defenses, but in the intermingling of social science, which seeks to explain human behavior, with criminal law, which seeks to judge behavior. Although many citizens advocate severe penalties as a means of reducing crime, a number of studies have shown that the juror's desire to realize that goal is often overridden by the inherent desire to understand the behavior that leads to crime.
See also
Battered woman syndrome
Causality
Contributory negligence
Determinism
Diminished responsibility
Victim playing
Notes
References
American legal terminology
Criminal defenses | [
-0.10533291846513748,
0.5014070868492126,
-0.4657767713069916,
-0.18470288813114166,
0.11615858972072601,
0.3262042701244354,
0.3100544512271881,
-0.5056232810020447,
-0.006175828631967306,
0.023436594754457474,
0.29447078704833984,
0.7546656727790833,
-0.08805731683969498,
0.3666340112686157,
-0.6100248694419861,
0.5070510506629944,
0.367958664894104,
0.3405846357345581,
0.21256406605243683,
-0.2738161087036133,
-0.21499182283878326,
-0.27934587001800537,
0.08871246129274368,
-0.3919239044189453,
0.17986564338207245,
0.14570334553718567,
0.5135096311569214,
0.005479204934090376,
-0.3028755486011505,
0.4700840711593628,
-0.033726900815963745,
0.20216026902198792,
-0.04966295510530472,
-0.20171041786670685,
-0.36118432879447937,
0.193232461810112,
0.02801370434463024,
-0.30135056376457214,
-0.13132481276988983,
-0.43992117047309875,
0.4190671145915985,
-0.025002049282193184,
-0.601223349571228,
-0.038367219269275665,
0.16905240714550018,
-0.12455060333013535,
-1.6137913465499878,
-0.31731417775154114,
-0.06697431206703186,
-0.013304520398378372,
-0.436026930809021,
-0.0979219377040863,
-0.26618117094039917,
0.28667381405830383,
0.11379428207874298,
0.47676581144332886,
-0.7735254168510437,
-0.7522040605545044,
0.5920640826225281,
-0.46269354224205017,
0.33762630820274353,
0.36529672145843506,
0.3941284418106079,
-0.2016717493534088,
-0.20990954339504242,
0.11236119270324707,
0.19918803870677948,
0.9832087755203247,
-0.5768270492553711,
-0.7316293120384216,
-0.41993167996406555,
-0.5238252282142639,
0.029950933530926704,
0.33594223856925964,
-0.3046112060546875,
0.26484376192092896,
0.4044795632362366,
-0.6605778336524963,
-0.4122302532196045,
0.238699808716774,
0.10906729847192764,
0.48204323649406433,
0.09981967508792877,
-0.3673700988292694,
0.4551784098148346,
0.06839033216238022,
0.2099507451057434,
0.8284236788749695,
-0.19450430572032928,
0.4205531179904938,
0.38163816928863525,
0.6589605808258057,
0.13415561616420746,
0.4792880415916443,
0.0559660941362381,
0.27882009744644165,
0.3643864095211029,
-0.06846892833709717,
0.4237978160381317,
0.3092363476753235,
0.10429684072732925,
-0.24067021906375885,
0.22902923822402954,
-0.21712110936641693,
-0.040318384766578674,
-0.33082669973373413,
0.22066651284694672,
-0.5051839351654053,
-0.5178453922271729,
-0.601114809513092,
-0.05419851839542389,
0.24549172818660736,
-0.6235827207565308,
0.05140427500009537,
-0.5134679079055786,
0.4664980173110962,
0.4300587475299835,
-0.09389003366231918,
-0.26976874470710754,
0.03215056285262108,
0.4156915545463562,
0.13563701510429382,
-0.4862414002418518,
0.46076396107673645,
0.04813508316874504,
-0.04323237016797066,
0.4771076738834381,
0.8067094683647156,
-0.7615911364555359,
-0.4229470491409302,
0.1287856549024582,
0.2957291007041931,
0.2142331749200821,
0.2469547986984253,
0.08849003165960312,
0.30292659997940063,
0.45320701599121094,
-0.3344123959541321,
0.3775584399700165,
-0.4897933602333069,
-0.2634317874908447,
-0.797622561454773,
-0.45449739694595337,
-0.3712674677371979,
0.26970914006233215,
-0.6999104022979736,
0.3721741735935211,
0.261345773935318,
-0.12210642546415329,
0.1836940497159958,
0.28291937708854675,
0.39994943141937256,
-0.358695387840271,
0.15421566367149353,
0.14641743898391724,
0.20153431594371796,
0.3342488408088684,
-0.2820034921169281,
-0.42787423729896545,
0.41937631368637085,
0.20036523044109344,
-0.13973362743854523,
-0.7190900444984436,
-0.017488012090325356,
0.07355666160583496,
-0.34250614047050476,
-0.23195044696331024,
-0.05673231929540634,
-0.07691285759210587,
-0.4182775020599365,
-0.672964870929718,
0.5580252408981323,
-0.03164469823241234,
-0.30588027834892273,
0.29946157336235046,
0.4198404848575592,
0.1791403889656067,
0.08766160905361176,
0.645398736000061,
-0.19707229733467102,
-0.2696271538734436,
0.12085629999637604,
-0.10353725403547287,
-0.18482305109500885,
0.012907050549983978,
0.048235245048999786,
0.36866047978401184,
-0.48556241393089294,
0.15840764343738556,
-0.6683363914489746,
-0.49247100949287415,
-0.05157449468970299,
0.3766365051269531,
-0.5128470063209534,
1.1775016784667969,
0.24287283420562744,
-0.2604069709777832,
1.0303984880447388,
0.2772236466407776,
0.2094956338405609,
0.2859022617340088,
0.17440180480480194,
0.1091664656996727,
-0.07280823588371277,
-1.099784255027771,
0.2806277573108673,
-0.15363775193691254,
-0.26881903409957886,
-0.32333576679229736,
0.48999500274658203,
0.46777454018592834,
0.4978240430355072,
-0.06812562048435211,
-0.6833493113517761,
-0.03856981545686722,
0.3811597228050232,
0.002207286888733506,
0.7406685948371887,
0.0713370069861412,
-0.5707957148551941,
0.5031787753105164,
-0.30055496096611023,
-0.03753743693232536,
0.5860612988471985,
-0.1983230710029602,
0.6162635684013367,
0.09584758430719376,
0.6023831367492676,
0.2539530396461487,
-0.8151368498802185,
0.39717045426368713,
0.39973777532577515,
0.13401678204536438,
-0.2262449562549591,
-0.2906669080257416,
0.14448976516723633,
-0.21801786124706268,
0.16869844496250153,
-0.1384495347738266,
-0.35228249430656433,
0.5429240465164185,
0.6781569123268127,
-0.21020063757896423,
0.33399876952171326,
-0.25543898344039917,
-0.12400563806295395,
-0.07533696293830872,
0.6510013341903687,
-0.45353516936302185,
0.36913031339645386,
-0.11799059808254242,
0.18002109229564667,
0.3392625153064728,
-0.40792274475097656,
-0.04006168991327286,
-0.1363213211297989,
-0.4273837208747864,
-0.12405277043581009,
-0.41148531436920166,
-0.49067816138267517,
0.08972003310918808,
0.23869869112968445,
0.01423531211912632,
0.06175008416175842,
-0.34550511837005615,
-0.059066809713840485,
-0.24593570828437805,
0.1354999989271164,
-0.5122659206390381,
0.10075344145298004,
0.5380166172981262,
-0.32781514525413513,
-0.8340627551078796,
-0.12399324029684067,
-0.5171207785606384,
0.12816941738128662,
0.04664861038327217,
0.6579112410545349,
-0.3777286112308502,
-0.14149796962738037,
-0.19183658063411713,
0.42148441076278687,
0.4425039291381836,
-0.1439874768257141,
0.14806316792964935,
-0.5137179493904114,
0.0829399824142456,
-0.5667030811309814,
-0.6980622410774231,
0.12831823527812958,
-0.3836224675178528,
0.051153093576431274,
0.20848873257637024,
-0.12446309626102448,
0.29206007719039917,
0.530684769153595,
0.1444731205701828,
0.43936970829963684,
0.6166050434112549,
-0.23734864592552185,
-0.24718843400478363,
-0.31176137924194336,
-0.9587906002998352,
-0.06370949745178223,
0.0406937375664711,
-0.14246855676174164,
-0.5783231854438782,
0.08824386447668076,
-5.830551624298096,
-0.5482048988342285,
-0.6678985357284546,
-0.1705542951822281,
-0.26741132140159607,
0.23480063676834106,
0.4497576057910919,
-0.44390028715133667,
-0.46271494030952454,
0.028047960251569748,
0.10167798399925232,
0.23420752584934235,
0.8277325630187988,
0.08467411994934082,
0.4467574656009674,
-0.3512905240058899,
0.7212533354759216,
-0.4097714424133301,
0.29160961508750916,
0.13522954285144806,
0.05669597536325455,
-0.008164162747561932,
-0.3934069871902466,
0.2293478101491928,
-0.1945054829120636,
0.43826818466186523,
-0.07874971628189087,
0.13712666928768158,
-0.3476639688014984,
-0.034505318850278854,
0.11043380945920944,
-0.08822889626026154,
-0.10666097700595856,
-0.00590168684720993,
-0.687354326248169,
0.5208953022956848,
0.3714117407798767,
-0.40842875838279724,
-0.5134500861167908,
-0.5464501976966858,
-0.48512884974479675,
-0.2662564516067505,
-0.2349277287721634,
0.2732286751270294,
0.253399133682251,
-0.09458191692829132,
-0.5788196921348572,
-0.54742830991745,
-0.21446456015110016,
0.3999851644039154,
-0.3064602017402649,
0.3536531329154968,
0.49972453713417053,
0.7272316813468933,
-0.036097727715969086,
-0.13165490329265594,
0.37764468789100647,
-0.5106779932975769,
-0.044598717242479324,
0.10030854493379593,
0.07980955392122269,
-0.878141462802887,
-0.24674825370311737,
-0.133917897939682,
-0.4003348648548126,
-0.5436015129089355,
-0.05139646306633949,
-0.7120999693870544,
0.7447030544281006,
0.03955967351794243,
0.007364529650658369,
0.6353105306625366,
0.3358515501022339,
-0.8570162653923035,
0.09838132560253143,
-0.23403824865818024,
-0.03359799087047577,
-0.22212658822536469,
-0.035996824502944946,
-0.09244740754365921,
-0.08037450909614563,
0.1759026050567627,
-0.44934019446372986,
0.03345136716961861,
0.041553884744644165,
-0.3709154427051544,
0.4416023790836334,
0.44908756017684937,
0.05965656787157059,
0.3419032394886017,
0.2461244910955429,
0.23342210054397583,
-0.25457844138145447,
0.6322914958000183,
-0.3891056478023529,
1.2058697938919067,
0.5065919160842896,
0.047392599284648895,
0.5131309628486633,
-0.2939956486225128,
0.41553983092308044,
-0.4914771318435669,
0.5627871751785278,
-0.6670539379119873,
0.021380558609962463,
-0.39225155115127563,
-0.2777785360813141,
-0.07583262026309967,
0.7271518707275391,
-0.2928401827812195,
0.3538089990615845,
-0.15330597758293152,
-0.11427618563175201,
0.04388992115855217,
0.15421463549137115,
-0.3394606113433838,
-0.26989057660102844,
0.530053973197937,
0.5263004302978516,
0.1527053564786911,
0.16233515739440918,
-0.1035238727927208,
-0.2661818265914917,
-0.08706028759479523,
-0.9644087553024292,
-0.6950740218162537,
0.3138352930545807,
0.7201757431030273,
-0.5634772777557373,
0.133867084980011,
0.24047470092773438,
0.475830614566803,
-0.20123574137687683,
-0.03623064607381821,
0.11370610445737839,
-0.07110302895307541,
0.19453030824661255,
0.06305667757987976,
0.043635860085487366,
-0.33561035990715027,
0.40254542231559753,
-0.42712506651878357,
-0.20930516719818115,
-0.09623633325099945,
0.5294358730316162,
-0.12101264297962189,
-0.24464893341064453,
-0.07965422421693802,
-0.18833087384700775,
0.4164833128452301,
0.008050971664488316,
-0.39239704608917236,
0.4386214017868042,
-0.028905071318149567,
0.2553023397922516,
-0.006620763801038265,
0.06732062995433807,
0.02259107306599617,
-0.1853262484073639,
-0.1951225996017456,
-0.09933523833751678,
-0.09695658087730408,
-1.132953405380249,
-0.3916170597076416,
0.22245901823043823,
-0.08381254971027374,
-0.8221459984779358,
-0.5180274844169617,
-0.09714881330728531,
1.033390760421753,
-0.2260260432958603,
-0.6872851252555847,
-0.6385236382484436,
0.13479135930538177,
0.9117028117179871,
0.10177997499704361,
0.2485133558511734,
0.3942736089229584,
-0.25912463665008545,
-0.10236477851867676,
0.31589648127555847,
-0.2769712507724762,
-0.6159424781799316,
0.46513524651527405,
0.3406055271625519,
-0.24627597630023956,
0.12408100813627243,
0.04081334173679352,
-0.5264177322387695,
-0.3945927023887634,
-0.17499813437461853,
-0.7303430438041687,
0.33187881112098694,
-0.15891802310943604,
-0.04691464453935623,
-0.3115902543067932,
-0.37341904640197754,
-0.1796359270811081,
0.060059987008571625,
-0.03394494205713272,
0.06991424411535263,
0.9685724377632141,
-0.06385170668363571,
0.11459210515022278,
-0.12678323686122894,
-0.5603029727935791,
0.13404294848442078,
0.09997310489416122,
-0.5681082606315613,
0.6893225312232971,
-0.13340315222740173,
-0.12881828844547272,
-0.15735475718975067,
0.8170047402381897,
0.1474936455488205,
-0.5622626543045044,
0.4211365580558777,
-0.3046503961086273,
-0.17036958038806915,
-0.0309132132679224,
0.4712185263633728,
-0.5677377581596375,
-0.5003520250320435,
0.3618173897266388,
-0.676092803478241,
0.3036901652812958,
-0.12214206904172897,
-0.958113431930542,
0.7002821564674377,
0.18315905332565308,
-0.3030591905117035,
-0.11474645137786865,
0.5711807012557983,
0.13638781011104584,
-0.0926905944943428,
-0.6762192845344543,
0.17531143128871918,
0.53154456615448,
0.12691794335842133,
0.21509641408920288,
0.49551787972450256,
0.7621906995773315,
0.11106430739164352,
-0.32864606380462646,
0.4882080852985382,
0.010663957335054874,
0.2834722697734833,
-0.6044454574584961,
-0.4649958610534668,
1.037149429321289,
-0.2680642306804657,
0.09284660220146179,
-0.5286940932273865,
-0.0992627888917923,
0.9800064563751221,
-0.41722631454467773,
0.010445339605212212,
-0.2137012630701065,
0.03872516378760338,
0.6091139316558838,
0.016230102628469467,
-0.1225157156586647,
-0.6417855024337769,
-0.5825150609016418,
0.2763606011867523,
-0.12489987164735794,
0.19726885855197906,
0.09452716261148453,
0.13981644809246063,
-0.3609235882759094,
-0.2654944062232971,
-0.4272559881210327,
0.268820583820343,
0.9140071272850037,
0.37432512640953064,
0.28627026081085205,
-0.27457961440086365,
-0.1921963095664978,
-0.01954415626823902,
0.4951011538505554,
0.04223102703690529,
-0.4151306450366974,
-0.08345518261194229,
-0.7274010181427002,
0.052843205630779266,
-0.13610225915908813,
0.4456841051578522,
0.13019511103630066,
-0.40795934200286865,
-1.0994033813476562,
-0.7556394338607788,
-0.08798877894878387,
-0.07289830595254898,
0.10262451320886612,
-0.33847740292549133,
0.34331318736076355,
-0.23172463476657867,
0.2844395339488983,
-0.2500838041305542,
-0.26067307591438293,
-0.520265519618988,
0.3951798975467682,
-0.3359745442867279,
-0.9327841401100159,
0.1986030638217926,
0.2000211775302887,
0.2665003836154938,
-0.07282735407352448,
-0.07799381017684937,
-0.2730694115161896,
-0.025079773738980293,
-0.3680451214313507,
0.6259241104125977,
0.26691368222236633,
0.05183972790837288,
0.19767481088638306,
0.23958103358745575,
-0.4305896461009979,
0.1294434517621994,
-0.09671120345592499,
0.17646688222885132,
-0.1136988028883934,
0.9609283208847046,
-0.30185940861701965,
0.20454275608062744,
0.3732038140296936,
-0.4156465530395508,
0.1647345870733261,
0.2975226640701294,
0.19916267693042755,
0.4208846688270569,
-0.0434233658015728,
-0.3218992352485657,
0.3744361996650696,
0.12277636677026749,
-0.0222765002399683,
0.4428715109825134,
-0.5299972295761108,
-0.37425342202186584,
0.5618720650672913,
0.8593014478683472,
0.3619758188724518,
0.4749908745288849,
0.012901435606181622,
-0.3401135504245758,
0.2694966197013855,
0.5523172616958618,
0.17575520277023315,
0.0413094088435173,
0.19166211783885956,
0.4178297817707062,
-0.3396397531032562,
0.672071635723114,
-0.3312552869319916,
0.5253159403800964,
-0.1205737516283989,
0.2672361731529236,
-0.26279911398887634,
-0.4505971372127533,
-0.08094732463359833,
0.2275301069021225,
-0.08821902424097061,
0.3246723413467407,
0.14855694770812988,
0.5090248584747314,
0.07396849989891052,
0.12075087428092957,
0.001530074281617999,
-0.28641825914382935,
0.1225496307015419,
0.021642155945301056,
-0.319724440574646,
-0.09610527753829956,
-0.18142420053482056,
0.7013859748840332,
-0.4123480021953583,
0.4850093424320221,
0.090908944606781,
0.018962707370519638,
-0.03726990148425102,
0.19841645658016205,
-0.1664648950099945,
-0.18301711976528168,
-0.6529303789138794,
-0.10507459938526154,
0.08899147063493729,
0.28972727060317993,
0.6288371682167053,
0.12569759786128998,
-0.3921978771686554,
0.044443175196647644,
-0.038880474865436554,
-0.36766037344932556,
0.5229294896125793,
-0.2060329020023346,
0.40751582384109497,
0.014443189837038517,
0.5383803248405457,
-0.1956607699394226,
0.10787714272737503,
-0.1479981392621994,
0.304114431142807,
-0.4196819067001343,
-0.07978737354278564,
-0.35128310322761536,
-0.11118616163730621,
-0.2809121608734131,
0.1388964205980301,
-0.6389603018760681,
0.1775449812412262,
0.16442149877548218,
-0.336876779794693,
-0.19727519154548645,
-0.29117828607559204,
-0.12375447154045105,
0.042286936193704605,
0.5625070929527283,
-0.3500991761684418,
0.40831273794174194,
-0.23082149028778076,
0.2893642485141754,
0.6620766520500183,
0.5212114453315735,
0.048821721225976944,
-0.6976792812347412,
0.22330667078495026,
0.9972776174545288,
-0.07113511860370636,
0.19953592121601105,
0.5278034806251526,
-0.28979313373565674,
-0.061466969549655914,
-0.3500528633594513,
0.39356401562690735,
0.16020114719867706,
-0.7101582288742065,
0.29209333658218384,
0.2889452278614044,
0.4855774939060211,
-0.3620815575122833,
0.09187758713960648,
-0.7293775081634521,
0.4641253352165222,
0.24076709151268005,
-0.6537505388259888,
0.22335880994796753,
-0.10011237859725952,
-0.39905670285224915,
0.23555728793144226,
0.048893850296735764,
-0.009028281085193157,
-0.41847309470176697,
0.1530008763074875,
0.17330551147460938,
-0.45381802320480347,
0.25775378942489624,
0.2785171866416931,
-0.4866451025009155,
-0.30253246426582336,
-0.13493382930755615
] |
217873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra%20X-ray%20Observatory | Chandra X-ray Observatory | The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship-class space telescope launched aboard the during STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope, enabled by the high angular resolution of its mirrors. Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X-rays, they are not detectable from Earth-based telescopes; therefore space-based telescopes are required to make these observations. Chandra is an Earth satellite in a 64-hour orbit, and its mission is ongoing .
Chandra is one of the Great Observatories, along with the Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (2003–2020). The telescope is named after the Nobel Prize-winning Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. Its mission is similar to that of ESA's XMM-Newton spacecraft, also launched in 1999 but the two telescopes have different design foci; Chandra has much higher angular resolution.
History
In 1976 the Chandra X-ray Observatory (called AXAF at the time) was proposed to NASA by Riccardo Giacconi and Harvey Tananbaum. Preliminary work began the following year at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), where the telescope is now operated for NASA at the Chandra X-ray Center in the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. In the meantime, in 1978, NASA launched the first imaging X-ray telescope, Einstein (HEAO-2), into orbit. Work continued on the AXAF project throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992, to reduce costs, the spacecraft was redesigned. Four of the twelve planned mirrors were eliminated, as were two of the six scientific instruments. AXAF's planned orbit was changed to an elliptical one, reaching one third of the way to the Moon's at its farthest point. This eliminated the possibility of improvement or repair by the space shuttle but put the observatory above the Earth's radiation belts for most of its orbit. AXAF was assembled and tested by TRW (now Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) in Redondo Beach, California.
AXAF was renamed Chandra as part of a contest held by NASA in 1998, which drew more than 6,000 submissions worldwide. The contest winners, Jatila van der Veen and Tyrel Johnson (then a high school teacher and high school student, respectively), suggested the name in honor of Nobel Prize–winning Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. He is known for his work in determining the maximum mass of white dwarf stars, leading to greater understanding of high energy astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars and black holes. Fittingly, the name Chandra means "moon" in Sanskrit.
Originally scheduled to be launched in December 1998, the spacecraft was delayed several months, eventually being launched on July 23, 1999, at 04:31 UTC by during STS-93. Chandra was deployed by Cady Coleman from Columbia at 11:47 UTC. The Inertial Upper Stage's first stage motor ignited at 12:48 UTC, and after burning for 125 seconds and separating, the second stage ignited at 12:51 UTC and burned for 117 seconds. At , it was the heaviest payload ever launched by the shuttle, a consequence of the two-stage Inertial Upper Stage booster rocket system needed to transport the spacecraft to its high orbit.
Chandra has been returning data since the month after it launched. It is operated by the SAO at the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with assistance from MIT and Northrop Grumman Space Technology. The ACIS CCDs suffered particle damage during early radiation belt passages. To prevent further damage, the instrument is now removed from the telescope's focal plane during passages.
Although Chandra was initially given an expected lifetime of 5 years, on September 4, 2001, NASA extended its lifetime to 10 years "based on the observatory's outstanding results." Physically Chandra could last much longer. A 2004 study performed at the Chandra X-ray Center indicated that the observatory could last at least 15 years. It is active as of 2022 and has an upcoming schedule of observations published by the Chandra X-ray Center
In July 2008, the International X-ray Observatory, a joint project between ESA, NASA and JAXA, was proposed as the next major X-ray observatory but was later cancelled. ESA later resurrected a downsized version of the project as the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA), with a proposed launch in 2028.
On October 10, 2018, Chandra entered safe mode operations, due to a gyroscope glitch. NASA reported that all science instruments were safe. Within days, the 3-second error in data from one gyro was understood, and plans were made to return Chandra to full service. The gyroscope that experienced the glitch was placed in reserve and is otherwise healthy.
In 2020, Chandra reportedly may have made an observation of an exoplanet in the Whirlpool Galaxy, which would be the first planet discovered beyond the Milky Way.
Example discoveries
The data gathered by Chandra has greatly advanced the field of X-ray astronomy. Here are some examples of discoveries supported by observations from Chandra:
The first light image, of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, gave astronomers their first glimpse of the compact object at the center of the remnant, probably a neutron star or black hole. (Pavlov, et al., 2000)
In the Crab Nebula, another supernova remnant, Chandra showed a never-before-seen ring around the central pulsar and jets that had only been partially seen by earlier telescopes. (Weisskopf, et al., 2000)
The first X-ray emission was seen from the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way. (Baganoff, et al., 2001)
Chandra found much more cool gas than expected spiraling into the center of the Andromeda Galaxy.
Pressure fronts were observed in detail for the first time in Abell 2142, where clusters of galaxies are merging.
The earliest images in X-rays of the shock wave of a supernova were taken of SN 1987A.
Chandra showed for the first time the shadow of a small galaxy as it is being cannibalized by a larger one, in an image of Perseus A.
A new type of black hole was discovered in galaxy M82, mid-mass objects purported to be the missing link between stellar-sized black holes and super massive black holes. (Griffiths, et al., 2000)
X-ray emission lines were associated for the first time with a gamma-ray burst, Beethoven Burst GRB 991216. (Piro, et al., 2000)
High school students, using Chandra data, discovered a neutron star in supernova remnant IC 443.
Observations by Chandra and BeppoSAX suggest that gamma-ray bursts occur in star-forming regions.
Chandra data suggested that RX J1856.5-3754 and 3C58, previously thought to be pulsars, might be even denser objects: quark stars. These results are still debated.
Sound waves from violent activity around a super massive black hole were observed in the Perseus Cluster (2003).
TWA 5B, a brown dwarf, was seen orbiting a binary system of Sun-like stars.
Nearly all stars on the main sequence are X-ray emitters. (Schmitt & Liefke, 2004)
The X-ray shadow of Titan was seen when it transitted the Crab Nebula.
X-ray emissions from materials falling from a protoplanetary disc into a star. (Kastner, et al., 2004)
Hubble constant measured to be 76.9 km/s/Mpc using Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.
2006 Chandra found strong evidence that dark matter exists by observing super cluster collision.
2006 X-ray emitting loops, rings and filaments discovered around a super massive black hole within Messier 87 imply the presence of pressure waves, shock waves and sound waves. The evolution of Messier 87 may have been dramatically affected.
Observations of the Bullet cluster put limits on the cross-section of the self-interaction of dark matter.
"The Hand of God" photograph of PSR B1509-58.
Jupiter's x-rays coming from poles, not auroral ring.
A large halo of hot gas was found surrounding the Milky Way.
Extremely dense and luminous dwarf galaxy M60-UCD1 observed.
On January 5, 2015, NASA reported that CXO observed an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*, according to astronomers.
In September 2016, it was announced that Chandra had detected X-ray emissions from Pluto, the first detection of X-rays from a Kuiper belt object. Chandra had made the observations in 2014 and 2015, supporting the New Horizons spacecraft for its July 2015 encounter.
In April 2021, NASA announced findings from the legendary observatory in a tweet saying "Uranus gives off X-rays, astronomers find". The discovery would have "intriguing implications for understanding Uranus" if it is confirmed that the X-rays originate from the planet and are not emitted by the sun. [21]
Technical description
Unlike optical telescopes which possess simple aluminized parabolic surfaces (mirrors), X-ray telescopes generally use a Wolter telescope consisting of nested cylindrical paraboloid and hyperboloid surfaces coated with iridium or gold. X-ray photons would be absorbed by normal mirror surfaces, so mirrors with a low grazing angle are necessary to reflect them. Chandra uses four pairs of nested mirrors, together with their support structure, called the High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA); the mirror substrate is 2 cm-thick glass, with the reflecting surface a 33 nm iridium coating, and the diameters are 65 cm, 87 cm, 99 cm and 123 cm. The thick substrate and particularly careful polishing allowed a very precise optical surface, which is responsible for Chandra's unmatched resolution: between 80% and 95% of the incoming X-ray energy is focused into a one-arcsecond circle. However, the thickness of the substrate limits the proportion of the aperture which is filled, leading to the low collecting area compared to XMM-Newton.
Chandra's highly elliptical orbit allows it to observe continuously for up to 55 hours of its 65-hour orbital period. At its furthest orbital point from Earth, Chandra is one of the most distant Earth-orbiting satellites. This orbit takes it beyond the geostationary satellites and beyond the outer Van Allen belt.
With an angular resolution of 0.5 arcsecond (2.4 µrad), Chandra possesses a resolution over 1000 times better than that of the first orbiting X-ray telescope.
CXO uses mechanical gyroscopes, which are sensors that help determine what direction the telescope is pointed. Other navigation and orientation systems on board CXO include an aspect camera, Earth and Sun sensors, and reaction wheels. It also has two sets of thrusters, one for movement and another for offloading momentum.
Instruments
The Science Instrument Module (SIM) holds the two focal plane instruments, the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) and the High Resolution Camera (HRC), moving whichever is called for into position during an observation.
ACIS consists of 10 CCD chips and provides images as well as spectral information of the object observed. It operates in the photon energy range of 0.2–10 keV. HRC has two micro-channel plate components and images over the range of 0.1–10 keV. It also has a time resolution of 16 microseconds. Both of these instruments can be used on their own or in conjunction with one of the observatory's two transmission gratings.
The transmission gratings, which swing into the optical path behind the mirrors, provide Chandra with high resolution spectroscopy. The High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) works over 0.4–10 keV and has a spectral resolution of 60–1000. The Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS) has a range of 0.09–3 keV and a resolution of 40–2000.
Summary:
High Resolution Camera (HRC)
Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS)
High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS)
Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS)
Gallery
See also
AGILE (satellite), an Italian orbital X-ray telescope
Great Observatories program
List of space telescopes
List of X-ray space telescopes
Lynx X-ray Observatory, possible successor
NuSTAR
Suzaku, a sister satellite originating from AXAF-S (spectrometer)
X-ray astronomy
References
Further reading
External links
Chandra X-ray Observatory at NASA.gov
Chandra X-ray Observatory at Harvard.edu
Chandra X-ray Observatory at YouTube
Chandra podcast (2010) by Astronomy Cast
Space telescopes
X-ray telescopes
Great Observatories program
Satellites orbiting Earth
Spacecraft launched in 1999
Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
TRW Inc.
