Datasets:

arminmrm93
/

wiki_with_embedding1

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 64.6k rows

id stringlengths 6 8	url stringlengths 31 167	title stringlengths 1 98	text stringlengths 26 185k	embedding sequence
230578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20Empire	Portuguese Empire	The Portuguese Empire (), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the later overseas territories governed by Portugal. It was one of the longest-lived empires in European history, lasting almost six centuries from the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa, in 1415, to the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to China in 1999. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th century it stretched across the globe, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania. The Portuguese Empire originated at the beginning of the Age of Discovery, and the power and influence of the Kingdom of Portugal would eventually expand across the globe. In the wake of the Reconquista, Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–19, using recent developments in navigation, cartography, and maritime technology such as the caravel, with the aim of finding a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice-trade. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached what would be Brazil. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and trading posts (factories) as they went. By 1571 a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and South Asia. This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth (1500–1800) when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal's per-capita income. When King Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) seized the Portuguese crown in 1580 there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent historiography as the Iberian Union. The realms continued to have separate administrations. As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the Dutch Republic, England, and France. With its smaller population, Portugal found itself unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline. Eventually, Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era of empire (1663–1825), until, as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it broke away in 1822. The third era of empire covers the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the independence of Brazil in the 1820s. By then, the colonial possessions had been reduced to forts and plantations along the African coastline (expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century), Portuguese Timor, and enclaves in India (Portuguese India) and China (Portuguese Macau). The 1890 British Ultimatum led to the contraction of Portuguese ambitions in Africa. Under António Salazar (in office 1932–1968), the Estado Novo dictatorship made some ill-fated attempts to cling on to its last remaining colonies. Under the ideology of Pluricontinentalism, the regime renamed its colonies "overseas provinces" while retaining the system of forced labour, from which only a small indigenous élite was normally exempt. In 1961 India annexed Goa and Damaon and Dahomey annexed Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá. The Portuguese Colonial War in Africa lasted from 1961 until the final overthrow of the Estado Novo regime in 1974. The Carnation Revolution of April 1974 in Lisbon led to the hasty decolonization of Portuguese Africa and to the 1975 annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia. Decolonization prompted the exodus of nearly all the Portuguese colonial settlers and of many mixed-race people from the colonies. Portugal returned Macau to China in 1999. The only overseas possessions to remain under Portuguese rule, the Azores and Madeira, both had overwhelmingly Portuguese populations, and Lisbon subsequently changed their constitutional status from "overseas provinces" to "autonomous regions". Background (1139–1415) The origin of the Kingdom of Portugal lay in the reconquista, the gradual reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors. After establishing itself as a separate kingdom in 1139, Portugal completed its reconquest of Moorish territory by reaching Algarve in 1249, but its independence continued to be threatened by neighbouring Castile until the signing of the Treaty of Ayllón in 1411. Free from threats to its existence and unchallenged by the wars fought by other European states, Portuguese attention turned overseas and towards a military expedition to the Muslim lands of North Africa. There were several probable motives for their first attack, on the Marinid Sultanate (in present-day Morocco). It offered the opportunity to continue the Christian crusade against Islam; to the military class, it promised glory on the battlefield and the spoils of war; and finally, it was also a chance to expand Portuguese trade and to address Portugal's economic decline. In 1415 an attack was made on Ceuta, a strategically located North African Muslim enclave along the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the terminal ports of the trans-Saharan gold and slave trades. The conquest was a military success, and marked one of the first steps in Portuguese expansion beyond the Iberian Peninsula, but it proved costly to defend against the Muslim forces that soon besieged it. The Portuguese were unable to use it as a base for further expansion into the hinterland, and the trans-Saharan caravans merely shifted their routes to bypass Ceuta and/or used alternative Muslim ports. First empire (1415–1663) Although Ceuta proved to be a disappointment for the Portuguese, the decision was taken to hold it while exploring along the Atlantic African coast. A key supporter of this policy was Infante Dom Henry the Navigator, who had been involved in the capture of Ceuta, and who took the lead role in promoting and financing Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460. At the time, Europeans did not know what lay beyond Cape Bojador on the African coast. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach Asia by sea, both to reach the source of the lucrative spice trade and perhaps to join forces with the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John that was rumoured to exist somewhere in the "Indies". Under his sponsorship, soon the Atlantic islands of Madeira (1419) and Azores (1427) were reached and started to be settled, producing wheat for export to Portugal. The main Portuguese goal was trade, not colonization or conquest. Soon its ships were bringing into the European market highly valued gold, ivory, pepper, cotton, sugar, and slaves. The slave trade, for example, was conducted by a few dozen merchants in Lisbon. In the process of expanding the trade routes, Portuguese navigators mapped unknown parts of Africa, and began exploring the Indian Ocean. In 1487, an overland expedition by Pêro da Covilhã made its way to India, exploring trade opportunities with the Indians and Arabs, and winding up finally in Ethiopia. His detailed report was eagerly read in Lisbon, which became the best informed center for global geography and trade routes. Initial African coastline excursions Fears of what lay beyond Cape Bojador, and whether it was possible to return once it was passed, were assuaged in 1434 when it was rounded by one of Infante Henry's captains, Gil Eanes. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast. In 1443 Infante Dom Pedro, Henry's brother and by then regent of the Kingdom, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. Later this monopoly would be enforced by the papal bulls Dum Diversas (1452) and Romanus Pontifex (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands. A major advance that accelerated this project was the introduction of the caravel in the mid-15th century, a ship that could be sailed closer to the wind than any other in operation in Europe at the time. Using this new maritime technology, Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly latitudes, advancing at an average rate of one degree a year. Senegal and Cape Verde Peninsula were reached in 1445. The first feitoria trade post overseas was established in 1445 on the island of Arguin, off the coast of Mauritania, to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes travelled in North Africa. In 1446, Álvaro Fernandes pushed on almost as far as present-day Sierra Leone, and the Gulf of Guinea was reached in the 1460s. The Cape Verde Islands were discovered in 1456 and settled in 1462. Expansion of sugarcane in Madeira started in 1455, using advisers from Sicily and (largely) Genoese capital to produce the "sweet salt" rare in Europe. Already cultivated in Algarve, the accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. Slaves were used, and the proportion of imported slaves in Madeira reached 10% of the total population by the 16th century. By 1480 Antwerp had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar. The success of sugar merchants such as Bartolomeo Marchionni would propel the investment in future travels. In 1469, after prince Henry's death and as a result of meagre returns of the African explorations, King Afonso V granted the monopoly of trade in part of the Gulf of Guinea to merchant Fernão Gomes. Gomes, who had to explore of the coast each year for five years, discovered the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, including São Tomé and Príncipe and found a thriving alluvial gold trade among the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders at the port then named Mina (the mine), where he established a trading post. Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew throughout a decade. During the War of the Castilian Succession, a large Castilian fleet attempted to wrest control of this lucrative trade, but were decisively defeated in the 1478 Battle of Guinea, which firmly established an exclusive Portuguese control. In 1481, the recently crowned João II decided to build São Jorge da Mina in order to ensure the protection of this trade, which was held again as a royal monopoly. The Equator was crossed by navigators sponsored by Fernão Gomes in 1473 and the Congo River by Diogo Cão in 1482. It was during this expedition that the Portuguese first encountered the Kingdom of Kongo, with which it soon developed a rapport. During his 1485–86 expedition, Cão continued to Cape Cross, in present-day Namibia, near the Tropic of Capricorn. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa, proving false the view that had existed since Ptolemy that the Indian Ocean was land-locked. Simultaneously Pêro da Covilhã, traveling secretly overland, had reached Ethiopia, suggesting that a sea route to the Indies would soon be forthcoming. As the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa, they left behind a series of padrões, stone crosses engraved with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims, and built forts and trading posts. From these bases, they engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades. Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the African seaborne slave trade for over a century, importing around 800 slaves annually. Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon, where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 percent of the population. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) In 1492 Christopher Columbus's after-discovery for Spain of the New World, which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and the Portuguese. These were eventually settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the Portuguese and the Spanish along a north–south meridian 370 leagues, or , west of the Cape Verde islands. However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure longitude, the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777. The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, though it has also been speculated that other voyages were in fact taking place in secret during this time. Whether or not this was the case, the long-standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a ground-breaking voyage commanded by Vasco da Gama. Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean The squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching Calicut (the capital of the native kingdom ruled by Zamorins (This city also known as Kozhikode) in south-western India in May 1498. The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under Pedro Álvares Cabral. While following the same south-westerly route as Gama across the Atlantic Ocean, Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast. This was probably an accidental discovery, but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line. Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled, and two follow up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503. The land was found to be abundant in pau-brasil, or brazilwood, from which it later inherited its name, but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India. In 1502, to enforce its trade monopoly over a wide area of the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese Empire created the cartaz licensing system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival states. Profiting from the rivalry between the ruler of Kochi and the Zamorin of Calicut, the Portuguese were well-received and seen as allies, as they obtained a permit to build the fort Immanuel (Fort Kochi) and a trading post that was the first European settlement in India. They established a trading center at Tangasseri, Quilon (Coulão, Kollam) city in (1503) in 1502, which became the centre of trade in pepper, and after founding manufactories at Cochin (Cochim, Kochi) and Cannanore (Canonor, Kannur), built a factory at Quilon in 1503. In 1505 King Manuel I of Portugal appointed Francisco de Almeida first Viceroy of Portuguese India, establishing the Portuguese government in the east. That year the Portuguese also conquered Kannur, where they founded St. Angelo Fort, and Lourenço de Almeida arrived in Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), where he discovered the source of cinnamon. Although Cankili I of Jaffna initially resisted contact with them, the Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese officials soon after for their resistance to missionary activities as well as logistical reasons due to its proximity with Trincomalee harbour among other reasons. In the same year, Manuel I ordered Almeida to fortify the Portuguese fortresses in Kerala and within eastern Africa, as well as probe into the prospects of building forts in Sri Lanka and Malacca in response to growing hostilities with Muslims within those regions and threats from the Mamluk sultan. A Portuguese fleet under the command of Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Socotra at the entrance of the Red Sea in 1506 and Muscat in 1507. Having failed to conquer Ormuz, they instead followed a strategy intended to close off commerce to and from the Indian Ocean. Madagascar was partly explored by Cunha, and Mauritius was discovered by Cunha whilst possibly being accompanied by Albuquerque. After the capture of Socotra, Cunha and Albuquerque operated separately. While Cunha traveled India and Portugal for trading purposes, Albuquerque went to India to take over as governor after Almeida's three-year term ended. Almeida refused to turn over power and soon placed Albuquerque under house arrest, where he remained until 1509. Although requested by Manuel I to further explore interests in Malacca and Sri Lanka, Almeida instead focused on western India, in particular the Sultanate of Gujarat due to his suspicions of traders from the region possessing more power. The Mamlûk Sultanate sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri along with the Gujarati sultanate attacked Portuguese forces in the harbor of Chaul, resulting in the death of Almeida's son. In retaliation, the Portuguese fought and destroyed the Mamluks and Gujarati fleets in the sea Battle of Diu in 1509. Along with Almeida's initial attempts, Manuel I and his council in Lisbon had tried to distribute power in the Indian Ocean, creating three areas of jurisdiction: Albuquerque was sent to the Red Sea, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to South-east Asia, seeking an agreement with the Sultan of Malacca, and Jorge de Aguiar followed by Duarte de Lemos were sent to the area between the Cape of Good Hope and Gujarat. However, such posts were centralized by Afonso de Albuquerque after his succession and remained so in subsequent ruling. Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia By the end of 1509, Albuquerque became viceroy of the East Indies with the capital at Velha Goa, after the Cape route was discovered by Vasco da Gama. In contrast to Almeida, Albuquerque was more concerned with strengthening the navy, as well as being more compliant with the interests of the kingdom. His first objective was to conquer Goa, due to its strategic location as a defensive fort positioned between Kerala and Gujarat, as well as its prominence for Arabian horse imports. The initial capture of Goa from the Bijapur sultanate in 1510 was soon countered by the Bijapuris, but with the help of Hindu privateer Timoji, on November 25 of the same year it was recaptured. In Goa, Albuquerque began the first Portuguese mint in India in 1510. He encouraged Portuguese settlers to marry local women, built a church in honor of St. Catherine (as it was recaptured on her feast day), and attempted to build rapport with the Hindus by protecting their temples and reducing their tax requirements. The Portuguese maintained friendly relations with the south Indian Emperors of the Vijayanagara Empire. In April 1511 Albuquerque sailed to Malacca in Malaysia, the largest spice market of the period. Though the trade was largely dominated by the Gujarati, other groups such as the Turks, Persians, Armenians, Tamils and Abyssinians traded there. Albuquerque targeted Malacca to impede the Muslim and Venetian influence in the spice trade and increase that of Lisbon. By July 1511, Albuquerque had captured Malacca and sent Antonio de Abreu and Francisco Serrão (along with Ferdinand Magellan) to explore the Indonesian archipelago. The Malacca peninsula became the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia. A strong gate, called the A Famosa, was erected to defend the city and remains. Learning of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque immediately sent Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to the Kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations and trade between both kingdoms. The Portuguese empire pushed further south and proceeded to discover Timor in 1512. Jorge de Meneses discovered New Guinea in 1526, naming it the "Island of the Papua". In 1517, João da Silveira commanded a fleet to Chittagong, and by 1528, the Portuguese had established a settlement in Chittagong. The Portuguese eventually based their center of operations along the Hugli River, where they encountered Muslims, Hindus, and Portuguese deserters known as Chatins. China and Japan Jorge Alvares was the first European to reach China by sea, while the Romans were the first overland via Asia Minor. He was also the first European to discover Hong Kong. In 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Viceroy of the Estado da India, dispatched Rafael Perestrello to sail to China in order to pioneer European trade relations with the nation. In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeat by the Ming Chinese at the Battle of Tunmen in Tamão or Tuen Mun in 1521 where the Portuguese lost 2 ships and Battle of Sincouwaan in Lantau Island where the Portuguese also lost 2 ships and Shuangyu in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the Dongshan Peninsula in 1549 where two Portuguese junks and Galeote Pereira were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass-produced in China such as matchlock musket arquebuses which they named bird guns and Breech loading swivel guns which they named as Folangji (Frankish) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the Luso-Chinese agreement (1554) and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver taels to Ming China. Despite initial harmony and excitement between the two cultures, difficulties began to arise shortly afterwards, including misunderstanding, bigotry, and even hostility. The Portuguese explorer Simão de Andrade incited poor relations with China due to his pirate activities, raiding Chinese shipping, attacking a Chinese official, and kidnappings of Chinese. He based himself at Tamao island in a fort. The Chinese claimed that Simão kidnapped Chinese boys and girls to be molested and cannibalized. The Chinese sent a squadron of junks against Portuguese caravels that succeeded in driving the Portuguese away and reclaiming Tamao. As a result, the Chinese posted an edict banning men with Caucasian features from entering Canton, killing multiple Portuguese there, and driving the Portuguese back to sea. After the Sultan of Bintan detained several Portuguese under Tomás Pires, the Chinese then executed 23 Portuguese and threw the rest into prison where they resided in squalid, sometimes fatal conditions. The Chinese then massacred Portuguese who resided at Ningbo and Fujian trading posts in 1545 and 1549, due to extensive and damaging raids by the Portuguese along the coast, which irritated the Chinese. Portuguese pirating was second to Japanese pirating by this period. However, they soon began to shield Chinese junks and a cautious trade began. In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in Macau, creating a warehouse in the trade of goods between China, Japan, Goa and Europe. Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza Portuguese operations in Asia did not go unnoticed, and in 1521 Magellan arrived in the region and claimed the Philippines for Spain. In 1525, Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the Moluccas islands, claiming they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas, since there was no set limit to the east. The expedition of García Jofre de Loaísa reached the Moluccas, docking at Tidore. With the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate, conflict was inevitable, leading to nearly a decade of skirmishes. A resolution was reached with the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529, attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain. The Portuguese traded regularly with the Bruneian Empire from 1530 and described the capital of Brunei as surrounded by a stone wall. South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf, contesting control of the spice trade with the Ajuran Empire and the Ottoman Empire. In 1515, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the Huwala state of Hormuz at the head of the Persian Gulf, establishing it as a vassal state. Aden, however, resisted Albuquerque's expedition in that same year and another attempt by Albuquerque's successor Lopo Soares de Albergaria in 1516. In 1521 a force led by António Correia captured Bahrain, defeating the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil. In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years. With the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa since 1497, the island of Mozambique became a strategic port, and there was built Fort São Sebastião and a hospital. In the Azores, the Islands Armada protected the ships en route to Lisbon. In 1534, Gujarat faced attack from the Mughals and the Rajput states of Chitor and Mandu. The Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was forced to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese, establishing an alliance to regain the country, giving in exchange Daman, Diu, Mumbai and Bassein. It also regulated the trade of Gujarati ships departing to the Red Sea and passing through Bassein to pay duties and allow the horse trade. After Mughal ruler Humayun had success against Bahadur, the latter signed another treaty with the Portuguese to confirm the provisions and allowed the fort to be built in Diu. Shortly afterward, Humayun turned his attention elsewhere, and the Gujarats allied with the Ottomans to regain control of Diu and lay siege to the fort. The two failed sieges of 1538 and 1546 put an end to Ottoman ambitions, confirming the Portuguese hegemony in the region, as well as gaining superiority over the Mughals. However, the Ottomans fought off attacks from the Portuguese in the Red Sea and in the Sinai Peninsula in 1541, and in the northern region of the Persian Gulf in 1546 and 1552. Each entity ultimately had to respect the sphere of influence of the other, albeit unofficially. Sub-Saharan Africa After a series of prolonged contacts with Ethiopia, the Portuguese embassy made contact with the Ethiopian (Abyssinian) Kingdom led by Rodrigo de Lima in 1520. This coincided with the Portuguese search for Prester John, as they soon associated the kingdom as his land. The fear of Turkish advances within the Portuguese and Ethiopian sectors also played a role in their alliance. The Adal Sultanate defeated the Ethiopians in the battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529, and Islam spread further in the region. Portugal responded by aiding king Gelawdewos with Portuguese soldiers and muskets. Though the Ottomans responded with support of soldiers and muskets to the Adal Sultanate, after the death of the Adali sultan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi in the battle of Wayna Daga in 1543, the joint Adal-Ottoman force retreated. The Portuguese also made direct contact with the Kongolose vassal state Ndongo and its ruler Ngola Kiljuane in 1520, after the latter requested missionaries. Kongolese king Afonso I interfered with the process with denunciations, and later sent a Kongo mission to Ndongo after the latter had arrested the Portuguese mission that came. The growing official and unofficial slave trading with Ndongo strained relations between Kongo and the Portuguese, and even had Portuguese ambassadors from Sao Tome support Ndongo against the Kingdom of Kongo. However, when the Jaga attacked and conquered regions of Kongo in 1568, Portuguese assisted Kongo in their defeat. In response, the Kongo allowed the colonization of Luanda Island; Luanda was established by Paulo Dias de Novais in 1576 and soon became a slave port. De Novais' subsequent alliance with Ndongo angered Luso-Africans who resented the influence from the Crown. In 1579, Ndongo ruler Ngola Kiluanje kia Ndamdi massacred Portuguese and Kongolese residents in the Ndongo capital Kabasa under the influence of Portuguese renegades. Both the Portuguese and Kongo fought against Ndongo, and off-and-on warfare between the Ndongo and Portugal would persist for decades. In east-Africa, the main agents acting on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, exploring and settling the territory of what would become Mozambique were the prazeiros, to whom vast estates around the Zambezi river were leased by the King as a reward for their services. Commanding vast armies of chikunda warrior-slaves, these men acted as feudal-like lords, either levying tax from local chieftains, defending them and their estates from marauding tribes, participating in the ivory or slave trade, and becoming involved in the politics of the Kingdom of Mutapa, to the point of installing client kings upon its throne. Missionary expeditions In 1542, Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Goa at the service of King John III of Portugal, in charge of an Apostolic Nunciature. At the same time Francisco Zeimoto, António Mota, and other traders arrived in Japan for the first time. According to Fernão Mendes Pinto, who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at Tanegashima, where the locals were impressed by firearms, that would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale. By 1570 the Portuguese bought part of a Japanese port where they founded a small part of the city of Nagasaki, and it became the major trading port in Japan in the triangular trade with China and Europe. Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia and Africa, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. Jesuit missionaries, followed the Portuguese to violently and forcefully spread Roman Catholicism to Asia and Africa with mixed success. Colonization efforts in the Americas Canada Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Portuguese Crown, under the kings Manuel I, John III and Sebastian, also claimed territorial rights in North America (reached by John Cabot in 1497 and 1498). To that end, in 1499 and 1500, João Fernandes Lavrador explored Greenland and the north Atlantic coast of Canada, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. Subsequently, in 1500–1501 and 1502, the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real explored what is today the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and Greenland, claiming these lands for Portugal. In 1506, King Manuel I created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters. Around 1521, João Álvares Fagundes was granted donatary rights to the inner islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and also created a settlement on Cape Breton Island to serve as a base for cod fishing. Pressure from natives and competing European fisheries prevented a permanent establishment and was abandoned five years later. Several attempts to establish settlements in Newfoundland over the next half-century also failed. Brazil Within a few years after Cabral arrived from Brazil, competition came along from France. In 1503, an expedition under the command of Gonçalo Coelho reported French raids on the Brazilian coasts, and explorer Binot Paulmier de Gonneville traded for brazilwood after making contact in southern Brazil a year later. Expeditions sponsored by Francis I along the North American coast directly violated of the Treaty of Tordesilhas. By 1531, the French had stationed a trading post off of an island on the Brazilian coast. The increase in brazilwood smuggling from the French led João III to press an effort to establish effective occupation of the territory. In 1531, a royal expedition led by Martim Afonso de Sousa and his brother Pero Lopes went to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create some of the first colonial towns – among them São Vicente, in 1532. Sousa returned to Lisbon a year later to become governor of India and never returned to Brazil. The French attacks did cease to an extent after retaliation led to the Portuguese paying the French to stop attacking Portuguese ships throughout the Atlantic, but the attacks would continue to be a problem well into the 1560s. Upon de Sousa's arrival and success, fifteen latitudinal tracts, theoretically to span from the coast to the Tordesillas limit, were decreed by João III on 28 September 1532. The plot of the lands formed as a hereditary captaincies (Capitanias Hereditárias) to grantees rich enough to support settlement, as had been done successfully in Madeira and Cape Verde islands. Each captain-major was to build settlements, grant allotments and administer justice, being responsible for developing and taking the costs of colonization, although not being the owner: he could transmit it to offspring, but not sell it. Twelve recipients came from Portuguese gentry who become prominent in Africa and India and senior officials of the court, such as João de Barros. Of the fifteen original captaincies, only two, Pernambuco and São Vicente, prospered. Both were dedicated to the crop of sugar cane, and the settlers managed to maintain alliances with Native Americans. The rise of the sugar industry came about because the Crown took the easiest sources of profit (brazilwood, spices, etc.), leaving settlers to come up with new revenue sources. The establishment of the sugar cane industry demanded intensive labor that would be met with Native American and, later, African slaves. Deeming the capitanias system ineffective, João III decided to centralize the government of the colony in order to "give help and assistance" to grantees. In 1548 he created the first General Government, sending in Tomé de Sousa as first governor and selecting a capital at the Bay of All Saints, making it at the Captaincy of Bahia. Tomé de Sousa built the capital of Brazil, Salvador, at the Bay of All Saints in 1549. Among de Sousa's 1000 man expedition were soldiers, workers, and six Jesuits led by Manuel da Nóbrega. The Jesuits would have an essential role in the colonization of Brazil, including São Vicente, and São Paulo, the latter which Nóbrega co-founded. Along with the Jesuit missions later came disease among the natives, among them plague and smallpox. Subsequently, the French would resettle in Portuguese territory at Guanabara Bay, which would be called France Antarctique. While a Portuguese ambassador was sent to Paris to report the French intrusion, Joao III appointed Mem de Sá as new Brazilian governor general, and Sá left for Brazil in 1557. By 1560, Sá and his forces had expelled the combined Huguenot, Scottish Calvinist, and slave forces from France Antarctique, but left survivors after burning their fortifications and villages. These survivors would settle Gloria Bay, Flamengo Beach, and Parapapuã with the assistance of the Tamoio natives. The Tamoio had been allied with the French since the settlement of France Antarctique, and despite the French loss in 1560, the Tamoio were still a threat. They launched two attacks in 1561 and 1564 (the latter event was assisting the French), and were nearly successful with each. By this time period, Manuel de Nóbrega, along with fellow Jesuit José de Anchieta, took part as members of attacks on the Tamoios and as spies for their resources. From 1565 through 1567 Mem de Sá and his forces eventually destroyed France Antarctique at Guanabara Bay. He and his nephew, Estácio de Sá, then established the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1567, after Mem de Sá proclaimed the area "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro" in 1565. By 1575, the Tamoios had been subdued and essentially were extinct, and by 1580 the government became more of an ouvidor general rather than the ouvidores. Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663) In 1580, King Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal after a crisis of succession brought about by King Sebastian of Portugal's death during a disastrous Portuguese attack on Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578. At the Cortes of Tomar in 1581, Philip was crowned Philip I of Portugal, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires under Spanish Habsburg rule in a dynastic Iberian Union. At Tomar, Philip promised to keep the empires legally distinct, leaving the administration of the Portuguese Empire to Portuguese nationals, with a Viceroy of Portugal in Lisbon seeing to his interests. Philip even had the capital moved to Lisbon for a two-year period (1581–83) due to it being the most important city in the Iberian peninsula. All the Portuguese colonies accepted the new state of affairs except for the Azores, which held out for António, a Portuguese rival claimant to the throne who had garnered the support of Catherine de Medici of France in exchange for the promise to cede Brazil. Spanish forces eventually captured the islands in 1583. The Tordesillas boundary between Spanish and Portuguese control in South America was then increasingly ignored by the Portuguese, who pressed beyond it into the heart of Brazil, allowing them to expand the territory to the west. Exploratory missions were carried out both ordered by the government, the "entradas" (entries), and by private initiative, the "bandeiras" (flags), by the "bandeirantes". These expeditions lasted for years venturing into unmapped regions, initially to capture natives and force them into slavery, and later focusing on finding gold, silver and diamond mines. However, the union meant that Spain dragged Portugal into its conflicts with England, France and the Dutch Republic, countries which were beginning to establish their own overseas empires. The primary threat came from the Dutch, who had been engaged in a struggle for independence against Spain since 1568. In 1581, the Seven Provinces gained independence from the Habsburg rule, leading Philip II to prohibit commerce with Dutch ships, including in Brazil where Dutch had invested large sums in financing sugar production. Spanish imperial trade networks now were opened to Portuguese merchants, which was particularly lucrative for Portuguese slave traders who could now sell slaves in Spanish America at a higher price than could be fetched in Brazil. In addition to this newly acquired access to the Spanish asientos, the Portuguese were able to solve their bullion shortage issues with access to the production of the silver mining in Peru and Mexico. Manila was also incorporated into the Macau-Nagasaki trading network, allowing Macanese of Portuguese descent to act as trading agents for Philippine Spaniards and use Spanish silver from the Americas in trade with China, and they later drew competition with the Dutch East India Company. In 1592, during the war with Spain, an English fleet captured a large Portuguese carrack off the Azores, the Madre de Deus, which was loaded with 900 tons of merchandise from India and China estimated at half a million pounds (nearly half the size of English Treasury at the time). This foretaste of the riches of the East galvanized English interest in the region. That same year, Cornelis de Houtman was sent by Dutch merchants to Lisbon, to gather as much information as he could about the Spice Islands. The Dutch eventually realized the importance of Goa in breaking up the Portuguese empire in Asia. In 1583, merchant and explorer Jan Huyghen van Linschoten (1563 – 8 February 1611), formerly the Dutch secretary of the Archbishop of Goa, had acquired information while serving in that position that contained the location of secret Portuguese trade routes throughout Asia, including those to the East Indies and Japan. It was published in 1595; the text was then included in the larger volume published in 1596 under the title "Itinerario: voyage, ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, 1579–1592". Dutch and English interests used this new information, leading to their commercial expansion, including the foundation of the English East India Company in 1600, and the Dutch East India Company in 1602. These developments allowed the entry of chartered companies into the East Indies. The Dutch took their fight overseas, attacking Spanish and Portuguese colonies and beginning the Dutch–Portuguese War, which would last for over sixty years (1602–1663). Other European nations, such as Protestant England, assisted the Dutch Empire in the war. The Dutch attained victories in Asia and Africa with assistance of various indigenous allies, eventually wrenching control of Malacca, Ceylon, and São Jorge da Mina. The Dutch also had regional control of the lucrative sugar-producing region of northeast Brazil as well as Luanda, but the Portuguese regained these territories after considerable struggle. Meanwhile, in the Arabian Peninsula, the Portuguese also lost control of Ormuz by a joint alliance of the Safavids and the English in 1622, and Oman under the Al-Ya'arubs would capture Muscat in 1650. They would continue to use Muscat as a base for repetitive incursions within the Indian Ocean, including capturing Fort Jesus in 1698. In Ethiopia and Japan in the 1630s, the ousting of missionaries by local leaders severed influence in the respective regions. Second empire (1663–1822) The loss of colonies was one of the reasons that contributed to the end of the personal union with Spain. In 1640 John IV was proclaimed King of Portugal and the Portuguese Restoration War began. Even before the war's final resolution, the crown established the Overseas Council, conceived in 1642 on the short-lived model of the Council of India (1604–1614), and established in 1643, it was the governing body for most of the Portuguese overseas empire. The exceptions were North Africa, Madeira, and the Azores. All correspondence concerning overseas possessions were funneled through the council. When the Portuguese court fled to Brazil in 1807, following the Napoleonic invasion of Iberia, Brazil was removed from the jurisdiction of the council. It made recommendations concerning personnel for the administrative, fiscal, and military, as well as bishops of overseas dioceses. A distinguished seventeenth-century member was Salvador de Sá. In 1661 the Portuguese offered Bombay and Tangier to England as part of a dowry, and over the next hundred years the English gradually became the dominant trader in India, gradually excluding the trade of other powers. In 1668 Spain recognized the end of the Iberian Union and in exchange Portugal ceded Ceuta to the Spanish crown. After the Portuguese were defeated by the Indian rulers Chimnaji Appa of the Maratha Empire and by Shivappa Nayaka of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom and at the end of confrontations with the Dutch, Portugal was only able to cling onto Goa and several minor bases in India, and managed to regain territories in Brazil and Africa, but lost forever to prominence in Asia as trade was diverted through increasing numbers of English, Dutch and French trading posts. Thus, throughout the century, Brazil gained increasing importance to the empire, which exported Brazilwood and sugar. Minas Gerais and the gold industry In 1693, gold was discovered at Minas Gerais in Brazil. Major discoveries of gold and, later, diamonds in Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso and Goiás led to a "gold rush", with a large influx of migrants. The village became the new economic center of the empire, with rapid settlement and some conflicts. This gold cycle led to the creation of an internal market and attracted a large number of immigrants. By 1739, at the apex of the mining boom, the population of Minas Gerais was somewhere between 200,000 and 250,000. The gold rush considerably increased the revenue of the Portuguese crown, who charged a fifth of all the ore mined, or the "fifth". Diversion and smuggling were frequent, along with altercations between Paulistas (residents of São Paulo) and Emboabas (immigrants from Portugal and other regions in Brazil), so a whole set of bureaucratic controls began in 1710 with the captaincy of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. By 1718, São Paulo and Minas Gerais became two captaincies, with eight vilas created in the latter. The crown also restricted the diamond mining within its jurisdiction and to private contractors. In spite of gold galvanizing global trade, the plantation industry became the leading export for Brazil during this period; sugar constituted at 50% of the exports (with gold at 46%) in 1760. Africans and Afro-Brazilians became the largest group of people in Minas Gerais. Slaves labeled as 'Minas' and 'Angolas' rose in high demand during the boom. The Akan within the 'Minas' group had a reputation to have been experts in extrapolating gold in their native regions, and became the preferred group. In spite of the high death rate associated with the slaves involved in the mining industry, the owners that allowed slaves that extracted above the minimum amount of gold to keep the excesses, which in turn led to the possibility of manumission. Those that became free partook in artisan jobs such as cobblers, tailors, and blacksmiths. In spite of free blacks and mulattoes playing a large role in Minas Gerais, the number of them that received marginalization was greater there than in any other region in Brazil. Gold discovered in Mato Grosso and Goiás sparked an interest to solidify the western borders of the colony. In the 1730s contact with Spanish outposts occurred more frequently, and the Spanish threatened to launch a military expedition in order to remove them. This failed to happen and by the 1750s the Portuguese were able to implant a political stronghold in the region. In 1755 Lisbon suffered a catastrophic earthquake, which together with a subsequent tsunami killed between 40,000 and 60,000 people out of a population of 275,000. This sharply checked Portuguese colonial ambitions in the late 18th century. According to economic historians, Portugal's colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth, 1500–1800. Leonor Costa et al. conclude: intercontinental trade had a substantial and increasingly positive impact on economic growth. In the heyday of colonial expansion, eliminating the economic links to empire would have reduced Portugal's per capita income by roughly a fifth. While the empire helped the domestic economy it was not sufficient to annul the tendency towards decline in relation to Europe's advanced core which set in from the 17th century onwards. Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil Unlike Spain, Portugal did not divide its colonial territory in America. The captaincies created there functioned under a centralized administration in Salvador, which reported directly to the Crown in Lisbon. The 18th century was marked by increasing centralization of royal power throughout the Portuguese empire. The Jesuits, who protected the natives against slavery, were brutally suppressed by the Marquis of Pombal, which led to the dissolution of the order in the region by 1759. Pombal wished to improve the status of the natives by declaring them free and increasing the mestizo population by encouraging intermarriage between them and the white population. Indigenous freedom decreased in contrast to its period under the Jesuits, and the response to intermarriage was lukewarm at best. The crown's revenue from gold declined and plantation revenue increased by the time of Pombal, and he made provisions to improve each. Although he failed to spike the gold revenue, two short-term companies he established for the plantation economy drove a significant increase in production of cotton, rice, cacao, tobacco, sugar. Slave labor increased as well as involvement from the textile economy. The economic development as a whole was inspired by elements of the Enlightenment in mainland Europe. However, the diminished influence from states such as the United Kingdom increased the Kingdom's dependence upon Brazil. Encouraged by the example of the United States of America, which had won its independence from Britain, the colonial province of Minas Gerais attempted to achieve the same objective in 1789. However, the Inconfidência Mineira failed, its leaders were arrested, and of the participants in the insurrections, the one of lowest social position, Tiradentes, was hanged. Among the conspiracies led by the Afro- population was the Bahian revolt in 1798, led primarily by João de Deus do Nascimento. Inspired by the French Revolution, leaders proposed a society without slavery, food prices would be lowered, and trade restriction abolished. Impoverished social conditions and a high cost of living were among reasons of the revolt. Authorities diffused the plot before major action began; they executed four of the conspirators and exiled several others were exiled to the Atlantic Coast of Africa. Several more smaller-scale slave rebellions and revolts would occur from 1801 and 1816 and fears within Brazil were that these events would lead to a "second Haiti". In spite of the conspiracies, the rule of Portugal in Brazil was not under serious threat. Historian A.R. Disney states that the colonists did not until the transferring of the Kingdom in 1808 assert influence of policy changing due to direct contact, and historian Gabriel Paquette mentions that the threats in Brazil were largely unrealized in Portugal until 1808 because of effective policing and espionage. More revolts would occur after the arrival of the court. Brazilian Independence In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal, and Dom João, Prince Regent in place of his mother, Queen Maria I, ordered the transfer of the royal court to Brazil. In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves), and the capital was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the only instance of a European country being ruled from one of its colonies. There was also the election of Brazilian representatives to the Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas (Portuguese Constitutional Courts), the Parliament that assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the Liberal Revolution of 1820. Although the royal family returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to a growing desire for independence amongst Brazilians. In 1822, the son of Dom João VI, then prince-regent Dom Pedro I, proclaimed the independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822, and was crowned Emperor of the new Empire of Brazil. Unlike the Spanish colonies of South America, Brazil's independence was achieved without significant bloodshed. Third empire (1822–1999) At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portugal pressed into the hinterland of Angola and Mozambique, and explorers Serpa Pinto, Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens were among the first Europeans to cross Africa west to east. British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910) The project to connect the two colonies, the Pink Map, was the main objective of Portuguese policy in the 1880s. However, the idea was unacceptable to the British, who had their own aspirations of contiguous British territory running from Cairo to Cape Town. The British Ultimatum of 1890 was imposed upon King Carlos I of Portugal and the Pink Map came to an end. The King's reaction to the ultimatum was exploited by republicans. On February 1, 1908, King Carlos and Prince Luís Filipe were assassinated in Lisbon by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça. Luís Filipe's brother, Manuel, became King Manuel II of Portugal. Two years later, on October 5, 1910, he was overthrown and fled into exile in England in Fulwell Park, Twickenham near London and Portugal became a republic. World War I In 1914, the German Empire formulated plans to usurp Angola from Portuguese control. Skirmishes between Portuguese and German soldiers ensued, resulting in reinforcements being sent from the mainland. The main objective of these soldiers was to recapture the Kionga Triangle, in northern Mozambique, the territory having been subjugated by Germany. In 1916, after Portugal interned German ships in Lisbon, Germany declared war on Portugal. Portugal followed suit, thus entering World War I. Early in the war, Portugal was involved mainly in supplying the Allies positioned in France. In 1916, there was only one attack on the Portuguese territory, in Madeira. In 1917, one of the actions taken by Portugal was to assist Britain in its timber industry, imperative to the war effort. Along with the Canadian Forestry Corps, Portuguese personnel established logging infrastructure in an area now referred to as the "Portuguese Fireplace". Throughout 1917 Portugal dispatched contingents of troops to the Allied front in France. Midway in the year, Portugal suffered its first World War I casualty. In Portuguese Africa, Portugal and the British fought numerous battles against the Germans in both Mozambique and Angola. Later in the year, U-boats entered Portuguese waters again and once more attacked Madeira, sinking multiple Portuguese ships. Through the beginning of 1918, Portugal continued to fight along the Allied front against Germany, including participation in the infamous Battle of La Lys. As autumn approached, Germany found success in both Portuguese Africa and against Portuguese vessels, sinking multiple ships. After nearly three years of fighting (from a Portuguese perspective), World War I ended, with an armistice being signed by Germany. At the Versailles Conference, Portugal regained control of all its lost territory, but did not retain possession (by the principle of uti possidetis) of territories gained during the war, except for Kionga, a port city in modern-day Tanzania. Portuguese territories in Africa eventually included the modern nations of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. Decolonization (1951–1999) In the wake of World War II, decolonization movements began to gain momentum in the empires of the European powers. The ensuing Cold War also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union vied to increase their spheres of influence. Following the granting of independence to India by Britain in 1947, and the decision by France to allow its enclaves in India to be incorporated into the newly independent nation, pressure was placed on Portugal to do the same. This was resisted by António de Oliveira Salazar, who had taken power in 1933. Salazar rebuffed a request in 1950 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to return the enclaves, viewing them as integral parts of Portugal. The following year, the Portuguese constitution was amended to change the status of the colonies to overseas provinces. In 1954, a local uprising resulted in the overthrow of the Portuguese authorities in the Indian enclave of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The existence of the remaining Portuguese colonies in India became increasingly untenable and Nehru enjoyed the support of almost all the Indian domestic political parties as well as the Soviet Union and its allies. In 1961, shortly after an uprising against the Portuguese in Angola, Nehru ordered the Indian Army into Goa, Daman and Diu, which were quickly captured and formally annexed the following year. Salazar refused to recognize the transfer of sovereignty, believing the territories to be merely occupied. The Province of Goa continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly until 1974. The outbreak of violence in February 1961 in Angola was the beginning of the end of Portugal's empire in Africa. Portuguese army officers in Angola held the view that it would be incapable of dealing militarily with an outbreak of guerilla warfare and therefore that negotiations should begin with the independence movements. However, Salazar publicly stated his determination to keep the empire intact, and by the end of the year, 50,000 troops had been stationed there. The same year, the tiny Portuguese fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá in Ouidah, a remnant of the West African slave trade, was annexed by the new government of Dahomey (now Benin) that had gained its independence from France. Unrest spread from Angola to Guinea, which rebelled in 1963, and Mozambique in 1964. The rise of Soviet influence among the Movimento das Forças Armadas's military (MFA) and working class, and the cost and unpopularity of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), in which Portugal resisted to the emerging nationalist guerrilla movements in some of its African territories, eventually led to the collapse of the Estado Novo regime in 1974. Known as the "Carnation Revolution", one of the first acts of the MFA-led government which then came into power – the National Salvation Junta (Junta de Salvação Nacional) – was to end the wars and negotiate Portuguese withdrawal from its African colonies. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the retornados. Portugal's new ruling authorities also recognized Goa and other Portuguese India's territories invaded by India's military forces, as Indian territories. Benin's claims over São João Baptista de Ajudá were accepted by Portugal in 1974. According to one historian, Portuguese rulers were unwilling to meet the demands of their colonial subjects (unlike other European powers) in part because Portuguese elites believed that "Portugal lacked the means to conduct a successful "exit strategy" (akin to the "neocolonial" approach followed by the British, the French, or the Belgians)" and in part due to the lack of "a free and open debate [in Salazar's dictatorial state] on the costs of upholding an empire against the anti-colonial consensus that had prevailed in the United Nations since the early 1960s". Civil wars in Angola and Mozambique promptly broke out, with incoming communist governments formed by the former rebels (and backed by the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other communist countries) fighting against insurgent groups supported by nations like Zaire, South Africa, and the United States. East Timor also declared independence in 1975 by making an exodus of many Portuguese refugees to Portugal, which was also known as retornados. However, East Timor was almost immediately invaded by neighbouring Indonesia, which later occupied it up until 1999. A United Nations-sponsored referendum resulted in a majority of East Timorese choosing independence, which was finally achieved in 2002. In 1987, Portugal signed the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration with the People's Republic of China to establish the process and conditions for the transfer of sovereignty of Macau, its last remaining overseas possession. While this process was similar to the agreement between the United Kingdom and China two years earlier regarding Hong Kong, the Portuguese transfer to China was met with less resistance than that of Britain regarding Hong Kong, as Portugal had already recognized Macau as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration in 1979. Under the transfer agreement, Macau is to be governed under a one country, two systems policy, in which it will retain a high degree of autonomy and maintain its capitalist way of life for at least 50 years after the handover in 2049. The handover on December 20, 1999 officially marked the end of the Portuguese Empire and end of colonialism in Asia. Legacy Presently, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) serves as the cultural and intergovernmental successor of the Empire. Macau was returned to China on 20 December 1999, under the terms of an agreement negotiated between People's Republic of China and Portugal twelve years earlier. Nevertheless, the Portuguese language remains co-official with Cantonese Chinese in Macau. Currently, the Azores, Madeira, and Savage Islands are the only overseas territories that remain politically linked to Portugal. Although Portugal began the process of decolonizing East Timor in 1975, during 1999–2002 was sometimes considered Portugal's last remaining colony, as the Indonesian invasion of East Timor was not justified by Portugal. Eight of the former colonies of Portugal have Portuguese as their official language. Together with Portugal, they are now members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, which when combined total 10,742,000 km2, or 7.2% of the Earth's landmass (148 939 063 km2). There are six associate observers of the CPLP: Georgia, Japan, Mauritius, Namibia, Senegal, and Turkey. Moreover, twelve candidate countries or regions have applied for membership to the CPLP and are awaiting approval. Today, Portuguese is one of the world's major languages, ranked sixth overall with approximately 240 million speakers around the globe. It is the third most spoken language in the Americas, mainly due to Brazil, although there are also significant communities of lusophones in nations such as Canada, the US and Venezuela. In addition, there are numerous Portuguese-based creole languages, including the one utilized by the Kristang people in Malacca. For instance, as Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the sweet orange in Europe, in several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian portokall, Bulgarian портокал (portokal), Greek πορτοκάλι (portokali), Macedonian портокал (portokal), Persian پرتقال (porteghal), and Romanian portocală. Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic البرتقال (bourtouqal), Georgian ფორთოხალი (p'ort'oxali), Turkish portakal and Amharic birtukan. Also, in southern Italian dialects (e.g., Neapolitan), an orange is portogallo or purtuallo, literally "(the) Portuguese (one)", in contrast to standard Italian arancia. In light of its international importance, Portugal and Brazil are leading a movement to include Portuguese as one of the official languages of the United Nations. See also Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Lusotropicalism Portuguese inventions Portuguese in Africa Portuguese Surinamese Portuguese Armadas Strait of Magellan List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East Portuguese Inquisition Goan Inquisition Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal Edict of Expulsion References Citations Explanatory footnotes General sources Crowley, Roger. Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire (2015) Curto, Diogo Ramada. Imperial Culture and Colonial Projects: The Portuguese-Speaking World from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (Berghahn Books, 2020) online review Gupta, Pamila. Portuguese Decolonization in the Indian Ocean World: History and Ethnography (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). MacQueen, Norrie. The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997) online Panikkar, K.M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. Priolkar, A.K. The Goa Inquisition (Bombay, 1961). External links Portuguese Empire Timeline Dutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps. "The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe" by Thomas Kitchin Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia Senaka Weeraratna, 2005, "Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658)", Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity Christian states 01 Former empires P Empire History of European colonialism . . . Overseas empires Portuguese Renaissance Early Modern history of Portugal Modern history of Portugal . . . . States and territories established in 1415 States and territories disestablished in 1999 1415 establishments in Europe 1999 disestablishments in Europe 2nd millennium in Portugal Historical transcontinental empires	[ -0.3804398775100708, -0.22611290216445923, 0.02293756976723671, -0.03366342931985855, 0.352741539478302, 0.0500711128115654, -0.2514999508857727, 0.7711622714996338, -0.5760753750801086, 0.027124233543872833, 0.2251054048538208, 0.0194077230989933, -0.16078023612499237, 0.46620243787765503, -0.270903617143631, 0.6791632771492004, 0.6044793725013733, 0.5539692640304565, -0.060838691890239716, -0.2243201732635498, -0.6842513680458069, 0.7769755721092224, -0.013042672537267208, 0.46206408739089966, 0.5545721650123596, -0.41982465982437134, 0.6330985426902771, -0.025085948407649994, -0.2334609478712082, -0.7605010867118835, 0.15111370384693146, -0.05939565226435661, -0.920637845993042, 0.0667233094573021, -0.29780659079551697, -0.7368538975715637, 0.12217670679092407, -0.6212831735610962, -0.3521907329559326, -0.6717398166656494, -0.7774021625518799, -0.44587215781211853, 0.46773141622543335, 0.5317261219024658, -0.05887087434530258, -0.22168628871440887, -1.0882303714752197, 0.6211903095245361, -0.23907870054244995, 0.4959985613822937, -0.3306865394115448, 0.5002853274345398, 0.32048431038856506, 0.028809184208512306, -0.27183157205581665, 0.0787585973739624, -0.532687246799469, -0.07378240674734116, 0.314092755317688, -0.5964425802230835, 0.831803023815155, 0.6765912771224976, 0.03545358404517174, 0.02963559329509735, 0.14627864956855774, -0.271650105714798, 0.38189175724983215, 0.41674312949180603, 0.03270215913653374, -0.49749118089675903, -0.37223637104034424, -0.11181221157312393, -0.407819002866745, -0.2760471999645233, -0.5077813267707825, -1.1460005044937134, -0.2267313152551651, 0.0448322556912899, -0.3809710741043091, 0.18353386223316193, -0.03559908643364906, -0.13864293694496155, 0.6266205310821533, -0.39493677020072937, 0.3275817632675171, 0.061539486050605774, -0.39098647236824036, -0.39066410064697266, -0.498312771320343, -0.13183711469173431, 0.14337806403636932, 0.336329847574234, 0.3268173933029175, 0.0778566300868988, -0.3045293986797333, -0.6363997459411621, 0.20325130224227905, -0.1344798058271408, -0.10690917074680328, 0.21180661022663116, -0.5713352560997009, 0.23468345403671265, 0.04465976357460022, -0.4916050434112549, -0.8545287847518921, 0.05507846176624298, -0.23348824679851532, 0.20593298971652985, -0.35237833857536316, 0.22177347540855408, -0.4927844703197479, -0.05384105443954468, 0.02998398430645466, 0.6597158908843994, -0.37500834465026855, 0.03577752411365509, 0.009325563907623291, -0.5289920568466187, 0.22608603537082672, -0.06164960190653801, 0.33687567710876465, 0.6096411347389221, 0.00821662973612547, -0.12677323818206787, 0.14237314462661743, 0.28838714957237244, 0.6804332137107849, -0.32687273621559143, -0.4343571066856384, 0.3264273703098297, 0.9353008270263672, 0.5377718806266785, -0.2820741832256317, 0.06589008122682571, -0.1881975382566452, 0.19040119647979736, 0.26011285185813904, 0.43294501304626465, 0.45112553238868713, -0.1627497673034668, -0.9002277255058289, -0.420462965965271, -0.268169105052948, 0.22226697206497192, -0.12992750108242035, -0.5389882922172546, 0.4322601854801178, -0.4473734498023987, -0.4971248507499695, -0.44848108291625977, -0.2561171352863312, -0.24681630730628967, -0.32569482922554016, -0.02036556787788868, -0.45822784304618835, -0.30449384450912476, 0.5952727794647217, -0.6976898908615112, 0.6879866719245911, 0.4953831434249878, -0.03581031784415245, -0.030069595202803612, 0.14057472348213196, 0.1181260421872139, 0.1606578230857849, 0.281039834022522, 0.17458127439022064, 0.8261191248893738, 0.1451396942138672, 0.33905819058418274, -0.5571320652961731, -0.22440221905708313, 0.045055221766233444, -0.24039006233215332, -1.131196141242981, 0.3407357633113861, 0.790559709072113, 0.12796325981616974, 0.24549460411071777, 0.03289169818162918, -0.5000117421150208, 0.2755092680454254, -0.10904200375080109, 0.2488117665052414, -0.18907855451107025, 0.25929054617881775, 0.056146569550037384, -0.16026058793067932, 0.31283462047576904, -0.21251358091831207, -0.1175156906247139, -0.18479424715042114, 0.08645832538604736, -0.5692272782325745, 0.6845797896385193, -0.07083648443222046, -0.1325322538614273, 0.3340933918952942, 0.08062434941530228, 0.46201568841934204, -0.419906884431839, -0.45113053917884827, 0.41629835963249207, 0.4668528437614441, -0.13432517647743225, -0.1093321442604065, -0.11777366697788239, 0.32355907559394836, 0.6905436515808105, 0.47771984338760376, 0.03224784508347511, 0.11259756237268448, 0.3219972550868988, -0.18158893287181854, 0.1247081384062767, -0.3712638318538666, -0.26212435960769653, -0.1805741786956787, -0.2434881627559662, -0.3167720437049866, 0.3256095051765442, -0.6490363478660583, -0.2584593594074249, 0.5297137498855591, 0.28188684582710266, 0.17867426574230194, -0.16819767653942108, 0.23279458284378052, 0.6282615065574646, -0.16080647706985474, -0.31015098094940186, -0.16930504143238068, 0.5424637794494629, -0.27322840690612793, 0.10034333169460297, 0.612409770488739, -0.44198888540267944, -0.2557509243488312, -0.20213790237903595, 0.08485694229602814, 0.15488523244857788, 0.09833382815122604, -0.12490353733301163, 0.41448360681533813, -0.26240092515945435, 0.05287657678127289, -0.4600629508495331, -0.052954062819480896, -0.18331946432590485, -0.3353290557861328, 0.34286797046661377, -0.0485067293047905, -0.4476276636123657, 0.1656481921672821, 0.4572080671787262, -0.9351979494094849, -0.1718824952840805, -0.2081419676542282, 0.225856214761734, -0.3161389231681824, -0.04155465215444565, -0.2530357539653778, 0.6551669836044312, 0.9562442302703857, 0.8306375741958618, -0.1520397961139679, -0.08123058080673218, -0.5908820033073425, 0.02144704945385456, 0.40175047516822815, -0.04725977033376694, -0.1024523451924324, -0.7041702270507812, -0.2502526342868805, 0.14702260494232178, -0.4464137554168701, -0.2409364879131317, -0.17105594277381897, -0.21306610107421875, -0.24690087139606476, 0.3483867049217224, 0.45020347833633423, -0.1889142394065857, -1.0698095560073853, -0.1385895311832428, -0.3025711178779602, 0.05705570429563522, -0.7100975513458252, 0.07787739485502243, 0.3352854549884796, 0.1263146996498108, 0.017857857048511505, -0.5621330142021179, 0.2642902433872223, -0.10052811354398727, 0.4478563368320465, 0.16357111930847168, -0.03090020641684532, 0.558861255645752, -0.6615214347839355, -0.8312397003173828, -0.17718280851840973, -0.4191822409629822, 0.08568405359983444, 0.16137084364891052, -0.08306010067462921, -0.4870104491710663, -0.06797158718109131, -5.57633638381958, 0.13711939752101898, 0.15381352603435516, 0.11865174025297165, -0.43793579936027527, 0.12156356871128082, 0.40802666544914246, 0.3869320750236511, 0.23298129439353943, -0.6141507625579834, 0.2908600866794586, 0.07022801786661148, -0.1789049655199051, 0.2321113497018814, 0.13925112783908844, 1.0015259981155396, 0.1902427077293396, 0.3946610987186432, 0.10062434524297714, -0.36544084548950195, -0.7308381199836731, -0.29662051796913147, 0.22015292942523956, 0.3975445330142975, 1.1872137784957886, 0.9463702440261841, -0.6100175976753235, 0.1306864321231842, -0.48394763469696045, 0.24922806024551392, -0.41046541929244995, -0.23726099729537964, 0.7960155606269836, -0.422328919172287, 0.014861498028039932, 0.25182029604911804, 0.39401090145111084, 0.32280176877975464, 0.20583970844745636, -0.9285203814506531, -0.24319717288017273, 0.4495154321193695, -0.31697311997413635, 0.46081870794296265, -0.2254842072725296, -0.3547796905040741, -0.3010319471359253, 0.5879241228103638, -0.09791046380996704, 0.7391266226768494, -0.786776602268219, -0.045650288462638855, -0.12957212328910828, -0.565154492855072, 0.5781319737434387, 0.021725045517086983, -0.19214123487472534, 0.2787971794605255, -0.626335084438324, 0.36167141795158386, 0.5109908580780029, -0.2121501863002777, -0.4438321888446808, -0.030830388888716698, 0.4890439808368683, -0.08574886620044708, -0.6094192862510681, 0.4581010043621063, 0.7783851027488708, 0.18053333461284637, -0.2231874316930771, 0.131480872631073, -0.15142053365707397, -0.6889402270317078, -0.1001262366771698, -0.4402628540992737, -0.12236503511667252, -0.05577419325709343, 0.2598104476928711, -0.41944020986557007, -0.104422427713871, 0.40416350960731506, -0.3598332703113556, 0.3588223457336426, -0.21617594361305237, -0.40905627608299255, 0.01186335552483797, 0.08768203109502792, -0.5620154738426208, 0.4958536624908447, 0.6397918462753296, -0.5761110782623291, 0.5111003518104553, 0.4401015043258667, 0.2791847288608551, 0.5579751133918762, -0.054023586213588715, -0.2562069296836853, 0.7703545093536377, -0.5654259920120239, 0.6271699070930481, 0.24186567962169647, 0.02697853557765484, -0.22943764925003052, 0.12644721567630768, 0.13671036064624786, -0.4476948082447052, 0.6638043522834778, 0.4897841513156891, -0.43697917461395264, 0.1704559028148651, 0.2305707335472107, -0.6051450371742249, -0.7251585125923157, 0.5397451519966125, -0.22385750710964203, -0.6872027516365051, 0.3604365289211273, 0.3343717157840729, -0.3407442271709442, 0.4140011668205261, -0.42710748314857483, -0.4143153429031372, 0.125753253698349, -0.3594951927661896, 0.6939019560813904, 0.4468054473400116, 0.5673664212226868, 0.15389691293239594, -0.18264330923557281, 0.04277997091412544, -0.3451622426509857, 0.125017449259758, 0.18992812931537628, 0.30328503251075745, -0.35829415917396545, -0.27341848611831665, -0.9320690035820007, -0.035654645413160324, -0.15054099261760712, -1.1537035703659058, -0.33827024698257446, 0.658209502696991, 0.08224106580018997, 0.30716463923454285, 0.2956318259239197, -0.16083526611328125, -0.25976455211639404, 0.08135053515434265, 0.5115659236907959, 0.1581922322511673, -0.0044999574311077595, 0.6065831780433655, -0.18238022923469543, -0.8081167936325073, -0.8166283369064331, 0.29853689670562744, 0.014661396853625774, -0.08929585665464401, -0.7737014889717102, 0.3996284008026123, -0.5688356161117554, -0.5722367763519287, 0.6531029939651489, 0.6321660876274109, -0.7213599681854248, -0.227151557803154, 0.25243881344795227, -0.28287839889526367, 0.6573848128318787, 0.8615965247154236, -0.5417242646217346, -0.38572677969932556, -0.3964288532733917, -0.045342158526182175, -0.5583741068840027, -0.46007853746414185, 0.6204599142074585, -0.1862613409757614, 0.08507756143808365, 0.17176030576229095, 0.006994698662310839, -0.27622804045677185, 0.33649012446403503, 0.33495795726776123, -0.3642306327819824, 0.2882898151874542, 0.045825887471437454, 0.22261427342891693, -0.35945558547973633, 0.4811789393424988, 0.338175505399704, 0.1925218552350998, 0.30047371983528137, -1.1430299282073975, -0.8465660810470581, -0.2407117336988449, 0.5206417441368103, -0.26648297905921936, -0.33433812856674194, 0.03161139786243439, 0.03840058296918869, -0.2554365396499634, 0.042836375534534454, -0.16688305139541626, 0.11804225295782089, 1.0737942457199097, -0.3335723578929901, -0.4407239854335785, 0.7725176215171814, -0.815499484539032, -0.3347790837287903, -0.1540963351726532, 0.810651957988739, -0.0013890003319829702, -0.03702276572585106, -0.07079198211431503, -0.5672326683998108, 0.01263275183737278, -0.5082269310951233, 0.399787962436676, 0.07444357872009277, -0.03141295164823532, 0.2768799960613251, -0.3203154504299164, 0.9451195597648621, 0.620988667011261, -0.4894123077392578, -0.19775375723838806, -0.5264652967453003, 0.484468013048172, -0.17992371320724487, 0.1521177738904953, -0.3947519063949585, -0.33252424001693726, 0.3894386291503906, 0.7918515205383301, -0.461430162191391, 0.531663715839386, 0.5739337801933289, 0.38454124331474304, 0.7620755434036255, -0.11112973839044571, 0.21540410816669464, 0.7215888500213623, -0.07127861678600311, -0.3809462785720825, -0.41611745953559875, 0.20904502272605896, 0.15455766022205353, -0.08312486857175827, -0.38116082549095154, -0.2781902253627777, 0.02570423111319542, 0.6452984809875488, -0.34981945157051086, -0.1830836683511734, 0.4509931206703186, -0.21793091297149658, -0.1883746236562729, 0.2638079822063446, -0.018647782504558563, -0.22940699756145477, 0.1662774682044983, 0.26114535331726074, -0.5754715204238892, -0.05982672795653343, 0.14716632664203644, 0.5286383032798767, -0.404701292514801, 0.007448870223015547, -0.25916334986686707, 0.04697449877858162, 0.001815863884985447, 0.22643564641475677, -0.389279842376709, 0.14587363600730896, 0.16149817407131195, 0.29099178314208984, 0.39625805616378784, -1.1569414138793945, -0.10582383722066879, 0.11283209919929504, -0.4799298048019409, 0.4367554187774658, -1.0415012836456299, -0.4251956045627594, 0.19356876611709595, 0.14930234849452972, -0.2354215532541275, -0.24417662620544434, -0.451896995306015, 0.5696099996566772, -0.13156896829605103, -0.18074136972427368, -0.04191107302904129, -0.6363356709480286, -0.1895337849855423, 0.4618324041366577, 0.1631709188222885, -0.46063485741615295, 1.0334632396697998, 0.22394999861717224, 0.04006240889430046, 0.22167538106441498, -0.050194159150123596, 0.402958482503891, 0.13315944373607635, -0.352003812789917, -0.33055344223976135, 0.47089526057243347, -0.25595223903656006, -0.09447936713695526, 0.16078874468803406, 0.11680059134960175, 0.09638483077287674, 0.3990590274333954, 0.02977454848587513, 0.37866824865341187, 0.40199899673461914, -0.10678503662347794, -0.28420329093933105, -0.029165195301175117, 0.1608956903219223, 0.5803268551826477, 0.32071739435195923, -0.5496601462364197, 0.09286679327487946, -0.04422109201550484, -0.19252492487430573, 0.4120941758155823, 0.4448748826980591, -0.6193485260009766, 0.42383265495300293, -1.0369690656661987, 0.049546342343091965, 0.5959811806678772, -0.3243052363395691, 0.1336824744939804, 0.7209132313728333, 0.9106107950210571, 0.0035932317841798067, -0.4517679214477539, -0.4295554757118225, -0.5512698888778687, -0.2289968729019165, -0.39716243743896484, 0.2529246211051941, 0.5322912931442261, -0.0641765221953392, 0.3745706081390381, -0.45936211943626404, 0.3448645770549774, 0.5333750247955322, -0.38980957865715027, -0.14525403082370758, 0.6923110485076904, 0.25527235865592957, 0.21358126401901245, -0.10715840756893158, -0.3041938543319702, 0.19724148511886597, 0.23304912447929382, 0.47442150115966797, 0.12519825994968414, 0.3707009255886078, 0.29520344734191895, -0.6455210447311401, 0.21669931709766388, -0.24605251848697662, 0.609756588935852, 0.12543535232543945, 0.4772714376449585, -0.2037682831287384, 0.283719539642334, 0.42282187938690186, 0.5436965227127075, 0.4141027629375458, 0.45085006952285767, 0.07809365540742874, -0.2065281867980957, -0.11097243428230286, 0.42770686745643616, -0.602272093296051, -0.194009929895401, -0.15202677249908447, 0.0903736874461174, 0.03705653175711632, -0.07944592088460922, 0.42813214659690857, -0.03729510307312012, -0.9141618609428406, 0.09995682537555695, -0.10955219715833664, -0.4785563349723816, 0.3762824237346649, -0.5590460896492004, 0.8534119129180908, 0.6201550364494324, -0.33193349838256836, 0.1224849671125412, 0.5230868458747864, 0.17192642390727997, 0.23007330298423767, -0.26589733362197876, 0.5285161137580872, -0.4780929684638977, 0.240520179271698, -0.29153767228126526, 0.23841805756092072, -0.08245920389890671, -0.4752720594406128, 0.0824907124042511, 0.22479510307312012, -0.47041255235671997, 0.038807861506938934, -0.0808500126004219, -0.37711039185523987, 0.07734373211860657, -0.05198736488819122, -0.01614999771118164, -0.11261534690856934, -0.18159927427768707, 0.36399832367897034, -0.10784030705690384, -0.21615462005138397, 0.07929548621177673, 0.7103356719017029, -0.458379328250885, 0.8700570464134216, -0.057106684893369675, -0.3312002122402191, -0.6825954914093018, -0.28504154086112976, -0.38131603598594666, -0.3672446310520172, 0.05332823470234871, -0.5018455386161804, -0.19008561968803406, -0.46589112281799316, -0.1380404531955719, 0.42984482645988464, 0.3469465374946594, 0.34981200098991394, 0.25450727343559265, -0.7580946683883667, 0.31478407979011536, -0.19909657537937164, -0.75355064868927, 0.7830828428268433, 0.5559498071670532, -0.0794915035367012, 0.729273796081543, -0.39574405550956726, 0.13252666592597961, -0.42046448588371277, 0.7216684222221375, -0.3891696035861969, 0.2766364514827728, 0.2945506274700165 ]
230580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam%20cinema	Malayalam cinema	Malayalam cinema, also known as Mollywood, is the Indian film industry based in the southern state of Kerala, dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. The films produced in Malayalam cinema are known for their cinematography and story-driven realistic plots. Works such as Marana Simhasanam and Vanaprastham were screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Marana Simhasanam garnered the coveted Caméra d'Or ("Golden Camera") for that year. In 1982, Elippathayam won the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival, and Most Original Imaginative Film of 1982 by the British Film Institute. Rajiv Anchal's Guru (1997), Salim Ahamed's Adaminte Makan Abu (2011) and Lijo Jose Pellissery's Jallikkattu (2019) were Malayalam films sent by India as its official entries for the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Academy Awards. Adoor Gopalakrishnan has won the International Film Critics Prize (FIPRESCI) for his works such as Mukhamukham (1984), Anantaram (1987), Mathilukal (1989), Vidheyan (1993), Kathapurushan (1995), and Nizhalkuthu (2002). Other films which achieved global acclaim include Chemmeen (1965), which received a Certificate of Merit at the Chicago International Film Festival, and a gold medal at the Cannes Film Festival for Best Cinematography. Piravi (1989) won at least 31 international honours, including the Caméra d'Or – Mention Spéciale at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, and was screened at the Un Certain Regard. Swaham (1994) won the Bronze Rosa Camuna at the Bergamo Film Meeting in Italy. The first 3D film produced in India, My Dear Kuttichathan (1984), was made in Malayalam. The first CinemaScope film produced in Malayalam was Thacholi Ambu (1978). During the early 1920s the Malayalam film industry was based in Thiruvananthapuram, although the film industry started to develop and flourish only by the late 1940s. Later the industry shifted to Chennai (formerly Madras), which then was the capital of the South Indian film industry. By the late 1980s, the Malayalam film industry returned and established itself in Kerala with the majority of locations, studios, production and post-production facilities being located in Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram . Several media sources describe Kochi as the hub of the film industry. As of 2018, Malayalam cinema has got 14 awards for the best actor, 6 for the best actress, 11 for the best film, and 13 for the best film director in the National Film Awards, India. Directors with more than 50 Malayalam movies to their credit There are only a handful of directors who have crossed the milestone of 50 Malayalam movies to their credit. They have predominantly created commercial movies to achieve this milestone and as a result were dubbed as commercial kings of Malayalam cinema. '''' History Active Malayalam film production did not take place until the second half of the 20th century: there were only two silent films, and three Malayalam-language films before 1947. With support from the Kerala state government production climbed from around 6 a year in the 1950s, to 30 a year in the 1960s, 40 a year in the 1970s, to 127 films in 1980. Origins 1928 The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913, the first permanent theatre in Kerala was established in Thrissur town by Kattookkaran and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope, now Jos Theatre. The first film made in Malayalam was Vigathakumaran. Production started in 1928, and it was released at the Capitol Theatre in Thiruvananthapuram on 23 October 1930. It was produced and directed by J. C. Daniel, a businessman with no prior film experience, who is credited as the father of Malayalam cinema. Daniel founded the first film studio, The Travancore National Pictures Limited, in Kerala. A second film, Marthanda Varma, based on a novel by C. V. Raman Pillai, was produced by R. Sundar Raj in 1933. However, after only being shown for four days, the film prints were confiscated due to a legal battle over copyright. The first talkie in Malayalam was Balan, released in 1938. It was directed by S. Nottani with a screenplay and songs written by Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai. It was produced by Modern Theatres at Salem in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Balan was followed by Gnanambika in 1940, which was directed by S. Notani. Then came Prahlada in 1941, directed by K. Subramoniam of Madras and featuring Guru Gopinath and Thankamani Gopinath. Until 1947 most Malayalam films were made by Tamil producers, P. J. Cherian was the first Malayali producer to venture into this field after JC Daniel. PJ Cherian produced Nirmala in 1948 with Joseph Cherian and Baby Joseph his son and daughter-in-law as hero and heroine. He also cast many other family members in other roles, trying to break the taboo that noble family people do not take up acting. Thus Nirmala set many firsts for introducing play-back singing. P.J. Cherian introduced play-back singing in Malayalam cinema. The lyrics of the film written by G. Sankara Kurup became popular. Udaya Studios' Vellinakshatram (1949) was the first movie with audio to be made completely in Kerala. 1950s Malayalam cinema has always taken its themes from relevant social issues and has been interwoven with material from literature, drama, and politics since its inception. One such film, Jeevitha Nouka (1951), was a musical drama that spoke about the problems in a joint family. In 1954, the film Neelakuyil captured national interest by winning the President's silver medal. It was scripted by the well-known Malayalam novelist Uroob, and directed by P. Bhaskaran and Ramu Kariat.Newspaper Boy (1955) contained elements of Italian neorealism. This film is notable as the product of a group of amateur college filmmakers. It told the story of a printing press employee and his family being stricken with extreme poverty. The music took a turn away from the trend of copying Tamil and Hindi songs. The poets Tirunainaarkurichy Madhavan Nair – Thirunaiyarkurichy, P. Bhaskaran, O. N. V. Kurup, and Vayalar Ramavarma rose up in this period as film lyricists. Brother Lakshmanan, Dakshinamurthy, K. Raghavan, G. Devarajan, M. S. Baburaj, and Pukhenthey Velappan Nair started a distinct style of Malayalam music. Kamukara Purushotaman, Mehboob, Kozhikode Abdul Kader, AM Raja, P. B. Sreenivas, K. P. Udayabhanu, Santha P. Nair, P. Leela, S. Janaki, P. Susheela, B. Vasantha, Renuka, and Jikki were the most prominent singers of the 1950s. The drama artist and school teacher Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai lent many of his skills to the cinema in this period. 1960s Ramu Kariat, one of the directors of Neelakuyil (along with P. Bhaskaran), went on to become a successful director in the 1960s and 1970s. P. Bhaskaran directed many acclaimed and hit films in the 1960s and 70s. The cameraman of Neelakkuyil, A. Vincent, also became a noted director of the 1960s and 1970s. Notable films of this decade include Odayil Ninnu, Bhargavi Nilayam (1964), Chemmeen (1965), Murappennu (1965) and Iruttinte Athmavu (1966). Malayalam cinema's first colour film was Kandam Bacha Coat (1961).Chemmeen (1965), directed by Ramu Kariat and based on a novel of the same name by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, went on to become very popular and became the first South Indian film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Most of the films of the 1960s were animated by the nationalist and socialist projects and centered on issues relating to caste and class exploitation, the fight against obscurantist beliefs, the degeneration of the feudal class, and the break-up of the joint-family system. In the 1960s, M. Krishnan Nair, Kunchacko and P. Subramaniam were the leading Malayali producers. Thikkurusi Sukumaran Nair, Prem Nazir, Sathyan, Madhu, Adoor Bhasi, Bahadur, S.P. Pillai, K.P. Ummer, Kottarakara Sreedharan Nair, Raghavan, G.K. Pillai, Muthukulam, Joseprakash, Paravur Bharatan, Muthayya, Shankaradi, Govindankutty, K.R. Vijaya, Padmini, Ragini, Sharada, Sheela, Ambika, Jayabharathi, Arumula Ponnamma and Sadahna were among the more popular actors active in this period. During the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, Kunchacko made significant contributions to Malayalam cinema, both as a producer and as director of some notable movies. He started Udaya Studios in Alleppey (Alappuzha) in 1947, reducing the travel to Madras (Chennai) for film crew and actors. This boosted Malayalam film production in Kerala. Many directors sprang up in this period. P.N. Menon made Rosy and later Chemparanthi. G. Aravindan and Adoor Gopalakrishnan also started work in 1960s and became famous later. 1970s The 70s saw the emergence of a new wave of cinema in Malayalam. The growth of the film society movement in Kerala introduced the works of the French and Italian New Wave directors to the discerning Malayali film enthusiasts. Adoor Gopalakrishnan's first film, Swayamvaram (1972), brought Malayalam cinema to the international film arena. In 1973 M. T. Vasudevan Nair, who was by then recognised as an important author in Malayalam, directed his first film, Nirmalyam, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. G. Aravindan followed Adoor's lead with his Uttarayanam in 1974. K. P. Kumaran's Adhithi (1974) was another film that was acclaimed by the critics. Cinematographers who won the National Award for their work on Malayalam films in the 1970s were Mankada Ravi Varma for Swayamvaram (1972), P. S. Nivas for Mohiniyattam (1977), and Shaji N. Karun for Thampu (1979). John Abraham, K. R. Mohanan, K. G. George, and G. S. Panikkar were products of the Pune Film Institute who made significant contributions. During the late 1970s, some young artists started seeing Malayalam cinema as a medium of expression and thought of it as a tool to revitalise society. A noted director, Aravindan, was famous in Kerala as a cartoonist before he started making films. His important movies include Kanchana Sita (1977), Thampu (1978), Kummatty (1979), Chidambaram (1985), Oridathu (1986), and Vasthuhara (1990). The 1970s also saw the emergence of the notable director P. G. Viswambharan with his debut film Ozhukinethire and the mythical film Satyavan Savithri, which were well accepted. Also, commercial cinema in this period saw several worker-class themed films which mostly had M. G. Soman, Sukumaran and Sudheer in the lead followed by the emergence of a new genre of pure action-themed films, in a movement led by Jayan. However, this was short-lived, and almost ended when Jayan died while performing a stunt in Kolilakkam (1980). 1980s The Malayalam cinema of this period was characterised by detailed screenplays dealing with everyday life with a lucid narration of plot intermingling with humour and melancholy. This was aided by the cinematography and lighting. The films had warm background music. In 1981 Fazil directed Manjil Virinja Pookal the film also introduced then Romantic star Shankar (actor) and later actor Mohanlal to the world. Adoor Gopalakrishnan made Elippathayam in 1981. This movie won the British Film Institute award. The year 1981 also saw the rise of actor Mammootty through the movie Sphodanam directed by P. G. Viswambharan . In the 1980s Padmarajan made some of the landmark motion pictures in Malayalam cinema, including masterpieces like Oridathoru Phayalvaan (1981), Koodevide (1983), Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam(1985), Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986), Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal (1986), Thoovanathumbikal (1987),Moonnam Pakkam (1988), Innale (1989) and Season (1989). He wrote several short stories that were unique in content and presentation. His novels handled the darkest emotions and considered as Classics. Most plots were nascent for that age literature. All works were so cinematic and Can be easily visualized to the celluloid version. K. G. George released films including Yavanika and Adaminte Vaariyellu. This was the period during which script writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair started teaming up with director Hariharan to produce works like Panchagni, Nakhakshathangal, Aranyakam and Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha. John Abraham's films such as Amma Ariyaan addressed people's issues and raised the finance directly from people. The period had movies with humour from directors like Priyadarshan, Sathyan Anthikad, Kamal and Siddique-Lal. Piravi (1989) by Shaji N. Karun was the first Malayalam film to win the Caméra d'Or-Mention at the Cannes Film Festival. Ratheesh and Sukumaran also were leading stars in the industry in the early eighties. Later Mammootty has won 3 National Film Awards for best actor. Mohanlal has won 5 National Awards, including 2 for Best Actor, 1 special jury award, 1 special mention and 1 as a producer. 1990s Some examples are Mathilukal (1990) directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Kattukuthira (1990) directed by P. G. Viswambharan, Amaram (1991) directed by Bharathan, Ulladakkam (1992) directed by Kamal, Kilukkam (1991) directed by Priyadarshan, Kamaladalam (1992) by Sibi Malayil, Vidheyan (1993) by Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Devaasuram (1993) by I. V. Sasi, Manichitrathazhu (1993) by Fazil, Ponthan Mada (1993) by T. V. Chandran, Spadikam (1995) by Bhadran, Commissioner(1994) The King (1995) by Shaji Kailas, Hitler (1996) by Siddique and Desadanam (1997) by Jayaraj. Due to a series of comedy films produced between the late 1980s and late 1990s made actors like Jagadish, Siddique, Mukesh, Sreenivasan and Jayaram became very popular for their comedy roles. This series of comedy films begun in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with comedy films by Sathyan Anthikad and Siddique-Lal, like Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu, Mazhavilkavadi, Ramji Rao Speaking, Thalayana Manthram, In Harihar Nagar, and Godfather, and some of them went on to be remade by other directors in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, and other languages. The success of In Harihar Nagar led to the production of a series of comedy films in the early and mid-1990sSwaham (1994), directed by Shaji N. Karun, was the first Malayalam film entry for the competition in the Cannes International Film Festival, where it was a nominee for the Palme d'Or. Murali Nair's Marana Simhasanam later won the Caméra d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Guru (1997), directed by Rajiv Anchal, was chosen as India's official entry to the Oscars to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Film category for that year, making it the first film in Malayalam to be chosen for Oscar nomination. 2000s The millennium started with a blockbuster hit Narasimham starring Mohanlal . In 2001 came the world's first film with only one actor in the cast, The Guard. Slapstick comedy was the predominant theme of the films of this era. C.I.D. Moosa (2003) by Johny Antony, Meesa Madhavan (2002) by Lal Jose and Kunjikoonan (2002) directed by Sasi Shanker are examples. Sequels to a number of successful films were made. Some movies were examples of exemplary film making, such as Meghamalhar, Madhuranombarakattu, Nandanam, Perumazhakkalam, and Kaazhcha. In 2008, Malayalam movie artists came together in the multistar film Twenty:20 to raise funds for the AMMA. 2010s After several years of quality deterioration, Malayalam films saw the signs of massive resurgence after 2010 with the release of several experimental films (known as New Wave or New Generation films), mostly from new directors. New Wave is characterised by fresh and unusual themes and new narrative techniques. These films differ from conventional themes of the 1990s and 2000s and have introduced several new trends to the Malayalam industry. While the new generation's formats and styles are deeply influenced by global and Indian trends, their themes are firmly rooted in Malayali life and mindscapes. The new generation also helped the Malayalam film industry regain its past glory. The theater puller Krishnanum Radhayum of all in one superstar of malayalm industry Santhosh Pandit was released in 2011. This was a major crowd puller and milestone in the industry showing how social media marketing can be used effectively for films. This also proved films can be made cost effective although there were a large negative feedback regarding the quality of production. Salim Ahamed's Adaminte Makan Abu was chosen as India's official entry to the Academy Awards to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Film category in 2011.Christian Brothers (2011) was released worldwide with a total of 310 prints on 18 March; it went to 154 centres in Kerala, 90 centres outside Kerala and 80 centres overseas, making it the widest release for a Malayalam film at that time. This record was later broken by Peruchazhi (2014), which released in 500 screens worldwide on 29 August. Drishyam (2013) became the first Malayalam film to cross the 500 million mark at the box office. The film was critically acclaimed and was remade in four languages. Later, in 2016, Pulimurugan directed by Vyshak became the first Malayalam film to cross the 1 billion mark at the box office. In recent years, Malayalam films have gained popularity in Sri Lanka, with fans citing cultural similarities between Sinhalese people and Malayalis as a reason. In 2019, Lucifer became the highest grossing Malayalam film of all time. Lucifer became the highest grossing Indian film in Dubai. The film collected a final gross of 2000 million at the box office.In November 2020, Lijo Jose Pellissery's film Jallikuttu was selected as India's submission for Oscar for best foreign language film making as third Malayalam film as entry. In 2021, Drishyam 2 , Nayattu , Kala , Joji , The Great Indian Kitchen and Malik made their list in the highest rated 2021 movies in Imdb .Drishyam 2 , The Great Indian Kitchen and Malik became Worldwide famous and most debated movies in 2021. Mollywood's first ever original superhero Minnal Murali was released through Netflix on 24th December 2021. Tovino Thomas as Minnal Murali which was directed by Basil Joseph under Weekend Blockbusters gained great reviews by critics and became top watched Non-English movie on Netflix. It broke all records of Mollywood trailers on YouTube crossing 6 Million Views and 500K+ likes in 24 hours. OTT releases Pioneering film-making techniques Newspaper Boy (1955), a neorealistic film, drew inspiration from Italian neorealism. Padayottam (1982) was India's first indigenously produced 70 mm film, while My Dear Kuttichathan (1984) was India's first 3D film. O' Faby (1993) was India's first live-action/animation hybrid film.Amma Ariyan (1986) was the first film made in India with money collected from the public. It was produced by Odessa Collective, founded by the director John Abraham and friends. The money was raised by collecting donations and screening Charlie Chaplin's film The Kid.Moonnamathoral (2006) was the first Indian film to be shot and distributed in digital format.Jalachhayam (2010) was the world first feature film shot entirely on a cell phone camera and it was also an experimental film directed by Sathish Kalathil who is the director of Veena Vaadanam, the first documentary film in India shot with the same movie capture medium.Villain (2017) is the first Indian film to be shot entirely in 8K resolution. Notable personalities Directors Malayalam cinema's directors have included J. C. Daniel, the director and producer of the first Malayalam film, Vigathakumaran (1928). Unlike other Indian films at that time, most of which were based on the puranas, he chose to base his film on a social theme. Though it failed commercially, he paved the way for the Malayalam film industry and is widely considered the "father of Malayalam cinema". Until the 1950s, Malayalam film didn't see many talented film directors. The milestone film Neelakuyil (1954), directed by Ramu Kariat and P. Bhaskaran, shed a lot of limelight over its directors. Ramu Kariat went on to become a celebrated director in the 1960s and 1970s. P. Bhaskaran directed a few acclaimed films in the 1960s. The cameraman of Neelakuyil, A. Vincent, also became a noted director of the 1960s and 1970s. Another noted director of the 1950s was P. Ramadas, the director of the neorealistic film Newspaper Boy (1955). In the 1970s, the Malayalam film industry saw the rise of film societies. It triggered a new genre of films known as "parallel cinema". The main driving forces of the movement, who gave priority to serious cinema, were Adoor Gopalakrishnan and G. Aravindan. People like John Abraham and P. A. Backer gave a new dimension to Malayalam cinema through their political themes. The late 1970s witnessed the emergence of another stream of Malayalam films, known as "middle-stream cinema", which seamlessly integrated the seriousness of the parallel cinema and the popularity of the mainstream cinema. Most of the films belonging to this stream were directed by PN Menon, I. V. Sasi, P. G. Viswambharan, K. G. George, Bharathan and Padmarajan. In the 1980s and early 1990s, a new array of directors joined the stalwarts who had already made a mark in the industry. This period saw the narrowing of the gap between the different streams of the industry. Directors like P. G. Viswambharan, K. G. George, Priyadarshan, I. V. Sasi, John Abraham, Fazil, Joshiy, Bhadran, Kamal, Sibi Malayil, Hariharan, Sathyan Anthikad, K. Madhu and Siddique-Lal contributed significantly . There were also extraordinary screenwriters like M. T. Vasudevan Nair, T. Damodaran, A. K. Lohithadas and Sreenivasan, whose contributions were also commendable. The 2000s saw a decline in the quality of Malayalam films. Many directors who had excelled in the Golden Age struggled as many of their films continuously failed critically and commercially. As a result, the gap between parallel cinema (now known as art cinema) and mainstream cinema (now known as commercial cinema) widened. The 2000s also saw a commercial film formula being created in line with Tamil and Bollywood films. Directors like Shaji Kailas, Rafi Mecartin and Anwar Rasheed directed blockbusters which had few artistic merits to boast of. Despite the overall decline, some directors stood apart and made quality cinema. Shaji N. Karun, Lenin Rajendran, Shyamaprasad and Jayaraj made films that won laurels. Notable directors who debuted in this time include Blessy, Lal Jose, R. Sharath, Ranjith, Rosshan Andrrews, Amal Neerad, Aashiq Abu, Dr. Biju, Vineeth Sreenivasan and Lijo Jose Pellissery. Out of the 40 National Film Awards for Best Director given away till 2007, Malayalam directors have received 12. The directors who have won include Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1973, 1985, 1988, 1990, 2007), G. Aravindan (1978, 1979, 1987), Shaji N. Karun (1989), T. V. Chandran (1994), Jayaraj (1998, 2017) and Rajivnath (1999). There are several recipients of the Special Jury Award as well: Mankada Ravi Varma (1984), John Abraham (1987), Shaji N. Karun (1995) and Pradeep Nair (2005). Film music Film music, which refers to playback singing in the context of Indian music, forms the most important canon of popular music in India. The film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state. Before Malayalam cinema and Malayalam film music developed, the Keralites eagerly followed Tamil and Hindi film songs, and that habit has stayed with them until now. The history of Malayalam film songs begins with the 1948 film Nirmala which was produced by artist P. J. Cherian who introduced play-back singing for the first time in the film. The film's music composer was P. S. Divakar, and the songs were sung by P. Leela, T. K. Govindarao, Vasudeva Kurup, C. K. Raghavan, Sarojini Menon and Vimala B. Varma, who is credited as the first playback singer of Malayalam cinema. The main trend in the early years was to use the tune of hit Hindi or Tamil songs in Malayalam songs. This trend changed in the early 1950s with the arrival of a number of poets and musicians to the Malayalam music scene. By the middle of the 1950s, the Malayalam film music industry started finding its own identity. This reformation was led by the music directors Brother Laxmanan, G. Devarajan, V. Dakshinamoorthy, M. S. Baburaj and K. Raghavan along with the lyricists Vayalar Ramavarma, P. Bhaskaran, O. N. V. Kurup and Sreekumaran Thampi. Major playback singers of that time were Kamukara Purushothaman, K. P. Udayabhanu, A. M. Rajah, P. Leela, Santha P. Nair, Ayiroor Sadasivan, Lalitha Thampi, C. S. Radhadevi, A. K. Sukumaran, B. Vasantha, P. Susheela, P. Madhuri and S. Janaki. Despite that, these singers got high popularity throughout Kerala and were part of the Golden age of Malayalam music (1960 to 1970). In the later years many non-Malayalis like Manna Dey, Talat Mahmood, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Hemlata, Kishore Kumar, Mahendra Kapoor and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam sang for Malayalam films. This trend was also found among composers to an extent, with film composers from other languages including Naushad Ali, Usha Khanna, M. B. Sreenivasan, Bombay Ravi, Shyam, Bappi Lahiri, Laxmikant–Pyarelal, Salil Chowdhury, Ilaiyaraaja, Vishal Bhardwaj and A. R. Rahman scoring music for Malayalam films. This can be attributed to the fact that film music in South India had a parallel growth pattern with many instances of cross-industry contributions. The late 1950s through the mid-1970s can be considered as the golden period of Malayalam film music in its own identity. Along with the leading music directors, the likes of M. B. Sreenivasan, M. K. Arjunan, Pukezhenty Vellappan Nair, M. S. Viswanathan, A. T. Ummer, R. K. Shekhar, Salil Chowdhury and lyricists like Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair, Mankombu Gopalakrishnan and Bharanikkavu Sivakumar, numerous everlasting and hit songs were delivered to the music lovers. The soft melodious music and high quality lyrics were the highlights of these songs. K. J. Yesudas, who debuted in 1961, virtually revolutionised the Malayalam film music industry and became the most popular Malayalam singer ever along with K. S. Chithra. The trio of Vayalar, G. Devarajan and Yesudas also made unforgettable songs like the earlier trio of Kamukara, Tirunainaarkurichy and Brother Laxmanan. Yesudas became equally popular with classical music audience and people who patronised film music. He along with P. Jayachandran gave a major face-lift to Malayalam playback singing in the 1960s and 1970s. K. S. Chithra debuted in 1979, and by the mid-eighties, she became the most sought after female singer in South India. By the late 1970s, the trends in music started changing and more rhythm oriented songs with a western touch came with the dominance of music directors like Shyam, K. J. Joy, and Jerry Amaldev. The lyricists were forced to write lyrics according to the tune in these days and were often criticised for quality issues. However, from 1979 to 1980, the revolutionary music director Raveendran along with Johnson and M. G. Radhakrishnan led the second reformation of Malayalam film music by creating melodious and classical oriented music with the soul of the culture of Kerala. Lyricists like Poovachal Khader, Kavalam Narayana Panicker and Bichu Thirumala in 1980s and Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri, V. Madhusoodanan Nair and Girish Puthenchery in the 1990s were part of this musical success. Contributions from Kannur Rajan, Bombay Ravi, S. P. Venkatesh, Mohan Sithara, Ouseppachan, Sharath, Vidyadharan, Raghukumar and Vidyasagar were also notable in this period. K. J. Yesudas and K. S. Chithra and singers like M. G. Sreekumar, G. Venugopal, Radhika Thilak, Unni Menon and Sujatha Mohan were also active then. A notable aspect in the later years was the extensive of classical carnatic music in many film songs of the 1980s and 1990s. Classical Carnatic music was heavily used in films like Chithram (1988), His Highness Abdullah (1990), Bharatham (1991), Sargam (1992), Kudumbasametham (1992), Sopanam (1993) etc. At present, the major players in the scene are young composers like A. R. Rahman, Rahul Raj, Prashant Pillai, Shaan Rahman, Bijibal, Gopi Sundar, Alphons Joseph, Rajesh Murugesan, lyricists Rafeeq Ahamed, Vayalar Sarath and Anil Panachooran, and singers Vineeth Sreenivasan, Shreya Ghoshal, Shankar Mahadevan, Vijay Yesudas, Shweta Mohan, Karthik, Naresh Iyer, Manjari, Haricharan, Vaikom Vijayalakshmi, K. S. Harisankar, Sayanora Philip, Benny Dayal and Jyotsna Radhakrishnan, along with stalwarts in the field. Young composers like Rahul Raj and Prashant Pillai are not only known for their catchy tunes, but also for bringing in a lot of electronics, digital sound and a variety of genres in Malayalam film scores and songs. The National Award-winning music composers of Malayalam cinema are Johnson (1994, 1995), Bombay Ravi (1995), Ouseppachan (2008), Ilaiyaraaja (2010), Isaac Thomas Kottukapally (2011), Bijibal (2012) and M. Jayachandran (2016). Until 2009, the 1995 National Award that Johnson received for the film score of Sukrutham (1994) was the only instance in the history of the award in which the awardee composed the film soundtrack rather than its songs. He shared that award with Bombay Ravi, who received the award for composing songs for the same film. In 2010 and 2011, the awards given to film scores were won by Malayalam films: Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (Ilaiyaraaja) and Adaminte Makan Abu (Isaac Thomas Kottukapally). Raveendran also received a Special Mention in 1991 for composing songs for the film Bharatham. The lyricists who have won the National Award are Vayalar Ramavarma (1973), O. N. V. Kurup (1989) and Yusufali Kechery (2001). The male singers who have received the National Award are K. J. Yesudas (1973, 1974, 1988, 1992, 1994, 2017), P. Jayachandran (1986) and M. G. Sreekumar (1991, 2000). Yesudas has won two more National Awards for singing in Hindi (1977) and Telugu (1983) films, which makes him the person who has won the most National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer, with eight. The female singers who have won the award are S. Janaki (1981) and K. S. Chithra (1987, 1989). Chitra had also won the award for Tamil (1986, 1997, 2005) and Hindi (1998) film songs, which makes her the person with the most National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer awards, six times. Landmark films Kerala State Film Awards The Kerala State Film Awards are given to motion pictures made in the Malayalam language. The awards have been bestowed by Kerala State Chalachitra Academy since 1998 on behalf of the Department of Cultural Affairs of the government of Kerala. The awards were started in 1969. The awardees are decided by an independent jury formed by the academy and the Department of Cultural Affairs. The jury usually consists of personalities from the film field. For the awards for literature on cinema, a separate jury is formed. The academy annually invites films for the award and the jury analyses the films before deciding the winners. The awards intend to promote films with artistic values and encourage artists and technicians. International Film Festival of Kerala The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) is held annually in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. It was started in 1996 and is organised by Kerala State Chalachitra Academy on behalf of the Department of Cultural Affairs of the State Government. It is held in November/December every year and is acknowledged as one of the leading film festivals in India. Film studios The Travancore National Pictures was the first film studio in Kerala. It was established by J. C. Daniel in 1926 in Thiruvananthapuram, which was then a part of Travancore. Producer-director Kunchacko and film distributor K. V. Koshy established Udaya Studios in Alappuzha in 1947. The studio influenced the gradual shift of Malayalam film industry from its original base of Madras, Tamil Nadu to Kerala. In 1951, P. Subramaniam established Merryland Studio in Nemom, Trivandrum. The other major studios are Sreekrishna (1952, Trivandrum), Ajantha (1958, Keezhmadu – now extinct), Chithralekha (1965, Aakkulam, Trivandrum), Uma Studio (1975, Trivandrum), Navodaya (1978, Thrikkakkara) and Chithranjali (1980, Trivandrum). Organisations The Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA) is an organisation formed by artists of Malayalam cinema. It aims to act against piracy, to safeguard the interests of member actors and actresses, and to serve as a common forum to raise concerns and address issues. The activities of AMMA include endowments, insurance schemes, and committees on wages and benefits on revision, funds for research, pensions, and education loans for the children of the members. The organisation ventured into film production in 2008 with Twenty:20'' to raise funds for its activities. Organizations such as Kerala Film Producers Association, Kerala Film Distributors Association, Kerala Cine Exhibitors Federation, Hyperlink Film Club and Kerala Film Exhibitors Association have coordinated work stoppages. See also Cinema of South India List of cinema of the world List of Malayalam films K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts References Further reading External links	[ 0.5245857834815979, -0.09367009252309799, -0.10621147602796555, -0.07214387506246567, 0.5834444165229797, 0.5111057758331299, 0.03528297320008278, 0.48190271854400635, -0.5878768563270569, 0.07048777490854263, -0.6219350695610046, 0.8035011887550354, 0.19196312129497528, 0.9152767658233643, -0.028910132125020027, 0.7590480446815491, 0.9108700156211853, 0.3083387613296509, 0.2608965337276459, -0.3611502945423126, -0.6519419550895691, 0.035275135189294815, 0.8755425214767456, 0.0783112421631813, -0.5194428563117981, -0.5370842814445496, 0.33629003167152405, 0.27077925205230713, -0.06843218952417374, -0.46497225761413574, 0.04171618074178696, -0.09784713387489319, -0.3850800395011902, 0.42937517166137695, -0.2986699044704437, -0.27882665395736694, -0.19385819137096405, -0.07629205286502838, -0.1853042095899582, -0.484152227640152, -0.39868468046188354, -0.5089940428733826, 0.6570473909378052, -0.0515730045735836, -0.30161428451538086, -0.3050078749656677, -0.8832473754882812, 0.652168869972229, -0.6017673015594482, 0.6043820977210999, 0.1379925161600113, 0.5568667054176331, 0.18330338597297668, 0.03447161614894867, 0.6091763377189636, 0.826702892780304, -0.5591689348220825, 0.32697996497154236, -0.16240300238132477, 0.25435853004455566, 0.6256316304206848, 0.3336566090583801, 0.21361836791038513, -0.09208571910858154, 0.005232681054621935, 0.33724597096443176, 0.12919653952121735, -0.14833413064479828, -0.07988706976175308, 0.24982115626335144, 0.11584486067295074, 0.04897558316588402, -0.15727485716342926, 0.0540536567568779, -0.18440821766853333, -0.5531212091445923, 0.14265748858451843, -0.19783540070056915, 0.48985496163368225, -0.3017319440841675, 0.1946759670972824, 0.321770578622818, 0.47977960109710693, 0.6951095461845398, 0.2120015025138855, 0.003196913516148925, 0.1829236000776291, 0.05543148145079613, 0.0924740806221962, 0.16796568036079407, -0.032166413962841034, -0.039109788835048676, 0.1953389048576355, 0.4370424449443817, -0.5057675242424011, -0.39327871799468994, 0.16510392725467682, -0.25775623321533203, 0.12596064805984497, 0.39180514216423035, 0.6593669056892395, 0.3884597420692444, -0.4498843550682068, -0.087581567466259, -0.6700451374053955, 0.1798679232597351, -0.3047603368759155, -0.007129005156457424, -0.5461574196815491, 0.273594468832016, -0.6749390959739685, 0.5132184624671936, -0.3226430416107178, 0.0960431918501854, -0.2424589842557907, -0.35809704661369324, -0.5706556439399719, -0.726233959197998, -0.6430634260177612, -0.14475522935390472, 0.20168885588645935, 0.2957834005355835, 0.061984673142433167, 0.6378229260444641, -0.43865835666656494, 0.2327825427055359, 0.4072766900062561, 0.47560253739356995, -0.155029758810997, -0.17891472578048706, 0.9086238145828247, 0.41138821840286255, -0.2860107123851776, -0.18952582776546478, 0.04087696969509125, -0.03861027956008911, 0.6824129223823547, -0.00009009088535094634, 0.5336501002311707, -0.26145297288894653, -0.7316914796829224, -0.18198733031749725, -0.46008333563804626, -0.14518354833126068, -0.046562325209379196, -0.6679190397262573, 0.5453580617904663, -0.4877608120441437, -0.6688857674598694, -0.5936723351478577, 0.5052268505096436, 0.5246090292930603, -0.3830249309539795, -0.7946524620056152, -0.653011679649353, -0.09975498914718628, 0.607000470161438, -0.2745157480239868, 0.5642521977424622, 0.09279487282037735, 0.10849431157112122, -0.6058545708656311, -0.3490406572818756, -0.2298927754163742, 0.24165599048137665, 0.14067034423351288, 0.14536453783512115, 0.4121460020542145, 0.3964340388774872, 0.5344650745391846, 0.04866187646985054, 0.45599669218063354, 0.2965676486492157, -0.3418513536453247, -0.6177539229393005, -0.6097099184989929, -0.002622049069032073, 1.1090185642242432, 0.29171863198280334, -0.012704232707619667, -0.7333351969718933, 0.1966341882944107, 0.12415154278278351, 0.08467649668455124, -0.29979604482650757, -0.13887935876846313, 0.26418259739875793, 0.36995604634284973, 0.03817776218056679, -0.44020959734916687, -0.5999537706375122, -0.40701359510421753, -0.07143790274858475, -0.22670918703079224, 1.0660513639450073, -0.22502900660037994, -0.6754735708236694, 1.164276123046875, 0.16788610816001892, 0.03638092428445816, -0.09938500076532364, 0.24305927753448486, -0.21769435703754425, 0.12914882600307465, -1.3893197774887085, -0.10060993582010269, 0.403023362159729, 0.19713103771209717, 0.6131647229194641, 0.38757553696632385, 0.43055301904678345, -0.42820239067077637, 0.13338802754878998, -0.06194095313549042, 0.40381601452827454, 0.1467755138874054, -1.2010971307754517, -0.11879453808069229, -0.499379426240921, -0.1007651537656784, 0.15300515294075012, -0.21779458224773407, -0.2157161980867386, 0.6390153169631958, -0.23835702240467072, 0.5861970782279968, -0.22102779150009155, -0.2625017464160919, 0.4976881742477417, -0.36894622445106506, -0.27117544412612915, -0.2518857717514038, -0.07766622304916382, -0.6885387897491455, -0.11341393738985062, -0.2080192267894745, 0.30800431966781616, -0.0032890639267861843, 0.35177162289619446, -0.26592984795570374, 0.2791236937046051, -0.019271554425358772, -0.5642821192741394, 0.06519889831542969, 0.08958027511835098, 0.10159800201654434, -0.4218442142009735, -0.17740173637866974, -0.589461088180542, -0.16900938749313354, 0.3053439259529114, 0.4039658010005951, 0.13500328361988068, 0.0031398204155266285, -0.02575135976076126, -0.036929499357938766, -0.016181688755750656, -0.555348813533783, 0.016574816778302193, -0.2870427966117859, -0.13087259232997894, -0.12881994247436523, 0.45143887400627136, 0.2960110902786255, -0.3826999366283417, -0.001135367201641202, 0.15975970029830933, -0.07416646927595139, 0.09933554381132126, 0.6215020418167114, -0.01444640289992094, 0.06702271103858948, -0.490351140499115, 0.5736176371574402, 0.1289343684911728, -0.3018612861633301, -0.08649236708879471, -0.005470567848533392, -0.5236563682556152, -0.3611966669559479, 0.17830559611320496, 0.39370089769363403, 0.5457788109779358, -1.0249040126800537, -0.8171098232269287, 0.0552305169403553, -0.24008935689926147, -0.2050185650587082, 0.02398059144616127, -0.03619910031557083, 0.367674857378006, -0.16900524497032166, 0.062364786863327026, -0.030989203602075577, -0.2599640488624573, 0.23638169467449188, -0.15595391392707825, 0.5085691213607788, 0.029976606369018555, -1.0851932764053345, -0.2965831756591797, -0.01517618540674448, -0.40208613872528076, -0.23806458711624146, 0.01356385089457035, 0.20857246220111847, 0.05271001532673836, -0.5680784583091736, -5.706502914428711, -0.3133929669857025, -0.5268635153770447, -0.5707521438598633, 0.7783224582672119, 0.31793826818466187, 0.3921816349029541, -0.3030567169189453, 0.5541926622390747, -0.015572159551084042, -0.5084806680679321, 0.08883481472730637, 0.09680178761482239, 0.13105665147304535, -0.0912722647190094, 0.5682917237281799, 0.5158494710922241, 0.3098893463611603, -0.10438012331724167, 0.653550386428833, -0.04096677899360657, 0.1419551521539688, 0.15149490535259247, 0.39216575026512146, 0.4045921266078949, -0.05132468789815903, -0.2773628234863281, -0.6896701455116272, -0.2607264518737793, 0.08302640914916992, -0.6054797768592834, -0.4049724042415619, 0.5060911774635315, 0.11238781362771988, 0.011780444532632828, 0.03114541620016098, 0.6436766982078552, -0.11676610261201859, 0.08525915443897247, -0.33267536759376526, -0.09610718488693237, 0.1529821902513504, -0.11258794367313385, -0.47226375341415405, 0.29434266686439514, -0.4977046549320221, -0.26297470927238464, -0.25177818536758423, -0.02581760101020336, 0.7662482857704163, -0.18354631960391998, -0.17195354402065277, 0.35635533928871155, 0.2212286740541458, 0.48501867055892944, -0.11397217959165573, 0.22155603766441345, -0.2823805809020996, 0.48263654112815857, 0.026342803612351418, 0.5144027471542358, -0.3978656828403473, -0.4631439745426178, -0.29219529032707214, -0.3099724352359772, 0.16816510260105133, -0.3779011368751526, -0.6926310658454895, -0.06804605573415756, 0.012222322635352612, -0.37431493401527405, -0.5910350680351257, -0.05727720633149147, -0.8352978825569153, 0.008654501289129257, -0.33826887607574463, -0.4650517404079437, -0.06527723371982574, -0.6272357702255249, 0.5827519297599792, 0.035474225878715515, -0.21932347118854523, 0.015822630375623703, 0.11780568957328796, -0.6111685037612915, -0.5581848621368408, 0.08656532317399979, -0.283484548330307, -0.19271184504032135, -0.4364595413208008, 0.31489297747612, -0.3767443597316742, -0.07482601702213287, 0.16455458104610443, 0.45679041743278503, 0.11225038766860962, 0.37778374552726746, 0.2853138744831085, 0.27561983466148376, -0.39920172095298767, 0.5538793802261353, 0.10958243906497955, -0.1439584493637085, 0.01360006257891655, -0.13451819121837616, -0.2051381766796112, 0.3939223289489746, 0.23752477765083313, 0.5889185070991516, -0.8438830375671387, -0.050461553037166595, -0.32447126507759094, -0.4520411789417267, 0.2379051148891449, 0.8375365734100342, -0.4670700430870056, -0.5274211764335632, 0.47383829951286316, -0.3329582214355469, -0.13857495784759521, 0.19640707969665527, 0.524200975894928, -0.5386424660682678, 0.37670281529426575, -0.1513846069574356, -0.395271360874176, -0.10754229128360748, 0.20039980113506317, -0.2857683300971985, 0.12528488039970398, 0.29048070311546326, 0.283131867647171, 0.3827987015247345, -0.4359577000141144, -0.0004184234712738544, -0.061765145510435104, 0.3024711310863495, -0.42150893807411194, -0.24133439362049103, -0.7005298137664795, 0.1649056375026703, -0.3175479769706726, 0.1429598480463028, 0.5219215750694275, 0.999896764755249, 0.2244565784931183, -0.01891597919166088, 0.05656152591109276, 0.21303649246692657, 0.2536974251270294, -0.5242770314216614, -0.19790898263454437, 0.5026329755783081, 0.04949488490819931, -0.045383621007204056, -0.6268219947814941, -0.7519909143447876, -0.27230536937713623, 0.07989160716533661, -0.1961705982685089, 0.3545401692390442, -0.36013174057006836, -0.5781063437461853, 0.5320882201194763, 0.6365702748298645, -0.10099758952856064, -0.6787075996398926, -0.36062800884246826, 0.4183778762817383, 0.3086238503456116, 0.5087177753448486, 0.5779625177383423, 0.08891111612319946, 0.08665657788515091, -0.22784948348999023, -0.1644631177186966, 0.17414039373397827, 0.2597483992576599, -0.23196274042129517, 0.10219157487154007, 0.16897845268249512, -0.3922059237957001, 0.015104084275662899, 0.7114605903625488, 0.22304029762744904, -0.6061012744903564, -0.4536173641681671, -0.6773341298103333, -0.5596062541007996, 0.6802021861076355, 0.5517468452453613, 0.8178946375846863, 0.4201626479625702, -0.4765391945838928, -0.25203725695610046, -0.6648696660995483, 0.0008586986223235726, 0.15290723741054535, -0.3610185980796814, -0.7951601147651672, 0.29076412320137024, 0.4298088550567627, -0.34571516513824463, 0.19059935212135315, 0.7882655262947083, -0.5067155361175537, 0.6258714199066162, 0.2726753056049347, -0.34858813881874084, 0.17732764780521393, -0.20488658547401428, -0.13287432491779327, -0.11428143829107285, -0.2625191807746887, -0.22051061689853668, -0.3248315453529358, 0.27791494131088257, -0.20225811004638672, 0.3986038863658905, -0.19338864088058472, -0.06767614930868149, -0.2950449287891388, -0.31614425778388977, -0.11441173404455185, -1.0852123498916626, -0.05950460210442543, 0.3818521797657013, -0.5482092499732971, -0.34838035702705383, -0.23731647431850433, -0.13162681460380554, -0.1898929625749588, 0.35255560278892517, -0.22823652625083923, -0.34803423285484314, 0.18242290616035461, 0.2374289184808731, -0.0012683662353083491, 0.541498601436615, 0.46848925948143005, -0.3093406856060028, 0.6515355110168457, 0.11311106383800507, -0.01739908941090107, -0.5391756296157837, 0.16761918365955353, 0.16707420349121094, -0.1389862447977066, -1.0370725393295288, 0.424681156873703, 0.1632675677537918, -0.08311875909566879, -0.010855473577976227, -0.4763132929801941, 0.34584030508995056, -0.7317378520965576, -0.1875370442867279, 0.4075426757335663, 0.08857984840869904, 0.41857364773750305, -0.44812628626823425, -0.37516382336616516, -0.5219886302947998, 0.11073987931013107, 0.48299193382263184, -0.3492993116378784, -0.17197957634925842, -0.5441402196884155, 0.3023112714290619, 0.11832919716835022, -0.2712717056274414, -0.04049381613731384, 0.8954565525054932, -0.19542552530765533, 0.7627820372581482, 0.16915935277938843, -0.3195738196372986, -0.7285798192024231, 0.17570610344409943, -0.0631159171462059, 0.11505862325429916, -0.17892833054065704, 0.03336583822965622, -0.4313388764858246, 0.14347447454929352, -1.0435699224472046, 0.3145114779472351, -0.016812285408377647, -0.37300559878349304, -0.5365884304046631, 0.04615429416298866, -0.25900545716285706, 0.14292307198047638, 0.7975082397460938, -0.3122146725654602, -0.23590214550495148, 0.15857498347759247, 0.16922660171985626, -0.5544565916061401, 0.10632508248090744, 0.29730188846588135, 0.41125166416168213, 0.2549527585506439, -0.3772233724594116, 0.38169872760772705, 0.2822203040122986, 0.009675191715359688, -0.5035206079483032, 0.14128124713897705, 0.40589651465415955, 0.2705291509628296, 0.031733836978673935, -0.11695979535579681, 0.19714054465293884, -0.18146300315856934, -0.05433724820613861, 0.7175115346908569, -0.16683082282543182, 0.4308841824531555, 0.16098862886428833, 0.5248895883560181, -0.0448983870446682, 0.2978571951389313, -0.2502771019935608, -0.10480283945798874, 0.4902416169643402, -0.7288134694099426, 0.2863381505012512, 0.7631913423538208, 0.17764297127723694, 0.5637538433074951, -0.06750551611185074, -0.54800945520401, -0.05429808422923088, -0.1957443654537201, -0.3414190113544464, -0.19888058304786682, -0.08604861795902252, 0.015271075069904327, 0.42685627937316895, 0.8098386526107788, -0.06926237791776657, -0.15958049893379211, 0.2964048981666565, 0.5825326442718506, 0.6705769896507263, 0.4679766595363617, 0.41317400336265564, -0.33729735016822815, -0.08259452879428864, 0.41802582144737244, -0.7350108623504639, 0.5948923230171204, 0.6798335313796997, 0.5943863987922668, 0.07227876782417297, 0.2854328155517578, -0.23424233496189117, 0.321598082780838, 0.32132837176322937, 0.21673719584941864, 0.5105777978897095, 0.32038238644599915, 0.27362754940986633, -0.09648797661066055, -0.31264612078666687, -0.20464308559894562, -0.6051145792007446, -0.035334452986717224, -0.31509965658187866, 0.35013169050216675, 0.3995167315006256, -0.3079751431941986, 0.1696835160255432, 0.15330980718135834, 0.5177733302116394, 0.12132450193166733, -0.19074754416942596, -0.1341472715139389, 0.3127257525920868, -0.09529224038124084, 0.043078403919935226, -0.1712406426668167, -0.2622324228286743, 0.2325301170349121, 0.20869021117687225, -0.09880032390356064, 0.300458699464798, -0.42905956506729126, -0.5107775926589966, -0.44686782360076904, -0.19690819084644318, -0.23119482398033142, 0.26080259680747986, -0.6400438547134399, 0.41824212670326233, -0.4411338269710541, 0.780372679233551, 0.23898528516292572, 0.10581061989068985, -0.06087306886911392, 0.37447991967201233, 0.11469161510467529, 0.6169993877410889, -0.01966899447143078, 0.3390127122402191, -0.2771446108818054, -0.08823584020137787, -0.9566097259521484, 0.3875153660774231, 0.24842147529125214, 0.476976603269577, 0.474165678024292, 0.138846755027771, -0.37766486406326294, -0.18143990635871887, 0.6420254707336426, -0.5458929538726807, 0.6204861402511597, -0.6293414831161499, 0.539584755897522, -0.16716346144676208, 0.08607076108455658, 0.23201243579387665, -0.7671328783035278, -0.5589675903320312, 0.3696971833705902, 0.7159337997436523, -0.5887042284011841, 0.13702690601348877, -0.3560357391834259, 0.15744026005268097, -0.03615938872098923, 0.8648150563240051, -0.44708892703056335, 0.0911819189786911, -0.03282306343317032, 0.05001736432313919, 0.26652517914772034, -0.6188626885414124, -0.11925575882196426, 0.25644275546073914, 0.08853159099817276, -0.29661524295806885, 0.03882255777716637, -0.7488230466842651, -0.5113530158996582, -0.034654244780540466, -0.3710182011127472, 0.3870388865470886, 0.22645367681980133, -0.5692830681800842, 0.37811583280563354, 0.11312288045883179, -0.32283928990364075, 0.2560732066631317, 0.09864601492881775, -0.2080995887517929, 0.5390681028366089, -0.07258524000644684 ]