Northrop Grumman spacecraft | [
-0.4808313250541687,
0.472931444644928,
0.15249747037887573,
0.3832416832447052,
-0.017468426376581192,
-0.010924439877271652,
-0.040052253752946854,
0.3565561771392822,
-0.24124647676944733,
0.027159079909324646,
-0.4246099293231964,
0.1938018500804901,
-0.24384592473506927,
0.018102524802088737,
0.045924488455057144,
-0.10159629583358765,
0.9843174815177917,
-0.08608051389455795,
-0.2987988293170929,
-0.30561432242393494,
0.10593700408935547,
-0.11839060485363007,
0.32978495955467224,
0.005615697242319584,
-0.24455785751342773,
0.14179101586341858,
-0.20037047564983368,
0.0032838298939168453,
0.6145929098129272,
0.22869658470153809,
0.4516434371471405,
-0.17369985580444336,
0.24745258688926697,
-0.28829261660575867,
-0.1992252618074417,
0.24065212905406952,
-0.22371578216552734,
0.3896355628967285,
-0.23129817843437195,
-0.4587242603302002,
0.07301065325737,
-0.1838463991880417,
-0.06831832230091095,
0.15175822377204895,
-0.42440927028656006,
-0.23147983849048615,
-0.8163670301437378,
0.4818926453590393,
-0.2035812884569168,
0.7539312243461609,
-0.22507376968860626,
-0.40617650747299194,
0.5693240761756897,
-0.2654217779636383,
0.10969346761703491,
0.6815832257270813,
-0.3647542893886566,
0.1443168967962265,
-0.3369963765144348,
-0.12331929802894592,
0.013166348449885845,
-0.07530280202627182,
0.09894435852766037,
-0.27534374594688416,
-0.2579956352710724,
0.1600947082042694,
0.3408757150173187,
-0.17839133739471436,
0.11285343766212463,
-0.4236152470111847,
0.4875185787677765,
-0.471223920583725,
-0.5330367684364319,
0.8291504979133606,
-0.19399036467075348,
-0.8441445231437683,
0.2880622446537018,
-0.07015626132488251,
-0.07029975205659866,
0.44023221731185913,
0.41812899708747864,
-0.0759548768401146,
0.45154309272766113,
-0.08266608417034149,
-0.273200660943985,
0.4702626168727875,
-0.2762501835823059,
0.06457299739122391,
-0.35710906982421875,
0.23145346343517303,
-0.45603469014167786,
-0.16549937427043915,
0.6198633313179016,
1.0910727977752686,
0.36991509795188904,
-0.07166196405887604,
0.07912534475326538,
-0.422545850276947,
0.5281447768211365,
0.09052659571170807,
-0.1851155012845993,
0.323714017868042,
0.09626812487840652,
-0.24936889111995697,
-0.18129035830497742,
-0.2575153112411499,
-0.004739479161798954,
-0.9280964732170105,
-1.1173566579818726,
-0.21423444151878357,
-0.45580554008483887,
0.41554945707321167,
-0.3498687446117401,
0.35311803221702576,
-0.9577807784080505,
0.23640473186969757,
0.32063519954681396,
-0.627437174320221,
0.42856907844543457,
0.16741885244846344,
0.19673316180706024,
1.6545222997665405,
-0.012241402640938759,
0.3663967549800873,
-0.18106704950332642,
0.5823332071304321,
0.952508270740509,
0.466499000787735,
-0.17301179468631744,
0.19847455620765686,
-0.25091567635536194,
0.4810551404953003,
0.2908179461956024,
0.015957076102495193,
0.30363503098487854,
-0.08598088473081589,
0.5100424289703369,
-0.6354666352272034,
-0.19992810487747192,
0.4338424503803253,
-0.1940988302230835,
-1.0252766609191895,
-0.27901166677474976,
-0.47530850768089294,
0.2012898474931717,
0.23829686641693115,
0.1256399154663086,
-0.6786074638366699,
-0.16473495960235596,
-0.12383431941270828,
-0.45748573541641235,
-0.18188290297985077,
-0.8216418623924255,
-0.5514716506004333,
-0.5093826651573181,
-0.0330074243247509,
0.0002693411661311984,
0.4190167486667633,
0.07717558741569519,
0.42533016204833984,
0.6046639680862427,
-0.13501295447349548,
-0.3424951732158661,
-0.4740613102912903,
-0.11956256628036499,
-0.05264754965901375,
0.6482254862785339,
0.33935561776161194,
0.1860969513654709,
-0.17309680581092834,
0.05048312619328499,
-0.30437901616096497,
-0.04438597708940506,
-0.03623272106051445,
-0.3271492123603821,
-0.19349700212478638,
0.8609392642974854,
0.2017793357372284,
-0.08326944708824158,
0.5587974190711975,
-0.7620971202850342,
0.017933761700987816,
-0.10498792678117752,
-0.49967214465141296,
0.2539287805557251,
0.051738835871219635,
0.20106986165046692,
0.20431175827980042,
0.23457267880439758,
0.5324515700340271,
-0.9137313961982727,
-0.3178795278072357,
-0.10491731762886047,
-0.2535853981971741,
1.381219506263733,
-0.4842393100261688,
-0.28915220499038696,
0.6091145873069763,
-0.09857142716646194,
0.3202435076236725,
-0.4381526708602905,
0.10666326433420181,
0.6827580332756042,
-0.28497621417045593,
-1.1047701835632324,
-0.26484414935112,
-0.09946456551551819,
-0.3489334285259247,
0.001150819705799222,
0.17889045178890228,
0.1690804660320282,
-0.1421738564968109,
-0.016971901059150696,
0.12546172738075256,
-0.014153103344142437,
0.19248755276203156,
-0.8279501795768738,
0.11739296466112137,
-0.2896282374858856,
0.06774692982435226,
0.5170266032218933,
-0.16650646924972534,
0.27991983294487,
0.5631775856018066,
-0.6126154661178589,
0.9301967620849609,
0.2923896014690399,
0.27433881163597107,
0.5481294393539429,
0.1663716733455658,
0.14132404327392578,
-0.5449647903442383,
-0.09503933042287827,
-0.5301510095596313,
0.054904669523239136,
0.2950568199157715,
-0.020719453692436218,
-0.5543694496154785,
0.5783065557479858,
-0.16551828384399414,
0.23531374335289001,
0.25213462114334106,
-0.6299664378166199,
0.4167918562889099,
-0.2811565101146698,
-0.03543031960725784,
0.43164563179016113,
-0.17063598334789276,
-0.3461945950984955,
-0.15921218693256378,
-0.24527381360530853,
0.2383781224489212,
0.13339194655418396,
-0.16783122718334198,
-0.14395970106124878,
-0.06297982484102249,
0.14542284607887268,
-0.20265449583530426,
0.043907664716243744,
0.1348978579044342,
0.1136370524764061,
-0.07234914600849152,
0.20999686419963837,
0.010171256959438324,
0.35681286454200745,
-0.5837953090667725,
0.2904391586780548,
-0.6949352025985718,
0.6340446472167969,
-0.22262191772460938,
0.004505791701376438,
0.06944378465414047,
0.1157938539981842,
0.16431233286857605,
-0.2888844609260559,
-0.7603715062141418,
-0.25675705075263977,
0.5359109044075012,
-0.7131310701370239,
-0.4608702063560486,
0.869721531867981,
0.2064962238073349,
0.1860276162624359,
0.09625302255153656,
-0.3876529037952423,
0.11855470389127731,
-0.08375353366136551,
-0.5362147688865662,
-0.4591220021247864,
-0.08870083838701248,
0.3480912446975708,
0.41692808270454407,
-0.3181746304035187,
-0.026388052850961685,
0.1790151298046112,
0.40871086716651917,
0.5963045954704285,
0.0683036670088768,
0.05905700474977493,
-0.20463170111179352,
-0.19795532524585724,
0.15478366613388062,
-0.6187808513641357,
-0.30823346972465515,
-0.2874152362346649,
0.006495444104075432,
0.026378225535154343,
-0.6815070509910583,
-5.738910675048828,
0.282688170671463,
-0.5881515741348267,
0.06713832914829254,
-0.40646234154701233,
0.14767491817474365,
0.4979572296142578,
-0.30677610635757446,
-0.05673013627529144,
-0.18134167790412903,
-0.5105320811271667,
-0.3961932957172394,
-0.03236956149339676,
-0.11267896741628647,
0.04116307944059372,
0.4675005078315735,
0.10667677223682404,
-0.08726333826780319,
0.32390546798706055,
0.4146559238433838,
0.09247247874736786,
-0.09428829699754715,
-0.3473864197731018,
-0.0943862646818161,
0.36931875348091125,
-0.21028763055801392,
-0.5763435959815979,
0.08075150102376938,
-0.085660919547081,
-0.17266377806663513,
0.4410842955112457,
-0.09137503802776337,
-0.18692035973072052,
-0.06813704967498779,
-0.6331470608711243,
0.28625836968421936,
0.43189728260040283,
-0.245906800031662,
0.5127650499343872,
-0.24929901957511902,
0.1722947657108307,
-0.05355935916304588,
-0.3830128610134125,
-0.8972138166427612,
-0.0904921144247055,
-0.5909060835838318,
-0.18687878549098969,
0.5276039838790894,
-0.19876663386821747,
0.317023366689682,
-0.020741110667586327,
0.39565911889076233,
-0.15599466860294342,
0.1458267867565155,
-0.6343038082122803,
-0.2717536687850952,
0.14555178582668304,
1.0676161050796509,
-0.42433279752731323,
0.06120475381612778,
-0.016624068841338158,
0.04158082604408264,
-0.3034462034702301,
-0.9234389662742615,
-0.3297364115715027,
0.18232759833335876,
0.4114808142185211,
0.22009412944316864,
0.16660557687282562,
0.30736854672431946,
-0.255287230014801,
0.6570456027984619,
0.1812063604593277,
-0.8767841458320618,
0.06051475927233696,
-0.4598672688007355,
0.14043819904327393,
-0.28934749960899353,
-0.7572230696678162,
0.383034884929657,
0.2390461415052414,
-0.6158973574638367,
0.2793883979320526,
0.15265995264053345,
0.16047672927379608,
-0.6381922960281372,
-0.6492728590965271,
-0.578640341758728,
0.2537052631378174,
0.6298180818557739,
0.9984185695648193,
-0.8204571008682251,
0.0709347203373909,
0.7409478425979614,
0.15288498997688293,
0.0311355609446764,
0.8289737105369568,
0.48052775859832764,
0.7346453070640564,
0.042265694588422775,
0.2836574614048004,
0.6764274835586548,
0.15966126322746277,
-0.18732832372188568,
-0.33946263790130615,
-0.5922155976295471,
-0.20271052420139313,
-0.07338295876979828,
0.7773976922035217,
-0.08253365010023117,
0.3026526868343353,
-0.602652370929718,
-0.3947451412677765,
-0.17323973774909973,
0.43254655599594116,
0.31223633885383606,
-0.23054277896881104,
0.009974326007068157,
0.2974405884742737,
0.2118246853351593,
-0.20649339258670807,
-0.5827170610427856,
-0.2646389305591583,
0.29701560735702515,
-0.5067600607872009,
-0.22301918268203735,
-0.22457420825958252,
0.49876153469085693,
-0.18561440706253052,
0.22551113367080688,
0.35794365406036377,
0.5864239931106567,
-0.031774841248989105,
0.20771022140979767,
0.28540030121803284,
-0.08588016033172607,
-0.3126940429210663,
-0.34752941131591797,
0.8492768406867981,
0.15043623745441437,
-0.05790283530950546,
0.39017584919929504,
-0.13146431744098663,
0.26779428124427795,
0.3926738202571869,
0.6906252503395081,
-0.4201236963272095,
-0.469741553068161,
0.1202712133526802,
-0.0007257010438479483,
-0.16639594733715057,
-0.8032066822052002,
-0.1347576379776001,
0.6332637667655945,
-0.048777054995298386,
0.2706992030143738,
0.026252280920743942,
-0.27812570333480835,
-0.3707710802555084,
0.08307089656591415,
0.7653588056564331,
-0.03663372993469238,
-0.9548749327659607,
-0.13552828133106232,
-0.2551629841327667,
0.46234017610549927,
-0.3081666827201843,
-0.2765214443206787,
-0.37168943881988525,
-0.21916146576404572,
0.26467329263687134,
-0.3020370304584503,
-0.34594255685806274,
-0.5528789758682251,
0.5228093266487122,
0.32534611225128174,
-0.19656658172607422,
0.13893818855285645,
0.5316365957260132,
0.11901246011257172,
0.052999645471572876,
-0.17531971633434296,
-0.8339850306510925,
0.6377202272415161,
0.12235654890537262,
-0.4746643304824829,
-0.7270302176475525,
-0.3936387896537781,
0.4610844850540161,
0.33729735016822815,
0.003966693300753832,
0.22696763277053833,
0.05136626958847046,
0.5461161732673645,
0.2557763159275055,
-0.7297651171684265,
-0.47069185972213745,
0.16497300565242767,
-0.08889465034008026,
-0.5639431476593018,
-0.45245692133903503,
0.4821203052997589,
0.16125454008579254,
0.38261887431144714,
0.06299532949924469,
-0.19530418515205383,
-0.3168463110923767,
0.521979808807373,
0.43092867732048035,
-0.07846441864967346,
-0.1254010647535324,
-0.6910552978515625,
0.38072293996810913,
0.38349971175193787,
0.04911995306611061,
0.4951992630958557,
-0.07030750066041946,
0.025985850021243095,
-0.385070264339447,
-0.49759820103645325,
-0.07125940173864365,
0.266226202249527,
-0.1265840232372284,
-0.7549140453338623,
-0.42008259892463684,
0.1869964897632599,
0.3532724380493164,
-0.281591534614563,
-0.05721825733780861,
-0.42207321524620056,
-0.29172953963279724,
0.6517539620399475,
-0.10936147719621658,
0.04791257902979851,
0.0686052143573761,
0.06925400346517563,
-0.07255474478006363,
0.24180331826210022,
0.426332950592041,
0.2638986110687256,
0.1894816905260086,
0.3200068473815918,
-0.013333969749510288,
-0.3043628931045532,
-0.35616570711135864,
0.03973497077822685,
0.5062834620475769,
-0.25231385231018066,
-0.5506565570831299,
-0.5312615036964417,
0.03777311369776726,
-0.5824694037437439,
-0.033862099051475525,
-0.6538819670677185,
0.7176275253295898,
-0.43669041991233826,
-0.45166587829589844,
-0.4437866508960724,
-0.19058993458747864,
-0.41827720403671265,
-0.3034535050392151,
-0.025184379890561104,
-0.8891029357910156,
0.05325689911842346,
0.18357890844345093,
0.14486674964427948,
-0.1372833400964737,
-0.517995297908783,
0.291328102350235,
-0.38874995708465576,
0.24350175261497498,
-0.4237261414527893,
0.1528097689151764,
0.698748767375946,
-0.14053726196289062,
0.1875213086605072,
0.14487577974796295,
0.3964860439300537,
-0.44228506088256836,
-0.18120849132537842,
-0.09865321964025497,
0.2880159616470337,
0.2937495708465576,
-0.1056334376335144,
0.15498067438602448,
-0.9251376986503601,
-0.25392162799835205,
0.07256254553794861,
-0.06718289107084274,
0.06629181653261185,
-0.13048893213272095,
0.2634807825088501,
-0.19782322645187378,
0.13689261674880981,
-0.062045756727457047,
0.3917234241962433,
0.45795679092407227,
0.2601248025894165,
-0.3943498134613037,
0.13010241091251373,
-0.7641306519508362,
0.34641027450561523,
0.4900328814983368,
-0.3504605293273926,
-0.2684870958328247,
-0.006961126811802387,
1.1151232719421387,
0.3792995810508728,
-0.3740446865558624,
0.13214771449565887,
0.626422643661499,
0.047208670526742935,
0.10302809625864029,
0.14419808983802795,
-1.1021944284439087,
0.009487371891736984,
0.39150795340538025,
0.24731740355491638,
0.4930392801761627,
0.07695919275283813,
0.0200466588139534,
0.768330991268158,
0.4569849371910095,
-0.06724359095096588,
-0.9547538757324219,
0.18991217017173767,
-0.5564376711845398,
0.8520206212997437,
-0.2105875313282013,
0.2875070571899414,
-0.05439379811286926,
-0.08617422729730606,
-0.08494856208562851,
0.8386722803115845,
-0.29429081082344055,
-0.3972998559474945,
0.127814382314682,
-0.7159867286682129,
-0.5174055099487305,
0.30121952295303345,
-0.00023670053633395582,
0.8959386348724365,
0.3483254611492157,
0.26413193345069885,
-0.15939860045909882,
0.7821617126464844,
-0.03265238553285599,
0.8790390491485596,
0.06138048321008682,
0.3222808539867401,
0.11847037822008133,
0.10214179009199142,
0.46841564774513245,
-0.13744990527629852,
-0.023401496931910515,
-0.1745883971452713,
0.03340015187859535,
0.02387496829032898,
0.151044100522995,
0.15840627253055573,
0.2622789442539215,
0.6629528403282166,
0.06180394068360329,
0.20775429904460907,
-0.6345406770706177,
-0.0695304274559021,
-0.32410165667533875,
-0.5645391345024109,
0.3343256413936615,
-0.45546767115592957,
-0.13190588355064392,
0.5568959712982178,
-0.21649397909641266,
0.31375494599342346,
0.015304281376302242,
-0.13726872205734253,
-0.1739225834608078,
0.3870032727718353,
0.028750751167535782,
-0.08691336959600449,
-0.06518375873565674,
-0.35439741611480713,
-0.29217901825904846,
-0.3514961898326874,
-0.6347238421440125,
0.48747682571411133,
0.09189300239086151,
0.7455660104751587,
0.5705182552337646,
-0.13465265929698944,
0.5132912397384644,
-0.5385956168174744,
0.4802916944026947,
0.06239064037799835,
-0.4074628949165344,
0.3248947858810425,
0.08611206710338593,
-0.03069200925529003,
0.30980485677719116,
0.20935173332691193,
0.03656521439552307,
0.025120195001363754,
0.4929710626602173,
0.3821212947368622,
-0.17258930206298828,
0.25050288438796997,
-0.7001863121986389,
-0.224933922290802,
-0.29222193360328674,
-0.04514547064900398,
-0.23306523263454437,
-0.611670970916748,
0.10529448091983795,
0.45413321256637573,
-0.009470190852880478,
-0.020482545718550682,
0.5546649098396301,
0.3341619670391083,
-0.16905048489570618,
0.3734978139400482,
-0.45875242352485657,
-0.012283825315535069,
-0.055163923650979996,
0.020530277863144875,
-0.23829661309719086,
-0.10227693617343903,
0.1616915464401245,
-0.08543028682470322,
0.32284000515937805,
0.3705696165561676,
0.45513075590133667,
-0.11386868357658386,
-0.30820465087890625,
0.16870078444480896,
-0.3587418794631958,
-1.0346380472183228,
0.04770665615797043,
0.2619968354701996,
0.4571896195411682,
-0.4964757561683655,
-0.06849179416894913,
0.12383062392473221,
0.2713603675365448,
-0.09483398497104645,
0.36843642592430115,
0.21852390468120575,
-0.01303713396191597,
-0.6261537671089172,
-0.5583429336547852,
0.8805360794067383,
0.02697201445698738,
0.0669882595539093,
0.25628527998924255,
-0.6707360148429871,
-0.426708459854126,
-0.573516845703125,
0.7812293767929077,
0.09705445915460587,
0.536422848701477,
-0.3494682312011719
] |
217879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20State | Washington State | Washington State may refer to:
Washington (state), a U.S. state, often referred to as "Washington state" to distinguish it from the capital city, Washington D.C.
Washington State University, a land-grant college located in the state of Washington
Washington State Cougars, the athletic program of Washington State University
See also
Washington/State, a closed subway station on the Chicago Transit Authority's Red Line
State of Washington (sternwheeler), steamboat | [
0.4069773256778717,
0.14486034214496613,
0.17190863192081451,
0.01188905443996191,
-0.12223722040653229,
0.13505253195762634,
0.7541713118553162,
0.4732469916343689,
-0.584116518497467,
-0.3474619388580322,
-0.31849393248558044,
-0.15822426974773407,
-0.1499980092048645,
0.608089029788971,
-0.1691271811723709,
0.2354670614004135,
0.4784615933895111,
0.8902513384819031,
0.5495789051055908,
0.09351444244384766,
-0.5447819828987122,
-0.015052209608256817,
0.5226102471351624,
-0.6279247999191284,
0.17023004591464996,
-0.30994996428489685,
0.5649449229240417,
-0.2977709472179413,
-0.2920246124267578,
0.37898656725883484,
-0.12562066316604614,
0.3468145728111267,
-0.2389698475599289,
0.2115945667028427,
0.08687837421894073,
0.044993605464696884,
0.19170516729354858,
-0.052641913294792175,
-0.119827501475811,
-0.1737459897994995,
-0.054400861263275146,
-0.33627137541770935,
0.4633839726448059,
0.013630869798362255,
-0.02435368485748768,
-0.6611728072166443,
-1.2584978342056274,
0.21492178738117218,
-0.49026942253112793,
-0.07903093844652176,
-1.0616979598999023,
0.06225351616740227,
-0.20077569782733917,
0.5760325789451599,
-0.07533314824104309,
0.27700385451316833,
-0.5737174153327942,
-0.11627837270498276,
-0.10585364699363708,
-0.15808145701885223,
0.00030417682137340307,
0.16213573515415192,
0.04691491648554802,
0.5936463475227356,
0.2579455077648163,
0.20807312428951263,
0.0835176333785057,
0.2248586267232895,
-0.08461061865091324,
-0.39585790038108826,
-0.5300440192222595,
0.19313086569309235,
-0.2685692012310028,
-0.03809063509106636,
0.0510525219142437,
0.5872665643692017,
-0.04176350682973862,
-0.038861580193042755,
-0.007962600328028202,
-0.08113213628530502,
-0.02630685269832611,
0.5009856224060059,
0.5788930654525757,
-0.011513729579746723,
0.2971065044403076,
-0.16030675172805786,
-0.7000168561935425,
0.029027678072452545,
0.23025000095367432,
0.9720710515975952,
-0.2780444920063019,
0.47605299949645996,
0.4552838206291199,
-0.17425569891929626,
-0.21447618305683136,
-0.6629685163497925,
-0.14504006505012512,
0.3934263288974762,
0.13395361602306366,
0.01167274173349142,
-0.4268183708190918,
-0.14320598542690277,
0.4981551468372345,
0.2030654102563858,
-0.6016770005226135,
-0.11315151304006577,
0.10046768188476562,
0.3560318350791931,
0.0421769842505455,
-0.4067496955394745,
0.37069055438041687,
0.5005504488945007,
0.16220763325691223,
-0.07615682482719421,
-0.06257176399230957,
0.09242747724056244,
0.5221124291419983,
-0.5320083498954773,
-0.15943993628025055,
-0.7007964849472046,
-0.15066617727279663,
0.6068125367164612,
0.15133117139339447,
-0.8385512232780457,
0.43643876910209656,
0.4535425901412964,
0.24057583510875702,
0.06162909045815468,
-0.195961132645607,
-0.4818362295627594,
-0.34944984316825867,
0.5729627013206482,
0.13307425379753113,
0.5362260341644287,
0.402380108833313,
-0.438027948141098,
0.028031477704644203,
-0.09364756941795349,
0.5398446321487427,
0.18771207332611084,
-0.2441934198141098,
0.22311289608478546,
-1.0590263605117798,
-0.011812328360974789,
0.2699398398399353,
-0.33486247062683105,
0.29684343934059143,
-0.3923308253288269,
-0.17931200563907623,
0.43722712993621826,
0.09429515153169632,
0.5748231410980225,
-0.04240810126066208,
0.7586432695388794,
-0.22839465737342834,
0.024766210466623306,
0.8400628566741943,
0.10552217811346054,
0.5582866072654724,
0.31341949105262756,
-0.07734501361846924,
0.43091025948524475,
0.1591445803642273,
-0.16705168783664703,
0.12400005012750626,
-0.3697093427181244,
-0.21909236907958984,
-0.07271720468997955,
0.3590514361858368,
0.16827154159545898,
-0.23397019505500793,
-0.04951123893260956,
0.28768840432167053,
0.4135691821575165,
0.07442793995141983,
-0.16409118473529816,
0.3454623520374298,
0.46589571237564087,
0.2720281779766083,
-0.4036591649055481,
-0.5216178894042969,
0.2742899954319,
0.14274565875530243,
-0.0805942490696907,
-0.41230762004852295,
-0.06826753169298172,
0.38495177030563354,
-0.03570692241191864,
-0.21003574132919312,
-0.4017215669155121,
0.35767999291419983,
-0.49518755078315735,
0.18708203732967377,
-0.5387871861457825,
0.4898958206176758,
0.38702192902565,
-0.6131786108016968,
0.8493412137031555,
0.14845630526542664,
0.2878173589706421,
0.22682057321071625,
-0.446209192276001,
0.10343288630247116,
-0.1433282345533371,
-0.3161826729774475,
0.9291265606880188,
0.38634219765663147,
0.03873180225491524,
0.23257224261760712,
0.12210395187139511,
0.3537779450416565,
-0.46975094079971313,
0.23678232729434967,
-0.25485581159591675,
-0.15280599892139435,
-0.03341576084494591,
-0.04205171763896942,
-0.13495753705501556,
0.17137360572814941,
0.16682446002960205,
1.0258508920669556,
-0.015374488197267056,
0.3234129250049591,
0.17793790996074677,
0.13893593847751617,
0.24760687351226807,
0.031584978103637695,
0.2554226815700531,
-0.0806390717625618,
-0.47514066100120544,
0.05694129690527916,
-0.278266966342926,
-0.15459482371807098,
-0.3836367130279541,
0.113306924700737,
-0.1073293536901474,
0.2711922228336334,
-0.04038551449775696,
0.4060123860836029,
-0.3615092635154724,
0.31999680399894714,
0.09161838889122009,
-0.31177058815956116,
0.35761260986328125,
0.18745651841163635,
0.12977172434329987,
0.12032003700733185,
-0.3255189061164856,
0.012814120389521122,
-0.23737390339374542,
-0.18226797878742218,
-0.07169058918952942,
0.29826799035072327,
-0.15939700603485107,
0.19194631278514862,
0.20172050595283508,
-0.13542179763317108,
-0.36116963624954224,
0.09605275839567184,
-0.017772270366549492,
-0.38279229402542114,
0.45177945494651794,
-0.38579294085502625,
0.16706421971321106,
-0.1827818751335144,
-0.44228628277778625,
-0.27849844098091125,
-0.6588943600654602,
-0.31923890113830566,
0.1942957639694214,
-0.02187443897128105,
0.43011921644210815,
-0.41587916016578674,
-1.0043752193450928,
0.3292054533958435,
0.38624322414398193,
-0.2477443814277649,
0.16417385637760162,
-0.6353747248649597,
-0.04865358769893646,
0.05989173427224159,
0.434268057346344,
0.0072951773181557655,
-0.6906622648239136,
-0.6657924056053162,
-1.107392430305481,
0.6506738662719727,
-0.4618334174156189,
-0.3778665363788605,
0.31220415234565735,
-0.25260406732559204,
-0.5491885542869568,
0.4794324040412903,
-0.025330018252134323,
-0.13836781680583954,
0.043566349893808365,
0.15339897572994232,
0.12067978084087372,
0.1418842375278473,
-0.25923457741737366,
-0.7611730694770813,
0.1301819235086441,
-0.2117684781551361,
-0.11396800726652145,
0.2923338711261749,
-0.460367888212204,
-0.16702525317668915,
-0.3719461262226105,
-5.941282272338867,
-0.009419483132660389,
-0.18413648009300232,
-0.14459703862667084,
0.44245168566703796,
-0.32816532254219055,
0.1458410769701004,
-0.23033106327056885,
-0.15788021683692932,
0.06364554911851883,
0.5301023721694946,
0.3128676116466522,
-0.18202795088291168,
0.6217321157455444,
0.4171493351459503,
-0.06394889205694199,
0.9424528479576111,
0.09131362289190292,
0.283956915140152,
0.25319647789001465,
-0.21431857347488403,
0.44888365268707275,
0.7420676946640015,
0.2602689266204834,
0.5717503428459167,
0.32877808809280396,
0.1014622300863266,
-0.7494920492172241,
-0.34550902247428894,
-0.5428217649459839,
-0.22742846608161926,
0.208705335855484,
0.4611307382583618,
-0.18900713324546814,
0.09696599096059799,
-0.05501258000731468,
0.432750403881073,
0.22128140926361084,
0.3101271092891693,
-0.712013304233551,
-0.01961585320532322,
0.29515841603279114,
-0.2372453212738037,
-0.05907740071415901,
0.06422143429517746,
-0.029045619070529938,
-0.26269611716270447,
-0.3647974133491516,
-0.6528513431549072,
0.6024301648139954,
-0.45483332872390747,
0.2579759359359741,
0.6358363628387451,
0.2408529669046402,
-0.4091756343841553,
-0.2845725119113922,
0.4529714286327362,
0.2248566448688507,
-0.5894752740859985,
0.02172890491783619,
0.23232518136501312,
-0.2975544333457947,
-0.17712382972240448,
-0.5866149067878723,
-0.35023602843284607,
-0.5539120435714722,
-0.4871000051498413,
0.061945464462041855,
0.30928856134414673,
0.3441956639289856,
-0.2655901610851288,
-0.2186802327632904,
-0.03964272886514664,
-0.8194515109062195,
0.07098052650690079,
-0.5508539080619812,
-0.6898138523101807,
-0.010745243169367313,
0.10951143503189087,
-0.24090799689292908,
-0.8976436257362366,
0.658348798751831,
-0.12443238496780396,
0.6640213131904602,
0.1560557782649994,
-0.1294332891702652,
-0.04992428794503212,
0.539225161075592,
0.11497688293457031,
-0.5569102764129639,
0.5191037654876709,
-0.03831104561686516,
1.0168477296829224,
-0.08829912543296814,
-0.2456955760717392,
0.5673169493675232,
0.3257249593734741,
-0.20541921257972717,
0.2791261076927185,
-0.6613718271255493,
0.526961624622345,
-0.0019661777187138796,
-0.742917537689209,
-0.5735442638397217,
-0.1985868662595749,
0.13098275661468506,
0.105007104575634,
0.21456500887870789,
0.6353754997253418,
-0.4046485722064972,
-0.41955509781837463,
-0.16894586384296417,
-0.4863790273666382,
-0.15485823154449463,
-0.02376917190849781,
0.08399894833564758,
-0.41105371713638306,
0.19464053213596344,
0.4034704864025116,
0.2106413096189499,
0.093093141913414,
0.6504392027854919,
0.3983275592327118,
-0.146888867020607,
-0.35909026861190796,
-0.5593367218971252,
-0.3318931758403778,
0.23590445518493652,
0.03660178184509277,
0.24248817563056946,
0.43622541427612305,
-0.1511477679014206,
0.8667449951171875,
-0.3795877695083618,
-0.24419677257537842,
0.30151039361953735,
0.2709968388080597,
-0.023566123098134995,
-0.31488552689552307,
-0.5283845663070679,
0.18477778136730194,
0.29477474093437195,
-0.10544178634881973,
0.7381022572517395,
0.13181769847869873,
0.0484292134642601,
0.08560483157634735,
0.14186303317546844,
-0.7368590831756592,
0.3587745130062103,
0.1622803807258606,
-0.5081405639648438,
0.42457279562950134,
-0.5743734240531921,
0.21196351945400238,
0.09189052134752274,
0.49879246950149536,
0.3903349041938782,
0.1128363385796547,
0.01946687512099743,
0.15263915061950684,
-0.7122407555580139,
-0.5239744782447815,
0.64732426404953,
0.36492598056793213,
-0.4069586396217346,
-0.35363587737083435,
0.19624121487140656,
0.18828701972961426,
0.7435168623924255,
0.2659526765346527,
0.015251408331096172,
-0.4489037096500397,
-0.1918197125196457,
0.3009868562221527,
0.04854864627122879,
0.2642190158367157,
0.7218872308731079,
0.11512479186058044,
-0.16748648881912231,
0.3141467571258545,
-0.708210289478302,
-0.3912680149078369,
-0.2847229242324829,
0.18661466240882874,
-0.20144221186637878,
-0.28389278054237366,
0.01010539848357439,
0.0938691571354866,
0.39585667848587036,
-0.0014417103957384825,
-0.11982545256614685,
0.18943075835704803,
0.06987293064594269,
-0.20679481327533722,
-0.1877383589744568,
-0.13137732446193695,
0.190492644906044,
-0.1476036161184311,
-0.2425631582736969,
0.4119209349155426,
0.33639413118362427,
-1.1252511739730835,
0.14976036548614502,
-0.03506585583090782,
-0.12840095162391663,
0.1370135396718979,
0.30355724692344666,
-0.2808871865272522,
0.0436721071600914,
-0.21783949434757233,
-0.09798752516508102,
-0.0626145526766777,
0.31873324513435364,
-0.007846915163099766,
-0.14182479679584503,
0.13686706125736237,
-0.276737779378891,
-0.19055712223052979,
-0.5461033582687378,
0.31507807970046997,
-0.2709934115409851,
0.07216539233922958,
-0.23788243532180786,
-0.1258978545665741,
0.05467742308974266,
0.04115338250994682,
-0.2375127673149109,
0.5172979831695557,
-0.5058724284172058,
0.1663753092288971,
-0.026458870619535446,
0.2966519296169281,
0.09418423473834991,
0.1856057196855545,
-0.0646388903260231,
0.09744621068239212,
0.16510938107967377,
0.1346234679222107,
0.23520644009113312,
0.01111091859638691,
0.9379977583885193,
-0.12284041196107864,
-0.4584875702857971,
-0.38876816630363464,
0.3707520663738251,
0.1548279970884323,
0.09565647691488266,
-0.7142748832702637,
0.4644266664981842,
0.17864243686199188,
-0.5244641304016113,
-0.39072465896606445,
-0.4339207112789154,
0.6101376414299011,
-0.2687448561191559,
-0.13868588209152222,
0.29278621077537537,
0.07022053003311157,
-0.16803209483623505,
-0.16330742835998535,
-0.8479802012443542,
-0.3753378391265869,
0.3033744990825653,
0.002305824775248766,
-0.4945439398288727,
-0.3204108774662018,
0.0759449452161789,
-0.07686726748943329,
-0.7402576208114624,
-0.2258215844631195,
0.1676570326089859,
0.18429431319236755,
-0.006880624685436487,
-0.00931568443775177,
0.22179779410362244,
0.06888600438833237,
-0.04315797984600067,
0.23627373576164246,
0.4034942388534546,
0.025347460061311722,
0.17194810509681702,
-0.04812495410442352,
-0.41273170709609985,
0.3771548867225647,
-0.3458043932914734,
0.032540205866098404,
0.26544538140296936,
-0.9502876400947571,
-0.2579043209552765,
0.23466169834136963,
-0.5302781462669373,
-0.0124870166182518,
-0.32698604464530945,
-0.550590455532074,
0.21822255849838257,
0.46086758375167847,
0.45729535818099976,
-0.18406091630458832,
0.10753358155488968,
-0.7270801067352295,
0.41245654225349426,
-0.1085662692785263,
-0.5324246287345886,
0.5965511202812195,
-0.30050012469291687,
-0.23967386782169342,
-0.6082754731178284,
-0.08069325983524323,
-0.6431587934494019,
0.3617272675037384,
0.012647912837564945,
0.7439469695091248,
0.46526551246643066,
-0.5495082139968872,
0.3617308735847473,
0.400884211063385,
-0.659000813961029,
-0.4154970347881317,
0.014751921407878399,
-0.16996383666992188,
-0.6702216863632202,
-0.08380933105945587,
0.6224498748779297,
0.29633602499961853,
0.5095625519752502,
0.06777816265821457,
-0.6344215869903564,
0.373552143573761,
0.17600202560424805,
0.2600904107093811,
-0.29718488454818726,
-0.6065351366996765,
0.04481358081102371,
-0.20120207965373993,
-0.279676616191864,
0.43927648663520813,
-0.22984309494495392,
-1.0675915479660034,
0.7371720671653748,
0.4191626310348511,
0.586446225643158,
0.110405832529068,
-0.003083774819970131,
0.037097394466400146,
0.03218918666243553,
0.312379390001297,
0.16241075098514557,
-0.20346517860889435,
-0.26798856258392334,
0.3246248960494995,
-0.06957455724477768,
-0.18918083608150482,
-0.053631387650966644,
0.04689933732151985,
-0.5373220443725586,
-0.2479161024093628,
-0.5347720384597778,
-0.18618398904800415,
-0.7499507665634155,
-0.04991902410984039,
-0.2338491529226303,
0.4437928795814514,
-0.059997301548719406,
0.002610511612147093,
-0.4999426305294037,
0.3438420593738556,
0.3227601945400238,
-0.48790621757507324,
0.36301296949386597,
0.39455148577690125,
0.1975778192281723,
-0.24184800684452057,
0.009617009200155735,
-0.04215628653764725,
0.13530178368091583,
0.1394478976726532,
0.3549935519695282,
-0.14976756274700165,
-0.2920098304748535,
-0.3641441762447357,
0.00857466645538807,
-0.33314236998558044,
-0.7308345437049866,
0.020603105425834656,
0.47975999116897583,
-0.120570607483387,
0.30121177434921265,
-0.5218623876571655,
-0.06369160860776901,
-0.0004760121228173375,
-0.2817336916923523,
-0.11243100464344025,
0.2359805852174759,
0.04756542295217514,
0.03267594426870346,
-0.2988508343696594,
0.9345848560333252,
0.44790729880332947,
0.3947559893131256,
0.7786005735397339,
0.00986257754266262,
0.07085738331079483,
0.18342827260494232,
-0.1928386241197586,
0.1984175741672516,
-0.04307083413004875,
0.17474351823329926,
-0.6841616630554199,
0.17257878184318542,
-0.11563475430011749,
0.2106774002313614,
-0.3402475416660309,
0.3341892957687378,
0.07523377984762192,
0.5125945210456848,
0.9773850440979004,
-0.21020102500915527,
-0.2578364610671997,
-0.4390147030353546,
0.00893429946154356,
0.08554186671972275,
0.40367794036865234,
0.696281373500824,
0.2030608355998993,
-0.17300188541412354,
0.1987912803888321,
0.43297791481018066,
-0.3804152011871338,
0.20694659650325775,
-0.23407936096191406,
-0.6432784199714661,
-0.397999107837677,
0.34641408920288086,
-0.599069356918335,
0.00017133579240180552,
-0.11355738341808319,
0.5632123351097107,
0.4329293966293335,
-0.15378011763095856,
-0.3750371038913727,
-0.41970664262771606,
0.29298099875450134,
0.13107576966285706,
-1.4141640663146973,
-0.3091884255409241,
-0.3367008864879608,
-0.12200696021318436,
-0.300467312335968,
0.2801293730735779,
-0.17633044719696045,
-0.1778622716665268,
0.0905330553650856,
0.28869709372520447,
0.06657575070858002,
0.04166644066572189,
0.9207996726036072,
-0.3717627227306366,
0.11027764528989792,
0.7285497784614563
] |
217882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier%2082 | Messier 82 | Messier 82 (also known as NGC 3034, Cigar Galaxy or M82) is a starburst galaxy approximately 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. A member of the M81 Group, it is about five times more luminous than the Milky Way and has a center one hundred times more luminous. The starburst activity is thought to have been triggered by interaction with neighboring galaxy M81. As the closest starburst galaxy to Earth, M82 is the prototypical example of this galaxy type. SN 2014J, a type Ia supernova, was discovered in the galaxy on 21 January 2014. In 2014, in studying M82, scientists discovered the brightest pulsar yet known, designated M82 X-2.
Discovery
M82, with M81, was discovered by Johann Elert Bode in 1774; he described it as a "nebulous patch", this one about degree away from the other, "very pale and of elongated shape". In 1779, Pierre Méchain independently rediscovered both objects and reported them to Charles Messier, who added them to his catalog.
Structure
M82 was believed to be an irregular galaxy. In 2005, however, two symmetric spiral arms were discovered in near-infrared (NIR) images of M82. The arms were detected by subtracting an axisymmetric exponential disk from the NIR images. Even though the arms were detected in NIR images, they are bluer than the disk. The arms had been missed due to M82's high disk surface brightness, the nearly edge-on view of this galaxy (~80°), and obscuration by a complex network of dusty filaments in its optical images. These arms emanate from the ends of the NIR bar and can be followed for the length of 3 disc scales. Assuming that the northern part of M82 is nearer to us, as most of the literature does, the observed sense of rotation implies trailing arms.
Starburst region
In 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope revealed 197 young massive clusters in the starburst core. The average mass of these clusters is around 200,000 solar masses, hence the starburst core is a very energetic and high-density environment. Throughout the galaxy's center, young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside the entire Milky Way Galaxy.
In the core of M82, the active starburst region spans a diameter of 500 pc. Four high surface brightness regions or clumps (designated A, C, D, and E) are detectable in this region at visible wavelengths. These clumps correspond to known sources at X-ray, infrared, and radio frequencies. Consequently, they are thought to be the least obscured starburst clusters from our vantage point. M82's unique bipolar outflow (or 'superwind') appears to be concentrated on clumps A and C, and is fueled by energy released by supernovae within the clumps which occur at a rate of about one every ten years.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory detected fluctuating X-ray emissions about 600 light-years from the center of M82. Astronomers have postulated that this comes from the first known intermediate-mass black hole, of roughly 200 to 5000 solar masses. M82, like most galaxies, hosts a supermassive black hole at its center. This one has mass of approximately 3 × 107 solar masses, as measured from stellar dynamics.
Unknown object
In April 2010, radio astronomers working at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester in the UK reported an object in M82 that had started sending out radio waves, and whose emission did not look like anything seen anywhere in the universe before.
There have been several theories about the nature of this object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data. It has been suggested that the object could be an unusual "micro quasar", having very high radio luminosity yet low X-ray luminosity, and being fairly stable, it could be an analogue of the low X-ray luminosity galactic microquasar SS 433. However, all known microquasars produce large quantities of X-rays, whereas the object's X-ray flux is below the measurement threshold. The object is located at several arcseconds from the center of M82 which makes it unlikely to be associated with a supermassive black hole. It has an apparent superluminal motion of four times the speed of light relative to the galaxy center. Apparent superluminal motion is consistent with relativistic jets in massive black holes and does not indicate that the source itself is moving above lightspeed.
Starbursts
M82 is being physically affected by its larger neighbor, the spiral M81. Tidal forces caused by gravity have deformed M82, a process that started about 100 million years ago. This interaction has caused star formation to increase tenfold compared to "normal" galaxies.
M82 has undergone at least one tidal encounter with M81 resulting in a large amount of gas being funneled into the galaxy's core over the last 200 Myr. The most recent such encounter is thought to have happened around 2–5 years ago and resulted in a concentrated starburst together with a corresponding marked peak in the cluster age distribution. This starburst ran for up to ~50 Myr at a rate of ~10 M⊙ per year. Two subsequent starbursts followed, the last (~4–6 Myr ago) of which may have formed the core clusters, both super star clusters (SSCs) and their lighter counterparts.
Stars in M82's disk seem to have been formed in a burst 500 million years ago, leaving its disk littered with hundreds of clusters with properties similar to globular clusters (but younger), and stopped 100 million years ago with no star formation taking place in this galaxy outside the central starburst and, at low levels since 1 billion
years ago, on its halo. A suggestion to explain those features is that M82 was previously a low surface brightness galaxy where star formation was triggered due to interactions with its giant neighbor.
Ignoring any difference in their respective distances from the Earth, the centers of M81 and M82 are visually separated by about 130,000 light-years. The actual separation is .
Supernovae
As a starburst galaxy, Messier 82 is prone to frequent supernova, caused by the collapse of young, massive stars. The first (although false) supernova candidate reported was SN 1986D, initially believed to be a supernova inside the galaxy until it was found to be a variable short-wavelength infrared source instead.
The first confirmed supernova recorded in the galaxy was SN 2004am, discovered in March 2004 from images taken in November 2003 by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. It was later determined to be a Type II supernova. In 2008, a radio transient was detected in the galaxy, designated SN 2008iz and thought to be a possible radio-only supernova, being too obscured in visible light by dust and gas clouds to be detectable. A similar radio-only transient was reported in 2009, although never received a formal designation and was similarly unconfirmed.
Prior to accurate and thorough supernova surveys, many other supernovae likely occurred in previous decades. The European VLBI Network studied a number of potential supernova remnants in the galaxy in the 1980s and 90s. One supernova remnant displayed clear expansion between 1986 and 1997 that suggested it originally went supernova in the early 1960s, and two other remnants show possible expansion that could indicate an age almost as young, but could not be confirmed at the time.
2014 supernova
On 21 January 2014 at 19.20 UT, a new distinct star was observed in M82, at apparent magnitude +11.7, by astrophysics lecturer Steve Fossey and four of his students, at the University of London Observatory. It had brightened to magnitude +10.9 two days later. Examination of earlier observations of M82 found the supernova to figure on the intervening day as well as on 15 through 20 January, brightening from magnitude +14.4 to +11.3; it could not be found, to limiting magnitude +17, from images caught of 14 January. It was initially suggested that it could become as bright as magnitude +8.5, well within the visual range of small telescopes and large binoculars, but peaked at fainter +10.5 on the last day of the month. Preliminary analysis classified it as "a young, reddened type Ia supernova". The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has designated it SN 2014J. SN 1993J was also at relatively close distance, in M82's larger companion galaxy M81. SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud was much closer. 2014J is the closest type Ia supernova since SN 1972E.
See also
List of Messier objects
References
External links
M82, SEDS Messier pages
M82 at Chandra
SST: Galaxy on Fire!
M82 at NASA/IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC DATABASE
ESA/Hubble images of M82
M82 The Cigar Galaxy
M82 images with 2 semiprofessional amateur-telescopes as a result of collaboration between 2 observatories!
M82 at Deep Space Map
Starburst galaxies
Irregular galaxies
M81 Group
Ursa Major (constellation)
082
NGC objects
05322
28655
337
231
Discoveries by Johann Elert Bode
Astronomical objects discovered in 1774 | [
-0.06190269812941551,
0.48410624265670776,
0.42591312527656555,
-0.5271504521369934,
-0.5522332787513733,
0.1038532629609108,
0.542725682258606,
0.18131707608699799,
-0.5767511129379272,
-0.44396400451660156,
-0.790033757686615,
-0.2565978467464447,
-0.6517901420593262,
-0.02742481417953968,
0.7005910277366638,
-0.019033147022128105,
0.6436116695404053,
0.2979706823825836,
-0.5663880705833435,
-0.4018242061138153,
0.6411459445953369,
0.015417850576341152,
0.315890908241272,
-0.06728019565343857,
-0.09529677033424377,
-0.05534825101494789,
0.049501966685056686,
-0.2236688882112503,
0.6653961539268494,
-0.16255587339401245,
-0.02944653108716011,
0.5282506942749023,
0.41963905096054077,
-0.6976913809776306,
-0.05949501693248749,
0.08370589464902878,
-0.21835899353027344,
0.18004721403121948,
-0.1510436236858368,
-0.25604695081710815,
0.03388011083006859,
-0.25818830728530884,
0.1675880253314972,
0.14529496431350708,
-0.2458006888628006,
-0.5367162227630615,
-0.9825057983398438,
0.3375416398048401,
-0.595909595489502,
0.22198127210140228,
0.012560945935547352,
-0.29244059324264526,
0.39788922667503357,
0.4329299330711365,
-0.3437577188014984,
0.17043739557266235,
-0.8120108246803284,
0.1612582951784134,
0.5669084787368774,
-0.27619242668151855,
-0.13187523186206818,
-0.08102422952651978,
-0.31087106466293335,
-0.0439809150993824,
-0.4298047423362732,
0.814519464969635,
0.05817902460694313,
0.7557697296142578,
-0.1064070463180542,
-0.10995659977197647,
0.7161864042282104,
-0.2301115095615387,
0.28347140550613403,
0.14735321700572968,
0.27039480209350586,
-0.07655967026948929,
-0.2188643366098404,
0.04680068790912628,
-0.5358194708824158,
0.09635168313980103,
-0.1936420202255249,
0.1666325181722641,
0.9613937735557556,
-0.2596648931503296,
-0.1221250370144844,
-0.26179027557373047,
-0.6335846185684204,
0.2886209487915039,
-0.00395606504753232,
0.5331560969352722,
-0.21968430280685425,
-0.32030656933784485,
0.938250720500946,
0.015190721489489079,
0.3638189136981964,
0.3673669397830963,
-0.16572125256061554,
-0.04301103577017784,
-0.05105482414364815,
0.3653801381587982,
0.4114089608192444,
0.9158739447593689,
1.0515421628952026,
-0.15493857860565186,
-0.08217509835958481,
0.5030640363693237,
0.14627650380134583,
-0.7808500528335571,
-0.2862488627433777,
-0.1292819380760193,
-0.8485945463180542,
-0.5836660265922546,
-0.679425835609436,
-0.31345266103744507,
-0.44444334506988525,
-0.3518678843975067,
0.556274950504303,
-0.2256104052066803,
0.1064986139535904,
-0.5060922503471375,
0.21651405096054077,
0.8542861938476562,
0.568831741809845,
0.6269407272338867,
-0.34631288051605225,
0.24709546566009521,
0.153861865401268,
0.09355469048023224,
-0.43903136253356934,
0.8243808746337891,
-0.23272471129894257,
0.6598137617111206,
0.04848566651344299,
0.8133285045623779,
-0.06517507880926132,
-0.392291784286499,
-0.41603708267211914,
0.716804027557373,
0.3019811511039734,
0.1751927137374878,
-0.5083612203598022,
-0.039016738533973694,
-0.14869661629199982,
0.24898011982440948,
-0.24613814055919647,
0.21947051584720612,
-0.24606214463710785,
-0.7288525104522705,
0.5175615549087524,
-0.6965351104736328,
-0.3434890806674957,
-0.7051656246185303,
-0.01612408086657524,
-0.2739705741405487,
-0.1248413622379303,
-0.07376189529895782,
0.43964993953704834,
0.47752827405929565,
0.6726281642913818,
0.06697601079940796,
-0.061973169445991516,
0.26096978783607483,
-0.23378272354602814,
0.30380523204803467,
-0.002341863699257374,
0.3626515865325928,
0.7392252087593079,
0.12033417075872421,
0.13038450479507446,
-0.04012984782457352,
-0.3410431444644928,
-0.03308385610580444,
0.18680498003959656,
-0.1706800013780594,
-0.36064526438713074,
-0.3032532334327698,
0.6831349730491638,
0.7058725953102112,
0.11610547453165054,
-0.5273829102516174,
-0.5641955733299255,
-0.5796571373939514,
-0.016011221334338188,
-0.11176654696464539,
0.8185015320777893,
0.13356614112854004,
0.26112037897109985,
0.0932040587067604,
-0.2112126499414444,
0.4796159267425537,
-0.5086257457733154,
0.014132141135632992,
0.09300756454467773,
0.3836307227611542,
0.895186185836792,
0.10726970434188843,
-0.43930914998054504,
1.050096035003662,
0.5900344252586365,
0.4139470160007477,
-0.0924512967467308,
-0.35374054312705994,
0.25935110449790955,
0.5107575058937073,
-0.7232910394668579,
0.3303249180316925,
-0.11338697373867035,
0.3721632659435272,
0.12559840083122253,
0.1856478601694107,
0.716136634349823,
-0.8866523504257202,
-0.21543541550636292,
0.3082301914691925,
-0.2611728310585022,
0.14916850626468658,
-0.8474441170692444,
-0.10010843724012375,
-0.5335733890533447,
0.35836878418922424,
1.0768864154815674,
-0.2123289406299591,
0.03265567868947983,
0.2389686107635498,
-0.6920399069786072,
1.0131889581680298,
0.5145320892333984,
0.3001534044742584,
0.2649902105331421,
-0.5284831523895264,
0.4490392506122589,
-0.7183072566986084,
0.09371577203273773,
0.36362195014953613,
0.13443288207054138,
-0.045037925243377686,
-0.1443946808576584,
-0.5575370788574219,
-0.11926569789648056,
-0.9961831569671631,
0.4872046709060669,
0.19531956315040588,
-0.7120115160942078,
0.1408282071352005,
0.6142994165420532,
-0.01234463881701231,
0.1452491283416748,
-0.059099920094013214,
-0.18506912887096405,
0.9296126365661621,
0.24884143471717834,
0.5035561919212341,
-0.2794875502586365,
0.01311824843287468,
-0.15225455164909363,
0.011572247371077538,
0.21416927874088287,
0.2006790041923523,
0.7070873379707336,
0.08275897055864334,
0.10084669291973114,
0.3189484179019928,
0.3593027591705322,
0.43944528698921204,
-0.5178351402282715,
-0.5835668444633484,
-0.040418487042188644,
-0.139726921916008,
0.6955270767211914,
-0.3690325915813446,
0.7286680936813354,
-0.3110012710094452,
-0.5110241770744324,
-0.05660422146320343,
0.16860462725162506,
-0.43272316455841064,
-0.11075463145971298,
-0.026191290467977524,
-0.46996021270751953,
-0.24379225075244904,
0.12955231964588165,
0.4449620544910431,
0.6889968514442444,
0.18493708968162537,
-0.5560963749885559,
0.2640555500984192,
0.18329226970672607,
-0.04196636378765106,
-0.5918671488761902,
-0.6244267225265503,
-0.6335958242416382,
-0.12549646198749542,
-0.1307022124528885,
0.4789470434188843,
0.018835440278053284,
0.023915769532322884,
0.02768048271536827,
-0.15935389697551727,
0.37074995040893555,
-0.5213053822517395,
-0.4964617192745209,
0.8040634393692017,
-0.6752658486366272,
-0.20807605981826782,
-0.48826223611831665,
-0.0716128721833229,
0.004206721670925617,
0.20482692122459412,
-5.603000640869141,
0.31810301542282104,
0.03413238003849983,
-0.41028377413749695,
-0.3037598431110382,
0.4740709364414215,
0.6460301876068115,
-0.4610457122325897,
-0.1975955218076706,
-0.3567870855331421,
-0.226353257894516,
-0.40518826246261597,
0.07695555686950684,
0.44630134105682373,
0.15314984321594238,
0.3324727416038513,
-0.2776028513908386,
0.2752084732055664,
0.13570980727672577,
0.1275414526462555,
-0.00026194509700872004,
0.34758153557777405,
0.3162352442741394,
-0.4076022505760193,
-0.33093127608299255,
0.3732300102710724,
0.27127718925476074,
-0.39619383215904236,
0.18989332020282745,
-0.2429570108652115,
0.15138204395771027,
-0.20678593218326569,
-0.5977275967597961,
0.13527165353298187,
-0.5584577322006226,
-0.6341345906257629,
1.0228865146636963,
-0.13742350041866302,
0.14463363587856293,
-0.35880935192108154,
0.10904081910848618,
0.5602239966392517,
0.3818002939224243,
-0.3182920515537262,
0.9038556218147278,
-0.08621330559253693,
-1.0805776119232178,
0.014829128049314022,
-0.3577542006969452,
0.6565536260604858,
0.2207210510969162,
-0.2541165053844452,
-0.14571844041347504,
0.17286500334739685,
-0.3554086685180664,
0.5514686703681946,
-0.6729080677032471,
0.6685256958007812,
-0.6418297290802002,
0.24301892518997192,
0.0836218073964119,
-0.07303674519062042,
0.03420880809426308,
-0.27969223260879517,
0.14251849055290222,
0.4016745090484619,
-0.714788556098938,
-0.04176299646496773,
0.9407387971878052,
0.03898576647043228,
-0.06178741902112961,
0.3179216682910919,
-0.26288217306137085,
-0.7147133350372314,
0.09540095925331116,
-0.28284546732902527,
-0.32327625155448914,
-0.08625011146068573,
-0.40575700998306274,
0.08487800508737564,
-0.013258600607514381,
-0.6071580052375793,
0.44859564304351807,
-0.40947771072387695,
-0.09637390077114105,
-0.2196308970451355,
-0.22308805584907532,
0.26461708545684814,
-0.08717715740203857,
-0.03539017215371132,
-0.015520915389060974,
-0.22324271500110626,
-0.34153467416763306,
0.09291718900203705,
0.3037777543067932,
0.20211970806121826,
0.10064177215099335,
0.0669642761349678,
0.6078749895095825,
0.700408935546875,
0.5931447744369507,
-0.939289391040802,
0.3183375298976898,
-0.5488479733467102,
-0.28770262002944946,
-0.2127310186624527,
-0.24674737453460693,
0.488297700881958,
0.6101518869400024,
-0.30754348635673523,
0.06960368156433105,
-0.4382230043411255,
-0.2934330999851227,
0.18555396795272827,
0.9082773923873901,
-0.7791650295257568,
0.07144302129745483,
0.22246213257312775,
0.08156286180019379,
0.15226098895072937,
-0.05285950377583504,
0.4134877622127533,
-0.2136969417333603,
-0.22329390048980713,
-1.0738356113433838,
-0.43810734152793884,
0.06872640550136566,
-0.4045160710811615,
-0.5251941680908203,
-0.24715915322303772,
-0.23156331479549408,
0.23702122271060944,
0.2662968039512634,
0.19682522118091583,
0.31265127658843994,
-0.4993150532245636,
-0.30608081817626953,
-0.13213951885700226,
0.45051977038383484,
0.15103277564048767,
0.0550650879740715,
0.10470012575387955,
-0.4513082206249237,
0.743683397769928,
0.4725956618785858,
0.6546682119369507,
-0.27075543999671936,
-0.23117372393608093,
-0.5362828373908997,
-0.00420096330344677,
-0.575103759765625,
-1.010278344154358,
0.027471138164401054,
0.006837755907326937,
-0.22802452743053436,
0.47050532698631287,
-0.0002597970888018608,
0.27632880210876465,
0.3766164481639862,
-0.03886473923921585,
0.2089085727930069,
-0.11746497452259064,
-1.0428329706192017,
0.18017825484275818,
-0.1425551474094391,
-0.21056172251701355,
0.3923811614513397,
-0.5789359211921692,
0.06829947978258133,
0.44361254572868347,
0.21872352063655853,
0.007421273272484541,
-0.2684403657913208,
-0.7481793761253357,
-0.015732668340206146,
0.5949031114578247,
-0.10595382004976273,
-0.06681142002344131,
0.26640138030052185,
0.06653426587581635,
-0.26286089420318604,
0.04962429776787758,
-0.6108413338661194,
0.5302896499633789,
-0.15457576513290405,
0.08632258325815201,
-0.06137053295969963,
-0.16020773351192474,
0.04356304556131363,
-0.4061453640460968,
0.6769859790802002,
0.1807698756456375,
-0.5164269804954529,
0.11056143045425415,
-0.18446192145347595,
-0.4820995628833771,
-0.28836819529533386,
0.47490161657333374,
-0.03485953062772751,
-0.24872006475925446,
-0.1503957062959671,
0.04474681243300438,
-0.6365013718605042,
0.4411124885082245,
0.2730652391910553,
-0.7396290898323059,
0.3033754229545593,
-0.07890594005584717,
-0.1585228592157364,
0.352644681930542,
-0.13349485397338867,
-0.44263434410095215,
0.13294754922389984,
0.7032314538955688,
-0.0612177811563015,
0.6206077337265015,
-0.2781933844089508,
-0.24143725633621216,
-0.08351875096559525,
-0.23500236868858337,
-0.5237710475921631,
0.23978328704833984,
-0.09134899824857712,
-0.19549928605556488,
-0.4721153974533081,
0.685401439666748,
0.2740669548511505,
-0.3804526925086975,
0.10407327115535736,
-0.11716199666261673,
-0.2178112268447876,
0.26201117038726807,
0.11687057465314865,
0.284122496843338,
-0.2570374310016632,
-0.23479978740215302,
-0.28564345836639404,
-0.24846616387367249,
0.12481711804866791,
0.5313371419906616,
0.2929803431034088,
0.24752219021320343,
0.014883867464959621,
-0.5983706712722778,
0.12449631839990616,
-0.30813875794410706,
0.9421030282974243,
-0.10543691366910934,
-0.37819164991378784,
-0.29898378252983093,
0.7626425623893738,
-0.4248599410057068,
-0.3935627341270447,
-0.278380423784256,
1.1995768547058105,
-0.6423924565315247,
-0.07557477802038193,
-0.3779425323009491,
-0.12290747463703156,
-0.10765968263149261,
-0.20141339302062988,
-0.20417407155036926,
0.22650431096553802,
-0.200600728392601,
0.2513662278652191,
0.12934201955795288,
-0.48696038126945496,
-0.37061524391174316,
0.37712562084198,
-0.46377095580101013,
0.1569523811340332,
-0.3760620653629303,
0.3219253122806549,
0.23148590326309204,
0.09366227686405182,
0.5763922929763794,
0.36477893590927124,
-0.30107688903808594,
-0.30112144351005554,
-0.10010877251625061,
-0.6816639304161072,
-0.06832429766654968,
-0.33453676104545593,
-0.16631409525871277,
0.38487333059310913,
-0.5120792388916016,
-0.2762669622898102,
-0.1253289431333542,
-0.3692099452018738,
0.577187716960907,
-0.7574068307876587,
0.20396241545677185,
-0.14112389087677002,
-0.332750529050827,
-0.10849359631538391,
0.7177848219871521,
0.4733899235725403,
0.664137065410614,
-0.37609100341796875,
0.24246305227279663,
-0.7845181226730347,
0.28986603021621704,
0.2319464534521103,
-0.6617356538772583,
-0.05276130139827728,
-0.21747231483459473,
-0.08990740031003952,
-0.3053998351097107,
-0.19790838658809662,
-0.013546926900744438,
-0.15072239935398102,
-0.21162521839141846,
0.3593568503856659,
-0.027710581198334694,
-0.7786480188369751,
0.3347878158092499,
1.1658157110214233,
-0.4637056887149811,
0.4611666202545166,
0.2955070436000824,
0.5271166563034058,
0.6611945033073425,
0.24122224748134613,
0.4195002019405365,
-0.8564603328704834,
0.5025172233581543,
-0.16940255463123322,
0.048596929758787155,
0.3293409049510956,
0.14705371856689453,
0.2549324035644531,
-0.7720597982406616,
-0.14325106143951416,
0.5322373509407043,
-0.34787672758102417,
-0.2696559727191925,
0.13364358246326447,
-0.47188618779182434,
-0.2170986533164978,
0.06923438608646393,
0.4973633885383606,
1.346235990524292,
0.47249531745910645,
-0.27172356843948364,
-0.37165147066116333,
-0.11822675168514252,
-0.3866533637046814,
0.14259840548038483,
0.11654682457447052,
-0.43033453822135925,
-0.08045712858438492,
0.06044495478272438,
0.19031837582588196,
-0.02670969069004059,
-0.10543930530548096,
0.10873305052518845,
-0.0024791276082396507,
-0.08960037678480148,
-0.38999003171920776,
0.3328390121459961,
-0.11362043023109436,
0.4802001416683197,
-0.043340787291526794,
0.1223769411444664,
-0.33445775508880615,
-0.3911217749118805,
-0.34847041964530945,
0.20389436185359955,
-0.4526231586933136,
0.14241676032543182,
-0.12788453698158264,
-0.04303410276770592,
0.0655413493514061,
0.49711793661117554,
0.03897688910365105,
0.2723385989665985,
-0.44245025515556335,
0.32773563265800476,
-0.1881895512342453,
0.07918165624141693,
0.17631840705871582,
0.1821456402540207,
-0.03485246002674103,
-0.33489352464675903,
0.24146689474582672,
-0.2873372733592987,
-0.3588382303714752,
-0.10751901566982269,
0.3589388430118561,
-0.25542786717414856,
0.03530207276344299,
-0.18343202769756317,
0.01927894726395607,
-0.19347460567951202,
-0.10496386885643005,
0.23622280359268188,
0.4100048542022705,
0.4813825488090515,
0.17294542491436005,
-0.08544597029685974,
0.38146448135375977,
-0.2771894037723541,
0.1581432968378067,
-0.15296007692813873,
-0.6556246280670166,
0.6091129779815674,
0.2102542221546173,
0.5624187588691711,
-0.7382950186729431,
0.3911427855491638,
0.05618936941027641,
-0.036842234432697296,
-0.6127249002456665,
0.11457393318414688,
-0.15885810554027557,
-0.11678831279277802,
0.3279842734336853,
-0.6388676762580872,
-0.4615391492843628,
-0.44934627413749695,
-0.15310168266296387,
-0.6996646523475647,
0.8340191841125488,
0.12125110626220703,
0.30664336681365967,
-0.013914940878748894,
0.6325854659080505,
-0.3638037443161011,
-0.11924612522125244,
0.32888633012771606,
0.4144459366798401,
-0.5722135901451111,
-0.5896559357643127,
0.3756452798843384,
-0.3840462267398834,
-0.0069977641105651855,
0.18423615396022797,
0.7100635170936584,
0.05722477287054062,
-0.55671226978302,
0.28430500626564026,
0.07603561133146286,
-0.6706084609031677,
-0.2702256143093109,
0.527996301651001,
0.7247750759124756,
-0.7546916604042053,
-0.32543841004371643,
-0.47468113899230957,
0.40997081995010376,
0.20172208547592163,
-0.3219234347343445,
0.17431122064590454,
-0.44628074765205383,
-0.04735514521598816,
0.21829359233379364,
0.1464957296848297,
0.03452656790614128,
0.5319399833679199,
0.14085249602794647
] |
217885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme%20Pays | Rhyme Pays | Rhyme Pays is the debut studio album by American rapper Ice-T, released on July 28, 1987, by Sire Records. The album peaked at number 93 on the US Billboard 200 and number 23 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Music and lyrics
The album, especially tracks like "6 'N the Morning", is considered to have defined the gangsta rap genre. Ice-T claims that this would be his first hip hop album to be carrying a parental advisory warning label, although, it was years before the industry-standard explicit-lyrics sticker was developed and Too $hort's first album that also had to be carried with an "Explicit Lyrics" warning back in 1985. The 1988 CD release included four bonus tracks.
Ice-T stated on his autobiography that Seymour Stein took the exception to the song "409" for the line "Guys grab a girl, girls grab a guy/If a guy wants a guy, please take it outside", which he saw as homophobic. Ice-T insisted that those lines were not meant to be homophobic, but simply a statement of his own preferences.
Critical reception
Rolling Stone gave the album three stars. In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau gave Rhyme Pays a "B" and credited DJ Afrika Islam for helping flesh out Ice T's crime-themed raps: "Can't know whether his streetwise jabs at Reagan and recidivism will make a permanent impression on his core audience, but his sexploitations and true crime tales are detailed and harrowing enough to convince anybody he was there." According to AllMusic's Alex Henderson, who later gave the record three-and-a-half out of five stars, "the West Coast was well on its way to becomining a crucial part of hip-hop" when Rhyme Pays was released. Los Angeles Times writer Dennis Hunt said the album helped popularize gangsta rap.
Commercial performance
Rhyme Pays debuted at number 93 on the US Billboard 200 and number 26 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums charts. It also became the first hip-hop album to be released on Sire and Warner Bros. Records. The album was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
References
1987 debut albums
Ice-T albums
Sire Records albums
Albums produced by Afrika Islam | [
0.522883951663971,
0.024842847138643265,
-0.16931641101837158,
0.3125998377799988,
-0.19363625347614288,
0.27690786123275757,
0.8764201998710632,
-0.01835792325437069,
0.12012507766485214,
-0.1784200221300125,
0.441806435585022,
0.568576991558075,
-0.934464156627655,
-0.3224595785140991,
0.5042428374290466,
-0.49275079369544983,
0.5405271649360657,
0.01027427427470684,
0.14804354310035706,
-0.587705671787262,
0.06498841196298599,
-0.0036425574216991663,
0.29381507635116577,
-0.7116182446479797,
-0.15533801913261414,
0.48368021845817566,
-0.5203201174736023,
-0.09540887176990509,
-0.3454217314720154,
-0.32583507895469666,
0.586085855960846,
0.23844608664512634,
0.18586893379688263,
-0.5289786458015442,
-0.2144182324409485,
0.8412140011787415,
-0.482301265001297,
0.2581372559070587,
-0.32939451932907104,
-0.8319940567016602,
0.1500745564699173,
0.05970984697341919,
0.11142899096012115,
-0.18016819655895233,
-0.5153067708015442,
-0.4604569971561432,
-1.6654516458511353,
0.38807258009910583,
-1.1555352210998535,
-0.35774579644203186,
0.12863513827323914,
0.7062013149261475,
-0.07929113507270813,
0.2869775593280792,
0.10752809792757034,
0.5877040028572083,
-0.5193560123443604,
-0.44117286801338196,
0.05790632218122482,
0.09506615996360779,
0.16103777289390564,
0.08630523830652237,
0.4393448531627655,
-0.5468692779541016,
-0.24505993723869324,
0.12059879302978516,
-0.1691892445087433,
1.1671879291534424,
0.12781351804733276,
-0.7271848320960999,
0.10730484127998352,
-0.026534531265497208,
0.03934190049767494,
0.14272327721118927,
0.4586196839809418,
-0.5125182867050171,
0.5971972942352295,
0.14141759276390076,
0.1932382732629776,
0.6641818881034851,
-0.32795408368110657,
-0.11446727812290192,
0.7677505612373352,
0.28967219591140747,
0.29900699853897095,
-0.43045446276664734,
-0.08162792772054672,
0.8083385229110718,
-1.0468330383300781,
0.3193356692790985,
0.3097982704639435,
-0.5774312019348145,
0.2810680866241455,
-0.42595940828323364,
-0.30432119965553284,
0.02095695585012436,
0.279898464679718,
0.22054211795330048,
0.7343140244483948,
0.03149884566664696,
0.30014416575431824,
0.31622523069381714,
0.00671274634078145,
0.03348127380013466,
-0.469760000705719,
0.01715959794819355,
0.38373059034347534,
-1.0187623500823975,
0.23435118794441223,
-0.3054926097393036,
0.40504682064056396,
-0.04120156541466713,
0.20168811082839966,
0.16528372466564178,
0.5174729824066162,
1.1187901496887207,
0.264602929353714,
-0.20030659437179565,
-0.9606236815452576,
-0.050353411585092545,
-0.05511805787682533,
-0.14604656398296356,
0.02938901074230671,
0.6858248710632324,
0.02063344046473503,
0.2658141255378723,
-0.34402915835380554,
0.7617284655570984,
0.297354131937027,
-0.09510452300310135,
-0.06570423394441605,
0.47063949704170227,
0.11646760255098343,
0.274654746055603,
-0.18561318516731262,
-0.43362030386924744,
0.8980101943016052,
-0.1101175919175148,
0.060460224747657776,
-0.2590242922306061,
-0.428185373544693,
0.2502124607563019,
-0.3324626088142395,
-0.3079659938812256,
-0.11037740111351013,
0.13015101850032806,
-0.011593122035264969,
-0.025034943595528603,
0.11751917749643326,
0.09288236498832703,
0.3001197576522827,
-0.011532449163496494,
0.27021390199661255,
-0.3442128002643585,
-0.3695080876350403,
-0.18103384971618652,
-0.23452265560626984,
0.4756217896938324,
-0.3299003541469574,
-0.19798773527145386,
-0.08879532665014267,
0.6936022639274597,
0.30591562390327454,
-0.2776581645011902,
0.0059702470898628235,
-0.5070357918739319,
0.4279077649116516,
-0.16301095485687256,
-0.13932257890701294,
-0.03385702148079872,
0.01709536649286747,
0.2003406286239624,
0.20602326095104218,
-0.33578041195869446,
0.33886998891830444,
0.4651687741279602,
1.2094943523406982,
0.5484692454338074,
0.7826319336891174,
-0.18795153498649597,
-0.633763313293457,
0.17663690447807312,
0.7685756087303162,
-0.7541283369064331,
0.8782471418380737,
-0.16672269999980927,
0.4113878011703491,
-0.24548712372779846,
0.4059479832649231,
0.16149678826332092,
-0.8773640990257263,
-0.09423840045928955,
0.7645249366760254,
0.009938795119524002,
0.33323466777801514,
0.5363373160362244,
-0.2791930139064789,
0.18068552017211914,
0.12716977298259735,
0.3272571861743927,
-0.367205411195755,
0.04327940568327904,
0.6256148815155029,
-0.4870494306087494,
-0.9570825099945068,
0.1608125865459442,
-0.07854729890823364,
-0.7690469026565552,
-0.03309419006109238,
0.573349118232727,
-0.13951857388019562,
-0.8942122459411621,
0.3283888101577759,
-0.3542918860912323,
-0.9675153493881226,
0.19050009548664093,
-0.23627151548862457,
0.7149626016616821,
0.00970265083014965,
-0.06958507746458054,
0.48318222165107727,
0.4810500741004944,
-0.2941491901874542,
0.6499946117401123,
-0.31167975068092346,
0.5545076131820679,
0.34944140911102295,
-0.5660527944564819,
0.14675496518611908,
-0.4963036775588989,
-0.3303433954715729,
0.34680554270744324,
0.1689283549785614,
-0.6305589079856873,
0.15309393405914307,
0.7419508099555969,
0.40136486291885376,
-0.41562458872795105,
0.3108445703983307,
-0.1430305689573288,
0.260739803314209,
0.19845658540725708,
-1.0627799034118652,
-0.09499584883451462,
0.08048752695322037,
0.5891364812850952,
-0.09285622090101242,
0.25948983430862427,
-0.40971460938453674,
0.17415887117385864,
0.01174739096313715,
0.9456477761268616,
0.0625453069806099,
-0.0657016709446907,
-0.27963972091674805,
0.04691355675458908,
-0.17945596575737,
0.12839555740356445,
0.26097917556762695,
-0.2740132212638855,
-0.10610776394605637,
-0.095078244805336,
0.6812715530395508,
0.10374864935874939,
0.544064462184906,
-0.5485402345657349,
-0.34977859258651733,
-0.09572934359312057,
0.23994241654872894,
-1.0160773992538452,
0.7320461273193359,
-0.1781688630580902,
-0.5107479691505432,
0.24754111468791962,
-0.03288998454809189,
0.07270178943872452,
0.041937801986932755,
-0.20435453951358795,
-0.49952343106269836,
-0.8096293210983276,
0.5076456665992737,
0.7615847587585449,
-0.4986858665943146,
-0.37112459540367126,
0.3854736089706421,
-0.11601299792528152,
0.6136946678161621,
-1.0725359916687012,
0.016917038708925247,
-0.6479814648628235,
-0.17550130188465118,
0.2504289746284485,
-0.5909467935562134,
0.10462640970945358,
0.22566166520118713,
-0.6454154849052429,
0.04635073244571686,
-0.04076460748910904,
0.10976237803697586,
0.590869665145874,
0.4374030828475952,
-0.13191761076450348,
-0.32999086380004883,
-0.0033310488797724247,
0.5075772404670715,
-0.6531755924224854,
-0.12337587773799896,
-0.42807868123054504,
-5.475812911987305,
0.5164589881896973,
-0.07927080243825912,
0.16382339596748352,
0.4410390853881836,
-0.4757978618144989,
0.6206798553466797,
0.19801519811153412,
-0.008199251256883144,
-0.08250663429498672,
-0.4762864410877228,
-0.7713834047317505,
-0.16213124990463257,
0.2102372646331787,
0.47042182087898254,
0.17951086163520813,
0.8880065679550171,
-0.8389205932617188,
-0.23454265296459198,
0.1260002851486206,
0.18251729011535645,
-0.016483977437019348,
0.024670789018273354,
0.5658376812934875,
-0.15823671221733093,
0.9413219690322876,
-0.10682687908411026,
0.10059625655412674,
-0.52085280418396,
-0.08480863273143768,
-0.061054542660713196,
-0.5568207502365112,
-0.03647810220718384,
-0.4603765606880188,
-0.7743052840232849,
-0.01539869885891676,
0.651761531829834,
0.08912312984466553,
0.5013685822486877,
0.2241872251033783,
0.019690029323101044,
0.5275856256484985,
0.02857348695397377,
-0.6086685657501221,
0.41778644919395447,
-0.08678284287452698,
-0.6619789004325867,
-0.6070665717124939,
-0.08997905999422073,
0.5315746665000916,
0.3530338704586029,
-0.3464285433292389,
-0.3839067816734314,
-0.15565647184848785,
-0.2827800214290619,
-0.5365917682647705,
-0.13841478526592255,
0.234058678150177,
-0.515242874622345,
0.6177546977996826,
0.9265433549880981,
-0.7547743320465088,
0.006981242448091507,
0.11374928057193756,
0.7242459654808044,
-0.3916052579879761,
0.2526523470878601,
-0.6310150623321533,
0.10533656924962997,
0.7947061657905579,
0.43506672978401184,
0.4778444170951843,
0.22914010286331177,
-1.23854660987854,
-0.22689849138259888,
-0.031017540022730827,
-0.07929214090108871,
0.3446190059185028,
0.17004524171352386,
-0.13068781793117523,
0.528050422668457,
0.49152672290802,
0.014140656217932701,
0.5508190393447876,
-0.6777158975601196,
-0.04693444073200226,
-0.2453421950340271,
0.30028656125068665,
-0.8012174963951111,
0.3310510516166687,
0.3941715359687805,
-0.39839819073677063,
-0.2336399257183075,
0.14500094950199127,
-0.14649128913879395,
0.010325307957828045,
0.16210143268108368,
0.5019744634628296,
-0.1647931933403015,
-0.10919709503650665,
0.2870113253593445,
-0.14707547426223755,
0.5246337056159973,
-0.7133960127830505,
-0.059189215302467346,
-0.8310067653656006,
-0.6019554734230042,
0.01667829416692257,
-0.05139932781457901,
-0.1316792517900467,
-0.6252723932266235,
-0.32215553522109985,
-0.6648045778274536,
-0.18695637583732605,
0.27752864360809326,
-0.2899642884731293,
-0.3052526116371155,
0.16647778451442719,
0.39257559180259705,
0.1491379588842392,
0.5114790201187134,
0.5177241563796997,
0.17668958008289337,
-0.6332969069480896,
-0.8134025931358337,
-0.04479437693953514,
0.04186038300395012,
0.6197429895401001,
0.2659381330013275,
0.4453945457935333,
0.07386597990989685,
-0.12337515503168106,
-0.5489025115966797,
-0.3671521544456482,
0.2089521884918213,
-0.6348446011543274,
-0.2766147255897522,
-0.2833530902862549,
-0.6243988871574402,
-0.19077876210212708,
0.13407891988754272,
-0.32695233821868896,
0.3129744231700897,
0.49143242835998535,
0.5933859348297119,
-0.014980400912463665,
-0.09366830438375473,
-0.9913543462753296,
-0.3889618515968323,
0.4312772750854492,
0.3338864743709564,
-0.1827734410762787,
0.5251340270042419,
-0.41076043248176575,
-0.22242450714111328,
0.4477906823158264,
0.2816025912761688,
-0.08074617385864258,
-0.1075356975197792,
-0.23156395554542542,
0.47215786576271057,
-0.4677598774433136,
-1.0778180360794067,
-0.013995938003063202,
-0.05350658297538757,
0.23687134683132172,
-0.09627900272607803,
-0.7383507490158081,
-0.8392647504806519,
0.2292412370443344,
0.24724240601062775,
-0.5351056456565857,
0.2075958251953125,
0.0024723741225898266,
-0.1566663682460785,
0.5802136659622192,
0.17080238461494446,
-0.47270467877388,
0.4166370630264282,
-0.46315163373947144,
-0.3225344121456146,
-0.4891063868999481,
-0.3705727756023407,
0.2788894474506378,
0.6113992929458618,
-0.7961448431015015,
-0.10999900102615356,
0.0773969367146492,
0.010918053798377514,
0.525301456451416,
-0.20458990335464478,
0.27391913533210754,
0.46812161803245544,
0.11161398887634277,
-0.3154199421405792,
-1.214660882949829,
0.4105728268623352,
0.6243091225624084,
-0.5625937581062317,
-0.08927129954099655,
0.14261196553707123,
0.17192064225673676,
0.5345662832260132,
0.024865949526429176,
0.8606206774711609,
-0.5801911354064941,
-0.2825896143913269,
0.464120477437973,
-0.2758643627166748,
0.25712719559669495,
0.016340142115950584,
-0.31208160519599915,
0.15569086372852325,
-0.09451806545257568,
0.17397791147232056,
-0.23977027833461761,
-0.16980408132076263,
0.08089903742074966,
-0.029389478266239166,
-0.4835142195224762,
-0.23528727889060974,
-0.3813040256500244,
-1.1350146532058716,
-0.05018535628914833,
-0.27913352847099304,
0.1992502063512802,
0.20642989873886108,
0.07316140830516815,
-0.09039568156003952,
0.1648029088973999,
-0.22473271191120148,
0.15092073380947113,
0.2523871064186096,
0.9347737431526184,
-0.449137806892395,
0.24917900562286377,
-0.07994243502616882,
0.776113748550415,
0.3175232708454132,
-0.08433690667152405,
0.031018804758787155,
0.24888405203819275,
0.12781372666358948,
-0.3936308026313782,
0.2780004143714905,
0.0113547183573246,
0.1002577543258667,
-0.717421293258667,
-0.5083599090576172,
0.16037574410438538,
-0.352123498916626,
0.2891067564487457,
-0.7259542346000671,
-0.8182626366615295,
0.6279779076576233,
-0.5791181325912476,
0.07994015514850616,
-0.09188061207532883,
-0.21614298224449158,
0.17902912199497223,
-0.2790721654891968,
0.8060914874076843,
-0.6000149846076965,
0.5851741433143616,
0.026991944760084152,
0.06853770464658737,
0.36554640531539917,
0.3465299606323242,
0.3152250349521637,
-0.36212190985679626,
-0.3444129228591919,
-0.9079663753509521,
0.4453369975090027,
0.3210431635379791,
0.056684114038944244,
-0.09609927237033844,
-0.10754512995481491,
-0.5505205392837524,
0.010356549173593521,
0.015874577686190605,
-0.4265422821044922,
0.01311354897916317,
-0.23209087550640106,
-0.25091513991355896,
0.31363412737846375,
-0.5169711112976074,
-0.06724117696285248,
-0.1833762675523758,
-0.01881852187216282,
0.10761708766222,
-0.4089840054512024,
0.8575032353401184,
0.023226240649819374,
-0.12714529037475586,
-0.30560556054115295,
0.5768452882766724,
0.1494971066713333,
0.15404747426509857,
0.00522275036200881,
-0.3305666744709015,
-0.2100714147090912,
-0.17395032942295074,
0.25605908036231995,
-0.4724051356315613,
-0.26356402039527893,
0.006786878686398268,
0.39461612701416016,
-0.049952227622270584,
0.08388075232505798,
0.5189512968063354,
-0.18390382826328278,
-0.048743836581707,
0.11063389480113983,
0.031999822705984116,
-0.6551999449729919,
0.7064133882522583,
0.8176413774490356,
-0.5341583490371704,
0.007949544116854668,
0.2654871940612793,
0.051702745258808136,
-0.41536614298820496,
0.5144373178482056,
0.7976068258285522,
0.07268922030925751,
-0.13900844752788544,
-0.4978047013282776,
0.29341763257980347,
0.11469774693250656,
0.11048475652933121,
0.48131752014160156,
0.023191258311271667,
-0.24226947128772736,
-0.2811470925807953,
0.33919864892959595,
-0.07433530688285828,
-0.059772662818431854,
-0.1479051411151886,
0.047619469463825226,
1.114009976387024,
-0.034644171595573425,
-0.2658679485321045,
0.37934279441833496,
-0.3577970266342163,
-0.2527129650115967,
0.09813796728849411,
0.13515271246433258,
-0.3789671063423157,
0.5652889609336853,
0.490914911031723,
0.33732831478118896,
0.5889467000961304,
-0.26143893599510193,
-0.30044108629226685,
0.39674654603004456,
-0.2484118789434433,
0.01586831361055374,
-0.2368728369474411,
-0.10293085873126984,
-0.39604002237319946,
-0.455828994512558,
-0.18202167749404907,
0.33541786670684814,
-0.12514877319335938,
-0.3402270972728729,
0.2011045515537262,
0.36792516708374023,
-0.14309924840927124,
0.3255150318145752,
0.4169467091560364,
0.19109657406806946,
-0.15759316086769104,
0.031617481261491776,
0.31920939683914185,
0.33829665184020996,
0.6118614077568054,
0.25555503368377686,
0.6496342420578003,
-0.26809147000312805,
0.2437618225812912,
-0.3878738582134247,
-0.1295580118894577,
-1.2065467834472656,
-0.04916713759303093,
0.37434253096580505,
0.34009912610054016,
-0.3523925542831421,
-0.014400803484022617,
-0.4993649125099182,
-0.3074287474155426,
0.08469104766845703,
-0.6578075885772705,
-0.28344064950942993,
-0.12059979140758514,
-0.5045196413993835,
0.0315835066139698,
0.11025422811508179,
1.300455093383789,
-0.3475794494152069,
-0.06333006173372269,
0.7462992668151855,
-0.3251141607761383,
0.252666175365448,
-0.0557849258184433,
-0.20264464616775513,
0.3549879193305969,
-0.41264161467552185,
-0.21640928089618683,
-0.19417795538902283,
0.5597997903823853,
-0.12410534918308258,
0.19953761994838715,
-0.10352569818496704,
0.35663843154907227,
0.4888894259929657,
-0.3572434186935425,
0.43804752826690674,
0.17415060102939606,
-0.5462080836296082,
-0.21190308034420013,
0.1790306121110916,
0.47311341762542725,
0.09505543857812881,
0.26626574993133545,
0.07008045166730881,
0.4041382372379303,
0.600102961063385,
-0.3028188645839691,
0.06686054915189743,
0.7307417392730713,
-0.3413587808609009,
-0.5460780262947083,
-0.1492295116186142,
-0.29961273074150085,
-0.027078429237008095,
-0.24550442397594452,
0.5431238412857056,
0.5776641964912415,
0.3049513101577759,
-0.3912038207054138,
0.5179086327552795,
-0.2187175303697586,
-0.18630310893058777,
-0.14607085287570953,
-0.5280187129974365,
-0.09858062863349915,
-0.09391613304615021,
-0.47950050234794617,
-0.7626793384552002,
0.11733447015285492,
-0.2026410698890686,
0.10411431640386581,
-0.5059317350387573,
0.09026448428630829,
-0.1342790722846985,
-0.17154033482074738,
0.6878132820129395,
-0.32200559973716736,
-0.24515429139137268,
-0.3439120352268219
] |
217886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lady%20of%20Rage | The Lady of Rage | Robin Yvette Allen (born February 6, 1968), known professionally as the Lady of Rage, is an American rapper, singer and actress best known for her collaborations with several other Death Row Records artists, including Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg on the seminal albums, The Chronic and Doggystyle. The Lady of Rage has been described as "one of the most skillful female MCs" with a "mastery of flow" and "hard-core lyrics".