230581	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20a%20subgroup	Index of a subgroup	In mathematics, specifically group theory, the index of a subgroup H in a group G is the number of left cosets of H in G, or equivalently, the number of right cosets of H in G. The index is denoted or or . Because G is the disjoint union of the left cosets and because each left coset has the same size as H, the index is related to the orders of the two groups by the formula (interpret the quantities as cardinal numbers if some of them are infinite). Thus the index measures the "relative sizes" of G and H. For example, let be the group of integers under addition, and let be the subgroup consisting of the even integers. Then has two cosets in , namely the set of even integers and the set of odd integers, so the index is 2. More generally, for any positive integer n. When G is finite, the formula may be written as , and it implies Lagrange's theorem that divides . When G is infinite, is a nonzero cardinal number that may be finite or infinite. For example, , but is infinite. If N is a normal subgroup of G, then is equal to the order of the quotient group , since the underlying set of is the set of cosets of N in G. Properties If H is a subgroup of G and K is a subgroup of H, then If H and K are subgroups of G, then with equality if . (If is finite, then equality holds if and only if .) Equivalently, if H and K are subgroups of G, then with equality if . (If is finite, then equality holds if and only if .) If G and H are groups and is a homomorphism, then the index of the kernel of in G is equal to the order of the image: Let G be a group acting on a set X, and let x ∈ X. Then the cardinality of the orbit of x under G is equal to the index of the stabilizer of x: This is known as the orbit-stabilizer theorem. As a special case of the orbit-stabilizer theorem, the number of conjugates of an element is equal to the index of the centralizer of x in G. Similarly, the number of conjugates of a subgroup H in G is equal to the index of the normalizer of H in G. If H is a subgroup of G, the index of the normal core of H satisfies the following inequality: where ! denotes the factorial function; this is discussed further below. As a corollary, if the index of H in G is 2, or for a finite group the lowest prime p that divides the order of G, then H is normal, as the index of its core must also be p, and thus H equals its core, i.e., it is normal. Note that a subgroup of lowest prime index may not exist, such as in any simple group of non-prime order, or more generally any perfect group. Examples The alternating group has index 2 in the symmetric group and thus is normal. The special orthogonal group has index 2 in the orthogonal group , and thus is normal. The free abelian group has three subgroups of index 2, namely . More generally, if p is prime then has subgroups of index p, corresponding to the nontrivial homomorphisms . Similarly, the free group has subgroups of index p. The infinite dihedral group has a cyclic subgroup of index 2, which is necessarily normal. Infinite index If H has an infinite number of cosets in G, then the index of H in G is said to be infinite. In this case, the index is actually a cardinal number. For example, the index of H in G may be countable or uncountable, depending on whether H has a countable number of cosets in G. Note that the index of H is at most the order of G, which is realized for the trivial subgroup, or in fact any subgroup H of infinite cardinality less than that of G. Finite index An infinite group G may have subgroups H of finite index (for example, the even integers inside the group of integers). Such a subgroup always contains a normal subgroup N (of G), also of finite index. In fact, if H has index n, then the index of N can be taken as some factor of n!; indeed, N can be taken to be the kernel of the natural homomorphism from G to the permutation group of the left (or right) cosets of H. A special case, n = 2, gives the general result that a subgroup of index 2 is a normal subgroup, because the normal subgroup (N above) must have index 2 and therefore be identical to the original subgroup. More generally, a subgroup of index p where p is the smallest prime factor of the order of G (if G is finite) is necessarily normal, as the index of N divides p! and thus must equal p, having no other prime factors. An alternative proof of the result that subgroup of index lowest prime p is normal, and other properties of subgroups of prime index are given in . Examples The above considerations are true for finite groups as well. For instance, the group O of chiral octahedral symmetry has 24 elements. It has a dihedral D4 subgroup (in fact it has three such) of order 8, and thus of index 3 in O, which we shall call H. This dihedral group has a 4-member D2 subgroup, which we may call A. Multiplying on the right any element of a right coset of H by an element of A gives a member of the same coset of H (Hca = Hc). A is normal in O. There are six cosets of A, corresponding to the six elements of the symmetric group S3. All elements from any particular coset of A perform the same permutation of the cosets of H. On the other hand, the group Th of pyritohedral symmetry also has 24 members and a subgroup of index 3 (this time it is a D2h prismatic symmetry group, see point groups in three dimensions), but in this case the whole subgroup is a normal subgroup. All members of a particular coset carry out the same permutation of these cosets, but in this case they represent only the 3-element alternating group in the 6-member S3 symmetric group. Normal subgroups of prime power index Normal subgroups of prime power index are kernels of surjective maps to p-groups and have interesting structure, as described at Focal subgroup theorem: Subgroups and elaborated at focal subgroup theorem. There are three important normal subgroups of prime power index, each being the smallest normal subgroup in a certain class: Ep(G) is the intersection of all index p normal subgroups; G/Ep(G) is an elementary abelian group, and is the largest elementary abelian p-group onto which G surjects. Ap(G) is the intersection of all normal subgroups K such that G/K is an abelian p-group (i.e., K is an index normal subgroup that contains the derived group ): G/Ap(G) is the largest abelian p-group (not necessarily elementary) onto which G surjects. Op(G) is the intersection of all normal subgroups K of G such that G/K is a (possibly non-abelian) p-group (i.e., K is an index normal subgroup): G/Op(G) is the largest p-group (not necessarily abelian) onto which G surjects. Op(G) is also known as the p-residual subgroup. As these are weaker conditions on the groups K, one obtains the containments These groups have important connections to the Sylow subgroups and the transfer homomorphism, as discussed there. Geometric structure An elementary observation is that one cannot have exactly 2 subgroups of index 2, as the complement of their symmetric difference yields a third. This is a simple corollary of the above discussion (namely the projectivization of the vector space structure of the elementary abelian group , and further, G does not act on this geometry, nor does it reflect any of the non-abelian structure (in both cases because the quotient is abelian). However, it is an elementary result, which can be seen concretely as follows: the set of normal subgroups of a given index p form a projective space, namely the projective space In detail, the space of homomorphisms from G to the (cyclic) group of order p, is a vector space over the finite field A non-trivial such map has as kernel a normal subgroup of index p, and multiplying the map by an element of (a non-zero number mod p) does not change the kernel; thus one obtains a map from to normal index p subgroups. Conversely, a normal subgroup of index p determines a non-trivial map to up to a choice of "which coset maps to which shows that this map is a bijection. As a consequence, the number of normal subgroups of index p is for some k; corresponds to no normal subgroups of index p. Further, given two distinct normal subgroups of index p, one obtains a projective line consisting of such subgroups. For the symmetric difference of two distinct index 2 subgroups (which are necessarily normal) gives the third point on the projective line containing these subgroups, and a group must contain index 2 subgroups – it cannot contain exactly 2 or 4 index 2 subgroups, for instance. See also Virtually Codimension References External links "Subgroup of least prime index is normal" at Groupprops, The Group Properties Wiki Group theory	[ -0.6670129895210266, -0.04239427670836449, -0.16985908150672913, 0.15096554160118103, -0.5077663064002991, -0.2076164186000824, -0.2454240918159485, -0.2962709963321686, -0.36538922786712646, -0.5965510606765747, -0.3568968176841736, -0.11535778641700745, -0.5681851506233215, -0.11366582661867142, -0.21496133506298065, 0.5364077091217041, 0.5749594569206238, 0.2113674432039261, -1.2767893075942993, -0.889203667640686, 0.4186609089374542, 0.3217787742614746, -0.02339056320488453, -0.18595090508460999, 0.33008694648742676, -0.15285107493400574, 0.13610517978668213, 0.4008866548538208, 0.8977156281471252, 0.7166119813919067, -0.014641652815043926, 0.8227276802062988, 0.6971057057380676, 0.3820403516292572, 0.12041004747152328, -0.0977778211236, 0.5781795382499695, -0.22190254926681519, 0.31818127632141113, -0.249691903591156, 0.6106075048446655, -0.10602106899023056, -0.163412943482399, 0.8084250092506409, -0.9140008091926575, -0.683459997177124, -1.4900010824203491, 0.44449684023857117, 0.08466395735740662, -0.20186154544353485, -0.3641737699508667, 0.22981610894203186, 0.1899728626012802, 0.14481842517852783, -0.30064842104911804, 0.6437593698501587, -0.4796792268753052, -0.1609974205493927, 0.536719024181366, -0.04441855475306511, 0.11331501603126526, -0.4809151589870453, 0.4022885859012604, -0.21476532518863678, -0.012403451837599277, 0.9387632608413696, -0.06564025580883026, 0.16468626260757446, -0.7204695343971252, -0.3120369613170624, -0.3609071671962738, -0.4556224048137665, -0.30048662424087524, 0.38429978489875793, -0.4925302565097809, 0.3134254515171051, -0.1347552090883255, -0.3384668529033661, 0.14195702970027924, 0.0025091711431741714, -0.5669235587120056, 0.8353763222694397, 0.3628194332122803, -0.1922767609357834, 0.20210646092891693, 0.3819601833820343, -0.5822268724441528, 0.48535194993019104, -0.7242294549942017, 0.6400207877159119, 0.20560231804847717, -0.6158783435821533, 0.3139406740665436, -0.18334509432315826, 0.10211300104856491, 0.8713110685348511, 0.47636842727661133, -0.48168015480041504, 0.6467857956886292, 0.036373138427734375, 0.028273971751332283, -0.06276796013116837, -0.2454969733953476, -0.6475641131401062, -0.8403124809265137, -0.793956995010376, 0.03334038332104683, -0.6889435052871704, 0.30902981758117676, -0.4387229084968567, -1.1365141868591309, 0.5102481842041016, -0.07144849002361298, -0.3646126985549927, -0.062198322266340256, -0.029012562707066536, -0.12864379584789276, -0.02790696732699871, -0.10944931209087372, 0.015525966882705688, -0.35296523571014404, 0.6036896705627441, -0.34296971559524536, 0.5046582818031311, 0.18942511081695557, -0.051928695291280746, 0.11084859818220139, 0.9872666597366333, -0.7214224934577942, -0.440226286649704, -0.27782827615737915, 0.34839850664138794, 0.4567137360572815, 0.02616308629512787, -0.007997633889317513, -0.5665788650512695, -1.0712405443191528, -0.10419861972332001, -0.5410016179084778, -0.1681583970785141, -0.5560858845710754, -0.37821510434150696, -0.28731876611709595, -0.6456735134124756, 0.5384118556976318, -0.010847248136997223, -0.37285757064819336, -0.5212109088897705, 0.17700731754302979, 0.31885001063346863, 0.13524070382118225, -0.008710146881639957, -0.596566379070282, 0.11318303644657135, -0.2929443418979645, -0.13782654702663422, 0.1578320562839508, -0.07865061610937119, -0.3854745924472809, -0.07657530903816223, 0.17463085055351257, -0.37761521339416504, 0.08391819149255753, -0.6559407114982605, 0.2443091869354248, -0.5551381707191467, 0.770505428314209, 0.03455933928489685, -0.2944030165672302, 0.1207752600312233, -0.14445535838603973, -0.33820533752441406, 0.07067310065031052, 0.35197311639785767, -0.07590611279010773, -0.13165533542633057, 0.29960697889328003, -0.2868713140487671, 0.7601702809333801, -0.015086464583873749, -0.9442954659461975, -0.21875905990600586, 0.5473185181617737, 0.1808524876832962, 0.29679620265960693, 0.46875476837158203, 0.12753650546073914, 0.06981117278337479, 0.370592325925827, 0.13566051423549652, -0.041785892099142075, 0.23610927164554596, 0.0027025528252124786, -0.7824977040290833, 1.2007375955581665, -0.0816127359867096, -0.6370341181755066, -0.3241620361804962, -0.2749539017677307, 0.2414388358592987, -0.08953871577978134, -0.27604609727859497, 0.5605090260505676, -0.09306851774454117, -0.00397105049341917, 0.6026515364646912, -0.28444644808769226, 0.1839028298854828, -0.8579375743865967, 0.6422719955444336, -0.2154548019170761, -0.3524271845817566, 0.5323644876480103, 0.0835026353597641, 0.2899901270866394, 0.30121496319770813, -0.4932132363319397, 0.456512987613678, -0.029500434175133705, 0.1441168189048767, 1.0150372982025146, -0.37009698152542114, 0.06048363819718361, 0.05383596941828728, -0.2374180555343628, 0.7146508097648621, 0.7756640911102295, 0.4525754153728485, 0.9391414523124695, -0.4373195767402649, -0.1683325320482254, -0.5465444922447205, 0.5657798647880554, 0.635902464389801, -0.22600612044334412, 0.6586653590202332, 0.24105168879032135, -0.44722360372543335, 0.5829721093177795, -0.8668019771575928, -0.24237243831157684, 0.29379400610923767, -0.6665014028549194, -0.06280656903982162, 0.7192772030830383, -0.04717744514346123, -0.580065131187439, 0.025906478986144066, -0.6737943887710571, -0.2029571682214737, -0.20371834933757782, 0.12106066197156906, 0.35863760113716125, -0.666877031326294, -0.49466314911842346, -0.4702075719833374, 0.705615758895874, 0.18696114420890808, 0.6404424905776978, 0.45347583293914795, -0.1303720474243164, -0.33199378848075867, -0.13989964127540588, -0.3397811949253082, -0.32584530115127563, -0.30968979001045227, -0.5599101781845093, -0.15201212465763092, 0.7515909075737, 0.019733963534235954, 0.3783999979496002, -0.9842838644981384, -0.49504992365837097, 0.10492981970310211, -0.8492394685745239, -1.0496618747711182, -0.30194148421287537, -0.04375547915697098, -0.8298026323318481, -0.4963173568248749, 0.013419275172054768, 0.5637807846069336, 0.25550591945648193, -0.0386657677590847, -0.1369723528623581, -0.3679606020450592, -0.13764424622058868, -0.6674293279647827, 0.14065448939800262, -0.5421411395072937, -0.33373311161994934, 0.4441505968570709, -0.3054139316082001, -0.23681779205799103, 0.5462121367454529, 0.4984048306941986, -0.3832918107509613, 0.008148054592311382, -0.4194691777229309, -0.31769877672195435, -0.7598405480384827, 0.10831516981124878, 0.01635236293077469, -0.21052931249141693, -0.3242439031600952, 0.1172860637307167, -0.42889028787612915, 0.5871621370315552, -5.2533745765686035, 0.38960015773773193, 0.09595735371112823, 0.25027358531951904, -0.6482877731323242, 0.2238471955060959, 0.39075449109077454, -0.18882818520069122, -0.2976405620574951, 0.20638208091259003, -0.14321847259998322, -0.68327796459198, -0.4985118508338928, 0.5828275680541992, -0.14935675263404846, 0.6393749713897705, 0.18582424521446228, 0.21678748726844788, 0.25702783465385437, 0.5393680334091187, 0.2565138339996338, 0.028164338320493698, -0.562792956829071, -0.6821627616882324, -0.06305859982967377, 0.20611761510372162, -0.07158542424440384, 0.30626174807548523, -0.4349193274974823, -0.2371716946363449, -0.3337685465812683, -0.2347218245267868, -0.17105507850646973, -0.28566840291023254, -0.3867327570915222, 0.22562405467033386, 0.7882130742073059, 0.015395965427160263, -0.12359364330768585, -0.676083505153656, 0.11829231679439545, 0.7049496173858643, 0.11019285768270493, -0.578432023525238, 0.7961194515228271, 0.19664588570594788, -0.19759851694107056, -0.6529340744018555, -0.4533140957355499, 0.3037034273147583, 0.23534029722213745, 0.03480423241853714, -0.09609434008598328, -0.26755574345588684, 0.08072999864816666, 0.24303020536899567, 0.08927948772907257, 0.12279069423675537, -0.09614858776330948, 0.4882194399833679, 0.4981677234172821, -0.019660811871290207, 0.48858678340911865, -0.13000881671905518, -0.7859640717506409, 0.25584980845451355, -1.111771821975708, -0.026458721607923508, 0.6681030988693237, -0.25471723079681396, -0.30538034439086914, 0.34853503108024597, 0.25365787744522095, -0.29494693875312805, -0.08253222703933716, -0.4575330913066864, 0.23967815935611725, 0.1787630170583725, -0.21328437328338623, 0.23684675991535187, -0.3664076626300812, -0.060614414513111115, -0.17656081914901733, 0.3596256673336029, -0.042555782943964005, 0.13108493387699127, -0.6388158798217773, 0.7127810120582581, -0.7043184638023376, 0.22696270048618317, 0.37817367911338806, -0.1477922946214676, 0.601158082485199, 0.7855655550956726, 0.48868462443351746, 0.020393006503582, 0.8153638243675232, -0.09236487746238708, 0.31631946563720703, -0.26241806149482727, 0.35302406549453735, 0.010627718642354012, 0.1797953099012375, 0.07133542001247406, -0.22728809714317322, 0.163766548037529, -0.7639186978340149, 0.9412756562232971, 1.205155611038208, -0.1965773105621338, -0.0692015215754509, -0.1203426644206047, -0.2550276219844818, -0.7869971394538879, 0.5946924686431885, 0.022314278408885002, -0.7624108195304871, 0.3000902533531189, 1.1451743841171265, -0.004114059265702963, -0.23880313336849213, 0.5300406813621521, -0.5313478112220764, -0.49802738428115845, -0.9144296050071716, -0.18809720873832703, -0.21012988686561584, 0.4374079406261444, -0.16070397198200226, -0.08960079401731491, -0.27191248536109924, 0.7897324562072754, 0.011197981424629688, 0.34989091753959656, 0.14008182287216187, -0.29476287961006165, -0.02086011692881584, 0.1107664704322815, 0.18143735826015472, -0.40920835733413696, 1.1292109489440918, 0.29947999119758606, -0.20033161342144012, -0.4749961197376251, 0.1748274564743042, 0.3018929362297058, -0.04213639721274376, -0.06510096043348312, -0.5239611268043518, 0.4068513810634613, -0.06911573559045792, -0.3048734664916992, 0.7410081028938293, -0.21537157893180847, 0.6300955414772034, 0.624111533164978, -0.24778395891189575, 0.3822442889213562, 0.01991911046206951, -1.011447548866272, 0.6443074345588684, -0.07081539928913116, -0.25903820991516113, -0.7698238492012024, 0.02825755625963211, 0.33434879779815674, -0.5955563187599182, 0.020336952060461044, -0.3172866702079773, 0.635295569896698, 0.2410447895526886, 0.3219897449016571, -0.15098901093006134, -0.3140702545642853, 0.139885812997818, 0.06536930054426193, 0.254141628742218, 0.3602348864078522, 0.1305185705423355, -0.01861218735575676, 0.19415822625160217, -0.639767587184906, -0.40037524700164795, 0.47611352801322937, 0.8408300280570984, -0.044267136603593826, 0.21743714809417725, 0.568451464176178, -0.6862358450889587, -0.4371565878391266, 0.4601220190525055, -0.6213763952255249, -0.5421503782272339, 0.06533517688512802, 0.5118972659111023, 0.054000016301870346, 0.5780830979347229, -0.22638267278671265, -0.243297278881073, -0.36315682530403137, -0.320625364780426, 0.587537944316864, -0.4977191090583801, 0.5220164656639099, 0.6271612644195557, -0.23130519688129425, 0.01537402905523777, -0.5934099555015564, -0.35182929039001465, 0.428219199180603, -0.7558834552764893, -0.6646474599838257, -0.9046010971069336, -0.6489632725715637, -0.04144299402832985, 0.5187699198722839, 0.16620974242687225, -0.6553215980529785, -0.11353480815887451, -0.5946346521377563, 0.15250104665756226, -0.1964796632528305, 0.0650625079870224, 0.16167204082012177, 0.4139850437641144, 0.13895811140537262, 0.3687993884086609, -0.06027805805206299, 0.3694183826446533, -0.03341533988714218, 0.007486624177545309, -0.15837745368480682, -0.5605121850967407, 0.06445799767971039, -0.03131017088890076, -0.9443742632865906, -0.38459745049476624, 0.3777405321598053, -0.20250777900218964, -0.06904429942369461, 0.5588492751121521, 0.5320773124694824, 0.07229862362146378, -0.464303195476532, 0.18546421825885773, -0.003872544039040804, 0.5477888584136963, -0.7092849612236023, 0.11784178763628006, 0.25429412722587585, 0.03156188130378723, -0.10594657063484192, 0.13073508441448212, -0.13600203394889832, 0.6787205934524536, 0.46608802676200867, -0.06559395790100098, -0.7520396709442139, 0.3915131390094757, 0.572605311870575, 0.11577096581459045, -0.4157066345214844, -0.15163098275661469, -0.08635209500789642, 0.14700739085674286, 0.8772323727607727, -0.7312515377998352, 0.42134732007980347, 0.6500691175460815, -0.059543438255786896, 0.30433714389801025, -0.1847391575574875, 0.2611556351184845, 0.28682729601860046, 0.4362608790397644, 0.308737188577652, -0.13662968575954437, 0.1290454864501953, -0.5000720024108887, 0.19548940658569336, -0.49934035539627075, -0.02236752398312092, 0.17544780671596527, -0.5917215943336487, -0.05651092901825905, -0.29569366574287415, 0.20343467593193054, 0.49001264572143555, -0.3352845013141632, 0.40856021642684937, -0.7124489545822144, -0.08159587532281876, -0.4755690395832062, 0.24355190992355347, -0.00043073584674857557, 0.4530150592327118, 0.4021299183368683, 0.39101728796958923, -0.2965078353881836, 0.25170260667800903, -0.8976647853851318, -0.27763813734054565, -0.14954465627670288, 0.017001023516058922, 0.3001312017440796, 0.49770939350128174, -0.16344693303108215, -0.5544726848602295, -0.05685577169060707, -0.2536889612674713, 0.19650240242481232, 0.04414898529648781, -0.2177354395389557, 0.28199681639671326, -0.9124094843864441, 0.0069459243677556515, 0.5749185681343079, -0.2525803744792938, 0.5869789719581604, 0.42555150389671326, 0.05371883139014244, 0.47110700607299805, 0.16877900063991547, -0.01038980484008789, -1.039286494255066, 0.421982079744339, -0.2539125680923462, 0.4545539617538452, -0.05785319209098816, 0.45725178718566895, 0.6722386479377747, 0.3475187122821808, -0.43079906702041626, 0.5056145191192627, 0.13942301273345947, -0.3623369634151459, -0.31259167194366455, -0.18136301636695862, 0.4078783094882965, 0.29672929644584656, 0.9214566946029663, 0.782322883605957, -0.43930044770240784, 0.3649708330631256, 0.21291165053844452, 0.1665298491716385, -0.12272050231695175, -0.5240412950515747, 0.11280464380979538, 0.40752896666526794, 0.2727760970592499, 0.08986540883779526, -0.21187616884708405, -0.13635869324207306, -0.4654647409915924, 0.9514905214309692, 0.04954781383275986, -0.2859262526035309, -0.12272164225578308, 0.44374823570251465, 0.6132273077964783, 0.2174788862466812, -0.2514745891094208, 0.18036897480487823, -0.18884707987308502, -0.03149924427270889, 0.48015880584716797, 0.052268657833337784, 0.19939787685871124, 0.14649151265621185, -0.622170090675354, 0.4871041178703308, 0.23238691687583923, 0.21403470635414124, 0.4260888695716858, -0.2723836302757263, 0.09055091440677643, 0.3455052971839905, -0.36696767807006836, 0.23793771862983704, 0.462405800819397, 0.16480226814746857, -0.33079370856285095, -0.9219340682029724, -0.3228294849395752, -0.18461154401302338, 0.3052501976490021, -0.10025789588689804, -0.22712096571922302, 0.8104722499847412, 0.5385422706604004, -0.47590872645378113, -0.5684923529624939, -0.11044267565011978, 0.5645482540130615, 0.3425898253917694, -0.9799216389656067, 1.2403899431228638, 0.5215142965316772, -0.2686038613319397, -0.49850860238075256, -0.7486358284950256, 0.2966911494731903, 0.254749596118927, -0.27680352330207825, -0.014616187661886215, -0.563029408454895, -0.032469492405653, -0.230990931391716, 0.5093759894371033, 0.8565141558647156, 0.24472194910049438, -0.08828041702508926, 0.8748623728752136, 0.1664002537727356, -0.33477315306663513, 0.39726829528808594, 0.39255303144454956, -0.7890179753303528, 0.040001340210437775, -0.0996435210108757, -0.21251247823238373, 0.43570777773857117, 0.8950362205505371, 0.11193795502185822, 0.3139098584651947, 0.23453135788440704, -0.28193506598472595, 0.07114923000335693, 0.5240371823310852, -0.33525240421295166, 0.5269388556480408, -0.6486312747001648, 0.3062084913253784, -0.47496432065963745, -0.13750720024108887, 0.6722049117088318, 0.09723994880914688, 0.31161969900131226, -0.3018607199192047, -0.44956985116004944, -0.6360177993774414, -0.4197685122489929, 0.6288785934448242, -0.3117935061454773, 0.5519722700119019, -0.11421913653612137, -0.2857445776462555, -0.7684614062309265, 0.4274804890155792, 0.4758514165878296, -0.25751665234565735, 0.09936822205781937, -0.2114720344543457, -0.5331790447235107, 0.10737177729606628, 0.41880694031715393, -0.5913928747177124, -0.22903017699718475, 0.23786893486976624 ]
230587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20McCord%20Jr.	James W. McCord Jr.	James Walter McCord Jr. (January 26, 1924 – June 15, 2017) was an American CIA officer, later involved as an electronics expert in the burglaries which precipitated the Watergate scandal. Career McCord was born in Waurika, Oklahoma. He served as a bombardier with the rank of second lieutenant in the Army Air Forces during World War II. He briefly attended Baylor University before receiving a B.B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949. In 1965, he received an M.S. in international affairs from George Washington University. After beginning his career at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), McCord worked for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), ultimately ascending to a GS-15 position in the Agency's Office of Security. For a period of time, he was in charge of physical security at the Agency's Langley headquarters. According to Russ Baker, then-Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles once introduced McCord to an Air Force colonel as "the best man we have". In 1961, under his direction, a counter-intelligence program was launched against the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. He also held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force Reserve. Watergate scandal Shortly after resigning from the CIA, McCord was interviewed and then hired by Jack Caulfield in January 1972 "for strict, solely defensive security work at the Republican National Committee (RNC) and the Committee to Re-Elect the President (CRP)". Some of the money from this contract came from the RNC, which was led by Bob Dole who was called "Nixon's Doberman pinscher" and a Republican Party fixer, and was used during the Watergate scandal. He and four other accomplices were arrested during the second break-in to the Democratic National Committee's headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972. The arrests led to the Watergate scandal and resignation of President Nixon. McCord asserted that the White House knew of and approved the break ins, and proceeded to cover up the incident. Because of McCord's statements, the Watergate investigators pursued many more leads. McCord was one of the first men convicted in the Watergate criminal trial; on eight counts of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping. On March 21, 1973, three days before sentencing, McCord, after speaking to a probation officer and thus surmising that he might be facing a very lengthy jail sentence, submitted a letter to the judge in the case, Judge Sirica, in which he claimed that he and the other defendants had committed perjury in their trial and that there was pressure from higher up for them to have done so. On March 23, the day of the sentencing, Judge Sirica sentenced the other defendants provisionally, citing a statute that allowed for maximum sentences of several decades as a means to "research" more information needed for the final sentencing. This was a means to pressure the defendants into revealing more information about the burglary. McCord's sentencing was postponed until June and then postponed again. Finally, in November 1973, McCord was sentenced to from one to five years and began serving his sentence in March 1975, but was released after only four months because of his cooperation in the Watergate investigation. Post-Watergate After serving four months in prison, McCord set up McCord Associates, which was his own security firm located in Rockville, retiring later to Pennsylvania. McCord died at the age of 93 from pancreatic cancer on June 15, 2017, at his home in Douglassville, Pennsylvania. His death was not reported in local and national news outlets until 2019. McCord was portrayed in All the President's Men, the 1976 film retelling the events of the Watergate scandal, by Richard Herd. See also G. Gordon Liddy#White House undercover operative All the President's Men by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward References Bibliography Further reading McCord wrote a book about his connection with the Watergate burglary: External links James McCord testifying at the Watergate Hearings WETA-TV Public Television, 1973 Watergate Hearings 1924 births 2017 deaths People from Berks County, Pennsylvania People from Waurika, Oklahoma Military personnel from Oklahoma Writers from Oklahoma American perjurers American spies Baylor University alumni Elliott School of International Affairs alumni Members of the Committee for the Re-Election of the President Watergate Seven People convicted in the Watergate scandal CIA agents convicted of crimes Deaths from pancreatic cancer Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania Virginia Republicans Pennsylvania Republicans United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II United States Army Air Forces officers United States Air Force colonels United States Air Force reservists	[ -0.7714810967445374, 0.899606466293335, -0.7294045090675354, -0.28564804792404175, -0.04759467765688896, 0.2013709992170334, 0.7995051145553589, 0.7714935541152954, -0.39591488242149353, -0.28475186228752136, -0.27221742272377014, 0.13954520225524902, -0.17757035791873932, 1.0834088325500488, -0.10722300410270691, 0.8998402953147888, -0.5408852100372314, 0.9440030455589294, -0.10106977075338364, -0.25881049036979675, -0.16952721774578094, -0.1878981590270996, 0.04325869306921959, -0.1603969782590866, 0.2624076008796692, 0.3701115846633911, 0.01804204471409321, -0.15306469798088074, 0.02595236897468567, -0.016085105016827583, -0.1484503149986267, 0.46992477774620056, 0.2606313228607178, -0.10359863191843033, -0.7523673176765442, -0.4577312469482422, 0.3576882779598236, -0.1884772926568985, 0.2669580280780792, 0.1611519306898117, -0.1696218103170395, 0.5130715370178223, 0.3884067237377167, -0.38616853952407837, 0.36431077122688293, -0.5649488568305969, -2.0182113647460938, -0.6460716724395752, -0.6532549858093262, -0.5803107619285583, 0.16904482245445251, 0.09115969389677048, 0.4283629357814789, 0.6498696208000183, 0.08000535517930984, 0.4330989122390747, -0.47877684235572815, 0.04791939631104469, 0.6579020619392395, -0.10093629360198975, 0.4496814012527466, -0.051898449659347534, 0.5057632327079773, 0.2411717027425766, -0.043731480836868286, 0.27873125672340393, -0.187042698264122, 0.7388031482696533, 0.18422263860702515, 0.7044626474380493, -0.2123478800058365, -0.03623371198773384, 0.7843143343925476, 0.42513689398765564, -0.30705416202545166, -0.19715416431427002, 0.07386034727096558, -0.05739106610417366, -0.21394164860248566, -0.18016131222248077, 0.4505552351474762, 0.014180228114128113, 0.5827261805534363, 0.19223730266094208, 0.14598460495471954, 0.37696531414985657, -0.655890703201294, -0.07672260701656342, 0.16824142634868622, 0.20900912582874298, -0.7879629731178284, 0.42319780588150024, -0.33554837107658386, 0.19559961557388306, 0.05915391072630882, -0.02345222420990467, -0.09919652342796326, 0.16463737189769745, -0.08196144551038742, 0.3824283480644226, -0.1100863367319107, 0.14486382901668549, 0.15472398698329926, -0.3112260401248932, -0.5463369488716125, 0.2105378806591034, -0.17596644163131714, -0.37215450406074524, 0.07798270136117935, -1.8531579971313477, -0.1757063865661621, -0.15409556031227112, -0.3904911279678345, -0.7446655631065369, -0.5971845984458923, 0.6660600304603577, 0.9627407789230347, -0.7209989428520203, -0.28979432582855225, -0.16395294666290283, 0.3544042706489563, 0.7859472632408142, -0.8079622387886047, 0.0424606092274189, -0.6112516522407532, 0.4686279594898224, 0.15769274532794952, 0.2175731509923935, 0.43715429306030273, 0.524276077747345, 0.04778721556067467, 0.9264623522758484, -0.29216986894607544, -0.08969229459762573, -0.37720128893852234, -0.5236091017723083, 0.7666398882865906, 0.5224336385726929, -0.08568550646305084, 0.07384996861219406, -0.1451670229434967, -0.14007368683815002, -2.5515530109405518, 0.03646598756313324, 0.35262852907180786, 0.3507721424102783, -0.46367958188056946, 0.6837501525878906, -0.21001136302947998, 0.654425323009491, 0.487204372882843, -0.1879298985004425, 0.03353925421833992, 0.31389403343200684, -0.21064475178718567, 0.4066145122051239, 0.32590124011039734, -0.1842118203639984, 0.5828549861907959, 1.0721513032913208, -0.176466703414917, 0.21255344152450562, -0.163253515958786, 0.13870318233966827, -0.1532149761915207, 0.7467647790908813, 0.4353257715702057, -0.2464352548122406, -0.34777480363845825, -0.019709693267941475, -0.22106419503688812, -0.13128302991390228, -0.0385412760078907, -0.6729128360748291, 0.31025978922843933, 0.3244696259498596, 0.7590827345848083, 0.3565247356891632, -0.14829792082309723, -0.6124070286750793, -0.49811089038848877, 0.06120482459664345, 0.22509236633777618, -0.19292329251766205, 0.6198421120643616, 0.10928144305944443, 0.5031494498252869, -0.4248483180999756, 0.05027126520872116, -0.26865920424461365, 0.09103818982839584, -0.43518704175949097, -0.18237729370594025, -0.3440823256969452, 0.6101753115653992, 0.3115866780281067, 0.2524774670600891, 0.13936889171600342, 0.24640728533267975, 0.6619594097137451, 0.14392444491386414, -0.2937830090522766, 0.24065743386745453, -0.4018458425998688, -0.036628607660532, 2.418675184249878, 0.2104719877243042, 0.13697431981563568, 0.6839101910591125, 1.0744315385818481, 0.5838130712509155, -0.6131368279457092, -0.4525572657585144, -0.05162050202488899, 0.10099620372056961, -0.6212870478630066, 0.4520975947380066, -0.5712792873382568, -0.14302565157413483, -0.8148630261421204, 0.3866228461265564, 0.047504108399152756, -0.3936130702495575, 0.5050881505012512, -0.5179554224014282, 0.7779768705368042, -0.1450565755367279, -0.03973965346813202, -0.8231374621391296, -0.9974036812782288, 0.39426150918006897, -0.6121710538864136, -0.13895189762115479, -0.4299912452697754, 0.19240549206733704, 0.03415565937757492, -0.3659607470035553, -0.39722105860710144, -0.0019741985015571117, 0.16104847192764282, 0.556901752948761, 0.1525733321905136, -0.2997446358203888, 0.15871953964233398, -0.5099557042121887, 0.46420902013778687, 0.23066003620624542, 0.047829560935497284, -0.20668157935142517, -0.4452546536922455, 0.4890512526035309, 0.0008534257649444044, 0.6528033018112183, -0.6175329089164734, 0.23929524421691895, -0.010634072124958038, -0.0912560299038887, -0.07175914198160172, -0.29758602380752563, -0.039924100041389465, -0.20440588891506195, -0.21491675078868866, 0.30219903588294983, -0.2519091069698334, -0.586095929145813, -0.1868361532688141, -0.2101137638092041, -0.3655911087989807, -0.15273958444595337, 0.020941874012351036, 0.23803149163722992, -0.44101059436798096, 0.004488244652748108, -2.6597585678100586, 0.6631605625152588, 0.4655686914920807, -0.3217402696609497, 0.37344732880592346, -0.9502778649330139, -0.2746056616306305, 0.5496506690979004, 0.5682676434516907, -0.12385571002960205, 0.4740007519721985, -0.22564305365085602, 0.12676365673542023, 0.10499992221593857, -0.4251277446746826, 0.2245144546031952, -0.042165160179138184, -0.10303935408592224, 0.16648463904857635, -0.5952636003494263, 0.6142055988311768, 0.0005688784876838326, 0.7104807496070862, -0.10389441251754761, -0.7216771245002747, 0.36251533031463623, -0.5490074753761292, -1.127900242805481, 0.28578048944473267, -0.40083932876586914, -0.07509411126375198, 0.26482945680618286, -0.3195643424987793, -0.08136820793151855, -0.12175111472606659, -3.8363234996795654, 0.09030880779027939, -0.23494312167167664, -0.34913402795791626, 0.40956515073776245, -0.01428887341171503, 0.43828511238098145, -0.3491038680076599, -0.10063324868679047, 0.39743584394454956, 0.527691125869751, 0.3204001784324646, 0.1871650218963623, 0.47737547755241394, 0.3893939256668091, 0.5211077332496643, 1.0231664180755615, 0.026880469173192978, 0.6614059805870056, 0.30359628796577454, 0.0582769550383091, -0.31375613808631897, -0.17495577037334442, -0.3608705401420593, 0.8617157936096191, 0.42483630776405334, -0.40701135993003845, 0.02113986387848854, -0.474856436252594, 0.0711498111486435, -0.2050555944442749, 0.4069751501083374, 0.12530939280986786, -0.6465535163879395, -0.4701652228832245, -0.484173059463501, -0.045971862971782684, 0.20741936564445496, 0.7054022550582886, -0.21728500723838806, 0.32474276423454285, 0.29900071024894714, -0.6772318482398987, 0.761191725730896, 0.024170681834220886, -0.1596190184354782, -0.9851216077804565, -0.05301416292786598, -0.003875656984746456, 0.6911877989768982, -0.06164098531007767, -0.11926228553056717, 1.3895823955535889, 0.38570210337638855, 0.28792712092399597, -0.7505154013633728, 0.6424064636230469, -0.33128485083580017, -0.6741551160812378, -0.21397492289543152, 0.651992678642273, -0.568526566028595, 0.4621427357196808, -0.03313891217112541, 0.13021156191825867, -0.8603312969207764, 0.04808686301112175, -0.30720534920692444, -0.3648729920387268, -0.001180785009637475, -0.13387730717658997, 0.7911233305931091, 0.5486677885055542, -0.8468684554100037, 0.38515639305114746, 0.1890081763267517, -0.3806694746017456, 0.026923788711428642, -0.21122434735298157, -0.08200936764478683, 0.4460637867450714, -0.1872430443763733, -0.14209669828414917, 1.044563889503479, 0.0958322137594223, 0.2545144259929657, -0.17127422988414764, 0.14767368137836456, -0.9358837008476257, -0.41235411167144775, -0.4312288463115692, 0.1695166677236557, 0.2657906711101532, 0.2903021574020386, -0.009275454096496105, -0.22404636442661285, 0.28747838735580444, -0.6232835650444031, 0.1775207817554474, -0.6419742703437805, -0.5936539173126221, -0.42929160594940186, -0.857391893863678, -0.6345452666282654, -0.48022809624671936, -0.23278012871742249, -0.3882826268672943, 0.24957114458084106, 0.32976052165031433, 0.1371251940727234, 0.007994990795850754, -0.28271234035491943, 0.1690162867307663, 0.1429498791694641, 0.9616257548332214, -0.2306583672761917, 0.14876388013362885, 0.24712681770324707, 0.5115363001823425, 0.3487027883529663, 0.4577091634273529, 0.6732329726219177, 0.19535867869853973, 0.10414103418588638, -0.037746693938970566, -0.12901419401168823, 0.6781318783760071, -0.3598322570323944, -0.6036995649337769, -0.5397462248802185, -0.03227441385388374, 0.4572227895259857, -0.4903358817100525, 0.12253089994192123, -0.4176158905029297, -0.6029255986213684, -0.11070273071527481, -0.05592415854334831, 0.21825087070465088, -0.29432880878448486, 0.36293289065361023, -0.42815500497817993, -0.289108008146286, 0.10162671655416489, -0.06258990615606308, 0.9536275863647461, 0.5397200584411621, -0.027073603123426437, -0.47639620304107666, -0.41688042879104614, -0.5737863183021545, -1.267181396484375, 0.17887796461582184, -0.7131081223487854, -0.45636406540870667, -0.22710247337818146, -0.4990239143371582, -0.06248069554567337, -0.33536046743392944, 0.2112646996974945, -0.1460265815258026, 0.21934020519256592, -1.003747820854187, 0.003850840497761965, 0.7169395089149475, -0.05054132640361786, 0.40801766514778137, -0.1193474680185318, -0.8917027115821838, 0.8486827611923218, -0.023426959291100502, -0.3647466003894806, -0.38369810581207275, -0.5022770762443542, 0.38166344165802, 0.43345317244529724, 0.19667693972587585, -0.08024419844150543, 0.43206867575645447, 0.18774420022964478, 0.35474893450737, 0.28640326857566833, -0.38671624660491943, 0.07862766832113266, 0.4590907096862793, -0.2637130320072174, -0.2171984612941742, -0.26369935274124146, -0.23174476623535156, 0.7982749342918396, -0.2607985734939575, -0.43415653705596924, 0.8457493782043457, 0.00796578824520111, -0.5232948660850525, -0.17133598029613495, 0.13919946551322937, 0.10272146016359329, 0.2456887662410736, -0.4961409568786621, 0.041955750435590744, 0.25955167412757874, -0.21936139464378357, 0.48223426938056946, -0.5347092151641846, -0.6982472538948059, -0.0766570121049881, 0.28464004397392273, -0.3960202932357788, 0.7295641899108887, 0.365442156791687, -0.2510830760002136, 0.08879703283309937, 0.5600548386573792, -0.23297002911567688, 0.06828328967094421, 0.9301442503929138, 0.8060644268989563, -0.1919616013765335, -0.862861156463623, -0.020291920751333237, -0.6336440443992615, -0.027661792933940887, -0.6151126623153687, -0.6818456053733826, 0.4307263195514679, -0.3233841061592102, -0.3526749014854431, 0.8230912089347839, -0.6314852237701416, -0.741916835308075, -0.0935601145029068, 0.23893867433071136, 0.11939141899347305, 0.011764788068830967, -0.009877478703856468, -0.2758435010910034, 0.495036244392395, -0.26412394642829895, 0.15124204754829407, 0.616428792476654, 0.5939223170280457, 0.4821650981903076, -0.32076629996299744, -0.3605809509754181, 0.12492227554321289, 0.02415882609784603, -0.12954089045524597, 0.22711220383644104, 0.6684384942054749, 0.19495688378810883, -0.18736578524112701, -0.8652843832969666, 0.034149691462516785, 1.0431621074676514, 0.03486625850200653, -0.09756259620189667, 0.8076997995376587, -0.3716629147529602, -0.1018957793712616, -0.20179703831672668, 0.5617597103118896, -0.2690680921077728, 0.3161002993583679, 0.4519507586956024, 0.1865328699350357, -0.051778342574834824, 0.09572993963956833, 0.8225414156913757, -0.16847026348114014, -0.499037504196167, 0.038346316665410995, -0.23876890540122986, -0.0054216040298342705, -0.43552258610725403, 0.21943338215351105, 0.5387464165687561, -0.47405606508255005, 0.11772678792476654, -0.0018721794476732612, 1.112936019897461, 0.13145126402378082, 0.738175630569458, -0.28646716475486755, 0.390174925327301, -0.60142582654953, -0.7002590298652649, -0.5159453749656677, -0.509413480758667, 0.19922897219657898, -0.25255894660949707, -0.23709462583065033, -0.2040298730134964, 0.012433936819434166, -0.1972213089466095, 0.4321686029434204, -0.604220986366272, 0.06424499303102493, -0.5267682671546936, 0.22425362467765808, -1.0396690368652344, 0.9764771461486816, 0.31169751286506653, 0.08937545865774155, 0.49399426579475403, -0.1172032430768013, 0.1198635920882225, -0.2844586968421936, 0.08613566309213638, 0.1725672036409378, 0.04887741804122925, -0.05483292415738106, 0.17051579058170319, 0.5006154775619507, -0.4180465638637543, 0.15532183647155762, 0.41693153977394104, -0.5554696917533875, -0.21009844541549683, -0.11093345284461975, -0.3241089880466461, -0.7881142497062683, 0.6402958035469055, 0.21324236690998077, -0.4053557515144348, 0.9647311568260193, -0.5274124145507812, -0.7959498763084412, 0.5665441155433655, -0.23587051033973694, -0.028171952813863754, 0.008204612880945206, -1.1969152688980103, 0.7055572867393494, -0.24859663844108582, 0.18962447345256805, 0.001037025242112577, -0.4415476620197296, -0.26392504572868347, 0.6357611417770386, 0.016911698505282402, 0.8848109841346741, 0.09487856179475784, -0.28432807326316833, 0.12328442931175232, -0.15538974106311798, -0.48605969548225403, 0.6681525707244873, 0.36723199486732483, -0.5887076258659363, 0.31930962204933167, 0.06996239721775055, 0.12974603474140167, -0.3736090660095215, 0.011398645117878914, -0.12816038727760315, 0.49622371792793274, -0.4870361387729645, -0.07151509821414948, -2.401296377182007, -0.22821803390979767, -0.19054876267910004, 1.041152834892273, 0.050031594932079315, 0.5598767399787903, -0.3183949589729309, 0.13864944875240326, -0.3034916818141937, -0.08414941281080246, 0.6711241602897644, 0.6613681316375732, -0.16665266454219818, 0.6307748556137085, 0.490000456571579, 0.6959609389305115, 0.22937743365764618, 0.25724896788597107, -0.5099925398826599, -0.007029111962765455, -0.2319203019142151, -0.046469204127788544, 0.20645581185817719, -0.2384546548128128, -0.3624471426010132, 0.4163900911808014, -0.01654309220612049, -0.02921602688729763, 0.050507813692092896, 0.1765895038843155, -0.5036877393722534, 0.3580705225467682, -0.4634009599685669, -0.03839303180575371, 0.5678049921989441, -0.4830947518348694, 0.24882324039936066, -0.18877649307250977, -0.12278564274311066, 0.19488832354545593, 0.13141869008541107, 0.23184004426002502, 0.6106624603271484, -0.3173539340496063, -0.10457649827003479, -0.4332686960697174, 0.24354343116283417, -0.4888565242290497, 0.6165806651115417, -0.20891934633255005, 0.5456938147544861, -0.41564032435417175, 0.21702992916107178, -0.31184983253479004, 0.8576034903526306, 0.22612623870372772, -0.023330776020884514, 0.049483221024274826, -0.6052985191345215, -0.4522527754306793, -0.445438027381897, -0.016532333567738533, -0.2125018984079361, 0.31596797704696655, -0.020704977214336395, 0.008578921668231487, -0.4689655900001526, -0.211721733212471, 0.07284276932477951, 0.419420063495636, 0.21539348363876343, 0.08027637749910355, -0.1325763761997223, 0.23252184689044952, -0.7096764445304871, 0.3588427007198334, -0.07195857167243958, -0.05272343009710312, 0.7510958909988403, 0.4848158061504364, -0.1200285404920578, -0.049917254596948624, -0.08103756606578827, 0.6207732558250427, 0.12903250753879547, -4.653295993804932, -0.7217845916748047, -0.23541216552257538, -1.1180620193481445, 0.7091590762138367, 0.13978928327560425, -0.02605436183512211, 0.009641109965741634, 0.006007935386151075, -0.17226840555667877, 0.7451110482215881, 0.00742512010037899, -0.32880154252052307, -0.21349208056926727, 0.7073094248771667, -0.06051990017294884 ]
230591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya%20Streeter	Tanya Streeter	Tanya Streeter (born Tanya Dailey, 10 January 1973, Grand Cayman) is a British-Caymanian-American world champion freediver, inducted into the Women Diver's Hall of Fame in March 2000. For more than two months, from 17 August 2002, she held the overall "no limits" freediving record (greater than the men's record) with a depth of 525 feet (160 m), which is still the women's world record for No Limits Apnea. Personal life Streeter was born to Jim and Sandra Dailey in the Cayman Islands. She has two sisters and a brother. She was educated in England at the independent girls' school Roedean and at Brighton University. She met and married her husband Paul Streeter in England. They moved to the Cayman Islands in 1995. They have a daughter, Tilly Annina Andrus Streeter (b. 19 August 2008) and a son, Charlie Streeter (b. 2015). After giving birth Tanya Streeter officially retired from freediving. She currently resides in Austin, Texas. She also has four step children residing in the UK. James and Christopher Streeter (b. 10 December 1983), Sophie Streeter (b. 6 September 1985) and Katie Streeter (b. 20 August 1988). Competitive career Streeter took up freediving at age 25 and almost immediately began to break records. She made her first important breakthrough in 1998 when she bettered Deborah Andollo's Women's No Limits diving record by 10 feet, achieving a total depth of 370 feet (113 m). She was inducted into the 'Women Divers Hall of Fame' in March 2000. In 2002, she broke the men's No Limit (NLT) world diving record by diving to a depth of 525 feet (160 m) near the Turks and Caicos Islands, a record which was surpassed later that year by French diver Loïc Leferme (162 m). On 19 July 2003 she broke the men's Variable Weight (VWT) world record by diving to a depth of 400 feet (122 m) and held it over a year until the record was broken by Carlos Coste (135 m) in Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela on 27 October 2004, but as a women's record it lasted almost seven years, until Natalia Molchanova reached 125 m in June 2010 in Kalamata, Greece. Outside freediving Streeter was featured in an Animal Planet documentary, Freediver (aired March 2006), and presented Dive Galapagos (aired March 2007). She presented a documentary shown on BBC Two called Shark Therapy in which she attempted to overcome her fear of sharks. She is a public speaker, presenting "The Deepest Dive Ever" at TEDx in Austin, Texas in 2012, and also at the Divers Alert Network UHMS DAN 2006 Breath-hold Proceedings. She appeared on a set of five commemorative postage stamps distributed by the Turks and Caicos Islands in 2003. In 2014, she appeared as a coach on the television show Calzedonia Ocean Girls. She also features in the documentary A Plastic Ocean (aired 2016), and today focuses on her work as an environmentalist. See also David Apperley References External links 1973 births Living people Caymanian free-divers People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex Caymanian emigrants to the United States	[ 0.2709493935108185, -0.21690256893634796, -0.12169159203767776, -0.1809702068567276, -0.01254446990787983, 0.8340787291526794, 0.6847834587097168, -0.6254342198371887, -0.6409212350845337, 0.5237240195274353, -0.12220596522092819, 0.002559363143518567, 0.188832089304924, -0.2399434894323349, -0.022273672744631767, -0.010277164168655872, 0.4412551820278168, 0.013701730407774448, -0.012396356090903282, 0.299604594707489, -0.2629091441631317, -0.3924037516117096, 0.7840694785118103, -0.18715904653072357, -0.5925527811050415, 0.49209925532341003, -0.3808136582374573, 0.20038186013698578, -0.3036018908023834, -0.29195070266723633, 0.30353325605392456, 0.558054506778717, 0.4402536451816559, -0.30872341990470886, 0.4410074055194855, 0.2561318874359131, 0.21498329937458038, -0.3114996552467346, -0.40595901012420654, -0.3752971887588501, -0.8158407807350159, 0.07907614856958389, 0.23811277747154236, 0.4121490716934204, -0.6489033699035645, 0.1145780086517334, -1.6500123739242554, 0.07009916752576828, -0.40456217527389526, -0.19743593037128448, -0.21707092225551605, 0.3013205826282501, 0.39451250433921814, -0.22346806526184082, 0.6523993015289307, 0.19329318404197693, -0.7925118803977966, -0.2736029326915741, 0.28876984119415283, -0.42148634791374207, 0.5508779287338257, -0.12950213253498077, 0.40474748611450195, -0.42586657404899597, 0.24057607352733612, 0.49655330181121826, 0.2832351624965668, -0.10139200836420059, -0.025272417813539505, -0.2683080732822418, 0.5914658904075623, 0.05405057966709137, -0.06507936120033264, -0.049314629286527634, -0.47212767601013184, -0.40344956517219543, 0.07565328478813171, -0.19907599687576294, 1.1688683032989502, 0.23224034905433655, 0.7600374817848206, -0.2357703149318695, 0.658837616443634, 0.84334397315979, 0.3708367347717285, 0.08257563412189484, -0.2513405680656433, 0.2074001133441925, -0.4892367124557495, 1.2054041624069214, -0.7651051878929138, -0.40221351385116577, 0.6558603048324585, 0.6116011738777161, -0.4998329281806946, 0.20347556471824646, -0.05211149901151657, 0.6909377574920654, 0.9071857929229736, -0.7020559310913086, -0.2543092668056488, -0.482263445854187, 0.44627848267555237, -0.24412640929222107, 0.0652046874165535, -0.25990933179855347, -0.2965690791606903, -0.21598495543003082, 0.05696680396795273, 0.10779739916324615, -0.3491721451282501, 0.0321807898581028, -0.1931181699037552, -0.3956453502178192, -0.3773272633552551, 0.3991897702217102, 0.41239404678344727, -0.535479724407196, -0.47722649574279785, -0.0877072885632515, 0.34380459785461426, -0.1336735635995865, 0.41111794114112854, 0.1868850290775299, -0.38109108805656433, 0.2651110887527466, -0.22556675970554352, 0.7373497486114502, -0.6187890768051147, 0.3148670196533203, -0.2625996172428131, 0.8114181756973267, -0.5257623195648193, 0.23728758096694946, -0.15563726425170898, -0.17719949781894684, 0.5001999735832214, -0.5583014488220215, -0.10313472151756287, 0.9861066341400146, -0.47029542922973633, -0.09003967046737671, -0.7370800375938416, -0.2352585643529892, 0.37104663252830505, 0.2213921844959259, 0.17737235128879547, 0.1810481697320938, -0.2043384164571762, 0.3927699625492096, -0.20824900269508362, 0.3437005877494812, -0.3010590672492981, -0.6705763936042786, -0.6980909109115601, -0.1943730115890503, 0.6387276649475098, -0.13223311305046082, 0.39829373359680176, 0.4226776957511902, 0.13037052750587463, 0.036655526608228683, -0.34925878047943115, 0.3478361666202545, 0.6063863635063171, -0.31201913952827454, -0.06407810747623444, -0.11997255682945251, 0.02658226527273655, 0.20110177993774414, 0.04146138206124306, 0.4878525733947754, 0.13109873235225677, -0.2698342502117157, -0.8506096005439758, 0.1535036563873291, -0.31396719813346863, 0.46749523282051086, 0.021090449765324593, -0.4937775731086731, -0.6590163111686707, 0.25346851348876953, -0.10790073871612549, -0.04057645797729492, 0.8244160413742065, -0.09035013616085052, 0.4980776011943817, 0.6232885718345642, 0.3546847999095917, 0.32404646277427673, -0.2391132116317749, -0.8162150382995605, 0.4143888056278229, 0.015286805108189583, 0.46871596574783325, -0.15567845106124878, -0.2978824973106384, 0.6134997606277466, -0.08245351165533066, 0.4210435450077057, -0.10120616853237152, 0.2661689519882202, -0.41303005814552307, -0.24193860590457916, -0.36998623609542847, 0.23880735039710999, 0.8010264039039612, -0.29503604769706726, 0.5804406404495239, 0.45201608538627625, 0.04996895417571068, -1.113940954208374, -0.5231388211250305, 0.5991860032081604, -0.5510750412940979, -0.13381259143352509, -0.22840996086597443, 0.0744888186454773, 0.4432067573070526, -0.17047205567359924, 1.1424802541732788, 0.6247184872627258, 0.08629926294088364, -0.20765560865402222, 0.024835485965013504, 0.522038996219635, -0.25106123089790344, 0.16529341042041779, -0.05052186921238899, -0.060500744730234146, 0.7685520648956299, 0.28560999035835266, 0.515282154083252, -0.983469545841217, 0.030242495238780975, 0.16387049853801727, 0.4339132308959961, -0.22940880060195923, 0.6967281699180603, -0.29172641038894653, -0.08183431625366211, 0.3385811746120453, -0.21172142028808594, 0.39124560356140137, -0.005370952654629946, 0.12771426141262054, 0.5253209471702576, 0.14898891746997833, -0.6259059309959412, -0.47640010714530945, 0.46327826380729675, 0.25224342942237854, 0.1056564673781395, -0.21527674794197083, 0.15780913829803467, 0.11157500743865967, -0.3883591890335083, -0.2634931802749634, 0.5088458061218262, 0.0972418561577797, 0.26435211300849915, 0.1367204487323761, 0.37075600028038025, 0.5127227306365967, -0.07612232863903046, -0.16756653785705566, -0.4444519281387329, -0.8110731840133667, 1.2359460592269897, -0.18389080464839935, 0.5735906362533569, 0.2708483338356018, 0.04141608253121376, 0.15893031656742096, 0.17939302325248718, 0.48773762583732605, -0.09867125004529953, -0.22606435418128967, -0.39258697628974915, -0.4998084008693695, 0.5399559140205383, 0.6337354183197021, 0.08927265554666519, -0.4719318747520447, -0.11567110568284988, 0.2338472157716751, -0.26148900389671326, 0.46936270594596863, -0.49548670649528503, -0.5142118334770203, -0.18600907921791077, 0.34875836968421936, -0.9283740520477295, 0.27986645698547363, -0.37791863083839417, 0.29259639978408813, -0.38647589087486267, 0.5193691849708557, 0.15148720145225525, 0.11756675690412521, -0.38473260402679443, 0.4747496247291565, -0.4483247399330139, -0.039137013256549835, 0.20762699842453003, 0.0078708715736866, -0.22350378334522247, -0.17683890461921692, -5.384034633636475, 0.23152251541614532, -0.48102715611457825, 0.4500877261161804, 0.0649489015340805, -0.1936819851398468, 0.20499415695667267, -0.04148320481181145, 0.03655117005109787, -0.460696816444397, 0.273662805557251, 0.02108018472790718, -0.03123452700674534, 0.2693213224411011, 0.08590816706418991, 0.28739869594573975, 0.2529124319553375, -0.6001501083374023, 0.12170059233903885, 0.3091866970062256, -0.055966559797525406, -0.16710303723812103, -0.6517283320426941, -0.14242768287658691, -0.007490537129342556, -0.09539680182933807, -0.40035250782966614, 0.13083294034004211, -0.7834104299545288, -0.6121809482574463, -0.4119577705860138, -0.05527004227042198, -1.086718201637268, -0.0032585205044597387, 0.39823606610298157, -0.10350635647773743, 0.22111158072948456, -0.07444950193166733, -0.024473313242197037, -1.1822043657302856, -0.19602742791175842, -0.12517401576042175, -0.4914211928844452, -0.007405066397041082, 0.7222481966018677, -0.1762077361345291, -0.07995614409446716, -0.2488129734992981, -0.08276413381099701, 0.6529443264007568, 0.15056265890598297, -0.5182080864906311, 0.7248333692550659, 0.21986496448516846, 0.31808382272720337, -0.17824724316596985, -0.3154279291629791, -0.07702076435089111, -0.1503666341304779, 0.7468563914299011, -0.16370949149131775, -0.8712599873542786, 0.5721017718315125, -0.7681082487106323, -0.25592169165611267, 0.014226584695279598, -0.2981742322444916, -0.1778957098722458, -0.28055328130722046, -0.4896363914012909, -0.06580211222171783, 0.7146977186203003, -0.25493597984313965, -0.796164870262146, 0.25293806195259094, -0.23671112954616547, 0.8371226787567139, 0.052681781351566315, -0.23831556737422943, -0.2042963206768036, 0.3106927275657654, -0.4608822166919708, 0.012423566542565823, 0.941981315612793, 0.42972713708877563, -0.9661425948143005, 0.27981653809547424, -0.04811941459774971, -0.3409327268600464, 0.04064205288887024, 0.01547897420823574, -0.3661017119884491, 0.061578989028930664, 0.21065613627433777, -0.18046177923679352, 0.0038462027441710234, -0.311668336391449, -0.18196465075016022, 0.3929595649242401, -0.1403438299894333, -0.4178510308265686, -0.4575828015804291, 0.12499254196882248, -0.7506216764450073, 0.2290865033864975, -0.17762437462806702, 0.041771356016397476, 0.15287810564041138, 0.4700571596622467, -0.7347673773765564, 0.052857909351587296, -0.01803634874522686, -0.8321232795715332, 0.38199663162231445, 0.2999173402786255, 0.07276543229818344, -0.5779211521148682, -0.1918599009513855, 0.7343305349349976, 0.23939478397369385, -0.056852325797080994, 0.14157342910766602, 0.42412540316581726, 0.612670361995697, 0.5761727690696716, -0.9040917754173279, 0.3879978358745575, 0.15961956977844238, -0.3457965552806854, 0.28686171770095825, 0.0450410321354866, 0.82106614112854, -0.23161056637763977, -0.11208726465702057, 0.32118967175483704, 0.3057502210140228, -0.2980492115020752, -0.266499400138855, 0.2062917798757553, -0.0665673241019249, -0.0788016989827156, -0.135944202542305, 0.1382341980934143, 0.6175493001937866, 0.3592465817928314, 0.8937812447547913, 0.3129332363605499, -0.05620144307613373, -0.2525334358215332, 0.6712179183959961, 0.19058643281459808, -0.5172221660614014, 0.30228105187416077, -0.6276823282241821, 0.5384562611579895, -0.023527855053544044, 0.46126872301101685, -0.1489829272031784, -0.32643958926200867, -0.3988117575645447, 0.5895050764083862, 0.00469093956053257, -0.5791295766830444, -0.10906747728586197, -0.333618700504303, -0.04258476570248604, -0.7888430953025818, -0.2515360713005066, -0.38350048661231995, 0.07781554758548737, 0.09418878704309464, -0.6992515325546265, -0.3086775541305542, 0.17471836507320404, 0.007577521726489067, -0.16369670629501343, -0.6110677123069763, 0.33925601840019226, 0.054326485842466354, -0.2658237814903259, 0.4732854664325714, 0.1623123288154602, -0.27863773703575134, 0.3855190873146057, 0.6956352591514587, 0.3484747111797333, -0.42599308490753174, -0.15357279777526855, -0.20642417669296265, 0.598174512386322, 0.42551496624946594, 0.3183327615261078, 0.41658684611320496, 0.9181739687919617, -0.28378531336784363, -0.10651668906211853, 0.29057809710502625, 1.2243528366088867, -0.40226536989212036, 0.18037405610084534, -0.41175830364227295, 0.17649783194065094, -0.03414911776781082, 0.06558857858181, 0.8120038509368896, -0.5241344571113586, 0.25398972630500793, 0.8468582034111023, 0.12081067264080048, 0.268606036901474, -0.15183638036251068, -0.16255900263786316, 0.1788577288389206, 0.829399585723877, -0.7449318170547485, 0.11833301186561584, 0.07055491209030151, 0.04999904707074165, -0.06852251291275024, -0.5767076015472412, -0.17718680202960968, -0.42205995321273804, -0.2432209998369217, -0.268735408782959, -0.9023929238319397, 0.23758822679519653, -0.1516963392496109, 0.24078789353370667, 0.02105388045310974, -0.07242845743894577, -0.76982182264328, -0.0006316425860859454, 0.4176067113876343, -0.37398234009742737, 0.0672970786690712, 0.003368880832567811, -0.051315296441316605, 0.5381060242652893, -0.6354446411132812, -0.5184529423713684, 0.42044106125831604, 0.6615650653839111, 0.38277149200439453, -0.2807917296886444, -0.38094621896743774, 0.31843364238739014, -0.13979902863502502, 0.06423632800579071, -0.2944636642932892, -0.3013511598110199, 0.47007960081100464, 0.42273378372192383, -0.4770716726779938, -0.24581117928028107, 0.7646602988243103, -0.41550514101982117, 0.04260662570595741, -0.6415001153945923, 0.26863721013069153, -0.30925989151000977, 0.5278484225273132, 0.2671931982040405, -0.4806886911392212, 0.11662532389163971, -0.0007206605514511466, 0.5760887861251831, -0.28704434633255005, -0.43101662397384644, -0.18458996713161469, -0.48627516627311707, -0.4803091883659363, -0.2444116324186325, -0.3022664189338684, 0.8079526424407959, -0.6464850306510925, 0.7403818964958191, 0.034663766622543335, -0.7772249579429626, -0.38555946946144104, 0.16729813814163208, -0.2751397490501404, 0.4731976389884949, -0.33642086386680603, -0.44042912125587463, 0.056297361850738525, -0.033317334949970245, -0.06764407455921173, -0.044413723051548004, -0.08559141308069229, 0.524027407169342, -0.2617552876472473, -0.041936423629522324, -0.42331957817077637, -0.026508472859859467, -0.08355607092380524, -0.04859744384884834, 0.16876956820487976, 0.6756296157836914, -0.42772436141967773, -0.5285124182701111, -0.4440460503101349, 0.40208685398101807, 0.012165837921202183, -0.15792174637317657, -0.21672116219997406, -0.45296773314476013, 0.13087180256843567, -0.588092565536499, 0.6827417612075806, 0.651011049747467, -0.1496812403202057, -0.27638617157936096, 0.24973085522651672, 0.5282398462295532, -0.9071459174156189, -0.3161206841468811, 0.5666267275810242, -1.0577685832977295, -0.2250211536884308, 0.696986973285675, -0.6268634796142578, -0.31193017959594727, 0.6629964113235474, 0.6537992358207703, -0.0681520402431488, 0.5506697297096252, -0.08363047987222672, 0.33306169509887695, 0.045215021818876266, 0.46270444989204407, -0.17112798988819122, 0.28970980644226074, -0.41677984595298767, -0.04975477233529091, 0.12955611944198608, -0.3907686173915863, 0.0506335124373436, -0.008473910391330719, 0.8391779065132141, 0.6974629759788513, -0.017471473664045334, 0.7748278379440308, 0.08306659013032913, 0.28546229004859924, 0.14059460163116455, 0.30827343463897705, -0.04840342327952385, 0.39472153782844543, -0.10833875089883804, -0.32726481556892395, 0.0894317775964737, -0.0032431918662041426, 0.2642517387866974, -0.9549926519393921, 0.38926514983177185, -0.027339978143572807, 0.42855364084243774, -0.9579492807388306, -0.2958166301250458, 0.17442050576210022, -0.12195631116628647, -0.4264110326766968, 0.88726806640625, -0.03202088549733162, -1.2782081365585327, -1.2150640487670898, -0.2085341215133667, -1.0279453992843628, 0.16399119794368744, -0.027395498007535934, -0.10856208205223083, 0.018475743010640144, -0.6762426495552063, 0.4410014748573303, 0.16908198595046997, 0.42460426688194275, -0.09339453279972076, -0.3632972538471222, -0.38625454902648926, -0.37577497959136963, -0.46688053011894226, 0.6161024570465088, -0.40970152616500854, -0.31256937980651855, -0.09105878323316574, 0.28763270378112793, -0.058962054550647736, 0.050460875034332275, 0.18779948353767395, 0.5182428359985352, 0.26413142681121826, -0.42540568113327026, -0.3962602913379669, 0.022094085812568665, -0.4717245101928711, 0.031746454536914825, -0.21576908230781555, 0.48174116015434265, 1.0224586725234985, 0.4999231696128845, -0.4892505407333374, 0.751717209815979, 0.11159049719572067, 0.6991086602210999, -0.5925046801567078, 0.607434093952179, -0.5115423798561096, -0.016720876097679138, 0.24450518190860748, 0.3115703761577606, 0.5416040420532227, -0.19487150013446808, -0.34261080622673035, 0.2994590997695923, -0.07510656863451004, 0.9386849403381348, 0.529199481010437, 0.31832489371299744, 0.1461670994758606, 0.13733355700969696, -0.5541948676109314, -0.46759292483329773, 0.019516607746481895, -0.3549629747867584, -0.39032745361328125, 0.09978847950696945, -0.7992213368415833, -0.6134334802627563, -0.6942079067230225, 0.11149119585752487, -0.152067169547081, 0.09865336865186691, -0.5385901927947998, 0.031296733766794205, -0.4463883638381958, -0.9213331937789917, -0.16749310493469238, 0.7563158273696899, 0.5084055066108704, -0.4282084107398987, 0.37443244457244873, 0.27009522914886475, -0.15114951133728027, -0.1585662066936493, 0.6485410928726196, 0.22065696120262146, -0.5137511491775513, -0.4115912616252899, -0.28367769718170166, -0.03619500249624252, -0.013850259594619274, -0.3440224230289459, -0.00287049007602036, -0.645162045955658, -0.13320094347000122, 0.020640499889850616, 0.21177029609680176, -0.6358534693717957, -0.1151358038187027, -0.27530598640441895 ]
230592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20record	Battle record	A battle record, also often called a battle tool or battle breaks, is a vinyl record made up of brief samples from songs, film dialogue, sound effects, and drum loops for use by a DJ. The samples and drum loops are used for scratching and performances by turntablists. The most famous example of this format is Super Duck Breaks, a 1996 release by "The Turntablist," a pseudonym of DJ Babu. Battle records that get released to the general public are often made by DJs banking on their celebrity or looking to capitalize on rare items in their collections. Creative, novel, or bizarre inclusions are especially prized. Often, the samples featured on these records do not have the blessing of the original copyright holders. Because of this, the use of pseudonyms and anonymous releases are common. Often, even the original sources of the samples are renamed or obscured, leading to some newcomers becoming disconnected from the history of the work. See also Electronic Battle Weapon Turntablism Remix culture References DJing	[ 0.4933851361274719, 0.24610993266105652, -0.6765981316566467, 0.5017218589782715, 0.07362590730190277, -0.05289871245622635, -0.14104849100112915, -0.31323495507240295, 0.3719460368156433, -0.20715449750423431, -0.4960283041000366, 0.44047969579696655, 0.010445479303598404, -0.016529500484466553, -0.14399372041225433, 0.4619659185409546, 0.17309574782848358, -0.036235466599464417, 0.34780174493789673, -0.24553796648979187, -0.38187965750694275, 0.049907833337783813, -0.000043051961256423965, -0.37429437041282654, -0.12393927574157715, 0.5546343326568604, -0.3895910382270813, 0.26381391286849976, -0.6559547781944275, 0.18311861157417297, 0.1897827684879303, 0.22248011827468872, 0.02512732893228531, -0.4527314305305481, -0.20520853996276855, 0.2412295639514923, -0.39661550521850586, 0.16877005994319916, 0.225950226187706, -0.9708720445632935, 0.01911388710141182, -0.07781603187322617, 0.22014036774635315, 0.2278793305158615, -0.7196604013442993, 0.07276229560375214, -1.3926444053649902, 0.2568581700325012, -1.1049103736877441, -0.01855345070362091, 0.2120760828256607, 0.7268294095993042, 0.07491690665483475, 0.11093129962682724, 0.17224453389644623, 0.13069050014019012, -0.12192528694868088, -0.1336953192949295, 0.13038089871406555, -0.3858022391796112, 0.28979653120040894, 0.11554436385631561, -0.07957370579242706, -0.18690097332000732, 0.29367169737815857, -0.4794049561023712, 0.22528308629989624, -0.2576529085636139, 0.12282754480838776, -0.4647572934627533, 0.004108524415642023, 0.20621357858181, 0.05675419420003891, 0.09960263967514038, -0.3855709135532379, 0.09671468287706375, 0.4778827726840973, 0.06298486888408661, 0.015393275767564774, 0.2469458132982254, 0.21292825043201447, 0.10820777714252472, 0.8687232732772827, 0.052038777619600296, 0.24747923016548157, -0.14084483683109283, -0.42651817202568054, 0.07315566390752792, -0.9666748046875, 0.09708379209041595, -0.21313227713108063, -0.5532358884811401, 0.44347214698791504, 0.1491778939962387, -0.17018717527389526, 0.07662684470415115, 0.06763198971748352, 0.21702982485294342, 0.5056795477867126, 0.4451209008693695, 0.09718604385852814, -0.05286750569939613, 0.48806023597717285, -0.043007250875234604, -0.49247094988822937, 0.1347021609544754, -0.2401982843875885, -0.45245078206062317, -0.28833240270614624, 0.12242291867733002, 0.021639864891767502, 0.09238386899232864, 0.23273302614688873, 0.2502521276473999, -0.06497707962989807, -0.007670543156564236, -0.1041271835565567, 0.6060632467269897, -0.09681984037160873, 0.24120119214057922, -0.05835305154323578, 0.446742981672287, 0.1421925276517868, 0.21771106123924255, -0.19060128927230835, 0.27756452560424805, 0.4311765432357788, 0.47427669167518616, -0.5754339694976807, 0.20219413936138153, -0.23541638255119324, 0.8413627743721008, -0.40732133388519287, 0.30957984924316406, -0.2837415933609009, -0.3700117766857147, 0.6365051865577698, -0.04394920915365219, 0.474357545375824, 0.2003706842660904, -0.711363673210144, -0.5711923241615295, -0.33131861686706543, -0.5825586318969727, -0.017875289544463158, -0.38271617889404297, -0.07865627110004425, -0.29673728346824646, -0.03512004390358925, 0.13683746755123138, 0.08419910818338394, 0.039978936314582825, -0.31772786378860474, -0.08125925809144974, -0.007041945122182369, 0.28156208992004395, 0.0896734818816185, -0.4957767724990845, -0.31293007731437683, 0.14204493165016174, 0.0848756805062294, 0.4877610504627228, -0.35831907391548157, -0.17140516638755798, 0.3328186273574829, -0.16019566357135773, -0.19261300563812256, 0.32533618807792664, -0.5640195608139038, 0.03359371796250343, -0.0888495072722435, 0.35591790080070496, -0.4192062020301819, 0.24924831092357635, -0.07538942992687225, 0.5434364080429077, 0.949354350566864, 0.7701692581176758, 0.5856214761734009, 0.11370059847831726, -0.6027795076370239, 0.03291967883706093, 0.4429275691509247, -0.24779051542282104, -0.006927595939487219, 0.057678669691085815, -0.10564131289720535, -0.7037721872329712, -0.022096343338489532, -0.1620788723230362, -0.5699220895767212, -0.09016257524490356, 0.229957714676857, -0.4688449800014496, 0.7021824717521667, -0.18655528128147125, -0.056460484862327576, 0.4586728811264038, 0.05508221313357353, 0.22805353999137878, 0.2725007236003876, 0.17331811785697937, 0.5956893563270569, -0.6612823605537415, -0.1976444274187088, 0.0973602831363678, 0.373626708984375, -0.2221338152885437, -0.06140855699777603, -0.27087968587875366, 0.22581571340560913, 0.13496941328048706, 0.3487533628940582, 0.01871051825582981, -0.04409772530198097, -0.027186794206500053, -0.5728674530982971, 0.13242317736148834, 0.09607652574777603, -0.6921420097351074, 0.5867227911949158, -0.18516618013381958, -0.2309904843568802, 0.3046782910823822, -0.7189276814460754, 0.6484954953193665, -0.533831775188446, 0.003445194335654378, 0.5445635318756104, -0.9309298396110535, 0.08363863825798035, 0.16775423288345337, -0.666103184223175, -0.09665852040052414, 0.24389861524105072, 0.10108808428049088, 0.35581865906715393, -0.0773606076836586, 0.12151744216680527, -0.25707393884658813, -0.13400183618068695, -0.07386741787195206, -0.25176453590393066, -0.1206853836774826, 0.1556033045053482, 0.1313413679599762, 0.07348725199699402, 0.4623057544231415, -0.27064478397369385, -0.27209094166755676, 0.38274863362312317, 0.27667108178138733, 0.11689455807209015, -0.11429248005151749, -0.12914495170116425, -0.15535230934619904, -0.15065115690231323, -0.47615015506744385, -0.550106942653656, -0.3697483539581299, -0.42104533314704895, -0.17278613150119781, 0.3278388977050781, -0.05798574909567833, -0.10627405345439911, -0.8915120363235474, -0.06103747710585594, 0.1322360783815384, 0.46752914786338806, 0.15160106122493744, -0.2967578172683716, 0.9050611257553101, -0.32290905714035034, 0.00849052146077156, -0.7275074124336243, -0.4465113878250122, 0.0995655357837677, -0.38019147515296936, 0.23698125779628754, -0.720137894153595, 0.4760264456272125, 0.18687327206134796, 0.25940316915512085, -0.7287655472755432, -0.5644345283508301, -0.7764332890510559, 0.16414573788642883, -0.023001765832304955, 0.025783764198422432, 0.0035076928324997425, -0.5658324360847473, 0.5085299611091614, 0.11232800036668777, 0.5859007239341736, 0.8044007420539856, 0.20012111961841583, 0.09921383112668991, -0.16637541353702545, -0.18763437867164612, -0.04228817671537399, -0.32230979204177856, 0.21168440580368042, -0.17414571344852448, -0.4873839020729065, 0.3020731806755066, -0.26354390382766724, -0.05444633215665817, -0.24175384640693665, -6.0931267738342285, 0.4986518323421478, -0.12449125945568085, -0.35229191184043884, -0.14251603186130524, 0.25950828194618225, 0.5914819240570068, -0.22764705121517181, -0.4373142421245575, -0.13390544056892395, -0.6884889602661133, 0.3363431692123413, 0.2611139714717865, 0.09705419838428497, 0.5960057973861694, -0.14560052752494812, -0.012966282665729523, 0.20734569430351257, -0.2173537164926529, 0.3800119161605835, -0.3576328158378601, 0.3370000123977661, 0.38539379835128784, 0.6509338021278381, -0.227970153093338, 0.1929571032524109, -0.3512507677078247, 0.3891294300556183, 0.2601450979709625, -0.09361883252859116, 0.45931148529052734, 0.29560166597366333, 0.023292988538742065, 0.023450417444109917, 0.02585943043231964, 0.3142335116863251, -0.01957625523209572, 0.0944526195526123, -0.25515103340148926, -0.26696836948394775, -0.16538958251476288, 0.7115970849990845, 0.5580966472625732, -0.28708431124687195, 0.4349525570869446, -0.3216923177242279, -0.008624004200100899, -0.03973254933953285, -0.3672754466533661, 0.5395947694778442, -0.3291822373867035, -0.7168443202972412, 0.0945742279291153, -0.023808518424630165, -0.23226401209831238, 0.2555905282497406, 0.5360711216926575, -0.04495164379477501, 0.0969899520277977, -0.09773464500904083, -0.0642799660563469, -1.073797345161438, -0.30934077501296997, -0.3243200182914734, 0.036068446934223175, -0.31563958525657654, -0.23157493770122528, -0.03884224593639374, 0.6383022665977478, 0.7279600501060486, 0.034087300300598145, 0.02521524578332901, 0.16990351676940918, -0.6707438826560974, 0.23914578557014465, -0.17864660918712616, 0.024367371574044228, -0.13231609761714935, 0.27442100644111633, 0.9722302556037903, -0.15185831487178802, 0.3238866627216339, -0.16192558407783508, -0.19696782529354095, -0.16655199229717255, -0.2810209393501282, -0.07912042737007141, 0.24718894064426422, 0.01344118732959032, 0.22387337684631348, 0.40555670857429504, -0.06476996839046478, 0.01259631384164095, 0.18275828659534454, 0.22520709037780762, -0.09105180203914642, 0.1092650517821312, 0.3217226564884186, 0.7904186248779297, -0.05675632879137993, 0.3175370395183563, -0.32710495591163635, 0.40998706221580505, -1.0058600902557373, -0.11310821026563644, -0.4432907700538635, -0.5601856708526611, 0.08878987282514572, 0.5757265090942383, -0.16205957531929016, -0.19606351852416992, -0.04032842442393303, -0.04652943089604378, -0.24733440577983856, 0.3258178234100342, -0.4065718352794647, 0.27115175127983093, 0.449300616979599, 0.487213671207428, -0.5067824721336365, 0.26355668902397156, 0.3754537105560303, -0.1314408928155899, -0.46963927149772644, 0.13903938233852386, -0.3411876857280731, -0.14513954520225525, -0.22383426129817963, 0.37766775488853455, -0.16353940963745117, 0.22625799477100372, -0.03738368675112724, 0.0753326490521431, 0.6460056900978088, 0.09335604310035706, -0.7923343777656555, -0.341177761554718, 0.19434404373168945, -0.17053666710853577, -0.6078458428382874, 0.33443954586982727, -1.110521674156189, 0.44470036029815674, 0.1982647180557251, 0.7427453398704529, 0.12477076053619385, 0.012301793321967125, -0.12987984716892242, 0.1876865029335022, 0.3202884793281555, -0.09014637768268585, -0.0005012965993955731, 0.3800460994243622, -0.7486451864242554, 0.05425480753183365, -0.019478166475892067, 0.08628135174512863, 0.21986892819404602, 0.4806782305240631, -0.8088260293006897, 0.25478407740592957, -0.03308781608939171, -0.3829672932624817, 0.006666190456598997, -0.30415967106819153, -0.19538280367851257, -0.5814583897590637, -0.21709977090358734, -0.7102565765380859, -0.22581656277179718, -0.35083356499671936, -0.3989191949367523, -0.021437160670757294, -0.23965442180633545, 0.11360412836074829, -0.06225535646080971, 0.18240077793598175, 0.30410993099212646, 0.40421417355537415, -0.152653768658638, -0.3109000623226166, -0.1248713806271553, 0.07512935250997543, -0.14425095915794373, 0.3976525664329529, -0.1538342833518982, -0.13499630987644196, 0.6967366933822632, -0.41499921679496765, -0.009499596431851387, -0.15903063118457794, -0.04969966039061546, 0.3204013705253601, -0.13321956992149353, -0.12483523041009903, -0.30723729729652405, -0.21378913521766663, 0.4642327129840851, -0.16233190894126892, -0.4127592146396637, 0.38304460048675537, 0.0016793737886473536, -0.36652064323425293, 0.2573263645172119, 0.5858842134475708, 0.045086607336997986, 0.5451412200927734, -0.26927170157432556, -0.1236942932009697, -0.13610228896141052, -0.14067941904067993, -0.4317598342895508, -0.10600203275680542, -0.10115361958742142, -0.5191578269004822, -0.014274618588387966, 0.23865863680839539, -0.2910752594470978, 0.15036949515342712, -0.09626606106758118, 0.32001519203186035, -0.10954676568508148, -0.04939550533890724, 0.703750729560852, -0.7315359115600586, 0.1337292641401291, 0.3132713735103607, -0.32554855942726135, -0.06363668292760849, 0.20007777214050293, -0.252339631319046, 0.1037500873208046, 0.10487625002861023, 0.2100999355316162, 0.24401135742664337, -0.01754375360906124, -0.5630720853805542, 0.22738032042980194, -0.21196164190769196, -0.23060595989227295, 0.021274877712130547, 0.6123050451278687, -0.08860594034194946, 0.2209470272064209, -0.32636770606040955, 0.36974337697029114, 0.00305506051518023, -0.04575236141681671, -0.7321773767471313, 0.2066611647605896, 0.5179508924484253, 0.08314221352338791, -0.5557051301002502, 0.14007455110549927, 0.6915598511695862, -0.622411847114563, -0.1500139981508255, 0.10298365354537964, -0.14307621121406555, 0.5539740324020386, 0.3809899389743805, -0.3006581664085388, -0.27751415967941284, 0.008633492514491081, 0.05657472461462021, 0.13738293945789337, -0.08530371636152267, 0.14905934035778046, -0.18420813977718353, -0.4268721044063568, 0.4661172926425934, 0.3382173478603363, 0.7742553949356079, 0.5671396851539612, 0.5066924095153809, 0.11162932962179184, -0.15355393290519714, -0.22920076549053192, -0.42610812187194824, 0.699852466583252, 0.22259774804115295, -0.35394924879074097, -0.01681460812687874, -0.5215280055999756, 0.399723082780838, -0.4275808036327362, 0.04492426663637161, -0.09190841019153595, -0.13233254849910736, -0.33524852991104126, -0.20027731359004974, 0.4196290671825409, 0.4967906177043915, 0.6190391778945923, 0.004121545702219009, -0.06080562621355057, 0.3635823130607605, -0.14167706668376923, 0.2867273986339569, 0.20942381024360657, -0.29953476786613464, 0.3878616988658905, 0.3950950801372528, -0.6678259372711182, 0.2665655314922333, -0.17539414763450623, 0.2892623543739319, -0.5058225393295288, -0.12511377036571503, 0.09402592480182648, 0.37756630778312683, -0.21479234099388123, 0.08723531663417816, 0.6049651503562927, 0.1425691694021225, -0.1594797968864441, 0.6007071733474731, -0.18883121013641357, 0.2706207036972046, 0.4066627025604248, -0.042385946959257126, -0.3418695330619812, 0.7784699201583862, 0.4805477559566498, 0.245957612991333, -0.15430617332458496, 0.0834759920835495, -0.4468073546886444, 0.2410573661327362, -0.11736509948968887, 0.5963940024375916, 0.4734395444393158, 0.32059285044670105, 0.39963823556900024, -0.8896162509918213, -0.41880154609680176, 0.11896979808807373, 0.009315923787653446, -0.2254091203212738, 0.5565916299819946, -0.051651731133461, -0.41845735907554626, 0.15239597856998444, 0.2066618651151657, -0.23890134692192078, -0.02478344552218914, 0.0937252789735794, -0.08781114220619202, -0.017730416730046272, 0.37015020847320557, -0.6525778770446777, 0.1566818654537201, -0.04846525564789772, -0.08156637847423553, 0.5945592522621155, -0.8905917406082153, 0.46527108550071716, 0.14550703763961792, 0.21508526802062988, 0.012500552460551262, -0.06687306612730026, 0.4954587519168854, 0.12699565291404724, -0.26391327381134033, -0.4606704115867615, 0.2384955734014511, -0.04798872396349907, 0.12458864599466324, 0.057899437844753265, 0.15924471616744995, -0.018174393102526665, 0.2009216696023941, -0.42384329438209534, 0.26074138283729553, 0.1804361492395401, -0.7861185669898987, 0.7311408519744873, 0.4147518277168274, 0.06615976989269257, -0.031176656484603882, -0.21735933423042297, 0.11413490027189255, -0.17287206649780273, -0.4079887270927429, 0.7792412638664246, -0.21682436764240265, -0.4274589717388153, -0.09640787541866302, -0.05271795764565468, 0.12194117158651352, 0.45096686482429504, -0.8452162742614746, -0.009208058007061481, -0.4079853892326355, -0.23145633935928345, -0.2786221504211426, 0.4836675226688385, 0.6227346658706665, 0.06262930482625961, 0.007713906932622194, 0.08916077017784119, 0.043999671936035156, 0.21420103311538696, 0.046857915818691254, -0.1878264844417572, 0.6299264430999756, -1.0282111167907715, 0.11358574777841568, -0.4889601767063141, 0.876664936542511, 0.260566771030426, -0.3593244254589081, -0.37199047207832336, 0.38671475648880005, -0.30054131150245667, -0.3115440011024475, 0.6082738637924194, -0.1890428066253662, 0.060552071779966354, -0.8601956963539124, 0.3557795286178589, 0.2617878317832947, 0.2197122424840927, -0.1703769564628601, -0.09726909548044205, 0.26030436158180237, 0.10603770613670349, -0.12704700231552124, -0.5315647125244141, 0.6619039177894592, -0.2112586498260498, -0.13469678163528442, -0.21344789862632751, -0.10248948633670807, -0.22718821465969086, -0.6203417181968689, 0.2332029938697815, 0.25173261761665344, -0.1822333186864853, -0.46032342314720154, 0.20796509087085724, 0.5944929122924805, -0.24738268554210663, -0.29536017775535583, -0.11481823027133942, -0.17598745226860046, -0.12216196209192276, -0.061771925538778305, -0.8213158249855042, 0.5946561098098755, -0.0010703015141189098, -0.2306029349565506, 0.6722541451454163, -0.019994596019387245, -0.5318561792373657, 0.3288564682006836, -0.10035847127437592, 0.044496648013591766, -0.47427043318748474, -0.27019962668418884 ]