Biography
In the summer of 1988, the Lady of Rage met Shahkim, now known as Black Rushn of the Original Outlaw Brothers, a rap group from Queens, New York. Once Shahkim convinced the Lady of Rage that he could get her a record deal, he brought her into his group. The members of the Outlaw Brothers made Rage a member of the group, and they eventually signed to a production deal with the L.A. Posse (who went on to produce several big hits for LL Cool J). At the time, the L.A. Posse had several artists within their group including, MC Wind, and the Real Roxanne. The L.A. Posse also had several relationships with different labels. Rage, along with all of the artists in the camp worked diligently writing and recording out of Chung King Studios in lower Manhattan. In 1991, the Lady of Rage met with Chubb Rock, providing vocals for the track "Bring Em Home Safe" on his album The One, which she recorded under the name of 'Rockin’ Robin'.
Dr. Dre discovered the Lady of Rage after hearing the vocals she recorded for the L.A. Posse's album, They Come in All Colors (1991). She later appeared on several tracks on Dr. Dre's 1992 album The Chronic, and on Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle in 1993.
On July 26, 1994, the Lady of Rage released the hit single "Afro Puffs" (from the soundtrack to Above the Rim) which reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart. She also made an appearance on Tha Dogg Pound's album Dogg Food on the track "Do What I Feel". Though she had made more than a dozen appearances on soundtracks as well as albums from her Death Row Records cohorts, the Lady of Rage didn't release her debut album until 1997. Her debut solo album, Necessary Roughness, was released in June 1997 and peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard R&B Album chart and 32 on the Billboard 200 Albums chart. Her solo album was originally called Eargasm, but it was continually pushed back - the album was meant to have been the next album on Death Row Records after The Chronic, and then after Doggystyle, before finally being released in 1997.
After the release of her album and a guest-appearance with Gang Starr alongside Kurupt ("You Know My Steez (Three Men and a Lady Remix)") in 1998, Rage left Death Row Records and the music industry to focus on acting, appearing in an episode of Kenan & Kel. The Lady of Rage then went on to be featured in the sitcom, The Steve Harvey Show on The WB as Coretta Cox, a recurring role she played from 1997 to 2000. She also had a role in Next Friday as Baby D, the sister of Day Day's ex-girlfriend.
From 2000 to 2002, she made three appearances on songs by Snoop Dogg: "Set It Off" from his album Tha Last Meal (2000), a solo track, "Unfucwitable", on Snoop Dogg Presents...Doggy Style Allstars Vol. 1 (2002), and "Batman & Robin", from his album Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss (2002).
In 2007, Rage signed to Shante Broadus' label, Boss Lady Entertainment, and recorded a mixtape called, From VA 2 LA. She also made appearances on Bigg Snoop Dogg Presents…Welcome to tha Chuuch: Da Album (2005) and Cali Iz Active (2006) in the song "Keep it Gangsta".
In 2008, Rage was a part of the FEM (Females Earning Money) Movement along with fellow female rappers Babs (of Da Band), Lady Luck, and Amil. In 2008, she performed with MC Lyte, Yo-Yo, and Salt-n-Pepa at the BET Hip Hop Awards. In the summer of 2010 she joined Snoop Dogg during his headlining set at the Rock the Bells festival concert series, along with Warren G, RBX, and Tha Dogg Pound for a performance of the Doggystyle album in its entirety.
In 2011, Rage was part of the group N'Matez, along with Daz Dillinger, Kurupt, and RBX. They released the track "Trajical".
Rage signed on to play herself in Dogg Pound 4 Life, a biographical film focusing on the rise of the 1990s rap group, Tha Dogg Pound and was pictured in an Instagram post with Daz Dillinger.
Rage also made an appearance on MC Eiht's 2017 album Which Way Iz West on the track "Heart Cold".
Discography
Studio albums
Necessary Roughness (1997)
Mixtapes
VA to LA (2006)
Filmography
Television
The Steve Harvey Show (1997–2000) ... Coretta "The Ox" Cox
Kenan & Kel (1 episode) (1999) ... Yolanda
Family Time (1 episode) (2020) ... Dede
Film
Judas and the Black Messiah (2021) ... Lady Panther
Thriller (2019) ... Emma Page
Life After Death Row (2006) ... Herself
Confessions of a Thug (2005)
The Lady Of Rage: A Rapper of the Hip-Hop Concerts (2004) ... Robin Yvette Allen/Herself (voice)
Thug Life (2001) ... Robin Allen
Next Friday (2000) ... Baby D'
Ride (1998) ... Peaches
References
External links
Living people
American women rappers
African-American women rappers
Death Row Records artists
African-American actresses
American actresses
Rappers from Virginia
Southern hip hop musicians
People from Farmville, Virginia
Gangsta rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century women rappers
1968 births
21st-century American women | [
-0.3859056234359741,
0.33708080649375916,
-0.09014683216810226,
-0.22958742082118988,
-0.5462473034858704,
0.7462541460990906,
1.0122065544128418,
-0.4339863657951355,
-0.30709347128868103,
0.3053056001663208,
0.036272142082452774,
0.8322085738182068,
-0.5988888144493103,
0.3286197781562805,
-0.07897830754518509,
0.49095800518989563,
-0.5311631560325623,
-0.26662057638168335,
0.07682029157876968,
-0.3690519332885742,
0.16019956767559052,
-0.17216236889362335,
0.5318318605422974,
-0.4553642272949219,
-0.4026930630207062,
0.6646289229393005,
-0.5008543729782104,
0.341327428817749,
-0.11446291208267212,
0.3243653178215027,
0.17604109644889832,
0.3413855731487274,
0.24168582260608673,
-0.11822547018527985,
-0.19431646168231964,
0.7196457386016846,
-0.19612722098827362,
0.4388514459133148,
-0.007798183709383011,
-0.29307666420936584,
-0.5731598734855652,
-0.09057514369487762,
-0.043424833565950394,
-0.17164090275764465,
-0.3191951811313629,
-0.2883431315422058,
-1.3980218172073364,
0.659864068031311,
-0.7882037162780762,
-0.48673367500305176,
-0.08025410026311874,
0.7380351424217224,
0.47991451621055603,
-0.059148021042346954,
0.038345493376255035,
-0.1968534141778946,
-0.7435304522514343,
0.2103378176689148,
-0.14914388954639435,
-0.6973755955696106,
0.5205022096633911,
-0.1129724383354187,
0.351864218711853,
-0.6194599866867065,
-0.2202966809272766,
0.3503713309764862,
0.06803909689188004,
0.45031866431236267,
-0.44554221630096436,
-0.12350275367498398,
0.20151841640472412,
0.13700126111507416,
0.24192127585411072,
0.13030323386192322,
-0.3315122425556183,
-0.04946822673082352,
0.7132640480995178,
-0.461060106754303,
0.3913475275039673,
0.8670963048934937,
0.3123490810394287,
-0.2086920291185379,
1.036458969116211,
0.9054788947105408,
-0.25366488099098206,
-0.10288272798061371,
0.2079477161169052,
0.48876678943634033,
-1.0398223400115967,
0.3550136089324951,
-0.7183588743209839,
-0.01735231652855873,
0.039745982736349106,
0.27612343430519104,
0.04020620137453079,
0.05243796855211258,
0.607305645942688,
0.267907977104187,
0.0728202536702156,
0.4218589961528778,
-0.11031217873096466,
-0.42661330103874207,
-0.001981280278414488,
-0.9452243447303772,
-0.6331862211227417,
0.11994631588459015,
-0.25919121503829956,
-0.5396602749824524,
-0.1330159604549408,
0.14358824491500854,
-0.33854758739471436,
0.30282115936279297,
-0.42334261536598206,
-0.23618821799755096,
-0.07074237614870071,
0.5935425758361816,
-0.08012259751558304,
-0.1665448397397995,
0.08857598900794983,
0.12964753806591034,
0.32855454087257385,
-0.7214692831039429,
0.4171857237815857,
0.5098654627799988,
-0.9136332869529724,
0.1740405112504959,
-0.03574259951710701,
-0.04377942159771919,
0.14256072044372559,
0.42234092950820923,
0.19525106251239777,
0.6400861144065857,
-0.11944778263568878,
-0.2579881548881531,
-0.057667236775159836,
-0.4404323399066925,
0.5578717589378357,
-0.13106347620487213,
0.5953726172447205,
0.39147886633872986,
-0.49943798780441284,
-0.5274953246116638,
-1.3262078762054443,
-0.4091775715351105,
0.5742468237876892,
-0.3475215435028076,
-0.2650073170661926,
0.14522233605384827,
-0.06290546804666519,
-0.13262738287448883,
-0.2294725924730301,
0.47507238388061523,
-0.007299077697098255,
-0.5687968730926514,
-0.16458995640277863,
-0.3672976493835449,
0.6927962303161621,
-0.3675888776779175,
0.0694899931550026,
-0.2694169878959656,
0.033638764172792435,
0.035084184259176254,
-0.2645634114742279,
0.11506559699773788,
0.6144643425941467,
-0.6035169363021851,
-0.17284053564071655,
-0.27322158217430115,
-0.5387693643569946,
-0.5386350154876709,
-0.8155921101570129,
-0.08090828359127045,
0.0730048269033432,
0.06097375229001045,
-0.20170612633228302,
0.9446098208427429,
0.7803904414176941,
0.39422106742858887,
-0.05510411784052849,
-0.1901194155216217,
-0.5860632061958313,
-0.0156562440097332,
0.21670278906822205,
0.17342454195022583,
0.6458823680877686,
-0.36897024512290955,
0.36825206875801086,
-0.2892340421676636,
0.5095475316047668,
0.22913818061351776,
-1.081652283668518,
-0.19793911278247833,
0.8054273128509521,
0.5293840765953064,
0.5300313234329224,
0.04841779172420502,
-0.5011188983917236,
0.5205466747283936,
0.08479509502649307,
0.5549817085266113,
0.030756331980228424,
-0.5243088006973267,
0.306111603975296,
-0.8805906772613525,
-0.5196847915649414,
-0.26012471318244934,
0.5101942420005798,
-0.31984978914260864,
-0.041822515428066254,
0.6724523305892944,
-0.16076159477233887,
-0.7399117946624756,
-0.3343008756637573,
0.10569509863853455,
0.18149112164974213,
-0.37793153524398804,
-0.2196177840232849,
-0.089450404047966,
0.46291103959083557,
-0.4316449463367462,
0.6192668080329895,
0.2783588469028473,
-0.4009631872177124,
-0.025081105530261993,
-0.7636127471923828,
0.6768978238105774,
-0.6127655506134033,
0.2240542620420456,
0.3741718530654907,
-0.6309760808944702,
0.4480188190937042,
1.0835607051849365,
0.011545542627573013,
-0.5719117522239685,
-0.27113616466522217,
0.5718206167221069,
0.7337623834609985,
-0.12489783018827438,
-0.07989343255758286,
-1.1244657039642334,
0.6633062958717346,
0.7717884182929993,
-0.4803788661956787,
0.21739202737808228,
-0.10352212935686111,
0.04595162346959114,
-0.2652834355831146,
0.09681249409914017,
-0.5204091668128967,
0.18683652579784393,
0.2692905366420746,
0.3620342016220093,
0.27772265672683716,
0.139837384223938,
0.40582698583602905,
0.09146563708782196,
0.0501631498336792,
0.413778156042099,
0.08893899619579315,
-0.09427522867918015,
-0.16002808511257172,
-0.4951428174972534,
-0.24181990325450897,
0.15139196813106537,
0.07172932475805283,
0.08783834427595139,
0.36935916543006897,
-0.3839844763278961,
0.5569769144058228,
0.24609847366809845,
0.12036901712417603,
-0.09405102580785751,
-0.013332505710422993,
0.32412397861480713,
-0.33422479033470154,
-0.21547886729240417,
-0.3058825135231018,
-0.25766921043395996,
-0.49089205265045166,
-0.5907747149467468,
0.5287392735481262,
0.8161605596542358,
0.6055402755737305,
-0.5096050500869751,
-0.2629266083240509,
0.04087596386671066,
0.33014166355133057,
-0.3513508439064026,
-0.589695394039154,
0.1086604967713356,
-0.832487165927887,
0.47488901019096375,
-0.1735415905714035,
-0.29959428310394287,
0.28368544578552246,
-0.5183185338973999,
0.07392378151416779,
0.438936322927475,
-0.005976851098239422,
0.44721361994743347,
-0.30887484550476074,
0.27402418851852417,
-0.2862555682659149,
0.1195320263504982,
0.1977492868900299,
-0.4885726571083069,
-0.26014673709869385,
0.5534389615058899,
-5.44163703918457,
0.32755863666534424,
0.012916180305182934,
-0.5166910290718079,
0.44016480445861816,
-0.1610994040966034,
0.17293812334537506,
-0.11744678020477295,
-0.37053877115249634,
-0.522139310836792,
0.31734800338745117,
0.5200057029724121,
0.12843768298625946,
-0.4302646517753601,
-0.03582827001810074,
0.25330254435539246,
-0.08199295401573181,
-1.030670404434204,
-0.016918780282139778,
0.3165569603443146,
0.7058455348014832,
0.05141394957900047,
-0.9004807472229004,
0.020210592076182365,
-0.2838236391544342,
0.7639075517654419,
-0.39024096727371216,
-0.13664954900741577,
-0.4259241819381714,
-0.07069462537765503,
0.15261957049369812,
0.2674928307533264,
-0.4672888219356537,
-0.04081243276596069,
0.23615051805973053,
-0.11920343339443207,
0.24211859703063965,
-0.6040725708007812,
0.05006491765379906,
-0.93742835521698,
0.10007655620574951,
-0.18664611876010895,
-0.03849326819181442,
0.30580630898475647,
0.9573566913604736,
-0.3557201027870178,
-0.6675978302955627,
-0.3192676603794098,
-0.16950182616710663,
0.42543870210647583,
-0.26846572756767273,
-0.9835230112075806,
0.1765804886817932,
0.047124311327934265,
0.5896053910255432,
-0.044643472880125046,
-0.32574912905693054,
0.10010763257741928,
0.17538592219352722,
-0.2193104773759842,
-0.0409417524933815,
-0.6864686608314514,
0.017861386761069298,
0.09097561240196228,
-0.31395861506462097,
-0.13404369354248047,
0.5415937900543213,
0.012489276938140392,
0.1970410943031311,
-0.10034997761249542,
0.7600442171096802,
0.3787652850151062,
-0.1284894049167633,
-1.099136233329773,
-0.23035696148872375,
-0.14491964876651764,
0.07245603203773499,
0.050963275134563446,
-0.7142288088798523,
-0.3824225068092346,
0.253039687871933,
0.2141973227262497,
0.505738377571106,
-0.15722547471523285,
-0.39752456545829773,
-0.6324784159660339,
0.08694740384817123,
0.15819428861141205,
-0.2079760581254959,
0.22839561104774475,
-0.4587269723415375,
-0.9644107818603516,
0.07778070122003555,
0.4633023142814636,
0.2252008616924286,
-0.00904539693146944,
0.5458840131759644,
0.4581232964992523,
-0.014530468732118607,
0.26801612973213196,
0.035777777433395386,
-0.4522702395915985,
0.9438086748123169,
-0.6088652610778809,
0.5213796496391296,
-0.12173467129468918,
-0.1824394017457962,
-0.006225635297596455,
0.7495355010032654,
-0.41727709770202637,
0.0973263829946518,
-0.13832366466522217,
0.3084183633327484,
-0.3091600835323334,
0.22224672138690948,
-0.16985760629177094,
-0.39022839069366455,
0.7044351696968079,
0.4301771819591522,
0.045231062918901443,
-0.6175534129142761,
0.6370388269424438,
-0.42492127418518066,
0.2434363216161728,
-0.310250848531723,
0.3159337341785431,
0.5442404747009277,
0.4925394058227539,
0.018544316291809082,
0.6330904364585876,
-0.6180973649024963,
-0.01887744478881359,
0.03227772191166878,
0.4532766342163086,
0.2593260109424591,
-0.33930063247680664,
-0.09207336604595184,
-0.3880937993526459,
-0.27759504318237305,
-0.3130522072315216,
0.15700924396514893,
-0.17461080849170685,
-0.15107007324695587,
0.4484005868434906,
0.4175741970539093,
0.2037706822156906,
0.19666317105293274,
0.12176905572414398,
0.020287232473492622,
0.50364089012146,
0.24689237773418427,
-0.024398624897003174,
0.36458414793014526,
-1.1566905975341797,
-0.5083090662956238,
0.024605661630630493,
0.16967140138149261,
0.1948804408311844,
0.17550209164619446,
-0.39139673113822937,
0.10300162434577942,
-0.5014446973800659,
-0.901038408279419,
-0.2722699046134949,
-0.5501030683517456,
0.13344356417655945,
0.5049328804016113,
-0.8111631870269775,
-0.6613420844078064,
0.06356628984212875,
-0.4538804888725281,
-0.25497645139694214,
0.37227439880371094,
0.05726918950676918,
0.2587072253227234,
0.13512898981571198,
-0.06448794901371002,
0.23477192223072052,
0.47335225343704224,
0.37406259775161743,
-0.4969710111618042,
-0.44141852855682373,
-0.631511926651001,
0.17360271513462067,
0.2692296504974365,
0.32957202196121216,
-0.34927070140838623,
-0.1445421427488327,
0.1795474886894226,
-0.020567873492836952,
0.41305825114250183,
-0.05424758791923523,
-0.35119709372520447,
0.32537052035331726,
-0.27080902457237244,
-0.6663950085639954,
0.006367222405970097,
0.45818421244621277,
0.21182787418365479,
-0.2584131062030792,
0.07336361706256866,
0.7116845846176147,
-0.40072908997535706,
0.44895556569099426,
0.8069644570350647,
-0.429916113615036,
0.43597710132598877,
-0.04342478886246681,
-0.23091654479503632,
0.1963588446378708,
-0.015757964923977852,
0.2874782681465149,
0.14932410418987274,
0.5185235142707825,
-0.23511101305484772,
-0.3767114281654358,
0.37819623947143555,
-0.16438524425029755,
-0.19335328042507172,
-0.544410228729248,
-0.37951087951660156,
-0.8196233510971069,
-0.4662894904613495,
0.8130344152450562,
-0.7126708030700684,
0.15870694816112518,
0.4265975058078766,
-0.7254276871681213,
0.7268256545066833,
0.14155448973178864,
-0.20804744958877563,
0.8161711692810059,
0.5137349963188171,
-0.000955588708166033,
-0.28712528944015503,
-0.6229742169380188,
0.37480783462524414,
0.7609477043151855,
-0.16433264315128326,
0.02005508914589882,
0.7402249574661255,
0.3921019732952118,
-0.45245376229286194,
-0.04792330414056778,
0.4109266400337219,
0.0510517954826355,
-0.12084954231977463,
-0.6121437549591064,
-0.4487101435661316,
-0.08003062009811401,
0.45829737186431885,
0.44039490818977356,
-0.4397282600402832,
-0.01756875589489937,
0.829206109046936,
-0.877676784992218,
0.2695503234863281,
-0.3548877239227295,
-0.10078790783882141,
-0.040466196835041046,
0.18094129860401154,
0.20577026903629303,
-0.4461248517036438,
-0.0025246809236705303,
-0.32516101002693176,
0.5347161889076233,
0.1836986392736435,
-0.33384081721305847,
0.36588552594184875,
-0.36172160506248474,
0.2373475879430771,
0.16514325141906738,
-0.06287463754415512,
0.13001513481140137,
-0.5095735192298889,
0.5695143938064575,
-0.18114671111106873,
-0.026720093563199043,
0.09509626030921936,
0.3366912305355072,
0.12629565596580505,
0.06609047204256058,
-0.21600043773651123,
-0.575783908367157,
1.050891399383545,
-0.5207723379135132,
0.6485138535499573,
-0.5671818256378174,
-0.19180510938167572,
-0.3261292278766632,
-0.05433538928627968,
0.4577251672744751,
0.5696057677268982,
0.1748400628566742,
-0.2258424013853073,
0.4684032201766968,
0.00412383209913969,
0.0435296855866909,
-0.16237439215183258,
-0.6597815155982971,
-0.510758101940155,
0.6929853558540344,
0.3079816997051239,
-0.2529461979866028,
-0.3843015432357788,
-0.8020805716514587,
0.31091728806495667,
-0.3588367998600006,
-0.2303866446018219,
0.22896160185337067,
-0.08954311907291412,
-0.1687520295381546,
0.8651387095451355,
0.290763258934021,
-0.5153285264968872,
0.25154900550842285,
0.2974114418029785,
-0.09923776239156723,
-0.13996854424476624,
0.13529536128044128,
-0.5177666544914246,
-0.002369399880990386,
0.9232664108276367,
0.14697934687137604,
0.9428293108940125,
0.7645396590232849,
-0.09184134751558304,
0.6393324732780457,
0.19524236023426056,
0.03693573176860809,
0.5628367066383362,
-0.6589049100875854,
-0.18400457501411438,
0.6320817470550537,
-0.0018956608837470412,
-0.3769110441207886,
0.22690483927726746,
0.17377275228500366,
0.4099906384944916,
0.0995093360543251,
-0.15541623532772064,
0.46908625960350037,
-0.31570786237716675,
0.07994186878204346,
-0.041642021387815475,
-0.0326026976108551,
-0.2254071682691574,
0.3604642450809479,
0.3308035731315613,
-0.4863314628601074,
0.08843405544757843,
-0.20174843072891235,
-0.3949720859527588,
-0.16468745470046997,
1.08085298538208,
-0.01493001077324152,
0.514898955821991,
-0.7338044047355652,
-0.21678470075130463,
0.33675459027290344,
-0.1897866427898407,
-0.34746238589286804,
0.5746985673904419,
0.14664725959300995,
-0.6093513369560242,
0.18739093840122223,
-0.3853786289691925,
-0.3975856900215149,
-0.15833012759685516,
0.003355835797265172,
-0.2934560477733612,
0.08707698434591293,
-0.2518598735332489,
0.4003790020942688,
0.255645751953125,
-0.36387571692466736,
0.4423786699771881,
-0.37018337845802307,
-0.1790795475244522,
0.05110621452331543,
-0.4428653120994568,
0.08465015888214111,
0.0007254376541823149,
-0.480032354593277,
0.9098151922225952,
0.28588369488716125,
0.056155480444431305,
-0.26612988114356995,
0.039873894304037094,
-0.09893687069416046,
0.6302765607833862,
-0.43253758549690247,
-0.3261127173900604,
-0.5882113575935364,
0.015891388058662415,
-0.03577544912695885,
0.28451377153396606,
0.5146749019622803,
0.21810282766819,
0.9752039313316345,
0.45579448342323303,
0.7579354047775269,
0.033800020813941956,
0.2559106945991516,
-0.8163168430328369,
0.33560362458229065,
-0.6489666700363159,
-0.3748056888580322,
-0.6519128680229187,
0.5831283926963806,
-0.02288835309445858,
-0.6072496771812439,
-0.10771888494491577,
0.3260202705860138,
-0.4372488260269165,
0.09033002704381943,
0.5820724964141846,
0.0003001502191182226,
0.3702518045902252,
-0.4334011375904083,
-0.05118535831570625,
0.6601636409759521,
0.17424990236759186,
0.6670055985450745,
-0.4113863706588745,
0.2509381175041199,
0.03617509454488754,
-0.5756513476371765,
0.03529185801744461,
0.23969706892967224,
0.3400822579860687,
0.2597597539424896,
-0.07140859216451645,
-0.16469630599021912,
-0.2995310127735138,
-0.6082493662834167,
0.0106892678886652,
0.11016818881034851,
-0.01798376441001892,
-0.026482149958610535,
0.48189854621887207,
-0.0012155957520008087,
-0.4449007511138916,
0.10072155296802521,
-0.03884606808423996,
-0.08908094465732574,
-0.5787155032157898,
-0.8295114040374756,
0.25711488723754883,
0.6734926700592041,
-0.39368507266044617,
-0.1487506926059723,
0.22765159606933594,
-0.678178071975708,
-0.1999598890542984,
0.04408649727702141,
0.31455108523368835,
-0.3012694716453552,
0.27038583159446716,
-0.4537367522716522
] |
217893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Monica%20%28disambiguation%29 | Santa Monica (disambiguation) | Santa Monica is a city in western Los Angeles County, California, U.S.
Santa Monica may also refer to:
Places
Santa Mônica, Paraná, Brazil
Santa Mônica in Lages, Brazil
Santa Monica, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
Santa Monica, Surigao del Norte, Philippines
US
Santa Monica, Florida, U.S.
Santa Monica Airport, Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Santa Monica Boulevard, a major avenue in Los Angeles County, U.S.
Songs
"Santa Monica" (Everclear song), by Everclear, 1995
"Santa Monica" (Savage Garden song), 1998
"Santa Monica" (Theory of a Deadman song), 2005
"Santa Monica", a song by Bedouin Soundclash from their album Root Fire (2001)
Other uses
Santa Monica Parish Church (disambiguation), name of several churches
Santa Monica Studio, an American video game developer, known for God of War
University of Santa Monica, Santa Monica, California, U.S.