230594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratz	Bratz	Bratz is an American product line of fashion dolls and merchandise manufactured by MGA Entertainment and created by Carter Bryant. The four original 10-inch (25 cm) dolls were released on May 21, 2001—Yasmin, Cloe, Jade, and Sasha. They featured almond-shaped eyes adorned with eye shadow and lush, big glossy lips. Bratz reached great success and the original line of dolls was expanded with spin-offs including Bratz Kidz, Bratz Babyz and Bratzillaz as well as media featuring various Bratz characters, including a web series, film adaptation, TV series, discography, and video games. In 2005, global sales were two billion dollars and, by 2006, Bratz had about 40 percent of the fashion-doll market. Bratz dolls have provoked controversy in several areas. From the dolls' stylized proportions to fashion-forward clothing, the brand has always followed pop culture trends closely. For years, MGA Entertainment was involved in a lengthy legal dispute with Mattel over the rights to the Bratz design. In 2011, the dispute ended with MGA as the victors. Related litigation is ongoing in a lawsuit by MGA alleging Mattel's theft of trade secrets. The Bratz brand has taken a few hiatuses and gone through some rebranding throughout its lifespan. In early 2010, Bratz took a brief hiatus after Mattel's first lawsuit and returned later that year to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the franchise. In 2013, Bratz changed to have a taller body and an all-new logo and branding. MGA Entertainment made the decision to completely overhaul the Bratz brand throughout 2014, in an effort to return the brand to its roots. As a result, none of the Bratz 2014 product line was offered to North American retailers. In July 2015, Bratz returned and a set of new dolls were released, introducing a new main character called Raya to the lineup of Cloe, Jade, Yasmin, and Sasha as well as a new slogan and website design. The bodies were changed to be 10" (25 cm) tall again, but with a new body and head mold. These dolls were met with a negative reaction from fans, as the brand was more oriented towards younger kids rather than tweens and teens like the previous dolls. Due to the poor reception and sales, the dolls were once again discontinued by 2016. In the Fall of 2018, a new line of dolls called "Bratz Collector" were released exclusively on Amazon. The dolls were designed by fashion illustrator Hayden Williams, and featured branding that more closely resembled that of the original run of dolls. In June 2021, for their 20th anniversary, Bratz released near-replicas of the first edition dolls from 2001. Products and history Though Bratz dolls fared poorly at their May 21, 2001 debut—mostly due to the long-held monopoly by Barbie—their popularity increased the following Christmas. In their first five years, 125 million products were sold worldwide, and, in 2005, global sales of Bratz and Bratz products reached two billion dollars. In 2006, a toy-industry analyst indicated Bratz had captured about forty percent of the fashion-doll market, compared with Barbie's sixty percent. The competition was high with Barbies. It became more and more popular as time went by. The original line of dolls has generated a number of spin-offs such as Lil' Bratz, Bratz Boyz, Bratz Kidz, Bratz Babyz, Itsy Bitsy Bratz, Bratz Lil' Angelz, Be-Bratz, and Bratz Petz, as well as films, discography, video games, and interactive DVDs. The success of the original four dolls generated a quartet of similar dolls in 2002 and 2003. Sets of twins were also introduced. The dolls were sold separately and in themed environments. Accessories such as playsets, furniture, and cars are also released. Two Bratz Boyz were released in 2002 with others debuting in 2003, 2007, and 2008. Bratz also includes Bratz Boyz and Boyz Twiinz. Lil' Bratz (2002) are miniature versions of the original five Bratz and eventually included Lil' Boyz based on the Bratz Boyz. In 2007, a clothing line was released called Lil' Bratz Couture. Bratz Babyz debuted on August 22, 2004, with infant accessories such as bottles and blankets. Characters from the regular Bratz line have been released as Babyz. Bratz Lil' Angelz (2007) are the newborn, collectible version of Bratz Babyz. Smaller than regular Bratz Babyz, they include their own newborn pets. Bratz Petz debuted in 2004 and was discontinued in 2006. They were plush toys resembling foxes, cats, and dogs with their own bags, clothes, and accessories. Bratz Petz have been re-released in Australia and the U.K. with bobble heads and accessories. Bratz Kidz, the "kid" equivalent of the teenaged Bratz dolls, were introduced in 2006. The dolls were 6″ (15 cm) tall and, thus, shorter than the regular Bratz. Bratz Boyz Kidz are introduced in 2007 starring four of the Bratz Boyz. Soon after the release of the Bratz Boyz Kidz, the clothing was changed from fabric to plastic snap-ons. Be-Bratz dolls (2007) were designed for owner customization. With a Be-Bratz USB Key, the doll owner can take a Be-Bratz doll online, name it, and create an online social homepage. Games can be played with the Be-Bratz account to acquire accessories for the doll. In August 2010, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the franchise, MGA released their first Bratz dolls in a year. In addition to two "comeback" collections, MGA also released 10 new female Bratz characters on October 10, 2010. Bratz Party and Talking Bratz were in Target, Toys "R" Us, and Walmart stores. In Fall 2012, the Bratzillaz were released as a spin-off line, depicting the 'witchy cousins' of the Bratz. In 2013, Bratz got a new logo and a new slogan, and the dolls all got new bodies with articulated arms, with a height to match their competitor Monster High while keeping their unique faces, and sporting brand new fashions. Only Cloe, Yasmin, Jade, Sasha, Meygan, Fianna, Shira, Roxxi, and Phoebe have been made in the new bodies. In January 2014, it was revealed that the Bratz would go on another hiatus (but only for the United States) for an entire year, in an attempt to rebuild the brand. This decision was made due to the brand's decreased popularity after their previous hiatus in 2010, which resulted from the lawsuit against Mattel. MGA Entertainment felt that it rushed the Bratz comeback in fall 2010 to celebrate the brand's 10th anniversary, and the company wanted to give Bratz the comeback it truly deserved. The Bratz returned in July 2015 with the introduction of Raya, a new character (despite sharing the same name with a previous character), to accompany the original main four. The Bratz logo was also reverted to the original and a new slogan was adopted. Bratz were discontinued again in 2016 after a poorly executed re-branding and low sales. Isaac Larian announced on May 20, 2017, that Bratz would be back in Fall 2018, in addition to announcing a collaboration with fashion designer Hayden Williams. Since Black Friday of 2018, the new set of Bratz Collector dolls designed by Hayden Williams were officially released, sold exclusively through Amazon. Controversies The parental group Dads and Daughters were outraged by the release of the Bratz Secret Date collection. The dolls were packaged with a Bratz girl in the right half of the box—either Cloe, Yasmin, Jade, Meygan, or Nevra—and matched with a mystery Boyz doll behind the door on the left. A window showing the doll's feet would provide a clue to which Boyz doll it was, especially important in the quest for a rare Bryce doll, available in only one of every 24 boxes. The group complained that the dolls sent a negative message, said they were forcing young girls to grow up too soon, and allegedly promoting the idea of sneaking out of the house to go on blind dates with complete strangers. They also took issue with accessories that appeared to be champagne bottles and glasses; however, the accessories were confirmed to be bottles of smoothies. They called for MGA to remove the dolls from markets. MGA held fast, therefore the Secret Date collection was later renamed Blind Date for selling continuation. On December 21, 2006, the National Labor Committee announced that the factory workers behind Bratz dolls in China have labored for 94½ hours a week, while the factory paid only $0.515 an hour. The cost of labor per doll was $0.17. The retail price for a single doll ranges between $9.99 to $22.99, depending on the included items and specific retailer. The allegations in the report describe practices found at many Chinese factories producing name-brand products for export. They include required overtime exceeding the legal maximum of 36 hours a month, forcing workers to stay on the job to meet stringent production quotas and the denial of paid sick leave and other benefits. The report shows copies of what it says are "cheat sheets" distributed to workers before auditors from Walmart or other customers arrive to make sure the factory passes inspections intended to ensure the supplier meets labor standards. It said workers at the factory intended to go on strike in January 2007 to protest plans by factory managers to put all employees on temporary contracts, denying them legal protection required for long-term employees. After the announcement, the CEO of MGA Entertainment, Isaac Larian sent a statement on December 24, 2006, via e-mail to a fan site of the doll line, Bratz World, and another two days later to Playthings magazine stating that the information is false and the company is not familiar with the company named in the report and MGA uses first-rate factories in "the orient" to make its goods, besides Mattel and Hasbro. Larian said that he never heard about the news or of "the organization who is behind this negative and false campaign immediately prior to the last holiday shopping weekend." In 2007, concerns over the body image and lifestyle the Bratz dolls allegedly promote were raised by the American Psychological Association after they established their "Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls." In their published report, they cited concern over the adult-like sexuality the Bratz dolls allegedly portray. The report has been criticized for an apparent lack of supporting evidence and data, with another study finding that for young African-American girls, the dolls' racial diversity was a more salient variable during play than their sexualized outfits. Bratz were not the only dolls to be criticized in this report, which highlighted not only toys but also other products and the wider media. In the United Kingdom, a spokesman for Bratz defended the toy line by saying that Bratz are purchased by over-eights and are aimed at the preteen and teen market. The dolls were considered for women at ages 10 to 18, with the focus on the dolls while on looks was not on sexualization and that friendship was also a key focus of Bratz dolls. The spokesman quoted Dr. Brian Young of Exeter University as saying "parents may feel awkward but I don't think children see the dolls as sexy. They just think they're pretty." Isaac Larian, in comments given to the BBC, voiced the opinion that the report was a "bunch of garbage" and that the people who wrote it were acting irresponsibly. Legal issues The Bratz range of dolls have affected the sale of Mattel's leading fashion doll, Barbie. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls outsold Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand. In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the United States, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls. In April 2005, MGA Entertainment filed a lawsuit against Mattel, claiming that the "My Scene" line of Barbie dolls had copied the doe-eyed look of Bratz dolls. They even added the word "only" to the toy line's slogan "The only girls with a passion for fashion" by attempting to isolate their dolls from Mattel's, as many casual consumers confused the difference of two brands. Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $500 million, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz. On July 17, 2008, a federal jury ruled that Bryant had created the Bratz while he was working for Mattel, despite MGA's claim that Bryant had not been employed by Mattel at the time and Bryant's assertion that he had designed the Bratz between two separate periods of employment at Mattel. The jury also ruled that MGA and its chief executive officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel. On August 26, the jury decided that Mattel was to be paid just $100 million in damages, citing that only the first generation of Bratz had infringed on Mattel property and that MGA had innovated and evolved the product significantly enough that subsequent generations of Bratz could not be conclusively found to be infringing. On December 3, 2008, U.S. District Judge Stephen G. Larson granted a permanent injunction requested by Mattel against MGA. Subsequently, on December 10, 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit granted MGA an immediate stay of the injunction, thereby halting the impending recall of all Bratz products, ensuring that retailers would be allowed to continue to sell MGA-produced Bratz product through at least the Court's final ruling on the matter. In their initial statement, the Court suggested Larson's previous ruling was "draconian" and had gone too far in awarding ownership of the entire Bratz franchise to Mattel. The Court of Appeals also ordered MGA and Mattel to resolve their dispute out of court. In a statement from MGA, Isaac Larian states that "the Court's stay is good news for all Bratz fans and for anyone who cares about fair competition." On July 22, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals declared that ownership of the Bratz franchise belonged to MGA Entertainment. The Court Of Appeals rejected the District Court's original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the entire Bratz brand—including all registered copyrights and trademarks of the Bratz name—to Mattel. The panel from the Court of Appeals said Judge Larson had abused his discretion with his ruling for Mattel, concluding that Bryant's employment agreement could have, but did not necessarily, cover ideas as it did designs, processes, computer programs, and formulae, which are all more concrete. In addition to the litigation for ownership and control of the Bratz property, on October 20, 2009, artist Bernard "Butch" Belair filed a new design infringement lawsuit against both Mattel and MGA in Manhattan federal court, seeking unspecified damages. Belair claimed that his copyright designs of young women with "large heads, oval eyes, small bodies and large feet," which he had created for shoe designer house Steve Madden, were "pilfered" when Carter Bryant, during his 2008 court testimony, testified that he had been inspired by Steve Madden shoe ads which he saw in Seventeen magazine. Belair says neither MGA nor Mattel "sought or obtained permission ... to copy, reproduce, create derivative works from or distribute" his "copyrighted" work. In 2011, MGA prevailed over Belair. The summary judgment stated "Belair cannot monopolize the abstract concept of an absurdly large-headed, long limbed, attractive, fashionable woman." Mattel and MGA returned to court in January 2011, to renew their battle over who owns Bratz, which this time includes accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets. In April 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA. In August 2011, Mattel was also ordered to pay MGA $310 million for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and false claims rather than the $88.5 million issued in April. In July 2012, MGA Entertainment sued Lady Gaga for $10 million for causing, according to the BBC, "'deliberate' delays to the release of a doll based on her image." The Ninth Circuit vacated without prejudice the $170 million judgment from 2008 against Mattel on procedural grounds in January 2013. In 2014, MGA filed a complaint in California state court, seeking in excess of $1 billion. Media Films There have been a number of animated Bratz direct-to-video films. All of them were distributed by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and later through Lionsgate. Some of the films, including Bratz Go to Paris: The Movie is a re-released compilation of three Bratz episodes from the first season, consisting of "Go to Paris I / Bratz in Playland", "Go to Paris II / Bratz in Franceland", and "Go to Paris III / Bratz in Ragland". Bratz Babyz Save Christmas, originally released in 2008, was re-released by Lionsgate in 2013 as Bratz Babyz Save Christmas: The Movie. Bratz: The Movie was adapted as the only live-action film—produced by Lionsgate and MGA Entertainment. The plot involves the four Bratz girls starting high school. It received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics including Rotten Tomatoes—the consent reads that of "full of mixed messages and dubious role-models, Bratz is too shallow even for its intended audience." Bratz: Rock Angelz first premiered on Cartoon Network in the U.S. on October 4, 2005 as a television film, and was eventually released on DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (and later re-released by Lionsgate) the following week. Traditional animation Bratz: Starrin' & Stylin' (August 3, 2004) Bratz Babyz: The Movie (September 12, 2006) Computer animation Bratz: Rock Angelz (October 4, 2005) Bratz: Genie Magic (April 11, 2006) Bratz: Passion 4 Fashion – Diamondz (September 26, 2006) Bratz: Fashion Pixiez (February 27, 2007) Bratz Kidz: Sleep-Over Adventure (July 31, 2007) Bratz: Super Babyz (October 9, 2007) Bratz Kidz: Fairy Tales (February 26, 2008) Bratz: Girlz Really Rock (September 22, 2008) Bratz Babyz Save Christmas (November 5, 2008) Bratz: Pampered Petz (October 5, 2010) Bratz: Desert Jewelz (January 10, 2012) Bratz: Go to Paris the Movie (October 8, 2013) Live-action Bratz: The Movie (August 3, 2007) Television and web series Bratz The CGI-animated series was based on the line of dolls. It was produced by Mike Young Productions and MGA Entertainment, and premiered on Cartoon Network, Kabillion and on 4Kids TV. Although becoming an instant hit, it gained high ratings that are going to Cartoon Network's and CITV's broadcasts. Bratz Design Academy Beginning in October 2008, Nickelodeon aired a Bratz-themed reality show, Bratz Design Academy, in which children at ages 9–14 compete in Project Runway-type fashion challenges, with the winner designing clothing for a British line of Bratz dolls. The show was nominated for a British Academy Children's Awards. Bratz Rock MGA premiered a web series on October 10, 2010, called Bratz Rock on YouTube. It revolves around the Bratz as they enter a music competition held by fictional music star "Whisper", and as they get closer to finishing their song for the contest, they also uncover Whisper's true identity. The show's premiere episode was met with mixed reactions from Bratz fans. As of October 14, 2010, the series was announced as postponed, while undergoing changes. Bratz Makin' The Band On January 24, 2011, Morgan Mendieta, a man hired by MGA Entertainment to create a teaser for an upcoming Bratz reality series, leaked a rough cut of the teaser on his blog. The show, titled Bratz Makin' The Band, is an online talent competition reality show, in which Bratz fans will form bands and compete via the Bratz YouTube channel. The final five bands will be flown to Hollywood, California, where they will be followed and interviewed by reporters. The winners will receive various prizes, including electric guitars. The leaked teaser also confirmed the release of a Bratz DVD due out in fall 2011, also titled Bratz Makin' The Band. Bratz (web series) In August 2015, a new stop-motion web series premiered on YouTube. MGAE confirmed there would be 10 episodes for the first season, which would turn out to be the only season. All 10 episodes were compiled into a 25-minute video titled Bratz: Friends Forever on Netflix. The web series was seen on TV on Kabillion. Episode 1: Selfie – The Bratz pack design a photobooth to take better selfies. Episode 2: Skate or Chick – Cloe and Yasmin decide to build a chicken coop in the garden, but Jade has also planned to build a half-pipe in the garden. Episode 3: Cupcake Crash – Sasha helps Cloe get over her addiction with a new video game app. Episode 4: Bunny vs. Cat – Jade and Sasha get into a competition to see which of their pets will attract more customers. Episode 5: What's Your Zen? – Yasmin helps Jade find her zen when she cannot seem to focus on her tasks. Episode 6: If the Shoefie Fits – Raya starts a new trend when she goes to class wearing two different shoes. Episode 7: Put Your Thinking Crown On! – The Bratz pack each use their "thinking crowns" to help Sasha come up with something to wear for the talent show. Episode 8: Blackout Campout – The Bratz pack help Jade overcome her fear of the dark when the power goes out. Episode 9: Snow In Love – Yasmin and the Bratz pack help cheer up Raya after coming back from a fun ski trip. Episode 10: Behind the Scenes – The Bratz pack create a commercial to advertise the C.I.Y. Shoppe. Talking Bratz (web series) In May 2021, Bratz announced via their Instagram page that a new web series titled "Talking Bratz" will air exclusively on their TikTok page. In a similar CGI animation style to the Bratz television series from that aired from 2005 to 2008, the series consisted of various Bratz characters being interviewed in a talk-show like studio. The series saw original cast members such as Olivia Hack and Ogie Banks reprise their roles. Discography Bratz: Rock Angelz Soundtrack (2005) Bratz: Genie Magic Soundtrack (2006) Bratz: Forever Diamondz Soundtrack (2006) Bratz: The Motion Picture Soundtrack (2007) Bratz: Fashion Pixiez Soundtrack (2007) Bratz: Girlz Really Rock Soundtrack (2008) Games Interactive DVDs Livin' It Up with The Bratz (2006) Bratz: Glitz 'n' Glamour (2007) Lil' Bratz: Party Time (2008) Video games Bratz (2002) Bratz: Rock Angelz (2005) Bratz: Forever Diamondz (2006) Bratz Babyz (2006) Lil' Bratz: Friends, Fashion and Fun (2006) Bratz: Fashion Pixies (2007) Bratz: The Movie (2007) Bratz: 4 Real (2007) Bratz Kidz Slumber Party! (2008) Bratz: Super Babyz (2008) Bratz: Ponyz (2007) Bratz: Ponyz 2 (2008) Bratz: Girlz Really Rock (2008) Bratz: Fashion Boutique (2012) Bratz: Action Heroez (2013) Bratz: Total Fashion Makeover (2021) References External links Products introduced in 2001 Animated musical groups Fashion dolls Fictional musical groups Teenage characters in television Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in animated films MGA Entertainment brands 2000s toys 2010s toys 2001 establishments in the United States Toy controversies	[ 0.05545547232031822, -0.4120231568813324, 0.23961345851421356, 0.24069419503211975, 0.1361214816570282, 0.502048671245575, 0.34292131662368774, -0.009935488924384117, -0.018985280767083168, 0.03356939181685448, -0.29181018471717834, 0.17152853310108185, -0.22729997336864471, 0.43115219473838806, -0.7034634351730347, 0.1367914378643036, 0.23627077043056488, 0.9721997976303101, -0.020299512892961502, -0.40026238560676575, 0.029752232134342194, -0.6759628057479858, 0.6011098027229309, -0.3347688913345337, 0.12047863751649857, -0.01162430364638567, 0.4747255742549896, -0.1588936150074005, 0.07008328288793564, 0.6643146872520447, 0.001963225891813636, 0.5675499439239502, 0.26884615421295166, -0.4274676442146301, -0.2500961720943451, -0.10639581829309464, -0.33863314986228943, 0.35696884989738464, -0.5552973747253418, -0.8142472505569458, 0.05688451603055, -0.05635608732700348, -0.20359429717063904, -0.17044933140277863, -0.2778133749961853, -0.5123953223228455, -1.5668045282363892, 0.4728187620639801, -0.9521270990371704, -0.4170205891132355, 0.1544632613658905, 0.8282304406166077, -0.24644799530506134, 0.09584643691778183, 0.2825487554073334, 0.15168969333171844, -0.2898057699203491, -0.13146914541721344, 0.15563969314098358, -0.11354189366102219, 0.11639070510864258, 0.4457288086414337, 0.592056155204773, -0.43901747465133667, 0.09902447462081909, 0.005483230110257864, -0.0611761100590229, -0.10236182808876038, -0.1737072914838791, -0.6448494791984558, -0.2433421015739441, -0.4906216561794281, 0.37911710143089294, -0.48493045568466187, -0.13100166618824005, -0.09264488518238068, 0.1014300212264061, 0.34655359387397766, 0.6905852556228638, 0.7647552490234375, 0.05864556506276131, -0.03409753739833832, 0.6671553254127502, 1.0970872640609741, -0.07435053586959839, 0.3975624144077301, -0.004350052215158939, -0.10366782546043396, -0.4561026692390442, 0.9956151843070984, 0.12076433002948761, -0.1430158019065857, 0.7486445307731628, -0.24408185482025146, 0.009500040672719479, -0.4045366644859314, -0.3861488699913025, -0.18480239808559418, 0.20806311070919037, 0.11764667183160782, -0.3907201588153839, 0.6245476007461548, -0.24531540274620056, -0.16333244740962982, -0.1454409807920456, -0.48853790760040283, 0.057125844061374664, -0.4385974407196045, 0.1579715460538864, 0.2289780229330063, -0.25178030133247375, -0.009637141600251198, 0.2665095627307892, 0.3169124126434326, -0.029968446120619774, 0.9442052245140076, 0.16809232532978058, -0.03720756620168686, -0.8339095711708069, 0.4218652546405792, 0.5586627125740051, 0.17610469460487366, -0.04667096957564354, -0.414564847946167, 0.28210392594337463, 0.08489476889371872, 0.2579832375049591, -0.09688650071620941, 0.060718927532434464, 0.27601227164268494, 0.04180433973670006, 0.494500070810318, -0.027286268770694733, 0.27621912956237793, -0.4176993668079376, -0.5232481956481934, 0.4139661490917206, -0.1926838904619217, 0.6176826357841492, 0.28433114290237427, -0.39447885751724243, 0.17518360912799835, -0.5364170670509338, -0.6165681481361389, 0.42092424631118774, -0.3210294842720032, -0.09117276221513748, -0.045293040573596954, -0.9046476483345032, -0.4059956967830658, 0.12650924921035767, -0.12988291680812836, 0.0876438245177269, -0.5712317228317261, -0.09199816733598709, -0.24380917847156525, 0.38951364159584045, -0.05759178102016449, -0.025603970512747765, -0.0002794796018861234, -0.42206621170043945, 0.39368799328804016, -0.43048301339149475, 0.04240379109978676, -0.04502693563699722, -0.5594600439071655, 0.014140789397060871, 0.565409779548645, -0.3034677803516388, -0.16517499089241028, 0.1805420219898224, 0.5021251440048218, 0.6051421761512756, 0.19937752187252045, 0.501833975315094, -0.007048452273011208, 0.909784197807312, 0.09988534450531006, 0.42313915491104126, 0.29820847511291504, -0.35534238815307617, 0.42381739616394043, 0.2626051604747772, -0.2639322280883789, 0.827670156955719, 0.30397728085517883, 0.7108772397041321, -0.18479594588279724, -0.3487829267978668, -0.5703083872795105, -0.5055692791938782, -0.43889036774635315, 0.4932438135147095, 0.371951699256897, 0.21938632428646088, 0.2889317572116852, -0.8769822716712952, 0.618793249130249, 0.21452638506889343, 0.2353273630142212, -0.2804373502731323, 0.1373525708913803, 0.19477999210357666, -0.17882759869098663, -0.5570301413536072, -0.05438656359910965, -0.0009817740647122264, -0.1541692465543747, 0.26400911808013916, 0.6622419357299805, 0.1474854052066803, -0.7573988437652588, 0.4732179045677185, -0.3133958578109741, -0.1018642708659172, -0.10309693217277527, -0.613177478313446, 0.41686081886291504, -0.18159115314483643, -0.2745860517024994, 0.5952863693237305, -0.03233959898352623, -0.43394431471824646, -0.2694433927536011, -0.14141608774662018, 0.42891526222229004, -0.1725655496120453, -0.6317062377929688, 0.08386321365833282, -0.2663080096244812, -0.35008737444877625, 0.3469248414039612, 0.16827242076396942, -0.2557626962661743, -0.3726022243499756, 0.5522974133491516, 0.522834062576294, -0.017999796196818352, 0.2883703112602234, -0.34769299626350403, -0.3660673201084137, 0.6169919371604919, -0.11481306701898575, -0.010560067370533943, -0.013391203247010708, 0.08029656857252121, -0.40492069721221924, 0.3935283422470093, -0.3439582884311676, -0.5796220898628235, 0.10796143114566803, 0.6376775503158569, -0.10745970904827118, 0.42942991852760315, -0.0858459398150444, 0.07561304420232773, -0.21734677255153656, 0.21622757613658905, 0.3654099702835083, 0.6428689360618591, 0.059571027755737305, -0.04051800072193146, 0.2749670147895813, 0.2668076157569885, 0.3694548010826111, -0.4528924226760864, -0.24338719248771667, -0.14887426793575287, 0.20137600600719452, 0.22496959567070007, 0.5589439272880554, -0.3124087452888489, -0.2911735475063324, 0.4421459436416626, 0.10002139955759048, -0.29675230383872986, 0.13793234527111053, 0.22691349685192108, -0.22854366898536682, -0.8464386463165283, 0.29595017433166504, 0.7008026242256165, 0.8136947751045227, -0.2702430486679077, 0.017579613253474236, -0.5279114842414856, 0.6297526359558105, -0.4370628595352173, 0.23012208938598633, 0.06578273326158524, 0.04997490346431732, 0.3075341582298279, -0.7560930848121643, -0.16026870906352997, -0.43247929215431213, 0.3712230920791626, 0.10991886258125305, 0.6724987030029297, -0.08642199635505676, 0.2164277881383896, -0.09136014431715012, 0.602665364742279, -0.047748517245054245, -0.04789464920759201, 0.4736497700214386, -0.05166401341557503, 0.3308179974555969, -0.6838671565055847, -5.998220443725586, 0.12985123693943024, -0.173818439245224, 0.31682711839675903, 0.47579261660575867, 0.09830968081951141, 0.5984026789665222, -0.10655947029590607, -0.24313600361347198, 0.13794101774692535, -0.20174868404865265, 0.05257746949791908, -0.2567664086818695, -0.22590143978595734, 0.26541584730148315, -0.13391940295696259, 0.4439784288406372, 0.16280147433280945, 0.34367987513542175, -0.3781707286834717, -0.15320557355880737, -0.27366796135902405, -0.10124100744724274, 0.17932455241680145, 0.1399482935667038, 0.33582547307014465, 0.13874419033527374, 0.11349418014287949, -0.7309439778327942, -0.03657621145248413, -0.6605244874954224, -0.34281131625175476, -0.26376569271087646, -0.06359433382749557, 0.48769986629486084, -0.36488381028175354, 0.3066065311431885, -0.18044108152389526, 0.5993629097938538, -0.2797410488128662, 0.5173138380050659, 0.5677312612533569, -0.2120726853609085, -0.1642165631055832, 0.46888214349746704, -0.18483920395374298, -0.30596035718917847, -0.3932223618030548, -0.4665546715259552, 0.35989558696746826, 1.2108361721038818, -0.3104165494441986, -0.16812442243099213, -0.09413933753967285, 0.38562914729118347, -0.09511591494083405, 0.2251855432987213, 0.1957719922065735, -0.08093425631523132, 0.14547216892242432, 0.3185635209083557, -0.3269536793231964, -0.16623370349407196, -0.18590866029262543, -0.12565240263938904, -0.6189414262771606, -0.42463138699531555, -0.42391666769981384, 0.17660115659236908, 0.12250693142414093, 0.010104146786034107, -0.41053101420402527, -0.17247456312179565, -0.7405657768249512, 0.31249240040779114, 0.21005015075206757, -0.13258370757102966, -0.021059298887848854, -0.2858007848262787, 0.08090408891439438, -0.6127018928527832, -0.7512614130973816, 0.2563677132129669, 0.18976497650146484, -0.4417780935764313, -0.8035750389099121, -0.36484861373901367, 0.31326019763946533, -0.6243376731872559, 0.3738344609737396, -0.2539843022823334, -0.1951633244752884, -0.3036155700683594, 0.10912470519542694, 0.39114606380462646, -0.2437218725681305, 0.3708873391151428, 0.06860853731632233, -0.11481554806232452, 0.0017443576361984015, -0.31924498081207275, 0.07837685197591782, 0.19676713645458221, -0.5782389044761658, -0.17173105478286743, 0.061052318662405014, -0.07496485859155655, -0.25256988406181335, 1.0243866443634033, -0.326290100812912, -0.15613868832588196, -0.0384654738008976, -0.6586878299713135, -0.5344377160072327, 0.5661351680755615, 0.31663480401039124, -0.27628782391548157, 0.33335214853286743, 0.26630714535713196, 0.36696985363960266, 0.305815726518631, -0.03491533175110817, -0.3413909077644348, -0.0634722113609314, -0.5073516368865967, -0.10319039970636368, 0.15107132494449615, 0.33626681566238403, 0.0025039049796760082, 0.09636452049016953, 0.31080520153045654, -0.3032737374305725, -0.22296711802482605, -0.2643178701400757, 0.4725308120250702, 0.41849783062934875, -0.21504832804203033, -0.3872567117214203, -0.2672022581100464, -0.38294482231140137, 0.1749570667743683, 0.037033237516880035, 0.3361506462097168, 0.10965482145547867, 0.11874754726886749, -0.09414585679769516, 0.35275495052337646, -0.5118998885154724, -0.26348617672920227, -0.343517929315567, -0.09642759710550308, -0.07833665609359741, 0.3077472746372223, -0.36041975021362305, 0.33159947395324707, -0.07652528584003448, 0.11360642313957214, 0.008306276984512806, 0.16851195693016052, -0.3305127024650574, -0.06296650320291519, -0.5924857258796692, -1.0890049934387207, 0.15194089710712433, -0.13221031427383423, 0.2972913086414337, -0.061346475034952164, -0.8475270867347717, -0.1836518496274948, 0.36690208315849304, 0.5646886825561523, -0.13504914939403534, 0.07562210410833359, -0.12065374851226807, -0.17121955752372742, 0.7207924127578735, 0.08924974501132965, -0.6879366636276245, -0.04765962064266205, 0.015969613566994667, -0.15152637660503387, -0.0600881464779377, -0.16264091432094574, 0.047753918915987015, -0.07029284536838531, -0.13613437116146088, 0.03148303180932999, 0.6230394244194031, -0.42202046513557434, -0.013585548847913742, -0.5476347208023071, 0.21248671412467957, 0.3527679741382599, -0.14403904974460602, -0.7282717227935791, -0.3094995319843292, -0.16340312361717224, 1.0107818841934204, -0.10457209497690201, 0.14242617785930634, -0.022845126688480377, 0.17582987248897552, -0.4235423505306244, 0.2151317596435547, 0.563592255115509, -0.5170466303825378, 0.14198893308639526, 0.5319628119468689, 0.02638746052980423, 0.22994349896907806, -0.373256117105484, -0.4837728440761566, 0.10148626565933228, 0.17064811289310455, -0.3850111961364746, -0.34520673751831055, -0.02892322652041912, -0.21733923256397247, -0.02834232524037361, -0.29949721693992615, -0.3756081759929657, -0.17984206974506378, -0.874383807182312, -0.15005724132061005, -0.6207123398780823, 0.4481687843799591, 0.27116793394088745, -0.6798796653747559, 0.15409182012081146, -0.45741716027259827, 0.3866041302680969, -0.21865539252758026, -0.1565515249967575, 0.31979137659072876, -0.15717588365077972, 0.07955360412597656, 0.17216628789901733, 0.5646799206733704, 0.42803287506103516, -0.1298694759607315, 0.13926739990711212, -0.018399616703391075, -0.5415143370628357, -0.1334913671016693, -0.016340935602784157, 0.3123578131198883, -0.15481071174144745, -0.05484156310558319, -0.739319384098053, 0.7057377099990845, -0.12249450385570526, -0.559010922908783, -0.5081573128700256, 0.20275229215621948, 0.7182596325874329, -0.6101871132850647, 0.21984678506851196, 0.12831196188926697, -0.12199340760707855, 0.2303432822227478, -0.3686794638633728, 0.5298171043395996, -0.7428629994392395, 0.31065094470977783, -0.06286686658859253, 0.283077597618103, -0.10870248824357986, 0.16929078102111816, -0.26679134368896484, -0.16600415110588074, -0.06323545426130295, 0.6236175894737244, 0.3869621157646179, 0.5204938650131226, 0.19032682478427887, -0.022733373567461967, 0.5366681218147278, -0.6403489708900452, -0.18075883388519287, 0.14859934151172638, -0.43405234813690186, 0.2219163477420807, -0.41095855832099915, -0.21575433015823364, 0.11319608241319656, -0.6525164246559143, 0.30853649973869324, -0.14974042773246765, -0.2997204065322876, 0.343875914812088, -0.11945069581270218, 0.23891489207744598, -0.33736786246299744, 0.13156282901763916, -0.32299408316612244, 0.12630274891853333, 0.3735101521015167, -0.21576792001724243, 0.23823285102844238, -0.09978973865509033, -0.3161621391773224, -0.0992848128080368, 0.13625529408454895, 0.0522490069270134, 0.19392576813697815, 0.168782040476799, -0.4336215555667877, -0.4530754089355469, -0.24749374389648438, 0.0774313360452652, -0.1125451922416687, -0.7757889032363892, 0.47139841318130493, 0.15703310072422028, -0.5295963287353516, 0.28562167286872864, 0.7878061532974243, -0.2562546730041504, -0.02255275286734104, 0.35023170709609985, 0.21482042968273163, -0.10604887455701828, -0.05459684133529663, 0.5048125982284546, -0.4397767186164856, -0.016726937144994736, -0.0766843780875206, 0.07540319114923477, 0.5932593941688538, 0.5878309607505798, 0.5820131897926331, 0.031634844839572906, -0.23624393343925476, -0.05490712448954582, 0.2571447193622589, -0.5376661419868469, -0.39444440603256226, -0.07623466104269028, -0.5625556111335754, 0.8599347472190857, -0.1619332879781723, -0.16972361505031586, -0.044385962188243866, 0.33865445852279663, 0.12536340951919556, 0.2406618595123291, 0.565057098865509, -0.19556917250156403, 0.5042349100112915, 0.09133170545101166, -0.11851946264505386, 0.07853908836841583, -0.357232928276062, 0.3010298013687134, 0.4459269046783447, -0.3406432271003723, 0.6299124360084534, -0.8161367774009705, -0.7737056612968445, 0.0206950344145298, -0.27710065245628357, 0.31348586082458496, -0.15399885177612305, -0.07985948026180267, 0.10385370254516602, 0.15043142437934875, -0.061449818313121796, -0.3409387171268463, 0.26011550426483154, 0.19848550856113434, 0.6604755520820618, 0.6636636257171631, 0.03671109303832054, 0.9085920453071594, -0.14691415429115295, 0.6878257393836975, 0.37907862663269043, 0.2669048011302948, -0.2608341574668884, -0.11726672947406769, -0.18971392512321472, 0.6090092658996582, 0.01537411194294691, 0.2788163423538208, 0.25384625792503357, 0.19758586585521698, 0.18454359471797943, -0.016150716692209244, 0.23144543170928955, -0.09045517444610596, -0.14324890077114105, -0.3983568847179413, -0.377383291721344, 0.3232559263706207, -0.12176083028316498, 0.1371939778327942, 0.05900706350803375, 0.37892237305641174, -0.4771728515625, 0.055661480873823166, 0.12792888283729553, 0.4420255720615387, -0.4261475205421448, 0.3404618501663208, -0.546471357345581, 0.22391359508037567, -0.43765535950660706, -0.3733239769935608, -0.37902897596359253, 0.1821148693561554, 0.2204805612564087, 0.01785462349653244, -0.07319498807191849, 0.02800237201154232, 0.0730823278427124, -0.10673794150352478, -0.024260737001895905, 0.014827053993940353, -0.11489956825971603, -0.581914484500885, 0.35965728759765625, -0.21001774072647095, 0.10749130696058273, 0.41446828842163086, -0.29702484607696533, -0.1326645463705063, 0.34542930126190186, -0.7608518600463867, -0.8122512698173523, 0.2675361931324005, -0.6589975953102112, 0.2606136202812195, -0.10796590149402618, 0.09893926978111267, -0.10264628380537033, -0.07262377440929413, 0.04573672637343407, 0.2710869014263153, 0.7213647365570068, -0.4111475646495819, 0.5322245955467224, -0.14554265141487122, -0.17308306694030762, 0.3004000782966614, 0.36587050557136536, 0.29381194710731506, -0.27476420998573303, 0.3701334595680237, -0.4839856028556824, 0.11595603078603745, -0.6426330804824829, 0.276271253824234, 0.08427061885595322, -0.3217928111553192, 0.004182921256870031, -0.29024142026901245, 0.21077972650527954, -0.007075979374349117, 0.014102127403020859, 0.061002712696790695 ]
230595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20Frederik%20Hermans	Willem Frederik Hermans	Willem Frederik Hermans (1 September 1921 – 27 April 1995) was a Dutch author of poetry, novels, short stories, plays, as well as book-length studies, essays, and literary criticism. His most famous works are The House of Refuge (novella, 1952), The Darkroom of Damocles (novel, 1958), and Beyond Sleep (novel, 1966). After World War II, Hermans tried to live off his writing exclusively, but as his country was recovering from the Occupation, he had no opportunity to sustain himself. He published three collections of short stories from 1948 to 1957, chief among them the novella The House of Refuge (1952), and in 1958 became lecturer in physical geography at Groningen University, a position he retained until his move to Paris, France, in 1973. The same year 1958 he broke to a wide audience with The Darkroom of Damocles. In the seventies, Hermans played an important role in the unmasking of Friedrich Weinreb as a cheater of Jews in the war. Hermans refused to accept the P.C. Hooftprijs for 1971. In 1977, he received the Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren, the most prestigious literary award available for writers in the language, handed out every three years alternately by the reigning Dutch and Belgian monarchs to a writer of the other country, the Belgian king Boudewijn handing the prize to Hermans. Hermans is considered one of De Grote Drie, the three most important authors in the Netherlands in the postwar period, along with Harry Mulisch and Gerard Reve. Biography Early life Willem Frederik Hermans was born on 1 September 1921 in Amsterdam to Johannes ('Johan') Hermans (1879–1967) and Hendrika ('Rika') Hillegonda Hermans-Eggelte (1884–-1967), who already had a daughter, Cornelia ('Corry') Geertruida (1918–1940). His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were breadbakers in the town of Brielle, members of the Dutch Reformed Church, and from the ranks of the "lower bourgeoisie." Johan Hermans, the only one of the eight children (two sons and six daughters) allowed to pursue an education, became a grammar-school teacher. Hermans' predominantly Lutheran maternal family was slightly more middle-class. All three sons of the great-grandfather, a goldsmith, became schoolteachers. Johan Hermans graduated as a teacher in 1898 and began his career as a teacher the same year in the Amsterdam area, where he met his future wife who was a teacher at the same school he worked. After their marriage in 1913, Rika Hermans quit working and devoted herself to the household. The couple's first child was born five years later. From 1913 to 1929, they lived on the second floor of an apartment in the "Old West" part of Amsterdam, near the center of the city, in a neighbourhood with blocks built in 1910 specially to accommodate schoolteachers. In 1929, the family moved to another apartment in the same block, where they occupied the fourth floor, Corry having a large room for herself in the attic. Johan Hermans continued to improve his teaching qualifications, eventually rising to teach beyond grammar school. Though his own career was unremarkable, he had great ambitions for his two children, both of whom he sent to the prestigious Barlaeus Gymnasium, evidently to have them prepared for a college education. To save money to pay for such education, the parents were forced to be as tight with money as they could, especially since the salaries of teachers would be decreased thirteen times in the years from 1925 to 1940, with a 10% decrease in the period 1930-1933 alone. These were precisely the years when their children were growing up. Hermans's intelligence first emerged at grammar school, where he was included in the selection of four boys who were taught a more challenging Arithmetic course than was demanded of the other classmates. Apart from that, he followed the standard curriculum: Reading, Writing, Geography (with attention to the Dutch Indies), Native History, Gymnastics, and Singing. The grades of his admittance to the Gymnasium in 1940 were generally good, though not outstanding. Hermans's reading, remarkably well-documented from early age onward, included some favorites he could read again and again without exhausting them. Most important were children's versions of classic works: he cited the legend of King Arthur, which never ceased to give him the chills even as an elderly man, as "the most significative work" of his youth. Gulliver's Travels, Robinson Crusoe, which he could read over and over without ever getting enough of it. Alice in Wonderland both charmed and scared him, especially the poem on Father William. Besides these international classics, he also read Dutch children's book, most notably Woutertje Pieterse by Multatuli. Hermans's parents were unreligious and did not have a Bible at home. Yet on a visit with his parents to an acquaintance of theirs who was religious, he discovered a Bible for children by Siebold Ulfers, one of the century's most popular children's Bibles for its beautiful illustrations. He was allowed to take it home, though his father had some misgivings. Hermans was fascinated especially by the cruel Old Testament stories of Ahab and Jezebel, and of Jehu and Jehoram. Hermans's interest in science, technology and especially inventors also emerged during these years. Angel's 1927 biography of Thomas Alva Edison was a favorite, and Bernard Jaffe's Crucibles. The Story of Chemistry, read in a Dutch translation, also made an enormous impression on the young Hermans. In 1933, Hermans enrolled in the prestigious Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam, where most teachers held an academic degree, often a doctorate. The curriculum in the first class was Latin, Dutch, French, History, Geography, Arithmetic, and Biology. In the second year this was augmented with Greek and German. In the first two classes, Hermans's results were mediocre at best, and when he had to double the third class for lack of applying himself, he vowed such thing would never happen to him again. During this time, Hermans had fallen under the spell of literature. When the school staged a performance of Sophocles's Antigone, Hermans was given a minor role, but the play left a lasting impression upon him: "It was my first introduction to the kind of literature that could swipe away the everyday world like a dull nightmare." In that period, during the lessons in German, Hermans delivered oral reports (in German) on Franz Kafka and Thomas Mann. 1950–1995 Hermans married Emmy Meurs (1923–2008), a Surinam woman, in 1950. In 1957, Hermans worked as volunteer assistant to photographer Nico Jesse while writing his The Darkroom of Damocles (De donkere kamer van Damocles) which features a mysteriously blank photograph. In 1958, he was appointed reader in physical geography at Groningen University. In 1972, after accusations by among others the Calvinist Member of Parliament and later minister Jan de Koning that Hermans was using his time writing instead of lecturing, a parliamentary committee was set up to investigate the matter. The committee found that Hermans's chief crime was his use of university stationery for writing his notes. In 1973, he resigned and settled as a full-time writer in Paris. In (Among Professors) (1975) he described university life in Groningen in a bitter and satirical way. It can be read as a roman à clef and was entirely written on the empty sides of university letters, according to Hermans's alter ego Zomerplaag "to do something useful with this expensive paper that would normally disappear unread in the garbage bin, polluting the environment". Hermans received honorary doctorates from the University of Liège (Luik) in 1990 and the University of Pretoria in 1993. Themes Underlying all of Hermans's works, says Hermans scholar Frans A. Janssen, is the theme of epistemological nihilism. Only the means employed by logic and the sciences are capable of producing reliable knowledge. All other fields of study, including philosophy, ethics, psychology, the humanities and societal studies, are unable to produce knowledge that can be called reliable or certain. Literature and the arts can "show truths" by employing irrational devices. For the greatest part the world is unknowable, and even language is no reliable tool of communication. Hermans's characters are personifications of this state of affairs, loners who continuously misinterpret the reality surrounding them, unable to do something meaningful with other interpretive views when confronted with them, victims to the mercy of chance, misunderstanding. They fail, going under to the discrepancy between the world and their representation of it. Eventually in this world eternal powers as aggressiveness and the strife for power win. There is no place for such concepts as freedom, responsibility, idealism: in the jungle of human existence a sacrifice for a good cause is meaningless. Specific elements of this pessimistic worldview are kindred to Marquis de Sade, Heinrich von Kleist, Arthur Schopenhauer, Sigmund Freud, Louis-Ferdinand Céline and Ludwig Wittgenstein. There does not exist any benefit of hindsight, and the past is just as unknowable as is the present, if only because the past is never fully accessible. Osewoudt, the protagonist of The Darkroom of Damocles, is unable to convince others of his past achievements, and geologist Alfred, the protagonist of Beyond Sleep, is not sure if he would recognize a meteorite crater if he saw one. A recurrent theme in many of the author's novels and stories is the discrepancy between the protagonists' own view of themselves and the images that others have of them. Essentially, this the problem of Osewoudt of the war novel The Darkroom of Damocles (1958), who driven to despair to find acceptance for his view of himself. Unable to achieve such acceptance, he loses his identity as well as his life. Style His style is existentialist and generally bleak, and his writing style is unique in Dutch literature with its short and pointed sentences. There is no doubt that he was influenced by World War II and the German occupation of the Netherlands between 1940 and 1945, and his longer novels (De tranen der acacia's and De donkere kamer van Damokles) are set during the war. Even his more upbeat writings (Onder professoren and Au pair) can have a strange, existentialist twist to them. Controversies Hermans was notorious for his polemics, as was demonstrated in particular in the 'Weinreb affair', when he played a key role in the unmasking of a Jewish imposter who claimed to have been a resistance fighter helping other Jews during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. In 1986, the Mayor and City Council of Amsterdam, Ed van Thijn, officially declared Hermans persona non grata in Amsterdam as he visited South Africa in 1983 in defiance of a cultural boycott that was declared on that country because of its apartheid policy. Being married to a non-white woman, Hermans remained totally unrepentant and did not visit his birthplace again until 1993 for a book presentation, after the City Council had ended that status on his insistence. The best example of Hermans's notoriety was the minor issue of the first volume of the memoirs of the (perceivedly) "minor" writer C. Buddingh', which Hermans savagely and condescendingly criticised in a review in 1979. The next volume was published only in 1995, ten years after the death of Buddingh' but only months after Hermans' death. Translations in English The earliest translation into English of a Hermans work was the novella The House of Refuge (translated by Estelle Debrot), which Steven Marcus included in his collection The World of Modern Fiction (New York, 1966). The original is called Het behouden huis and runs to just under 80 pages. Het behouden huis was translated into English again in 2017 by David Colmer and published by Archipelago Books as An Untouched House (2018). In 2006, the novel Beyond Sleep (translated by Ina Rilke) was published. The story is about a geological expedition in the north of Norway, where the sun never sets. The original is from 1966 and is called Nooit meer slapen and ranks as one of Hermans's two most important works. The other work, The Darkroom of Damocles, also translated by Ina Rilke, was published in 2007. The novel is set during the occupation in World War II, and the protagonist, a member of the Dutch resistance against the Germans, is unable to come up with evidence for his resistance activities when the war is over. The original is from 1958. In 2021, Archipelago Books published Hermans' novel Herinneringen van een engelbewaarder (again translated by David Colmer) as A Guardian Angel Recalls. This bleakly humorous work, set on the eve of Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, follows the travails of Alberegt, a lovelorn public prosecutor who has just seen off his mistress, a German-Jewish refugee steaming to the safety of America. Accompanied by his guardian angel as well as the devil, Alberegt races his Renault recklessly through the Hook of Holland. Despite the determined efforts of his guardian angel, a moment’s inattention leads to a catastrophe that Alberget is ill-equipped to handle, just as the German war machine begins its onslaught on the poorly prepared Dutch. Bibliography (selection) Moedwil en misverstand/Intention and misunderstanding (short stories, 1948) De tranen der acacia's/The tears of the acacias (novel, 1949) Ik heb altijd gelijk/I am always right (novel, 1951) Het behouden huis/An Untouched House (novella, 1951) Paranoia (short stories, 1953) Description et genèse des dépôts meubles de surface et du relief de l'Oesling (dissertation, 1955) De God Denkbaar Denkbaar De God/The God Thinkable Thinkable the God (novel, 1956) Drie melodrama's/Three pieces of melodrama (novel/short stories, 1957) Een landingspoging op Newfoundland/An attemptive landing on Newfoundland (short stories, 1957) The Darkroom of Damocles (De donkere kamer van Damokles, novel, 1958) Beyond Sleep (Nooit meer slapen, novel, 1966) Een wonderkind of een total loss/A child prodigy or a total loss (stories, 1967) Herinneringen van een engelbewaarder/Memories of a guardian angel (novel, 1971) Het evangelie van O. Dapper Dapper/The gospel of O. Dapper Dapper (novel, 1973) Onder professoren/Amongst professors (novel, 1975) Filip's sonatine (short story, 1980) Uit talloos veel miljoenen/From innumerable millions (novel, 1981) Geijerstein's dynamiek/Geijerstein's dynamic (short story, 1982) De zegelring/The signet ring (short story, 1984) Een heilige van de horlogerie/The saint of the clockmakers (novel, 1987) Au pair (novel, 1989) De laatste roker/The last smoker (short stories, 1991) In de mist van het schimmenrijk/In the mist of the shadow empire (short story, 1993; boekenweekgeschenk (Dutch Book Week Gift), later published as Madelon in de mist van het schimmenrijk/Madelon in the mist of the shadow empire) Ruisend gruis/Rustling grit (novel, published after his death in 1995) See also [[NRC's Best Dutch novels\|NRC'''s Best Dutch novels]] Notes References Sources Janssen, F.A. (in Dutch). (1985). "Hermans, Willem Frederik." G.J. van Bork and P.J. Verkruijsse, The Dutch and Flemish Authors from Medieval Times to the Present, Including the Frisian Authors. Weesp: De Haan. Otterspeer, Willem (in Dutch) (2013). De mislukkingskunstenaar: Willem Frederik Hermans. Biografie, deel 1 (1921-1952), De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam. [The Artist of Failure: Willem Frederik Hermans. A Biography, Vol. 1, (1921-1952)] Raat, G.F.H. (in Dutch). (1989). , "Alfred and His Mirror Image. Narrative Voice in Beyond Sleep.". In: Wilbert Smulders (red.), Verboden toegang. Essays over het werk van Willem Frederik Hermans gevolgd door een vraaggesprek met de schrijver''. De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam 1989, p. 204-228. Retrieved 1 September 2014. External links Website of Hermans's Complete Works Willem Frederik Hermans instituut Willem Frederik Hermans 1921 births 1995 deaths 20th-century Dutch novelists 20th-century Dutch male writers Dutch male novelists P. C. Hooft Award winners Writers from Amsterdam People from Haren, Groningen Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren winners University of Amsterdam alumni Physical geographers	[ -0.33312541246414185, 0.5015462040901184, -0.5764826536178589, -0.21536977589130402, -0.2658345401287079, 0.8568711280822754, 0.8125709891319275, -0.0903543010354042, -0.35493460297584534, -0.35071444511413574, -0.027483809739351273, 0.35381922125816345, 0.14660143852233887, -0.06893553584814072, 0.14112234115600586, -0.12319526076316833, 0.31132036447525024, -0.43487852811813354, -0.7155417799949646, -0.26803016662597656, -0.6171813607215881, 0.071748286485672, 0.7751662135124207, -0.218060702085495, -0.030967721715569496, -0.145027294754982, 0.1726822853088379, 0.11275457590818405, 0.15687595307826996, -0.08285011351108551, -0.02928173914551735, 0.6967311501502991, 0.09132074564695358, 0.05405315384268761, -0.502881646156311, 0.11652678996324539, -0.4214409589767456, -0.43922165036201477, 0.14205875992774963, 0.300289511680603, -0.06443619728088379, 0.5661798715591431, -0.20441986620426178, 0.19430312514305115, 0.11997753381729126, -0.601969838142395, -1.7172640562057495, 0.2549021244049072, -0.600953996181488, -0.2296828329563141, 0.04610708728432655, -0.04181420058012009, 0.8546964526176453, 0.6971568465232849, 0.07713747024536133, 0.24505673348903656, -0.8662808537483215, -0.42560431361198425, -0.008706782944500446, 0.08296746760606766, 0.360147625207901, -0.11784866452217102, 0.11628707498311996, 0.39990365505218506, 0.7588185667991638, 0.1684749871492386, -0.18096661567687988, -0.1805405169725418, 0.2950512170791626, -0.08469531685113907, -0.22784873843193054, 0.6188091039657593, 0.3940390944480896, -0.012911654077470303, 0.3597257137298584, -0.6183075904846191, 0.2188819944858551, -0.2969072163105011, -0.4027465283870697, -0.18634846806526184, -0.3447974920272827, -0.3025101125240326, 1.2353609800338745, 0.24907590448856354, 0.45782461762428284, -0.2343727946281433, 0.015124044381082058, 0.14591774344444275, -0.9625831842422485, -0.7223270535469055, -0.31868794560432434, -0.7686344981193542, -0.27440932393074036, 0.31900230050086975, 0.21442881226539612, -0.0846489816904068, -0.07810826599597931, 1.1509225368499756, -0.2658516764640808, -0.10129905492067337, -0.23566724359989166, 0.7195286154747009, 0.3107374906539917, -0.09647956490516663, -0.9286648631095886, -0.5358759164810181, 0.27466636896133423, -0.5968494415283203, 0.47926244139671326, -0.049720361828804016, -0.37283551692962646, 0.04332827404141426, 0.059254903346300125, -0.08444658666849136, 0.12824790179729462, 0.7215750217437744, 0.015858761966228485, -0.4487552046775818, -0.7433731555938721, 0.1495409905910492, -0.5718402862548828, 0.0022872607223689556, -0.11945206671953201, 0.10865724831819534, -0.6018574237823486, -0.3272085189819336, -0.08966965228319168, 0.2988552153110504, 0.04278462380170822, 0.38860461115837097, 0.4017500877380371, 0.9849023222923279, -0.6766811609268188, -0.2711239159107208, -0.3061807155609131, 0.1297558844089508, 0.3901280164718628, 0.3799518048763275, 0.051524482667446136, 0.4084792137145996, -0.32323285937309265, -0.10872802883386612, -0.43856221437454224, -0.40525493025779724, 0.3358801305294037, -0.07339273393154144, 0.10699860006570816, -0.14892615377902985, -0.20439670979976654, -0.07265890389680862, -0.0744289755821228, 0.12505224347114563, 0.11703035235404968, 0.043920647352933884, -0.694912314414978, 0.6332459449768066, 0.38920482993125916, 0.7151878476142883, 0.3515891134738922, 0.0006876898696646094, 0.3259057402610779, -0.057193856686353683, 0.00532766105607152, 0.06561916321516037, 0.09772095829248428, -0.578637421131134, -0.13144898414611816, 0.4701039493083954, 0.21137772500514984, 0.09968732297420502, -0.18090027570724487, 0.02440320886671543, 0.1521599441766739, -0.06558790057897568, 0.03961579129099846, 0.1758435070514679, 0.4878149628639221, 0.15810197591781616, -0.030458103865385056, -0.1416706144809723, -0.7485213875770569, -0.014823529869318008, -0.43859153985977173, 0.0376589335501194, 0.3387049734592438, 0.31975510716438293, -0.09066866338253021, 0.38986119627952576, 0.7139673829078674, 0.024597201496362686, -0.599151611328125, -0.6417142748832703, 0.44991135597229004, -0.0010722331935539842, 0.6620160341262817, 0.2299843579530716, -0.09700530022382736, 1.1188669204711914, 0.2588510811328888, 0.44275742769241333, -0.20013563334941864, -0.673812210559845, 0.006095596123486757, 0.09401056170463562, 0.3530064523220062, 0.3243325650691986, 0.09641371667385101, 0.01551222987473011, 0.04334808886051178, 0.766101598739624, 0.13717292249202728, -0.42908644676208496, 0.2661389410495758, 0.5357295870780945, -0.3465047776699066, -0.6653488874435425, 0.12103312462568283, 0.18084260821342468, 0.023633064702153206, -0.21944056451320648, 0.7361344695091248, -0.024696651846170425, 0.10833859443664551, 0.484802782535553, -0.325409859418869, 0.5323008894920349, 0.086529940366745, -0.20765578746795654, 0.3534126877784729, -0.5663252472877502, -0.40751421451568604, 0.22024774551391602, 0.5304815769195557, -0.6983152627944946, -0.05556003749370575, 0.5222437977790833, 0.1894739717245102, -0.34213539958000183, 0.1891772300004959, -0.2858632206916809, 0.33147794008255005, 0.1765703409910202, -0.243169367313385, 0.41968488693237305, 0.1727735996246338, 0.6927078366279602, -0.199257493019104, -0.21906611323356628, -0.6755292415618896, -0.1092829778790474, 0.1688748449087143, 0.47274184226989746, -0.1275957226753235, -0.26477375626564026, -0.6916102170944214, 0.08114620298147202, 0.10759339481592178, -0.14704129099845886, 0.7884734869003296, 0.31894806027412415, -0.3292798101902008, -0.486826628446579, 