See also
Saint Monica (film), a 2002 Canadian film
Saint Monica (c. 331/2 − 387), also known as Monica of Hippo, an early Christian saint
Sainte-Monique, Quebec (disambiguation), several places in Canada
San Monique (fictional location) from James Bond
Monica (disambiguation)
Monika (disambiguation)
Monique (disambiguation) | [
0.14600759744644165,
0.12582102417945862,
0.23844216763973236,
-0.1090528666973114,
0.10489591211080551,
-0.1329532116651535,
0.5348030924797058,
0.3680351972579956,
-0.3884647488594055,
-0.009869340807199478,
-0.0752858892083168,
0.16754920780658722,
-0.42051419615745544,
0.03209933266043663,
-0.768451452255249,
0.1567380577325821,
0.615426778793335,
0.6975795030593872,
0.4662191867828369,
-0.24389982223510742,
-0.3134194612503052,
-0.5199437737464905,
0.1308566927909851,
-0.16360048949718475,
-0.004324371926486492,
-0.2829035818576813,
0.05827914923429489,
0.0488031767308712,
0.09158854186534882,
0.7277788519859314,
-0.3516920804977417,
0.46031275391578674,
0.1919308453798294,
-0.3445975184440613,
-0.15131334960460663,
0.2296254187822342,
0.30529287457466125,
-0.6906996369361877,
-0.21048276126384735,
0.00975300557911396,
-0.255118727684021,
-0.22768007218837738,
0.13010911643505096,
-0.05452548712491989,
0.16396085917949677,
-0.06062762811779976,
-1.827552318572998,
0.0884396955370903,
-0.4731913208961487,
0.18312440812587738,
-0.7396942973136902,
0.04078299179673195,
-0.5638877153396606,
0.43103930354118347,
0.2727773189544678,
0.6501598954200745,
-0.4613087773323059,
-0.3023998439311981,
0.30433419346809387,
0.546836256980896,
-0.06667856872081757,
0.2201942503452301,
0.14415660500526428,
-0.12262552231550217,
0.1501150280237198,
0.28163641691207886,
0.08237790316343307,
0.2504134476184845,
-0.3042968809604645,
-0.5110629796981812,
-0.05189521983265877,
-0.04464953392744064,
0.396534264087677,
-0.0909021645784378,
-0.28206396102905273,
0.21939432621002197,
-0.3400767147541046,
-0.0643831416964531,
-0.28316327929496765,
-0.06626339256763458,
-0.2092476636171341,
0.10432733595371246,
0.3104718327522278,
-0.5083507299423218,
0.49767032265663147,
-0.1643557846546173,
-0.587164044380188,
-0.17369656264781952,
-0.06510549038648605,
1.1045384407043457,
-0.23235897719860077,
0.39938613772392273,
0.2981117069721222,
-0.04164259880781174,
0.30868324637413025,
-0.13353721797466278,
0.08785136044025421,
0.48580828309059143,
-0.41965579986572266,
0.386521577835083,
-0.7644165754318237,
0.6925985217094421,
0.7817509174346924,
0.0498848482966423,
-0.29756733775138855,
-0.7039752006530762,
0.02351980283856392,
0.3743399977684021,
0.033006466925144196,
-0.2822128236293793,
-0.20731642842292786,
0.3624998927116394,
-0.09515272080898285,
-0.0016007147496566176,
-0.394155889749527,
0.33482465147972107,
0.5807387232780457,
-0.18052878975868225,
-0.01908004656434059,
-0.49821043014526367,
0.47081661224365234,
0.843902051448822,
-0.16529834270477295,
-0.6183603405952454,
0.11170733720064163,
0.11650087684392929,
0.5453371405601501,
0.040468957275152206,
-0.0029592521023005247,
0.28999415040016174,
-0.6079981923103333,
0.5974457263946533,
-0.12990586459636688,
0.018828878179192543,
0.5937113165855408,
-0.7379249930381775,
-0.38685816526412964,
0.6256524324417114,
0.3100112974643707,
-0.34139713644981384,
-0.6587284207344055,
0.1408558189868927,
-0.7655697464942932,
-0.06798429787158966,
0.4570244252681732,
-0.04372568801045418,
-0.03713336959481239,
-0.8370599746704102,
-0.4187144339084625,
-0.0163933914154768,
0.09469885379076004,
0.44718319177627563,
-0.10202014446258545,
-0.15921862423419952,
-0.017143404111266136,
-0.30263811349868774,
0.4846981167793274,
-0.15440845489501953,
0.004305373877286911,
0.01600826345384121,
-0.017552107572555542,
-0.07815665751695633,
0.4899441599845886,
0.22714829444885254,
-0.26952144503593445,
0.004362297244369984,
0.2934606373310089,
0.060164496302604675,
0.3041127026081085,
0.10202041268348694,
-0.7866443395614624,
-0.6838812232017517,
0.16123545169830322,
-0.5594154000282288,
0.18006068468093872,
-0.3526463210582733,
0.592312753200531,
0.30270886421203613,
-0.3181491494178772,
0.18874594569206238,
-0.5077865719795227,
0.4713108241558075,
-0.39122679829597473,
0.3053099811077118,
0.10063478350639343,
-0.1900257170200348,
0.6807441711425781,
0.5914868712425232,
-0.21988527476787567,
-0.08654743432998657,
0.07980769127607346,
-0.22343771159648895,
0.05772988125681877,
-0.24369052052497864,
0.30931025743484497,
0.9057429432868958,
-0.5927942395210266,
0.4947284758090973,
-0.02901640348136425,
0.6059886813163757,
-0.29224520921707153,
-0.05108308047056198,
0.8054060935974121,
0.10840914398431778,
-0.755363941192627,
0.5707564353942871,
0.4407947063446045,
0.12291239202022552,
0.2446410059928894,
1.0013563632965088,
-0.11090326309204102,
-0.21043063700199127,
-0.16217465698719025,
0.31338435411453247,
-0.14409856498241425,
-0.25916633009910583,
0.062123317271471024,
-0.3968826234340668,
0.154899001121521,
-0.7216591238975525,
0.3805328607559204,
0.15902282297611237,
0.0184346754103899,
0.029478907585144043,
-0.5184814929962158,
0.8021370768547058,
0.35617539286613464,
0.07544519007205963,
0.48925504088401794,
-0.47159484028816223,
0.3249528110027313,
-0.014632460661232471,
0.28339883685112,
-0.3420877158641815,
-0.19187572598457336,
0.3429546654224396,
0.375369668006897,
-0.41933494806289673,
0.17437349259853363,
0.012583323754370213,
-0.22310872375965118,
0.06516550481319427,
-0.31600579619407654,
0.21908631920814514,
0.004277546890079975,
0.5182805061340332,
0.06907688826322556,
-0.1026463508605957,
-0.2009330689907074,
0.07148143649101257,
0.3566663861274719,
0.07695867866277695,
-0.04880743846297264,
0.046260248869657516,
0.3985835313796997,
0.4370916485786438,
-0.35238251090049744,
0.008963307365775108,
0.23096859455108643,
-0.46297892928123474,
-0.21199585497379303,
0.2673909068107605,
0.008998846635222435,
0.10157287865877151,
-0.3809909522533417,
-0.31610387563705444,
-0.21345609426498413,
-0.24787166714668274,
-0.39376524090766907,
0.3451913297176361,
-0.3606595993041992,
0.10867875069379807,
-0.3813899755477905,
-0.6089267730712891,
0.33961477875709534,
0.8295849561691284,
-0.5745301246643066,
0.1447596549987793,
-0.1566348671913147,
0.38455262780189514,
0.3575610816478729,
0.6301389336585999,
-0.06185626611113548,
-0.4709644019603729,
-0.4679719805717468,
-0.6975939273834229,
0.6005368232727051,
-0.5755910277366638,
-0.5084887146949768,
-0.16207368671894073,
-0.35778573155403137,
-0.3368070721626282,
0.1042596697807312,
0.5621157884597778,
-0.4724476635456085,
-0.47827011346817017,
0.3067878484725952,
-0.06832575798034668,
0.32662349939346313,
-0.8709202408790588,
-0.7788316011428833,
0.2514280676841736,
-0.3792288899421692,
-0.3393065929412842,
-0.34745174646377563,
0.38498055934906006,
-0.1494847536087036,
0.03402705490589142,
-5.816927433013916,
0.3396728038787842,
-0.48244377970695496,
-0.2501926124095917,
-0.31232893466949463,
-0.768924355506897,
-0.25779083371162415,
-0.3546893000602722,
0.012346687726676464,
-0.10929107666015625,
0.29405465722084045,
-0.1695432960987091,
0.31022194027900696,
0.8990944027900696,
0.3460873067378998,
0.26179084181785583,
-0.02594437636435032,
-0.005103372968733311,
-0.006600562483072281,
-0.19482168555259705,
-0.18801267445087433,
0.45196300745010376,
0.13448089361190796,
0.2676139175891876,
0.36807653307914734,
0.9508975744247437,
0.019490521401166916,
-0.10962381213903427,
-0.8581658601760864,
-0.5957302451133728,
-0.14027732610702515,
0.31497722864151,
-0.15877267718315125,
0.331823468208313,
-0.23142467439174652,
0.6115264892578125,
0.5686063170433044,
-0.6525126099586487,
0.4820009768009186,
-0.3521277904510498,
0.14004634320735931,
0.022231338545680046,
-0.009763144887983799,
-0.028883667662739754,
0.11239761859178543,
-0.3222581744194031,
-0.5560276508331299,
0.1805712878704071,
0.1771722286939621,
0.12672647833824158,
0.6155437231063843,
-0.12311407923698425,
0.5695948600769043,
0.31601279973983765,
-0.09865101426839828,
-0.4291028678417206,
0.7376896142959595,
-0.42861491441726685,
-0.8603243827819824,
0.2976994812488556,
0.6121072769165039,
-0.10189752280712128,
-0.17723460495471954,
-0.12636838853359222,
-0.23239414393901825,
0.03473326563835144,
-0.050453949719667435,
-0.12208494544029236,
0.7882291674613953,
-0.008848740719258785,
-0.20211125910282135,
0.14904329180717468,
-0.2660837471485138,
-0.6675971746444702,
-0.3604486286640167,
0.03161761164665222,
-0.9756255745887756,
-0.06157772243022919,
-0.41930875182151794,
-0.1057736873626709,
-0.06390868872404099,
0.22624742984771729,
0.05042384937405586,
0.19266289472579956,
-0.07416331768035889,
-0.3118472695350647,
-0.38594937324523926,
0.47813093662261963,
-0.24111966788768768,
0.13381387293338776,
0.48226550221443176,
-0.2810923457145691,
0.21229243278503418,
0.20211434364318848,
-0.27645254135131836,
0.5500639081001282,
-0.022033169865608215,
-0.04880332574248314,
0.4567224085330963,
-0.05504660680890083,
0.5185852646827698,
-0.13935449719429016,
0.13930726051330566,
-0.12207642197608948,
-0.520864725112915,
-0.5266502499580383,
0.11584959924221039,
0.5341873168945312,
0.02823176234960556,
-0.2834072709083557,
0.27928856015205383,
-0.31365305185317993,
-0.18578800559043884,
-0.19432863593101501,
0.7085686326026917,
-0.24940241873264313,
-0.6239164471626282,
0.5273333787918091,
0.4175715744495392,
-0.08646732568740845,
0.49388888478279114,
0.16494938731193542,
-0.04104527458548546,
0.11309465020895004,
-0.6283878087997437,
0.19180041551589966,
0.1153993234038353,
0.2610641419887543,
0.07604748010635376,
0.6761522889137268,
-0.12800203263759613,
0.1604434996843338,
0.45004990696907043,
-0.1846148669719696,
-0.11698716133832932,
0.0866568312048912,
-0.8607600331306458,
-0.33878448605537415,
0.46496641635894775,
0.22878138720989227,
1.0074650049209595,
-0.11104114353656769,
0.11518362164497375,
0.5066227316856384,
-0.06878107041120529,
0.4180763065814972,
-0.06108229234814644,
-1.294796347618103,
-0.3899586498737335,
-0.013256643898785114,
-0.2591598927974701,
-0.6736940741539001,
-0.2782163619995117,
-0.5924376845359802,
-0.41539204120635986,
-0.5623428821563721,
0.1064291000366211,
0.20325501263141632,
-0.16979695856571198,
0.2555534541606903,
0.15170958638191223,
-0.4286458492279053,
-0.5282317996025085,
0.4480252265930176,
0.5205056071281433,
-0.12720955908298492,
0.05698464810848236,
-0.28619492053985596,
-0.3503223955631256,
0.7604867815971375,
0.2928411364555359,
-0.2904866337776184,
-0.3051341772079468,
-0.28894591331481934,
0.07332564145326614,
-0.06970059871673584,
0.21117199957370758,
0.419816792011261,
0.03432757034897804,
-0.060382623225450516,
0.037000685930252075,
-0.7579835057258606,
-0.0018805916188284755,
0.2519516348838806,
0.2163824886083603,
-0.4609867036342621,
-0.24030208587646484,
-0.315694123506546,
-0.15386541187763214,
-0.16832102835178375,
-0.06451421231031418,
-0.14964112639427185,
0.12018397450447083,
0.18565243482589722,
-0.5032175183296204,
-0.3533731997013092,
0.19907093048095703,
0.11082562804222107,
0.015741491690278053,
0.22389498353004456,
-0.31499147415161133,
0.29408225417137146,
-0.40999066829681396,
0.35739976167678833,
0.22471119463443756,
-0.9283158779144287,
0.05884839594364166,
0.4494855999946594,
-0.4311683177947998,
0.36670827865600586,
-0.04092990979552269,
-0.5161630511283875,
0.4018738269805908,
0.518918514251709,
0.34372442960739136,
0.15993474423885345,
-0.12079144269227982,
0.1306333988904953,
-0.7463055849075317,
-0.309372216463089,
0.20520441234111786,
0.2920316755771637,
0.2076576054096222,
-0.3706435561180115,
0.050734736025333405,
0.967238187789917,
-0.15281501412391663,
-0.7975174784660339,
0.8190025687217712,
-0.23220300674438477,
-0.1162659153342247,
0.21077220141887665,
0.37290897965431213,
0.04451749101281166,
-0.22689256072044373,
-0.6397351622581482,
0.35101422667503357,
-0.09640135616064072,
0.31593817472457886,
0.09057193249464035,
0.2651035785675049,
0.3315547704696655,
-0.16438940167427063,
-0.4920317232608795,
-0.5214583277702332,
0.43418678641319275,
-0.005198526196181774,
-0.21198193728923798,
-0.6628633737564087,
0.662728488445282,
-0.14694754779338837,
-0.7944090366363525,
-0.7912054061889648,
0.07949599623680115,
0.9946197271347046,
-0.48364323377609253,
-0.0204886794090271,
0.3225557208061218,
0.028196485713124275,
0.12080522626638412,
0.45372986793518066,
0.11577020585536957,
0.13476496934890747,
0.15586133301258087,
0.07841231673955917,
-0.06798386573791504,
0.16537165641784668,
-0.3933098018169403,
0.6749898791313171,
-0.6777232885360718,
0.14419898390769958,
0.2835988402366638,
0.06772083044052124,
0.5150477886199951,
-0.28028738498687744,
0.4087739586830139,
0.056500356644392014,
-0.27766093611717224,
0.26987382769584656,
-0.13029175996780396,
-0.12076203525066376,
0.04781946912407875,
-0.3696631193161011,
-0.42282065749168396,
-0.10578949749469757,
-0.35090172290802,
-0.053236715495586395,
0.19852466881275177,
-0.4145829379558563,
0.27520883083343506,
-0.23881135880947113,
-0.5908922553062439,
0.4271112084388733,
-0.34784436225891113,
-0.1535678207874298,
-0.32660549879074097,
0.1229279488325119,
0.5251940488815308,
-0.1764083206653595,
-0.6669824719429016,
-1.112168550491333,
0.20600230991840363,
-0.43219172954559326,
-0.5367936491966248,
0.3972167670726776,
-0.38213396072387695,
0.0216701440513134,
-0.513698399066925,
-0.485098272562027,
-0.13580654561519623,
0.13552357256412506,
0.22783562541007996,
0.44464346766471863,
0.8119881749153137,
-0.6363033652305603,
0.7630394697189331,
0.16679055988788605,
-0.041380833834409714,
-0.06970188766717911,
0.9971349835395813,
-0.2246224284172058,
0.037759557366371155,
0.5011026263237,
0.3823796808719635,
0.1524253487586975,
0.6370242834091187,
-0.18503117561340332,
-0.11118995398283005,
0.28188738226890564,
0.4026648700237274,
0.3085252642631531,
-0.9579138159751892,
-0.47316205501556396,
0.38114944100379944,
-0.32004404067993164,
-0.8623417019844055,
0.21540673077106476,
-0.5151326060295105,
-0.611660361289978,
-0.02027575485408306,
0.3026771545410156,
0.38219529390335083,
-0.23884497582912445,
0.2695562541484833,
0.28515389561653137,
-0.41697144508361816,
0.19670116901397705,
-0.0748705193400383,
0.23870666325092316,
-0.10227341204881668,
0.19668631255626678,
0.025995267555117607,
0.19620050489902496,
0.13370977342128754,
-0.048007041215896606,
0.13865722715854645,
0.17936661839485168,
-0.3833158612251282,
-0.47173476219177246,
-0.5183591842651367,
-0.15463335812091827,
-0.3256874680519104,
-0.0834009051322937,
0.10637366026639938,
0.3113023340702057,
-0.7201228141784668,
0.46996667981147766,
0.22530138492584229,
-0.7814893126487732,
0.8255180716514587,
0.12899060547351837,
0.4743404984474182,
-0.0270244013518095,
0.3896229863166809,
0.2393401712179184,
0.6743136644363403,
0.28620073199272156,
0.44180718064308167,
0.0356563925743103,
-0.2862367331981659,
0.11114096641540527,
0.7354090809822083,
0.15475812554359436,
-0.19428186118602753,
-0.06123265251517296,
-0.43265464901924133,
-0.11753276735544205,
0.09623008221387863,
-0.09640680998563766,
-0.4116538465023041,
-0.30905774235725403,
0.2726520597934723,
0.004317185375839472,
0.3783918619155884,
0.0698229968547821,
0.1293160766363144,
-0.5299739837646484,
0.43630778789520264,
0.7464019060134888,
-0.0039266012609004974,
0.4165891110897064,
-0.1358300745487213,
0.09380627423524857,
-0.27855655550956726,
-0.4969426095485687,
0.2619457542896271,
0.07705118507146835,
0.09700274467468262,
-0.2304268181324005,
0.36028292775154114,
-0.3794408440589905,
0.24172742664813995,
-0.3246143162250519,
0.5282861590385437,
-0.5490434169769287,
0.9409195184707642,
0.3318117558956146,
-0.2937619388103485,
-0.04189125448465347,
-0.07489168643951416,
0.384569376707077,
-0.2263374924659729,
-0.4039958119392395,
0.5970814824104309,
0.4187302887439728,
-0.4349365234375,
0.1249384805560112,
-0.047312941402196884,
-0.4573691785335541,
0.09878029674291611,
0.5431913137435913,
-0.06746175140142441,
-0.2675221562385559,
0.5810979008674622,
-0.47584864497184753,
-0.14712479710578918,
0.20075953006744385,
0.31159618496894836,
0.4353277385234833,
-0.14122360944747925,
-0.15520215034484863,
0.12174604833126068,
-0.13680864870548248,
-0.19048643112182617,
-0.9769109487533569,
-0.26086071133613586,
-0.46649879217147827,
-0.1224391832947731,
-0.09486237168312073,
0.1409117430448532,
0.29665976762771606,
0.5664791464805603,
-0.1211937665939331,
-0.05247180908918381,
0.33316323161125183,
0.232123464345932,
0.47896602749824524,
-0.41392287611961365,
0.6040567755699158,
0.24392512440681458
] |
217896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappin%27%204-Tay | Rappin' 4-Tay | Anthony H. Forté (born March 2, 1968), better known by his stage name Rappin' 4-Tay, is an American rapper from San Francisco, California.
Early life
Anthony Forte was born March 2, 1968 and grew up in San Francisco's Fillmore District. He has a twin sister. He has a son as well as three daughters.
Music careerRight after high school, 4-Tay made his debut on the Too Short album Life Is...Too Short. He was later convicted on drug charges and served ten months in prison. Upon his release from prison he released his debut album Rappin' 4-Tay Is Back in 1991, and followed up in 1994 with Don't Fight the Feelin', which included the hits "Playaz Club" (which sampled the song "Private Number" by William Bell and Judy Clay and hit number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100), the "Dank Season" featuring Seff Tha Gaffla, and "I'll Be Around" (which hit number 39 on the US Hot 100, number 59 in Australia, and number one in New Zealand ).
In 1995, two Rappin' 4-Tay songs—"Problems" and "A Message for Your Mind"—were featured on the Dangerous Minds soundtrack. "A Message For Your Mind" sampled "I Want You Back" by The Jackson 5.
Rappin' 4-Tay's mainstream success has been scarce since then, but he was featured on 2Pac's All Eyez on Me album on the track "Only God Can Judge Me" in 1996 and Master P's West Coast Bad Boyz II compilation in 1997. 4-Tay was also an original member of Bay Area supergroup T.W.D.Y. in 1999.
In 2003 Rappin' 4-Tay released the album Gangsta Gumbo with the single "Burning, Burning", followed up by the album That's What You Thought in 2007. In 2010 He was featured on R&B Artist E. Broussard's song titled Big Game Droppin'.
He was featured on the song "My Alphabets" on fellow Bay Area rap veteran Mac Dre's 2004 album The Genie of the Lamp.
Dec 06 2011 Rappin' 4-Tay, E-40 and Playalitical collaborated on a song entitled "Bounce It Like a Bad Check" which was featured on the Political Playboy Music album released by Playalitical. In 2012 Rappin' 4-Tay collaborated on the song "Picture a Nigga" with Lil' Gang$ta, as well as helping with his debut album.
In 2013, he headlined the main stage of Seattle Hempfest with artists Ditch, Tony Tag, Brian Meyers and more.
In May 2014, he appeared with E Bone415 in a music video about Alcatraz Island.
Discography
Studio albums
Rappin' 4-Tay Is Back (1991)
Don't Fight the Feelin' (1994) #174 Billboard 200; #52 R&B/Hip-Hop
Off Parole (1996) #38 Billboard 200; #10 R&B/Hip-Hop
4 Tha Hard Way (1997)
Bigga Than Da Game (1998)
Introduction to Mackin''' (1999)Gangsta Gumbo (2003)That's What You Thought (2007)The World Is a Ghetto (2008)Still Standing, Vol. 1 (2011)Strictly Enforced (2011)Where Is the Love? (2011)
Collaboration albumsDerty Werk with T.W.D.Y. (1999)Ghetto Visa with Squirrel (2007)Ghetto Visa, Vol. 2 with Squirrel (2010)Exported Game'' with Big Willie & Spike2ms (2011)
References
1968 births
Living people
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
African-American Christians
African-American male rappers
Chrysalis Records artists
Gangsta rappers
G-funk artists
Hip hop musicians from San Francisco
Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Twin musicians
Twin people from the United States
Virgin Records artists
West Coast hip hop musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people | [
0.6054237484931946,
0.09634099900722504,
0.545076310634613,
-0.08716558665037155,
-0.07393298298120499,
0.7606946229934692,
0.12273870408535004,
-0.1067405641078949,
-0.8157031536102295,
-0.03511055186390877,
0.10349290072917938,
0.7655434608459473,
-0.27117735147476196,
-0.4036632180213928,
-0.02029169164597988,
0.20307767391204834,
0.43364274501800537,
-0.21053649485111237,
-0.1562899351119995,
-0.6770781874656677,
-0.4850008487701416,
0.14398513734340668,
0.3852597773075104,
-0.20189829170703888,
-0.15453454852104187,
0.666022777557373,
-0.26256313920021057,
0.44345760345458984,
-0.4394892156124115,
0.28801676630973816,
0.5027267336845398,
0.24122384190559387,
0.120882548391819,
-0.10296215862035751,
-0.31159302592277527,
-0.280656099319458,
-0.31908735632896423,
-0.12085533142089844,
-0.001048780046403408,
-0.6633038520812988,
-0.05651939660310745,
-0.25363969802856445,
-0.03896436467766762,
0.26083412766456604,
0.09118306636810303,
-0.18720386922359467,
-2.00714373588562,
0.467325896024704,
-0.5422301292419434,
0.010931896045804024,
0.006315791048109531,
0.5056191086769104,
-0.572806715965271,
0.5364054441452026,
-0.16393336653709412,
0.2509381175041199,
-0.6949105858802795,
-0.5165993571281433,
0.1858222484588623,
-0.33018216490745544,
0.17771713435649872,
0.00011016131611540914,
0.34794294834136963,
0.15941396355628967,
-0.10708022862672806,
-0.03272238373756409,
-0.25132766366004944,
0.4799143671989441,
-0.15999917685985565,
0.36360862851142883,
0.740100622177124,
0.2405892312526703,
-0.11149720847606659,
0.1493702083826065,
-0.14671450853347778,
0.24162085354328156,
0.07350572943687439,
0.0438203401863575,
0.4341043531894684,
0.6957973837852478,
0.3574523329734802,
-0.32607218623161316,
0.8227311968803406,
0.4662832021713257,
0.13173028826713562,
-0.12911784648895264,
-0.34273600578308105,
0.11857801675796509,
-0.4750054180622101,
0.22348026931285858,
-0.42420366406440735,
-0.06414514780044556,
-0.10900331288576126,
0.4875887930393219,
-0.14654503762722015,
0.14234355092048645,
0.4876314699649811,
-0.13519884645938873,
0.4301963746547699,
0.2177395522594452,
0.11438208818435669,
0.1651143878698349,
-0.3819354176521301,
0.04041973128914833,
-0.8580236434936523,
0.09357982873916626,
0.15457317233085632,
-0.20327486097812653,
-0.35036933422088623,
-0.4651445150375366,
-0.18184714019298553,
0.06301946192979813,
0.13789977133274078,
0.12793098390102386,
0.39062491059303284,
0.3176891505718231,
0.5728762745857239,
-0.3348059356212616,
-0.2732844948768616,
-0.342864066362381,
-0.04827020317316055,
0.5951312780380249,
0.10094717144966125,
0.47002774477005005,
0.6311560869216919,
-0.0031980087514966726,
0.10938386619091034,
0.6401110887527466,
0.09921678155660629,
0.08835314214229584,
0.2255183905363083,
-0.016163799911737442,
-0.0726933553814888,
-0.16369016468524933,
-0.39519956707954407,
-0.33113759756088257,
0.3930712938308716,
0.25603631138801575,
0.4647061824798584,
-0.09788258373737335,
-0.569089412689209,
-0.4695344567298889,
-0.9929295182228088,
-0.42587903141975403,
-0.24016787111759186,
-0.16619518399238586,
-0.4019106924533844,
0.21563218533992767,
-0.047910019755363464,
0.11355394124984741,
0.5617350339889526,
0.3897401690483093,
0.07397525012493134,
-0.10186848044395447,
-0.153769850730896,
0.4414989948272705,
-0.11601043492555618,
-0.10832426697015762,
0.06547735631465912,
-0.3270845115184784,
-0.07276777923107147,
0.22632120549678802,
0.06334061920642853,
-0.027217842638492584,
0.5700719952583313,
-0.5867924690246582,
-0.4451930522918701,
-0.473520427942276,
-0.23852652311325073,
-0.38463014364242554,
-0.08741836994886398,
-0.20038433372974396,
0.17426185309886932,
-0.5046834945678711,
0.266397088766098,
0.35524335503578186,
0.716033399105072,
-0.03421325609087944,
-0.27005675435066223,
0.2448461800813675,
-0.4174368679523468,
0.12919709086418152,
0.5308023691177368,
-0.7594430446624756,
0.23950834572315216,
-0.4877336621284485,
0.45266813039779663,
-0.46331068873405457,
0.2637844681739807,
0.19736501574516296,
-0.1429237574338913,
-0.0796729177236557,
0.693625271320343,
0.030194643884897232,
0.3635137677192688,
-0.26275715231895447,
-0.17865030467510223,
0.33946436643600464,
0.29686668515205383,
0.24238942563533783,
-0.07760846614837646,
-0.09474505484104156,
0.6514983773231506,
-0.08867546170949936,
-1.363511562347412,
0.887786865234375,
-0.010086123831570148,
0.15072056651115417,
0.010350462049245834,
0.3546331822872162,
0.369981586933136,
-0.5562276840209961,
-0.564862072467804,
-0.35387247800827026,
-0.07602992653846741,
-0.12049794942140579,
0.03517209365963936,
-0.22542332112789154,
0.09966370463371277,
0.33361855149269104,
0.7117596864700317,
0.041676949709653854,
0.48066505789756775,
0.6421435475349426,
-0.4733218848705292,
0.91987144947052,
-0.27757033705711365,
-0.07650452107191086,
0.1444006711244583,
-0.28778576850891113,
-0.07817082852125168,
0.024823056533932686,
-0.41362062096595764,
-0.814232587814331,
0.3139987289905548,
0.6235334277153015,
0.4338826835155487,
-0.13612857460975647,
0.6896321177482605,
-0.44312363862991333,
0.06287660449743271,
-0.5084163546562195,
-0.37946194410324097,
-0.020755544304847717,
-0.12001882493495941,
0.009339678101241589,
-0.8087231516838074,
0.13584518432617188,
-0.5937448740005493,
-0.40526431798934937,
0.03713824599981308,
0.36273446679115295,
0.2726617455482483,
-0.11271818727254868,
0.5926839709281921,
-0.017746463418006897,
-0.10445502400398254,
-0.37884896993637085,
-0.3699108064174652,
-0.4457727074623108,
-0.26823312044143677,
0.14047740399837494,
0.0349385030567646,
-0.3742367625236511,
0.4925600588321686,
-0.2718665897846222,
-0.12246524542570114,
-0.45242977142333984,
0.9652385711669922,
-0.10729668289422989,
0.2475786954164505,
0.037619199603796005,
-0.22227300703525543,
-0.8540288805961609,
-0.18730273842811584,
0.08363178372383118,
0.28349053859710693,
-0.37299442291259766,
0.061972640454769135,
-0.8264417052268982,
-0.026116877794265747,
0.37292590737342834,
0.35220545530319214,
-0.6887655258178711,
0.49156925082206726,
0.16001150012016296,
-0.1633603721857071,
-0.3741081655025482,
0.2415701299905777,
-0.4533703625202179,
0.01686614379286766,
-0.1324291229248047,
-0.1074058786034584,
-0.06118036434054375,
0.5949042439460754,
-0.6826832294464111,
-0.029710927978157997,
0.15924571454524994,
-0.3184034824371338,
0.0991184413433075,
0.62883061170578,
0.21560539305210114,
0.1669531911611557,
0.12941303849220276,
0.4925427734851837,
-0.638270914554596,
-0.19901761412620544,
-0.12779167294502258,
-5.888400077819824,
-0.07352954894304276,
-0.22541232407093048,
-0.43790191411972046,
-0.08924398571252823,
-0.4045005738735199,
0.5958272218704224,
-0.2700449228286743,
0.5677716732025146,
-0.1432732343673706,
-0.30399850010871887,
0.01730879209935665,
0.4468773305416107,
-0.706349790096283,
0.27883943915367126,
0.5447689890861511,
-0.37208738923072815,
-0.4695480763912201,
0.04714461788535118,
0.5362578630447388,
-0.16740666329860687,
0.022043194621801376,
-0.3766155242919922,
0.21010853350162506,
-0.19765399396419525,
0.16651681065559387,
-0.3019234538078308,
0.3280268907546997,
-0.4907434284687042,
0.24144378304481506,
-0.5972761511802673,
0.05519695580005646,
-0.23142166435718536,
-0.647465169429779,
-0.3838443160057068,
-0.5146746635437012,
0.6677581071853638,
-0.05275258794426918,
0.2367493361234665,
-0.05873088538646698,
0.08998771756887436,
0.5131233334541321,
0.08229269832372665,
-0.46488311886787415,
0.516925036907196,
-0.10676895081996918,
-0.30704960227012634,
-0.7447025179862976,
-0.6477335095405579,
0.16582217812538147,
0.24376927316188812,
-0.5415042638778687,
0.5597031712532043,
0.26674699783325195,
0.7444044351577759,
-0.878600537776947,
0.04099978506565094,
-0.10862227529287338,
-0.08855316042900085,
0.09016447514295578,
0.9512212872505188,
-0.532917857170105,
-0.1527126133441925,
-0.2376074194908142,
0.08588728308677673,
0.1093921810388565,
0.22685642540454865,
-0.335271954536438,
0.17440259456634521,
0.11287454515695572,
-0.36508819460868835,
0.4518897533416748,
-0.09764551371335983,
-1.1212164163589478,
-0.007589228451251984,
0.04001034423708916,
-0.5680983662605286,
0.5668004155158997,
0.04186420142650604,
-0.19638533890247345,
-0.12895388901233673,
-0.24542833864688873,
0.34679174423217773,
0.05930770933628082,
-0.29714202880859375,
-0.17650103569030762,
-0.29023024439811707,
0.24492597579956055,
-0.47637999057769775,
0.27809515595436096,
0.2547394633293152,
-0.21467304229736328,
-0.0723617747426033,
-0.022046469151973724,
-0.16392233967781067,
0.08377090841531754,
0.32516589760780334,
0.06439296901226044,
-0.09865857660770416,
-0.16502639651298523,
0.8835499882698059,
0.25203314423561096,
-0.2157333791255951,
-0.6973973512649536,
0.01812516525387764,
-0.17700286209583282,
-0.18721185624599457,
0.3127855658531189,
0.05893019586801529,
-0.40724417567253113,
-0.4508047103881836,
-0.18665234744548798,
-0.7481470704078674,
0.04399428144097328,
1.021468997001648,
0.1286202371120453,
-0.6472621560096741,
-0.37067893147468567,
0.029159069061279297,
-0.20037537813186646,
0.1330101191997528,
0.5931499600410461,
0.37947359681129456,
0.49952080845832825,
0.19683164358139038,
-0.39305832982063293,
-0.08511105179786682,
0.48496490716934204,
-0.6828286647796631,
0.8976309299468994,
0.532295823097229,
0.043789342045784,
0.25469404458999634,
-0.32662755250930786,
0.10373184829950333,
-0.28542810678482056,
0.3630419671535492,
-0.45698267221450806,
-0.0584978312253952,
-0.3163467049598694,
0.2762787342071533,
0.024577124044299126,
0.6060879826545715,
0.43887507915496826,
0.4656563997268677,
0.32706108689308167,
-0.3560872972011566,
-0.02375982142984867,
-0.5072092413902283,
0.40047764778137207,
0.17063012719154358,
-0.6229729056358337,
0.7859271168708801,
-0.1020338237285614,
-0.3525611460208893,
-0.13975901901721954,
0.1969650536775589,
-0.0299424659460783,
0.06624279916286469,
0.10105065256357193,
0.8388312458992004,
-0.5357233285903931,
-1.1034566164016724,
0.11468110978603363,
0.051976606249809265,
-0.17661075294017792,
0.1719246357679367,
-0.40363064408302307,
-0.43843722343444824,
-0.04643799737095833,
-0.30971768498420715,
-0.3150711953639984,
-0.21620222926139832,
-0.21256329119205475,
-0.05332426726818085,
0.17338953912258148,
-0.29618996381759644,
-0.28793975710868835,
0.0795091837644577,
0.34943708777427673,
0.32827040553092957,
0.2120913565158844,
0.08454632014036179,
0.9442934989929199,
0.6606147289276123,
-0.1780887246131897,
0.2233235239982605,
-0.038791723549366,
-0.10460932552814484,
0.6366376876831055,
0.2730332016944885,
0.11000443994998932,
0.34079164266586304,
0.598928689956665,
0.05677137151360512,
-0.5351192355155945,
0.3346441388130188,
0.36415573954582214,
-0.4156412184238434,
0.08152943104505539,
-0.12595146894454956,
0.38958504796028137,
-0.21030116081237793,
0.44954392313957214,
0.5804839134216309,
-0.03302547708153725,
0.607262909412384,
0.27370432019233704,
-0.6144656538963318,
-0.10562506318092346,
0.4423561096191406,
-0.5735481977462769,
-0.19266340136528015,
-0.13725866377353668,
0.007476638071238995,
-0.2316434234380722,
0.24555207788944244,
0.07535984367132187,
-0.3148438632488251,
-0.5669464468955994,
0.5944793820381165,
-0.5800774693489075,
-0.4955117106437683,
-0.06969133019447327,
-0.19971789419651031,
0.24594931304454803,
-0.15521587431430817,
-0.08442895859479904,
-0.02749749645590782,
0.32562097907066345,
-0.42629560828208923,
0.07496039569377899,
0.6442432999610901,
1.086600661277771,
-0.3871725797653198,
-0.21721887588500977,
-0.6328537464141846,
0.6765973567962646,
0.6336672902107239,
-0.22207604348659515,
0.26867109537124634,
0.48399171233177185,
-0.06498042494058609,
-0.3376414477825165,
0.16429807245731354,
-0.15734045207500458,
0.3288990557193756,
-0.14718924462795258,
-0.23823091387748718,
0.2842966616153717,
0.17820140719413757,
-0.29846903681755066,
-0.35214999318122864,
-0.5678055882453918,
0.3120294511318207,
-0.15396134555339813,
0.0434616282582283,
-0.4722639322280884,
0.0838555097579956,
0.5849044919013977,
-0.33836376667022705,
0.33912280201911926,
-1.0097156763076782,
-0.29864487051963806,
0.11901148408651352,
0.366152286529541,
-0.2277715653181076,
-0.36340078711509705,
-0.15290537476539612,
-0.7242911458015442,
-0.5986085534095764,
-0.44588375091552734,
0.3899543583393097,
0.39001935720443726,
0.09314409643411636,
0.17914584279060364,
-0.03361281752586365,
0.04655906930565834,
0.07806751132011414,
0.3383502960205078,
0.46354299783706665,
0.06724441796541214,
-0.5940396189689636,
0.2280070185661316,
0.6779876351356506,
0.03609079122543335,
-0.021841105073690414,
0.32721540331840515,
0.202829048037529,
0.10979759693145752,
0.27765199542045593,
0.8801355957984924,
0.006316641811281443,
-0.02388736791908741,
0.021483289077878,
0.2082744836807251,
0.5026491284370422,
0.1088242456316948,
0.09018345922231674,
0.06082470715045929,
-0.1818641573190689,
0.440979540348053,
0.26126760244369507,
0.038150981068611145,
0.09972379356622696,
-0.49278420209884644,
0.5108450651168823,
-0.7106688618659973,
0.39325380325317383,
0.8350091576576233,
-0.2905835211277008,
0.12129028886556625,
0.1861974149942398,
0.009089726954698563,
-0.42729225754737854,
0.4074438512325287,
0.8996920585632324,
0.08870629221200943,
-0.19238589704036713,
0.05294780805706978,
-0.1580357551574707,
0.13333003222942352,
0.4739682376384735,
0.6075247526168823,
0.37004536390304565,
-0.22503581643104553,
-0.30380964279174805,
-0.09115083515644073,
-0.027419086545705795,
0.30111631751060486,
0.6995730400085449,
0.7260919809341431,
0.21461601555347443,
-0.2689167559146881,
0.4863103926181793,
0.27007508277893066,
-0.03201345354318619,
0.32097533345222473,
-0.06649219989776611,
0.2675665318965912,
-0.006793070584535599,
0.25930434465408325,
-0.1063825935125351,
0.21459642052650452,
0.19442659616470337,
0.28115901350975037,
0.0668884739279747,
-0.18692637979984283,
0.14135175943374634,
0.10938248783349991,
0.11565609276294708,
-0.034972093999385834,
-0.31881776452064514,
-0.7742452621459961,
-0.05864740163087845,
-0.20089896023273468,
-0.15816456079483032,
-0.10000235587358475,
-0.48192137479782104,
-1.0406875610351562,
-0.16343551874160767,
0.3754112124443054,
0.4401535987854004,
-0.044751156121492386,
-0.705255925655365,
-0.019366711378097534,
0.2526859641075134,
-0.07852994650602341,
0.0860716700553894,
0.3419106900691986,
-0.5741546154022217,
0.2969139814376831,
-0.20775747299194336,
0.5332773327827454,
0.051836688071489334,
-0.5039127469062805,
0.35413411259651184,
-0.02506845071911812,
0.1177666038274765,
0.3381143808364868,
0.14841119945049286,
-0.5871687531471252,
-0.882845938205719,
-0.04276036098599434,
0.3441307246685028,
0.6602946519851685,
-0.3023488521575928,
0.15050487220287323,
-0.8344365358352661,
-0.3117590844631195,
-0.2806958854198456,
-0.4243575930595398,
0.006375591736286879,
0.12954571843147278,
-0.5950184464454651,
-0.1391143798828125,
-0.03944097459316254,
0.5228279232978821,
0.4375075697898865,
0.3261016309261322,
-0.036696579307317734,
0.15168359875679016,
0.0517624169588089,
-0.15789811313152313,
-0.13612434267997742,
0.08317872881889343,
-0.5192660689353943,
-0.281121164560318,
-0.22109244763851166,
0.6431986689567566,
-0.09030817449092865,
0.15761777758598328,
0.02355285920202732,
0.5490126013755798,
0.30412307381629944,
0.549786388874054,
0.639090359210968,
-0.14833548665046692,
-0.45637205243110657,
-0.6399370431900024,
-0.280489444732666,
0.04521351307630539,
0.1282387673854828,
0.12243522703647614,
0.13897083699703217,
0.03021743893623352,
-0.45668163895606995,
0.2529012858867645,
-0.04309143126010895,
0.1540103554725647,
0.11927091330289841,
-0.3814030587673187,
-0.5419958829879761,
-0.3928859829902649,
0.38166457414627075,
0.018129395321011543,
0.371061772108078,
-0.13051004707813263,
0.010242623277008533,
0.12233758717775345,
-0.020438941195607185,
-0.11666299402713776,
-0.09331721067428589,
-0.20491072535514832,
-1.492699384689331,
-0.22102153301239014,
-0.08268042653799057,
-0.1199105829000473,
-0.5392706394195557,
-0.41307592391967773,
-0.1308494210243225,
-0.13017675280570984,
-0.3159213364124298,
-0.0554259717464447,
0.433858186006546,
-0.1050877794623375,
0.06173256039619446,
0.05909668654203415,
-0.1495215892791748,
0.023620273917913437
] |
217898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Barbara | Santa Barbara | Santa Barbara or Santa Bárbara may refer to:
Saint Barbara, an early Christian saint and martyr
Santa Barbara, California, a city in the United States.