0.3158665597438812, 0.2162480652332306, -0.15778183937072754, -0.3164566457271576, 0.31988948583602905, -0.9888471364974976, 0.11533717066049576, -0.2518770694732666, 0.1754145324230194, -0.25936394929885864, -0.49164018034935, 0.2357761263847351, 0.020639628171920776, -0.30864691734313965, -0.6189133524894714, -0.049202289432287216, -0.3031313419342041, -0.4260183870792389, -0.16046346724033356, 1.062326192855835, -0.09513925015926361, -0.43578070402145386, 0.2060566544532776, -0.13791224360466003, -0.21812571585178375, -0.21685878932476044, 0.6152963638305664, -0.08871850371360779, -0.14957205951213837, 0.645645797252655, -0.2728234827518463, -0.1871810108423233, -0.6781941652297974, 0.5368000864982605, -0.3441266715526581, -0.6124176383018494, -0.19725845754146576, 0.1583256870508194, -0.42108529806137085, -0.2504812479019165, -0.4219953715801239, 0.7652179598808289, 0.6877772212028503, 0.4108925461769104, -0.6675176620483398, 0.530544638633728, -5.6657795906066895, 0.05253196507692337, 0.0813826397061348, -0.034207895398139954, 0.18084096908569336, 0.16173416376113892, 0.44084110856056213, -0.19883888959884644, 0.16387511789798737, -0.4339519143104553, 0.08298597484827042, -0.18347890675067902, 0.18959090113639832, 1.0812712907791138, 0.5995731353759766, 0.2366490215063095, 0.2913767397403717, -0.2802108824253082, 0.038597092032432556, 0.4111286997795105, 0.03023523837327957, -0.22747166454792023, -0.0380152128636837, 0.2711234986782074, 0.2919808626174927, 0.354779452085495, -0.08416213095188141, 0.2868153750896454, -0.6988485455513, -0.0893765389919281, 0.08694974333047867, -0.34647780656814575, 0.33075645565986633, 0.3000239431858063, 0.24381324648857117, -0.30578914284706116, 0.11406823992729187, 0.8408728837966919, -0.1216045692563057, 0.25718215107917786, -0.09513790905475616, 0.5603740811347961, -0.3922234773635864, -0.13026301562786102, -0.41498732566833496, -0.2947111427783966, -0.7070484161376953, 0.08491737395524979, -0.2395823746919632, 0.7359861135482788, 0.3279642164707184, -0.5611774921417236, 0.12282271683216095, 0.3632524013519287, 0.2775586247444153, -0.13227897882461548, 0.19471903145313263, -0.5915625095367432, -0.8524742126464844, 0.08381657302379608, 0.2610783874988556, -0.005206364206969738, 0.2347702980041504, -0.7022189497947693, -0.3113298714160919, -0.17367631196975708, 0.18315762281417847, -0.06477251648902893, 0.06742892414331436, -0.6279087066650391, -0.015546681359410286, 0.7263123393058777, 0.05221386253833771, -1.4186601638793945, -0.22369666397571564, -0.2888634204864502, -0.542244017124176, -0.6839636564254761, -0.23197343945503235, -0.0929001197218895, 0.08344881236553192, -0.37876057624816895, -0.5334920287132263, 0.6345013976097107, 0.862592339515686, -0.3740294873714447, -0.10555797815322876, 0.44713664054870605, -0.6995350122451782, -0.6415983438491821, 0.23564991354942322, -0.31781646609306335, 0.3019849956035614, 0.3364243805408478, 0.1749146729707718, 0.6474096775054932, -0.5216435194015503, 0.057870347052812576, 0.4374580979347229, 0.40467679500579834, -0.09699449688196182, -0.4026290476322174, 0.1840403974056244, -0.18224282562732697, 0.22013351321220398, 0.2852556109428406, -0.2566288113594055, 0.20061610639095306, 0.6825729012489319, -0.19348877668380737, 0.10701961815357208, 0.5119398236274719, 0.04693783074617386, -0.9132082462310791, 0.1574551910161972, -0.45904192328453064, -0.09132334589958191, 0.3715389370918274, 0.1776532083749771, 0.13123999536037445, -0.1482798010110855, 0.7776399850845337, -0.14101175963878632, -0.32982006669044495, 0.43638092279434204, -0.06325977295637131, -0.31973716616630554, -0.4062744975090027, -0.4251421093940735, 0.049115780740976334, 0.22211109101772308, 0.7186037302017212, 0.2041793316602707, -0.13832905888557434, 0.08886943012475967, -0.7721700072288513, -0.6417722105979919, -0.5630092620849609, -0.19029195606708527, -0.15907807648181915, 0.05318998172879219, -0.42545267939567566, -0.0204229224473238, 0.21215543150901794, 0.14090405404567719, -0.5023705959320068, 0.01996360719203949, -0.27088096737861633, -0.5275687575340271, 0.4096279442310333, 0.1641930788755417, 0.4477488100528717, 0.40794745087623596, 0.08642392605543137, -0.6275511384010315, 0.007211719173938036, -0.804436981678009, 0.31157761812210083, 0.12254521995782852, -0.2542218863964081, -0.20507381856441498, -0.5880876779556274, -0.47076958417892456, -0.05483846366405487, -0.19139790534973145, -0.35586801171302795, -0.26329419016838074, -0.29628175497055054, -0.632653534412384, 0.3494742512702942, 0.036107562482357025, -0.8693448305130005, -0.2976439893245697, 0.2052692174911499, 0.3084486126899719, -0.33284467458724976, 0.07351379841566086, -0.10699566453695297, -0.3329392075538635, -0.18743112683296204, 0.21870629489421844, 0.4704262316226959, -0.792070746421814, 0.547831654548645, 1.010070562362671, -0.5148102045059204, 0.01587560586631298, -0.5783626437187195, -0.6357949376106262, -0.04928284138441086, 0.32804539799690247, 0.23124293982982635, 0.9047455191612244, 0.6771327257156372, -0.45348620414733887, -0.3170212209224701, -0.10902683436870575, 0.10857077687978745, -0.2615675628185272, -0.08164439350366592, 0.3656964600086212, 0.29863521456718445, -0.026816120371222496, -0.17249801754951477, 0.17987005412578583, -1.4441797733306885, 0.21394076943397522, -0.35794857144355774, 0.474308043718338, 0.5404026508331299, -0.5949885845184326, -0.39138102531433105, -0.17715591192245483, 0.3467828333377838, -0.3492542803287506, 0.1889514923095703, 0.5315032601356506, -0.23381143808364868, -0.5491703748703003, -0.4084610342979431, -0.20962616801261902, -0.37010014057159424, -1.005335807800293, 0.1679108440876007, -0.5774126648902893, 0.0794699564576149, 0.12173677980899811, -0.29805657267570496, 0.6230802536010742, 0.0070707364939153194, 0.23356345295906067, -0.22744524478912354, -0.293239027261734, -0.15415072441101074, -0.4025236964225769, -0.4533959925174713, 0.6686710119247437, 0.3109624981880188, -0.1447315812110901, 0.4307063817977905, 0.35274380445480347, 0.6623918414115906, 0.25340741872787476, -0.0011331252753734589, -0.09890658408403397, -0.12203890830278397, 0.30852389335632324, -0.5395517945289612, -0.41092437505722046, 0.20406495034694672, 0.24986425042152405, -0.1713329255580902, -0.5431910753250122, -0.2886250913143158, 1.3499491214752197, -0.09860893338918686, -0.5046178102493286, 0.30801913142204285, 0.06712795048952103, 0.12241906672716141, 0.5588499307632446, -0.19799046218395233, 0.11486499011516571, 0.15138322114944458, 0.08598925918340683, 0.3621657192707062, -0.08002126961946487, 0.3541126251220703, 0.09102965891361237, -0.13575860857963562, -0.5492094159126282, -0.2993292808532715, -0.41303807497024536, 0.05472467839717865, -0.17476144433021545, 0.31416112184524536, -0.04913255572319031, -0.3151010572910309, 0.27262648940086365, -0.22859130799770355, -0.5783397555351257, -0.07377560436725616, -0.5285193920135498, -0.32865023612976074, -0.7165337800979614, -0.5194188356399536, -0.3106003999710083, -0.028909433633089066, -0.2004910409450531, 0.36057138442993164, -0.28954049944877625, -0.22355395555496216, 0.0476432703435421, 0.37273967266082764, 0.3479202389717102, 0.18077458441257477, -0.28078362345695496, 0.6336403489112854, -0.4455472230911255, 0.06196606159210205, 0.01448244508355856, -0.07210587710142136, 0.9147970676422119, -0.2420608550310135, 0.6453676819801331, -0.11477958410978317, -0.11009780317544937, 0.0511038713157177, -0.3546891212463379, 0.6900672316551208, 0.6318508386611938, 0.07591653615236282, 0.06348077952861786, 0.4727587401866913, -0.6373345255851746, 0.049416035413742065, 0.25361013412475586, -0.40273088216781616, -0.07546576112508774, -0.2701331079006195, 0.2960585355758667, -0.05136607587337494, 0.2659297585487366, -0.548703134059906, -0.23949657380580902, 1.1093071699142456, 0.1276313215494156, -0.08036226034164429, -0.3927830755710602, -0.38074198365211487, 0.2156306654214859, -0.20731961727142334, -0.5732390880584717, 0.3682520091533661, 0.15143664181232452, -0.08050353825092316, 0.1422681212425232, -0.420408695936203, 0.1608669012784958, 0.17743605375289917, 0.13893349468708038, 0.8290324211120605, -0.27008968591690063, 0.07003253698348999, 0.09731945395469666, -0.11270158737897873, 0.27814289927482605, 0.7502708435058594, 0.21015885472297668, -0.14942820370197296, 0.6077459454536438, 0.24960625171661377, -0.00885195191949606, -0.6903966665267944, 0.07631004601716995, -0.08411415666341782, 0.3308011293411255, -0.4835720956325531, -0.282161146402359, 0.14083923399448395, -0.12080993503332138, 0.15035554766654968, 0.38937684893608093, 0.003292500739917159, 0.47765985131263733, -0.25787872076034546, 0.36197301745414734, -0.39334219694137573, 0.37571483850479126, 0.3378310799598694, 0.31139084696769714, -0.36678725481033325, -0.2566809058189392, 0.4347001314163208, 0.19835451245307922, 0.3964296877384186, 0.954926609992981, -0.38474100828170776, 0.11139509826898575, 0.18059390783309937, -0.4728181064128876, -0.018905041739344597, -0.023365724831819534, 0.4662412703037262, 0.2015262395143509, 0.1328229457139969, 0.18372860550880432, 0.2162007987499237, 0.04668264836072922, -0.2768876552581787, 0.20190268754959106, -0.40686270594596863, -0.11573970317840576, 0.487592875957489, -0.49194595217704773, 0.2243887335062027, -0.5366865396499634, 1.2132906913757324, -0.07771295309066772, -0.6295623183250427, -0.45950454473495483, -0.09206053614616394, -0.04118289425969124, 0.04867042601108551, -0.36376526951789856, 0.3826230466365814, -0.4178122282028198, 0.07861360907554626, -0.4603915512561798, 0.6065897345542908, 0.4304184317588806, 0.35247623920440674, -0.19096973538398743, 0.4591722786426544, 0.018673481419682503, 0.13762208819389343, 0.314308762550354, -0.08620795607566833, -0.33206501603126526, 0.5329353213310242, 0.14364156126976013, 0.21556825935840607, 0.14361417293548584, -0.033154115080833435, -0.48845407366752625, 0.4646821618080139, -0.030434677377343178, 0.2997373342514038, -0.2065574824810028, -0.017379315569996834, 0.04212260991334915, 0.013316093012690544, -0.24578312039375305, 0.05547425150871277, -0.3614872395992279, 0.12560054659843445, 0.8350677490234375, 0.4052818715572357, 0.14807432889938354, -0.6809066534042358, 0.39600253105163574, -0.10809876769781113, 0.2103775441646576, -0.05975458025932312, -0.26776280999183655, 0.3248732388019562, -0.03494590148329735, 0.25753408670425415, -0.4362732470035553, 0.2654930651187897, 0.09007296711206436, -0.16979250311851501, 0.05281117558479309, -0.7193321585655212, 0.06077830120921135, 0.08796559274196625, -0.2763082683086395, -0.024986015632748604, 0.838065505027771, -0.45431554317474365 ]
230598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc%20Leferme	Loïc Leferme	Loïc Leferme (28 August 1970 – 11 April 2007) was a French diver who was the world free diving record holder until 2 October 2005, when he was surpassed by Herbert Nitsch. Loic was also a founder of AIDA in 1990 with Roland Specker and Claude Chapuis in Nice. In 2002 he set the world free diving record without any breathing apparatus at 162 meters. His first world record was 137 meters (1999). On 30 October 2004, he extended his own world record to 171 meters in the no limits free-diving category. The premier advocate of this type of freediving which has come to be known as Chapuis Style Freediving. He died during a private training session in Villefranche-sur-Mer when his equipment failed and he did not reach the surface in time. He was in training for a planned record attempt in July 2007. See also References External links Official website 1970 births 2007 deaths Sportspeople from Dunkirk French freedivers Sport deaths in France Underwater diving deaths	[ 0.1280975341796875, -0.1635216325521469, -0.26005539298057556, -0.033571936190128326, 0.09311971813440323, 0.7088344693183899, 0.5681686401367188, -0.11776797473430634, -0.7791755795478821, 0.35959768295288086, 0.27927783131599426, 0.2114444226026535, -0.38643568754196167, -0.1522682011127472, 0.6199818253517151, -0.15665574371814728, 0.22068053483963013, -0.4450983703136444, 0.2541542053222656, -0.31469476222991943, -0.4346630573272705, -0.3704068064689636, 0.32390713691711426, -0.5681767463684082, -0.5068261027336121, 0.38797110319137573, -0.8968760967254639, 0.2829457223415375, -0.15304970741271973, -0.15119324624538422, 0.7528440952301025, 0.59063720703125, 0.633898913860321, -0.1821775585412979, -0.10552425682544708, 0.01164382416754961, 0.2595708966255188, -0.45267951488494873, -0.05034005641937256, -0.05340617895126343, -0.5058335065841675, 0.1860845386981964, -0.04446760192513466, -0.22409875690937042, -0.28868740797042847, -0.1030811220407486, -0.7045086026191711, -0.12039493024349213, -0.4348706901073456, -0.05968406796455383, -0.3766246736049652, 0.1540014147758484, -0.11047060787677765, 0.5283501744270325, 0.43399545550346375, -0.28041520714759827, -0.7432185411453247, -0.23610751330852509, -0.33204513788223267, -0.4467160403728485, 0.024076441302895546, 0.05984766036272049, 0.3934418261051178, -0.07867158949375153, -0.11675488203763962, 0.12804587185382843, 0.42199745774269104, -0.041064199060201645, 0.4034624695777893, 0.12439554184675217, 0.8494248986244202, 0.3073679506778717, 0.11178542673587799, -0.3141653835773468, -0.04166511818766594, -0.5131819248199463, 0.1478627622127533, -0.3898594379425049, 0.6674332022666931, 0.02369634434580803, 0.34816890954971313, -0.5024281144142151, 0.6748005747795105, 0.5922558903694153, -0.06890518218278885, 0.5614034533500671, 0.0480576753616333, 0.18825173377990723, -0.4403146505355835, 0.32745248079299927, -0.6265178322792053, -0.8992772102355957, 0.6058911681175232, -0.16914857923984528, -0.34480908513069153, 0.34218063950538635, -0.3001011908054352, 0.7208917737007141, 0.2352314293384552, -0.39262327551841736, 0.34518536925315857, -0.38526761531829834, 0.21337325870990753, 0.10935262590646744, -0.27267855405807495, -0.11697589606046677, 0.19674377143383026, -0.5109246373176575, -0.03881329298019409, -0.04039500653743744, -0.5775297284126282, -0.034666016697883606, 0.07272842526435852, 0.03173143044114113, -0.11511969566345215, 0.4153197109699249, 0.7039258480072021, 0.10868018865585327, -0.33987006545066833, 0.13796643912792206, 0.26745283603668213, 0.10508674383163452, 0.27367258071899414, -0.047511328011751175, -0.5486586093902588, 0.2580488920211792, -0.31329795718193054, 0.5425349473953247, -0.5221166610717773, 0.11698408424854279, 0.40742963552474976, 0.8408642411231995, -0.33404046297073364, 0.1774151474237442, -0.11104702204465866, -0.06054665148258209, 0.6697410345077515, 0.14013205468654633, -0.5461445450782776, 0.5236470103263855, -0.5332697033882141, 0.09853186458349228, -0.855947732925415, 0.5433856248855591, -0.2919391095638275, 0.35301151871681213, 0.20909111201763153, 0.05700594559311867, 0.45815959572792053, 0.3038364350795746, -0.43676936626434326, 0.22949498891830444, 0.27934834361076355, -0.7197996377944946, -0.43237489461898804, 0.2952311038970947, 0.32973799109458923, -0.000303824053844437, 0.07196968048810959, -0.4864973723888397, 0.5217459797859192, -0.36980560421943665, -0.2610699534416199, 0.6112926006317139, 0.7725648283958435, -0.41137048602104187, -0.7191377878189087, 0.23958581686019897, -0.4931105673313141, 0.13597384095191956, 0.02931118756532669, 0.27183231711387634, 0.29468435049057007, -0.41895583271980286, -0.6282083988189697, 0.2502138912677765, 0.2413177788257599, 0.5671906471252441, 0.42718708515167236, -0.3334011137485504, -0.9659280776977539, 0.09219572693109512, -0.18765142560005188, -0.10052575916051865, 0.9111618995666504, 0.2143045961856842, 0.9723312854766846, 0.46982333064079285, 0.4209866225719452, -0.021793672814965248, -0.1055443286895752, -0.49489206075668335, 0.21938377618789673, -0.5464029908180237, 0.6271679997444153, -0.2619403302669525, -0.04870174080133438, 0.37761709094047546, 0.14016924798488617, 0.06454535573720932, -0.44626468420028687, -0.011013629846274853, 0.203285351395607, 0.14911484718322754, -0.8326144814491272, 0.6067123413085938, 0.2942943274974823, -0.07974930852651596, 0.12192460894584656, 0.5318915247917175, 0.25871169567108154, -0.7724325060844421, -0.6137502193450928, 0.3789771795272827, -0.6745754480361938, -0.21956400573253632, -0.5257958769798279, 0.032005809247493744, 0.4663047194480896, 0.2269262671470642, 0.8570839762687683, -0.06115870922803879, -0.20006123185157776, 0.4376913905143738, -0.21754372119903564, 0.8753796219825745, -0.1411026269197464, -0.22055037319660187, 0.06099293380975723, -0.2377897948026657, -0.060507193207740784, -0.10418999195098877, 0.609032392501831, -0.5391784310340881, 0.3138183057308197, 0.1123899593949318, 0.38429713249206543, -0.5190064311027527, 0.7046629786491394, -0.14663921296596527, 0.8566100597381592, 0.16013798117637634, 0.06287942826747894, 0.556806743144989, -0.15035970509052277, 0.4745619595050812, 0.3253469467163086, 0.6731182932853699, -0.6421099901199341, -0.041227489709854126, 0.5232853889465332, 0.489936500787735, -0.21864765882492065, -0.3838725686073303, 0.17945976555347443, 0.10552509129047394, 0.07934393733739853, 0.09520944207906723, 0.02794281765818596, 0.10767311602830887, 0.1620287448167801, -0.4536510407924652, 0.6224462389945984, 0.40635189414024353, 0.0839146226644516, -0.9926171898841858, -0.5613992214202881, -0.8394256830215454, 0.37144508957862854, -0.19739584624767303, 0.2305596023797989, 0.11626817286014557, 0.33182111382484436, 0.24703045189380646, 0.16394281387329102, 0.6810728311538696, -0.20998480916023254, 0.2207886427640915, -0.19914714992046356, -0.14642822742462158, 0.7167072892189026, 0.41579753160476685, -0.1934833973646164, -0.4825707674026489, 0.03955293074250221, 0.18052206933498383, -0.47343307733535767, 0.35994234681129456, -0.15309549868106842, -0.08920680731534958, 0.05614941567182541, 0.6887379884719849, -0.41646361351013184, 0.10050011426210403, -0.5140786170959473, 0.09761854261159897, -1.317678451538086, 0.04557463154196739, 0.19633540511131287, -0.05183812603354454, -0.49656692147254944, 0.5285175442695618, -0.1054980456829071, -0.05874514579772949, 0.5681977272033691, -0.2148071527481079, 0.1045115515589714, 0.11432909220457077, -5.53603458404541, 0.4239549934864044, -0.1355908364057541, 0.5039623975753784, -0.5234091281890869, -0.15912079811096191, 0.5690181851387024, 0.09977349638938904, 0.020876260474324226, -0.2841651439666748, 0.27363184094429016, -0.310030072927475, 0.3364563286304474, 0.8247871994972229, 0.184674933552742, 0.47354552149772644, 0.4553832411766052, -0.6263120770454407, 0.3971768021583557, 0.04813380911946297, -0.20629198849201202, 0.040913280099630356, -0.3007585406303406, -0.4786977171897888, -0.09152058511972427, -0.11144953221082687, -0.4082149863243103, 0.3875880539417267, -1.1227368116378784, -0.4128364622592926, -0.15141704678535461, -0.07976104319095612, -0.7753443717956543, 0.34619787335395813, -0.03472423553466797, -0.3717261552810669, -0.03277631103992462, 0.20689554512500763, -0.6094490885734558, -0.5053103566169739, -0.2981102466583252, -0.04393089562654495, -0.6090427041053772, 0.12995128333568573, 0.12244149297475815, -0.23809848725795746, -0.2803833484649658, -0.09347495436668396, 0.3407406806945801, 0.6427571177482605, 0.019353121519088745, -0.7030200362205505, 0.44352439045906067, -0.12171319127082825, 0.3592199683189392, -0.38387665152549744, -0.028326677158474922, -0.040148038417100906, -0.42132240533828735, 0.849520742893219, -0.1792682707309723, -0.6459590196609497, 0.6992003917694092, -0.9410911202430725, 0.27036386728286743, -0.09015244990587234, 0.01968538574874401, -0.04001167416572571, -0.22136631608009338, 0.005505817010998726, -0.07387081533670425, 0.8168739676475525, -0.5565949082374573, -0.944692850112915, -0.09589410573244095, 0.003800822189077735, 0.6221585869789124, -0.13501426577568054, 0.23756097257137299, 0.09151289612054825, -0.45356878638267517, -0.03020387701690197, -0.20298345386981964, 0.6219379901885986, 0.8577132821083069, -0.5225156545639038, 0.3106628954410553, 0.20473995804786682, 0.3256324529647827, 0.28165319561958313, 0.5010480284690857, -0.19988450407981873, 0.004051112104207277, 0.17326049506664276, -0.6274529695510864, 0.04864626005291939, -0.18624264001846313, -0.035997260361909866, 0.5599179267883301, 0.24737873673439026, -0.6253048181533813, -0.3473478853702545, 0.08708387613296509, -0.5499095320701599, 0.21791987121105194, -0.02026517316699028, 0.38010525703430176, 0.08703931421041489, 0.12054400146007538, -0.028101306408643723, 0.2404467761516571, 0.46443694829940796, -0.3815629482269287, 0.5212409496307373, 0.30081138014793396, -0.7389274835586548, -0.42555299401283264, -0.1313209980726242, 0.21114538609981537, 0.17998437583446503, 0.2071325033903122, 0.9741806983947754, 0.2953299880027771, 0.04249056056141853, 0.7468264102935791, -0.36176589131355286, -0.2398461401462555, -0.39171889424324036, -0.5472002625465393, 0.08178161084651947, -0.39544275403022766, 0.9136716723442078, 0.46796131134033203, -0.4087842106819153, 0.9699863791465759, -0.265365332365036, 0.00035539185046218336, -0.441183865070343, 0.3644268214702606, -0.17258238792419434, -0.1255270391702652, 0.12058014422655106, 0.2888838052749634, 0.4913155436515808, 0.5608684420585632, 0.5419214367866516, 0.41588473320007324, -0.5581464171409607, -0.04181782528758049, 0.8269147276878357, 0.6103857755661011, -0.6222675442695618, 0.3991309702396393, -0.2077212631702423, 0.18250279128551483, 0.1428593099117279, -0.3949170708656311, -0.21526215970516205, -0.13076068460941315, -0.03378415107727051, 0.41424375772476196, -0.523329496383667, -0.9939994215965271, -0.0200323686003685, -0.12530282139778137, -0.2324368953704834, -0.4586547017097473, 0.055932529270648956, -0.3178410530090332, -0.2096347063779831, 0.21158450841903687, -0.8230929970741272, -0.7075923085212708, 0.4427187740802765, -0.24842385947704315, -0.22905002534389496, -0.3075677156448364, 0.16033683717250824, -0.45453742146492004, -0.46371981501579285, 0.898615837097168, 0.14890563488006592, -0.6005924344062805, 0.40278059244155884, 0.2662462592124939, 0.10968140512704849, -0.10677890479564667, -0.18181774020195007, 0.008848339319229126, 0.24730467796325684, 0.5057677626609802, 0.3137616515159607, 0.14083614945411682, 0.7473159432411194, -0.511733889579773, -1.0647138357162476, -0.1943788230419159, 1.015791654586792, -0.42146143317222595, 0.2989161014556885, -0.01782264932990074, -0.13005214929580688, 0.2526654005050659, -0.2232646346092224, 0.37465357780456543, -0.7448753118515015, 0.35865518450737, 0.6873799562454224, 0.17340169847011566, -0.1933850646018982, -0.9147309064865112, -0.5622177720069885, -0.00036935738171450794, 0.8430230021476746, -0.7333036065101624, -0.20138989388942719, 0.4139823019504547, 0.11235520243644714, -0.2894534170627594, -0.5628427863121033, -0.3308423161506653, -0.1291133314371109, -0.43047285079956055, -0.15887480974197388, -0.7668904662132263, 0.36064910888671875, 0.6351719498634338, 0.3668159246444702, 0.3210972845554352, -0.36056989431381226, -0.6814633011817932, -0.371633380651474, -0.1262919008731842, -0.3935566842556, -0.27310189604759216, 0.2818821668624878, 0.800859272480011, 0.33295637369155884, -0.6801899075508118, -0.5725951194763184, 0.4529220163822174, 0.553277313709259, 0.26737913489341736, -0.3817315101623535, 0.01859719306230545, 0.2298358678817749, 0.12590642273426056, -0.36771443486213684, -0.14515802264213562, -0.1218332052230835, 0.09376838803291321, 0.32818853855133057, -0.528464674949646, -0.5096372961997986, 1.081488013267517, -0.000003478184453342692, -0.20060457289218903, -0.564462423324585, 0.4067569673061371, 0.5996732115745544, 0.5633960962295532, 0.651347815990448, -0.19934625923633575, 0.20482811331748962, 0.05988457053899765, 0.6515172123908997, -0.16514219343662262, -0.33966490626335144, -0.2848649024963379, -0.26313716173171997, -0.07737764716148376, -0.7737370729446411, -0.7627257704734802, 1.0628001689910889, -0.488233745098114, 0.6324378848075867, -0.31030547618865967, -0.2564636766910553, -0.3640783429145813, -0.13665375113487244, -0.9139142036437988, -0.18718543648719788, -0.049321550875902176, 0.31902408599853516, -0.15849867463111877, 0.18457084894180298, 0.02843230590224266, 0.2985081076622009, -0.7617125511169434, 0.41266560554504395, -0.5260215401649475, 0.14286868274211884, -0.6067248582839966, -0.03712572529911995, 0.30626192688941956, -0.0016331936931237578, -0.36873859167099, 0.6887392401695251, -0.442020058631897, 0.09882356226444244, -0.17681214213371277, -0.07616200298070908, 0.49873030185699463, -0.5328699350357056, 0.02825530245900154, -0.5437479019165039, 0.32683271169662476, -0.885066032409668, 0.650676965713501, 0.32665881514549255, 0.29164835810661316, 0.11340244114398956, -0.4848667085170746, 0.16732072830200195, -0.745143711566925, -0.40192028880119324, 0.7273569703102112, -0.5533180832862854, -0.25360187888145447, 0.4434623718261719, 0.09036068618297577, -0.3491944372653961, 0.5762326717376709, 0.23955784738063812, -0.10843902081251144, 0.5035561919212341, 0.5793217420578003, -0.17919929325580597, -0.20366020500659943, 0.26916366815567017, -0.11114181578159332, 0.057969171553850174, -0.33915379643440247, 0.2675524652004242, -0.4058189392089844, -0.18943141400814056, -0.4334041178226471, -0.5269134640693665, 0.49545055627822876, -0.026135504245758057, 0.46586111187934875, 0.7393133640289307, -0.08502747118473053, 0.2328552007675171, 0.37902042269706726, 0.3743788003921509, -0.38955408334732056, 0.0018477231496945024, 0.13923852145671844, -0.2313343733549118, 0.16665001213550568, -0.002797042718157172, -0.016877302899956703, -0.8711516857147217, 0.0430854856967926, 0.29554495215415955, 0.40566036105155945, -0.44760408997535706, -0.08095362782478333, 0.35293349623680115, 0.3213675022125244, -0.5530974864959717, 0.5192529559135437, -0.06914409250020981, -0.4804779589176178, -0.7180449962615967, -0.6928938031196594, -0.5430824756622314, 0.0561770498752594, 0.29661449790000916, -0.0899791270494461, -0.12576068937778473, -0.18986046314239502, 0.23951467871665955, 0.09330258518457413, 0.2688903510570526, 0.30495837330818176, -0.403918981552124, -0.12252188473939896, -0.46856439113616943, -0.18978001177310944, -0.09831926226615906, -0.3811207711696625, 0.14994178712368011, -0.5944010019302368, 0.2082367092370987, 0.07440846413373947, -0.12747041881084442, 0.5917984843254089, -0.00007125424599507824, -0.05637650564312935, -0.7759125232696533, -0.007640474010258913, -0.026351168751716614, -0.45250052213668823, -0.4979376792907715, -0.2152993530035019, 0.3653566241264343, 0.1633777618408203, 0.045069292187690735, 0.2530999183654785, 0.36958083510398865, -0.1110692247748375, 0.3659825623035431, 0.1155480295419693, 0.4694407284259796, -0.49893543124198914, -0.024698417633771896, -0.08377296477556229, 0.6696828603744507, 0.6538885831832886, -0.22034533321857452, -0.49006354808807373, 0.5324983596801758, 0.0157448910176754, 0.2502811551094055, 0.22838367521762848, 0.1376345455646515, -0.2829509675502777, -0.2521982491016388, -0.34034210443496704, -0.5229186415672302, -0.1749829202890396, -0.29627862572669983, -0.31111788749694824, 0.2942618429660797, 0.019814947620034218, -0.27882421016693115, -0.014638595283031464, 0.4112221300601959, -0.1319594383239746, -0.029592644423246384, -0.46433427929878235, -0.29145118594169617, -0.6192269325256348, -0.5723558068275452, 0.457416832447052, 0.543753981590271, -0.1536916047334671, -0.7695378065109253, 0.21123503148555756, 0.43366262316703796, -0.12264816462993622, -0.26418834924697876, 0.4513523578643799, -0.12710940837860107, -0.012667693197727203, 0.2049316018819809, -0.21585561335086823, -0.18906603753566742, 0.30201560258865356, 0.027559548616409302, 0.2351974993944168, -0.7519264817237854, 0.02101769670844078, 0.15431392192840576, 0.4089841842651367, -0.07509151101112366, 0.2043159455060959, 0.1013263389468193 ]
230600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20K.%20Merton	Robert K. Merton	Robert King Merton (born Meyer Robert Schkolnick; July 4, 1910 – February 23, 2003) was an American sociologist who is considered a founding father of modern sociology, and a major contributor to the subfield of criminology. He served as the 47th President of the American Sociological Association. He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University, where he attained the rank of University Professor. In 1994 he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founded the sociology of science. Merton’s contribution to sociology falls into three areas: (1) sociology of science; (2) sociology of crime and deviance; (3) sociological theory. He developed notable concepts, such as "unintended consequences", the "reference group", and "role strain", but is perhaps best known for the terms "role model" and "self-fulfilling prophecy". The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy, which is a central element in modern sociological, political, and economic theory, is one type of process through which a belief or expectation affects the outcome of a situation or the way a person or group will behave. More specifically, as Merton defined, "the self-fulfilling prophecy is, in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior, which makes the originally false conception come true". Merton's concept of the "role model" first appeared in a study on the socialization of medical students at Columbia University. The term grew from his theory of the reference group, the group to which individuals compare themselves but to which they do not necessarily belong. Social roles were central to Merton's theory of social groups. Merton emphasized that, rather than a person assuming just one role and one status, they have a status set in the social structure that has, attached to it, a whole set of expected behaviors. Biography Early life Robert King Merton was born on July 4, 1910, in Philadelphia as Meyer Robert Schkolnick into a family of Yiddish-speaking Russian Jews who had immigrated to the United States in 1904. His mother was Ida Rasovskaya, an "unsynagogued" socialist who had freethinking radical sympathies. His father was Aaron Schkolnickoff, a tailor who had officially been registered at port of entry to the United States as "Harrie Skolnick". Merton's family lived in straitened circumstances after his father's uninsured dairy-product shop in South Philadelphia burned down. His father later became a carpenter's assistant to support the family. Even though Merton grew up fairly poor, he believed that he had been afforded many opportunities. As a student at South Philadelphia High School, he was a frequent visitor to nearby cultural and educational venues, including the Andrew Carnegie Library, the Academy of Music, the Central Library, and the Museum of Arts. In 1994, Merton stated that growing up in South Philadelphia provided young people with "every sort of capital—social capital, cultural capital, human capital, and, above all, what we may call public capital—that is, with every sort of capital except the personally financial." He adopted the name Robert K. Merton initially as a stage name for his magic performances. Young Merton developed a strong interest in magic, heavily influenced by his sister's boyfriend. For his magic acts he initially chose the stage name "Merlin", but eventually settled on the surname "Merton" to further "Americanize" his immigrant-family name. He picked the given name "Robert" in honor of the 19th-century French magician Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin, widely considered the father of modern-style conjuring. Thus his stage name became "Robert Merton", and he kept it as his personal name upon receiving a scholarship to Temple University. Education Merton began his sociological career under the guidance of George E. Simpson at Philadelphia's Temple University (1927–1931). Merton's work as Simpson's research assistant on a project dealing with race and media introduced Merton to sociology. Under Simpson's leadership, Merton attended an American Sociological Association annual meeting where he met Pitrim A. Sorokin, the founding chair of the sociology department at Harvard University. Merton applied to Harvard and went to work as a research assistant to Sorokin from 1931 to 1936. Many had doubted that Merton would be accepted into Harvard after graduating from Temple, but he quickly defied the odds and by his second year he had begun publishing with Sorokin. By 1934, he had even begun publishing articles of his own, including: "Recent French Sociology", "The Course of Arabian Intellectual Development, 700–1300 A.D.", "Fluctuations in the Rate of Industrial Invention", and "Science and Military Technique". After completing these, Merton went on to graduate from Harvard with an MA and PhD in sociology. By the end of his student career in 1938, he had already begun to embark on works that made him renowned in the sociological field, publishing his first major study, Science, Technology, and Society in Seventeenth-Century England, which helped create the sociology of science. Merton's dissertation committee was composed of Sorokin, but also Talcott Parsons, the historian George Sarton, and the biochemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson. The Merton thesis—similar to Max Weber's famous claim on the link between Protestant ethic and the capitalist economy—proposes a positive correlation between the rise of Protestant Pietism, Puritanism and early experimental science. Personal life In 1934 Merton married Suzanne Carhart, with whom he had one son, Robert C. Merton, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in economics, and two daughters, Stephanie Merton Tombrello and Vanessa Merton, a professor of law at Pace University School of Law. Merton and Carhart separated in 1968, and she died in 1992. In 1993 Merton married his fellow sociologist and collaborator, Harriet Zuckerman. On February 23, 2003, aged 92, Merton died in Manhattan, survived by his wife, three children, nine grandchildren, and nine great-grandchildren. Career Teaching career Merton taught at Harvard until 1938, when he became professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at Tulane University. In 1941, he joined the Columbia University faculty, where he spent the vast majority of his teaching career. Over his five decades at Columbia University he held numerous prestigious titles. He was associate director of the university's Bureau of Applied Social Research from 1942 to 1971, and named Giddings Professor of Sociology in 1963. He was also named to the university's highest academic rank, University Professor, in 1974 and became a Special Service Professor, a title reserved by the trustees for emeritus faculty who "render special services to the University", upon his retirement in 1979. He was an adjunct faculty member at Rockefeller University, and was also the first Foundation Scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation. He withdrew from teaching in 1984. In recognition of his lasting contributions to scholarship and the university, Columbia established the Robert K. Merton Professorship in the Social Sciences in 1990. Accolades Over his career, Merton published some 50 papers in the sociology of science. Among many other fields and topics to which he contributed his ideas and theories were deviance theory, organization theory, and middle-range theory. Merton received many national and international honors for his research. He was one of the first sociologists elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and the first American sociologist to be elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He was also a member of the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, which awarded him its Parsons Prize, the National Academy of Education, and Academica Europaea. Merton is also credited as the creator of the focus group research method. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1962 and was the first sociologist to be named a MacArthur Fellow (1983–1988). More than twenty universities awarded him honorary degrees, including: Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Chicago University in the US; and, abroad, the Universities of Leiden, Wales, Oslo, Kraków, Oxford, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1994 Merton became the first sociologist to be awarded the US National Medal of Science, for "founding the sociology of science and for his pioneering contributions to the study of social life, especially the self-fulfilling prophecy and the unintended consequences of social action." Theory Middle-range theory Merton's work is often compared to that of Talcott Parsons. Merton enrolled in Parsons' theory course while at Harvard, admiring Parsons' work because it introduced him to European methods of theory, while also broadening his own ideas about sociology. However, unlike Parsons, who emphasized the necessity for social science to establish a general foundation, Merton preferred more limited, middle-range theories. Merton later explained in his writings that "although much impressed by Parsons as a master-builder of sociological theory, I found myself departing from his mode of theorizing (as well as his mode of exposition)." Merton himself fashioned his theory very similarly to that of Emile Durkheim's Suicide (1897) or Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905). Weber had suggested a strong relationship between Protestant beliefs and the Economic activity that gave rise to capitalism. Merton’s extensive research highlighted a complementarity between puritanical Protestant beliefs and science, which developed rapidly in the seventeenth century. Merton believed that middle range theories bypassed the failures of larger theories, which are too distant from observing social behavior in a particular social setting. According to Merton, middle-range theory starts its theorizing with clearly defined aspects of social phenomena, rather than with broad, abstract entities such as society as a whole. Theories of the middle range should be firmly supported by empirical data. These theories must be constructed with observed data to create theoretical problems and to be incorporated in proposals that allow empirical testing. Middle-range theories, applicable to limited ranges of data, transcend sheer description of social phenomena and fill in the blanks between raw empiricism and grand or all-inclusive theory. The identification of middle-range theories or "intermediate provisions", as defined by Rinzivillo (2019), is typical of the specification that passes through functional analysis, developed by Merton in the course of his research on the relationship between theory and empirical research. Unlike the functionalist theorisation proposed by Parsons, Merton proposes a choice that puts in particular evidence the relationship that the researcher should assume in the direction of a pragmatic choice of the instruments and methodology it uses. In this way, the theory can be addressed for heuristic purposes and the empirical research results in the operative aspect of the analysis, where the sociologist is obliged to choose to represent always, not the universe of the variables in play, but a reduction of the field of scientific interest. A strategy, in short, in favor of the survey. Strain theory Merton argued that general strain theory is developed by a blockage in an individual's life which does not allow them to achieve their goal, essentially leading to deviant behaviour. Merton uses the progress of achieving the 'American Dream' as an example. If an individual can not achieve this, it can prove frustrating for the individual and may lead to breaking free into illegal escape routes or anger-based delinquency. This theory has many criticisms as it does not factor in an individual's social class as someone as a lower socio-economic level might not be striving to achieve the 'American Dream', meaning they do not need to carry out illegal acts. This also creates the idea that only people that fall under the bracket of the lower socio-economic are the only ones that will become a criminal and people that have achieved the 'American Dream' will not, which is simply incorrect. Clarifying functional analysis Merton argues that the central orientation of functionalism is in interpreting data by their consequences for larger structures in which they are implicated. Like Durkheim and Parsons, he analyzes society with reference to whether cultural and social structures are well or badly integrated. Merton is also interested in the persistence of societies and defines functions that make for the adaptation of a given social system. He believed that the way these early functionalists put emphasis on functions of one social structure or institution for another, created bias when focusing only on adaptation or adjustment because they would always have a positive consequence. Finally, Merton thinks that shared values are central in explaining how societies and institutions work; however, he disagrees with Parsons on some issues. His belief in empirical testing led to the development of his "paradigm" of functional analysis. According to Merton, paradigm refers to: exemplars of codified basic and often tacit assumptions, problem sets, key concepts, logic of procedure, and selectively accumulated knowledge that guide [theoretical and empirical] inquiry in all scientific fields. Dysfunctions In Merton's writing on dysfunctions, he highlights problems that tend to keep social systems from meeting all of their functional requirements. In doing this, he was able to point out the details as well as the contradictions of the overall concept. One group's function could serve as another group's dysfunction, and a general incident could turn out to be both functional and dysfunctional for the same group. Merton clarified the concept by stating that a certain degree of social cohesion eases the productivity of a group and is therefore functional, but it can become dysfunctional when it surpasses a certain threshold, because then the members of the group may become equally indulgent and fail to hold each other to high performance standards. Merton elaborates on his three main issues or flaws with functionalism, which he labels postulates: the postulate of the functional unity of society; the postulate of universal functionalism; and the postulate of indispensability. The postulate of the functional unity of society refers to the misunderstanding that societies are functional and harmonious unions. According to Merton's perception of functionalism, all standardized social and cultural beliefs and practices are functional for both society as a whole as well as individuals in society. This outlook maintains that various parts of social systems must show a high level of integration, but Merton argues that a generalization like this cannot be extended to larger, more complex societies. Merton points out that not all societies are happy and well-integrated, where the people function well together and all involved prosper. Merton cites examples, such as civil wars, African-Americans in the 1950s, and South African blacks during the apartheid regime as instances where societies were not necessarily functional for all people. The postulate of universal functionalism refers to the idea that all ideals work for everyone in a society. The claim of universal functionalism argues that all standardized social and cultural structures and forms have a positive function. Merton argues that this is a contradiction to what is seen in the real world; not every structure, idea, belief, etc., has positive functions. Merton believes that some things may have consequences that are generally dysfunctional or which are dysfunctional for some and functional for others. For example, poverty may benefit the rich because they are allowed to maintain more of their wealth, but it certainly does not benefit the poor who struggle. On this point he approaches conflict theory, although he does believe that institutions and values can be functional for society as a whole. Merton states that only by recognizing the dysfunctional aspects of institutions, can we explain the development and persistence of alternatives. Merton's concept of dysfunctions is also central to his argument that functionalism is not essentially conservative. Lastly, the postulate of indispensability refers to the social function for customs, ideals, or institutions as a whole. This postulate states that the standardized parts of society have positive functions, and also represent indispensable parts of the working whole, which implies that structures and functions are functionally necessary for society. Here, Merton argues, people must be willing to admit that there exist various structural and functional alternatives within society. In terms of structural functionalism, Merton felt that the focus should be on social functions rather than on individual motives. He raises the question and doubt of whether every social institution performs a specific function, believing that several institutions can provide the same function or none at all, so it is impossible to decipher what functions are vital or not to a society. Net balance To help people determine whether positive functions outweigh dysfunctions, and vice versa, Merton developed the concept of net balance. Because the issues are complex and based on a lot of subjective judgement, they cannot be calculated and weighed easily. Therefore, positive functions and dysfunctions cannot be simply added up and objectively determine which outweighs the other. To deal with these issues, Merton believed that there must be levels of functional analysis. Rather than solely focusing on the analysis of society as a whole, Merton argued that analysis could and should also be done on an organization, institution or group. Unanticipated consequences and manifest vs latent functions Some of the crucial innovations that Merton made to sociology include the description of the unanticipated consequences of social action, of latent functions vs. manifest functions, and, as previously mentioned, of dysfunctions. According to Merton, unanticipated consequences are actions that have both intended and unintended consequences. Everyone is aware of the intended consequences, but the unintended are more difficult to recognize, and therefore, sociological analysis is required to uncover what they may be. In his 1936 essay, "The Unanticipated Consequences of Social Action", Merton uncovered the wide field of human activity where things do not go as planned, and paradoxes and strange outcomes are seen. One of these outcomes is the "self-defeating prophecy", which through the very fact of its being publicized, is actually wrong. Merton was able to illustrate this by referencing Karl Marx's prediction that as societies become more modern, the wealth will be concentrated amongst fewer people, and the majority of society would suffer from poverty and misery. This prediction helped to stimulate the socialist movement, which in some countries slowed the development that Marx had predicted. Struggles for economic equality tend to spread economic benefit rather than concentrating it. The opposite of the "self-defeating prophecy" then, is the "self-fulfilling prophecy", when an originally unfounded prophecy turns out to be correct because it is believed and acted upon. The distinction implied between manifest and latent functions was devised to preclude the unintentional confusion between conscious motivations for our social behavior and its objective consequences. Manifest functions are the consequences that people observe or expect, or what is intended; latent functions are those that are neither recognized nor intended. In distinguishing between manifest and latent functions, Merton argued that one must dig to discover latent functions. His example from his 1949 piece, "Manifest and Latent Functions", was an analysis of political machines. Manifest and latent functions were devised to prelude the inadvertent confusion between conscious motivations for social behavior and its objective consequences. Merton began by describing the negative consequences of political machines, and then changed the angle and demonstrated how the people in charge of the machines, acting in their own interest, were meeting the social needs not met by government institutions. Merton made it very clear however, that unanticipated consequences and latent functions are not the same. Latent functions are one type of unanticipated consequences; functional for the designated system. According to Merton, there are also two other types of unanticipated consequences: "Those that are dysfunctional for a designated system," which comprise the latent dysfunctions; and "Those which are irrelevant to the system which they affect neither functionally or dysfunctionally…non-functional consequences." Merton sees attention to latent functions as increasing the understanding of society: the distinction between manifest and latent forces the sociologist to go beyond the reasons individuals give for their actions or for the existence of customs and institutions; it makes them look for other social consequences that allow these practices' survival and illuminate the way society works. Functional alternatives Functionalists believe societies must have certain characteristics to survive. Merton shares this view but stresses that at the same time particular institutions are not the only ones able to fulfill these functions; a wide range of functional alternatives may be able to perform the same task. This notion of functional alternative is important because it alerts sociologists to the similar functions different institutions may perform and it further reduces the tendency of functionalism to imply approval of the status quo. Theory of deviance Merton's theory on deviance stems from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure and anomie. Merton argued that deviance is most likely to occur when there is a discrepancy between culturally prescribed goals and the legitimate means of obtaining them. Merton defines culture as an "organized set of normative values governing behavior which is common to members of a designated society or group". Social structures are the "organized set of social relationships in which members of the society or group are variously implicated." Anomie, the state of normlessness, arises when there is "an acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals and the socially structured capacities of members of the group to act in accord with them." In his theory, Merton links anomie with deviance and argues that the discontinuity between culture and structure have the dysfunctional consequence of leading to deviance within society. The goal of material success was accepted, but the legitimate means were abandoned in preference for illegitimate ones. So, theft might replace hard work as the means for achieving goals. Merton argued deviance results not from pathological personalities but from the culture and structure of society itself. Value consensus is when all members of society share the same values; however, since members of society are placed in different positions in the social structure, they do not have the same opportunity of realizing the shared values. This can create deviance. The term anomie, derived from Émile Durkheim, for Merton means a discord between cultural goals and the legitimate means available to reach them. Applied to the United States, he sees the American dream as an emphasis on the goal of monetary success, but without a corresponding emphasis on the legitimate avenues to attaining the Dream. In other words, Merton believes that the American Dream is a cultural ideal, but the ways in which people go about obtaining it are not the same. This can lead to a considerable amount of deviance (in the Parsonian sense). This theory is commonly used in the study of criminology (specifically the strain theory). In 1938, Merton’s “Social Structure and Anomie,” one of the most important works of structural theory in American sociology, Merton’s basic assumption was that the individual is not just in a structured system of action but that his or her actions may be forced by the demands of the system. Merton argued that when the economic system fails to provide legitimate means to earn an income, and status, the cultural logic of the social system may force the individual to act in ways that are culturally logical, even if illegal. In this rubric, conformity refers to the attaining of societal goals by socially accepted means, while innovation refers to the attaining of those goals in unaccepted ways (such as crime and deviance). Innovators find and create their own ways to obtain what they want, and a majority of the time, these new means are considered to be socially unaccepted and deviant. Merton considers ritualism the acceptance of the means but the forfeit of the goals. Ritualists continue to subscribe to the means, but they have rejected the overall goal; they are not viewed as deviant. Retreatism is the rejection of both the means and the goals. Retreaters want to find a way to escape from everything and therefore reject both the goals and the means and are seen as deviant. Rebellion differs from the other four approaches in a number of ways. Temporally, rebellion is a short-term response (unlike the other four). Like retreaters, rebels reject both existing societal goals and means, but unlike retreaters, rebels work at the macro level to replace those existing societal goals and means with new goals and means embodying other values. Innovation and ritualism are the pure cases of anomie as Merton defined it because in both cases there is a contradiction or discontinuity between goals and means. Sociology of science and CUDOS The sociology of science was a field that Merton was very interested in and remained very passionate about throughout his career. Merton was interested in the interactions and importance between social and cultural structures and science. For example, he did pioneering historical research in his PhD dissertation on the role of military institutions in stimulating scientific research during the era of the Scientific Revolution. Merton carried out extensive research into the sociology of science, developing the Merton Thesis explaining some of the religious causes of the Scientific Revolution, and the Mertonian norms of science, often referred to by the acronym "CUDOS". This is a set of ideals that are dictated by what Merton takes to be the goals and methods of science and to be binding on scientists. They include: Communism: the common ownership of scientific discoveries, according to which scientists give up intellectual property in exchange for recognition and esteem. Universalism: according to which claims to truth are evaluated in terms of universal or impersonal criteria, and not on the basis of race, class, gender, religion, or nationality; Disinterestedness: according to which scientists are rewarded for acting in ways that outwardly appear to be selfless; and Organized Skepticism: all ideas must be tested and are subject to rigorous, structured community scrutiny. The "OS" in "CUDOS" is sometimes identified as "Originality" (i.e. novelty in research contributions) and "Skepticism". This is a subsequent modification of Merton's norm set, as he did not refer to Originality in the 1942 essay that introduced the norms, "The Normative Structure of Science". Merton introduced many concepts to the sociology of science, including: "obliteration by incorporation", referring to when a concept becomes so popularized that its inventor is forgotten; and "multiples", referring to independent similar discoveries. Merton and his colleagues spent much time studying "how the social system of science works in accordance with, and often also in contradiction to, the ethos of science." This newer focus on the social organization of science led Merton to study the reward system in science, priority disputes between scientists, and the way in which famous scientists often receive disproportionate credit for their contributions, while less-known scientists receive less credit than their contributions merit. Merton called this phenomenon the "Matthew effect". (See also Stigler's law of eponymy.) As a result of the Matilda effect, Harriet Zuckerman is credited by Merton as co-author of the Matthew effect. With his study of the Matthew effect, Merton showed how the social system of science sometimes deviated structurally from the ethos of science, in this case by violating the norm of universalism: a few top scientists enjoying large chunks of awards, grants and jobs, and the spread and distribution of resources and recognition among scientists being highly skewed. On the Shoulders of Giants Merton referred to his book On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript as "OTSOG"—"part parody and part history of ideas", according to the publisher. In OTSOG, he traces the history of Newton's famous comment "If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants" back to centuries earlier, in the rambling style of Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Influences Merton was heavily influenced by Talcott Parsons and to a much lesser degree of Pitirim Sorokin. Indeed, Merton's choice of dissertation topic reflect profoundly the interest from Parsons and was not of Sorokin's liking. Hence, Sorokin was strongly opposed to the emphasis of the creativity of Puritanism, which was a central element in Merton's discussion. Merton, however, managed to have both men on his dissertation committee. Merton worked with Sorokin as a graduate student at Harvard University. However, intellectuals like Paul Lazarsfeld influenced Merton to occupy himself with middle-range theories. Yet Merton's general theoretical perspectives were much closer to Parsons than Sorokin. He was also influenced by Lawrence Joseph (L.J.) Henderson, who taught him something about the disciplined investigation of what is first entertained as an interesting idea. E.F. Gay also played a role in Merton's thought, as did the famous historian of science George Sarton, who allowed Merton to work with him at Harvard and is believed to have inspired Merton to have interest in science. Émile Durkheim and Georg Simmel also greatly contributed to Merton's understanding of sociology and to his own ideas. Legacy Today, Merton is viewed as one of the founding fathers of modern-day sociology. His works are seen as the driving force of many of today's sociologists' studies. Merton's friends and colleagues credit his guidance to the positive direction of modern sociology as well. In particular, Columbia provost Jonathan R. Cole who studied under Merton praised him shortly after his death, saying: Bob Merton became the leader of structural-functional analysis in sociology, and the leader of those sociologists who attempted to create social theories that could be empirically tested. He was an inspirational teacher and editor, and with his students, such as James S. Coleman and Seymour Martin Lipset, among many others who would become leading figures in the field, he helped to build and legitimate the field of sociology in America. For me, he was a model teacher and mentor, a trusted colleague, and a close friend. His death, in many ways, puts a period at the end of 20th-century sociology. Through his theory and research during his many decades as a sociologist, Merton essentially created and sustained what is the modern sociology of science. The Robert K. Merton Award for the best paper in analytical sociology, has been awarded annually by the International Network of Analytical Sociology since 2013. Publications 1938. "Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England." Osiris 4(2):360–632. This publication made Merton well known among historians of science. It was strongly influenced by Boris Hessen's famous 1931 Marxist account, The Socio-economic Roots of Newton's Principia, which he defended in a paper "Science and the Economy of Seventeenth Century England". However, Merton also supplemented Hessen's analysis of the technological determinants of the fields of inquiry of seventeenth-century science with a study of the influence of religion (especially Protestantism) on the social legitimacy of science as a profession: the so-called "Merton Thesis". He also supported Hessen's arguments by revealing how military problems influenced the research agendas of the Royal Society. 1938. "Social Structure and Anomie." American Sociological Review 3:672–82. 1942. "The Normative Structure of Science" 1949. Social Theory and Social Structure (revised and expanded in 1957 and 1968) 1965. On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript 1973. The Sociology of Science 1976. Sociological Ambivalence 1979. The Sociology of Science: An Episodic Memoir 1985. "George Sarton: Episodic Recollections by an Unruly Apprentice." Isis 76(4):470–86. 1996. On Social Structure and Science, edited by Piotr Sztompka 2004. The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science See also Historic recurrence Logology (science of science) Narcotizing dysfunction Role set Sociology of scientific knowledge References Notes Citations Further reading Deflem, Mathieu. 2018. "Anomie, Strain, and Opportunity Structure: Robert K. Merton's Paradigm of Deviant Behavior." Pp. 140–55 in The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology, edited by R. A. Triplett. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. — 2018. "Merton, Robert K." The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, edited by B. S. Turner. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Poros, Maritsa V., and Elizabeth Needham. 2004. "Writings of Robert K. Merton." Social Studies of Science 34(6):863–78. . External links . Robert K. Merton Selected Publications — posted by E. Garfield, University of Pennsylvania. Robert K. Merton papers, 1928–2003, bulk 1943–2001 — Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Columbia University Archival Collections. Robert K. Merton (1910–2003) — by F. W. Elwell, Rogers State University. 1910 births 2003 deaths American people of Russian-Jewish descent American sociologists Columbia University faculty Functionalism (social theory) Harvard University alumni Historians of science Jewish American social scientists Jewish sociologists MacArthur Fellows Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Medal of Science laureates Presidents of the American Sociological Association Public administration scholars Sociologists of science Medical sociologists Temple University alumni Structural functionalism Russell Sage Foundation Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy	[ -0.07697286456823349, 0.23781785368919373, -0.821588397026062, 0.09539549052715302, -0.2317211776971817, 0.6436516046524048, 0.7564381957054138, -0.3289688527584076, -0.2143155187368393, -0.04852989688515663, -0.18024998903274536, 0.10989152640104294, -0.43762117624282837, 0.06107821315526962, 0.13038630783557892, 0.1879284530878067, 0.32509568333625793, -0.7392632365226746, -0.4298802614212036, -0.2923714220523834, -0.16668106615543365, -0.028337392956018448, -0.17970030009746552, 0.13939973711967468, 0.15761242806911469, 0.17670269310474396, -0.13047446310520172, -0.4391549527645111, 0.010534725151956081, 0.1966349333524704, 0.648884654045105, 0.27747929096221924, 0.17563238739967346, -0.00680906604975462, -0.1910739243030548, 0.1501292735338211, -0.44317978620529175, 0.1815081685781479, -0.01910766214132309, 0.04451699182391167, -0.36152389645576477, 0.20678801834583282, -0.2185538113117218, 0.07062621414661407, 0.0673648789525032, -0.2950088083744049, -1.5032893419265747, 0.37686991691589355, -0.9627775549888611, -0.1354101300239563, -0.10107594728469849, 0.46606674790382385, 0.6174746155738831, 0.227298766374588, -0.5821853876113892, 0.2735026776790619, -0.7267292141914368, -0.32033270597457886, 0.11825282126665115, -0.7692625522613525, 0.20122164487838745, -0.3114837408065796, 0.5048410892486572, -0.14888235926628113, 0.558642566204071, 0.5266022086143494, 0.16741810739040375, 0.41053900122642517, 0.01725124754011631, -0.31988057494163513, -0.36601269245147705, -0.010665377601981163, -0.1312834769487381, 0.2654823064804077, 0.1478971391916275, -0.8328170776367188, 0.5946515202522278, -0.2465147227048874, -0.42711910605430603, 0.23273193836212158, 0.0982675701379776, -0.08433899283409119, 0.21510545909404755, 0.5301659107208252, 0.6213980913162231, -0.20122605562210083, -0.6714432239532471, 0.33867019414901733, -0.6369526386260986, 0.11409184336662292, -0.020658116787672043, 0.12936562299728394, 0.5071418285369873, -0.18136733770370483, -0.5024829506874084, 0.7093931436538696, 1.1060333251953125, 0.13414478302001953, -0.14403770864009857, -0.31902965903282166, -0.19183564186096191, 0.11156579107046127, 0.5930283665657043, -0.2261398285627365, -0.14396123588085175, -0.20377421379089355, 0.5318903923034668, -0.7544545531272888, -0.25179460644721985, -0.3932439386844635, -0.8234982490539551, 0.15298716723918915, -0.24169616401195526, -0.03870010003447533, 0.03253895044326782, 1.1452341079711914, 0.41037529706954956, -0.7539278864860535, -0.5509803891181946, 0.4143366515636444, -0.7278638482093811, -0.20825663208961487, -0.021708568558096886, 0.8202396035194397, -0.26346921920776367, -0.5286240577697754, 0.3834986984729767, 0.198997363448143, -0.32638615369796753, 0.3716287314891815, 0.21029356122016907, 1.2484360933303833, 0.12117193639278412, -0.3623351752758026, -0.5257830619812012, -0.10238933563232422, 0.5839060544967651, 0.18393616378307343, -0.5521466135978699, 0.7732836008071899, -0.07607753574848175, -0.5973473787307739, 0.13759711384773254, 0.18687643110752106, 0.8065369725227356, -0.46755537390708923, 0.2433129996061325, -0.06490381807088852, -0.28455647826194763, -0.29321831464767456, -0.13673394918441772, 0.6743957996368408, 0.08167261630296707, -0.5618634819984436, 0.22476571798324585, 0.9384155869483948, 0.3695794641971588, 0.371359258890152, 0.03392751142382622, 0.20541970431804657, 0.13564962148666382, 0.029832493513822556, -0.37222614884376526, -0.3994523584842682, -0.041813287883996964, -0.6113401055335999, -0.11714520305395126, -0.18597489595413208, -0.10965871810913086, 0.21942201256752014, -0.04749389365315437, -0.2982822358608246, 0.5145261883735657, -0.43441876769065857, 0.05051654577255249, 0.8472579717636108, 0.5467125773429871, 0.29901430010795593, 0.4145580232143402, -0.2612943649291992, -0.20070749521255493, -0.2739886939525604, -0.2635030150413513, 0.11880744248628616, 0.11076059937477112, -0.2915782034397125, 0.3744417130947113, 0.0006235897890292108, 0.040235329419374466, -0.20277845859527588, -0.3268088698387146, -0.09240923076868057, -0.3266655206680298, -0.3237892687320709, 1.4975786209106445, -0.05858294665813446, 0.02796708047389984, 0.7894636392593384, -0.09566246718168259, 0.17176619172096252, -0.3974069356918335, -0.20706678926944733, -0.4234556257724762, 0.020557759329676628, -0.3956303596496582, 0.0066789016127586365, 0.47776737809181213, -0.21518613398075104, 0.1297793984413147, 0.8223363757133484, -0.03466235473752022, -0.35340753197669983, -0.005618544761091471, -0.2462998330593109, -0.6407780051231384, 0.025207873433828354, -0.05116689205169678, 0.1488773077726364, 0.4814755320549011, -0.37644830346107483, 0.547821581363678, -0.25256866216659546, 0.4389786124229431, 0.4236576557159424, 0.2010994851589203, 0.2529714107513428, 0.36322781443595886, 0.14557000994682312, 0.49515241384506226, -0.6460224986076355, 0.10028477013111115, 0.23966632783412933, 0.3431108891963959, -0.6109346747398376, -0.22360922396183014, 0.2191314995288849, -0.05991065502166748, -0.35047560930252075, -0.11556573957204819, -0.43059948086738586, 0.4167376756668091, 0.09229321032762527, 0.125657856464386, 0.28273019194602966, -0.3864153027534485, -0.31708842515945435, -0.019723951816558838, -0.29409152269363403, -0.650924026966095, 0.7051224708557129, -0.5173218846321106, 1.2667553424835205, 0.630469799041748, -0.3612094521522522, -0.09620644152164459, 0.021416103467345238, 0.4173687696456909, 0.09695447981357574, 0.8100626468658447, -0.12268929928541183, 0.3433958888053894, -0.14721307158470154, -0.3052762746810913, -0.21088850498199463, -0.4659554362297058, 0.1422906368970871, 0.28631216287612915, -0.2131592482328415, -0.12018731236457825, 0.2797263562679291, 0.4248032867908478, -0.411876916885376, -0.16920793056488037, 0.4135958254337311, 0.07822272181510925, -0.9160889387130737, -0.09410365670919418, 0.04559282958507538, -0.06551466882228851, -0.8434473872184753, 0.12231379002332687, 0.2691417932510376, -0.010902773588895798, -0.270231693983078, 0.5160554647445679, -0.4209268391132355, -0.3651304841041565, -0.2986859381198883, 0.8531200289726257, 0.0759008526802063, -0.3749111592769623, 0.8636187314987183, -0.41433843970298767, -0.8558996319770813, -0.46078506112098694, 0.5512694120407104, -0.40607380867004395, -0.3958249092102051, -0.08105318248271942, 0.11820721626281738, -0.5530967712402344, 0.5489174127578735, -0.01625913195312023, 0.6609914302825928, 1.0951744318008423, 0.38345783948898315, -0.057151272892951965, 0.3329436182975769, -5.441778182983398, 0.1626732349395752, 0.23704341053962708, -0.06997787952423096, -0.049826305359601974, 0.8419660925865173, 0.5757426023483276, -0.5232877731323242, -0.1534053534269333, -0.7338610887527466, -0.34338194131851196, -0.15139397978782654, -0.3734877109527588, 0.8360292911529541, 0.21314767003059387, -0.24565435945987701, 0.06617648154497147, -0.128393292427063, -0.14472198486328125, 0.4920329451560974, -0.3344939649105072, -0.0998571366071701, -0.35891950130462646, 0.18657778203487396, 0.20303744077682495, 0.3085961937904358, -0.4920746088027954, 0.45091861486434937, -0.9913089275360107, -0.19893108308315277, -0.10752584040164948, -0.4524950087070465, -0.39922913908958435, -0.5496327877044678, -0.024164775386452675, 0.45362207293510437, 0.2154291719198227, 0.43030834197998047, -0.4269609749317169, 0.2793768048286438, -0.026191748678684235, 0.09902695566415787, -0.5092356204986572, -0.2596034109592438, 0.379422128200531, 0.48951584100723267, -0.06786306202411652, 0.13661496341228485, -0.5572174191474915, 0.1974736750125885, 0.029701881110668182, 0.3374517560005188, 0.21264344453811646, -0.40810883045196533, 0.1468072086572647, -0.10114750266075134, 0.4992270767688751, -0.39502349495887756, -0.36163797974586487, -0.5315959453582764, 1.0934206247329712, -0.3875565230846405, 0.005252041853964329, -0.22841688990592957, -0.39510437846183777, -0.41064196825027466, 0.15063004195690155, 0.0404110886156559, 0.12983034551143646, -0.07810324430465698, -0.17638176679611206, 1.4377168416976929, 0.15283209085464478, -1.1025986671447754, -0.3418509066104889, -0.1474725902080536, -0.3719433546066284, -0.20653055608272552, -0.15962302684783936, 0.3647562563419342, -0.317965567111969, -0.7950630187988281, -0.49693289399147034, 0.559778094291687, 0.14051900804042816, 0.05956538766622543, -0.0803183764219284, 0.4968549311161041, -0.9700769186019897, 0.11394347995519638, -0.6557446718215942, -0.2236805409193039, 0.250274658203125, 0.4246560037136078, 0.2118910700082779, 0.24312885105609894, -0.30938097834587097, 0.23757237195968628, 0.10782688111066818, 0.45533332228660583, -0.465976357460022, -0.29851871728897095, 0.06518694013357162, -0.6469549536705017, 0.2411169409751892, -0.14235761761665344, -0.43003058433532715, 0.5179142951965332, 0.31811195611953735, 0.25923314690589905, -0.16646386682987213, 0.16069208085536957, -0.21432875096797943, -0.14384257793426514, 0.866421103477478, 0.0621640607714653, -0.3160126209259033, 0.1443091481924057, 0.5236396789550781, 0.3636462986469269, -0.1757718324661255, 0.32185882329940796, -0.5186206698417664, 0.5517590641975403, 0.5517601370811462, -0.7316433191299438, 0.4458029270172119, 0.07717981189489365, -0.30084550380706787, -0.16655272245407104, -0.020244108512997627, 1.0925240516662598, 0.12545925378799438, 0.20224133133888245, 0.36420688033103943, 0.1259557008743286, -0.5969486832618713, -0.49151450395584106, 0.13213787972927094, 0.40999138355255127, 0.013555154204368591, -0.16102038323879242, 0.12695953249931335, 0.3989231586456299, 0.01708437129855156, -0.16077879071235657, 0.02038191258907318, 0.09607066959142685, -0.030853379517793655, 0.6173676252365112, 0.16795037686824799, -0.2650179862976074, 0.6798882484436035, 0.06695106625556946, -0.1853330433368683, -0.6381048560142517, 0.40192529559135437, 0.31881365180015564, -0.439551442861557, 0.13474921882152557, -0.3223746418952942, -0.10949722677469254, -0.8446073532104492, -1.0681225061416626, -0.04924770072102547, 0.00012856766988988966, -0.3492225706577301, -0.7059388160705566, -0.4490341544151306, 0.17789854109287262, -0.4828720688819885, -0.7156013250350952, -0.12487734854221344, -0.2604489028453827, 0.07434197515249252, 0.34112781286239624, -0.13989368081092834, -0.0784190222620964, -0.6595671772956848, 0.32489317655563354, 0.6046156883239746, 0.036888618022203445, -0.4892054498195648, 0.5493793487548828, 0.6484308242797852, -0.7538415193557739, -0.15300150215625763, -0.10174911469221115, -0.1365470439195633, 0.15184107422828674, -0.0037054885178804398, -0.13993649184703827, 0.37059080600738525, 0.8609063625335693, -0.17944352328777313, -0.27006083726882935, -0.014673866331577301, -0.4475376605987549, -0.4964434504508972, -0.3611384928226471, 0.4928913414478302, 0.7754032015800476, -0.12912648916244507, -0.14889584481716156, 0.6971125602722168, -0.9061000347137451, -0.28896427154541016, -0.2644016444683075, 0.052110373973846436, 0.7923563718795776, -0.5707171559333801, -0.17264960706233978, -0.2621479034423828, -0.04331275820732117, -0.6583219170570374, 0.19530539214611053, 0.4669739305973053, -0.5673666596412659, -0.7922378182411194, -0.24571718275547028, 0.16966435313224792, 0.15750283002853394, -0.3999875485897064, -0.221571147441864, -0.44587093591690063, 0.3288528025150299, 0.3621738851070404, -0.26928532123565674, 0.4481232166290283, -0.13629403710365295, -0.12698957324028015, -0.48507723212242126, -0.0730457678437233, 0.16511690616607666, -0.5481725931167603, -0.6885654926300049, 0.4967024326324463, 0.6836138963699341, -0.2633734941482544, 0.0590837262570858, 0.058525215834379196, 0.9702674746513367, 0.14989930391311646, -0.21452555060386658, -0.024698926135897636, -0.653606116771698, 1.0375850200653076, -0.11296846717596054, 0.061229705810546875, 0.2313700020313263, -0.15963555872440338, -0.2624516487121582, -0.17570336163043976, -0.615505576133728, 0.5772554874420166, -0.08387956023216248, -0.30971214175224304, -0.36518362164497375, 0.2674598693847656, -0.6623719334602356, -0.18750005960464478, -0.03675255924463272, -0.6551638245582581, -0.0316954180598259, -0.591009259223938, -0.09624535590410233, 0.21607822179794312, 0.057292819023132324, 0.19607006013393402, -0.9683927297592163, 0.07861415296792984, -0.6794790625572205, -0.18015703558921814, 0.21205446124076843, 0.0331093892455101, 0.033856991678476334, 0.07857326418161392, -0.1125541403889656, -0.00855032168328762, -0.9671795964241028, -0.5047421455383301, 0.38293400406837463, -0.05407977104187012, -0.5072568655014038, 0.3142225742340088, -0.39673495292663574, 0.419871062040329, -0.4954517185688019, -0.10153988748788834, 0.22135354578495026, -0.6172441840171814, 0.36024460196495056, 0.19987569749355316, 0.26038306951522827, -0.07278747856616974, -0.1323358118534088, 0.00817147921770811, 0.8317591547966003, -0.22825442254543304, -0.24708081781864166, -0.037014588713645935, -0.007115283980965614, 0.36961445212364197, -0.7765598297119141, 0.611040472984314, -0.24739500880241394, -0.3718847632408142, 0.04598383232951164, -0.11052504181861877, 0.7255209684371948, 0.5747877359390259, 0.07502993196249008, 0.3567551374435425, -0.0034807065967470407, -1.2122018337249756, 0.19532369077205658, 0.5812329053878784, -0.5600895881652832, 0.2755734324455261, -0.3559952676296234, 0.0739998072385788, 0.5101798176765442, 0.470340371131897, -0.7145695090293884, 0.2243158519268036, 0.5160248279571533, -0.10449019074440002, 0.38061293959617615, -0.5328328609466553, 0.0958482176065445, 0.5019576549530029, 0.36164718866348267, -0.4668135941028595, 0.026478463783860207, -0.1523316204547882, -0.0026889711152762175, 0.15145288407802582, -0.12504877150058746, -0.005235467106103897, 0.5925703644752502, 0.22924380004405975, 0.24178726971149445, -0.567171573638916, 0.21331259608268738, 0.027762163430452347, 0.27791211009025574, 0.4535312354564667, -0.06620730459690094, 0.10611563920974731, 0.8074758648872375, 0.9914751648902893, 0.21526792645454407, 0.3643675744533539, -0.21996188163757324, 0.3563227653503418, -0.40562108159065247, 0.3078601062297821, -0.196260467171669, -0.6320210695266724, -0.28606244921684265, -0.033654194325208664, -0.017785057425498962, 0.45308926701545715, 0.03720725700259209, 0.3565550446510315, 0.36295458674430847, 0.11868330836296082, -0.9083257913589478, 0.05675694718956947, 0.09053099155426025, 0.16802099347114563, -0.4283486604690552, -0.38049063086509705, 0.6549312472343445, 0.17300540208816528, -0.031921617686748505, 0.7367187142372131, -0.05991940572857857, -0.13702593743801117, -0.40223535895347595, -0.41127249598503113, 0.1408003568649292, -0.12673421204090118, -0.15119728446006775, 0.0372469425201416, 0.2462003380060196, 0.45737361907958984, 0.3449111580848694, -0.46155259013175964, -0.1799091398715973, 0.20256702601909637, -0.48080044984817505, 0.4131145179271698, 0.5440235137939453, -0.8161413073539734, 0.48943769931793213, 0.10894854366779327, 0.766086757183075, 0.5898889899253845, -0.06014225631952286, -0.4952835738658905, 0.203889861702919, -0.6700165271759033, -0.1198694035410881, -0.3268034756183624, 0.2387935370206833, -0.6263156533241272, -0.5587589740753174, -0.534572184085846, 0.6612764000892639, 0.20384791493415833, 0.29451215267181396, -0.5559253096580505, 0.8242862820625305, -0.3885124921798706, 1.1761232614517212, 0.2429760992527008, -0.1976635754108429, -0.21885234117507935, 0.006632642354816198, 0.138263538479805, 0.1042308658361435, 0.17884373664855957, -0.015980524942278862, -0.6703497171401978, 0.19340908527374268, 0.9191662669181824, -0.195856511592865, 0.03850613906979561, 0.028056904673576355, -0.04070380702614784, 0.38512396812438965, -0.6119145154953003, -0.09798093885183334, 0.5660334825515747, -0.49088597297668457, 0.537135124206543, 0.5806576013565063, 0.17384469509124756, -0.823986291885376, 0.4025999903678894, 0.3100912570953369, -0.28512412309646606, -0.000891595205757767, 0.012682541273534298, 0.2714320421218872, 0.04746418818831444, -0.08778282254934311, 0.3056935966014862, 0.2259741723537445, 0.001664274139329791, -0.006334309931844473, -0.3254653215408325, -1.0232163667678833, 0.23791982233524323, 0.1484779417514801, 0.5853095650672913, 0.16805550456047058, 0.5710269808769226, -0.22630466520786285 ]
230601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdem%C4%81rpils	Valdemārpils	Valdemārpils (; ) (called Sasmaka until 1926) is a town in northwestern Latvia, in Talsi Municipality. The town is named after Krišjānis Valdemārs, born in nearby Valdgale parish (then part of Ārlava parish), who was one of the leaders of the First Latvian National Awakening. He is celebrated in the town with a memorial stone. Famous Jewish bibliographer and book collector Ephraim Deinard was born here in 1846. References External links Towns in Latvia 1917 establishments in Latvia Populated places established in 1917 Talsi Municipality	[ -0.10507597774267197, 0.12296658754348755, 0.2785111367702484, 0.1110554188489914, 0.028038159012794495, 0.4852902889251709, 0.7298149466514587, 0.5743944644927979, -0.31035029888153076, -0.2681105136871338, -0.0779234766960144, -0.01157937478274107, -0.04552147537469864, 0.6493351459503174, -0.7191275954246521, 0.5166869163513184, 0.08340325206518173, -0.14315129816532135, 0.40147271752357483, -0.3167687654495239, -0.06970129907131195, -0.0713164433836937, 0.6300474405288696, 0.4318837821483612, -0.1986304521560669, -0.09850998222827911, 0.2165195196866989, 0.7826154828071594, 0.6245089769363403, 0.20207981765270233, -0.5745670199394226, 1.3555595874786377, -0.23438534140586853, -0.12206516414880753, 0.005362757947295904, 0.31842994689941406, -0.16330929100513458, -0.40186142921447754, 0.05461586266756058, -0.25557559728622437, -0.19201315939426422, -0.1654151827096939, -0.1712520271539688, -0.3600481450557709, -0.06619792431592941, -0.674910843372345, -0.642395555973053, 0.5968673229217529, -1.3944188356399536, 0.12432824820280075, -0.8743265271186829, -0.07878200709819794, 0.11538052558898926, 0.22669611871242523, 0.07402663677930832, -0.42507657408714294, -0.6415933966636658, 0.17291298508644104, 0.6188440918922424, 0.618156373500824, 0.196897953748703, 0.32790303230285645, -0.6203017830848694, -0.11685110628604889, 0.5768353939056396, -0.1894896775484085, 0.15588988363742828, -0.008169331587851048, 0.5076375007629395, -0.8439874053001404, -0.4784276485443115, 0.4388485848903656, 0.026973186060786247, -0.3200629651546478, 0.4086006283760071, -0.31176888942718506, -0.42062997817993164, -0.05915599316358566, 0.2900253236293793, -0.25267326831817627, 0.07298187166452408, -0.5825577974319458, 0.9337124228477478, 0.2676685154438019, 0.09689275920391083, 0.07678724825382233, -0.04814377799630165, -0.019172925502061844, -0.4679686427116394, 0.6879769563674927, -0.29008784890174866, -0.22579658031463623, 0.82004714012146, -0.10936523973941803, 0.037383101880550385, 0.10292444378137589, -0.8195084929466248, 0.6135373711585999, 0.516593873500824, 0.6189911365509033, -0.22238413989543915, 0.3952386975288391, 0.3950168192386627, 0.07979276776313782, -0.29926857352256775, -0.2837831377983093, -0.5029082894325256, 0.23449751734733582, -0.4592667818069458, -0.3853139877319336, -0.8604695796966553, 0.47722384333610535, 0.07442691922187805, 0.2540317475795746, 0.20514072477817535, 0.5134138464927673, 0.15792493522167206, -0.5585604906082153, -0.5877503156661987, -0.026728739961981773, 0.1594168096780777, 0.6269555687904358, -0.1711847186088562, -0.08091297745704651, -0.13528823852539062, 0.29715022444725037, 0.20872223377227783, 0.3501388430595398, -0.1858379989862442, 0.8451249003410339, -0.015703940764069557, 0.9447239637374878, -0.5924044251441956, 0.6053834557533264, 0.1485234797000885, 0.29805174469947815, 0.08981173485517502, 0.08647633343935013, -0.09021256119012833, 0.22767867147922516, -1.2246721982955933, 0.39487889409065247, -0.5032464861869812, -0.003949098754674196, 0.43056613206863403, -0.2395300418138504, 0.4049501419067383, -0.4271935224533081, -0.21762004494667053, -0.5509793162345886, 0.8544309735298157, -0.06378848105669022, 0.044972240924835205, 0.26250267028808594, -0.39203396439552307, -0.16460493206977844, 0.09504082053899765, 0.27307602763175964, 0.18816132843494415, 0.6685878038406372, 0.24031220376491547, 0.38578957319259644, 0.5565037131309509, 0.4973353147506714, 0.30303916335105896, -0.0016458450118079782, -0.058556199073791504, -0.020749330520629883, 0.8060328364372253, 0.266416996717453, -0.25879499316215515, 0.29383906722068787, -0.1683604121208191, -0.079755038022995, 0.05292249470949173, -0.08588171750307083, 0.2630603611469269, 0.6120142340660095, 0.053246382623910904, -0.8627148270606995, -0.4900853633880615, 0.32605209946632385, 0.07948078215122223, 0.2411642223596573, 0.0256151482462883, 0.5674287676811218, 0.3550190329551697, 0.3614068925380707, 0.32886528968811035, -0.15733247995376587, -0.42140093445777893, -0.27707362174987793, 0.5765417218208313, 0.20396271347999573, 0.8782025575637817, 0.33379635214805603, -0.5411336421966553, 0.34044891595840454, -0.3958666920661926, 0.5816588997840881, -0.41475987434387207, -0.22721099853515625, 0.15074527263641357, -0.14171083271503448, -0.12774407863616943, 0.15243937075138092, -0.09793532639741898, -0.26426902413368225, 0.05133146792650223, 0.5254207253456116, -0.3622719645500183, -0.618836522102356, -0.014111819677054882, 0.6084099411964417, -0.060055725276470184, -0.32625848054885864, -0.36622968316078186, 0.2363136261701584, 0.6351401209831238, -0.5065680146217346, 0.6710754632949829, -0.2639102041721344, -0.2487349808216095, -0.43446433544158936, 0.03775008022785187, 0.2876203954219818, 0.7467250227928162, 0.06916673481464386, 0.1723659336566925, -0.5159428119659424, 0.13290639221668243, 0.310229629278183, 0.6641176342964172, -0.16489247977733612, 0.00964027363806963, 0.061650387942790985, -0.14224879443645477, -0.5922332406044006, 0.5243953466415405, -0.4051758050918579, 0.41797444224357605, 0.21210990846157074, 0.339243620634079, 0.0051085734739899635, 0.7490207552909851, 0.9131118059158325, -0.10253705084323883, 0.42914989590644836, -0.42131900787353516, -0.822594404220581, -0.5091219544410706, -0.07380266487598419, -0.4382363259792328, -0.07155560702085495, -0.10661303997039795, 0.4843364357948303, 0.2718696594238281, -0.06582455337047577, 0.06988152116537094, 0.43931999802589417, -0.5563423037528992, 0.23711609840393066, 0.21114696562290192, 0.8063979744911194, -0.38299325108528137, -0.48121288418769836, 0.2078566551208496, -0.2918629050254822, 0.4981909394264221, 0.07004619389772415, 0.05969856679439545, -0.5493363738059998, -0.4821624755859375, 0.2375660389661789, 0.5479556918144226, -0.5647550821304321, -0.34496423602104187, 0.2616744935512543, -0.6863131523132324, 0.17232877016067505, 0.4190446734428406, 0.6225548982620239, 0.18237225711345673, -0.647458553314209, -0.2783294916152954, -0.16821986436843872, 0.14995130896568298, 0.26866862177848816, -0.08356186747550964, -0.10342953354120255, 0.1936270147562027, 0.20386840403079987, -0.7386147379875183, 0.30915379524230957, -0.6287556886672974, -0.1731795221567154, -0.4552284777164459, -0.15044093132019043, 0.6718775629997253, -0.372879296541214, -0.922951877117157, -0.032241929322481155, -0.6140667796134949, 0.2089756578207016, -0.08284521847963333, -0.0676211267709732, 0.39457619190216064, -0.004851990845054388, -5.08263635635376, -0.06390056014060974, -0.5432540774345398, -0.2556726336479187, 0.07807085663080215, -0.20353196561336517, 0.779344379901886, -0.4766447842121124, 0.04403669759631157, -0.08209891617298126, 0.39502978324890137, 0.02336978353559971, 0.11033808439970016, 1.2194154262542725, 0.9517231583595276, 0.31931251287460327, 0.5572934746742249, 0.3345227837562561, 0.3900173604488373, -0.3142792880535126, -0.0031050818506628275, 0.024690618738532066, -0.20413632690906525, 0.288042277097702, 0.22838561236858368, 0.33388882875442505, 0.2868363857269287, 0.23979520797729492, -0.8076545000076294, -0.7310876250267029, -0.28868770599365234, -0.17594794929027557, 0.3148726522922516, -0.001995615428313613, -0.0733623206615448, -0.11680258065462112, -0.04801885783672333, 0.7654664516448975, 0.42549964785575867, -0.7220973968505859, 0.13805003464221954, 0.23608748614788055, 0.07494596391916275, -0.32735684514045715, 0.7870004773139954, -0.06066914275288582, -0.2648506760597229, 0.4604061543941498, 0.044764645397663116, 0.7605130076408386, 0.8663694858551025, -0.5873777866363525, 0.3710043430328369, -0.12021312117576599, 0.1968720406293869, -0.15951599180698395, 0.37013980746269226, -0.09216123819351196, -0.37993839383125305, 1.706526279449463, 0.2811761796474457, 0.011882839724421501, -0.0316101610660553, -1.2837270498275757, 0.09983209520578384, -0.4707651734352112, -0.10529343038797379, 0.2132895290851593, 0.47022581100463867, 0.4631989300251007, -0.163271963596344, 0.4197593629360199, -0.8072904348373413, -0.9801338315010071, 0.2280505895614624, -0.9660063982009888, -0.5399997234344482, -0.1790211945772171, -0.3145851492881775, 0.6783864498138428, -0.18949486315250397, -0.25038856267929077, -0.32540684938430786, 0.5483326315879822, 0.6368647217750549, -0.4567382037639618, -0.08142773807048798, 0.07615688443183899, -0.27785080671310425, -0.8756433129310608, 0.8254663348197937, -0.24338345229625702, 0.6303736567497253, -0.27570581436157227, -0.513754665851593, 0.7881856560707092, -0.14555591344833374, -0.0855826810002327, -0.2571370303630829, -0.6000205278396606, 0.49757954478263855, -0.42893049120903015, 0.7452295422554016, -0.29673969745635986, -0.03804897144436836, 0.039193183183670044, 0.1529597043991089, 0.13827833533287048, 0.5446282029151917, -0.3293655812740326, 0.11968786269426346, 0.29628831148147583, 0.014845630154013634, -0.729594886302948, 0.34222158789634705, 0.050096940249204636, -0.15082015097141266, 0.975142240524292, -0.09157203882932663, 0.08829069137573242, 0.026634538546204567, 0.0688529834151268, 0.546151340007782, -0.08516878634691238, -0.1555795967578888, -0.9824879765510559, -0.02831306867301464, 0.3456932604312897, -0.2876622974872589, 0.2590935230255127, 0.20693616569042206, 0.33268317580223083, 0.33888813853263855, -1.0134904384613037, 0.1735745519399643, -0.5302061438560486, -0.6123671531677246, -0.7379463911056519, 0.5486939549446106, 0.04064731299877167, 0.5576589107513428, -0.5857540369033813, -0.22787080705165863, 0.6215896606445312, -0.15976744890213013, -0.04975541681051254, 0.329973429441452, -0.000577659229747951, -0.8953538537025452, -0.06577654927968979, -0.5269497632980347, -0.35115763545036316, -0.08657761663198471, -0.6002588272094727, 0.337861567735672, -0.28557586669921875, 0.09491429477930069, 0.16484782099723816, 0.00012424081796780229, -0.5259673595428467, 0.3226080536842346, -0.7417286038398743, -1.2100789546966553, 0.19702020287513733, 0.2579665184020996, -0.5287240743637085, -1.0665780305862427, -0.8008934259414673, -0.03029451332986355, 0.705352783203125, 0.09189912676811218, -0.8000730872154236, -0.6366628408432007, 0.06475454568862915, 0.1623087376356125, -0.41816338896751404, -0.005780258681625128, -0.08590706437826157, -0.7852085828781128, -0.2776913642883301, 0.09630009531974792, 0.3940361440181732, -0.48839515447616577, 0.3310249447822571, 0.5023782849311829, -0.6288155913352966, -0.777958333492279, 0.2959122955799103, -0.5829052329063416, -0.3071143627166748, 0.055399082601070404, -0.5558986067771912, 0.3403295874595642, 0.039420608431100845, 0.12464866787195206, -1.1843434572219849, -0.05795580521225929, 0.3075421452522278, 0.29212331771850586, -0.2736138701438904, 0.11280418187379837, 0.17081430554389954, -0.19845779240131378, 0.38956210017204285, -0.18417295813560486, -0.6439027786254883, 0.8752242922782898, 0.8137583136558533, -1.0141503810882568, 0.18250641226768494, -0.9466233253479004, -0.7622650265693665, 0.18630588054656982, 1.3128751516342163, -0.4261549115180969, 0.1753542125225067, 0.17226563394069672, -0.4193199872970581, -0.5152862071990967, -0.19570410251617432, -0.31077495217323303, -0.16762810945510864, -0.08380218595266342, -0.1100517064332962, -0.8634865880012512, 0.446885347366333, 0.4934142231941223, -0.4845294952392578, 0.743552565574646, -0.15702587366104126, 0.6651923060417175, -0.010542428120970726, 0.27440473437309265, -0.04689927399158478, -0.33982956409454346, 0.45130419731140137, -0.06393355876207352, -0.20329323410987854, 0.36924073100090027, 0.3116140365600586, 0.18845544755458832, 0.24614161252975464, 0.0319693461060524, -0.4138393998146057, 0.4106060266494751, -0.2979421317577362, 0.1851169615983963, 0.15234501659870148, -0.3044508397579193, 0.5467500686645508, -0.2372799515724182, -0.3519326150417328, -0.4989558756351471, 0.3632313311100006, 1.2521843910217285, 0.3447934687137604, 0.0794403925538063, 0.4591204524040222, 0.33707964420318604, 0.28275129199028015, -0.30957725644111633, 0.1525510847568512, 0.1394212692975998, 0.4836651384830475, -0.09377266466617584, -0.12310399115085602, 0.2694666087627411, 0.15373174846172333, 0.7205024361610413, 0.054776616394519806, -0.601616621017456, -0.9244242310523987, 0.1885293871164322, 0.0884317085146904, -0.595032274723053, -0.20139046013355255, -0.04556426405906677, -0.823442816734314, 0.023222146555781364, -0.012177569791674614, -1.5645458698272705, 0.16400831937789917, -0.19346222281455994, -0.06373678892850876, -0.9457157254219055, -0.6231405138969421, 0.030512915924191475, 0.024846917018294334, -0.6827587485313416, 0.8729696869850159, -0.33871936798095703, -0.4618890881538391, -0.15619684755802155, -0.11992846429347992, -0.3380766808986664, -0.13409483432769775, -0.24186278879642487, 0.15383923053741455, -0.6916339993476868, 0.43466535210609436, -0.5391402840614319, 0.19952474534511566, 0.3118090331554413, -0.43339022994041443, 0.07402510941028595, 0.4882947504520416, -0.0703243687748909, -0.4172569215297699, 0.04821772873401642, 0.04389442130923271, 0.03551758825778961, 0.24942120909690857, 0.03373868018388748, 1.1412570476531982, -0.506821870803833, 0.019684690982103348, 0.6404174566268921, -0.25861281156539917, -0.35587093234062195, 0.2841688394546509, 0.4506054222583771, -0.11002066731452942, 0.44799256324768066, 0.04749052971601486, 0.18669497966766357, 1.3048782348632812, 0.2292008250951767, -0.796908974647522, 0.10092180222272873, 0.25439774990081787, -0.05116213485598564, -0.1703818440437317, -0.5355170965194702, 0.6237906813621521, -0.6141123175621033, -0.30307623744010925, 0.049015384167432785, -0.32788628339767456, 0.10665999352931976, 0.2267703115940094, 0.5118750333786011, 0.3619120121002197, 0.14090079069137573, 0.002108230022713542, 0.1466381847858429, -0.16672462224960327, 0.14522233605384827, 0.4258742928504944, 0.5566093325614929, -0.8717990517616272, 0.0586387999355793, -0.5146154761314392, -0.039319057017564774, -1.1100322008132935, -0.09242615103721619, 0.11899501085281372, -0.042604006826877594, -0.676144540309906, -0.57374107837677, -0.12266262620687485, 0.2914314866065979, -1.041028618812561, 0.12162928283214569, 0.24869473278522491, 0.00745235662907362, -0.7551777362823486, 0.10604454576969147, -0.24856999516487122, -0.019054289907217026, 0.2774953842163086, -0.08605937659740448, 0.41547733545303345, -0.03848567605018616, -0.31743478775024414, 0.23603330552577972, 0.5616357922554016, 0.11906401067972183, 0.719978392124176, 0.08641418069601059, 0.4398481249809265, -0.14395008981227875, 0.3779935836791992, -0.25752750039100647, -0.8006482720375061, -0.5276872515678406, -0.6650784015655518, 0.2464142143726349, -0.03535789996385574, 0.1967402994632721, -0.004472215194255114, -0.16187486052513123, -0.3940450847148895, 0.03823764994740486, 0.36284276843070984, -1.156098484992981, -0.13657301664352417, -0.5684819221496582, 0.5337265133857727, 0.45042920112609863, -0.054307177662849426, -0.33565759658813477, 0.10316396504640579, -0.10516209900379181, 0.4097624123096466, 0.12704922258853912, 0.01056150533258915, -0.006756805814802647, -0.07698506861925125, -0.20301809906959534, 1.0907891988754272, 0.5095820426940918, -0.02740751951932907, 0.15050053596496582, 0.2025376409292221, -0.41948068141937256, 0.11573408544063568, 0.659180760383606, -0.037464775145053864, 0.09267916530370712, 0.07337252795696259, 0.12431871145963669, -0.6272550225257874, 0.2554621994495392, 0.5941215753555298, 0.12188968807458878, -0.15411821007728577, -0.49444398283958435, 0.378479927778244, -0.6600791811943054, -0.5529845952987671, 0.14039398729801178, 0.08704046159982681, 0.05238423869013786, 0.2281021624803543, -0.34853559732437134, -0.08957288414239883, 0.2567906975746155, 0.35773715376853943, 0.6267465353012085, -0.6274124383926392, -0.13290809094905853, -0.09052678942680359, 0.005022859200835228, -0.07409901916980743, 0.2663710117340088, 0.6271435618400574, -0.6904149651527405, -0.3551904261112213, -1.0532349348068237, -0.04414491727948189, -0.24179117381572723, -1.1113131046295166, 1.157341480255127, -0.014150385744869709, -0.015771064907312393, 0.2943299114704132, -0.007156409323215485, -0.5092456340789795, -0.13296416401863098, -0.26459166407585144 ]
230602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk	Chuuk	Chuuk or Truk may refer to: Chuuk State, one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Lagoon, or Chuuk Atoll, a sheltered body of water and island group in the central Pacific Chuuk International Airport, an airport located on Weno, in Chuuk State, Micronesia Chuukese language, a language of the Austronesian language family Chuukese people, an ethnic group in Oceania Language and nationality disambiguation pages	[ 0.2584056556224823, 0.5879648923873901, -0.16168977320194244, 0.16247467696666718, 0.12038259953260422, 0.6056492328643799, 0.15372931957244873, 0.907219409942627, -0.1693933606147766, -0.22156976163387299, -0.654852032661438, -0.22445298731327057, -0.11680608987808228, 0.5047858357429504, -0.18172524869441986, 0.36096757650375366, 0.1265708953142166, 0.8184787034988403, 0.10549572110176086, -0.03344496712088585, -0.5687873959541321, -0.5974935293197632, 0.17390118539333344, -0.4155392348766327, 0.32604318857192993, 0.15210162103176117, 0.19174723327159882, 0.43289998173713684, -0.18017323315143585, 0.33795955777168274, -0.0021230021957308054, 0.43649259209632874, -0.10425560921430588, -0.21372388303279877, -0.04262421280145645, -0.13508374989032745, -0.3647203743457794, -0.46184399724006653, -0.0612550750374794, -0.21119903028011322, 0.3162868320941925, -0.1702122688293457, 0.782166063785553, 0.32430025935173035, -0.3374778628349304, -0.363267183303833, -1.1690865755081177, 0.23820850253105164, -0.4822740852832794, 0.0939403548836708, -0.638733983039856, 0.1418948471546173, -0.03799084201455116, 0.011062618345022202, -0.07859652489423752, 0.5029847621917725, -0.6643571853637695, -0.11014305800199509, 0.07365892082452774, -0.4679008722305298, 0.11890414357185364, 0.035211361944675446, 0.05305802822113037, 0.33980807662010193, 0.10866856575012207, -0.049923624843358994, 0.08968644589185715, 0.0837983787059784, -0.17194007337093353, -0.45667269825935364, 0.10842885076999664, 0.4472282826900482, -0.35865163803100586, 0.32320842146873474, -0.026871543377637863, -0.04465658962726593, -0.23306861519813538, 0.19857561588287354, 0.13686424493789673, 0.5154932141304016, -0.5384985208511353, 0.21258828043937683, 0.5588542819023132, -0.036805879324674606, 0.3755126893520355, -0.21813645958900452, -0.35667142271995544, 0.3534741997718811, -0.2980017364025116, 0.21342778205871582, -0.13809558749198914, 0.20548322796821594, -0.0863233134150505, -0.2582685947418213, -0.6129446029663086, -0.38815346360206604, 0.23138107359409332, 0.3263246417045593, -0.005715104751288891, 0.18799248337745667, -0.5058519840240479, -0.6460768580436707, 1.0118532180786133, 0.6007367968559265, -0.9315146803855896, -0.20320262014865875, -0.38535186648368835, 0.016123302280902863, 0.6619023084640503, 0.2402980923652649, 0.018732236698269844, 0.3482334315776825, 0.4748854637145996, 0.08457615226507187, -0.38244500756263733, -0.4189416170120239, -0.12468606978654861, -0.4600461423397064, 0.10420529544353485, -0.7717941999435425, 0.11663500219583511, 0.33331042528152466, 0.004457586444914341, -0.26021793484687805, 0.46980956196784973, -0.22335562109947205, 0.25890904664993286, -0.10194549709558487, -0.8984260559082031, -0.26729482412338257, 0.5265381932258606, 0.3510865569114685, 0.29966822266578674, 0.19109079241752625, -0.1486782431602478, 0.05553191527724266, 0.000299876177450642, -0.08717313408851624, 0.5335195064544678, -0.2037287801504135, -0.8058740496635437, -0.00005889718886464834, -1.0451879501342773, 0.18571752309799194, 0.19048185646533966, -0.04838140681385994, -0.49976006150245667, -0.1766435205936432, -0.3572765290737152, -0.04530590400099754, -0.345663845539093, 0.23925352096557617, -0.18855245411396027, 0.4344027638435364, -0.4302058219909668, -0.07535099238157272, 0.1874936819076538, -0.206954225897789, 0.8051487803459167, 0.16088315844535828, -0.23166467249393463, 0.41002312302589417, -0.3937129080295563, -0.34324294328689575, 0.24783284962177277, -0.19756820797920227, -0.1542154997587204, 0.20836474001407623, -0.38994309306144714, 0.4636867344379425, 0.014043992385268211, 0.206706240773201, 0.46027663350105286, -0.35221657156944275, -0.35446614027023315, -0.5652197003364563, -0.07262765616178513, -0.048823896795511246, 0.34454530477523804, -0.12877914309501648, -0.7257549166679382, 0.49673622846603394, 0.06480851024389267, -0.0019381083548069, -0.7138984203338623, -0.37292954325675964, 0.4035852551460266, 0.11986591666936874, -0.06576312333345413, 0.2262352705001831, -0.2543110251426697, -1.087876558303833, -0.1002698540687561, -0.09042838960886002, 0.5274805426597595, 0.18504679203033447, -0.2521683871746063, 0.865257203578949, 0.17635785043239594, 0.4923565089702606, -0.5666202902793884, -0.0558314248919487, 0.6707817316055298, -0.4334374964237213, -0.4330028295516968, 0.6514184474945068, 0.3034511208534241, 0.15920166671276093, 0.5743210911750793, 0.35200536251068115, 0.14706732332706451, -0.39977169036865234, 0.2591283321380615, -0.20667554438114166, -0.30290064215660095, -0.6500701308250427, -0.15510857105255127, -0.1507766991853714, 0.16007007658481598, 0.029746120795607567, 1.061216115951538, 0.18977102637290955, 0.08650881052017212, 0.14553715288639069, 0.3543154001235962, 0.9199382066726685, 0.4370851218700409, 0.5636173486709595, 0.26008084416389465, 0.26875540614128113, 0.32216569781303406, -0.3790034353733063, -0.17552243173122406, -0.30971845984458923, 0.11072520911693573, -0.2552342414855957, 0.5367478728294373, -0.007153196260333061, 0.6279639601707458, -0.1714358925819397, -0.1956392526626587, -0.30814188718795776, -0.8302701711654663, 0.11539419740438461, 0.482566237449646, 0.053025271743535995, 0.017802931368350983, -0.3256740868091583, -0.2946176826953888, 0.22103609144687653, -0.0766143947839737, 0.5816454887390137, -0.004879365209490061, -0.0264511089771986, 0.3016810119152069, 0.18845416605472565, 0.021046189591288567, -0.23788607120513916, 0.06397850811481476, -0.2938172519207001, -0.32164812088012695, 0.3607688844203949, -0.024153366684913635, 0.16240520775318146, 0.11024798452854156, -0.2536712884902954, 0.17938411235809326, -0.4119989275932312, 0.4842701256275177, 0.3914356231689453, 0.45144373178482056, -0.20097637176513672, -0.3744259476661682, -0.43754541873931885, -0.4676439166069031, 0.046195998787879944, -0.059407126158475876, 0.005952214822173119, -0.8698518872261047, -0.38645094633102417, 0.13812825083732605, 0.23671147227287292, -0.4074641764163971, -0.9762780070304871, 0.2873328924179077, -0.4594377875328064, -0.021588392555713654, -0.33277174830436707, -0.717822253704071, -0.23256969451904297, -0.4539128243923187, -0.4984772503376007, 0.2520271837711334, 0.012009665369987488, -0.03504449129104614, -0.23684358596801758, 0.20478004217147827, 0.0045356135815382, 0.37660008668899536, -0.6348329186439514, -0.3498659133911133, 0.09710267186164856, -0.0723765641450882, -0.1994287669658661, 0.11633512377738953, -0.0805220901966095, 0.019252847880125046, -0.3418632447719574, -5.919916152954102, 0.24543283879756927, -0.4990358054637909, -0.02357340417802334, 0.4596194326877594, -0.09332986176013947, 0.35790079832077026, -0.09982217103242874, -0.1318717747926712, -0.11226798593997955, 0.04864560812711716, 0.14754904806613922, -0.11736474186182022, 0.4084882140159607, 0.40664342045783997, 0.2300223559141159, 0.3488798141479492, 0.40173688530921936, -0.15694217383861542, 0.09595035761594772, -0.6126923561096191, 0.15729637444019318, 0.02490229532122612, 0.747422456741333, 0.28900349140167236, 0.23734837770462036, -0.27264150977134705, -0.20112667977809906, -1.033273458480835, -0.8072320818901062, -0.41063663363456726, 0.2493278682231903, 0.15738600492477417, 0.04626460745930672, -0.10869348794221878, -0.24476630985736847, 0.28331753611564636, 0.09362507611513138, 0.31948015093803406, -0.18249839544296265, -0.245034322142601, 0.2627411186695099, -0.0954466462135315, -0.7632113695144653, 0.3274531662464142, -0.5505191087722778, -0.48901957273483276, -0.3224736452102661, -0.5007551312446594, 0.4020790457725525, 0.02672746032476425, 0.3226366639137268, 0.5624417662620544, 0.3376733660697937, 0.20299924910068512, -0.1254522055387497, 0.3691141605377197, 0.4898344874382019, -0.39282625913619995, 0.13570301234722137, 0.8552509546279907, 0.03779512643814087, -0.24049879610538483, -0.739064633846283, -0.25094741582870483, -0.3313809633255005, -0.03882787004113197, -0.08021587878465652, 0.3729903995990753, -0.26264095306396484, -0.5584792494773865, 0.015243678353726864, -0.3753204345703125, -0.7915317416191101, 0.13968253135681152, -0.8476331830024719, -0.538929283618927, 0.1301271915435791, 0.11260706186294556, 0.5818395614624023, -0.21999041736125946, 0.46355190873146057, -0.10904794931411743, 0.34139978885650635, 0.039331577718257904, -1.2235264778137207, -0.07206344604492188, 0.26683470606803894, 0.46414661407470703, -0.07131937146186829, 0.4893501102924347, -0.23256269097328186, 0.7586390972137451, -0.23610208928585052, -0.31459978222846985, 0.055534958839416504, 0.06852538883686066, 0.13305813074111938, 0.20057480037212372, -0.19731849431991577, 0.8202934265136719, -0.12855282425880432, -0.5685617327690125, -0.002466835081577301, 0.3750641942024231, -0.0970558226108551, 0.4283469021320343, 0.41736578941345215, 0.5516636967658997, 0.22463874518871307, -0.35034188628196716, 0.13914351165294647, -0.017601879313588142, 0.021024832502007484, -0.05594926327466965, 0.15679804980754852, -0.26170113682746887, 0.10771150887012482, 0.17349065840244293, 0.0652531161904335, 0.18399876356124878, 0.3278486430644989, -0.3319850265979767, 0.3754502236843109, 0.09272947907447815, -0.33259469270706177, -0.16097639501094818, 0.14895685017108917, -0.17848780751228333, 0.45489686727523804, 0.48932158946990967, 0.15923482179641724, 0.9488102197647095, -0.15940618515014648, 0.08197744190692902, 0.011084466241300106, 0.18941208720207214, -0.8358247876167297, -0.09697022289037704, -0.4955403506755829, -0.09567265212535858, 0.2699861526489258, -0.20529292523860931, 0.1090039536356926, 0.11231491714715958, 0.46359795331954956, -0.07638614624738693, -0.0020234007388353348, -0.4314693808555603, 0.7160722017288208, 0.05288950726389885, -0.46903347969055176, 0.13787788152694702, -0.0963190346956253, -0.2642669975757599, -0.23703181743621826, -0.019253335893154144, 0.5757009387016296, 0.572245717048645, 0.4727286696434021, 0.4385780990123749, -0.7000837922096252, -0.6358832120895386, -0.11718329787254333, -0.2277865707874298, -0.6031205058097839, -0.08181849122047424, 0.26208871603012085, -0.3252357244491577, 0.3889601528644562, 0.29395249485969543, -0.20360217988491058, -0.5463618636131287, 0.2195056825876236, 0.47243788838386536, -0.267017662525177, 0.23176975548267365, 0.601502537727356, 0.18778827786445618, -0.29363203048706055, -0.033309370279312134, -0.24631471931934357, -0.10455344617366791, 0.05838630348443985, 0.1135425791144371, 0.032550979405641556, -0.14894036948680878, -0.0462297685444355, 0.4913661777973175, 0.030199524015188217, 0.017379703000187874, 0.17001156508922577, 0.3003422021865845, 0.3734384775161743, 0.009803034365177155, -0.27459385991096497, 0.3573090136051178, 0.8968756794929504, -0.20910832285881042, 0.05380634590983391, 0.10602518171072006, 0.3449035882949829, -0.8082369565963745, 0.36997416615486145, 0.4104648530483246, -0.007656249683350325, 0.6811482310295105, 0.09488216787576675, -0.20254680514335632, -0.439659059047699, -0.6048712134361267, -0.244888037443161, -0.2612275779247284, 0.20059940218925476, -0.4976949691772461, 0.09832490980625153, 0.3791846036911011, -0.36834606528282166, -0.19650444388389587, -0.5083364844322205, -0.03200702741742134, 0.03306221961975098, 0.010733204893767834, -0.08421114087104797, -0.32113027572631836, 0.23762665688991547, -0.0010422690538689494, 0.021722989156842232, 0.20306162536144257, -0.15630431473255157, 0.09703902155160904, -0.30692166090011597, 0.44675010442733765, 0.726766049861908, 0.2486213594675064, 0.1147642582654953, -0.16187788546085358, -0.09381891787052155, -0.058641694486141205, 0.23001033067703247, 0.3537537753582001, 1.053663730621338, 0.3826937675476074, -0.5873363018035889, -0.29722070693969727, 0.1863667219877243, 0.33491742610931396, -0.3415065407752991, -0.8467226624488831, 0.32045677304267883, 0.5051363706588745, -0.5034908652305603, -0.6140478253364563, -0.4361839294433594, 0.3671671450138092, 0.005278215743601322, -0.2885575592517853, 0.5292792320251465, 0.10004864633083344, 0.20332680642604828, 0.038520339876413345, -0.2745835781097412, -0.15143397450447083, 0.42805448174476624, -0.09932813793420792, -0.02708977833390236, -0.8631842732429504, -0.3634068965911865, 0.0315103754401207, -0.9493728876113892, 0.39325812458992004, 0.3888726532459259, 0.4085552990436554, -0.2288062572479248, 0.46961748600006104, 0.12387571483850479, 0.1341329962015152, -0.04610234498977661, -0.10463474690914154, -0.22938241064548492, -0.3513542413711548, -0.14364109933376312, -0.10352407395839691, -0.40469157695770264, 0.24778006970882416, -0.2575143575668335, -0.1540016084909439, 0.04474977031350136, -0.7985950708389282, -0.09977124631404877, -0.22700762748718262, 0.3060746192932129, -0.13980810344219208, 0.23342086374759674, -0.35484305024147034, 0.033937856554985046, 0.7731131315231323, 0.7494964599609375, -0.11288076639175415, 0.030614128336310387, -0.7186217308044434, 0.2544679641723633, 0.15143728256225586, -0.5850191712379456, 0.48868873715400696, -0.2023785263299942, -0.29229843616485596, -0.43939873576164246, 0.1907779574394226, 0.0013183590490370989, 0.660125195980072, 0.4439936876296997, -0.08564742654561996, 0.35120463371276855, 0.020823923870921135, 0.2934371531009674, 0.5021456480026245, -0.5462808012962341, -0.11637894064188004, 0.3628794252872467, -0.18635693192481995, -0.8500217795372009, 0.051965828984975815, 0.49747392535209656, 0.27650490403175354, 0.03820237144827843, -0.11593327671289444, -0.2647790014743805, 0.235352024435997, 0.4556313157081604, -0.1495169699192047, -0.016722992062568665, -0.23889446258544922, -0.37379205226898193, -0.5012312531471252, -0.1016712561249733, 0.05906089022755623, -0.013533093966543674, -0.42604532837867737, 0.6396896839141846, 0.22723813354969025, 0.5690034031867981, -0.37737733125686646, -0.33901873230934143, 0.5083683133125305, 0.3208768963813782, 0.259964257478714, 0.4604335129261017, 0.02008899487555027, 0.3119134306907654, 0.2814572751522064, -0.09754187613725662, -0.3484944701194763, -0.30089983344078064, 0.05309894308447838, 0.26754358410835266, -0.08189038932323456, -0.5738716125488281, -0.0944700613617897, 0.3804366886615753, -0.2501755356788635, 0.16049587726593018, 0.18287616968154907, -0.1026366725564003, -0.20810818672180176, -0.7681176662445068, -0.07714147120714188, -0.8447788953781128, 0.33512789011001587, 0.17757534980773926, 0.07421997934579849, 0.6762466430664062, -0.36917200684547424, 0.0628996342420578, 0.06671346724033356, 0.2718576192855835, 0.05799724906682968, 0.7918485999107361, -0.43265601992607117, 0.3908891975879669, -0.4121137261390686, -0.08679023385047913, -0.20140418410301208, -0.33284541964530945, 0.2600843608379364, 0.6177210807800293, -0.015547784976661205, 0.2922954261302948, -0.42098739743232727, 0.5280951261520386, 0.36070236563682556, -0.5663801431655884, -0.30028674006462097, 0.09616117924451828, 0.003870452055707574, -0.2717181444168091, -0.27982527017593384, 0.07788331806659698, 0.46574607491493225, -0.20785589516162872, 0.13787463307380676, 0.025425663217902184, 0.37443649768829346, 0.06973973661661148, 0.028360040858387947, 0.18682760000228882, -0.20846974849700928, 0.03019946813583374, -0.6275903582572937, 0.29327234625816345, 0.3772485852241516, 0.42048490047454834, -0.2765076458454132, 0.6222434043884277, -0.002554773585870862, 0.36736273765563965, 0.8333926796913147, 0.052558932453393936, 0.2953648865222931, -0.37852343916893005, -0.20059402287006378, -0.7744302749633789, -0.055401917546987534, 0.1756073236465454, 0.46364492177963257, -0.22766011953353882, 0.006911748554557562, 0.20532484352588654, -1.0603841543197632, 0.5665762424468994, -0.1672912985086441, -0.3053913712501526, -0.30456092953681946, 0.49033403396606445, -0.542017936706543, -0.21960924565792084, -0.28143858909606934, 1.3695732355117798, 0.527677595615387, -0.5165088176727295, -0.29563719034194946, -0.18935029208660126, -0.019756166264414787, -0.26514682173728943, 0.5134693384170532, -0.1325339525938034, -0.17147961258888245, -0.4818319082260132, -1.1285080909729004, 0.1600455641746521, 0.2705302834510803, -0.21083201467990875, -0.1326884776353836, -0.03767270967364311, -0.09024856239557266, -0.3128521740436554, 0.5313143730163574, -0.11924310028553009, 0.43072032928466797, 0.3911612033843994 ]
230613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe	Scythe	A scythe is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or harvesting crops. It is historically used to cut down or reap edible grains, before the process of threshing. The scythe has been largely replaced by horse-drawn and then tractor machinery, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia. Reapers are bladed machines that automate the cutting of the scythe, and sometimes subsequent steps in preparing the grain or the straw or hay. The word "scythe" derives from Old English siðe. In Middle English and later, it was usually spelt sithe or sythe. However, in the 15th century some writers began to use the sc- spelling as they thought (wrongly) the word was related to the Latin scindere (meaning "to cut"). Nevertheless, the sithe spelling lingered and notably appears in Noah Webster's dictionaries. A scythe consists of a shaft about long called a snaith, snath, snathe or sned, traditionally made of wood but now sometimes metal. Simple snaiths are straight with offset handles, others have an "S" curve or are steam bent in three dimensions to place the handles in an ergonomic configuration but close to the shaft. The snaith has either one or two short handles at right angles to it, usually one near the upper end and always another roughly in the middle. The handles are usually adjustable to suit the user. A curved, steel blade between long is mounted at the lower end at 90°, or less, to the snaith. Scythes almost always have the blade projecting from the left side of the snaith when in use, with the edge towards the mower; left-handed scythes are made but cannot be used together with right-handed scythes as the left-handed mower would be mowing in the opposite direction and could not mow in a team. Use The use of a scythe is historically called mowing, now often scything to distinguish it from machine mowing. The mower holds the top handle in the left hand and the central one in the right, with the arms straight, the blade parallel and very close to the ground and the uncut grass to the right. The body is then twisted to the right, and the blade hooks the grass and is swung steadily to the left in a long arc ending in front of the mower and depositing the cut grass neatly to the left. The mower takes a small step forward and repeats the motion, proceeding with a steady rhythm, stopping at frequent intervals to hone the blade. The correct technique has a slicing action on the grass, cutting a narrow strip with each stroke, leaving a uniform stubble on the ground and forming a regular windrow on the left. The mower moves along the mowing-edge with the uncut grass to the right and the cut grass laid in a neat row to the left, on the previously mown land. Each strip of ground mown by a scythe is called a swathe (pronounced : rhymes with "bathe") or swath (: rhymes with "Goth"). Mowing may be done by a team of mowers, usually starting at the edges of a meadow then proceeding clockwise and finishing in the middle. Mowing grass is easier when it is damp, and so hay-making historically began at dawn and often stopped early, the heat of the day being spent raking and carting the hay cut on previous days or peening the blades. Scythes are designed for different tasks. A long, thin blade is most efficient for mowing grass or wheat, while a shorter, more robust scythe is more appropriate for clearing weeds, cutting reed or sedge and can be used with the blade under water for clearing ditches and waterways. Skilled mowers using long-bladed scythes honed very sharp were used to maintain short lawn grass until the invention of the lawnmower. Many cultures have used a variety of 'cradles' to catch cut different kinds of grain stems, keeping the seed heads aligned and laying them down in an orderly fashion to make them easier to sheaf and winnow. Mowing with a scythe is a skilled task that takes time to learn fully. Long-bladed scythes, typically around (such as in the example below) and suitable for mowing grass or wheat, are harder to use at first; consequently, beginners usually start on shorter blades, generally or less. Common beginner errors include setting up the snaith with the handles in the wrong locations to suit the body, setting the blade at the wrong turn-in and turn-up angles to suit the conditions, choosing a blade that is too long for the skill level, failing to start with a sharp edge and persevering with a dull one during use, chopping or hacking at the grass, trying to cut too wide a strip of grass at once and striking the ground with the blade. Historically, beginners relied on mentors to help them set up and maintain their scythe and to teach them to mow comfortably and efficiently. The mowing action Sharpening The cutting edge of a tensioned scythe blade is maintained by occasional peening followed by frequent honing. Peening reforms the malleable edge by hammering. The purposes of this task is to create the desired edge profile, to locally work-harden the metal, and to remove minor nicks and dents. For mowing fine grass, the bevel angle may be peened extremely fine, while for coarser work a larger angle is created to give a more robust edge. Peening requires some skill and is done using a peening hammer and special anvils or by using a peening jig. Historically, a peening station was set up on the edge of the field during harvest, but now more likely back in the workshop. In the example below, a short scythe blade, being used to clear brambles, is being sharpened. Before being taken to the forest, the blade is peened in the workshop: this reforms the malleable steel to create an edge profile that can then be honed. Peening is done only occasionally; how often depends on the hardness of the steel and the nature of the work. The Austrian blade shown is being used to cut tough-stemmed brambles and it is being peened about every thirty hours of work. Nicks and cuts to the blade edge can usually be worked out of the blade by peening and a new edge profile formed for honing. A peening jig is being used here, but blades can be free-peened using various designs of peening anvils. The peening jig shown has two interchangeable caps that set different angles: a coarse angle is set first about 3 mm back from the edge, and the fine angle is then set on the edge, leaving an edge that lends itself to being easily honed. The blade is then honed using progressively finer honing stones and then taken to the field. In the field, the blade is honed using a fine, ovoid whetstone (or rubber), fine-grained for grass, coarser for cereal crops. Honing is performed the moment the mower senses that the edge has gone off; this may be every half hour or more depending on the conditions. The laminated honing stone shown here has two grades of stone and is carried into the field soaking in a water-filled holster on the belt. A burr is set up on the outside of the blade by stroking the blade on the inside; the burr is then taken off by gently stroking it on the outside. There are many opinions, regional traditions and variations on exactly how to do this; some eastern European countries even set up the burr on the inside. Unlike continental European blades, typical American, English, and Nordic style blades are made of harder steel and are not usually peened for risk of cracking them. The harder blade holds an edge longer and requires less frequent honing in the field but after heavy use or damage the edge must be reshaped by grinding. Because of the greater wear resistance of the hard steel, and the reduced need for honing as a result, this usually needs to be done only 1–3 times a season. Many examples have a laminated construction with a hard, wear-resistant core providing the edge, and softer sides providing strength. In American and English blades, the edge steel is typically clad on either side with the tough iron, while some Nordic laminated blades have a layer of iron on the top only, with the edge steel comprising the bottom layer. History The scythe may have dated back as far as , and seems to have been used since Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements, becoming widespread with agricultural developments. Initially used mostly for mowing hay, it had replaced the sickle for reaping crops by the 16th century, as the scythe was better ergonomically and consequently more efficient. In about 1800 the grain cradle was sometimes added to the standard scythe when mowing grain; the cradle was an addition of light wooden fingers above the scythe blade which kept the grain stems aligned and the heads together to make the collection and threshing easier. In the developed world, the scythe has been largely replaced by the motorised lawn mower and combine harvester. However, the scythe remained in common use for many years after the introduction of machines because a side-mounted finger-bar mowerwhether horse- or tractor-drawncould not mow in front of itself, and scythes were still needed to open up a meadow by clearing the first swathe to give the mechanical mower room to start. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities of Sir William Smith argues that the scythe, known in Latin as the falx foenaria as opposed to the sickle, the falx messoria, was used by the ancient Romans. According to ancient Greek mythology, Gaiathe Greek goddess and mother of the Titansgave a sickle made of the strongest metal to her youngest son Kronos, who is also the youngest of the Titans and god of the harvest, to seek vengeance against her husband Ouranos for torturing their eldest sons. The Grim Reaper is often depicted carrying or wielding a scythe. According to Jack Herer and Flesh of The Gods (Emboden, W. A. Jr., Praeger Press, New York, 1974), the ancient Scythians grew hemp and harvested it with a hand reaper that would be considered a scythe. The Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet in Sheffield, England, is a museum of a scythe-making works that was in operation from the end of the 18th century until the 1930s. This was part of the former scythe-making district of north Derbyshire, which extended into Eckington. Other English scythe-making districts include that around Belbroughton. The German Renaissance scythe sword, the Greek and Roman harpe and the Egyptian khopesh were scythes or sickles modified as weapons or symbols of authority. An improvised conversion of the agricultural scythe to a war scythe by re-attaching the blade parallel to the snaith, similar to a bill, has also been used throughout history as a weapon. See below for an example. In national cultures The scythe is still an indispensable tool for farmers in developing countries and in mountainous terrain. In Romania, for example, in the highland landscape of the Transylvanian Apuseni mountains, scything is a very important annual activity, taking about 2–3 weeks to complete for a regular house. As scything is a tiring physical activity and is relatively difficult to learn, farmers help each other by forming teams. After each day's harvest, the farmers often celebrate by having a small feast where they dance, drink and eat, while being careful to keep in shape for the next day's hard work. In other parts of the Balkans, such as in Serbian towns, scything competitions are held where the winner takes away a small silver scythe. In small Serbian towns, scything is treasured as part of the local folklore, and the winners of friendly competitions are rewarded richly with food and drink, which they share with their competitors. Among Basques scythe-mowing competitions are still a popular traditional sport, called segalaritza (from Spanish verb segar: to mow). Each contender competes to cut a defined section of grown grass before his rival does the same. There is an international scything competition held at Goričko where people from Austria, Hungary, Serbia and Romania, or as far away as Asia enter to showcase their culturally unique method of reaping crops. In 2009, a Japanese man showcased a wooden reaping tool with a metal edge, which he used to show how rice was cut. He was impressed with the speed of the local reapers, but said such a large scythe would never work in Japan. The Norwegian municipality of Hornindal has three scythe blades in its coat-of-arms. In 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported some American homeowners were eschewing motorized lawn mowers in favor of scythes, citing the lack of noise as well as the health benefits of scythe reaping as exercise. In art See also Bagging hook, similar to the sickle Billhook, a version of the sickle used for cutting shrubs and branches Grain cradle, for aligning grain stems Harpe, a Greek or Roman long sickle or scythe which doubled as a weapon Kama (weapon), a Japanese hand scythe used in farming, and martial arts Khopesh, an Egyptian long sickle or scythe as a weapon Scythe sword, scythe blade converted to use as a weapon Sickle, the archetypal forerunner of the scythe War scythe, a polearm resembling a modified scythe String trimmer, a garden tool for cutting grass and groundcover which uses a flexible monofilament line instead of a blade. References External links Scythe Network, a site dedicated to modern usage, with links to numerous equipment suppliers in North America. Cutting tools Mechanical hand tools Gardening tools Blade weapons Farming tools Heraldic charges	[ 0.29909414052963257, 0.03951195999979973, -0.7299895286560059, 0.3545939326286316, -0.20025458931922913, 0.5775307416915894, 0.0393916554749012, -0.005756982136517763, -0.3727079927921295, -0.3365720808506012, -0.21279053390026093, 0.21086420118808746, 0.1843087077140808, 0.6374938488006592, -0.42056161165237427, 0.572638213634491, -0.04947087541222572, 0.2167489379644394, 0.06588491052389145, 0.07315081357955933, -0.5641845464706421, -0.40461769700050354, 0.4594910740852356, 0.08494777977466583, 0.4251154959201813, -0.18165984749794006, 0.38383468985557556, -0.053724873811006546, -0.06844499707221985, -0.03847167640924454, 0.024948693811893463, 0.09983011335134506, 0.5188953280448914, -1.0361981391906738, -0.06289464980363846, -0.2283828854560852, -0.0282126497477293, 0.03244232386350632, -0.3229359984397888, -0.8390423059463501, -0.07364360988140106, 0.11698908358812332, 0.19872917234897614, 0.4706399440765381, -0.16247648000717163, -0.4054614305496216, -1.189394474029541, 0.2983275353908539, -0.754379391670227, 0.29520395398139954, -0.49465057253837585, 0.3518962264060974, 0.05950697138905525, 0.7605258226394653, -0.0018583714263513684, 0.9358975291252136, 0.04926513507962227, 0.05426274612545967, 0.533693253993988, -0.43531784415245056, -0.3161863684654236, -0.10634449124336243, -0.2752789556980133, 0.5337933301925659, 0.10469087958335876, -0.24684157967567444, -0.3568408191204071, 0.47266149520874023, -0.6148978471755981, -0.463405579328537, -0.16562533378601074, -0.4131752550601959, -0.3821876347064972, 0.5115343332290649, 0.3426642417907715, -0.6911883354187012, -0.24832561612129211, -0.6703512668609619, 0.0035730511881411076, 0.22821426391601562, -0.2872098982334137, 0.5633209347724915, 0.19099019467830658, 0.23034822940826416, 0.6975144743919373, 0.5032671093940735, -0.2167263627052307, 0.5170035362243652, 0.08811815828084946, 0.38724789023399353, 1.3175371885299683, -0.22185169160366058, 0.41011226177215576, 0.28834059834480286, -0.20940004289150238, -0.06489495933055878, 0.1386837363243103, 0.12578007578849792, 0.04368330165743828, 0.09253358095884323, 0.6071996092796326, -0.08258026093244553, 0.9039413928985596, -0.22504934668540955, 0.24542146921157837, 0.05653410404920578, 0.0191962830722332, -0.5802356004714966, 0.1661531925201416, -0.48438066244125366, -0.09730604290962219, 0.5194794535636902, -0.33497998118400574, 0.020881082862615585, -0.32618117332458496, -0.10431822389364243, 0.7499298453330994, -0.2850216329097748, 0.022430622950196266, 0.08029396831989288, 0.1899116039276123, 0.5367753505706787, 0.16140875220298767, 0.2013559490442276, -0.4230300784111023, -0.5949535965919495, 0.2581508159637451, 0.7312278151512146, -0.6021596789360046, -0.15154196321964264, 1.1117067337036133, 0.840759813785553, -0.09001120179891586, -0.23492808640003204, -0.30736106634140015, -0.1889403611421585, 0.3053929805755615, 0.19818687438964844, 0.16349449753761292, 0.28285229206085205, -1.3835809230804443, -0.35000643134117126, -0.4481613337993622, -0.2734825611114502, -0.30268412828445435, -0.31328293681144714, 0.25717636942863464, -1.0498348474502563, -0.1674988567829132, 0.1491219848394394, 0.1493818759918213, 0.5733763575553894, 0.337532103061676, 0.1980573534965515, -0.6783429980278015, -0.12903322279453278, 0.08428391069173813, -0.2762320041656494, -0.3384089767932892, 0.12970036268234253, -0.044840678572654724, -0.1817857027053833, -0.45948880910873413, -0.00908779539167881, -0.09822119027376175, 0.09069519490003586, 0.5674911737442017, 0.272013783454895, 0.07977892458438873, -0.007207678165286779, -0.3784022927284241, -0.12493570894002914, 0.3503079116344452, -0.40324726700782776, 0.18192116916179657, -0.3091081976890564, 0.26029089093208313, 0.0569053590297699, 0.8588720560073853, 0.00127062713727355, -0.5203030705451965, 0.2783893942832947, 0.5500640869140625, -0.424613893032074, -0.021745041012763977, -0.26368236541748047, 0.6459273099899292, -0.05008269473910332, 0.12784677743911743, 0.009538940154016018, -0.9647799134254456, -0.5676982998847961, -0.047252606600522995, -0.20188015699386597, 1.0237523317337036, -0.1180645003914833, -0.5132794976234436, 0.4152395725250244, -0.2518711984157562, 0.031186718493700027, -0.20289400219917297, -0.2999780476093292, -0.0842352882027626, -0.33025795221328735, -1.2503429651260376, 0.7055982947349548, 0.4303168058395386, 0.23287267982959747, 0.21306179463863373, -0.014188687317073345, 0.32565101981163025, -0.9781872630119324, 0.4301122725009918, -0.5679910778999329, -0.19995854794979095, 0.11039184778928757, -0.2940199077129364, 0.29625624418258667, 0.4244746267795563, -0.40220990777015686, 0.6291675567626953, -0.19626754522323608, -0.5845702886581421, 0.3393673598766327, 0.1586184948682785, 0.318848192691803, 0.09003372490406036, -0.12095892429351807, -0.13272225856781006, -0.8359518647193909, 0.3667650818824768, 0.10841480642557144, 0.18628114461898804, -0.2754867374897003, -0.7505678534507751, -0.28622886538505554, 0.07079380005598068, -0.28071141242980957, 0.3866666853427887, -0.3249574303627014, 0.33598965406417847, 0.31507015228271484, 0.1360122561454773, -0.004089677706360817, 0.4596138298511505, 0.09003840386867523, 0.06942572444677353, 0.4713537096977234, 0.3706623613834381, -0.18474875390529633, 0.31827136874198914, 0.5636947751045227, 0.9036182761192322, -0.41546630859375, -0.13912776112556458, -0.22862625122070312, -0.1490757316350937, -0.0016649705357849598, 0.19353725016117096, 0.2027972787618637, -0.13584256172180176, 0.13933485746383667, 0.010978606529533863, -0.16020603477954865, 0.2738090455532074, -0.05809568241238594, -0.16283395886421204, -0.0731995552778244, 0.4720351994037628, 0.7517798542976379, 0.9280117750167847, 0.36339133977890015, -0.5821577906608582, -1.2494183778762817, -0.02523118071258068, -0.5351970195770264, 0.6817333102226257, -0.2669775187969208, -0.8665732145309448, -0.46036574244499207, 0.058088935911655426, 0.44690656661987305, 0.5607442259788513, -0.8361803293228149, 0.17909026145935059, -0.14714360237121582, 0.7829717397689819, -0.13982166349887848, 0.12997016310691833, 0.12925581634044647, 0.01894364506006241, 0.570704460144043, -0.10093189030885696, 0.599961519241333, 0.4116975665092468, 0.21811725199222565, -0.3725210130214691, -0.5475170016288757, 0.7992863059043884, -0.7977645993232727, -0.27559077739715576, -0.17905081808567047, -0.32615697383880615, -0.024622444063425064, -0.30918896198272705, -0.22705817222595215, 0.2526828646659851, -0.5144123435020447, -5.544049263000488, -0.49794599413871765, -0.6872144341468811, -0.5226712822914124, 0.6500890254974365, 0.5413747429847717, 0.35641172528266907, 0.008583453483879566, -0.5165475010871887, -0.08634690940380096, -0.1273326277732849, -0.09571122378110886, 0.4030105769634247, -0.5120734572410583, 0.7573972344398499, 0.14401698112487793, 0.5399990677833557, -0.16982868313789368, 0.09035314619541168, -0.4303865134716034, 0.018077079206705093, -0.11047579348087311, -0.1805335432291031, 0.7193886637687683, 0.22938957810401917, 0.028813134878873825, -0.153379425406456, -0.23424793779850006, -0.22819183766841888, 0.28451260924339294, 0.06631115078926086, 0.06945306062698364, -0.07733289152383804, -0.384974867105484, 0.007585407700389624, -0.24636603891849518, 0.6107586026191711, 0.27132630348205566, 0.17946021258831024, -0.08670031279325485, -0.07296819984912872, 0.7319082617759705, -0.13734407722949982, 0.04782041162252426, 0.6868103742599487, -0.5476334095001221, -0.10189393907785416, -0.4923827350139618, -0.5171818733215332, 0.45865902304649353, 0.032165274024009705, 0.4476456344127655, 0.5296249985694885, -0.14759470522403717, -0.008464010432362556, -0.2997756600379944, 0.6571291089057922, -0.0688629299402237, -0.5203455686569214, -0.5053585171699524, 0.6048707365989685, -0.6676168441772461, 0.3723786473274231, -0.29021334648132324, 0.004982541780918837, -0.3380468487739563, -0.2630304992198944, -0.2767946422100067, 0.45583921670913696, 0.00493050878867507, 0.0005335301975719631, 0.6504449248313904, 0.32472872734069824, -0.8041767477989197, 0.4448224604129791, 0.0799126923084259, -0.27776139974594116, -0.2291155308485031, 0.4613656997680664, -0.038050971925258636, -0.09126943349838257, -0.8107075691223145, -0.05482233688235283, 0.04895997792482376, 0.1289392113685608, -0.16867728531360626, -0.5299991965293884, -0.5423346757888794, -0.44290369749069214, -0.10406702756881714, 0.6618956923484802, 0.0348333939909935, 0.14406462013721466, 0.20730184018611908, 0.3622594475746155, 0.5778065919876099, 0.44932058453559875, -0.7626795768737793, 0.43189430236816406, 0.021443849429488182, 0.20663630962371826, 0.506080150604248, -0.16844789683818817, -0.10204487293958664, 0.048971109092235565, -0.5421624183654785, -0.3076571822166443, 0.8032132983207703, 0.8592641949653625, -0.26143503189086914, 0.4395280182361603, -0.0753898099064827, -0.5735082030296326, 0.21519602835178375, -0.3269435465335846, 0.20567195117473602, -0.44373777508735657, 0.09010360389947891, 0.08896147459745407, -0.42962518334388733, -0.10492373257875443, -0.09958966076374054, -0.22537583112716675, -0.7393850088119507, -0.32351595163345337, -0.7532688975334167, 0.6689401865005493, 0.20111703872680664, 0.24330876767635345, -0.20976415276527405, 0.540312647819519, 0.16410860419273376, -0.5867287516593933, -0.5382123589515686, -0.36893001198768616, 0.08130443096160889, -0.32303521037101746, 0.027521096169948578, -0.3484295904636383, -0.6111422181129456, 0.003494609845802188, -0.3276950418949127, 0.27787378430366516, -0.2863507866859436, 1.214857578277588, 0.2552288770675659, -0.3366825580596924, 0.34963589906692505, -0.358092725276947, 0.5850797295570374, -0.5629327297210693, 0.0809827372431755, 0.14768065512180328, -0.43038469552993774, 0.4637599289417267, -0.09506864845752716, 0.04267989471554756, 0.23121792078018188, -0.2098134309053421, -0.7131021618843079, 0.0854475200176239, 0.23298782110214233, -1.307116150856018, -0.1136527806520462, -0.5930624008178711, 0.10768482834100723, -0.21271879971027374, 0.17938381433486938, -0.19147655367851257, 0.669696569442749, 0.2206113189458847, -0.5396240949630737, -0.38569504022598267, -0.16992932558059692, 0.23724733293056488, 0.07331006228923798, 0.06753665953874588, 0.5237776637077332, -0.3290317952632904, -0.5157017707824707, 0.007315491791814566, -0.36904630064964294, 0.1017649918794632, 0.19528327882289886, 0.3634372651576996, -0.7842758893966675, -0.19460131227970123, 0.17578977346420288, -0.7953315377235413, 0.23779453337192535, 0.06060965359210968, -0.19631092250347137, 0.6728188395500183, 0.5657294392585754, -0.25154900550842285, 0.3081441819667816, 0.2820090651512146, 0.2335669845342636, -0.363211452960968, -0.46412497758865356, 0.3462626039981842, 0.4205828011035919, -0.4673531651496887, -0.02782115899026394, -0.07600186765193939, -0.5525215864181519, 0.14330334961414337, -0.10028678178787231, -0.19544059038162231, 0.3802429735660553, 0.03326050192117691, -0.0429992713034153, 0.20885147154331207, 0.575028121471405, -0.3973798453807831, -0.15387040376663208, 0.6371272802352905, 0.02999230846762657, -0.026366405189037323, -0.6296432018280029, 0.23264755308628082, 0.03399535268545151, -0.3908931612968445, 0.24723829329013824, -0.4364956319332123, 0.6147624850273132, 0.1469804346561432, -0.5046120285987854, 0.38747552037239075, -0.257622092962265, -0.28172704577445984, -0.22465287148952484, -0.04500094801187515, -0.2627027630805969, 0.5491390228271484, 0.252431720495224, -0.02367698960006237, 0.08240244537591934, -0.1826486438512802, -0.46440601348876953, 0.5330523252487183, 1.3697055578231812, 0.36114928126335144, 0.13589279353618622, -0.016558289527893066, -0.04856446012854576, -0.0889439806342125, -0.9268596172332764, -0.6023429036140442, 0.23902587592601776, 0.2878454625606537, -0.05080685392022133, -0.41512805223464966, 0.10127108544111252, 0.11753086745738983, -0.0905524268746376, -0.09435468167066574, 0.33838731050491333, 0.3140718638896942, 0.6656972765922546, -0.009074203670024872, 0.13571850955486298, -0.8582620620727539, 0.3645934462547302, 0.14631973206996918, -0.5176255702972412, -0.2623325288295746, -0.27027061581611633, 0.4346187114715576, -0.36726993322372437, -0.12454260885715485, 0.39691177010536194, -0.04588932543992996, 0.2999671399593353, 0.8782152533531189, 0.23277506232261658, -0.15447206795215607, -0.24156253039836884, -0.043229181319475174, -0.3812869191169739, 0.07610795646905899, -0.40129557251930237, 0.4745960533618927, -0.33214566111564636, -0.11368540674448013, 0.24356620013713837, 0.6663272976875305, -0.44292670488357544, 0.04511725902557373, -0.46594682335853577, -0.3160713315010071, -0.028697874397039413, 0.15757513046264648, 0.3095957040786743, -0.12777791917324066, 0.8255401253700256, 0.10268671065568924, 0.04636937007308006, 0.1163400337100029, 0.39901936054229736, -0.5984649062156677, 0.6241689324378967, 0.15462470054626465, -0.97452312707901, 0.19041328132152557, -0.43843820691108704, -0.1098218485713005, 0.12081131339073181, 0.06015411391854286, -0.024692192673683167, 0.2058705985546112, 0.06304875761270523, -0.08859111368656158, 0.2622002065181732, 0.06813938915729523, -0.5798271894454956, 0.3671332597732544, -0.15075169503688812, 0.023604411631822586, 0.057810720056295395, 0.18197427690029144, -0.4455357789993286, 0.47175151109695435, -0.2919375002384186, -0.5837110877037048, 0.47694849967956543, -0.48417389392852783, -0.28438690304756165, 0.20973339676856995, -0.2500370442867279, 0.42688390612602234, 0.203020840883255, -0.6236827969551086, 0.8226231932640076, -0.16148869693279266, -0.10848364979028702, -0.28680068254470825, -0.24895024299621582, -0.044709574431180954, 0.758388876914978, 0.37569692730903625, 0.4542839825153351, 0.47909703850746155, 0.10371161252260208, -0.05150425061583519, 0.006219691596925259, -0.14562417566776276, 0.07507648319005966, -0.31479382514953613, -0.03825807571411133, 0.6188907623291016, -0.038033172488212585, 0.5751813650131226, -0.27372100949287415, 0.4315252900123596, -0.7360392212867737, 0.5509388446807861, 0.14360086619853973, -0.16261422634124756, -0.3808143138885498, 0.18108244240283966, 0.13834092020988464, -0.06275688111782074, -0.40727919340133667, -0.09249529987573624, -0.23486225306987762, -0.046488821506500244, -0.5806616544723511, -0.6502652168273926, 0.424591064453125, 0.4957383871078491, 0.5614566206932068, -0.06754843145608902, 0.2962810695171356, 0.1751503199338913, 0.14592592418193817, 0.719875693321228, 0.3081519901752472, 0.27770301699638367, -0.58332359790802, -0.2595524787902832, -0.14424799382686615, -0.6026976704597473, -0.2760106325149536, -0.21675604581832886, -0.07234461605548859, 0.07031871378421783, 0.08174952119588852, 0.16515587270259857, -0.4186803698539734, -0.12949801981449127, -0.2411813735961914, 0.08766522258520126, -0.18256352841854095, -0.20830483734607697, -0.1714368760585785, -0.27126991748809814, 0.8549433350563049, 0.20849499106407166, 0.3514542579650879, -0.07434763014316559, 0.34320756793022156, 0.05037761852145195, 0.1530585139989853, -0.7106763124465942, 0.17086505889892578, 0.6242820024490356, 0.5255528688430786, -0.2791368067264557, 0.7729430794715881, 1.2099835872650146, -0.5171120762825012, 0.44210147857666016, 0.11232180893421173, -0.1936633288860321, -0.47259777784347534, 0.26564285159111023, -0.48695260286331177, 0.19472810626029968, -0.4252094328403473, 0.7460978627204895, -0.022666294127702713, -0.0796857625246048, 0.1334054321050644, -0.21654130518436432, -0.5918835997581482, 0.33888718485832214, -0.2306993454694748, 0.09003357589244843, 0.6465893983840942, -0.6453291177749634, 0.7395649552345276, -0.6156451106071472, 0.24587395787239075, 0.053121984004974365, 0.37766313552856445, 0.006624740548431873, 0.26724934577941895, 0.06327773630619049, -0.867165744304657, 0.43790581822395325, -0.21497264504432678, -0.27506187558174133, -0.5188726782798767, -1.6591941118240356, 0.3119717836380005, -0.2760162651538849, -0.2185405045747757, -0.34609073400497437, 0.5927676558494568, 0.24186770617961884, -0.12459959089756012, 0.23319871723651886, 0.17866957187652588, -0.11874236166477203, -0.010956612415611744, -0.07018443942070007, -0.7370680570602417, -0.40853819251060486, 0.2106328159570694 ]