Places
Argentina
Santa Bárbara Department, Jujuy, Jujuy Province
Santa Bárbara, Salta
Australia
Santa Barbara, Queensland, a town in the City of Gold Coast
Santa Barbara, New Farm, a heritage-listed villa in the City of Brisbane, Queensland
Brazil
Santa Bárbara, Bahia
Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo
Santa Bárbara do Leste, Minas Gerais
Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde, Minas Gerais
Santa Bárbara do Tugúrio, Minas Gerais
Cape Verde
Santa Bárbara, Cape Verde
Chile
Santa Bárbara, Chile
Colombia
Santa Bárbara, Antioquia
Santa Bárbara, Nariño
Santa Bárbara de Pinto, Magdalena
Santa Bárbara, Santander
Costa Rica
Santa Bárbara (canton)
Santa Bárbara de Heredia
Cuba
La Demajagua, Isle of Youth, founded as Santa Bárbara
Curaçao
Santa Barbara, Curaçao
Santa Barbara Beach, Curaçao
Dominican Republic
Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná (town)
Guatemala
Santa Bárbara, Huehuetenango
Santa Bárbara, Suchitepéquez
Honduras
Santa Bárbara Department, Honduras
Santa Bárbara, Honduras
Italy
Santa Barbara (Ceraso), Province of Salerno, Campania
Santa Barbara, a subdivision of Muggia, Province of Trieste
Mexico
Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua
Santa Bárbara Municipality
Santa Bárbara, Durango
Ocampo, Tamaulipas, founded as Santa Bárbara
Philippines
Santa Barbara, Iloilo
Santa Barbara, Pangasinan
Portugal
Santa Bárbara (Angra do Heroísmo), Terceira, Azores
Santa Bárbara (Ponta Delgada), São Miguel Island, Azores
Santa Bárbara (Ribeira Grande), São Miguel Island, Azores
Santa Bárbara (Vila do Porto), Santa Maria Island, Azores
Manadas, once known as Santa Bárbara, Velas, São Jorge Island, Azores
Spain
Santa Bàrbara, Tarragona, Montsià, Catalonia
Santa Bárbara Castle, Alicante
Playa de Santa Bárbara, a beach in La Línea de la Concepción
United States
Santa Barbara, California
Santa Barbara County, California
Mission Santa Barbara
Presidio of Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara Island, California
Santa Barbara Channel
Santa Barbara National Forest, the former name of California's Los Padres National Forest
Santa Barbara, New Mexico
Santa Barbara station (PAAC) (closed), Bethel Park, Pennsylvania
Venezuela
Santa Bárbara del Zulia
Santa Bárbara, Ezequiel Zamora Municipality, Barinas
Arts and entertainment
Santa Barbara (TV series), a 1980s American soap opera
Santa Bárbara (TV series), a 2015 Portuguese telenovela
Santa Barbara (film), a 2014 South Korean film
"Santa Bárbara bendita", a traditional song of the Asturian coal miners
"Santa Barbara", a 1978 song by Ronnie Milsap, b-side of "Back on My Mind Again"
Other uses
Santa Barbara Airlines, a Venezuelan airline
Santa Bárbara Sistemas, a Spanish defense contractor
See also
St. Barbara's Church (disambiguation) | [
0.018616199493408203,
-0.10400248318910599,
-0.07742297649383545,
-0.24754276871681213,
-0.09644138813018799,
0.7283949851989746,
0.413891464471817,
0.572306752204895,
-0.6893031001091003,
-0.14333473145961761,
-0.1006363183259964,
0.30135586857795715,
0.24615871906280518,
0.23497048020362854,
-0.883373498916626,
0.061092276126146317,
0.7480286955833435,
0.7189323306083679,
0.3109169602394104,
0.24893923103809357,
-0.5430542230606079,
-0.3685620427131653,
0.3198491632938385,
0.06517515331506729,
0.16696953773498535,
-0.5090494155883789,
0.38268381357192993,
-0.11345098912715912,
-0.0720074474811554,
0.6259125471115112,
-0.39489227533340454,
0.39088547229766846,
0.0627078041434288,
-0.18812841176986694,
-0.4262874722480774,
0.10124272853136063,
0.2924351692199707,
-0.23682335019111633,
-0.1610872596502304,
-0.2440166026353836,
0.09258576482534409,
-0.42974963784217834,
0.44885364174842834,
0.1662616729736328,
-0.0537278912961483,
-0.18649111688137054,
-1.520498514175415,
0.3997966945171356,
-0.41089576482772827,
-0.13233722746372223,
-0.7248590588569641,
0.4448257088661194,
-0.15833158791065216,
0.4085143506526947,
-0.35396653413772583,
0.7419527769088745,
-0.7642257809638977,
-0.08987239748239517,
0.1930152028799057,
-0.2414211928844452,
0.1482895016670227,
0.5901873707771301,
0.5390394330024719,
0.12180688977241516,
-0.14749757945537567,
-0.2557961642742157,
0.3192286193370819,
0.14343580603599548,
0.007920772768557072,
-0.481505811214447,
-0.3282667398452759,
0.27554985880851746,
-0.08766470849514008,
-0.5077442526817322,
-0.4400745928287506,
-0.2559782564640045,
-0.34614670276641846,
0.1427018642425537,
-0.10264979302883148,
-0.09810139238834381,
-0.1634850800037384,
-0.23609977960586548,
0.20652447640895844,
-0.10293043404817581,
0.32811543345451355,
0.005307605490088463,
0.07134177535772324,
-0.3408953547477722,
-0.13570621609687805,
0.5221461653709412,
-0.5060176849365234,
0.2976674437522888,
0.32429590821266174,
-0.0751970112323761,
0.16856014728546143,
-0.452026903629303,
-0.19931507110595703,
0.2891926169395447,
-0.5686747431755066,
0.16445402801036835,
-0.4479258954524994,
0.17383286356925964,
0.33968880772590637,
-0.250566303730011,
-0.25353294610977173,
-0.29615873098373413,
-0.008810763247311115,
0.733870804309845,
-0.03280504420399666,
-0.03844381868839264,
0.1934257447719574,
0.17706462740898132,
0.22313490509986877,
0.07216987013816833,
0.16525888442993164,
-0.06605640053749084,
0.5325456857681274,
-0.6310598850250244,
-0.37952640652656555,
-0.4483030140399933,
0.043238911777734756,
0.6981895565986633,
-0.12032895535230637,
-1.0777229070663452,
0.33997610211372375,
-0.14879699051380157,
0.6605489253997803,
0.22040078043937683,
-0.5817805528640747,
-0.1736442595720291,
-0.11018014699220657,
0.34729868173599243,
-0.05754365026950836,
-0.07638980448246002,
0.514634907245636,
-0.5645070672035217,
-0.6451432704925537,
0.12905779480934143,
0.19083338975906372,
-0.2359917014837265,
-0.4404582977294922,
0.04031956568360329,
-0.04624877870082855,
-0.3547610342502594,
0.6417794823646545,
-0.42232996225357056,
0.28420886397361755,
-0.8747419714927673,
-0.3901239335536957,
-0.33764439821243286,
0.14956292510032654,
0.014350483193993568,
-0.10073211044073105,
0.06462351232767105,
0.15317055583000183,
0.17767679691314697,
0.3176818788051605,
-0.31888699531555176,
0.11856689304113388,
0.2834336757659912,
-0.23565469682216644,
-0.2565280497074127,
0.41831693053245544,
0.10076770186424255,
-0.21648305654525757,
0.09198440611362457,
0.24267986416816711,
0.01639743335545063,
0.5491882562637329,
0.02838503010571003,
-0.3188111186027527,
-0.09641440957784653,
0.1296718865633011,
-0.22476054728031158,
-0.14463642239570618,
-0.31304892897605896,
0.6423843502998352,
0.35971197485923767,
-0.3327142000198364,
-0.03207332268357277,
-0.3358597755432129,
0.4454846680164337,
-0.6446245312690735,
0.37040290236473083,
0.011391032487154007,
-0.1394822597503662,
0.5761079788208008,
0.6209653615951538,
-0.2751099169254303,
-0.06994716078042984,
-0.2878636419773102,
0.22957779467105865,
-0.12751449644565582,
0.3498135805130005,
0.5808722972869873,
0.2602671682834625,
-0.8666413426399231,
0.7483164072036743,
-0.024655921384692192,
0.6305249333381653,
-0.30381762981414795,
-0.12503300607204437,
0.3329418897628784,
-0.2155858874320984,
-0.8268045783042908,
-0.183510422706604,
0.514183759689331,
0.35015469789505005,
0.791991651058197,
0.6224977374076843,
-0.044767096638679504,
-0.13737832009792328,
0.06000438332557678,
0.029902100563049316,
-0.3992299437522888,
-0.25808313488960266,
-0.2030605971813202,
-0.011542800813913345,
0.0586739107966423,
-0.6121968030929565,
0.26604458689689636,
-0.005222743842750788,
-0.19321706891059875,
-0.033264968544244766,
0.03011900931596756,
0.4592875838279724,
-0.46260252594947815,
-0.5299019813537598,
0.6132232546806335,
-0.2267305999994278,
0.2023671269416809,
0.03919731453061104,
0.32941266894340515,
-0.1709195375442505,
-0.3048270344734192,
0.3255736827850342,
0.21223440766334534,
-0.0252546314150095,
0.14113816618919373,
-0.08195151388645172,
0.0004437951138243079,
0.7039695382118225,
-0.46918827295303345,
0.6716357469558716,
-0.14643815159797668,
0.2625674605369568,
-0.13314516842365265,
-0.3487568199634552,
-0.30201828479766846,
-0.1587008833885193,
-0.014019427821040154,
0.3902021646499634,
0.11722560226917267,
0.2349691540002823,
0.21680307388305664,
-0.08111295104026794,
-0.12167475372552872,
-0.019467035308480263,
0.18577606976032257,
-0.014375312253832817,
-0.3189305365085602,
0.5226197242736816,
-0.26399028301239014,
0.4361731708049774,
-0.2060851752758026,
-0.025896351784467697,
-0.13964097201824188,
-0.4534323215484619,
-0.18212386965751648,
0.013719589449465275,
0.045668888837099075,
0.08474813401699066,
-0.308276891708374,
0.1370491236448288,
0.683205246925354,
0.08524388819932938,
-0.35267239809036255,
0.34017708897590637,
0.06902038305997849,
0.0639076679944992,
-0.11401651054620743,
0.7683321237564087,
-0.044715724885463715,
-0.7625284790992737,
-0.6243069767951965,
-0.6101902723312378,
0.04259994253516197,
-0.19532455503940582,
-0.5237789750099182,
0.04266982525587082,
-0.05639571323990822,
-0.2234172374010086,
0.2891641855239868,
0.6148072481155396,
-0.6385542154312134,
-0.09212485700845718,
0.35703331232070923,
0.26239603757858276,
0.005030203610658646,
-0.41026708483695984,
-0.8755016922950745,
0.17706550657749176,
-0.05258769914507866,
-0.038913387805223465,
0.3241361677646637,
0.20748691260814667,
-0.21542735397815704,
0.23460721969604492,
-6.035820960998535,
-0.13615654408931732,
-0.07987146079540253,
-0.637363851070404,
0.22539730370044708,
-0.46429741382598877,
0.008916466496884823,
-0.30835264921188354,
0.44224318861961365,
-0.17709748446941376,
0.414341539144516,
-0.11140014976263046,
-0.26259955763816833,
0.6046636700630188,
0.38523444533348083,
0.2155391275882721,
0.3730613589286804,
0.10240880399942398,
0.09441553801298141,
-0.10568824410438538,
-0.04919033870100975,
-0.13896411657333374,
0.3157348036766052,
0.6660211086273193,
0.20107236504554749,
0.9547393918037415,
-0.1596340537071228,
-0.39203718304634094,
-0.4167456030845642,
-0.199484720826149,
0.08691480755805969,
0.3509283661842346,
0.4175752103328705,
0.3994324207305908,
0.04034746438264847,
0.5121285915374756,
0.447477251291275,
-0.172984778881073,
0.7937893271446228,
-0.3059769570827484,
-0.1111646294593811,
-0.10670515149831772,
-0.020871669054031372,
0.06946302205324173,
-0.024643581360578537,
-0.052231814712285995,
-0.31370267271995544,
0.12404035031795502,
0.2664045989513397,
0.45622965693473816,
0.5181686878204346,
-0.23481741547584534,
0.43917006254196167,
-0.023501068353652954,
0.28389444947242737,
-0.5398405194282532,
0.7470576167106628,
0.05685356631875038,
-0.5459461808204651,
0.22098007798194885,
0.3579210937023163,
0.13721361756324768,
-0.19582262635231018,
-0.2528727054595947,
0.01946503482758999,
-0.3134874403476715,
-0.10866003483533859,
0.07183791697025299,
0.17533297836780548,
0.06552103161811829,
-0.04093308001756668,
-0.05306923761963844,
-0.4485638439655304,
-1.0464369058609009,
-0.05944785848259926,
-0.22892405092716217,
-0.9504137635231018,
-0.2485578954219818,
-0.26911863684654236,
-0.23887145519256592,
0.01826566830277443,
0.03725266084074974,
-0.10502257943153381,
0.09277121722698212,
-0.036128368228673935,
0.12195686995983124,
0.04315778240561485,
0.12035497277975082,
-0.5686551332473755,
0.0035859066992998123,
0.2879634201526642,
-0.3386969566345215,
0.4507804811000824,
-0.06130781024694443,
-0.2049548327922821,
0.6654875874519348,
-0.20186729729175568,
-0.013385411351919174,
0.5087461471557617,
-0.3177276849746704,
0.5431082844734192,
-0.061587199568748474,
0.3099063038825989,
-0.05776402726769447,
-0.32968124747276306,
0.07456143200397491,
0.10986737161874771,
0.28663527965545654,
0.6220575571060181,
-0.177816241979599,
-0.04514741152524948,
-0.2199157327413559,
-0.2602875530719757,
-0.6511202454566956,
0.074739970266819,
0.2638060450553894,
-0.22496289014816284,
0.4705166220664978,
0.8026379346847534,
0.12065593898296356,
0.43567872047424316,
0.17767825722694397,
-0.22150737047195435,
0.05991467460989952,
-0.2682366967201233,
0.0341888964176178,
-0.009009106084704399,
0.3502780795097351,
-0.06822103261947632,
0.48276078701019287,
0.485620379447937,
-0.24754956364631653,
0.43053796887397766,
0.10767573863267899,
-0.1970922350883484,
0.6097908020019531,
-0.25480979681015015,
-1.100054144859314,
0.10692603886127472,
-0.09348562359809875,
0.18289591372013092,
0.11442095041275024,
-0.08145642280578613,
0.5226680636405945,
0.22579094767570496,
0.2530892491340637,
-0.30818963050842285,
-0.8193708658218384,
-0.45176753401756287,
0.060972850769758224,
0.04232950881123543,
0.10941624641418457,
-0.5613792538642883,
-0.22437812387943268,
-0.2937285900115967,
-0.7488833069801331,
0.12360192835330963,
0.04084983840584755,
-0.3368881344795227,
0.45431309938430786,
-0.2244585156440735,
-0.6017155051231384,
-0.6768538355827332,
0.10570121556520462,
-0.17820371687412262,
-0.08197686076164246,
0.08769704401493073,
-0.540034294128418,
0.11445709317922592,
0.779910683631897,
0.3445079028606415,
-0.12200510501861572,
-0.6581692099571228,
-0.12104474753141403,
0.28322094678878784,
-0.21257278323173523,
0.200444296002388,
0.1615431159734726,
0.25716614723205566,
0.21486692130565643,
0.23405149579048157,
-0.337167352437973,
0.2765171527862549,
0.15197905898094177,
0.10205971449613571,
-0.5456907749176025,
-0.5582932829856873,
-0.15887585282325745,
-0.2769322097301483,
0.2332548052072525,
0.2166810929775238,
0.07922966778278351,
-0.2522814869880676,
0.24651634693145752,
-0.6046628355979919,
-0.23144885897636414,
-0.14460568130016327,
0.23858492076396942,
0.3552819490432739,
0.5746764540672302,
-0.5900176763534546,
-0.04356163367629051,
-0.9020684361457825,
0.45103392004966736,
-0.04876449704170227,
-0.5495023727416992,
0.1067817285656929,
0.6134161353111267,
-0.2697669565677643,
0.3340197503566742,
0.05265218764543533,
-0.2349635362625122,
0.19157779216766357,
0.6367948055267334,
0.4342799782752991,
-0.09035751968622208,
-0.18672098219394684,
-0.16532300412654877,
-0.48321229219436646,
-0.3862311840057373,
-0.060764871537685394,
-0.003636566922068596,
0.2547205090522766,
-0.05818072333931923,
0.16179148852825165,
0.6290742754936218,
-0.16694632172584534,
-0.8403376340866089,
0.35317155718803406,
-0.12541188299655914,
0.4689396619796753,
-0.12202208489179611,
0.23089389503002167,
-0.06714944541454315,
0.025141537189483643,
-0.2550055682659149,
0.3168928921222687,
-0.17314539849758148,
-0.19277909398078918,
0.34835708141326904,
0.08896049857139587,
0.3051338791847229,
-0.5196734666824341,
-0.1045004352927208,
-0.3600255250930786,
0.19191041588783264,
-0.1683298647403717,
-0.09447301179170609,
-0.30281487107276917,
0.4015885889530182,
-0.06061068922281265,
-0.964999794960022,
-0.312116801738739,
-0.02094714343547821,
0.5673093199729919,
-0.5035836100578308,
-0.385831743478775,
0.14101824164390564,
-0.3775908946990967,
-0.07057830691337585,
0.3898344933986664,
0.006283666472882032,
-0.18941889703273773,
0.26335465908050537,
0.02358914166688919,
-0.12590864300727844,
0.36809366941452026,
-0.15141905844211578,
0.5769012570381165,
-0.057295769453048706,
0.39472857117652893,
0.13538289070129395,
0.26740604639053345,
0.7260125875473022,
-0.44867607951164246,
0.19856944680213928,
-0.18164056539535522,
-0.24590811133384705,
0.5562034845352173,
0.035063352435827255,
-0.4318521320819855,
0.15433578193187714,
-0.8258652687072754,
-0.365647554397583,
-0.1501195728778839,
-0.5864666700363159,
0.21094173192977905,
0.1241774708032608,
-0.24681136012077332,
0.2746261656284332,
-0.39898446202278137,
-0.34348106384277344,
0.44642338156700134,
0.15570278465747833,
-0.341256707906723,
0.08004976809024811,
-0.13296492397785187,
0.43887680768966675,
-0.646208643913269,
-0.21058502793312073,
-0.9793124198913574,
0.33466726541519165,
-0.06646866351366043,
-0.15308591723442078,
0.02766273356974125,
-0.2639654278755188,
0.12092713266611099,
-0.04041594639420509,
-0.8128319978713989,
-0.2844524383544922,
-0.21742814779281616,
0.1415216624736786,
0.34770819544792175,
0.4726601839065552,
-0.6015581488609314,
0.12175663560628891,
0.3969281315803528,
-0.11894361674785614,
-0.1288079172372818,
0.39746347069740295,
0.04089977219700813,
-0.48507970571517944,
0.14768701791763306,
0.19613131880760193,
0.8547766208648682,
0.6105919480323792,
-0.30013614892959595,
-0.32011252641677856,
0.0715772807598114,
0.4324325919151306,
0.2790340185165405,
-0.40596574544906616,
-0.686153769493103,
0.6081287860870361,
-0.16932639479637146,
-0.5032772421836853,
0.5154467225074768,
-0.39011481404304504,
-0.6929517984390259,
0.1641928106546402,
0.5121316909790039,
0.16179904341697693,
-0.1524811089038849,
0.3202323019504547,
0.3356548547744751,
-0.052537258714437485,
0.5957152843475342,
0.14748677611351013,
0.10023066401481628,
-0.6044110655784607,
0.4854568839073181,
-0.33243510127067566,
0.37889254093170166,
0.14696452021598816,
0.3908807635307312,
-0.23279400169849396,
0.2762291431427002,
-0.12500083446502686,
-0.6753487586975098,
-0.2697123885154724,
-0.1761547476053238,
-0.30670270323753357,
0.8250401020050049,
-0.5122263431549072,
0.046316325664520264,
-0.39047086238861084,
-0.05136604234576225,
0.20580433309078217,
-0.6765154004096985,
0.5012531876564026,
0.2781658172607422,
0.6236594319343567,
-0.1483093649148941,
0.38081786036491394,
0.5285753607749939,
0.6743195652961731,
0.6420905590057373,
0.7520543932914734,
0.18568216264247894,
0.20496311783790588,
-0.08366558700799942,
0.36410805583000183,
-0.13163915276527405,
-0.5978444814682007,
-0.20314794778823853,
-0.07146669924259186,
0.10025953501462936,
0.16117100417613983,
-0.21647211909294128,
-0.5476028323173523,
0.3267976641654968,
-0.03786361962556839,
-0.2775695025920868,
0.679006814956665,
-0.16441775858402252,
0.125154510140419,
-0.39425626397132874,
0.5743915438652039,
0.30568715929985046,
0.20053797960281372,
0.5233604907989502,
0.06676995754241943,
-0.13476140797138214,
0.11324857920408249,
-0.7781566381454468,
-0.1496245563030243,
0.09991567581892014,
-0.2807632386684418,
-0.2592742443084717,
0.2643098533153534,
0.02098803035914898,
-0.2179584950208664,
-0.14535443484783173,
-0.14213019609451294,
-1.0661617517471313,
0.44390934705734253,
0.9073657989501953,
-0.19518882036209106,
-0.050898004323244095,
-0.45896291732788086,
0.5374539494514465,
-0.03254513815045357,
-0.054697636514902115,
0.8594114184379578,
0.1892174333333969,
-0.24019569158554077,
0.15131615102291107,
0.1149522215127945,
-0.6902766227722168,
-0.36621221899986267,
0.37647396326065063,
-0.20838086307048798,
-0.18371057510375977,
0.6593930721282959,
-0.33888640999794006,
-0.16849341988563538,
0.3715861141681671,
-0.11165817081928253,
0.3736385405063629,
-0.6261163353919983,
0.23536761105060577,
-0.0327850878238678,
0.1302531361579895,
-0.33530619740486145,
-0.13565903902053833,
-0.3115644156932831,
-0.05782679095864296,
-0.021753592416644096,
-0.07252631336450577,
0.0896783098578453,
0.011462700553238392,
0.23291632533073425,
0.08680103719234467,
-0.056642964482307434,
0.37810012698173523,
-0.0407111681997776,
0.2175236940383911,
-0.47329872846603394,
0.5226681232452393,
-0.02573571912944317
] |
217907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20albums | Lists of albums | These are lists of albums.
See also
Lists of songs | [
0.164102703332901,
0.5235222578048706,
-0.554642379283905,
0.08611051738262177,
-0.5832123756408691,
-0.06583280861377716,
0.44075897336006165,
0.2932894229888916,
-0.8697702884674072,
0.037802647799253464,
0.29472193121910095,
0.7140964865684509,
0.09133213758468628,
0.3415989577770233,
-0.007917906157672405,
0.22491687536239624,
-0.5172792077064514,
0.5461205840110779,
-0.015462782233953476,
-0.41560229659080505,
0.5756068825721741,
0.26538529992103577,
0.46544769406318665,
-0.7709124088287354,
-0.17091523110866547,
0.12585535645484924,
-0.39705154299736023,
0.012896114960312843,
-0.3542558550834656,
-0.07646187394857407,
0.5905746817588806,
0.2786298394203186,
0.6248485445976257,
0.004580732434988022,
0.12354137748479843,
-0.4620327949523926,
0.22226502001285553,
-0.30787715315818787,
-0.13189131021499634,
-0.7546482086181641,
-0.15673956274986267,
-0.6086679100990295,
0.6068837642669678,
0.882249653339386,
0.22991019487380981,
0.323568731546402,
-1.5587364435195923,
-0.31210485100746155,
-0.4670577347278595,
0.8321805596351624,
0.6068146228790283,
0.33010831475257874,
0.6920933127403259,
0.18322406709194183,
0.008200440555810928,
0.26558825373649597,
-0.23094160854816437,
0.295402467250824,
-0.33597105741500854,
0.5641815066337585,
0.4196341037750244,
0.3440893590450287,
0.013564113527536392,
-0.422656387090683,
0.625837504863739,
0.050016533583402634,
0.24103863537311554,
1.0898674726486206,
-0.7487163543701172,
-0.2805102467536926,
-0.22634246945381165,
-0.3815792202949524,
0.09882901608943939,
-0.0404304563999176,
-0.006186344660818577,
0.08141306787729263,
-0.08473102003335953,
-0.025098659098148346,
0.2228054255247116,
-0.8726509809494019,
-0.20186127722263336,
0.05492983013391495,
0.5062857866287231,
-0.6477764844894409,
0.35449182987213135,
-0.3467600643634796,
-0.22088369727134705,
0.0633353590965271,
-0.5268521308898926,
0.4561968445777893,
0.17857582867145538,
-0.47521543502807617,
0.08737993985414505,
0.3054732382297516,
-0.49615976214408875,
-0.4152858257293701,
0.09021326154470444,
-0.19717633724212646,
0.2858143150806427,
0.420812726020813,
0.7637133598327637,
-0.15502279996871948,
0.3050430119037628,
-0.27511075139045715,
-0.2182917594909668,
-0.3401288390159607,
-0.1928013414144516,
0.10024931281805038,
0.5049166679382324,
-1.7120897769927979,
-0.27917739748954773,
0.5105964541435242,
-0.1442689597606659,
0.07542257755994797,
-0.5815843939781189,
0.4632287919521332,
0.24460841715335846,
0.16423162817955017,
-0.5470679998397827,
0.30284449458122253,
-0.09877461194992065,
0.2797851264476776,
-0.13584187626838684,
-0.21659806370735168,
-0.22149936854839325,
0.5427834391593933,
0.7440366148948669,
-0.18692772090435028,
0.405147522687912,
0.5518419742584229,
-0.13417360186576843,
0.4794407784938812,
0.037991516292095184,
-0.06871183216571808,
-0.5467461943626404,
-0.8163797855377197,
0.4373478293418884,
0.18129970133304596,
-0.19371607899665833,
0.33260437846183777,
-0.5234591960906982,
0.3422722816467285,
-1.7970894575119019,
-0.015817444771528244,
0.23529449105262756,
-0.028681473806500435,
-0.8137611746788025,
0.14889341592788696,
-0.5772952437400818,
0.36450135707855225,
0.10345802456140518,
-0.2961079776287079,
-0.09993930906057358,
0.4809057116508484,
-0.5991908311843872,
-0.2590084373950958,
0.7170329093933105,
-0.1652548760175705,
0.3564176559448242,
-0.6431649923324585,
0.3210678994655609,
0.543746292591095,
0.3929104506969452,
0.37655171751976013,
-0.3025591969490051,
-0.10333074629306793,
-0.2777359187602997,
0.5126590132713318,
-0.1106271743774414,
-0.4834577441215515,
-0.16574381291866302,
0.283769816160202,
-0.34749361872673035,
0.10333676636219025,
-0.10893215984106064,
0.06310268491506577,
0.7565227746963501,
0.21098081767559052,
0.7196441292762756,
-0.07971736788749695,
-0.48164626955986023,
0.36158695816993713,
0.5528236031532288,
-0.1765882819890976,
0.4514332115650177,
0.636459469795227,
0.3989514112472534,
0.34910646080970764,
0.36923494935035706,
-0.025902850553393364,
-0.29523104429244995,
-0.16745439171791077,
0.40682268142700195,
0.1688031405210495,
0.2118762582540512,
-0.1590883731842041,
-0.17083688080310822,
-0.11284737288951874,
0.16870857775211334,
-0.0642143115401268,
-0.06003856658935547,
-0.16064561903476715,
-0.08461897075176239,
-0.010620943270623684,
-0.47920912504196167,
1.6597321033477783,
0.12486305832862854,
-0.08710357546806335,
0.3336305320262909,
0.28366369009017944,
0.5454319715499878,
-0.15385359525680542,
0.34212180972099304,
-0.08632464706897736,
0.23580479621887207,
0.38685357570648193,
-0.7689734697341919,
0.17236217856407166,
-0.014520525932312012,
-0.639680027961731,
0.7061205506324768,
0.6001636981964111,
0.3611668646335602,
0.3210606276988983,
0.11010231822729111,
0.5804657936096191,
0.21625421941280365,
-0.3367995321750641,
-0.1341337263584137,
-0.41600102186203003,
0.45225203037261963,
-0.13692088425159454,
-0.04544096440076828,
-0.00682182377204299,
-0.5735760927200317,
0.195697620511055,
-0.08730387687683105,
0.030682208016514778,
-0.021573077887296677,
-0.29609227180480957,
-0.1775415688753128,
-0.1325925886631012,
-0.6332747340202332,
0.6129939556121826,
0.1665422022342682,
-0.463149756193161,
-0.580163300037384,
-0.6730222105979919,
-0.1757403165102005,
-0.5790972709655762,
0.9799052476882935,
-0.33905521035194397,
0.324307382106781,
0.1326368898153305,
-0.3068360686302185,
0.0196461733430624,
0.17400848865509033,
-0.11806268244981766,
-0.2687664330005646,
0.4801139235496521,
-0.6314451098442078,
0.04457350820302963,
0.28022095561027527,
0.062186796218156815,
-0.4209855794906616,
0.10009642690420151,
-0.4493771195411682,
-0.2401445209980011,
0.48482128977775574,
-0.27071553468704224,
-0.6358909010887146,
0.3658006489276886,
-0.6430622935295105,
-1.9249627590179443,
-0.008763046935200691,
0.3111107647418976,
0.1501581221818924,
-0.11911886185407639,
-0.05814019590616226,
-0.3158331513404846,
0.2298392802476883,
0.8325656652450562,
0.2799546420574188,
-0.27797529101371765,
-0.4451495110988617,
-0.3536536693572998,
0.7109308242797852,
-0.08941129595041275,
0.3961399495601654,
-0.11404731869697571,
-0.9314116835594177,
0.6577602028846741,
-0.2634557783603668,
-0.053447384387254715,
0.6239967942237854,
-0.5554761290550232,
-0.04351276904344559,
0.399777352809906,
-0.6384819746017456,
-0.5701811909675598,
-0.41576045751571655,
-0.257566899061203,
-0.1282317042350769,
0.03296200931072235,
0.3019128143787384,
0.34711378812789917,
-0.03905763477087021,
-0.2924560606479645,
-4.653680801391602,
0.5236788392066956,
-0.222092866897583,
-0.1854054182767868,
-0.15804173052310944,
-0.12014728784561157,
0.3408859968185425,
-0.4578334391117096,
-0.09438957273960114,
-0.4561960995197296,
-0.18950589001178741,
0.04352618381381035,
-0.06481340527534485,
1.3169620037078857,
0.11363568156957626,
0.8074545860290527,
0.356125146150589,
0.269616961479187,
-0.17123402655124664,
0.09829659759998322,
0.18622367084026337,
0.11746494472026825,
0.19959789514541626,
-0.4168320596218109,
-0.055787764489650726,
0.9294188022613525,
-0.3984053432941437,
-0.024305379018187523,
-0.24908839166164398,
0.42878419160842896,
-0.09632585942745209,
0.06550315767526627,
-0.6357166171073914,
-0.4732377529144287,
-0.4123683571815491,
-0.0767160952091217,
0.13290724158287048,
0.12809456884860992,
0.4673234522342682,
0.08309103548526764,
-0.2696678638458252,
1.151125192642212,
0.21994830667972565,
0.525195300579071,
0.47040605545043945,
-0.06416386365890503,
-0.8399418592453003,
-0.381525456905365,
-0.28943535685539246,
1.2030408382415771,
-0.5001109838485718,
-0.8720036149024963,
0.648286759853363,
-0.2565644085407257,
0.10307613015174866,
-0.3550512194633484,
0.7348576784133911,
0.07470144331455231,
0.2636141777038574,
0.42464393377304077,
0.20753857493400574,
0.08287261426448822,
0.21379446983337402,
-0.558129072189331,
-0.3442004323005676,
-0.4967096149921417,
-0.3232189416885376,
0.07507643103599548,
0.016021786257624626,
-0.21234938502311707,
-0.07332667708396912,
-0.4094618260860443,
-0.3101039230823517,
-0.41210439801216125,
-0.07886426150798798,
-0.30128517746925354,
-0.3499307334423065,
0.4430515170097351,
0.2057310789823532,
0.11259056627750397,
-0.3852635324001312,
0.18610326945781708,
-0.09844857454299927,
0.2163124531507492,
-0.3933824598789215,
-0.3831378221511841,
-0.3273378014564514,
0.11392731219530106,
-0.7476229071617126,
-0.5243236422538757,
0.1801777184009552,
-0.4173838794231415,
-0.000028183916583657265,
0.28992435336112976,
0.42508038878440857,
-0.1645430028438568,
1.1930948495864868,
0.21577410399913788,
0.4871068596839905,
-0.46428942680358887,
-0.1471516191959381,
-0.41803625226020813,
0.44249457120895386,
-0.44237080216407776,
-0.16065195202827454,
-0.6644048094749451,
-0.18154077231884003,
0.41148144006729126,
-0.20484325289726257,
-0.8268745541572571,
-0.07138901948928833,
-0.840518057346344,
-0.29279613494873047,
-0.683694064617157,
0.8401402235031128,
-0.043149176985025406,
0.6080355048179626,
0.601994514465332,
0.8382679224014282,
-0.0007962368545122445,
0.8239898681640625,
-0.2233199179172516,
-0.20106010138988495,
-0.5141317844390869,
-0.5367201566696167,
-0.02051692269742489,
-0.2531178593635559,
-0.7346466779708862,
0.14308306574821472,
0.440723717212677,
0.14014863967895508,
0.61956387758255,
-0.2736663818359375,
0.15275731682777405,
0.6110568642616272,
-0.8825075030326843,
0.2066175788640976,
0.05422268435359001,
-0.009621882811188698,
-0.8963550925254822,
0.02753174863755703,
-0.5382444262504578,
-0.3858731985092163,
0.8488999605178833,
0.6793521046638489,
0.8402745127677917,
0.11222916096448898,
-0.5268949866294861,
-0.13392214477062225,
0.2251737117767334,
-0.2227063626050949,
-0.6005148887634277,
0.861483633518219,
-0.10581877827644348,
0.14709866046905518,
0.8165652751922607,
-0.4332818388938904,
0.409400075674057,
-0.652819037437439,
-0.6288864612579346,
-0.1783495545387268,
-0.28861746191978455,
-0.9386429786682129,
-0.07777303457260132,
0.4010270833969116,
-0.5471404790878296,
0.009795842692255974,
-0.14952963590621948,
-0.4233963191509247,
0.9423215985298157,
-0.021634289994835854,
-0.2140224426984787,
0.08016098290681839,
-0.2416161149740219,
0.12430025637149811,
-0.6846851706504822,
0.16083939373493195,
0.1266442984342575,
0.37812456488609314,
-0.030371051281690598,
-0.3410091698169708,
-0.3111701011657715,
0.28171446919441223,
0.40417611598968506,
-0.026136130094528198,
-0.10524802654981613,
-0.591049313545227,
0.28632283210754395,
0.16752682626247406,
0.04408671334385872,
-0.1674722582101822,
0.19614474475383759,
0.6455725431442261,
-0.535921037197113,
-0.27878832817077637,
-0.9261394739151001,
0.0901053175330162,
-0.18963132798671722,
-0.2288920283317566,
0.008640365675091743,
0.08145763725042343,
0.05625741183757782,
-0.20559214055538177,
0.5438151955604553,
0.37449800968170166,
-0.07945374399423599,
0.21526382863521576,
0.2776210606098175,
-0.7447704076766968,
0.19031068682670593,
-0.7334396839141846,
-0.3313443958759308,
-0.14841054379940033,
-0.003926378674805164,
0.1373925507068634,
-0.2741409242153168,
0.9511021971702576,
-0.12266343086957932,
0.005474966485053301,
0.0006390391499735415,
-0.010682277381420135,
0.6778736114501953,
-0.17494308948516846,
0.14473780989646912,
-0.1272255778312683,
0.20273463428020477,
0.18033407628536224,
-0.7938111424446106,
-0.28381529450416565,
0.0740230530500412,
-0.6053242683410645,
0.13648055493831635,
-0.156518816947937,
0.16866502165794373,
-0.44297999143600464,
0.10334666073322296,
-0.13691914081573486,
0.1843692809343338,
0.42121776938438416,
-0.18221600353717804,
-0.10073542594909668,
0.48286116123199463,
0.44138774275779724,
-0.10006017982959747,
-0.6058053374290466,
0.14276643097400665,
0.3205028474330902,
-0.5582582354545593,
-0.2047715038061142,
-0.23261763155460358,
-0.13656939566135406,
-0.3132118284702301,
-0.7535746097564697,
-0.7216072082519531,
0.8347914218902588,
0.15324217081069946,
-0.3734590411186218,
0.2632608711719513,
0.18372304737567902,
0.386269211769104,
0.01329454593360424,
0.27890899777412415,
0.15300250053405762,
0.7179713845252991,
0.42429181933403015,
0.2359488308429718,
-0.11398253589868546,
0.14861220121383667,
0.5873504877090454,
0.09793126583099365,
-0.554534912109375,
0.3635890483856201,
-0.3088165521621704,
0.42986157536506653,
0.7577210664749146,
0.10113134980201721,
0.06042303889989853,
-0.913108229637146,
-0.20494729280471802,
-0.00507385516539216,
0.7175418734550476,
-0.5890624523162842,
-0.062494564801454544,
-0.7966253161430359,
0.6573418974876404,
-0.16216498613357544,
-0.31724435091018677,
0.28864964842796326,
-0.12760303914546967,
-0.04561883583664894,
0.16838566958904266,
0.10009016841650009,
0.17144615948200226,
0.1590898185968399,
0.22843463718891144,
0.07789566367864609,
-0.03696417063474655,
0.33263349533081055,
0.15022599697113037,
-0.14508187770843506,
-0.39356836676597595,
0.322091668844223,
0.2714543044567108,
-0.1633983999490738,
1.0345563888549805,
0.311395525932312,
0.5288487076759338,
-0.6549941301345825,
-0.41341716051101685,
0.27306729555130005,
0.28766706585884094,
0.36333462595939636,
0.18368780612945557,
0.8488712310791016,
0.08652378618717194,
-0.18918633460998535,
0.28623828291893005,
-0.8390741348266602,
0.4407508373260498,
0.10468918085098267,
-0.08416975289583206,
-0.5720206499099731,
-0.00800826121121645,
0.37220534682273865,
0.002267515752464533,
0.43718087673187256,
0.30431368947029114,
-0.4873102903366089,
0.8009198307991028,
-0.1936911642551422,
0.20482836663722992,
0.12766176462173462,
-0.31351733207702637,
0.536507785320282,
-0.873434841632843,
-0.602957546710968,
0.1011621281504631,
-0.21897147595882416,
-0.20748889446258545,
0.3030840754508972,
-0.16520459949970245,
-0.21574898064136505,
0.2545382082462311,
-0.06561660766601562,
0.12419866770505905,
-0.3146318793296814,
-0.6428417563438416,
0.07704431563615799,
0.058243148028850555,
-0.27018973231315613,
-0.3560144007205963,
0.4912746846675873,
0.08957106620073318,
-0.1605767458677292,
0.36750686168670654,
0.33366701006889343,
0.28881534934043884,
-0.14296337962150574,
0.7365961074829102,
-2.1697871685028076,
-0.18968604505062103,
0.5932981967926025,
-0.49887529015541077,
0.9829174280166626,
0.212541863322258,
-0.02373003028333187,
0.17195220291614532,
0.3033156991004944,
-0.4195769131183624,
0.5896108150482178,
0.08627724647521973,
-0.2851937413215637,
0.005297992378473282,
0.10311189293861389,
0.06348112225532532,
-0.15261003375053406,
0.07100901007652283,
0.2449890524148941,
-0.17210273444652557,
-0.25473132729530334,
-0.030113261193037033,
-0.1860244870185852,
-0.18767084181308746,
-0.28776219487190247,
0.16216997802257538,
-0.34057721495628357,
-0.44780993461608887,
0.39373886585235596,
0.05517090484499931,
-0.043118350207805634,
0.24905408918857574,
0.7563266158103943,
0.516380786895752,
0.18579119443893433,
-0.5268274545669556,
-0.09647779166698456,
-0.4148697555065155,
0.9685742855072021,
0.03420213982462883,
-0.46268898248672485,
-0.4542437493801117,
0.0805191621184349,
-0.5818873643875122,
0.3351433277130127,
-0.09840739518404007,
0.17030730843544006,
-0.6140165328979492,
-0.14134658873081207,
0.12153597176074982,
0.8077372908592224,
-0.24920018017292023,
-0.06017905846238136,
-0.042970214039087296,
0.2491135150194168,
-0.2045091986656189,
-0.40232741832733154,
0.5099751353263855,
-0.21095813810825348,
-0.017799589782953262,
0.5067279934883118,
0.9829074144363403,
-0.34837207198143005,
0.36978012323379517,
0.6091828346252441,
-0.5376502871513367,
0.13417290151119232,
-0.26705998182296753,
0.35947707295417786,
-0.34297114610671997,
0.5974235534667969,
-0.40922388434410095,
-0.3587402105331421,
-0.41396811604499817,
-0.36187654733657837,
-0.4469924569129944,
0.35113054513931274,
0.5474961996078491,
0.13696490228176117,
0.46686041355133057,
-0.3461846709251404,
-0.4044831693172455,
0.5135971307754517,
0.1273207813501358,
0.3076602816581726,
-4.328963756561279,
-0.4362929165363312,
0.242850661277771,
-0.016771435737609863,
-0.7238073348999023,
0.17826488614082336,
-0.11749924719333649,
-0.05350816249847412,
0.17203347384929657,
0.31318262219429016,
0.11671895533800125,
0.10938001424074173,
0.6548205614089966,
-0.3144189119338989,
0.001019959570840001,
0.28736868500709534
] |
217912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name%20days%20in%20Sweden | Name days in Sweden | This is the old Swedish name day calendar, sanctioned by the Swedish Academy in 1901, with official status until 1972. Some days still refer to traditional or religious feasts rather than personal names. Some of the names below are linked to the original saints or martyrs from which they originate. A work group, consisting of the Swedish Academy, publishers and others, agreed to adopt a new name day list in 2001, very similar to the old one but with more names. It is intended that this list will be updated every 15 years. In the year of 2022 seven new names will be added .
In Sweden, it is not uncommon for people to celebrate their name day.
The tradition originated with the Calendar of Saints.
January
Nyårsdagen (no name)
Svea
Alfred
Rut
Hanna
Trettondedag jul (no name)
August
Erland
Gunnar
Sigurd
Jan
Frideborg
Knut
Felix
Laura
Hjalmar
Anton
Hilda
Henrik
Fabian
Agnes
Vincent
Emelie
Erika
Paulus
Botilda
Göte
Karl (*)
Valter
Gunilla
Ivar
February
Max
Kyndelsmässodagen (no name)
Disa
Ansgar
Agata
Dorotea
Rikard
Berta
Fanny
Eugenia
Yngve
Evelina
Agne
Valentin
Sigfrid
Julia
Alexandra
Frida
Gabriella
Hulda
Hilding
Martina
Torsten
Mattias
Sigvard
Torgny
Lage
Maria , Maja
(only in Leap Years)
March
Ernst
Gunborg
Adrian
Tora
Ebba
Camilla
Filippa
Torbjörn
Ethel
Edvin
Viktoria (*) Regina
Greger
Matilda
Kristoffer
Herbert
Gertrud
Edvard
Josef
Joakim
Bengt
Viktor
Gerda
Gabriel
Marie bebådelsedag (no name)
Emanuel
Rudolf
Malkolm
Jonas
Holger
Ester, Noa
April
Harald
Gudmund
Ferdinand
Ambrosius
Nanna
Vilhelm
Ingemund
Hemming
Otto
Ingvar
Ulf
Julius
Artur
Tiburtius
Olivia
Patrik
Elias
Valdemar
Olaus Petri
Amalia
Anselm
Albertina
Georg
Vega
Markus
Teresia
Engelbrekt
Ture
Tyko
Mariana
May
Valborg
Filip
Göta
Monika
Gotthard
Sigmund
Gustava
Åke
Bille
Esbjörn
Märta
Carlos
Linnea
Halvard
Sofia
Hilma
Rebecka
Erik
Alrik
Karolina
Konstantin
Henning
Desideria
Ragnvald
Urban
Vilhelmina
Blenda
Ingeborg
Baltsar
Fritjof
Isabella
June
Gun, Gunnel
Rutger
Ingemar
Holmfrid
Bo
Gustav
Robert
Salomon
Börje
Svante
Bertil
Eskil
Aina
Håkan
Justina
Axel
Torborg
Björn
Germund
Flora
Alf
Paulina
Adolf
Johannes Döparens dag
David
Rakel
Selma
Leo
Petrus
Elof
July
Aron
Rosa
Aurora
Ulrika
Melker
Esaias
Klas
Kjell
Götilda
Anund
Eleonora
Herman
Joel
Folke
Ragnhild
Reinhold
Alexis
Fredrik
Sara
Margareta
Johanna
Magdalena
Emma
Kristina
Jakob
Jesper
Marta
Botvid
Olof, Olle
Algot
Helena, Elin
August
Per
Karin
Tage
Arne
Ulrik
Sixten
Dennis
Sylvia (*)
Roland
Lars
Susanna
Klara
Hillevi
Ebbe
Stella
Brynolf
Verner
Helena
Magnus
Bernhard
Josefina
Henrietta
Signe
Bartolomeus
Lovisa
Östen
Rolf
Fatima,Leila
Hans
Albert
Arvid
September
Samuel
Justus
Alfhild, Alva
Moses
Adela
Sakarias
Regina
Alma
Augusta
Tord
Dagny
Tyra
Ambjörn
Ida
Sigrid, Siri
Eufemia
Hildegard
Alvar
Fredrika
Lisa
Matteus
Maurits
Tekla
Gerhard
Signild
Einar
Dagmar
Lennart
Mikael
Helge
October
Ragnar
Love, Ludvig
Evald
Frans
Bror
Jenny, Jennifer
Birgitta
Nils
Ingrid
Helmer
Erling
Valfrid
Teofil
Manfred
Hedvig
Finn
Antoinetta
Lukas
Tore
Sibylla (changed from Kasper in 1934)
Birger
Seved
Sören
Evert
Inga
Amanda
Sabina
Simon
Viola
Elsa
Edit
November
Allhelgonadagen
Tobias, Tim
Hubert
Sverker (changed from Nore in 1905)
Eugen
Gustav Adolf
Ingegerd
Vendela
Teodor
Martin Luther
Mårten
Konrad
Christian
Emil
Leopold
Edmund
Napoleon
Magnhild
Elisabet
Pontus
Helga
Cecilia
Klemens
Gudrun
Katarina
Torkel
Astrid (changed from Estrid in 1907)
Malte
Sune
Anders
December
Oskar
Beata
Lydia, Cornelia
Barbro
Sven
Nikolaus
Agaton
Virginia
Anna
Malin
Daniel
Alexander
Lucia
Sten
Gottfrid
Assar
Inge
Abraham
Isak
Israel
Tomas
Natalie
Adam
Eva
Juldagen (no name)
Stefan—Staffan
Johannes
Menlösa barns dag (no name)
Abel
Set
Sylvester
Notes
External links
Name days - Svenska akademien
Festivals in Sweden
Sweden
Swedish culture
Swedish given names
Sweden | [
0.21351444721221924,
-0.056700870394706726,
0.38924622535705566,
-0.36156466603279114,
-0.6977269053459167,
-0.17991414666175842,
0.8396289348602295,
0.6214731931686401,
-0.6708450317382812,
-0.14875321090221405,
0.012620996683835983,
-0.2028535008430481,
-0.1166948452591896,
0.5504570603370667,
-0.5919669270515442,
0.2875169515609741,
0.28231319785118103,
0.7537705302238464,
-0.3103446960449219,
-0.03232719749212265,
-0.2129112333059311,
-0.0894428938627243,
0.9927153587341309,
-0.21264851093292236,
-0.15598207712173462,
0.26964062452316284,
0.43717536330223083,
0.202886164188385,
-0.2303735315799713,
0.34498172998428345,
-0.034455109387636185,
0.5283008813858032,
0.4222337305545807,
0.33156341314315796,
0.18044140934944153,
0.06639985740184784,
0.05098821222782135,
-0.35702773928642273,
0.007506508845835924,
-0.2841017246246338,
-0.35451239347457886,
-0.3301039934158325,
-0.09214259684085846,
0.1166963279247284,
-0.060938142240047455,
-0.39113348722457886,
-1.4350985288619995,
0.27517086267471313,
-0.09897713363170624,
0.1293044090270996,
-0.593088686466217,
-0.30070385336875916,
0.11609386652708054,
0.511060893535614,
0.08609919250011444,
-0.016103947535157204,
-0.29271697998046875,
-0.07413218915462494,
-0.35840263962745667,
0.4646141827106476,
0.6436939835548401,
-0.018929244950413704,
0.20108503103256226,
0.1657363325357437,
0.19255930185317993,
0.0659448429942131,
-0.2572404146194458,
0.5066483616828918,
-0.13985814154148102,
-0.35274380445480347,
-0.2517332136631012,
0.13890440762043,
-0.35130587220191956,
-0.1256377249956131,
-0.2156660258769989,
-0.7702069878578186,
-0.066470667719841,
-0.0038490237202495337,
0.3347804546356201,
-0.7901802659034729,
0.08915086835622787,
-0.5607988834381104,
0.7811105251312256,
-0.017069390043616295,
0.29824647307395935,
0.34432390332221985,
-0.48707619309425354,
-0.5616015791893005,
-0.12368804961442947,
0.241247296333313,
0.32627737522125244,
-0.24080999195575714,
0.8140784502029419,
-0.20129172503948212,
-0.478996604681015,
0.10912925004959106,
-0.4539305865764618,
0.4822804033756256,
0.20532914996147156,
0.36719101667404175,
0.20815323293209076,
0.43856081366539,
0.3595702052116394,
0.08249388635158539,
-0.0854259803891182,
-0.7603706121444702,
0.0026453682221472263,
-0.12654589116573334,
0.3529721200466156,
-0.16604389250278473,
-0.6409639120101929,
0.05457127094268799,
0.4931354522705078,
0.5145641565322876,
-0.04961194097995758,
0.14369037747383118,
0.09735588729381561,
-0.3284064531326294,
-0.12818904221057892,
0.07830963283777237,
-0.29681330919265747,
0.10951200872659683,
0.1855245977640152,
-0.03843655064702034,
0.17013637721538544,
0.7422410845756531,
0.3234570622444153,
0.43566402792930603,
-0.5911988019943237,
-0.08141554147005081,
-0.2822812497615814,
0.5854640603065491,
-0.19844332337379456,
-0.20542451739311218,
0.10895345360040665,
-0.27872586250305176,
0.0727154091000557,
-0.14126810431480408,
-0.2909711003303528,
0.09389252960681915,
-0.4997293949127197,
-0.4384356141090393,
-0.32128408551216125,
-0.15155909955501556,
0.7435720562934875,
-0.14710931479930878,
-0.04039344564080238,
-1.1780195236206055,
-0.2974836230278015,
-0.012989867478609085,
0.2757296562194824,
-0.19363443553447723,
0.1634489893913269,
0.4028857946395874,
0.06340315192937851,
0.24023276567459106,
-0.7767683863639832,
-0.04656572639942169,
0.14310087263584137,
0.14085888862609863,
-0.0010265420423820615,
0.26987504959106445,
-0.19800199568271637,
0.22064565122127533,
0.486378014087677,
-0.13161979615688324,
0.1482992321252823,
0.4433206021785736,
0.42006716132164,
-0.3703449070453644,
-0.06963509321212769,
0.008596899919211864,
0.22619955241680145,
-0.26652833819389343,
-0.27568119764328003,
0.18630586564540863,
0.4491834342479706,
-0.3135893940925598,
0.10805431008338928,
-0.14211390912532806,
-0.5113264322280884,
0.11297667026519775,
0.2627802789211273,
-0.13068024814128876,
-0.09726905822753906,
0.12103614211082458,
-0.32346460223197937,
0.3324371576309204,
0.46533581614494324,
0.35510432720184326,
-0.3700854778289795,
0.024040604010224342,
0.7774228453636169,
-0.08211704343557358,
0.5331513285636902,
0.023909181356430054,
-0.5498177409172058,
0.5072438716888428,
-0.5240021347999573,
1.0287975072860718,
-0.5351386666297913,
-0.1569523811340332,
0.22410833835601807,
-0.11586347222328186,
-0.013370644301176071,
0.35734036564826965,
-0.3336789309978485,
0.04063466936349869,
0.5532552003860474,
0.09837566316127777,
-0.13841697573661804,
-0.5922958254814148,
0.2064703404903412,
0.1751011610031128,
-0.02243189513683319,
0.10511190444231033,
0.06448963284492493,
0.048603422939777374,
0.04561101645231247,
-0.14751042425632477,
0.3949607312679291,
-0.004004082642495632,
-0.3084847033023834,
0.15884804725646973,
0.14948126673698425,
0.1343318521976471,
0.08281511068344116,
-0.022067412734031677,
0.18048334121704102,
-0.9193270206451416,
0.7546442151069641,
-0.36911389231681824,
0.8782287836074829,
0.3169936239719391,
-0.24283666908740997,
-0.16543985903263092,
-0.190660297870636,
-0.3618278503417969,
0.02790704183280468,
-0.31952783465385437,
0.38628265261650085,
0.4535467028617859,
-0.11577320843935013,
0.3015313744544983,
0.2942352890968323,
0.6169553399085999,
-0.13915111124515533,
-0.3567684292793274,
-0.523160994052887,
0.016292434185743332,
0.34213191270828247,
0.07750829309225082,
-0.17416144907474518,
-0.4904516637325287,
-0.6349676847457886,
-0.2142970710992813,
0.08987583220005035,
-0.08853469789028168,
0.0632433369755745,
0.2314346879720688,
-0.46947380900382996,
-0.08129992336034775,
0.16611069440841675,
0.22860263288021088,
-0.03656753525137901,
-0.34190842509269714,
-0.48548436164855957,
-0.2715594172477722,
-0.0725097581744194,
0.06233811378479004,
0.24981309473514557,
-0.008118227124214172,
-0.3975408971309662,
-0.2088308483362198,
-0.06778374314308167,
-0.7409288883209229,
0.1812819242477417,
0.09557391703128815,
-0.5737770199775696,
-0.39722466468811035,
-0.6160244345664978,
0.8050933480262756,
0.14304810762405396,
-0.5723443627357483,
-0.7971866726875305,
-0.34173497557640076,
0.12265783548355103,
-0.06447197496891022,
-0.13157804310321808,
0.07190050184726715,
0.017145520076155663,
0.6088566780090332,
-0.37311336398124695,
-0.15807461738586426,
0.20614275336265564,
-0.3904160261154175,
0.03142167255282402,
0.037971824407577515,
0.3065868616104126,
-0.168415367603302,
-0.134247288107872,
0.22283269464969635,
0.027415283024311066,
-0.12402918934822083,
-0.05963774397969246,
0.12396389991044998,
-0.4761504828929901,
0.3653072118759155,
-6.018575191497803,
-0.35572463274002075,
-0.1444522887468338,
-0.4522985816001892,
-0.06756030023097992,
0.24491819739341736,
1.0241934061050415,
-0.0881548523902893,
0.4864107370376587,
-0.1258723884820938,
0.15968599915504456,
-0.08688293397426605,
0.14562579989433289,
0.6990646123886108,
0.31315532326698303,
0.2500159740447998,
0.48963382840156555,
-0.3633463382720947,
0.12016042321920395,
0.04039056599140167,
0.35320279002189636,
-0.09301391988992691,
0.13767892122268677,
0.5933670401573181,
-0.21032540500164032,
0.8689562678337097,
-0.023305516690015793,
0.2665199637413025,
-0.27218642830848694,
-0.1949937492609024,
0.368255615234375,
-0.08402528613805771,
0.14665022492408752,
-0.4854952096939087,
-0.2712375223636627,
0.21349449455738068,
0.09344100207090378,
0.4442653954029083,
-0.20397429168224335,
-0.4170173704624176,
-0.07720175385475159,
0.3125050365924835,
-0.002491140505298972,
-0.036539919674396515,
0.1118193194270134,
0.24031047523021698,
-0.1904524266719818,
0.4923093914985657,
-0.7652899026870728,
0.5788480639457703,
0.5785585641860962,
-0.02413230948150158,
0.1939450055360794,
-0.14669111371040344,
-0.3985268771648407,
-0.3824976086616516,
0.5945838093757629,
-0.09386845678091049,
-0.12708255648612976,
-0.07256078720092773,
0.4966343641281128,
0.2774318754673004,
0.3194040358066559,
-0.8401825428009033,
-0.4334584176540375,
-0.224241241812706,
-0.5262609720230103,
-0.3831682801246643,
0.004882628098130226,
0.7212315797805786,
-0.1515154242515564,
-0.03725258260965347,
-0.6742180585861206,
-0.9744554162025452,
0.15787017345428467,
-0.43006253242492676,
-0.15122810006141663,
-0.00011712674313457683,
-0.17279158532619476,
0.35275670886039734,
0.12276233732700348,
-0.39141541719436646,
-0.2540196478366852,
0.5030459761619568,
0.2531309425830841,
0.06613148003816605,
0.26308968663215637,
-0.1163022592663765,
-0.46274322271347046,
-0.5038553476333618,
0.7360279560089111,
-0.38654977083206177,
0.002241204958409071,
0.2626839876174927,
0.007558531127870083,
0.6824800968170166,
-0.2481149137020111,
-0.6364824175834656,
0.2449781894683838,
-0.27986612915992737,
0.7631905674934387,
-0.02210037223994732,
0.2694395184516907,
-0.7638380527496338,
0.2052527219057083,
-0.2759151756763458,
-0.5639051795005798,
0.308291494846344,
0.012427159585058689,
0.08573131263256073,
-0.11834357678890228,
-0.2677864730358124,
-0.2732796370983124,
-0.7804444432258606,
0.10121215879917145,
-0.34077510237693787,
0.45503923296928406,
0.933239221572876,
0.001325564575381577,
0.4359423518180847,
-0.46129024028778076,
0.06567525118589401,
0.05101440101861954,
-0.14093376696109772,
-0.21900033950805664,
-0.3897852599620819,
-0.44128599762916565,
0.16538281738758087,
0.48167479038238525,
0.4665886163711548,
0.3523314595222473,
0.6940643787384033,
0.3235810399055481,
-0.20234666764736176,
0.24583952128887177,
0.0986824557185173,
-0.3568339943885803,
-0.2706492841243744,
0.06493839621543884,
-0.5091391801834106,
0.056539248675107956,
-0.3908892869949341,
0.27843496203422546,
0.18504145741462708,
0.18825851380825043,
0.5074059963226318,
-0.03530433401465416,
-0.42776361107826233,
-0.2984354496002197,
0.7908121943473816,
-0.15306663513183594,
-0.21704085171222687,
0.3265267014503479,
-0.17039546370506287,
-0.3211553692817688,
-0.01792621612548828,
-0.01114045549184084,
0.26935291290283203,
-0.5968941450119019,
-0.5041006803512573,
-0.35770687460899353,
-1.2121577262878418,
-0.7664635181427002,
0.04931660741567612,
-0.0771515741944313,
-0.32243043184280396,
-0.3254072666168213,
-0.02929696813225746,
0.32515859603881836,
0.6975070238113403,
0.003980258479714394,
-0.4996585547924042,
-0.6823578476905823,
-0.10890788584947586,
0.4536769986152649,
-0.19127404689788818,
0.052503615617752075,
0.2719760835170746,
-0.4749562442302704,
-0.32376882433891296,
0.09476242959499359,
0.11630917340517044,
-0.5515855550765991,
0.37613654136657715,
0.24039779603481293,
-0.5211336016654968,
0.08551834523677826,
0.15769463777542114,
-0.09186852723360062,
0.06570678949356079,
0.561724841594696,
0.3253139555454254,
0.30333954095840454,
0.05045672506093979,
-0.4557807147502899,
-0.633272111415863,
0.2615210711956024,
0.6901021003723145,
0.11608772724866867,
0.21245920658111572,
0.44642674922943115,
0.3606089651584625,
-0.26203620433807373,
-0.10915520787239075,
0.20238183438777924,
-0.46405476331710815,
0.19514280557632446,
0.5336103439331055,
-0.4946031868457794,
-0.056509800255298615,
-0.3788812458515167,
-0.34755152463912964,
-0.7279707193374634,
0.2522764801979065,
-0.4169681966304779,
-0.203715518116951,
0.07713567465543747,
-0.17910537123680115,
-0.011321429163217545,
-0.15691740810871124,
-0.13082826137542725,
0.22640512883663177,
-0.49333372712135315,
-0.15469473600387573,
0.2565031349658966,
0.006679559126496315,
0.2987622916698456,
-0.41865086555480957,
0.5974088907241821,
0.1778206080198288,
0.6000508069992065,
-0.18850937485694885,
-0.06674086302518845,
-0.13108797371387482,
-0.33621829748153687,
0.005264779087156057,
-0.2568357586860657,
-0.18308256566524506,
-0.06543321907520294,
1.3387728929519653,
-0.12968014180660248,
0.6523944139480591,
0.10770727694034576,
-0.5662446022033691,
0.025943748652935028,
0.08504392206668854,
0.0021625040099024773,
-0.2077629417181015,
-0.18129336833953857,
0.07859253883361816,
-0.10617183893918991,
-0.2878676950931549,
-0.20847034454345703,
-0.06489437818527222,
0.7960734963417053,
-0.35823869705200195,
-0.11298065632581711,
0.16758745908737183,
0.2993655800819397,
-0.10728689283132553,
-0.035602349787950516,
0.408655047416687,
-0.11699007451534271,
0.08882255107164383,
0.3025606870651245,
0.5732835531234741,
-0.5358730554580688,
-0.3615662455558777,
0.521600604057312,
0.5559369921684265,
-0.2318650782108307,
-0.6267977952957153,
0.525939404964447,
0.2944476306438446,
0.1303228884935379,
-0.00355721078813076,
-0.35198143124580383,
-0.10099310427904129,
0.36947593092918396,
-0.04108386114239693,
-0.27835020422935486,
0.04707330837845802,
0.21838562190532684,
-0.2708905041217804,
-0.008080577477812767,
-0.6660861372947693,
-0.4376610815525055,
0.21482634544372559,
-0.11609062552452087,
0.0016233755741268396,
-0.008859001100063324,
0.3829577565193176,
-0.28462085127830505,
0.5804756283760071,
-0.6964146494865417,
0.27806752920150757,
-0.16371454298496246,
0.5162741541862488,
-0.36870884895324707,
-0.18589510023593903,
-0.002713711466640234,
0.38600054383277893,
0.030213797464966774,
-0.11451788991689682,
-0.33147332072257996,
0.3747173547744751,
0.19325220584869385,
-0.19393858313560486,
-0.2961086332798004,
0.1719186156988144,
0.13863876461982727,
0.09217170625925064,
0.12560756504535675,
0.8373448252677917,
-0.7168887853622437,
-0.03454575687646866,
0.18265877664089203,
0.03138669952750206,
0.025989945977926254,
0.02620278298854828,
0.3680877685546875,
0.0798688605427742,
0.2409815937280655,
0.4693695306777954,
-0.41266459226608276,
0.3252386748790741,
0.17148515582084656,
0.0665903314948082,
-0.1872095912694931,
-0.2087998390197754,
0.3193313181400299,
0.076278455555439,
-0.4893140494823456,
0.7134847640991211,
-0.23404714465141296,
-0.03613419830799103,
-0.07398774474859238,
-0.8611571192741394,
-0.35999178886413574,
0.19337952136993408,
0.6165004372596741,
0.4545183479785919,
0.22159530222415924,
-0.2554354965686798,
0.5272883176803589,
-0.24752992391586304,
-0.4303276836872101,
-0.01585984043776989,
0.5969394445419312,
-0.46517711877822876,
0.12076318264007568,
-0.22658763825893402,
0.06476643681526184,
-0.4441201090812683,
0.35221657156944275,
-0.0799521952867508,
-0.2714349329471588,
-0.6386486887931824,
-0.2977103292942047,
-0.5740912556648254,
-0.16271144151687622,
-0.04453658312559128,
-0.033438462764024734,
0.15642477571964264,
-0.28884950280189514,
0.17923977971076965,
0.3365955650806427,
0.1359356939792633,
-0.010819317772984505,
0.4368317127227783,
0.286628395318985,
-0.19212068617343903,
-0.3725764751434326,
0.03195077180862427,
0.14933842420578003,
0.13758866488933563,
0.9608657956123352,
0.601575493812561,
0.13067002594470978,
-0.396863728761673,
-0.28748223185539246,
0.439184308052063,
-0.1327800154685974,
-0.9299171566963196,
-0.581513524055481,
-0.21273760497570038,
-0.4437389373779297,
0.16008445620536804,
0.2061852216720581,
0.026872875168919563,
0.28332167863845825,
0.03436466306447983,
0.022703811526298523,
-0.2338981181383133,
-0.6061795949935913,
0.11033060401678085,
-0.4357437491416931,
0.6228657364845276,
0.24034848809242249,
-0.3992798626422882,
0.04562123864889145,
-0.4246385395526886,
0.12113871425390244,
0.08679588884115219,
0.05402759462594986,
0.3687454164028168,
0.15493981540203094,
0.3004004657268524,
0.5702146887779236,
1.1922147274017334,
0.19934912025928497,
0.046878062188625336,
0.08827038109302521,
-0.06908576935529709,
-0.5081178545951843,
-0.7213335037231445,
1.0212764739990234,
-0.42725932598114014,
-0.2523866295814514,
-0.4635842740535736,
0.2047460526227951,
0.10768469423055649,
0.1852950006723404,
0.2683769464492798,
-0.07082898914813995,
-0.10110900551080704,
0.034567367285490036,
0.6197051405906677,
-0.14531143009662628,
-0.024521904066205025,
-0.6191957592964172,
-0.16865785419940948,
-0.06934007257223129,
-0.4175575077533722,
-0.655019998550415,
0.21149961650371552,
0.6247883439064026,
0.5046716928482056,
0.8475126624107361,
-0.48663660883903503,
0.39552953839302063,
-0.011466952040791512,
-0.1256067156791687,
-0.0658794492483139,
0.33484742045402527,
0.40867698192596436,
0.3403032720088959,
0.2563636898994446,
-0.6160826683044434,
0.045383669435977936,
-0.013694524765014648,
-0.16548433899879456,
0.2391059249639511,
0.050444096326828,
0.5933687686920166,
-0.5375492572784424,
0.17095617949962616,
-0.7766724824905396,
0.2488079071044922,
0.23591794073581696
] |
217913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1%20Long%20Bay | Hạ Long Bay | Hạ Long Bay or Halong Bay (, ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and popular travel destination in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam. The name Hạ Long means "descending dragon". Administratively, the bay belongs to Hạ Long city, Cẩm Phả city, and is a part of Vân Đồn District. The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various shapes and sizes. Ha Long Bay is a center of a larger zone which includes Bai Tu Long Bay to the northeast, and Cát Bà Island to the southwest. These larger zones share a similar geological, geographical, geomorphological, climate, and cultural characters.
Hạ Long Bay has an area of around , including 1,960–2,000 islets, most of which are limestone. The core of the bay has an area of with a high density of 775 islets. The limestone in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments. The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate. The geo-diversity of the environment in the area has created biodiversity, including a tropical evergreen biosystem, oceanic and sea shore biosystem. Hạ Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species.
Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistoric human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago. The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhu culture around 18,000–7000 BC, the Cai Beo culture 7000–5000 BC and the Hạ Long culture 5,000–3,500 years ago. Hạ Long Bay also marked important events in the history of Vietnam with many artifacts found in Bai Tho Mountain, Dau Go Cave, Bai Chay.
500 years ago, Nguyễn Trãi praised the beauty of Ha Long Bay in his verse Lộ nhập Vân Đồn, in which he called it "rock wonder in the sky". In 1962, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Ha Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication. In 1994, the core zone of Ha Long Bay was listed as a World Heritage Site according to Criterion VII, and listed for a second time according to Criterion VIII.
Etymology
The name Hạ Long (chữ Hán: 下龍) means "descending dragon".
Before the 19th century, the name Hạ Long Bay had not been recorded in the old books of the country. It has been called An Bang, Lục Thủy, Vân Đồn ... In the late 19th century, the name Hạ Long Bay appeared on the Maritime Map of France. The French-language Hai Phong News reported "Dragon appears on Hạ Long Bay".
According to local legend, when Vietnam had just started to develop into a country, they had to fight against invaders. To assist the Vietnamese in defending their country, the gods sent a family of dragons as protectors. This family of dragons began spitting out jewels and jade. These jewels turned into the islands and islets dotting the bay, linking together to form a great wall against the invaders. Under magics, numerous rock mountains abruptly appeared on the sea, ahead of invaders' ships; the forward ships struck the rocks and each other. After winning the battle, the dragons were interested in peaceful sightseeing of the Earth, and then decided to live in this bay. The place where the mother dragon descended was named Ha Long, the place where the dragon's children attended upon their mother was called Bái Tử Long island (Bái: attend upon, Tử: children, Long: dragon), and the place where the dragon's children wriggled their tails violently was called Bạch Long Vĩ island (Bạch: white-color of the foam made when Dragon's children wriggled, Long: dragon, Vĩ: tail), present-day Tra Co peninsula, Móng Cái.
Overview
The bay consists of a dense cluster of some 1,600 limestone monolithic islands each topped with thick jungle vegetation, rising spectacularly from the ocean. Several of the islands are hollow, with enormous caves. Hang Dau Go (Wooden Stakes cave) is the largest grotto in the Ha Long area. French tourists visited in the late 19th century, and named the cave Grotte des Merveilles. Its three large chambers contain large numerous stalactites and stalagmites (as well as 19th-century French graffiti). There are two bigger islands, Tuần Châu and Cát Bà, that have permanent inhabitants, as well as tourist facilities including hotels and beaches. There are a number of beautiful beaches on the smaller islands.
A community of around 1,600 people live on Hạ Long Bay in four fishing villages: Cua Van, Ba Hang, Cong Tau and Vong Vieng in Hung Thang ward, Ha Long city. They live on floating houses and are sustained through fishing and marine aquaculture (cultivating marine biota), plying the shallow waters for 200 species of fish and 450 different kinds of mollusks. Many of the islands have acquired their names as a result of interpretation of their unusual shapes. Such names include Voi Islet (elephant), Ga Choi Islet (fighting cock), Khi Islet (monkey), and Mai Nha Islet (roof). 989 of the islands have been given names. Birds and animals including bantams, antelopes, monkeys, and lizard also live on some of the islands.
Almost all these islands are as individual towers in a classic fenglin landscape with heights from , and height/width ratios of up to about six.
Another specific feature of Hạ Long Bay is the abundance of lakes inside the limestone islands. For example, Dau Be island has six enclosed lakes. All these island lakes occupy drowned dolines within fengcong karst.
Location
Hạ Long Bay is located in northeastern Vietnam, from E106°55' to E107°37' and from N20°43' to N21°09'. The bay stretches from Quang Yen town, past Hạ Long city, Cẩm Phả city to Vân Đồn District, is
bordered on the south and southeast by Lan Ha Bay, on the north by Hạ Long city, and on the west by Bai Tu Long Bay. The bay has a coastline and is approximately in size with about 2,000 islets. The area designated by UNESCO as the World Natural Heritage Site incorporates with 775 islets, of which the core zone is delimited by 69 points: Dau Go island on the west, Ba Ham lake on the south and Cong Tay island on the east. The protected area is from the Cái Dăm petrol store to Quang Hanh ward, Cẩm Phả city and the surrounding zone.
Climate
The climate of the bay is tropical, wet, sea islands, with two seasons: hot and moist summer, dry and cold winter. The average temperature is from , and annual rainfall is between . Ha Long Bay has the typical diurnal tide system (tide amplitude ranges from ). The salinity is from 31 to 34.5MT in the dry season and lower in the rainy season.
Population
Of the 1,969 islands in Ha Long, only approximately 40 are inhabited. These islands range from tens to thousands of hectares in size, mainly in the East and Southeast of Hạ Long Bay. In recent decades, thousands of villagers have been starting to settle down on the pristine islands and build new communities such as Sa Tô Island (Hạ Long City), Thắng Lợi Island (Vân Đồn district).