230615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpiot	Talpiot	Talpiot (, literally 'turrets' or 'magnificently built') is an Israeli neighborhood in southeastern Jerusalem, established in 1922 by Zionist pioneers. It was built as a garden suburb on land purchased by the Tel Aviv-based Palestine Land Development Company and other Jewish building societies. Talpiot has become a major commercial center and a hub of nonprofit organizations. The Talpiot industrial zone is one of the largest in the country, with plans for expansion as a center of shopping, entertainment and industry. Etymology The name Talpiot derives from a verse in Song of Songs 4:4: "Thy neck is like the tower of David, built with turrets". According to rabbinic sources, Talpiot refers to the Temple. It was said to be a compound of the Hebrew words (hill) and (mouths), as in "the hill to which all mouths turn in prayer". History In the 1920s, the Bauhaus architect Richard Kauffmann presented the British Mandate authorities with a plan for Talpiot, which he designed as a garden suburb. The plan included a large building that he envisioned as a future parliament, redesignated as an art gallery to appease the doubters. The first residents were clerical and office personnel. Living in the neighbourhood required membership in a mutual society to which dues were paid. Despite a British Mandate regulation stating that all buildings in Jerusalem must be made of Jerusalem stone, developers in Talpiot were permitted to use stucco-covered concrete because of the high demand for housing. The early settlers were evacuated from Talpiot in the wake of the 1929 Hebron massacre, but they later returned. When the British left Jerusalem in May 1948, a Haganah military brigade launched Operation Kilshon to seize security zones that had been occupied by the British and defend Jerusalem against attacks by the Arab Legion. The British army camp in Talpiot, known as Mahane Allenby, was one of the strategic sites captured in the operation. After the 1947–1949 Palestine war, Talpiot became the frontier, surrounded by Jordanian-ruled East Jerusalem, but Israelis continued to live there. The neighbourhood expanded significantly after the 1967 Six-Day War. New residential districts were established in the enclave formerly controlled by the United Nations, which had been a no man's land. A tent camp established on the western outskirts of Talpiot for immigrants after Israel's independence was replaced by a large industrial zone to house the businesses evicted from Mamilla. On May 24, 2001, the third floor of the Versailles wedding hall in Talpiot collapsed during a wedding party, killing 23 and injuring more than 200. The collapse was blamed on poor construction, using a system called Pal-Kal which was deemed unfit for public buildings. The incident is considered one of Israel's worst civil disasters. Talpiot today consists of several districts. "Old Talpiot" is the historic residential neighborhood founded in 1922. Adjacent and south of this is Arnona, founded in 1931 but largely undeveloped until the 1980s. North Talpiot, built after 1967, offers panoramic views of the Hinnom and Kidron Valleys, and the Old City. Across Derech Hevron to the west is the Talpiot industrial zone, now one of Jerusalem's main shopping districts. To the east is the neighborhood of East Talpiot, also known as Armon HaNetziv. Mahane Allenby was torn down and eight-story residential towers were built on the land. A parcel remains undeveloped, awaiting the relocation of the US Embassy from Tel Aviv. The main offices of the US Consulate General in Jerusalem were relocated to the eastern ridge of Talpiot in 2010. Economy The Talpiot Industrial Zone is one of the largest in the country, with an annual turnover of NIS600 million. Indoor shopping malls in Talpiot include Kanyon Yisrael on Yad Haharutzim St., Kanyon Hadar on Pierre Koenig St., Kanyon Lev Talpiot on HaUman St. and Kanyon Rav Mecher on HaParsa St. In addition the area is home to numerous strip malls, light manufacturing workshops, warehouses, car dealerships and the largest concentration of auto repair shops in Jerusalem. Urban development In 2013, the Jerusalem District Planning and Building Committee approved a new master plan for the Talpiot industrial zone, adding 600,000 square meters of construction including 3,500 new residential units on the edge of the industrial zone and more space for offices, industry and commerce. The idea is to separate the residential, business and industrial sections of the neighborhood while boosting the presence of high-tech companies, academic institutions, offices, banquet halls, movie theaters, health clinics and art galleries. Arts and culture 'Yellow Submarine', established in 1991 by the Jerusalem Foundation in the Talpiot industrial zone, is a performance space for musicians with rehearsal-rooms, a recording studio and a nightclub. "Studio One Jerusalem", a recording studio, opened in Talpiot in 1999. Israel Hershberg, an American figurative painter established the Jerusalem Studio School on the top floor of an industrial building in 1996. Talpiot has become a hub of Jerusalem nightlife, with a multiplex cinema, a bowling alley, a pool hall, and dozens of bars, nightclubs and discos, including one of Israel's oldest and most popular nightclubs, Haoman 17. Non-profit organizations located in Talpiot include the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel, El HaLev, a center for women's empowerment, the Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies, Melabev, a center for English-speaking senior citizens, and the Israel Free Loan Society. Landmarks In 1980, the Talpiot Tomb aka Jesus Family Tomb was discovered. This very controversial archaeological site contained nine ossuaries inscribed with "Y'shua bar Yosef"/Jesus son of Joseph and other family members. Tayelet Connecting East Talpiot and Talpiot is the Haas Promenade ( – ha-Tayelet). Together with the Sherover and Goldman Promenades, the three form a continuous public park from Jabl Mukabar to the east to Abu Tor to the north. From this vantage point atop a ridge overlooking Jerusalem's Old City and the Dead Sea, tradition holds that Abraham was shown Mount Moriah as the site for the binding of Isaac as recorded in the Bible. Hidden under this ridge are the remains of an aqueduct built by Herod the Great to bring water from the south, by way of his summer palace Herodium, to the Second Temple. This area was a no man's land in the period between the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967. At one end of the promenade, on the Hill of Evil Counsel, is the United Nations Middle East Headquarters, located in the former Palace of the British High Commissioner (Armon HaNetziv). The Jerusalem Peace Forest descends along the slope below the Promenade. The Jerusalem municipality plants a tree in this forest for every child born in Jerusalem, representing the eternal hope of peace bridging the Arab and Jewish populations. Every year, on the 29th day of Heshvan, the Ethiopian Jewish community gathers at the Promenade to mark the Sigd holiday. World War I cemetery A cemetery for Indian soldiers who died fighting for the British Army in World War I is located in Talpiot. Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims are buried there in common graves, with monuments inscribed in English, Hebrew, Sanskrit and Urdu. Notable residents Shmuel Yosef Agnon, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, settled in Talpiot in 1924 and wrote most of his important works there. After his death, his home was turned into a museum, Beit Agnon, where his study has been preserved intact. One of Agnon's neighbors was the eminent scholar Joseph Klausner, uncle of Israeli author Amos Oz. In his autobiographical novel A Tale of Love and Darkness, Oz writes that Agnon and Klausner were not fond of one another and kept their distance. The founder of Modern Hebrew, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, built a home on Ein Gedi Street in Talpiot, Beit Ben-Yehuda, but died before moving in. Today it serves as a guesthouse and meeting center. See also Talpiot Tomb Ramat Rachel References Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem Populated places established in 1922 Garden suburbs 1929 Palestine riots	[ 0.7425938844680786, 0.3793923258781433, -0.126264750957489, -0.5135585069656372, 0.25856277346611023, 0.8479452729225159, -0.018483612686395645, 0.05667370930314064, 0.5234114527702332, -0.25523486733436584, -0.8474220633506775, 0.30105841159820557, -0.145359605550766, 0.692642867565155, -0.9185035824775696, 0.39282965660095215, 0.7254441380500793, 0.24234843254089355, 0.0026019990909844637, -0.09654485434293747, 0.16356134414672852, -0.3990607261657715, 0.41243913769721985, -0.18372638523578644, -0.20576289296150208, -0.41220569610595703, 0.6778189539909363, 0.15705402195453644, 0.0413421168923378, 0.6074060797691345, -0.09975812584161758, -0.05836419761180878, -0.6449223160743713, -0.4049108922481537, -0.12092676758766174, 0.35168227553367615, 0.46431052684783936, -0.06274004280567169, -0.12049472332000732, -0.8341323137283325, 0.42938292026519775, 0.16996006667613983, 0.5630382299423218, 0.4201456606388092, -0.3528347313404083, -0.48460865020751953, -1.194889783859253, 0.18956123292446136, -1.0080288648605347, -0.1546635925769806, -0.7157415747642517, 0.03680306673049927, -0.420120507478714, -0.001919635571539402, 0.2560187876224518, 0.11339866369962692, -0.5148698091506958, -0.2189355343580246, 0.9461148381233215, 0.633243203163147, 0.7933422327041626, 0.22325623035430908, 0.6337016820907593, -0.01596113294363022, -0.03966869041323662, 0.10024716705083847, 0.018345344811677933, -0.23222635686397552, 0.11378063261508942, 0.0232143122702837, -0.1400126963853836, 0.09298086911439896, -0.5297439098358154, -0.43331122398376465, 0.012677584774792194, 0.4030013680458069, -0.6442031860351562, -0.15922564268112183, 0.16493630409240723, 0.651569664478302, -0.29535871744155884, -0.3729504644870758, 0.43529585003852844, 0.04232948645949364, 0.26623058319091797, 0.2627011239528656, -0.4877414107322693, 0.516498863697052, -0.2622072398662567, 0.05620444566011429, -0.3562604784965515, -0.3729740381240845, -0.01847006008028984, -0.18357713520526886, -0.4296829402446747, -0.0877145454287529, -0.03454088047146797, 0.32560479640960693, -0.3493231236934662, 0.3685391843318939, 0.7320167422294617, 0.9867128133773804, 0.1152411550283432, -0.44906559586524963, -0.803816556930542, -0.34809455275535583, 0.2815994918346405, 0.01924429088830948, 0.23741604387760162, -0.7256684899330139, -0.5030561685562134, 0.43706807494163513, 0.10845748335123062, 0.00021560399909503758, -0.18746601045131683, 0.31538692116737366, 0.170183926820755, 0.08919502049684525, -0.7803918123245239, 0.23424673080444336, -0.3622712194919586, 0.37486588954925537, -0.522032618522644, 0.4823448061943054, 0.10887893289327621, -0.12976086139678955, -0.08115007728338242, 0.9782682657241821, -0.6408722996711731, 0.36182695627212524, 0.11352874338626862, 0.2699612081050873, 0.16747510433197021, 0.2890203595161438, 0.4986158609390259, -0.5416049361228943, 0.36698588728904724, -0.6639226675033569, 0.46929842233657837, 0.047397512942552567, -1.1402567625045776, 0.18323038518428802, -0.08968184143304825, 0.03193317726254463, 0.007884352467954159, -0.7150753736495972, 0.5657892227172852, -0.8748916387557983, 0.11125968396663666, -0.28714120388031006, 0.20369163155555725, -0.12483848631381989, 0.09988895803689957, -0.04017496854066849, -0.09737733751535416, -0.05196569487452507, 0.1562984734773636, -0.05704852193593979, 0.08649397641420364, -0.019718702882528305, -0.1997789591550827, 0.0588475726544857, 0.27558502554893494, 0.6487396955490112, -0.07882656157016754, 0.08784473687410355, 0.6995474100112915, -0.20055362582206726, 0.725978672504425, 0.8072287440299988, -0.45457398891448975, -0.49272629618644714, 0.45870473980903625, 0.24874837696552277, -0.2644813358783722, 0.0353919193148613, 0.9772553443908691, 0.11288035660982132, -0.1542401909828186, -0.6089577078819275, -0.7671030759811401, -0.5013911128044128, 0.2272731512784958, 0.3438624441623688, 0.5843847990036011, -0.3766128420829773, -0.10408984124660492, -0.3350538909435272, -0.24776531755924225, -0.21042701601982117, -0.008521387353539467, -0.5053898096084595, 0.6239790320396423, 0.09751922637224197, 1.325696349143982, 0.10087396949529648, -0.6457226872444153, 1.1116681098937988, -0.13692162930965424, 0.9220904111862183, -0.5281971096992493, -0.302986741065979, 0.841221034526825, -0.2988186478614807, -0.5218595862388611, 0.036452580243349075, -0.3853217363357544, 0.4692346751689911, -0.06791383028030396, 0.20645855367183685, 0.9944829344749451, -0.49869152903556824, -0.17154072225093842, 0.2753611207008362, 0.1689291149377823, -0.3477918803691864, -0.1825169324874878, 0.788963258266449, -0.07103940099477768, -0.03081364929676056, 0.307914137840271, -0.3129338026046753, -0.33115193247795105, -0.22766639292240143, 0.008311574347317219, -0.2550211548805237, 0.2177656590938568, -0.20229248702526093, 0.146046981215477, -0.00011572064249776304, -0.33879804611206055, -0.16275858879089355, 0.32965466380119324, -0.013148711062967777, 0.21316878497600555, -0.473801851272583, -0.12288003414869308, -0.16960890591144562, 0.5778282880783081, -0.21469327807426453, -0.10492066293954849, -0.21521785855293274, -0.19412727653980255, -0.38637179136276245, 0.8953354358673096, 0.627228319644928, 0.17182661592960358, 0.25881072878837585, 0.24111969769001007, -0.4674578309059143, -0.8754693865776062, 0.3558444678783417, 0.3937312662601471, -0.22104929387569427, 0.33911287784576416, -0.14062853157520294, 0.33516132831573486, -0.06524341553449631, 0.12342412024736404, -0.25349536538124084, -0.20695452392101288, 0.3257524073123932, -0.12008009105920792, 0.05225322023034096, -0.07275249063968658, -0.4485320746898651, 0.7617006301879883, -0.48642489314079285, 0.4848898649215698, 0.09109842777252197, 0.6010725498199463, -0.4468719959259033, -0.1734629124403, 0.4897083044052124, -0.10395596921443939, -0.4426616132259369, -0.281013548374176, 0.0630536749958992, -0.3777886927127838, 0.17898795008659363, 0.6222730875015259, 0.6459499001502991, 0.29365426301956177, -0.5111100077629089, -0.044538479298353195, 0.17708709836006165, -0.17670637369155884, -0.7032074928283691, 0.10989014804363251, -0.5188815593719482, -0.10144906491041183, 0.16295236349105835, -0.26947057247161865, 0.1873788684606552, -0.13458533585071564, 0.26299849152565, 0.04209398105740547, -0.7758287787437439, 0.004292887169867754, -0.08796719461679459, -0.7999621629714966, 0.27560728788375854, -1.1092207431793213, 0.20658592879772186, -0.011572648771107197, 0.6506957411766052, -0.17214860022068024, -0.2784842252731323, -5.1660637855529785, 0.23231862485408783, -0.21770212054252625, -0.4613268971443176, 0.28002598881721497, -0.15939319133758545, 0.3264797627925873, -0.4892411530017853, -0.06682348996400833, -0.3477051258087158, -0.769031822681427, -0.599570095539093, 0.32516783475875854, 0.7070703506469727, 0.7826392650604248, 0.2139204740524292, 0.12107451260089874, -0.16558627784252167, 0.1884876936674118, -0.23780597746372223, 0.2848162055015564, -0.5643975138664246, -0.6955307722091675, 0.6516500115394592, -0.0191888939589262, 0.723059892654419, 0.001366883865557611, -0.08564966171979904, -1.5735760927200317, -0.48186829686164856, -0.573554515838623, -0.3376670181751251, 0.47302278876304626, 0.45265117287635803, -0.049204010516405106, 0.4507738947868347, 0.8819358944892883, -0.29698842763900757, 1.0313693284988403, -0.4632481336593628, -0.2772258520126343, 0.608992338180542, -0.2893903851509094, -0.416818231344223, 0.17111645638942719, -0.4011628031730652, -0.3873036801815033, -0.07233590632677078, -0.4416969120502472, 0.2900850474834442, 0.4730947017669678, 0.0799231082201004, 0.5076298713684082, 0.2299991101026535, -0.802778422832489, -0.058358341455459595, 0.6537903547286987, -0.3636564612388611, -0.15537779033184052, 0.9248653054237366, 0.07590360194444656, -0.30537012219429016, 0.4121648371219635, -0.35378533601760864, 0.787309467792511, -0.5419484376907349, 0.056827228516340256, -0.003225864376872778, -0.26141414046287537, 0.36184588074684143, 0.032219063490629196, 0.9150803685188293, -0.2996419370174408, -1.1033003330230713, -0.1192408874630928, -0.6692973375320435, -0.45541712641716003, -0.28359562158584595, -0.6693889498710632, -0.04365335404872894, 0.5286146998405457, -0.9089334011077881, 0.036783333867788315, 0.3331972360610962, -0.27004098892211914, -0.6436198353767395, 0.44722339510917664, 0.6087303161621094, 0.06837906688451767, -0.7308399677276611, 0.9387719631195068, -0.7689914107322693, 0.7916759252548218, -0.07142620533704758, -0.004169718362390995, 0.4947536289691925, -0.08985697478055954, 0.03403912112116814, 0.4760162830352783, 0.664258599281311, -0.18180225789546967, -0.465237557888031, 0.5334510207176208, 0.3798716962337494, -0.11447056382894516, -0.21490363776683807, -0.125804141163826, 0.6695719957351685, 0.7710458636283875, -0.49315735697746277, -0.6806004643440247, 0.5188551545143127, -0.30617755651474, -0.4734593629837036, 0.7359893321990967, -0.7097349762916565, 0.15911544859409332, 0.8426846265792847, 0.16006940603256226, 0.7286195755004883, -0.3153485953807831, -0.3798288106918335, 0.4544347822666168, -0.16816650331020355, -0.15860506892204285, -0.36808234453201294, 0.1268380582332611, 0.2278708517551422, 0.045343875885009766, -0.04882736876606941, 0.2656073272228241, 0.4173799753189087, 0.20577237010002136, -0.12204472720623016, -0.08615835756063461, -0.43208929896354675, -1.0825145244598389, -1.2769603729248047, 0.10600118339061737, 0.8397048115730286, -0.4049631357192993, 0.04354429244995117, -0.18400798738002777, 0.5568337440490723, 0.5303583741188049, 0.8643229603767395, -0.06771532446146011, 0.09500374644994736, -0.9666299819946289, 0.32285094261169434, -0.3719046413898468, 0.02744382806122303, 0.613696277141571, 0.040781810879707336, 0.2068479061126709, 0.2836664617061615, 0.006172419060021639, 0.34352731704711914, -0.10561706125736237, -0.0531216561794281, 0.07910334318876266, 0.16635672748088837, -1.363836646080017, -0.005210798233747482, -0.06729889661073685, 0.148013174533844, 0.21319150924682617, 0.09621891379356384, -0.16788208484649658, 0.6430739760398865, 0.24975472688674927, -0.7403762340545654, -0.4479947090148926, -0.10937086492776871, 0.10667964071035385, -0.19643239676952362, -0.14362367987632751, 0.26904183626174927, 0.19604569673538208, -0.23153357207775116, 0.16799432039260864, 0.26507431268692017, 0.3324448764324188, 0.6338090300559998, 0.8032531142234802, -0.6276141405105591, -0.6361163854598999, -0.2706790566444397, -0.7745446562767029, 0.5035673975944519, 0.35766279697418213, -0.9007506966590881, 0.16992273926734924, 0.7397801280021667, 0.10027120262384415, -0.7375568747520447, 0.3468140959739685, 0.13294103741645813, -0.4865325689315796, -0.030738316476345062, -0.40264326333999634, 0.3559809923171997, -0.5961576700210571, 0.3831649422645569, 0.7039726376533508, -0.6372184753417969, 0.598191499710083, 0.635356605052948, -0.45097896456718445, 0.09048206359148026, -0.6767197251319885, -0.4510391652584076, 0.017393289133906364, 0.0875341147184372, -0.5847075581550598, -0.0375741571187973, 0.11132453382015228, 0.01756121590733528, -0.4995899498462677, -0.5313035249710083, 0.3798568844795227, -0.4546222388744354, -0.17383050918579102, -0.2920115888118744, -0.666428804397583, 0.18586908280849457, -0.3448847830295563, -0.4614778161048889, -0.1492864340543747, -0.399869441986084, 0.3683309555053711, -0.032121095806360245, 0.6824195384979248, 0.7969756722450256, -0.07349960505962372, 0.28023073077201843, -0.13216015696525574, -0.2952229976654053, 0.14270545542240143, 0.28599581122398376, 0.19828200340270996, 0.46942731738090515, 0.15136858820915222, -0.13357053697109222, 0.16715680062770844, 0.4144165515899658, -0.015026372857391834, -0.19194871187210083, -0.530004620552063, 0.7049904465675354, 0.2555818259716034, -0.053856220096349716, -0.9271994829177856, -0.5086799263954163, 0.31424811482429504, -0.055530618876218796, 0.5425300002098083, -0.08399578928947449, 0.15273542702198029, 0.6693015098571777, -0.35904428362846375, -0.05467850714921951, -0.3153074383735657, 0.30876490473747253, 0.3394952714443207, -0.15403270721435547, -0.1409074366092682, -0.540962815284729, 0.4214726388454437, -0.5795214772224426, -0.2936716675758362, -0.6445956230163574, 0.9430533051490784, -0.11032389849424362, -0.3097003698348999, -0.32102447748184204, 0.021048100665211678, -0.5654802918434143, -0.4128757119178772, -0.29458916187286377, -0.9528448581695557, -0.006109026260674, 0.028729375451803207, -0.08724413067102432, -0.4117658734321594, -0.7940905690193176, -0.12794174253940582, 0.18098041415214539, -0.42400747537612915, 0.21436728537082672, -0.6495472192764282, -0.02509879507124424, 0.07103488594293594, 0.07946393638849258, -0.1544627547264099, -0.1752268373966217, 0.7889910936355591, 0.547078013420105, -0.7225343585014343, 0.024040287360548973, -0.4209088385105133, 0.15214020013809204, -0.22911977767944336, -0.2248251736164093, 0.40434473752975464, 0.3688822090625763, 0.4080566167831421, 0.1744995266199112, 0.20842060446739197, 0.2557126581668854, -0.06309420615434647, 0.08166566491127014, 0.24156318604946136, 0.9266575574874878, -0.33811718225479126, -0.061155617237091064, 0.8267514705657959, -0.35037463903427124, 0.19102124869823456, 0.19920483231544495, -0.23018713295459747, 0.05637475848197937, 0.36545586585998535, 0.2519839107990265, -0.5379871726036072, 0.5752454996109009, 0.4445722997188568, 0.05716876685619354, 0.17296095192432404, 0.5315039157867432, 0.36368781328201294, 0.13487336039543152, -0.12427560240030289, -0.10070429742336273, -0.08098533749580383, -0.5895429849624634, -0.08191370964050293, -0.450855553150177, 0.2125043421983719, 0.5443310141563416, 0.6288119554519653, 0.3364463448524475, -0.0891038253903389, 0.1740337759256363, 0.025619005784392357, 0.4442747235298157, 0.16554300487041473, 0.08288847655057907, 0.5520553588867188, 0.0879303589463234, 0.5507146716117859, -0.3698860704898834, 0.22046618163585663, -0.6569599509239197, 0.09123191237449646, 0.12249946594238281, 0.015582412481307983, -0.23132023215293884, -0.4313642978668213, 0.5505808591842651, -0.18987637758255005, 0.12284534424543381, 0.49625861644744873, -0.3983112573623657, -0.10199420899152756, 0.08286166936159134, 0.39421558380126953, -0.9615734815597534, 0.30957576632499695, 0.7588310837745667, 0.5857920050621033, 0.5586962103843689, -0.6537328362464905, -0.39079374074935913, 0.20631511509418488, 0.7756137251853943, 0.39855754375457764, 1.045348048210144, 0.19064342975616455, 0.5370579957962036, 0.37265828251838684, -0.20679336786270142, -0.02183694764971733, 0.26417648792266846, -0.016211548820137978, -0.43109193444252014, 0.12888893485069275, -0.43957003951072693, -0.8112459182739258, -0.3504192531108856, -0.3781062662601471, -0.3979065716266632, 0.12640658020973206, 0.6105616092681885, -0.26521357893943787, 0.07663693279027939, -0.7098113298416138, 0.3813857436180115, -0.6177225112915039, 0.33466070890426636, -0.15912441909313202, 0.5240134596824646, 0.14418211579322815, -0.2707231640815735, -0.08118360489606857, -0.11298088729381561, -0.08554665744304657, -0.10797727108001709, -0.5159414410591125, 0.5870482325553894, 0.1961166113615036, 0.45168790221214294, 0.548187255859375, 0.370617538690567, -0.7849525213241577, 0.16434437036514282, 0.12688694894313812, -0.04052521660923958, -0.12629689276218414, -1.0229583978652954, 0.027224475517868996, -0.9163007140159607, -0.5313666462898254, 0.29488304257392883, -0.14779287576675415, -0.22695910930633545, -0.07276572287082672, -0.36228370666503906, -0.8014774322509766, 0.04707302525639534, 0.3951168358325958, 0.17511944472789764, 0.147350013256073, -0.5745013952255249, -0.8152649998664856, -0.22468815743923187, 0.8373770117759705, 0.5982679724693298, 0.3664998412132263, -0.545066773891449, 0.07472282648086548, -0.5463001728057861, -0.5089778900146484, 0.2608712315559387, 0.46729010343551636, 0.4860619902610779, -0.8315160870552063, -0.22828425467014313, -0.2637525796890259, 0.20810271799564362, 0.19002899527549744, -0.47921639680862427, 0.27845025062561035, -0.19989623129367828, -0.03674868121743202, -0.6468308568000793, -0.3589305579662323, -1.0531336069107056, 0.17759330570697784, -0.19920247793197632 ]
230620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundaga	Dundaga	Dundaga () is a village in Talsi Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. From 2009 until 2021, the village served as the administrative centre of the former Dundaga Municipality. Dundaga is known for its castle, constructed by the Archbishopric of Riga in the late 13th century. From the 16th century until 1918, Dundaga Castle (formerly Dundagen) was the centre of the largest private estate in Courland, belonging to the Baron Osten-Sacken () family, an important local Baltic-German noble dynasty. References Towns and villages in Latvia Talsi Municipality Windau County Courland	[ 0.10491383075714111, 0.19332145154476166, -0.7143298387527466, -0.2810558080673218, 0.2154446691274643, 0.5232958197593689, 0.6973167061805725, -0.35606327652931213, -0.05727914348244667, -0.518979012966156, 0.4472960829734802, -0.06637492030858994, -0.6012694239616394, 0.4062972664833069, -0.8498356938362122, 0.29723790287971497, 0.30413392186164856, -0.03491263464093208, 1.1488418579101562, -0.5283411145210266, 0.3391960561275482, -0.19040219485759735, -0.05320616066455841, 0.8303084373474121, 0.005164676811546087, 0.17414766550064087, 0.7401096224784851, 1.1268783807754517, 0.5629218220710754, -0.0492376908659935, -0.7843571901321411, 1.0447152853012085, 0.07977074384689331, -0.060061950236558914, 0.2501384913921356, 0.5042875409126282, 0.18059836328029633, -0.7705402970314026, -0.30754226446151733, -0.17293937504291534, -0.22396962344646454, 0.2846768796443939, -0.7895991206169128, 0.4026831388473511, 0.020968889817595482, -0.6560093760490417, -1.3070181608200073, 0.5343524813652039, -1.0055514574050903, -0.10176035016775131, -0.5265135169029236, -0.1647566705942154, 0.39595839381217957, -0.1544046401977539, 0.27547144889831543, -0.582941472530365, -0.19410119950771332, 0.3848084509372711, 0.38860225677490234, 0.5539363026618958, -0.0009675176697783172, -0.24574385583400726, -0.09606338292360306, -0.44036054611206055, 0.9663166999816895, -0.3060566782951355, -0.5831005573272705, -0.23445872962474823, 0.02996116690337658, -0.887725293636322, -0.474648654460907, 0.1817314475774765, -0.08087997138500214, -0.2979499101638794, -0.07240236550569534, 0.4884386658668518, -0.3360036611557007, -0.28579989075660706, 0.6243164539337158, -0.3235611319541931, 0.14297132194042206, -1.2989553213119507, 0.615443229675293, 0.7712814211845398, 0.13304467499256134, 0.07538870722055435, -0.2679837644100189, -0.4223572313785553, -0.6868229508399963, 0.6437665224075317, -0.6490197777748108, -0.12965057790279388, 0.2108786702156067, 0.005721790250390768, 0.3188750743865967, 0.4192284643650055, -0.37765324115753174, 0.6075641512870789, 0.5279510617256165, 0.17463578283786774, -0.14600318670272827, -0.17274990677833557, 0.7778465151786804, -0.07400456815958023, -0.2331118881702423, -0.8916373252868652, -0.3946191966533661, -0.17110897600650787, -0.7769157886505127, -0.9053468704223633, -0.5617682933807373, 0.6550166606903076, -0.046425942331552505, -0.1604827344417572, 0.41118478775024414, 0.7823053002357483, -0.11949031054973602, 0.10279333591461182, -0.4989028871059418, 0.5528642535209656, 0.004256959538906813, 0.7920920252799988, -0.3672320246696472, 0.03443080931901932, -0.16875067353248596, 0.44428980350494385, -0.39866626262664795, 0.048776596784591675, -0.48377373814582825, 0.6604532599449158, 0.09197690337896347, 0.7952643632888794, -0.9737231731414795, 0.28534647822380066, 0.19100256264209747, -0.2958590090274811, -0.051888152956962585, 0.06935786455869675, 0.6301265954971313, 0.11722920089960098, -0.8993483185768127, 0.4397572875022888, -1.1686888933181763, -0.15097330510616302, 0.5388478636741638, 0.2745468318462372, 0.34599605202674866, -0.24119673669338226, -0.3204209506511688, -0.9450134634971619, 0.4373299777507782, 0.09027852863073349, 0.17806515097618103, 0.29030677676200867, -0.6185359954833984, 0.03563951700925827, -0.08030733466148376, 0.010395612567663193, 0.13055191934108734, 0.9853144884109497, 0.9639906287193298, -0.09732449799776077, 0.5928345918655396, 0.3969813287258148, 0.3699529469013214, -0.47349706292152405, 0.24231143295764923, -0.19081734120845795, 0.8971668481826782, -0.16501855850219727, -0.548375129699707, 0.25362420082092285, 0.18357214331626892, 0.0011108769103884697, 0.3331688940525055, -0.016280002892017365, -0.0807918831706047, -0.08287369459867477, 0.1525857299566269, -0.6168343424797058, -0.5392089486122131, 0.4245024621486664, 0.12283794581890106, 0.11237885802984238, 0.36293113231658936, 1.2027355432510376, 0.18697579205036163, 0.12253386527299881, 0.32328054308891296, -0.1529725342988968, 0.04666883870959282, -0.016186367720365524, -0.07666250318288803, 0.34379369020462036, 0.5579853057861328, 0.021268632262945175, -0.7145946621894836, -0.17657563090324402, 0.013022229075431824, 0.34740084409713745, -0.8953976035118103, -0.3131946623325348, 0.46616634726524353, -0.5848090648651123, 0.1547795981168747, 0.7591022253036499, -0.25381243228912354, -0.20200558006763458, -0.19101539254188538, 0.7295408248901367, -0.15339426696300507, -0.5044599771499634, 0.1861722469329834, 0.1432660073041916, -0.07980204373598099, -0.09911105036735535, 0.2695921063423157, 0.6158661842346191, 0.380623996257782, 0.02849198505282402, 0.7319275736808777, 0.11338275671005249, -0.1422969400882721, -0.18240149319171906, 0.05806490033864975, 0.5270489454269409, 0.699823260307312, 0.599866509437561, 0.393400639295578, -0.7515882849693298, -0.2970872223377228, 0.6014183759689331, -0.06235688924789429, -0.14090432226657867, -0.17200283706188202, -0.1635023057460785, 0.2240770161151886, -0.6514568328857422, 1.182119369506836, -0.48854371905326843, -0.21392516791820526, 0.005046885460615158, 0.23821821808815002, 0.07346288114786148, 0.6476433277130127, 0.8072813749313354, 0.12161022424697876, 0.24499382078647614, -0.19846075773239136, -0.9110338091850281, -0.5506910085678101, -0.13398796319961548, 0.417269766330719, -0.5806742310523987, -0.06294117122888565, -0.006319877691566944, 0.04137571156024933, -0.25881436467170715, 0.06867846846580505, 0.5898861289024353, -0.4330807626247406, 0.7378334403038025, 0.3064717650413513, 0.48812079429626465, -0.26767653226852417, -0.3182767331600189, 0.02715708315372467, 0.19199879467487335, 0.7019495368003845, -0.3108188807964325, 0.16832470893859863, -0.3631143271923065, -0.07399193197488785, -1.2316107749938965, 0.29055002331733704, -0.34341520071029663, -0.20478367805480957, 0.32953572273254395, -0.562551736831665, -0.23557208478450775, 0.03831522911787033, 0.6321028470993042, -0.20013318955898285, -0.34358468651771545, -0.17179930210113525, 0.3804303705692291, 0.438325971364975, -0.17397736012935638, 0.15701651573181152, 0.16661566495895386, -0.3437911868095398, 0.6140959858894348, -0.0064971256069839, 0.3958280086517334, -0.423578679561615, -0.40238580107688904, -0.7671401500701904, 0.328086793422699, 0.139064222574234, -0.2171938419342041, -0.4788689911365509, 0.548496663570404, -0.35713624954223633, 0.30719131231307983, -0.30432960391044617, 0.21859468519687653, 0.16473793983459473, 0.13360266387462616, -4.635335922241211, 0.369790256023407, -0.16716523468494415, 0.4294448792934418, -0.03748967498540878, -0.1036815196275711, 0.5700615644454956, -0.29493552446365356, -0.32769474387168884, -0.1758131980895996, -0.2663065493106842, -0.8400565981864929, 0.08239825069904327, 0.7925387620925903, 0.568392813205719, -0.262462854385376, 0.9668741822242737, -0.028057709336280823, 0.1624080389738083, 0.18221159279346466, 0.13991497457027435, 0.2335658222436905, -0.46238279342651367, 0.2712320387363434, 0.028949089348316193, -0.22025293111801147, 0.40401384234428406, 0.026934534311294556, -0.7564956545829773, -0.6651992201805115, -0.045835185796022415, 0.022498203441500664, -0.3830397129058838, 0.4625092148780823, 0.24629604816436768, 0.25531113147735596, 0.05259133502840996, 0.32499659061431885, 0.8220726847648621, -0.09721656143665314, 0.19703027606010437, 0.02980503998696804, 0.19423814117908478, -0.19314944744110107, 0.863854169845581, -0.34185147285461426, -0.28454551100730896, 0.3461354970932007, -0.542897641658783, 0.9588841199874878, 0.6023110151290894, -0.42928048968315125, 0.9791249632835388, 0.029579173773527145, 0.4071808457374573, -0.3822438418865204, 0.23107437789440155, -0.4842967987060547, -0.25609028339385986, 1.5853915214538574, 0.1879902482032776, -0.41059592366218567, 0.2218703031539917, -1.178242802619934, 0.1599917858839035, -0.48398107290267944, -0.10965396463871002, 0.0433645024895668, 0.3789888620376587, 0.5581007599830627, -0.235293909907341, 1.0535991191864014, -0.7534493207931519, -1.1620144844055176, 0.02983834780752659, -0.9815906882286072, -0.3552587926387787, 0.2193894386291504, -0.5486375689506531, -0.2852044403553009, 0.22944894433021545, -0.4582946002483368, -0.21280331909656525, 0.5803188681602478, 0.4509998857975006, -0.3630146086215973, -0.20629847049713135, 0.09343382716178894, -0.264873743057251, -0.7079859375953674, 0.7824559807777405, 0.5364540815353394, 0.13289044797420502, -0.09075141698122025, -0.2989044487476349, 0.46216943860054016, 0.3738534152507782, -0.2764286398887634, -0.056484535336494446, -0.5524342656135559, 0.4928668439388275, -0.17973566055297852, 0.38011571764945984, -0.446062833070755, 0.09834270179271698, -0.6481198668479919, 0.17876306176185608, 0.3101406693458557, 0.6694963574409485, -0.5445824265480042, -0.2644195556640625, 0.37093961238861084, -0.051413509994745255, -0.8008303642272949, 1.045937418937683, 0.15464526414871216, 0.13885554671287537, 1.136237382888794, -0.2522401809692383, 0.25878775119781494, 0.1847733110189438, -0.0530545637011528, 0.4644067585468292, 0.11019035428762436, 0.7958996891975403, -0.7759243845939636, 0.01129485759884119, 0.07206141203641891, -0.7920576930046082, 0.580423891544342, 0.09846143424510956, -0.13723231852054596, -0.26297757029533386, -0.922441840171814, 0.0457901731133461, -0.6426175236701965, -0.7718613147735596, -0.4322046935558319, 0.19347445666790009, 0.5321899652481079, 0.6600344777107239, -0.4785825312137604, -0.16535520553588867, 0.14478269219398499, 0.04395461082458496, -0.2671249806880951, 0.1157417818903923, 0.1220463439822197, -0.7650302052497864, -0.08215254545211792, -0.44117382168769836, -0.5905488133430481, 0.11622513830661774, -0.9333689212799072, 0.562582790851593, 0.4313887655735016, 0.4560067355632782, 0.4908908009529114, -0.01654883846640587, -0.41164207458496094, -0.16792035102844238, -0.7399012446403503, -0.8594589829444885, 0.26226475834846497, -0.016474952921271324, -0.02752968855202198, -1.2825771570205688, -0.6688039302825928, -0.4961226284503937, 0.5369924902915955, 0.45127442479133606, -0.9682332277297974, -0.8581168055534363, -0.06081528216600418, 0.1372220367193222, -0.47483029961586, 0.6450101137161255, 0.7791728973388672, -0.28169941902160645, 0.08856476843357086, 0.11448176950216293, 0.2735914885997772, -0.19216476380825043, 0.02476888708770275, 0.33619728684425354, -0.49818262457847595, -0.780989944934845, 0.5134372711181641, -0.5101226568222046, -0.3076155185699463, -0.22156952321529388, -0.6287707686424255, 0.7773982882499695, -0.12251227349042892, 0.3480117917060852, -1.1600865125656128, 0.4194277226924896, -0.29169633984565735, -0.14743822813034058, -0.5460460186004639, 0.2627788186073303, 0.2589782178401947, -0.9151769280433655, 0.2476363182067871, -0.4477020800113678, -0.8216642737388611, 1.245516300201416, 1.0947965383529663, -0.6795182824134827, 0.13303038477897644, -0.5051718950271606, -1.1559194326400757, -0.5713940262794495, 0.53626549243927, -0.5147379636764526, 0.4288698434829712, 0.2662389874458313, -0.25090375542640686, -0.8619169592857361, -0.09306242316961288, -0.2303769290447235, -0.585825502872467, -0.0053619868122041225, -0.3176722824573517, -0.8107078671455383, 0.23676563799381256, -0.007511379662901163, -0.4357004463672638, 0.3508567214012146, -0.04498603567481041, 0.09012570977210999, 0.12342468649148941, 0.28398406505584717, 0.16401655972003937, -0.09173537790775299, -0.1736772209405899, -0.23021171987056732, 0.11112131923437119, 0.48785144090652466, 0.32770583033561707, 0.5356752872467041, 0.9961823225021362, -0.1057506874203682, 0.014016496948897839, 0.47019046545028687, -0.09887543320655823, -0.03795427083969116, 0.2952575087547302, -0.7324396967887878, 0.2160017490386963, 0.24733513593673706, 0.12325692921876907, -0.5069707036018372, 0.5189071297645569, 0.6150949597358704, 0.3078410029411316, -0.14996448159217834, 0.3349073529243469, 0.45129504799842834, 0.5745673179626465, 0.05770473554730415, 0.06250350177288055, 0.06275966018438339, 0.03969427943229675, 0.08520790934562683, -0.27499231696128845, 0.15939301252365112, -0.30605730414390564, 0.5568951964378357, -0.2604069113731384, -0.6006975769996643, -0.8489435911178589, 0.4894731342792511, 0.02710452303290367, -0.4229937493801117, 0.03858868405222893, -0.1817944198846817, -0.7851150631904602, 0.08922164142131805, 0.17645101249217987, -0.2585613429546356, 0.45596742630004883, -0.3064604103565216, 0.21065790951251984, -1.0175809860229492, 0.16674062609672546, -0.4476240873336792, 0.5195783972740173, -0.4062512516975403, 0.5546979308128357, -0.22890865802764893, -0.1741451919078827, -0.20008400082588196, 0.11691469699144363, 0.005802006460726261, 0.028704602271318436, 0.32690873742103577, 0.42847350239753723, -0.42366909980773926, 0.39560580253601074, -0.1671251803636551, 0.39432430267333984, 0.44102463126182556, -0.046286266297101974, 0.5063461065292358, 0.48778006434440613, -0.44080647826194763, -0.4896954894065857, 0.310088187456131, 0.3154892921447754, 0.1686030477285385, -0.3827568590641022, 0.45274704694747925, 1.072932243347168, -0.13405323028564453, 0.16184045374393463, 0.41137710213661194, -0.017590660601854324, -0.23384101688861847, 0.02626161091029644, 0.49021199345588684, 0.25435230135917664, 0.30460283160209656, 0.6369693875312805, 0.3816799521446228, 0.9557644128799438, -0.1400754153728485, -0.4954144358634949, 0.6603642702102661, -0.13334697484970093, -0.10084408521652222, -0.05645403638482094, -0.09588910639286041, 0.364827960729599, -0.3666379749774933, -0.4852544665336609, 0.011210057884454727, -0.030043529346585274, 0.4539213180541992, 0.24928928911685944, 0.328559935092926, 0.16469889879226685, 0.021325858309864998, 0.30085381865501404, 0.40882229804992676, -0.013800364919006824, 0.20546656847000122, 0.21966764330863953, 0.1859445869922638, -0.1202431470155716, 0.03020225651562214, -0.40671274065971375, -0.04325730353593826, -1.1216212511062622, -0.4960106909275055, 0.48921582102775574, 0.39635366201400757, -1.0912538766860962, -0.29168522357940674, -0.36093637347221375, 0.19531039893627167, -0.7941126227378845, -0.21950899064540863, 0.19598489999771118, -0.48077139258384705, -0.7106478214263916, -0.09232887625694275, -0.03587491810321808, 0.005107888951897621, 0.5453319549560547, 0.21415719389915466, -0.10716710984706879, 0.07937874644994736, -0.2502431571483612, 0.5434519052505493, 0.12988285720348358, 0.09460686147212982, 0.4305601418018341, -0.27858585119247437, 0.3935396373271942, -0.4553942382335663, 0.3648744821548462, -0.852826714515686, -0.3629951477050781, -0.5975757837295532, -0.7532553672790527, 0.12454622238874435, -0.03764433413743973, 0.30766329169273376, 0.0032452521845698357, -0.08338040858507156, -0.25711590051651, -0.6792917847633362, 0.22872394323349, -1.3724119663238525, -0.06580204516649246, -0.16792333126068115, 0.7958164811134338, 0.03361896052956581, 0.06463649868965149, -0.41400665044784546, 0.09028224647045135, -0.2819294035434723, 0.3176891803741455, 0.05542704835534096, 0.1316966861486435, -0.48120322823524475, -0.24085037410259247, -0.25347983837127686, 0.9157126545906067, 0.5791050791740417, -0.05028751865029335, 0.09315262734889984, 0.7723472118377686, -0.622861385345459, 0.29344382882118225, 0.5981355905532837, 0.4714081585407257, 0.08619483560323715, 0.29795414209365845, 0.00619268324226141, -0.2536335289478302, 0.7971764206886292, -0.11314921081066132, 0.1896285116672516, -0.4672917425632477, -0.18903835117816925, 0.6919293403625488, -0.6336634755134583, -0.3478087782859802, -0.09960855543613434, -0.3736784756183624, -0.3191244602203369, 0.2222515046596527, -0.7690033316612244, -0.0948014035820961, 0.3497557044029236, 0.7662153244018555, 0.6455757021903992, -0.6111231446266174, 0.11547301709651947, -0.26782864332199097, -0.15301772952079773, 0.20551884174346924, -2.294325828552246, 0.5338401794433594, -0.8071135878562927, -0.35498398542404175, -0.49814680218696594, -0.3015885353088379, -0.5421212911605835, -0.5845112204551697, 1.3152086734771729, -0.4918898642063141, -0.059963736683130264, 0.23358629643917084, -0.16973263025283813, -0.6347461342811584, 0.03752656653523445, 0.41755321621894836 ]
230623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Moneypenny	Miss Moneypenny	Miss Moneypenny, later assigned the first names of Eve or Jane, is a fictional character in the James Bond novels and films. She is secretary to M, who is Bond's superior officer and head of the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). Although she has a small part in most of the films, it is always highlighted by the underscored romantic tension between her and Bond (something that is virtually non-existent in Ian Fleming's novels, although it is somewhat more apparent in the Bond novels by John Gardner and Raymond Benson). On that note, she is not always considered to be a Bond girl, having never had anything more than a professional relationship with Bond. Although not given a first name by Fleming, the character was given the name Jane in the spin-off book series, The Moneypenny Diaries; in the films, she received the first name of Eve in Skyfall (2012), which is set in the new continuity opened by 2006's Casino Royale, where the character spent time as a field officer before becoming secretary to M. According to the film You Only Live Twice (1967), she holds the rank of second officer in the Women's Royal Naval Service. Background In Ian Fleming's first draft of Casino Royale (1953), Moneypenny's name was originally "Miss 'Petty' Pettaval", which was taken from Kathleen Pettigrew, the personal assistant to MI6 director Stewart Menzies. Fleming changed it to be less obvious. Other candidates for Moneypenny's inspiration include Vera Atkins of Special Operations Executive; Paddy Ridsdale, a Naval Intelligence secretary; Joan Bright Astley, whom Fleming dated during World War II, and who was noted for giving a warm and friendly reception to senior officers who visited her office to view confidential papers; and Joan Howe, Fleming's red-haired secretary at The Times who had typed the manuscript of Casino Royale. The BBC has used the term "Fleming's Miss Moneypenny" when referring to Jean Frampton, who typed out the manuscripts for Fleming's later works and made plot suggestions to him, even though the two never met. Summary Miss Moneypenny is the private secretary of M, the head of MI6. She holds the rank of Second Officer in the Women's Royal Naval Service, which is a prerequisite rank for this position. She is cleared for Top Secret, Eyes Only, and Cabinet-Level intelligence reports, the last of which she is often required to prepare, and in some cases present. M's personal assistant is utterly dedicated to her work, which means she has little time for a social life. A close confidante of her boss, she also enjoys a flirtatious—though never consummated—relationship with James Bond, whom she understands perfectly. Moneypenny was never given any backstory until the film Skyfall (2012), when she was re-introduced to the series following the 2006 reboot of the series' continuity. Moneypenny, now played by Naomie Harris and given the first name Eve, is originally a field officer assigned to work with Bond on an operation in Istanbul. It ends in disaster when she is ordered to shoot through Bond while he is fighting hand-to-hand combat with the mercenary they are chasing. She hits Bond, who falls off a bridge and is assumed dead. She is temporarily suspended for this and reassigned to desk duty, assisting Gareth Mallory (Ralph Fiennes), the Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee, who has been assigned to watch over MI6. When Bond resurfaces and returns to duty, she meets with him in Macau and aids in locating an agent of main villain Raoul Silva's (Javier Bardem) before returning to London. Later in the film, she is a participant in another shootout with Silva, when he ambushes a public inquiry into MI6. By the end of the film, she decides to retire from fieldwork and becomes Mallory's secretary once he takes over the role of M. Role In both the Bond novels and films based upon them, Moneypenny is smitten with Bond. For example, in the novel Thunderball (1961), Fleming wrote that she "often dreamed hopelessly about Bond." However, she never explicitly voices these feelings. Miss Moneypenny's role in Fleming's novels is even smaller than her role in the films. In the novels, Bond also has his own secretary, Loelia Ponsonby and later Mary Goodnight, both of whose lines and relationships were often transferred to Miss Moneypenny for the films. As a rule, Moneypenny generally never directly participates in Bond's missions. However, in Skyfall, Moneypenny is an MI6 officer who directly assists Bond in the field before becoming the new M's secretary. In the film Octopussy, Moneypenny has an assistant named Penelope Smallbone (Michaela Clavell), who appears to be equally smitten with Bond, despite a "thorough briefing" on the subject by Moneypenny. Intended as either a foil or a replacement for Moneypenny, Smallbone appeared only that once. In most of the Bond films, there is a scene, usually Bond's arrival at M's office, in which Bond and Moneypenny exchange witty, flirtatious conversation. ("Flattery will get you nowhere, but don't stop trying.") In the earlier films, these exchanges are more sexually charged, with Bond often kissing or caressing Moneypenny sensually. In Die Another Day (2002), she puts on Q's (John Cleese) virtual reality glasses and runs a simulation in which she and Bond finally consummate their relationship. Q interrupts her, and she pretends she was using it as a combat simulation. In the original film version of Casino Royale, actress Barbara Bouchet plays M's current secretary and explains to Sir James Bond (played by David Niven) upon their first meeting that she is actually Miss Moneypenny's daughter. She is referred to thereafter, and in the closing credits, as Moneypenny. Since the character's first appearance in Casino Royale, neither Fleming nor any succeeding Bond novelist gave Moneypenny a first name. In a number of books and at least one film, Bond refers to her by the nickname "Penny" (a shortened version of her last name). However, The Moneypenny Diaries gives her first name as Jane, while in Skyfall, the character is named Eve. After Lois Maxwell's death, Roger Moore recalled that she would have liked to have become the new M after Moore's retirement. She had suggested herself for the role of M but had been turned down. "I think it was a great disappointment to her that she had not been promoted to play M. She would have been a wonderful M." The Moneypenny Diaries On 10 October 2005, John Murray published The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel (2005), the first of three Ian Fleming Publications' sanctioned novels written by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, from the point of view of Miss Moneypenny. The rest of The Moneypenny Diaries trilogy was released over the next three years, consisting of Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries (2006) and The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling (2008). Films Moneypenny has been played by six actresses in the Bond films: four in the Eon film series, plus two in the non-Eon films. The last three actresses to play Moneypenny (Caroline Bliss, Samantha Bond and Naomie Harris) are all alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. Eon Productions series Lois Maxwell Dr. No (1962) From Russia with Love (1963) Goldfinger (1964) Thunderball (1965) You Only Live Twice (1967) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) Diamonds Are Forever (1971) Live and Let Die (1973) The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) Moonraker (1979) For Your Eyes Only (1981) Octopussy (1983) A View to a Kill (1985) Caroline Bliss The Living Daylights (1987) Licence to Kill (1989) Samantha Bond GoldenEye (1995) Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) The World Is Not Enough (1999) Die Another Day (2002) Naomie Harris (as "Eve Moneypenny") Skyfall (2012) Spectre (2015) No Time to Die (2021) Non-Eon films Barbara Bouchet Casino Royale (1967) (Bouchet actually plays Moneypenny's daughter) Pamela Salem Never Say Never Again (1983) Other appearances Lois Maxwell portrays Moneypenny in the television special Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond (1967), which was produced by United Artists Television. Lois Maxwell played herself in the Italian film OK Connery (1967) and played Miss Moneypenny in the 1975 French film Bons baisers de Hong Kong. Samantha Bond took up the role again in an advertisement for London's (ultimately successful) London 2012 Olympic bid. She appeared alongside Roger Moore, who played 007 between 1973 and 1985. In the video game From Russia with Love (2005), Moneypenny appears with Lois Maxwell's likeness in the same film. She is voiced by Karly Rothenberg (who also voices Rosa Klebb in the game). Moneypenny appears in Dynamite Entertainment's 2015 James Bond comic book series. Though the series is heavily inspired by the original Ian Fleming stories, this version of Moneypenny is black, much like Naomie Harris' portrayal in the movies. This rendition of the character is both M's secretary and personal security agent, who tends to defend her superior from physical threats by all means at all cost. A spin-off one-shot created by Jody Houser and Jacob Edgar, starring this rendition of the character was published in August 2017. Miss Moneypenny is a non-player-character to interact with in the role-playing game James Bond 007. She is described as a crack shot, having shot a would-be assassin trying to kill M; she placed six shots in the assassin that could be covered by a tea saucer. It is even a mild rebuke for an agent with poor marksmanship if M ever says, "My assistant can shoot better than you." Although Miss Moneypenny does not appear in Casino Royale (2006), when Vesper Lynd (Eva Green) first meets Bond (Daniel Craig), she says "I’m the money" (a reference to the fact that she works for the British Treasury), and he replies "Every penny of it." In other media In The Last Resort: A Memoir of Zimbabwe (2009), Douglas Rogers dedicated chapter 11 (titled "Miss Moneypenny") to his father Ian's black market currency dealer in Mutare. See also List of James Bond allies Notes Characters in British novels of the 20th century Literary characters introduced in 1953 Fictional secretaries James Bond characters Fictional SIS agents Female characters in literature Female characters in film Black characters in films Fictional Black British people de:Figuren aus James-Bond-Filmen#Eve Moneypenny	[ -0.47588953375816345, -0.060119982808828354, -1.0253132581710815, -0.038416553288698196, 0.2542310953140259, 0.867062509059906, 0.36976635456085205, 0.1014634445309639, -0.7079858183860779, 0.0961567834019661, -0.15677453577518463, 0.21706368029117584, -0.23296606540679932, 0.3414613902568817, 0.049479249864816666, -0.32888370752334595, 0.890166163444519, 0.7970324158668518, -0.05038406327366829, -0.5144892930984497, -0.41635242104530334, 0.09308593720197678, 0.32512810826301575, -0.1711558848619461, -0.5798629522323608, -0.2697460949420929, -0.03669668361544609, -0.5616784691810608, 0.27404212951660156, -0.2098701149225235, -0.47203317284584045, -0.040150005370378494, 0.8055188059806824, 0.49177947640419006, -0.047210995107889175, -0.4944310188293457, -0.4137996733188629, 0.0032801716588437557, -0.4823746681213379, -0.5291613936424255, -0.06986608356237411, -0.1934148371219635, 0.6038392186164856, 0.016573701053857803, -0.9727802872657776, -0.5570479035377502, -1.5489681959152222, 0.17715764045715332, -0.8742519021034241, -0.11783963441848755, -0.03191821277141571, 0.3535861372947693, 0.7575808167457581, 0.5980156660079956, 0.02308000437915325, 0.5180035829544067, -0.8972687721252441, -0.15013578534126282, 0.1699175238609314, 0.031108874827623367, 0.7956854104995728, -0.42470741271972656, 0.7161500453948975, 0.17987428605556488, 0.20419776439666748, 0.6054914593696594, 0.6817165613174438, 0.23619697988033295, -0.2533055245876312, -0.7005416750907898, -0.3217329978942871, -0.3305228650569916, 0.017093215137720108, 0.08673800528049469, -0.4950506091117859, -0.7874475717544556, 0.564780592918396, -0.037730421870946884, 0.16127055883407593, 0.5316975712776184, -0.4803777039051056, 0.8439825773239136, 0.1316065490245819, 0.36745330691337585, -0.04911816120147705, -0.5553253293037415, -0.30771782994270325, 0.17839092016220093, -0.36025726795196533, 0.6462782025337219, 0.05954238772392273, 0.10716715455055237, -0.09301682561635971, -0.3816421329975128, -0.290030837059021, -0.156871035695076, 0.040626753121614456, -0.3710438907146454, 0.28745976090431213, 0.02750810980796814, -0.3379851281642914, -0.4483189880847931, 0.20037968456745148, -0.24414803087711334, -0.44610729813575745, 0.3736928701400757, 0.3071587085723877, -0.2015398144721985, 0.40981972217559814, -0.07912122458219528, 0.200826033949852, -0.05951761081814766, -0.1475723683834076, 0.13446609675884247, -0.5816071629524231, -0.10214778780937195, 0.078281931579113, -0.09479508548974991, -0.7969035506248474, -0.20667587220668793, 0.39091208577156067, -0.3455367684364319, 0.640051007270813, -0.20546402037143707, 0.10622105002403259, -0.11118026822805405, 0.1635327786207199, 0.4289778470993042, 0.25445878505706787, 0.4221991300582886, 0.19086557626724243, 0.6400598287582397, -0.6723794341087341, -0.3296760022640228, -0.10467702150344849, -0.048097383230924606, -0.020649492740631104, 0.6046023368835449, 0.22538849711418152, -0.08093651384115219, -0.5643801093101501, 0.5273675322532654, -0.17565836012363434, 0.6370373964309692, 0.6420649290084839, 0.007313196547329426, -0.1136411651968956, 0.18110544979572296, -0.2479689121246338, -0.17803160846233368, -0.1842370480298996, -0.2734443247318268, 0.5980890989303589, -0.34478047490119934, -0.11602646857500076, -0.21388177573680878, 0.49045759439468384, -0.23742850124835968, -0.33081358671188354, 0.24297364056110382, 0.14291566610336304, -0.004493121989071369, -0.29696017503738403, -0.25021207332611084, -0.3521568179130554, -0.1646868735551834, 0.679957926273346, 0.4286552667617798, -0.2277292162179947, 0.4513188302516937, 0.06605371832847595, 0.29136204719543457, 0.7221954464912415, 0.024939963594079018, -0.5813274383544922, 0.7617591619491577, 0.3115376830101013, 0.12325607985258102, 0.09512928873300552, -0.006609095260500908, -0.5519669055938721, 0.7116884589195251, 0.03431359678506851, -0.6253664493560791, 0.3470650613307953, 0.22401103377342224, -0.251833975315094, 0.09685102105140686, -0.3962172269821167, -0.0872085690498352, -0.817453145980835, -0.025166453793644905, -0.1733551025390625, 0.04985260218381882, 0.4602311849594116, -0.31733810901641846, -0.6245716214179993, 0.21935276687145233, 0.47187408804893494, -0.10521487891674042, -0.2728233337402344, -0.13426601886749268, -0.0383378304541111, -0.21281573176383972, -0.5662258863449097, -0.22369222342967987, 0.3334195911884308, 0.42249029874801636, 0.2414749413728714, 1.0110008716583252, 0.3282352089881897, -0.11784487962722778, 0.9013475775718689, -0.11770768463611603, 0.05744060501456261, 0.04533730819821358, -0.3955084979534149, 0.16723260283470154, -0.07369928061962128, 0.043369464576244354, -0.12432971596717834, 0.0997057855129242, -0.2637362480163574, 0.2972136437892914, 0.13838350772857666, 0.6071478128433228, -0.13030457496643066, 0.04282258450984955, 0.35481515526771545, -0.4195171892642975, -0.004724120255559683, 0.1402115374803543, 0.3862536549568176, -0.36844173073768616, -0.18387971818447113, 0.03552473708987236, 0.5864202976226807, -0.07993709295988083, 0.08571757376194, -0.23376305401325226, 0.023546207696199417, 0.4436507523059845, -0.619066059589386, 0.3795289993286133, 0.3200748860836029, -0.04202047735452652, -0.20190751552581787, -0.18116740882396698, -0.1051354631781578, -0.3265720009803772, 0.3426283001899719, 0.6822950839996338, 0.45146945118904114, -0.0006454924587160349, 0.3043588697910309, -0.5272834300994873, -0.17711596190929413, 0.4952603578567505, 1.0240503549575806, 0.5063910484313965, -0.4431760013103485, 0.5867137312889099, 0.3270322382450104, 0.5986549258232117, -0.17610743641853333, -0.27906832098960876, -0.10686877369880676, -0.5438072681427002, 0.15660370886325836, 0.32204675674438477, 1.057029128074646, -0.286624014377594, -0.7904145121574402, 0.11694583296775818, 0.6916716694831848, -0.3053300082683563, 0.01485640462487936, 0.35086289048194885, -0.30791935324668884, -1.1249653100967407, 0.03819775953888893, 0.41055333614349365, -0.07975174486637115, -0.8126482963562012, 0.40570858120918274, -0.6177493333816528, -0.04401616007089615, -0.006592133082449436, -0.20571863651275635, -0.011277583427727222, -0.5707055330276489, 0.1635412871837616, -0.5210387706756592, -0.14461886882781982, 0.28911903500556946, 0.46203723549842834, -0.4187382757663727, 0.8575305938720703, 0.0034405910409986973, -0.030441749840974808, 0.5402706265449524, 0.6474431157112122, -0.14595049619674683, -0.19327344000339508, 0.7604013085365295, -0.0035001058131456375, 0.052542250603437424, -0.014603840187191963, -5.829699993133545, 0.5221148133277893, 0.22007222473621368, -0.16495132446289062, -0.08182964473962784, -0.08747520297765732, 0.5399192571640015, 0.3867654502391815, -0.1595415323972702, 0.14022955298423767, -0.1202530488371849, -0.11321162432432175, 0.027297884225845337, 0.1965177059173584, -0.10279152542352676, 0.06556668132543564, 0.11532805860042572, -0.7749308347702026, -0.3420569598674774, 0.6715294122695923, -0.17060668766498566, 0.14140914380550385, 0.14947457611560822, 0.7011970281600952, -0.03748229518532753, -0.08984021097421646, -0.0002567189803812653, -0.47816216945648193, -0.49328306317329407, 0.052921146154403687, -0.23046626150608063, -0.10958287119865417, 0.016335543245077133, -0.783795177936554, 0.2556245028972626, -0.05852649733424187, 0.4166594445705414, -0.20792777836322784, 0.2501234710216522, -0.35222145915031433, -0.171766996383667, 0.31982311606407166, 0.32400059700012207, 0.465812087059021, 0.23477144539356232, 0.18224401772022247, -0.3963150680065155, -0.5807481408119202, 0.23811368644237518, 0.2262587994337082, 0.1671743243932724, 0.37848860025405884, -0.09988049417734146, -0.43504777550697327, 0.545589804649353, 0.3118548095226288, -0.26569169759750366, 0.3743741810321808, -0.6678094267845154, -0.043306250125169754, 0.31058162450790405, 0.03296610340476036, 0.07260540127754211, 0.47473177313804626, 0.14260289072990417, -0.6479889750480652, -0.32451456785202026, -0.16357102990150452, 0.054580990225076675, 0.23981383442878723, 0.20798812806606293, 0.048390403389930725, 0.2280525118112564, -1.2730603218078613, -0.11533501744270325, -0.19883698225021362, -0.046757280826568604, 0.11546888202428818, -0.5043696165084839, -0.3115100860595703, -0.06546550244092941, -0.38604408502578735, -0.008564437739551067, 0.12428569048643112, -0.10879863053560257, -0.7831980586051941, -0.29500067234039307, 0.36308929324150085, -0.98628169298172, 0.45946887135505676, -0.23279055953025818, 0.36977723240852356, -0.0901656448841095, 0.558143138885498, 0.4252574145793915, 0.1015004813671112, -0.0622527189552784, 0.21316023170948029, 0.00711452541872859, 0.43462613224983215, -0.20855556428432465, -0.2415282279253006, -0.013333856128156185, -0.5480750799179077, 0.06737596541643143, -0.5417425632476807, -0.30714887380599976, 0.1798771619796753, 0.3033580183982849, -0.31421735882759094, -0.02242552489042282, -0.36142614483833313, -0.16941431164741516, -0.785794198513031, 0.5945358276367188, 0.07320426404476166, 0.37984609603881836, 0.4491138458251953, 0.19461114704608917, -0.34965699911117554, 0.0002748819824773818, 0.8245532512664795, -0.614556610584259, -0.21173694729804993, -0.4302442967891693, -0.14167940616607666, 0.345674067735672, -0.6206861138343811, 0.005624759942293167, 0.19201765954494476, -0.5583019852638245, 0.29819750785827637, -0.5228899717330933, -0.24167130887508392, 0.5733858346939087, -0.079988494515419, -0.28423377871513367, -0.08051901310682297, -0.4440024495124817, -0.4572954773902893, 0.03629761189222336, -0.5322296619415283, -0.25444352626800537, 0.33671531081199646, 0.32967904210090637, -0.3842819631099701, -0.13162915408611298, -0.7104122042655945, 0.16335318982601166, 0.15861216187477112, -0.07569464296102524, -0.005379399284720421, 0.5620419383049011, -0.4336884617805481, -0.43816301226615906, -0.708824098110199, 0.082785464823246, -0.30663520097732544, -0.23997776210308075, 0.365753710269928, 0.43388086557388306, -0.5649160146713257, -0.7112842798233032, -0.12455925345420837, 0.053394511342048645, 0.05405419319868088, 0.12472298741340637, -0.780404269695282, -0.2586594820022583, 0.8701731562614441, -0.16643187403678894, -0.16771212220191956, 0.3574155569076538, 0.12055601179599762, 0.18473726511001587, 0.4650971591472626, -0.20932815968990326, 0.28742778301239014, -0.02549048513174057, -0.211546391248703, 0.029408885166049004, -0.1762705147266388, -0.41156327724456787, 0.11111129820346832, 0.4328096807003021, 0.06426601111888885, 0.3406967222690582, 0.4425155222415924, -0.6745865941047668, -0.403853178024292, -0.5165106058120728, 0.4779004454612732, 0.029485413804650307, 0.4393274486064911, -1.0147572755813599, 0.19498132169246674, -0.36923903226852417, 0.5254135131835938, 0.19101640582084656, 0.25510454177856445, -0.19746187329292297, 0.011024110019207, -0.5126694440841675, -0.5837302207946777, 0.4175646901130676, -0.6962400674819946, -0.12567470967769623, -0.11259327083826065, -0.11049732565879822, 1.181389570236206, -0.4373691976070404, -0.006608752533793449, -0.08997020870447159, 0.1390514373779297, 0.03892454504966736, 0.05004136636853218, -0.002532998099923134, -0.155629500746727, -0.10135935992002487, -0.3359975516796112, -0.06618612259626389, 0.15065516531467438, -0.6854193806648254, -0.13114015758037567, 0.18124480545520782, 0.4388236999511719, 0.5821858644485474, -0.24876847863197327, 0.6635668277740479, 0.056433770805597305, -0.4492281973361969, 0.13899190723896027, -0.1258307248353958, 0.17320199310779572, -0.12925352156162262, -0.7399857640266418, 0.7076833248138428, 0.4976184666156769, 0.02414097636938095, 0.30006322264671326, 0.549562931060791, 0.15839865803718567, -0.18167896568775177, -0.03764903172850609, -0.17838220298290253, 0.6678258180618286, -0.060721270740032196, -0.8260999917984009, -0.31253451108932495, 0.4001266658306122, -0.12134480476379395, -0.11638685315847397, -0.3356795907020569, 0.21085546910762787, 0.1458766907453537, -0.5477825403213501, 0.13109484314918518, 0.18615368008613586, -0.045146599411964417, -0.05512126907706261, 0.028064312413334846, -0.21033640205860138, -0.33486101031303406, 0.2581438422203064, 0.025796616449952126, 0.576666533946991, 0.003649599850177765, 0.0652373731136322, 0.24160075187683105, -0.3156750202178955, 0.45685866475105286, -0.148668110370636, -0.12740159034729004, -0.08993639051914215, -0.12475951015949249, 0.3011496365070343, 0.07961944490671158, -0.8559203743934631, -0.07789886742830276, -0.7550817728042603, -0.40204283595085144, 0.6625592112541199, -0.23624281585216522, -0.35449331998825073, 0.23755663633346558, -0.41535139083862305, 0.14711318910121918, -0.801342248916626, -0.3010749816894531, -0.08035790175199509, 0.16785405576229095, 0.3872169554233551, 0.08479329198598862, -0.3087046146392822, 0.06673814356327057, 0.35713961720466614, -0.3198607265949249, 0.16405875980854034, 0.06118752807378769, -0.3763304352760315, -0.48316362500190735, 0.4294178783893585, 0.41533467173576355, -0.21636728942394257, 0.024000434204936028, 0.007516426499933004, -0.35991400480270386, -0.40372252464294434, -0.79408860206604, 0.0013379687443375587, -0.4654972553253174, -0.6597002148628235, 0.21927958726882935, 0.1351338028907776, -0.03615373745560646, -0.06347496062517166, 0.25547394156455994, -0.3879571557044983, -0.13379433751106262, 0.4396144151687622, -0.16994348168373108, -0.8408021926879883, -0.058457084000110626, 0.1266118586063385, -0.36845940351486206, 0.5814522504806519, -0.1404942274093628, 0.22563165426254272, 0.07000076770782471, 0.37057867646217346, 0.7137313485145569, -0.021957358345389366, -0.3044775128364563, 0.6195942759513855, 0.08754225820302963, -0.3501209616661072, -0.24808800220489502, -0.7097262144088745, 0.3946186304092407, 0.32554757595062256, 0.2038687914609909, 0.27204111218452454, -0.27583640813827515, 0.3575517237186432, 0.10065054893493652, 0.17627348005771637, 0.2416001558303833, 0.10881359130144119, -0.2443690150976181, 0.10360962897539139, 0.8579787015914917, 0.11406359821557999, 0.20860426127910614, -0.27982887625694275, 0.7992516756057739, 0.20469002425670624, -0.01592661812901497, -0.28861087560653687, -0.2857682406902313, 0.11351978033781052, -0.3743473291397095, 0.24528546631336212, 0.3499675691127777, 0.22025294601917267, -0.07892807573080063, -0.09557472169399261, -0.3027245104312897, 0.3006342649459839, -0.1367657482624054, 0.04749654605984688, 0.8480876684188843, 0.42091819643974304, -0.17556168138980865, 0.04523661360144615, 0.299782931804657, 0.6609776616096497, 0.16435471177101135, -0.19129106402397156, 0.40105727314949036, -0.7403870224952698, -0.6424351334571838, -0.07324224710464478, -0.1744014173746109, -0.0802011489868164, 0.0314096137881279, -0.4895472228527069, 0.3309115171432495, 0.009643444791436195, -0.22915731370449066, -0.1789063662290573, 0.36534833908081055, -0.64765864610672, -0.4684233069419861, 0.47969725728034973, -0.4227704703807831, 0.19320274889469147, -0.26768192648887634, 0.9743520617485046, 0.17773579061031342, 0.10528268665075302, 0.11976966261863708, 0.14556069672107697, -0.4535506069660187, 0.24202363193035126, -0.3314048647880554, 0.633254885673523, -0.2709018886089325, -0.21510779857635498, -0.7956270575523376, 0.4387117922306061, 0.5230107307434082, -0.6966356039047241, -0.019197804853320122, 0.36353132128715515, -0.07795418798923492, 0.13339385390281677, 0.35930973291397095, 0.24812650680541992, -0.043013617396354675, -0.06502536684274673, 0.38055744767189026, 0.23762169480323792, 0.2994874119758606, 0.09479890763759613, -0.7089017033576965, 0.500412106513977, 0.0440010130405426, -0.8000870943069458, -0.11276043206453323, 0.10351298004388809, -0.5533198714256287, 0.493512898683548, -0.09498003125190735, 0.4084363877773285, 0.20222443342208862, 0.16460049152374268, 0.2104443460702896, 0.3272578716278076, 0.1872355341911316, -0.12766988575458527, 0.40460529923439026, 0.25737443566322327, -0.08365393429994583, 0.3506373465061188, 0.2146020233631134, 0.08483090996742249, 0.17075487971305847, -0.08663320541381836, 0.06665438413619995, 0.24675999581813812, 0.09197034686803818, -0.03364124521613121, 0.015350514091551304, -0.37955018877983093, -0.2847674787044525, 0.19754517078399658, 0.3894585371017456, -0.553106427192688, 0.4375980794429779, 0.30515068769454956 ]