The population of Hạ Long Bay is about 1,540, mainly in Cửa Vạn, Ba Hang and Cặp Dè fishing villages (Hùng Thắng Ward, Hạ Long City). Residents of the bay mostly live on boats and rafts buoyed by tires and plastic jugs to facilitate the fishing, cultivating and breeding of aquatic and marine species. Fish require feeding every other day for up to three years, when they are eventually sold to local seafood restaurants for up to 300,000 Vietnamese dong per kilogram. Today the life of Hạ Long Bay inhabitants has much improved due to new travel businesses. Residents of the floating villages around the Ha Long bay now offer bedrooms for rent, boat tours, and fresh seafood meals to tourists. While this is an isolating, back-breaking lifestyle, floating village residents are considered wealthy to residents of other Hạ Long Bay islands.
At present ((clarify)), the Quảng Ninh provincial government has a policy to relocate the households living in the bay to resettle, in order to stabilize their life and to protect the landscape of the heritage zone. More than 300 households living in fishing villages in Hạ Long Bay have been relocated ashore in Khe Cá Resettlement Area, now known as Zone 8 (Hà Phong Ward, Hạ Long City) since May 2014. This project will continue to be implemented. The province will only retain a number of fishing villages for sightseeing tours.
History
Soi Nhu culture (16,000–5000 BC)
Located in Hạ Long and Bai Tu Long are archaeological sites such as Me Cung and Thien Long. There are remains from mounds of mountain shellfish (Cyclophorus), spring shellfish (Melania, also called Thiana), some fresh water mollusc and some rudimentary labour tools. The main way of life of Soi Nhu's inhabitants included catching fish and shellfish, collecting fruits and digging for bulbs and roots. Their living environment was a coastal area unlike other Vietnamese cultures, for example, like those found in Hoa Binh and Bac Son.
Cai Beo culture (5000–3000 BC)
Located in Hạ Long and Cat Ba island, its inhabitants developed to the level of sea exploitation. Cai Beo culture is a link between Soi Nhu culture and Hạ Long culture.
Hạ Long culture (2500–1500 BC)
Classical period
History shows that Hạ Long Bay was the setting for local naval battles against Vietnam's coastal neighbors. On three occasions, in the labyrinth of channels in Bạch Đằng River near the islands, the Vietnamese army stopped the Chinese from landing. In 1288, General stopped Mongol ships from sailing up the nearby Bach Dang River by placing steel-tipped wooden stakes at high tide, sinking the Mongol Kublai Khan's fleet.
Modern period
Hạ Long Bay was the site of the first ever raising of the new national flag of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam on 5 June 1948 during the signing of the Halong Bay Agreements (Accords de la baie d’Along) by High Commissioner Emile Bollaert and President Nguyễn Văn Xuân.
During the Vietnam War, many of the channels between the islands were heavily mined by the United States Navy, some of which pose a threat to shipping to this day.
Geology and geomorphology
In 2000, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee inscribed Hạ Long Bay in the World Heritage List according to its outstanding examples representing major stages of the Earth's history and its original limestone karstic geomorphologic features. Hạ Long Bay and its adjacent areas consist of a part of the Sino-Vietnamese composite terrane having its development history from pre-Cambrian up to present day. During Phanerozoic, terrigenous, volcanogenic and cherty-carbonate sediments containing in abundance graptolites, brachiopods, fishes, corals, foraminiferas, radiolarias, bivalves and flora, separated one from another by 10 stratigraphic gaps, but the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous has been considered as continuous. The limestone karstic geomorphology of the bay was developed since Miocene, especially the cone-shaped hills (fengcong), or isolated high limestone karst towers (fenglin) with many remnants of old phreatic caves, old karstic foot caves, marine notch caves form magnificent limestone karst landforms as unique on the world. The Quaternary geology was developed through 5 cycles with the intercalation of marine and continental environments. The present Hạ Long Bay, in fact, appeared after the Middle Holocene maximum transgression, leaving ultimate zone of lateral undercutting in the limestone cliffs bearing many shells of oysters, having the 14C age as 2280 to >40,000 y. BP. Geological resources are abundant: anthracite, lignite, oil shale, petroleum, phosphate, limestone and cement additives, kaolin, silica sand, dolomite, quartzite of exogenous origin, and antimony, mercury of hydrothermal origin. Besides, there still are surface water, groundwater and thermal mineral water on the shore of the Hạ Long - Bái Tử Long Bays and other environmental resources.
In terms of marine geology, this area is recorded as an especially coastal sedimentary environment. In the alkaline seawater environment, the chemical denudation process of calcium carbonate proceeds rapidly, creating wide, strangely shaped marine notches.
The bottom surface sediments are various from clay mud to sand, however, silty mud and clay mud are dominated in distribution. Especially, the carbonate materials originated from organisms make up from 60 to 65% sedimentary content. The surface sediments of coral reefs are mainly sand and pebbles of which the carbonate materials occupy for more than 90%. The intertidal zone sediments are various from clay mud to sand and gravel depending to distinguished sedimentary environments such as mangrove marshes, tidal flats, beaches etc. At the small, but wonderfully beautiful beaches, the sand sediments may be dominated quartz or carbonate materials.
The sediment layers of intertidal zone, the upper sea bed with a plain surface conserving ancient rivers, systems of caves and its sediments, traces of ancient marine action forming distinctive notches, beaches and marine terraces, mangrove swamps are important evidence of geological events and processes taking place during Quaternary.
History of tectonics
Hạ Long Bay has experienced at least 500 million years in various geological states of orogeny, marine transgression and marine regression. During the Ordovician and Silurian periods (500-410 million years ago), Hạ Long Bay was deep sea. During the Carboniferous and Permian periods (340-250 million years ago), Ha Long Bay was at shallow sea level.
The dominated uplift movement of neotectonic and recent tectonic influenced deeply on topography of this area, and the present landscape of sea-islands was formed around 7 or 8 thousand years ago by the sea invasion during Holocene transgression begun at about 17-18 thousand years ago. Particularly from the Holocene time, from about 11,000 years ago Cat Ba - Ha Long area has much archaeological evidence connecting variations in sea levels with the development of ancient cultures such as the Soi Nhu and Ha Long cultures.
Karst geomorphology value
Due to a simultaneous combination of ideal factors such as thick, pale, grey, and strong limestone layers, which are formed by fine-grained materials; hot and moist climate and slow tectonic process as a whole; Ha Long Bay has had a complete karst evolution for 20 million years. There are many types of karst topography in the bay, such as karst field.
Hạ Long Bay is a mature karst landscape developed during a warm, wet, tropical climate. The sequence of stages in the evolution of a karst landscape over a period of 20 million years requires a combination of several distinct elements including a massive thickness of limestone, a hot wet climate and slow overall tectonic up lift. The process of karst formation is divided into five stages, the second of which is the formation of the distinctive do line karst. This is followed by the development of fengcong karst, which can be seen in the groups of hills on Bo Hon and Dau Be Inland. These cones with sloping sides average 100m in height with the tallest exceeding 200m. Fenglin karst is characterised by steep separate towers. The hundreds of rocky islands with form the beautiful and famous landscape of the Bay are the individual towers of a classic Fenglin landscape where the intervening plains have been submerged by the sea. Most towers reach a height of between 50 and 100m with a height to width ratio of about 6. The karst dolines were flooded by the sea, becoming the abundance of lakes that lie within the limestone islands. For example, Dau Be island at the mouth of the Bay has six enclosed lakes including those of the Ba Ham lakes lying within its fengcong karst. The Bay contains examples of the landscape elements of fengcong, fenglin and karst plain. These are not separate evolutionary stages but the result of natural non – uniform processes in the denudation of a large mass of limestone. Marine erosion created the notches which in some places have been enlarged into caves. The marine notch is a feature of limestone coastline but, in Ha Long Bay, it has created the mature landscape.
Within Hạ Long Bay, the main accessible caves are the older passages that survive from the time when the karst was evolving though its various stages of fengcong and fenglin. Three main types of caves can be recognized in the limestone islands (Waltham, T. 1998):
Remnants of old phreatic caves
Old karstic foot caves
Marine notch caves
The first group consists of old phreatic caves which include Sung Sot, Tam Cung, Lau Dai, Thien Cung, Dau Go, Hoang Long, Thien Long. Nowadays, these caves lie at various high levels. Sung Sot cave is on Bo Hon island. From its truncated entrance chambers on a ledge high on the cliff, a passage of more that 10m high and wide descends to the south. Tam Cung is a large phreatic fissure cave that developed in the bedding planes of the limestone dividing the fissure cave into three chambers. Lau Dai is a cave with a complex of passages extending over 300m opening on the south side of Con Ngua island. Thien Cung and Dau Go are remnants of the same old cave system. They both survive in the northern part of Dau Go island at between 20 and 50m above sea level. Thien Cung has one large chamber more that 100m long, blocked at its ends and almost subdivided into smaller chambers by massive wall of stalactites and stalagmites. Dau Go is a single large tunnel descending along a major set of fractures to a massive choke.
The second group of caves is the old karstic foot caves which include Trinh Lu, Bo Nau, Tien Ong and Trong caves. Foot caves are a ubiquitous feature of karst landscapes which have reached a stage of widespread lateral undercutting at base level. They may extend back into maze caves of stream caves draining from larger cave systems within the limestone. They are distinguished by the main elements of their passages being close to the horizontal and are commonly related to denuded or accumulated terraces at the old base levels. Trinh Nu, which is one of the larger foot caves in Ha Long Bay with its ceiling at about 12m above sea level and about 80m in length, was developed in multiple stages. Bo Nau, a horizontal cave containing old stalactite deposits, cuts across the 25o dip of the bedding plane.
The third group is the marine notch caves that are a special feature of the karst of Hạ Long Bay. The dissolution process of sea water acting on the limestone and erosion by wave action crates notches at the base of the cliffs. In advantageous conditions, dissolution of the limestone allows the cliff notches to be steadily deepened and extended into caves. Many of these at sea level extend right though the limestone hills into drowned dolines which are now tidal lakes.
A distinguishing feature of marine notch caves is an absolutely smooth and horizontal ceiling cut through the limestone. Some marine notch caves had been not formed at present sea level, but old sea levels related to sea level changes in Holocene transgression, event to Pleistocene sea levels. Some of them passed preserved the development of old karstic foot cave in mainland environment or preserved the remnants of older phreatic caves. One of the most unusual features of Ha Long Bay is the Bo Ham lake group of hidden lakes and their connecting tunnel – notch caves in Dau Be island. From the island's perimeter cliff a cave, 10m wide at water level and curving so that it is almost completely dark, extends about 150m to Lake 1. Luon cave is on Bo Hon island and extends 50m though to an enclosed tidal lake. It has a massive stalactite hanging 2m down and truncated at the modern tidal level. It has passed through many stages in its formation.
The karst landscape of Hạ Long Bay is of international significance and of fundamental importance to the science of geomorphology. The fenglin tower karst, which is the type present in much of Ha Long Bay, is the most extreme form of limestone landscape development. If these karst landscapes are broadly compared in terms of their height, steepness and number of their limestone towers, Ha Long Bay is probably second in the entire world only to Yangshou, in China. However, Hạ Long Bay has also been invaded by the sea so that the geomorphology of its limestone islands are, at least in part, the consequence of marine erosion. The marine invasion distinguishes Ha Long Bay and makes it unique in the world. There are other areas of submerged karst towers which were invaded by the sea, but none is as extensive as Ha Long Bay.
Timeline of geologic evolution
Some of the most remarkable geological events in Hạ Long Bay's history have occurred in the last 1,000 years, include the advance of the sea, the raising of the bay area, strong erosion that has formed coral, and, pure blue and heavily salted water. This process of erosion by seawater has deeply engraved the stone, contributing to its fantastic beauty. Present-day Ha Long Bay is the result of this long process of geological evolution that has been influenced by so many factors.
Due to all these factors, tourists visiting Ha Long Bay are not only treated to one of the natural wonders of the world, but also to a precious geological museum that has been naturally preserved in the open air for the last 300 million years.
Ecology
Hạ Long Bay is host to two ecosystems: a tropical, moist, evergreen rainforest ecosystem; and a marine and coastal ecosystem. The bay is home to seven endemic species: Livistona halongensis, Impatiens halongensis, Chirita halongensis, Chirita hiepii, Chirita modesta, Paraboea halongensis and Alpinia calcicola. Bioluminescent plankton can also be found.
The many islands that dot the bay are home to a great many other species, including (but likely not limited to): 477 magnoliales, 12 pteris, 20 salt marsh flora; and 4 amphibia, 10 reptilia, 40 aves, and 4 mammalia.
Common aquatic species found in the bay include: cuttlefish (mực); oyster (hào); cyclinae (ngán); prawns (penaeidea (tôm he), panulirus (tôm hùm), parapenaeopsis (tôm sắt), etc.); sipunculoideas (sá sùng); nerita (ốc đĩa); charonia tritonis (ốc tù và); and cà sáy.
Environmental damage
With an increasing tourist trade, mangroves and seagrass beds have been cleared and jetties and wharves have been built for tourist boats.
Game fishing, often near coral reefs, is threatening many endangered species of fish.
Local government and businesses are aware of the problems and many measures have been taken to minimise the impact of tourism on the bay environment for sustainable economic growth like introducing eco-friendly tours and introducing tight waste control on resorts.
Awards and designations
In 1962, the Vietnam Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism designated Ha Long Bay a 'Renowned National Landscape Monument'.
Hạ Long Bay was first listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994, in recognition of its outstanding, universal aesthetic value. In 2000 the World Heritage Committee additionally recognised Ha Long Bay for its outstanding geological and geomorphological value, and its World Heritage Listing was updated.
In October 2011, World Monuments Fund included the bay on the 2012 World Monuments Watch, citing tourism pressures and associated development as threats to the site that must be addressed. The goal of Watch-listing is to promote strategies of responsible heritage-driven development for a sustainable future.
In 2012, New 7 Wonders Foundation officially named Ha Long Bay as one of New Seven Natural Wonders of the world.
Ha Long Bay is also a member of the Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World.
In literature
In writings about Ha Long Bay, the following Vietnamese writers said:
Nguyễn Trãi: "This wonder is ground raising up into the middle of the high sky".
Xuân Diệu: "Here is the unfinished works of the Beings...Here is the stones which the Giant played and threw away".
Nguyên Ngọc: "...to form this first- rate wonder, nature only uses: Stone and Water...There are just only two materials themselves chosen from as much as materials, in order to write, to draw, to sculpture, to create everything...It is quite possible that here is the image of the future world".
Ho Chi Minh: "It is the wonder that one cannot impart to others".
Phạm Văn Đồng: "Is it one scenery or many sceneries? Is it the scenery in the world or somewhere?".
Nguyễn Tuân: "Only mountains accept to be old, but Ha Long sea and wave are young forever".
Huy Cận: "Night breathes, stars wave Ha Long's water".
Chế Lan Viên:
"Ha Long, Bái Tử Long- Dragons were hidden, only stones still remain
On the moonlight nights, stones meditate as men do..."
Lord Trịnh Cương overflowed with emotion: "Mountains are glistened by water shadow, water spills all over the sky".
Ancient tales
Ha Long bay's inhabitants have developed numerous tales explaining names given to various isles and caves in the bay.
Dau Go cave (literally: "the end of wooden bars" cave): these wooden bars in this cave are the remnants of sharped wooden columns built under the water level by the order of Trần Hưng Đạo commander in order to sink Mongolian invaders' ships in the 13th century.
Kim Quy cave (literally: "Golden Turtle" cave): it is told that the Golden Turtle swam toward the Eastern Sea (international name: South China Sea) after returning the holy sword which had assisted King Lê Thái Tổ in the combat against Ming invaders from China. Next, with the approval of the Sea King, Golden Turtle continued to fight against monsters in this marine area. The turtle became exhausted and died in a cave. Consequently, the cave was named after the Golden Turtle.
Con Coc islet (literally: Frog islet): is a frog- like isle. According to ancient tales, in a year of severe drought, a frog directed all animals to the Heaven and protested against the God. They demonstrated in favour of making rain. As a result, the God must accept the frog as his uncle. Since then, whenever frogs grind their teeth, the God has to pour water down the ground.
Hang Trong and Hang Trinh Nu (literally: Male cave and Virgin cave): the tale's about a beautiful woman had fallen in love with a fisherman whom must sail to the sea not so long after their engagement, the landlord saw this beautiful girl and captured her, but with her resistance, the landlord exiled the girl to remote island. After being left to starve, the girl died and turned into a statue people called Hang Trinh Nu (Virgin Cave). Her betrothed ran to the girl's island and when he found out what had happened, he turned into an islet situated nearby called Hang Trong (Male Cave).
Thien Cung cave (literally: Paradise cave): this cave is one of the places associated with the ancient dragon king. It told that Thien Cung cave was the place where the Dragon King's 7-day marriage took place. To congratulate the couple, many dragons and elephants visited to dance and fly.
See also
Guilin
Krabi
Matsushima
References
External links
Official Website
UNESCO's World Heritage Convention: Ha Long Bay*
Environmental capacity Ha Long Bay - Bai Tu Long. Publisher: Natural Science and Technology. Hanoi. Editor: Nguyen Khoa Son, – In Vietnamese
Vietnamese Sea and Islands – position Resources, and typical geological and ecological wonders. Publisher Science and Technology. Ha Noi, Editor: Nguyen Khoa Son, . In Vietnamese
World Heritage Sites in Vietnam
Bays of Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin
ASEAN heritage parks
Landforms of Quảng Ninh province
Fishing communities in Vietnam
Tourist attractions in Quảng Ninh province
Articles containing video clips
Places with bioluminescence | [
0.10316212475299835,
0.3217483162879944,
0.13563238084316254,
-0.39272254705429077,
0.6575143337249756,
-0.059432048350572586,
0.14334926009178162,
0.31365910172462463,
-0.6020105481147766,
0.00375733501277864,
-0.332428514957428,
0.08250313997268677,
-0.1336992084980011,
0.4390488862991333,
-0.020336778834462166,
0.34473130106925964,
0.7817453145980835,
-0.01849723607301712,
-0.2276768535375595,
-0.5561712384223938,
-0.05620798096060753,
-0.7299926280975342,
-0.11034860461950302,
-0.2325456738471985,
0.024649901315569878,
0.014636592008173466,
0.15270370244979858,
0.9676931500434875,
0.515012264251709,
-0.20280754566192627,
0.2973910868167877,
0.30829161405563354,
-0.4119015634059906,
-0.15580862760543823,
0.3951791822910309,
0.45126616954803467,
0.18591007590293884,
-0.6264570951461792,
-0.906889021396637,
-0.09995173662900925,
0.17409512400627136,
0.05552844703197479,
0.013501768000423908,
0.6871533393859863,
0.2096148282289505,
-0.34614235162734985,
-0.5529823303222656,
0.1235240250825882,
-0.4553098976612091,
0.007979354821145535,
-0.5232167840003967,
0.3731837272644043,
-0.0709049254655838,
-0.0378764271736145,
0.42315614223480225,
0.9475463628768921,
-0.9282505512237549,
-0.12383370846509933,
-0.05425451323390007,
-0.23942041397094727,
0.3611731231212616,
0.15800690650939941,
0.09803065657615662,
0.24235166609287262,
-0.2544805109500885,
0.41593238711357117,
-0.25759366154670715,
-0.1472640335559845,
0.6136746406555176,
-0.6647051572799683,
0.395207017660141,
0.032182782888412476,
-0.22079038619995117,
0.2743057608604431,
-0.8925692439079285,
0.29818737506866455,
-0.4110643267631531,
-0.2532953917980194,
-0.06822666525840759,
0.026287348940968513,
0.24891522526741028,
-0.3873494863510132,
0.6331081986427307,
-0.2277948409318924,
0.3753367066383362,
0.4563565254211426,
0.24321117997169495,
0.2676491439342499,
-0.6333020329475403,
0.7550982236862183,
-0.3091900944709778,
-0.31051838397979736,
0.23915323615074158,
-0.14500361680984497,
0.06161712110042572,
-0.290803462266922,
0.3394741117954254,
0.5400668978691101,
0.22040344774723053,
0.38634490966796875,
-0.13534405827522278,
0.3986862599849701,
0.6925643086433411,
0.22075356543064117,
-0.9418764710426331,
-0.9128891825675964,
-0.4453786015510559,
-0.4168514311313629,
0.05549551919102669,
-0.6338757276535034,
-0.6542144417762756,
0.24239934980869293,
-0.03129136562347412,
0.3696000277996063,
-0.25494226813316345,
0.4491436183452606,
0.23661430180072784,
-0.06477086246013641,
0.03738514706492424,
-0.011558075435459614,
0.6834612488746643,
0.7050577402114868,
-0.2729666829109192,
-0.14322228729724884,
0.4849351644515991,
-0.20496559143066406,
0.42879584431648254,
0.16660229861736298,
-0.7092829942703247,
0.8197156190872192,
-0.18147914111614227,
0.5765677690505981,
-0.20620103180408478,
0.013657242991030216,
-0.20959854125976562,
0.22454488277435303,
0.17202027142047882,
0.22591285407543182,
0.49013856053352356,
0.08577664941549301,
-1.06015944480896,
0.23658281564712524,
-0.7235866785049438,
-0.06031104549765587,
0.08732204884290695,
0.309140682220459,
-0.9231372475624084,
-1.0633740425109863,
-0.1903666853904724,
-0.1395142823457718,
-0.2207532823085785,
-0.09128308296203613,
0.42532700300216675,
0.1999838948249817,
-0.6757829189300537,
0.24014215171337128,
0.33538636565208435,
0.007626746781170368,
-0.052938155829906464,
-0.17009101808071136,
0.26777005195617676,
0.125544011592865,
0.2294180691242218,
-0.13069984316825867,
-0.08549388498067856,
0.20070227980613708,
0.33250662684440613,
0.8991026282310486,
-0.2647946774959564,
-0.2706494629383087,
-0.27120253443717957,
-0.017007645219564438,
0.666820764541626,
-0.7084100842475891,
-0.2066190540790558,
-0.10168435424566269,
0.5397967100143433,
0.5104823112487793,
-0.39834219217300415,
0.30784672498703003,
-0.8143779039382935,
0.7437291145324707,
0.2112462818622589,
-0.15793776512145996,
0.6911344528198242,
-0.1980891078710556,
0.20986910164356232,
0.4296281933784485,
-0.2836988866329193,
0.33709657192230225,
-0.04151293635368347,
-0.502957820892334,
0.28375592827796936,
-0.03127216175198555,
0.24322542548179626,
0.15254446864128113,
0.1060686856508255,
0.5643573999404907,
0.01821821555495262,
0.8266237378120422,
-0.9656978845596313,
0.06237521767616272,
0.6683128476142883,
-0.32240772247314453,
-1.1410365104675293,
0.22907543182373047,
0.4984758496284485,
0.13979125022888184,
0.19131796061992645,
0.5547392964363098,
-0.2267550826072693,
-0.17394137382507324,
0.2516653537750244,
0.48322823643684387,
0.162901371717453,
-0.40567389130592346,
-0.14545351266860962,
-0.056176621466875076,
-0.12676338851451874,
-0.22906522452831268,
0.6876016855239868,
0.2243555188179016,
-0.31992489099502563,
0.7055584788322449,
-0.16748055815696716,
0.6730038523674011,
0.542079508304596,
0.0658240094780922,
0.424959659576416,
-0.5272015333175659,
-0.011278611607849598,
-0.011570055037736893,
0.0235537551343441,
0.06283877789974213,
-0.11241503804922104,
0.25903451442718506,
0.21715742349624634,
-0.2604854106903076,
0.5572744011878967,
-0.1386120468378067,
-0.3171190619468689,
-0.08297524601221085,
-0.3122876286506653,
0.15629726648330688,
0.22341108322143555,
0.2752651870250702,
-0.09757430106401443,
-0.09450550377368927,
-0.3564692437648773,
-0.5222707390785217,
-0.17481456696987152,
0.6824826598167419,
0.5745245814323425,
-0.017306752502918243,
0.3529510498046875,
-0.5351429581642151,
-0.1731649786233902,
0.18262706696987152,
0.3888300955295563,
-0.47769978642463684,
-0.44018086791038513,
0.37250179052352905,
0.19406601786613464,
0.42384541034698486,
0.23330342769622803,
-0.38150298595428467,
0.3107411563396454,
-0.7848888039588928,
0.08819374442100525,
0.3920503258705139,
-0.4796038866043091,
-0.4149453341960907,
-0.4441663920879364,
-0.5703229904174805,
-0.06027459725737572,
-0.23200960457324982,
0.0747419223189354,
0.07341033965349197,
-0.41796985268592834,
-0.15045751631259918,
0.9063858985900879,
0.7061671614646912,
-0.20909897983074188,
-1.034643530845642,
0.00039817430661059916,
0.12716452777385712,
-0.8546441793441772,
-0.0787157192826271,
0.02383006177842617,
0.6076309680938721,
-0.1429702639579773,
-0.8177942037582397,
0.21034052968025208,
0.39091286063194275,
-0.20804254710674286,
-0.11873798817396164,
-0.030001910403370857,
-0.32829293608665466,
0.4600119888782501,
-0.42681223154067993,
-0.5920068025588989,
-0.06765355169773102,
-0.5078937411308289,
0.3705901801586151,
0.14406266808509827,
-0.05616999790072441,
-0.13405369222164154,
0.2865463197231293,
-5.413168430328369,
0.3010790944099426,
-0.17941784858703613,
0.24721169471740723,
-0.6927078366279602,
-0.05003640428185463,
0.3146653175354004,
-0.48727917671203613,
0.0370262935757637,
-0.009884235449135303,
-0.3723262846469879,
-0.2633735239505768,
0.23736868798732758,
0.48204922676086426,
0.22019048035144806,
0.4548441469669342,
-0.004332961048930883,
0.24779853224754333,
0.25375646352767944,
-0.47274601459503174,
-0.6738024353981018,
0.09745454788208008,
-0.7116557359695435,
-0.033723872154951096,
0.3640204071998596,
0.7718434929847717,
-0.39254066348075867,
-0.2688644826412201,
-1.2419488430023193,
-0.06248503178358078,
-0.4997898042201996,
0.027408920228481293,
0.2617357075214386,
0.16191346943378448,
0.20819012820720673,
0.18701057136058807,
0.3344520926475525,
-0.1132417619228363,
0.26024067401885986,
-0.4392005503177643,
0.6326202750205994,
0.18223139643669128,
0.013547874987125397,
-0.06538650393486023,
-0.04195078834891319,
-1.0328866243362427,
-0.8937613368034363,
-0.14830520749092102,
0.5156533718109131,
0.2180839478969574,
0.32381510734558105,
0.13464173674583435,
0.3440091013908386,
0.07178698480129242,
-0.13662667572498322,
-0.1544165313243866,
0.4463423192501068,
-0.45023247599601746,
-0.3145436942577362,
0.07820265740156174,
0.6901698708534241,
-0.25379619002342224,
-0.3979680836200714,
-0.2943156659603119,
0.34408077597618103,
0.0013784593902528286,
0.45917871594429016,
-0.2557123005390167,
-0.21097591519355774,
0.38970789313316345,
-0.5329771637916565,
0.5477663278579712,
-0.7254354953765869,
-0.831993579864502,
-0.42641836404800415,
-0.3479866683483124,
-1.120273470878601,
0.3051673173904419,
-0.0528562031686306,
-0.2876642942428589,
-0.09200587123632431,
-0.09308407455682755,
0.44253966212272644,
0.9520735740661621,
0.1673627346754074,
-1.155692219734192,
0.20608267188072205,
0.5124459266662598,
-0.12543714046478271,
0.24684235453605652,
0.44075700640678406,
-0.1998751163482666,
0.44174936413764954,
0.18138481676578522,
-0.2906886637210846,
0.5151433348655701,
0.12555080652236938,
-0.08054185658693314,
1.0573506355285645,
-0.2518596947193146,
0.8058775663375854,
0.19603469967842102,
0.08820824325084686,
-0.1276806741952896,
-0.6795872449874878,
-0.19218803942203522,
0.3767443597316742,
0.3995102047920227,
0.43066444993019104,
0.17903295159339905,
-0.3593512177467346,
0.24019873142242432,
0.38030296564102173,
-0.022039856761693954,
0.3150632679462433,
-0.21749314665794373,
-0.263663649559021,
0.7327648997306824,
0.4521939158439636,
-0.2781831920146942,
0.3808492124080658,
0.7506359219551086,
-0.12747220695018768,
0.1904148906469345,
0.3183063566684723,
-0.131109818816185,
-0.20362474024295807,
0.4155600070953369,
-0.4912344515323639,
0.6013199090957642,
0.2651608884334564,
-0.4536004066467285,
0.9513955116271973,
-0.2762395143508911,
0.24276211857795715,
-0.9176772236824036,
-0.7719438076019287,
-1.2798200845718384,
0.029865503311157227,
0.19990022480487823,
0.17691390216350555,
-0.0035216091200709343,
-0.03978784382343292,
0.42475274205207825,
-0.44739416241645813,
0.137981578707695,
-0.07511937618255615,
-0.11613744497299194,
-0.2901710569858551,
0.619143009185791,
-0.9895702004432678,
-0.5290709137916565,
0.3259746730327606,
-0.0857238918542862,
-0.03765154629945755,
-0.5911874175071716,
0.0918082743883133,
0.7506483197212219,
0.6870250105857849,
0.23321770131587982,
0.012275734916329384,
-0.3809332549571991,
-1.1926357746124268,
-0.19696585834026337,
-0.5302155613899231,
-0.11285413056612015,
0.5534628629684448,
-0.05836775153875351,
-0.49811720848083496,
0.871423065662384,
0.5039108991622925,
-0.1456422656774521,
-0.7422957420349121,
-0.5963422060012817,
-0.100298672914505,
-0.464118093252182,
0.11136825382709503,
0.36556476354599,
-0.04784667119383812,
-0.0032453867606818676,
-0.20767155289649963,
0.06306780129671097,
0.2494940608739853,
0.3686974048614502,
0.5099180936813354,
-0.4390704035758972,
-0.1493855118751526,
-0.3746408224105835,
-0.5123214721679688,
0.13607138395309448,
0.6683175563812256,
0.17054782807826996,
0.04972591996192932,
0.4792849123477936,
0.038080934435129166,
-0.7524850368499756,
-0.2735319435596466,
0.24596074223518372,
0.04689742997288704,
0.1942644864320755,
-0.007146517746150494,
0.29165035486221313,
-1.0499032735824585,
0.5394077897071838,
0.014519362710416317,
-0.7348353862762451,
0.46789315342903137,
0.15428388118743896,
0.024359630420804024,
0.4509747624397278,
-0.9152079224586487,
-0.8352149128913879,
0.21177655458450317,
0.6053761839866638,
-0.6170452833175659,
0.3277040421962738,
-0.22191792726516724,
-0.6221681237220764,
-0.26548436284065247,
0.03237557411193848,
-0.15555822849273682,
-0.40039166808128357,
-0.5488755702972412,
-0.7882922887802124,
-0.9815223813056946,
0.7250401377677917,
0.839402973651886,
-0.4692043364048004,
0.11918666958808899,
-0.22849220037460327,
-0.20175567269325256,
-0.4855792820453644,
0.3827016055583954,
0.24439935386180878,
-0.17162545025348663,
-0.6485719680786133,
0.23107357323169708,
-0.05617474019527435,
0.21167771518230438,
0.11297539621591568,
0.03186779096722603,
0.8750837445259094,
0.1025611013174057,
-0.6346128582954407,
-0.4943157136440277,
0.2157614380121231,
-0.19283266365528107,
-0.4160817861557007,
-0.5902495384216309,
0.06765591353178024,
-0.14056238532066345,
-0.34091490507125854,
-0.7457727789878845,
-0.5028429627418518,
0.6222361326217651,
-0.08442424982786179,
0.16607846319675446,
0.5836149454116821,
0.28918689489364624,
0.21331799030303955,
0.11599916219711304,
-0.3268285393714905,
-0.4657595753669739,
-0.25494900345802307,
0.7903834581375122,
-0.5377964973449707,
-0.28394535183906555,
-0.021800555288791656,
-0.18507245182991028,
-0.36201488971710205,
0.3390209376811981,
-0.5147303342819214,
0.6554121375083923,
0.3844302296638489,
-0.5354523658752441,
-0.12895990908145905,
0.37336018681526184,
-0.3363775312900543,
0.7958106994628906,
-0.028537742793560028,
-0.3909740149974823,
0.07141321152448654,
-0.1894478052854538,
-0.11715580523014069,
0.3562913239002228,
-0.5100638270378113,
0.29871416091918945,
-0.14184978604316711,
-0.043066199868917465,
0.25940200686454773,
-0.11261725425720215,
-0.436172217130661,
-0.30168983340263367,
0.24540244042873383,
0.28739044070243835,
0.32073673605918884,
0.390571653842926,
0.8438385725021362,
-0.48209455609321594,
-0.06422042846679688,
-0.9704499840736389,
0.24369415640830994,
-0.03307890519499779,
-0.6799665689468384,
0.5754765868186951,
-0.5913911461830139,
0.2754935324192047,
-0.45690926909446716,
-0.22240892052650452,
0.7727999091148376,
0.600139319896698,
0.8121126294136047,
-0.47733819484710693,
0.9316258430480957,
0.27773141860961914,
0.3993754982948303,
0.43250057101249695,
-0.6028013825416565,
0.45855075120925903,
0.5245773792266846,
-0.10204201191663742,
-0.3495599627494812,
-0.04214686155319214,
0.40681642293930054,
0.28270936012268066,
0.494125097990036,
-0.4751947820186615,
-0.19165381789207458,
0.8293118476867676,
0.6417044997215271,
-0.376381516456604,
-0.5807443261146545,
0.1735227108001709,
0.20491835474967957,
-0.4325508177280426,
-0.03865039721131325,
-0.47885292768478394,
-0.6346156597137451,
-0.41860514879226685,
0.036353699862957,
0.2553830146789551,
0.19719195365905762,
-0.27515196800231934,
-0.23087254166603088,
0.21300655603408813,
0.23365084826946259,
0.29446539282798767,
0.004159565083682537,
0.6667689085006714,
-0.18084780871868134,
0.4552565813064575,
0.18013083934783936,
0.02775057591497898,
-0.29164013266563416,
0.3113345801830292,
0.14131854474544525,
-0.38432106375694275,
-0.15701177716255188,
-0.10368692129850388,
0.21126686036586761,
0.4947882294654846,
0.4919222295284271,
-0.3247949779033661,
0.003835150506347418,
0.674477219581604,
-0.6816749572753906,
0.4146553575992584,
-0.4487212598323822,
0.0439479798078537,
0.5898421406745911,
0.30360496044158936,
0.3919547200202942,
0.19399505853652954,
0.14321322739124298,
-0.0037510416004806757,
0.13991135358810425,
-0.3099019229412079,
0.3599923253059387,
-0.42141059041023254,
-0.07655647397041321,
-0.16102786362171173,
0.31659168004989624,
0.26881080865859985,
0.02561747469007969,
-0.2658543884754181,
-0.3512401878833771,
0.42233145236968994,
0.317005455493927,
-0.4681781530380249,
-0.3539554178714752,
-0.13533198833465576,
-0.09434002637863159,
-0.6147831082344055,
-0.02120024710893631,
-0.1341717392206192,
-0.35509562492370605,
-0.03148369491100311,
0.3625960648059845,
0.5310971736907959,
-0.2964966297149658,
0.004012780729681253,
0.10285921394824982,
-0.12658120691776276,
0.6305404901504517,
0.11780174821615219,
0.24582533538341522,
-0.6682196259498596,
0.3692328631877899,
-0.7374779582023621,
0.4039764106273651,
0.27731040120124817,
0.607451856136322,
-0.36091703176498413,
0.9300454258918762,
-0.173100546002388,
0.5077677965164185,
0.5013042092323303,
-0.523104190826416,
0.5014709234237671,
-0.46158817410469055,
-0.4251100718975067,
-0.2117593139410019,
-0.3086167573928833,
0.24917280673980713,
-0.004962631966918707,
-0.4510948657989502,
-0.003888519015163183,
-0.13131587207317352,
-0.5013183355331421,
0.4834443926811218,
0.3368450403213501,
-0.10766829550266266,
-0.346888929605484,
-0.011092553846538067,
-0.34762075543403625,
-1.1452103853225708,
0.32130828499794006,
1.046574354171753,
0.5032243728637695,
-0.4612058401107788,
0.1999792605638504,
-0.20745526254177094,
0.3084535002708435,
0.22214378416538239,
-0.5151498317718506,
-0.6581526398658752,
0.0007385793724097311,
-0.03539460897445679,
-0.9069311022758484,
0.5778558850288391,
0.32221534848213196,
-0.497903048992157,
0.36659300327301025,
-0.4599468410015106,
-0.2849203944206238,
-0.2431207299232483,
-0.07830208539962769,
-0.1619822233915329,
0.15170030295848846,
0.22460034489631653
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.