230626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthbound%20%28The%205th%20Dimension%20album%29	Earthbound (The 5th Dimension album)	Earthbound is the twelfth album by American pop group the 5th Dimension, released in 1975 by ABC Records. It is the last album for the group's original line-up of Billy Davis Jr., Marilyn McCoo, Florence LaRue, Lamonte McLemore and Ron Townson. After touring with the 5th Dimension in support of this album, Billy Davis, Jr. and Marilyn McCoo (being married since 1969) left the group to work as a duo and as solo artists. In contrast to most of their previous albums, Earthbound features synthesizers prominently in many of its tracks—particularly "Magic In My Life" and "Moonlight Mile". "Magic in My Life", the second and final single released from the album (after "Walk Your Feet in the Sunshine"), was also unusual in that it was the first 5th Dimension single to feature Florence LaRue on the lead. She would frequently be the lead on successive 5th Dimension singles with various line-ups. Perhaps owing to its singular status as an ABC Records release, for decades the album remained the only one recorded by the original 5th Dimension line-up to not be issued on CD. It finally was released on CD in June 2014, through Real Gone Music. Track listing All songs were written by Jimmy Webb, except where indicated. "Prologue" (Jimmy Webb) / "Be Here Now" (George Harrison) – 4:05 "Don't Stop For Nothing" (James C. Johnson) – 2:43 "I've Got a Feeling" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 4:23 "Magic in My Life" (James C. Johnson) – 3:17 "Walk Your Feet in the Sunshine" – 4:13 "When Did I Lose Your Love" – 2:47 "Lean On Me Always" – 4:28 "Speaking With My Heart" – 3:40 "Moonlight Mile" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 5:15 "Epilogue" – 2:37 Personnel Music Billy Davis, Jr. – vocals Florence LaRue – vocals Marilyn McCoo – vocals Lamonte McLemore – vocals Ron Townson – vocals Harvey Mason – drums Jeff Porcaro – drums ("Moonlight Mile") Harvey Mason – percussion Fred Tackett – guitar Jesse Ed Davis – guitar Dennis Budimir – guitar Dan Ferguson – guitar Paul Stallworth – bass Bill Como – ARP synthesizer John Myles – keyboards David Paich – keyboards ("Magic In My Life") Michael Lawrence – brass David Duke – French horn Vincent DeRosa – French horn Sid Sharp – strings John Myles – vocal arrangements and special vocal backgrounds Larry Coryell – acoustic guitar solos Production Jimmy Webb – producer and arranger John Haeny – engineer (basic tracks) Alan O'Duffy – engineer (vocals, strings, and mixing) Carole Rubinstein – cover painting Sunset Sound and Village Recorders – recording Wally Heider – mixing ABC Recording Studios Inc. - mastering Charts Album Billboard (North America) Singles Billboard (North America) References The 5th Dimension albums 1975 albums Albums arranged by Jimmy Webb Albums produced by Jimmy Webb ABC Records albums	[ -0.5218602418899536, 0.03166619688272476, -0.04458678141236305, 0.2809528708457947, -0.24657779932022095, 0.1919631063938141, 0.1760711669921875, -0.13624022901058197, -0.14624135196208954, 0.027479955926537514, 0.10860951989889145, 0.5950979590415955, -0.30586639046669006, 0.10362780094146729, -0.1457446962594986, 0.1685609519481659, 0.35992541909217834, 0.015761476010084152, -0.48400431871414185, -0.7619358897209167, 0.08510978519916534, -0.4412168264389038, 0.18444910645484924, 0.5069858431816101, 0.08704302459955215, 0.04536398500204086, -0.09924402087926865, 0.10308006405830383, 0.1350613534450531, -0.14650693535804749, 0.03204867243766785, -0.08471981436014175, 0.2503231167793274, -0.3184296190738678, 0.3162594139575958, 0.43810853362083435, -0.23581601679325104, -0.37050092220306396, -0.26084887981414795, -0.5654698014259338, 0.4892006814479828, -0.15339070558547974, 0.6310967206954956, 0.8266582489013672, -0.044642373919487, 0.2569137513637543, -1.4219387769699097, -0.1510871797800064, -0.5967187881469727, 0.2678627371788025, -0.010342665947973728, 0.26589834690093994, 0.39632946252822876, 0.1882205307483673, 0.2107919454574585, 0.26571476459503174, -0.31941086053848267, -0.06066197156906128, -0.3951815962791443, -0.501051664352417, 0.09523843973875046, -0.07846041023731232, 0.427066445350647, -0.6101110577583313, 0.28511857986450195, -0.09912053495645523, 0.051321789622306824, 0.35646000504493713, 0.2703333795070648, -0.44372403621673584, -0.09223946928977966, 0.07967907935380936, 0.0027517597191035748, -0.03788909688591957, -0.37273237109184265, -0.42772185802459717, 0.18864966928958893, -0.5499005913734436, 0.26280543208122253, 0.5060179233551025, -0.20789195597171783, 0.5873300433158875, 0.8695288896560669, 0.2576466202735901, 0.07845061272382736, -0.2900460660457611, -0.47376132011413574, 0.6098483204841614, -0.20357851684093475, 0.39454370737075806, -0.13481545448303223, -0.8574317693710327, 0.055300623178482056, 0.7889543771743774, -0.20254769921302795, -0.2794612646102905, 0.008099536411464214, -0.08824431151151657, 0.21465221047401428, 0.015101786702871323, 0.4901299476623535, 0.0536697618663311, 0.14242273569107056, -0.7276619672775269, -0.5473517775535583, -0.4242943227291107, 0.31012582778930664, -0.8379735946655273, 0.2923755645751953, -0.0461479090154171, -0.12129762023687363, 0.43873319029808044, -0.2095668464899063, -0.3641436994075775, 0.4411156177520752, 0.8993539810180664, -0.12034337967634201, -0.3079524338245392, -0.6718464493751526, 0.2472226321697235, 0.4113156199455261, 0.6402618885040283, 0.1875580996274948, 0.5219740867614746, -0.29233062267303467, 0.34821343421936035, -0.10841718316078186, 0.6936026811599731, -0.511250913143158, 0.3795822560787201, -0.3928649425506592, 0.5591583251953125, -0.2737378776073456, 0.19405563175678253, -0.45664262771606445, 0.07682836800813675, 0.8675031065940857, 0.19714175164699554, -0.1262294054031372, 0.055631592869758606, -0.7189861536026001, 0.12328670173883438, -0.4856240451335907, -0.5969746708869934, 0.05835270881652832, -0.4098380208015442, 0.10068078339099884, -0.03934906795620918, -0.4142909348011017, -0.18182259798049927, 0.4486673176288605, -0.17063038051128387, -0.4273497760295868, -0.24257755279541016, -0.5599343180656433, 0.06906547397375107, 0.5484110713005066, 0.3101790249347687, -0.07963214069604874, 0.09765607863664627, -0.11826325953006744, 0.6430649757385254, -0.11990240216255188, -0.06003535911440849, -0.12573856115341187, -0.29335200786590576, 0.6195611357688904, 0.06575200706720352, 0.1635286509990692, 0.19516277313232422, -0.3040609657764435, 0.04063178971409798, -0.5076355934143066, 0.37763646245002747, -0.2546357214450836, -0.13922636210918427, 0.8584145903587341, 0.5629169344902039, 0.10520032793283463, -0.40031349658966064, -0.35741207003593445, -0.03442157432436943, 0.4828265905380249, -0.5160872936248779, 0.7652979493141174, 0.6569271087646484, -0.33186212182044983, 0.30215543508529663, 0.41578608751296997, 0.13875386118888855, -0.04484736546874046, -0.2676313519477844, 0.5831504464149475, -0.1826387494802475, 0.47492682933807373, 0.3268513083457947, -0.24749509990215302, 0.23439840972423553, -0.2626134157180786, 0.2903982698917389, 0.1379285305738449, 0.2218179553747177, 0.7900980710983276, 0.15830227732658386, 0.3022463917732239, 0.10594009608030319, 0.20711061358451843, -0.1606576144695282, -0.0314839705824852, 0.511796772480011, -0.19482873380184174, -0.11447960883378983, 0.7027150988578796, 0.6177973747253418, 0.005432225298136473, -0.23999106884002686, -0.09911760687828064, 0.13850870728492737, -0.05383716896176338, -0.17095951735973358, 0.9000840187072754, 0.605675458908081, -0.20015354454517365, 0.18516825139522552, -0.3179534375667572, 0.8198063969612122, 0.057643115520477295, -0.10145504772663116, 0.150401771068573, 0.47439220547676086, -0.3548571467399597, 0.4178193211555481, -0.19542139768600464, -0.4381832778453827, 0.1238974928855896, 0.7186017036437988, 0.31606417894363403, -0.49925267696380615, 0.5238842964172363, -0.33754050731658936, 0.36744773387908936, -0.6311212778091431, -0.7051674723625183, 0.723361074924469, 0.2795746624469757, -0.18846864998340607, 0.4000529944896698, -0.09046127647161484, -0.12238898128271103, -0.46596887707710266, 0.001684142043814063, 0.2318945825099945, 0.16425743699073792, 0.606920599937439, -0.07126534730195999, 0.0038445699028670788, -0.12675724923610687, -0.5918934941291809, 0.5476226806640625, 0.3280591666698456, 0.18755695223808289, -0.14548546075820923, 0.47820115089416504, -0.5818104147911072, 0.21631355583667755, -0.7313522696495056, -0.47305288910865784, -0.08425259590148926, 0.6995922923088074, -0.5493500232696533, -0.7396286129951477, 0.12949493527412415, -0.45771995186805725, 0.5376715660095215, -0.11170779168605804, 0.07159167528152466, -0.3098132908344269, -0.0300538819283247, -0.2007412612438202, -0.8578013181686401, 0.6359261870384216, 0.4773836135864258, 0.2690029442310333, -0.18495996296405792, 0.006575108040124178, 0.4122312068939209, 0.9504528641700745, -0.729597270488739, 0.0472678542137146, -0.37589436769485474, 0.033824507147073746, -0.03327793627977371, -0.16621217131614685, -0.4582119584083557, 0.5016436576843262, 1.0333799123764038, 0.09574858844280243, 0.05321293696761131, -0.39722007513046265, 0.6413348913192749, 0.26426634192466736, -0.18215660750865936, -0.23398776352405548, -0.22358669340610504, 0.181897833943367, -0.4631011486053467, 0.23997202515602112, -0.6535981297492981, -5.727424144744873, 0.3634304404258728, -0.13914789259433746, 0.4284334182739258, -0.3632033169269562, 0.5222948789596558, 0.3953562378883362, -0.09157092869281769, -0.1761554628610611, -0.23487335443496704, -0.6589935421943665, 0.04133133590221405, -0.0029977632220834494, 0.23321904242038727, 0.33097580075263977, 0.1924341320991516, 0.45113471150398254, -0.34127897024154663, -0.05841564014554024, 0.19632792472839355, -0.11218909174203873, -0.45052921772003174, 0.02288803830742836, -0.02738763578236103, 0.2100738137960434, 0.31209415197372437, 0.010692651383578777, -0.017884891480207443, -0.3651373088359833, 0.30646345019340515, -0.030506538227200508, -0.3125705122947693, 0.223453089594841, -0.9547404050827026, -0.15173648297786713, 0.30905672907829285, 0.23303993046283722, 0.0561758391559124, 0.8887813091278076, -0.16111572086811066, -0.19007940590381622, -0.1828327625989914, 0.01153971254825592, -0.3694380521774292, 0.09832151979207993, -0.10689209401607513, -0.22469498217105865, -0.545627772808075, 0.08470164239406586, 1.6133143901824951, -0.0038336708676069975, 0.30606696009635925, 0.3497401773929596, -0.6659151315689087, -0.17807747423648834, 0.056456029415130615, 0.12764886021614075, 0.3743899464607239, 0.1583857238292694, 0.7087813019752502, 0.5133564472198486, -0.5791518092155457, -0.10326609015464783, -1.1740778684616089, -0.02825745940208435, -0.14124351739883423, -0.373127281665802, 0.14929154515266418, 0.4918384253978729, 0.5718483328819275, 0.3221197724342346, 0.4072854220867157, -0.030468761920928955, -1.2048133611679077, -0.26753196120262146, -0.6708529591560364, -0.27406200766563416, -0.45730313658714294, 0.09287486970424652, 0.21158789098262787, 0.6324573755264282, 0.02941220812499523, -0.3094577193260193, 0.6580123901367188, -0.6752403974533081, -0.27650588750839233, -0.19677411019802094, -0.01433754526078701, -0.8920744061470032, 0.008847429417073727, 0.4987815320491791, -0.5301467776298523, -0.6470749974250793, 0.3866783380508423, 0.36043423414230347, -0.21751801669597626, 0.24771317839622498, 0.2717941999435425, 0.7988755106925964, -0.020666971802711487, -0.3962232172489166, -0.05245441570878029, 0.6984492540359497, -0.39725837111473083, -0.47023534774780273, -0.5711118578910828, -0.6894279718399048, 0.3328045606613159, 0.42964285612106323, -0.24687281250953674, -0.09032806009054184, -0.12068822979927063, 0.09209057688713074, -1.3069795370101929, 0.5593269467353821, -0.05453846976161003, 0.43822982907295227, 0.08300153911113739, 0.19420447945594788, -0.43472325801849365, 0.47656670212745667, 0.20709018409252167, 0.22830750048160553, -0.10163217037916183, -0.5617294907569885, 0.19329553842544556, 0.14311692118644714, 0.5937254428863525, -0.32377129793167114, 0.2624402940273285, 0.19077041745185852, 0.24269624054431915, 0.3478233516216278, 0.3906085193157196, 0.06111731380224228, -0.5986666679382324, -0.24131585657596588, -0.07120029628276825, -0.07321357727050781, -0.1145346537232399, 0.3313005566596985, -0.09738416224718094, -0.3428138196468353, 0.29865220189094543, 0.1287100911140442, 0.150595560669899, 0.35801276564598083, -0.6345799565315247, -0.23542244732379913, 0.39999327063560486, 0.5872549414634705, -0.20886872708797455, 1.1271023750305176, -0.34468045830726624, -0.224253311753273, 0.27842631936073303, -0.0981796532869339, -0.2354525774717331, -0.27236509323120117, -0.7481889724731445, 0.5082581043243408, -0.08204922080039978, -0.32851430773735046, -0.4873673915863037, 0.1514054536819458, -0.05743210390210152, -0.14521245658397675, -1.0828872919082642, -0.6596442461013794, -0.23329989612102509, 0.13030816614627838, -0.11868788301944733, 0.25242239236831665, -0.25193968415260315, 0.4650314152240753, 0.21728765964508057, -0.22906716167926788, -0.2252635806798935, 0.6777729988098145, -0.6814488172531128, -0.03968719020485878, -0.6101763844490051, -0.23297178745269775, -0.26240769028663635, 0.3492300808429718, -0.5382782220840454, -0.47164151072502136, -0.5880090594291687, -0.1154688149690628, 0.1828477829694748, -0.12750940024852753, -0.040253896266222, 0.3919813930988312, -0.19653882086277008, -0.27505379915237427, -0.3992142677307129, 0.4456498920917511, -0.20002377033233643, -0.2314319908618927, -0.1152908205986023, -0.32845520973205566, 0.3356790542602539, -0.32596343755722046, 0.3738151490688324, 0.3736896514892578, -0.7795239686965942, 0.4500541687011719, 0.46839454770088196, -0.5222927331924438, 0.504856288433075, -0.45157590508461, -0.32067906856536865, -0.038383692502975464, -0.07055751979351044, -0.38678911328315735, 0.09859324246644974, -0.05703350156545639, -0.376691073179245, -0.8028023838996887, -0.16792838275432587, -0.6354327201843262, 0.3691767454147339, -0.3018638789653778, -0.11024600267410278, -0.7417526841163635, -0.27629315853118896, 0.0886535495519638, 0.24243220686912537, -0.43666911125183105, -0.11623484641313553, -0.7604580521583557, 0.2562767565250397, 0.07731606066226959, -0.33594515919685364, -0.759653627872467, 0.39018934965133667, -0.0288064107298851, -0.07016290724277496, 0.011125566437840462, 0.5498483180999756, 0.7587366104125977, 0.31357425451278687, 0.3702554404735565, -0.6170579791069031, -0.09075658768415451, 0.022936135530471802, -0.29870665073394775, -0.3594435751438141, -0.37883275747299194, -0.07822200655937195, 0.4932931065559387, -0.391167014837265, -0.3398626744747162, -1.1133276224136353, 0.4814244210720062, -0.3317145109176636, -0.2772635519504547, -0.050813354551792145, -0.44706976413726807, -0.5693233013153076, -0.012263450771570206, 0.07441458851099014, -0.6443337202072144, 0.23287811875343323, 0.10831417143344879, 0.4350002408027649, 0.13899581134319305, -0.04807167127728462, 0.05772323161363602, -0.11418260633945465, 0.3066277503967285, 0.4836288392543793, 0.20492829382419586, 0.25823739171028137, 0.4034336805343628, 0.1160726472735405, -0.10893789678812027, -0.58619225025177, -0.06935624778270721, -0.5242325663566589, -0.49887320399284363, 0.2738545835018158, -0.12963642179965973, -0.47857746481895447, -0.19945749640464783, -0.46043023467063904, -0.6169046759605408, -0.26731982827186584, 0.34872734546661377, 0.0932856872677803, -0.032214030623435974, 0.09194260090589523, -0.014400620944797993, -0.12698112428188324, 0.20427840948104858, 0.23889875411987305, 0.23700019717216492, -0.10291047394275665, 0.007948233745992184, -0.268726110458374, -0.46433207392692566, 0.5561742186546326, 0.1255044937133789, -0.4882080554962158, 0.12817434966564178, -0.23165298998355865, 0.5241076350212097, 0.020218897610902786, -0.4359320402145386, 0.9289664030075073, 0.11959047615528107, -0.4507230222225189, -0.27768027782440186, 1.1630312204360962, -0.8370257019996643, 0.10638435184955597, 0.7836166024208069, -0.2991950213909149, 0.3178304433822632, 0.2485990673303604, -0.2085462510585785, 0.21424497663974762, -0.03855888918042183, 0.6686565279960632, -0.35100847482681274, 0.13476359844207764, -0.43442755937576294, 0.19124017655849457, 0.3944108784198761, 0.45602813363075256, 0.8302422165870667, 0.19306030869483948, -0.1605803668498993, 0.2768383026123047, -0.28866496682167053, 0.06922019273042679, 0.2506439685821533, -0.1626756340265274, -0.2982209026813507, 0.858374297618866, -0.13826140761375427, 0.1297658532857895, 0.34203630685806274, -0.3199085593223572, -0.6401067972183228, 0.1412673443555832, -0.543481707572937, 0.14956064522266388, 0.2773949205875397, -0.3452967703342438, 0.37013792991638184, 0.16344919800758362, -0.1452084481716156, -0.7087212204933167, 0.19820070266723633, 0.17022407054901123, 0.5663270354270935, -0.17455172538757324, 0.13617847859859467, -0.09054496884346008, -0.7923381328582764, -0.004667980596423149, 0.37284255027770996, 0.2963799238204956, -0.08024807274341583, -0.022217290475964546, 0.40092939138412476, -0.13372403383255005, -0.02848956175148487, 0.2892880141735077, -0.18292897939682007, 0.15883517265319824, -0.04859462007880211, 0.14342765510082245, 0.5552622079849243, 0.6220471858978271, 0.07091784477233887, 0.35680848360061646, -0.1969367414712906, 0.36721640825271606, -0.3394462764263153, 0.03989946469664574, -0.315398246049881, -0.21679742634296417, -0.2945444881916046, 0.13213972747325897, 0.06728637963533401, -0.12857751548290253, -0.0049890195950865746, -0.14484494924545288, 0.17946003377437592, -1.1096404790878296, -0.1217687800526619, 0.04505160078406334, -0.3004690408706665, -0.16432911157608032, 0.43731045722961426, 0.459539532661438, -0.02146194316446781, 0.2600718140602112, -0.13628502190113068, 0.09726262837648392, 0.24863222241401672, 0.24773147702217102, -0.2265019416809082, 0.2112993448972702, -0.8516977429389954, 0.12290831655263901, -0.532880961894989, 0.6739271879196167, -0.38352033495903015, 0.31702080368995667, 0.015260306186974049, 0.8913201093673706, -0.05563201755285263, -0.04970986023545265, 0.8890028595924377, 0.15039153397083282, -0.09298042953014374, 0.3247614800930023, -0.09924910217523575, 0.26825055480003357, -0.16343124210834503, 0.6090406775474548, -0.0035270836669951677, -0.4826686978340149, 0.3118647634983063, -0.29811710119247437, -0.32344189286231995, 0.6244860887527466, 0.18767085671424866, -0.4258618950843811, -0.5292812585830688, -0.19381819665431976, -0.30084264278411865, 0.24519066512584686, 0.12547513842582703, 0.002547305542975664, 0.5337006449699402, -0.6277924180030823, 0.2082396298646927, -0.23007754981517792, -0.29562631249427795, 0.1323986053466797, -0.3390556573867798, -0.36112120747566223, 0.14997462928295135, -0.45367345213890076, -0.7751532196998596, 0.29585719108581543, 0.1673622727394104, -0.3809666931629181, 0.3998033106327057, -0.3548433184623718, -0.02825300581753254, -0.12143649905920029, 0.5158767700195312, 0.268647164106369, -0.1373656690120697, -0.31593531370162964 ]
230629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Rosenzweig	Franz Rosenzweig	Franz Rosenzweig (, ; 25 December 1886 – 10 December 1929) was a German theologian, philosopher, and translator. Early life and education Franz Rosenzweig was born in Kassel, Germany to a wealthy, minimally observant, Jewish family. He studied history and philosophy at the universities of Göttingen, Munich, and Freiburg. Rosenzweig, under the influence of his cousin and close friend Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, considered converting to Christianity. Determined to embrace the faith as the early Christians did, he resolved to live as an observant Jew first, before becoming Christian. After attending Yom Kippur services at a small Orthodox synagogue in Berlin, he underwent a mystical experience. As a result, he became a baal teshuva. Although he never recorded what transpired, he never again entertained converting to Christianity. In 1913, he turned to Jewish philosophy. His letters to his cousin and close friend Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, whom he had nearly followed into Christianity, have been published as Judaism Despite Christianity. Rosenzweig was a student of Hermann Cohen, and the two became close. While writing a doctoral dissertation on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel and the State, Rosenzweig turned against idealism and sought a philosophy that did not begin with an abstract notion of the human. Later in the decade, Rosenzweig discovered a manuscript apparently written in Hegel's hand, which he named "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism." The manuscript (first published in 1917) has been dated to 1796 and appears to show the influence of F. W. J. Schelling and Friedrich Hölderlin. Despite early debate about the authorship of the document, scholars now generally accept that it was written by Hegel, making Rosenzweig's discovery valuable for contemporary Hegel scholarship. Career The Star of Redemption Rosenzweig's major work is The Star of Redemption (first published in 1921). It is a description of the relationships between God, humanity, and the world, as they are connected by creation, revelation and redemption. If one makes a diagram with God at the top, and the World and the Self below, the inter-relationships generate a Star of David map. He is critical of any attempt to replace actual human existence with an ideal. In Rosenzweig's scheme, revelation arises not in metaphysics but in the here and now. We are called to love God, and to do so is to return to the world, and that is redemption. Two translations into English have appeared, the most recent by Dr. Barbara E. Galli of McGill University in 2005 and by Professor William Wolfgang Hallo in 1971. Collaboration with Buber Rosenzweig was critical of the Jewish scholar Martin Buber's early work but became close friends with him upon their meeting. Buber was a Zionist, but Rosenzweig felt that a return to Israel would embroil the Jews into a worldly history that they should eschew. Rosenzweig criticized Buber's dialogical philosophy because it is based not only on the I-Thou relation but also on I-It, a notion that Rosenzweig rejected. He thought that the counterpart to I-Thou should be He-It, namely “as He said and it became”: building the "it" around the human "I"—the human mind—is an idealistic mistake. Rosenzweig and Buber worked together on a translation of the Tanakh, or Hebrew Bible, from Hebrew to German. The translation, while contested, has led to several other translations in other languages that use the same methodology and principles. Their publications concerning the nature and philosophy of translation are still widely read. Educational activities Rosenzweig, unimpressed with the impersonal learning of the academy, founded the in Frankfurt in 1920, which sought to engage in dialogue with human beings rather than merely accumulate knowledge. Many prominent Jewish intellectuals were associated with the Lehrhaus, as it was known in Germany, such as Leo Löwenthal, the liberal rabbi Benno Jacob, historian of medicine Richard Koch, the chemist Eduard Strauß, the feminist Bertha Pappenheim, Siegfried Kracauer, a culture critic for the Frankfurter Zeitung, S.Y. Agnon, who later won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and Gershom Scholem, the founder of modern secular studies of the Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism (some of these intellectuals are also associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory). In October 1922, Rudolf Hallo took over the leadership of the Lehrhaus. The Lehrhaus stayed open until 1930 and was reopened by Martin Buber in 1933. Illness and death Rosenzweig suffered from the muscular degenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease). Towards the end of his life, he had to write with the help of his wife, Edith, who would recite letters of the alphabet until he indicated for her to stop, continuing until she could guess the word or phrase he intended (or, at other times, Rosenzweig would point to the letter on the plate of his typewriter). They also developed a communication system based on him blinking his eyes. Rosenzweig's final attempt to communicate his thought, via the laborious typewriter-alphabet method, consisted in the partial sentence: "And now it comes, the point of all points, which the Lord has truly revealed to me in my sleep, the point of all points for which there—". The writing was interrupted by his doctor, with whom he had a short discussion using the same method. When the doctor left, Rosenzweig did not wish to continue with the writing, and he died on the night of 10 December 1929, in Frankfurt, the sentence left unfinished. Rosenzweig was buried on 12 December 1929. There was no eulogy; Buber read Psalm 73. See also Interfaith dialogue André Neher References Further reading Anckaert, Luc & Casper, Bernhard Moses Casper, Franz Rosenzweig - a primary and secondary bibliography (Leuven, 1990) Amir, Yehoyada, "Towards mutual Listening: the Notion of Sermon in Franz Rosenzweig's Philosophy", in: Alexander Deeg, Walter Homolka & Heinz–Günter Schöttler (eds.), "Preaching in Judaism and Christianity" (Berlin, 2008), 113–130 Amir, Yehoyada, Turner, Joseph (Yossi), Brasser, Martin, "Faith, Truth, and Reason - New Perspectives on Franz Rosenzweig's Star of Redemption" (Karl Alber, 2012) Belloni, Claudio, Filosofia e rivelazione. Rosenzweig nella scia dell’ultimo Schelling, Marsilio, Venezia 2002 Bienenstock, Myriam Cohen face à Rosenzweig. Débat sur la pensée allemande (Paris, Vrin, 2009) Bienenstock, Myriam (ed.). Héritages de Franz Rosenzweig. "Nous et les autres" (Paris, éditions de l'éclat, 2011) Bowler, Maurice Gerald, "The Reconciliation of Church and Synagogue in Franz Rosenzweig," M.A. Thesis, Sir George Williams University, Montreal, 1973 Chamiel, Ephraim, The Dual Truth, Studies on Nineteenth-Century Modern Religious Thought and its Influence on Twentieth-Century Jewish Philosophy, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2019, Vol II, pp. 308–332. Gibbs, Robert, Correlations in Rosenzweig and Levinas (1994) Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Essays in Jewish thought (1978) Glatzer, Nahum Norbert, Franz Rosenzweig - his life and thought (New York, 1953) Guttmann, Isaak Julius. Philosophies of Judaism : the history of Jewish philosophy from biblical times to Franz Rosenzweig (New York, 1964) Maybaum, Ignaz Trialogue between Jew, Christian and Muslim (London, 1973) Mendes-Flohr, Paul R., German Jews - a dual identity (New Haven, CT, 1999) Miller, Ronald Henry Dialogue and disagreement - Franz Rosenzweig's relevance to contemporary Jewish-Christian understanding (Lanham, 1989) Putnam, Hilary Jewish philosophy as a guide to life - Rosenzweig, Buber, Levinas, Wittgenstein (Bloomington, IN, 2008) Rahel-Freund, Else Die Existenz philosophie Franz Rosenzweigs (Breslau 1933, Hamburg 1959) Rahel-Freund, Else Franz Rosenzweig's philosophy of existence - an analysis of The star of redemption (The Hague, 1979) Samuelson, Norbert Max, The Legacy of Franz Rosenzweig: Collected Essays (Cornell University Press, 2004) Santner, Eric L. The Psychotheology of Everyday Life - Reflections on Freud and Rosenzweig (Chicago, IL, 2001) Schwartz, Michal. "Metapher und Offenbarung. Zur Sprache von Franz Rosenzweigs Stern der Erlösung" (Berlin, 2003) Tolone, Oreste. "La malattia immortale. Nuovo pensiero e nuova medicina tra Rosenzweig e Weizsäcker", (Pisa 2008) Zohar Mihaely, "Rosenzweig's Critique of Islam and its Value Today", in: Roczniki Kulturoznawcze Vol. 11 No. 2 (2020) pp. 5–34. External links Arnold Betz's essay on Rosenzweig and The Star of Redemption at Vanderbilt University Franz Rosenzweig's Der Stern der Erlösung online (in German) Review of The Star of Redemption by Spengler in Asia Times'' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Franz Rosenzweig Guide to the Papers of Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929) at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York. Guide to the Franz Rosenzweig - Martin Buber notebooks at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York. 1886 births 1929 deaths 20th-century German philosophers 20th-century German theologians 20th-century male writers 20th-century translators Baalei teshuva Existentialist theologians German Jewish theologians German Orthodox Jews German male non-fiction writers Jewish existentialists Jewish philosophers Jewish translators of the Bible Philosophers of Judaism German translation scholars Translators of the Bible into German University of Freiburg alumni Writers from Kassel Deaths from motor neuron disease Neurological disease deaths in Germany	[ -0.23290973901748657, 0.6705722808837891, -0.5624699592590332, -0.1418180763721466, -0.288201242685318, 0.9377154111862183, 1.2014425992965698, -0.13234275579452515, 0.12406555563211441, -0.2094612419605255, -0.28611648082733154, 0.2533687949180603, 0.026891548186540604, 0.28012505173683167, 0.2907825708389282, -0.3150884807109833, 0.18003813922405243, -0.550261378288269, -0.6019797921180725, -0.1858213096857071, -0.09155309200286865, -0.027465717867016792, 0.5342226028442383, 0.18305815756320953, -0.3986320495605469, 0.14682535827159882, 0.172833651304245, -0.39675483107566833, -0.14525684714317322, 0.21161627769470215, -0.10381842404603958, 0.6350224018096924, -0.30894935131073, 0.0705932155251503, -0.5369516015052795, 0.6731782555580139, -0.2954176664352417, -0.13722099363803864, 0.4927944540977478, 0.38565900921821594, -0.1797233521938324, 0.7950718998908997, 0.09048254787921906, 0.1081225723028183, 0.03412042558193207, -0.013825079426169395, -2.065718650817871, 0.4424871802330017, -1.078506350517273, -0.5231247544288635, 0.07356051355600357, 0.3571474850177765, 0.8718640804290771, 0.3515930771827698, -0.7319098114967346, 0.008380341343581676, -1.0749768018722534, -0.22264303267002106, 0.35714659094810486, -0.2611923813819885, 0.6302469968795776, 0.12487403303384781, 0.5646721720695496, 0.26245343685150146, 0.7780840992927551, 0.15870457887649536, -0.6315242052078247, 0.10125313699245453, -0.26155927777290344, -0.4611440598964691, -0.5466012358665466, 0.09399739652872086, -0.3698859214782715, 0.04537687823176384, 0.6248167753219604, -0.8284475803375244, 0.1871224194765091, 0.1057879701256752, -0.3160848915576935, -0.1383073329925537, -0.42749446630477905, -0.3119228780269623, 0.9042467474937439, 0.49265000224113464, -0.1045561358332634, -0.27886316180229187, 0.0670018270611763, 0.5980462431907654, -0.586948812007904, -0.5221578478813171, 0.14832162857055664, -0.5452895760536194, -0.017416169866919518, 0.0635228157043457, 0.11120647192001343, 0.3573920726776123, 0.3781864047050476, 0.27333617210388184, -0.6980031132698059, -0.26705336570739746, -0.10328502207994461, 0.2651648223400116, 0.6816378235816956, -0.3240461051464081, -0.45507708191871643, -0.1298667937517166, -0.04577475041151047, -0.4197772145271301, -0.01693187840282917, 0.3568292260169983, -0.580310046672821, 0.2874568998813629, -0.16351142525672913, -0.009172555059194565, -0.19303463399410248, 0.36473971605300903, 0.18363924324512482, -1.0770900249481201, -0.6545076966285706, 0.3750321865081787, -0.1990523785352707, -0.05528372898697853, 0.46978047490119934, 0.04095034301280975, -0.49336448311805725, -0.6712232828140259, -0.05866483598947525, 0.5282843112945557, -0.4208934009075165, 0.2964279353618622, 0.4145302176475525, 1.0419310331344604, 0.25175797939300537, -0.1481074094772339, -0.37301361560821533, -0.2694809138774872, 0.7603786587715149, -0.5574693083763123, -0.4476499557495117, 0.7811126708984375, -0.2249644547700882, -0.22176377475261688, -0.5537073612213135, -0.5765441060066223, 0.6025879383087158, -0.4280809164047241, 0.03451662138104439, -0.22950421273708344, 0.13232901692390442, 0.06195351108908653, -0.3971295952796936, 0.3351488709449768, -0.1555550992488861, -0.21738089621067047, -0.05232137814164162, 0.39686164259910583, 0.3361944854259491, 0.32163727283477783, -0.10849588364362717, -0.09226790815591812, 0.5622463822364807, -0.3001871407032013, -0.22968748211860657, 0.07265941053628922, 0.01983644627034664, -0.30214589834213257, 0.26743632555007935, -0.04753521829843521, -0.300699919462204, 0.023872099816799164, -0.21400190889835358, -0.41641977429389954, 0.0028787022456526756, 0.018981505185365677, -0.08053316175937653, 0.4162536561489105, 0.3926165699958801, 0.2526521682739258, 0.004507622681558132, -0.3541924059391022, -0.7233392596244812, -0.0693163201212883, -0.29892483353614807, 0.4202480912208557, 0.3985319137573242, 0.3720257878303528, 0.11364690959453583, 0.1324162483215332, 0.8276525139808655, -0.41282323002815247, -0.9699965715408325, -0.9148711562156677, 0.16769114136695862, 0.25448480248451233, 1.0491845607757568, 0.10696198791265488, -0.2870442271232605, 0.7162981033325195, -0.37190163135528564, 0.38497689366340637, -0.2675580680370331, -0.8590394258499146, -0.657604455947876, 0.5462481379508972, 0.31050530076026917, 0.3367151916027069, 0.08146143704652786, -0.07538357377052307, 0.19161586463451385, 0.11706870794296265, 0.36477622389793396, -0.29291048645973206, -0.14670684933662415, 0.3022877275943756, -0.7139797806739807, -0.27903005480766296, -0.35524415969848633, -0.18504038453102112, 0.10809002816677094, -0.4654461145401001, 0.4734288156032562, 0.18024292588233948, 0.30853933095932007, 0.6647395491600037, -0.2989025413990021, 0.5521383285522461, -0.04011848196387291, 0.5907878875732422, 0.03646944835782051, -1.0769232511520386, -0.004062720108777285, 0.21618624031543732, 0.24440817534923553, -0.7243339419364929, 0.5134379267692566, 0.17785373330116272, -0.4044567048549652, -0.19133922457695007, 0.23704643547534943, -0.7095625400543213, 0.5445552468299866, 0.08677950501441956, 0.0706653743982315, 0.33380284905433655, 0.008131965063512325, 0.34823471307754517, 0.09436161071062088, 0.06466885656118393, -0.678528368473053, 0.29339930415153503, -0.37029919028282166, 0.5873326659202576, 0.1361454576253891, -0.1420629322528839, -0.41054898500442505, 0.007911943830549717, 0.4552088975906372, 0.5477749109268188, 0.9587127566337585, 0.45832034945487976, 0.5367448329925537, -0.026503639295697212, -0.02356695383787155, -0.07840868085622787, -0.5213920474052429, -0.012531851418316364, 0.6179819107055664, -0.4015495777130127, -0.14620345830917358, -0.1054263561964035, 0.2353236973285675, -0.3113414943218231, -0.12652736902236938, 0.6571149230003357, -0.17127110064029694, -0.6723722815513611, -0.3995938003063202, -0.1398448348045349, -0.4304591715335846, -0.09270375967025757, -0.11152978986501694, 0.7018923163414001, 0.05429743602871895, 0.16845330595970154, -0.02245440147817135, -0.04405945912003517, -0.042617734521627426, -0.2615518867969513, 0.7925419807434082, 0.1887292116880417, -0.31465834379196167, 1.114162802696228, -0.1868957132101059, -0.43331587314605713, -0.38093096017837524, 0.3559044897556305, -0.3535580337047577, -0.9377691745758057, -0.1759212613105774, 0.09116372466087341, -1.0698808431625366, 0.2278078943490982, -0.164096400141716, 0.6757084727287292, 0.3608561158180237, 0.3289532959461212, -0.3864603638648987, 0.3963870406150818, -5.267776012420654, 0.07152175903320312, 0.12555287778377533, -0.5201299786567688, 0.04319057613611221, 0.7481178641319275, 0.0004678205295931548, -0.24836398661136627, -0.4481111764907837, -0.5230154395103455, 0.423885315656662, -0.0668092668056488, -0.3811132311820984, 0.892358660697937, 0.3924219310283661, 0.25558748841285706, -0.08060289174318314, 0.002330867340788245, -0.20660901069641113, 0.18160483241081238, -0.15296106040477753, -0.2122519165277481, 0.15141497552394867, 0.7065890431404114, 0.2121666669845581, -0.21360717713832855, -0.21592871844768524, 0.2512151002883911, -0.7370812892913818, -0.4375224709510803, 0.17627055943012238, -0.1473618447780609, 0.07385412603616714, 0.28240257501602173, 0.3549085557460785, 0.06804919987916946, 0.30823183059692383, 0.6945660710334778, -0.11313988268375397, 0.7496005296707153, -0.24325673282146454, 0.13949032127857208, -0.44014671444892883, -0.06445279717445374, -0.39592596888542175, 0.10975675284862518, -0.494232177734375, 0.16889189183712006, -0.46464166045188904, 0.4402698874473572, 0.02019350603222847, -0.36797627806663513, -0.012026204727590084, -0.009136568754911423, 0.2600124180316925, 0.46652621030807495, 0.2701605558395386, -0.5419766902923584, -0.5077778697013855, -0.0933658629655838, 0.6137767434120178, -0.2866467535495758, -0.37779104709625244, -0.11071668565273285, -0.3776036202907562, -0.2992246150970459, -0.013025921769440174, -0.028698137030005455, 0.19316008687019348, -0.450533002614975, -0.5042160153388977, 1.2464532852172852, 0.00032040392397902906, -1.2528730630874634, -0.39363089203834534, -0.740642786026001, -0.5464836359024048, -0.775323212146759, -0.9551712870597839, 0.5803495645523071, 0.22008629143238068, -0.6121387481689453, -0.13307569921016693, 1.01430344581604, 1.2669211626052856, 0.575637936592102, -0.15296600759029388, 0.21147894859313965, -0.46542882919311523, -0.42999503016471863, -0.3855479955673218, -0.7647560238838196, -0.0533071905374527, -0.16044162213802338, -0.19691705703735352, 0.47516068816185, -0.46031785011291504, 0.5072546005249023, 0.7094558477401733, 0.712935209274292, -0.26974156498908997, -0.059327926486730576, 0.6380489468574524, -0.1384979486465454, 0.6183111667633057, 0.2747017443180084, -0.34639981389045715, 0.44277939200401306, 0.8421194553375244, 0.17497947812080383, -0.07850633561611176, 0.5921055674552917, 0.22979654371738434, -0.6401352286338806, -0.15050217509269714, 0.07677547633647919, -0.38471847772598267, 0.5542921423912048, 0.31448784470558167, 0.19661368429660797, -0.19043686985969543, -0.10934118926525116, -0.42505285143852234, -0.26737889647483826, -0.027428841218352318, 0.06146775931119919, -0.06576777994632721, -0.2394292950630188, -0.694300651550293, 0.00022933130094315857, 0.026539521291851997, 0.6580607891082764, 0.6886453032493591, 0.0570693276822567, 0.3622252345085144, -0.4276227355003357, -0.7080726027488708, -0.7354105114936829, 0.05766776204109192, -0.08698967099189758, 0.16963383555412292, 0.18594788014888763, 0.23103457689285278, 0.5679357051849365, 0.5585829019546509, -0.2529803514480591, -0.12078588455915451, 0.008830055594444275, -0.5063989162445068, 1.0091016292572021, 0.4025615155696869, 0.056848783046007156, 0.868232786655426, 0.23542159795761108, -0.28854742646217346, 0.21159465610980988, -0.053077831864356995, 0.5579343438148499, 0.10360484570264816, -0.16281235218048096, -0.16720269620418549, -0.09251096099615097, -0.7399876117706299, -0.5319616794586182, 0.20470348000526428, 0.4073144793510437, -0.5051469206809998, 0.05558063089847565, -0.5827315449714661, 0.13147228956222534, -0.0974724218249321, -0.7632659077644348, -0.5129042267799377, 0.4343096613883972, 0.17175664007663727, 0.18287256360054016, 0.3148750364780426, 0.22348006069660187, -0.003569947322830558, -0.17352354526519775, 0.20545046031475067, -0.15629304945468903, -0.5688977837562561, 0.2095482498407364, 0.4146159887313843, -0.2378385215997696, -0.3666021227836609, -0.38875579833984375, -0.5156803727149963, -0.12363741546869278, 0.4691048860549927, -0.19482126832008362, -0.012813492678105831, 0.7311220169067383, 0.019941071048378944, -0.6407392024993896, 0.2513493299484253, -0.37480026483535767, -0.266935795545578, -0.26290273666381836, 0.24814073741436005, 0.18174625933170319, 0.08451398462057114, -0.21229469776153564, 0.2959485650062561, -1.0541080236434937, -0.1471543163061142, -0.15329192578792572, -0.11326301097869873, 1.2048190832138062, -0.5376049876213074, -0.61235511302948, -0.09147368371486664, 0.4404180943965912, -0.08514565229415894, 0.24155443906784058, 0.5514860153198242, -0.279277503490448, -1.0029582977294922, -0.1794852316379547, -0.3447052836418152, -0.25804656744003296, -0.44621625542640686, -0.32628244161605835, -0.35959044098854065, -0.14487598836421967, -0.11376435309648514, -0.06275427341461182, 0.5389553308486938, 0.18843668699264526, 0.06014169380068779, -0.2931744456291199, -0.2028963267803192, 0.15380986034870148, 0.08418595790863037, -0.6313112378120422, 0.19529004395008087, 0.3342975974082947, -0.48908731341362, -0.5601056218147278, 0.05257594212889671, 0.308310866355896, 0.514224112033844, 0.18090544641017914, -0.0623607337474823, 0.04067087173461914, 0.44028234481811523, -0.07536397129297256, 0.11772935092449188, 0.22110091149806976, 0.014308696612715721, 0.4077063500881195, -0.8441962003707886, -0.6449816823005676, 0.20744706690311432, 0.003243227954953909, -0.569057822227478, 0.2363795042037964, 0.20048005878925323, 0.1131456196308136, 0.7961908578872681, 0.3015900254249573, 0.41994035243988037, 0.20705822110176086, -0.06464888900518417, 0.027243804186582565, 0.6451694965362549, -0.37290436029434204, -0.10092344880104065, -0.21150828897953033, -0.07198505103588104, -0.29686594009399414, -0.6225298643112183, 0.08704052865505219, -0.5022534728050232, 0.46638965606689453, -0.19062581658363342, -0.39107954502105713, 0.2481667548418045, -0.16768473386764526, -1.0185564756393433, -0.07547798752784729, -0.5190215110778809, -0.883594274520874, -0.5503853559494019, -0.6024891138076782, -0.15475034713745117, -0.1436229944229126, -0.16517923772335052, 0.4772251844406128, -0.7070643901824951, -0.1914951503276825, 0.19790926575660706, 0.3780360817909241, -0.13340166211128235, 0.3617366552352905, -0.39975911378860474, 0.3938749432563782, -0.5923416018486023, -0.4741433262825012, 0.20825077593326569, 0.18024007976055145, 0.7773395776748657, -0.2828350365161896, 0.8342790603637695, 0.2522815763950348, -0.5111055374145508, 0.02339792251586914, -0.3959556221961975, 0.06411577016115189, 0.4759630262851715, 0.4106317460536957, 0.24603945016860962, 0.6123926043510437, -0.28998202085494995, 0.26081863045692444, 0.8482370972633362, -0.07297638058662415, -0.19904586672782898, -0.06792374700307846, 0.30481940507888794, 0.27383166551589966, 0.5738734602928162, -0.9865283370018005, -0.3114278018474579, 0.4332906901836395, 0.6007742881774902, 0.24699978530406952, -1.170653223991394, 0.29221364855766296, 0.3414784073829651, 0.28480255603790283, -0.17182935774326324, 0.40949109196662903, -0.05356428027153015, -0.35712769627571106, 0.4438811242580414, -0.4003184735774994, -0.22538791596889496, 0.11698891967535019, -0.09434044361114502, 1.0170867443084717, -0.25736016035079956, 0.33004826307296753, -0.024075578898191452, 0.25924152135849, -0.3769584894180298, 0.8405823707580566, 0.06624242663383484, 0.5261085033416748, 0.9655055403709412, 0.13975995779037476, 0.24143046140670776, -0.6344106793403625, 0.21347548067569733, 0.10623036324977875, 0.5199602246284485, -0.4195704460144043, -0.4962368905544281, -0.036239173263311386, -0.06286308914422989, -0.20772762596607208, 0.9784534573554993, -0.12403850257396698, 0.40876737236976624, 0.21852611005306244, -0.15231510996818542, -0.790473997592926, 0.23402410745620728, -0.2490815669298172, -0.04426666721701622, -0.483416348695755, -0.29969877004623413, 0.4307233691215515, 0.672248363494873, -0.3400663137435913, 1.086023211479187, -0.4285888969898224, 0.13915087282657623, 0.42144975066185, -0.4732881486415863, 0.00679612485691905, -0.09893234819173813, -0.12676991522312164, 0.5990784168243408, 0.004762726370245218, 0.1746705025434494, -0.5178645253181458, 0.04586983844637871, -0.6180338263511658, -0.08431647717952728, -0.2827366292476654, -0.09083802998065948, 0.4790927469730377, -0.7647172808647156, 0.2591487467288971, -0.35455867648124695, 0.47421833872795105, -0.10001060366630554, -0.6267166137695312, -0.17602166533470154, 0.23421575129032135, 0.22741569578647614, 0.02725830487906933, -0.5144581198692322, -0.09228716045618057, -0.04714813455939293, 0.14115434885025024, -0.9457189440727234, 0.6134442687034607, 0.08215109258890152, 0.29388588666915894, -0.3466992974281311, 0.42123448848724365, -0.11318912357091904, 0.16660958528518677, 0.4316942095756531, 0.09666619449853897, 0.1600039154291153, 0.15781161189079285, 0.5656936764717102, -0.00520662683993578, -0.23775462806224823, 0.07128139585256577, -0.29352420568466187, 0.8237618207931519, 0.292916476726532, -0.029483404010534286, -0.6307746767997742, -0.16053378582000732, -0.411021888256073, -0.10796097666025162, -0.5575277805328369, 0.06795018911361694, -0.0013344157487154007, -0.6046543717384338, 0.781844437122345, 0.32398250699043274, 0.05195324867963791, -0.8325257897377014, 0.40590062737464905, 0.3569841980934143, 0.07298508286476135, 0.19345678389072418, 0.19418807327747345, 0.4244704246520996, -0.4773229956626892, -0.4689596891403198, 0.015214810147881508, 0.3517991602420807, 0.3332468867301941, -0.17767292261123657, 0.36073732376098633, -1.013698935508728, 0.13169707357883453, 0.18741999566555023, 0.11620508879423141, -0.257036954164505, 0.9521889090538025, -0.29934176802635193 ]
230631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asger%20Jorn	Asger Jorn	Asger Oluf Jorn (3 March 1914 – 1 May 1973) was a Danish painter, sculptor, ceramic artist, and author. He was a founding member of the avant-garde movement COBRA and the Situationist International. He was born in Vejrum, in the northwest corner of Jutland, Denmark, and baptized Asger Oluf Jørgensen. The largest collection of Jorn's works—including his major work Stalingrad—can be seen in the Museum Jorn, Silkeborg, Denmark. Jorn willed his property and the works of art located inside to the Municipality of Albissola Marina (Savona), so the Italian museum called "Casa Museo Jorn" was created for displaying his works. Early life He was the second oldest of six children, an elder brother to Jørgen Nash. Both of his parents were teachers. His father, Lars Peter Jørgensen, a fundamentalist Christian, died in a car crash when Asger was 12 years old. His mother, Maren, née Nielsen, was more liberal but nevertheless a deeply committed Christian. This early heavy Christian influence had a negative effect on Asger who began progressively to inwardly rebel against it, and more generally against other forms of authority. In 1929, aged 15, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, although he made a recovery from it after spending three months on the west coast of Jutland. By the age of 16 he was influenced by N. F. S. Grundtvig, and although he had already started to paint, Asger enrolled in the Vinthers Seminarium, a teacher-training college in Silkeborg where he paid particular attention to a course in 19th century Scandinavian thought. Also at about this time Jorn became the subject of a number of oil paintings by the painter Martin Kaalund-Jørgensen, which encouraged Jorn to try his hand in this medium. Early career When he graduated from college in 1935, the principal wrote a reference for him which said that he had attained "an extraordinary rich personal development and maturity" – especially because of his wide reading in areas outside the topics required for his studies. While at college he joined the small Silkeborg branch of the Communist Party of Denmark and came under the direct influence of the syndicalist Christian Christensen, with whom he became close friends and who, Jorn was later to write, was to become a second father to him. In 1936 he traveled (on a BSA motorbike he had scraped together enough money to buy) to Paris to become a student of Kandinsky. However, when he discovered that Kandinsky was having economic difficulties, barely able to sell his own paintings, Jorn decided to join Fernand Léger's Académie Contemporaine; it was during this period that he turned away from figurative painting and to abstract art. In 1937 he joined Le Corbusier in working on the Pavillon des Temps Nouveaux at the 1937 Paris Exhibition. He returned again to Denmark in the summer of 1937. He again traveled to Paris in the summer of 1938, before returning to Denmark, traveling to Løkken, Silkeborg and Copenhagen. Asger Jorn was a good friend of the Danish art dealer Børge Birch, owner of Galerie Birch, who sold his art as early as the 1930s. Later on Jorn held many group exhibitions and solo exhibitions in different galleries. From 1937 to 1942, he studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. World War II The occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany was a time of deep crisis for Jorn, who had been deeply inculcated with pacifism. The occupation initially sank him into deep depression. He subsequently became active in the communist resistance movement. During the war he also co-founded with the architect Robert Dahlmann Olsen the underground art group, Helhesten or "hell-horse," and was a contributor to its journal. In 1939, he wrote the key theoretical essay, "Intimate Banalities," published in Helhesten, which claimed that the future of art was kitsch and praised amateur landscape paintings as "the best art today." He was also the first person to translate Franz Kafka into Danish. Post-war After the war, he complained that opportunities for critical thinking within the context of the communist arena had been curtailed by what he characterised as a centralised bourgeois political control. Finding this unacceptable, he broke with the Communist Party of Denmark, although he did not hand in his membership until the mid-1960s and remained committed philosophically to a revision of the Marxist analysis of capitalism from the point of view of the artist. He traveled again to France where in the autumn of 1948 he, together with Christian Dotremont and Constant, founded COBRA (a European avant-garde art movement), and edited monographs of the Bibliothèque Cobra. However by 1949 Jorn had started a relationship with Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composer Jakob van Domselaer. This caused tension in the COBRA group with the Dutch artists boycotting a conference held at Bregnerød later that year. Matie and Jorn were married in 1950 and they had a son Ole and daughter Bodil. The COBRA group dissolved in 1951 He returned, impoverished and seriously ill with tuberculosis, to Silkeborg in 1951 and resumed work in the ceramics field in 1953. The following year he traveled to Albissola Marina in Italy where he became involved with an offshoot of COBRA, the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus. Situationist International In 1954 he met Guy Debord, who was to become a close friend. The two men collaborated on two artist's books, Fin de Copenhague (1957) and Mémoires (1959), along with prints, and forewords to each other's work. He participated in the conference that led to the merger of the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, the Lettriste Internationale, and London Psychogeographical Association to form the Situationist International in 1957. Here he applied his scientific and mathematical knowledge drawn from Henri Poincaré and Niels Bohr to develop his situlogical technique. Jorn never believed in a conception of the Situationist ideas as exclusively artistic and separated from political involvement. He was at the root and at the core of the Situationist International project, fully sharing the revolutionary intentions with Debord. The Situationist general principles were an attack on the capitalist exploitation and degradation of the life of people, and solution of alternative life experiences, construction of situations, unitary urbanism, psychogeography, with the union of play, freedom and critical thinking. Such general principles were applied by Jorn to painting. In 1961 he amicably quit his activity in the SI, still fully supporting its contents and goals, and continuing to support it financially, but believing that the new strategy of the SI was ineffective. He went on to found the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in Silkeborg and contributed material to the Situationist Times. Later, he donated a museum for modern art to the Danish town of Silkeborg, near where he grew up. He was to remain close to Debord, however, and continued to fund Situationist publications. His philosophical system Triolectics was given a practical manifestation through the development of three sided football. Later years His first American solo exhibition was at the Lefebre Gallery in 1962. After 1966, Jorn continued to produce oil paintings while traveling throughout Europe collecting images with photographer Gerard Franceschi for his vast archive of "10,000 Years of Nordic Folk Art". He traveled extensively, to Cuba, England, and the far east. Jorn traveled to the United States for the only time in 1970, for a gallery opening at Lefebre Gallery. He had earlier asserted that he refused to travel to a country that made visitors sign a statement maintaining that they were not communists. In 1964, he was awarded a Guggenheim Award including a generous cash prize, by an international jury assembled by Lawrence Alloway. The following day Jorn sent this telegram to the president of the Guggenheim, Harry F. Guggenheim: GO TO HELL WITH YOUR MONEY BASTARD—STOP—REFUSE PRICE (sic) —STOP—NEVER ASKED FOR IT—STOP—AGAINST ALL DECENSY (sic) MIX ARTIST AGAINST HIS WILL IN YOUR PUBLICITY—STOP—I WANT PUBLIC CONFIRMATION NOT TO HAVE PARTICIPATED IN YOUR RIDICULOUS GAME JORN During the course of his artistic career he produced over 2,500 paintings, prints, drawings, ceramics, sculptures, artist's books, collages, décollages, and collaborative tapestries. He died in Aarhus, Denmark on 1 May 1973. He is buried in the cemetery at Grötlingbo Church, on the island of Gotland in Sweden. Writing Luck and Chance: Dagger and Guitar (1952) The first edition of Luck and Chance was Jorn's first published book, issued privately to subscribers in 1952. It was written at the Silkeborg Sanatorium during his convalescence from a serious attack of tuberculosis aggravated by malnutrition and scurvy. Later in the process, it also became intended as a doctoral dissertation which was refused by a professor of philosophy at Copenhagen University. It is, amongst other things, a critique of Kierkegaard's triad of aesthetic, ethical and religious stages, and of his definition of truth. Another powerful influence appears to be present in ghostly form : Friedrich Nietzsche. It is one of the most fundamental texts to understand Jorn's undertaking of "a reconstruction of philosophy from the point of view of an artist". Internationale Situationniste (1957–1961) Originality and Magnitude (on Isou's System) (1960), article in Internationale Situationiste No. 4. Open Creation and its Enemies (1960), article in Internationale Situationiste No. 5. Pataphysics, A Religion in the Making (1961), article in Internationale Situationiste No. 6. Value and Economy Critique of Political Economy and the Exploitation of the Unique (1961) This book consists of two parts. The first is a concise critique of the apparent contradictions in Marx's Das Kapital which Jorn uses to prepare the ground for a discussion of how the work of "the creative elite" can have "value" in any future society aligned on communist principles. This was originally published in French in 1959 by the Internationale Situationniste and is the most straightforward and least discursive of all of Jorn's texts, probably because Guy Debord had a hand in the editing. The second part is a long polemic against contemporaneous Russian revisionism and the failed attempt by Denmark and Britain to join the Common Market, before coming to Jorn's main proposal, an economically independent international "creative elite" adopting typical Scandinavian institutions to realize "artistic value" for the greater universal good. He also attempts to reconcile the unique and individual position of the "creative elite" with his socialist principles. The second part alternates between objective and subjective modes. The Natural Order (1962) If this is a critique of Niels Bohr's theory of complementarity, then it is also to just the same high degree a critique of that dialectical materialism, that I in my earliest youth took to my heart and perceived to be the only acceptable principle for thought. (Asger Jorn) Signes gravés sur les églises de l'Eure et du Calvados (1964) Jorn had noticed some graffiti scratched into the porch at the church in Damville during a visit in 1946. Having noticed similar scratchings in Scandinavia at the cathedrals in Ribe, Lund, and Trondheim, Jorn decided to study the phenomenon. He was able to make a trip to Normandy in 1961 with Franceschi. They were able to record a number of such markings in Eure and Calvados, but not elsewhere. The results of the study were published as a book. See also Art of Denmark List of Danish painters Members of the Situationist International Museum Jorn, Silkeborg Tachisme Notes References Jens Staubrand: Asger Jorn – On the author Ager Jorn and his five books from the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism and Index to Asger Jorn's five books from the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism, Copenhagen 2009. . The book is in English and Danish. Jens Staubrand: Asger Jorn-aforismer, og andre korte tekststykker”, Valby 1995 . / 9788721001759 Niels Viggo Bentzon (chamber music work): ‘Det banale’[The Banal], for mezzosopran og cello, Frederiksberg 1995. At The Royal Library, Copenhagen, Denmark. Asger Jorn: Naturens Orden [The Natural Order] , København 1962 Asger Jorn: Værdi og Økonomi [Value and Economy] , København 1962 Asger Jorn: Held og Hasard [Luck and Chance] , København1963 Asger Jorn: Ting og Polis [Thing and Polis] , København 1964 Asger Jorn: Alfa og Omega [Alpha and Omega] , København 1963–64 Graham Birtwistle: ’’Asger Jorn's comprehensive theory of art between Helhesten and Cobra 1946–1949’’, Utrecht 1986. Troels Andersen, Brian Rasmussen and Roald Pay: ‘’Jorn in Havanna’’, Copenhagen 2005. The book is in English and Danish. Comparative Vandalism: Asger Jorn and the artistic attitude to life by Peter Shield, Borgen/Ashgate (1998) The Natural Order and Other Texts by Asger Jorn (Translated by Peter Shield), Ashgate (2002) Asger Jorn : en biografi Troels Andersen, Copenhagen (1994) 2 volumes. Tom McDonough (2002) Art in America July 2002 Norbert Haas/Vreni Haas: Jorn paa Laesoe. Vaduz: Chaosmos Press 2012. Norbert Haas: Jorns Stalingrad. -In: Liechtensteiner Exkurse VI, Eggingen: Edition Isele 2007, S. 275-296. Norbert Haas: Forever Jorn''. Wädenswil am Zürichsee: Nimbus. Kunst und Bücher 2014. 208 Seiten. . External links Biography, pictures and huge list of exhibited paintings at Galerie Birch, famous for Asger Jorn and the COBRA-movement Asger Jorn in Høst, Cobra, Group Spur and Situationists in German Actual exhibitions with Asger Jorn Museum Jorn, Silkeborg (formerly Silkeborg Kunstmuseum) Exhibition at Fundació Antoni Tàpies Art Informel and Tachisme painters 1914 births 1973 deaths Modern painters Situationists Gotland 20th-century Danish painters Abstract painters Danish watercolourists Danish resistance members People from Struer Municipality People from Silkeborg 20th-century Danish sculptors Male sculptors 20th-century male artists Danish male artists	[ 0.0790650025010109, 0.4851965606212616, -0.4417782723903656, -0.6068484783172607, -0.7024611234664917, 1.1574205160140991, 0.9169928431510925, -0.041676852852106094, -0.6167129874229431, -0.10963914543390274, -0.046000707894563675, 0.4292019307613373, -0.21924763917922974, -0.23586024343967438, -0.27046000957489014, -0.17421823740005493, -0.16327907145023346, 0.34294530749320984, -0.5248419046401978, 0.4866761863231659, -0.11897493153810501, -0.9557980298995972, 0.4820235073566437, -0.602501630783081, -0.11682063341140747, -0.21170949935913086, -0.11721530556678772, 0.03138478472828865, 0.4350306987762451, 0.08821132034063339, 0.013178262859582901, 0.759337842464447, 0.2614898681640625, -0.32481619715690613, -0.736805260181427, 0.48716384172439575, -0.5145711302757263, -0.08073511719703674, 0.06814543902873993, 0.6575429439544678, -0.6158327460289001, 0.277185320854187, 0.12935057282447815, -0.08689995110034943, -0.13052770495414734, -0.9183525443077087, -1.5626156330108643, 0.13341490924358368, -0.6342502236366272, 0.5247278213500977, -0.3568556010723114, -0.36885538697242737, 0.676913857460022, 0.4448806345462799, 0.5047763586044312, 0.15499691665172577, -0.3079928457736969, -0.16221916675567627, -0.08159756660461426, -0.4258163571357727, 0.753274142742157, -0.18315193057060242, 0.3684197664260864, -0.46385252475738525, 0.6080729365348816, 0.5388940572738647, -0.21140140295028687, -0.030156943947076797, 0.6358386278152466, -0.029153427109122276, -0.2552962303161621, 0.7285621762275696, 0.14573025703430176, -0.040951941162347794, 0.11583451926708221, -0.503340482711792, 0.281020849943161, -0.3515487313270569, -0.4438316524028778, -0.40558886528015137, 0.5074036121368408, -0.5537415742874146, 0.9878596067428589, 0.25623562932014465, 0.05212992802262306, -0.030509784817695618, -0.36383095383644104, 0.009128977544605732, -0.7528477907180786, 0.17525041103363037, -0.07517535984516144, -0.6266787052154541, -0.08370299637317657, 0.34339192509651184, 0.17499621212482452, 0.5670709609985352, -0.33579355478286743, 1.182036280632019, -0.258714497089386, 0.45662304759025574, 0.30776432156562805, 0.12714864313602448, 0.4919382631778717, -0.0364343635737896, 0.3083530366420746, -0.19297641515731812, -0.03934181109070778, -0.07663983106613159, -0.015378088690340519, -0.25185832381248474, -0.979090690612793, 0.4132680892944336, -0.013040135614573956, -0.1079884022474289, 0.21006730198860168, 0.5927951335906982, -0.26130858063697815, -0.5561609268188477, -0.463373601436615, -0.03114372491836548, -0.506503701210022, 0.33796605467796326, 0.07517421245574951, -0.06148465722799301, -0.33403193950653076, -0.022411683574318886, -0.5214205384254456, 0.7088760137557983, -0.5917757749557495, 0.30528420209884644, 0.12262117862701416, 0.21102510392665863, -0.30378106236457825, -0.04458359256386757, -0.20379392802715302, -0.15584318339824677, 0.6721852421760559, 0.0652678981423378, -0.002804663497954607, 0.7347718477249146, -0.21245817840099335, -0.18781860172748566, -0.24921251833438873, -0.2609185576438904, 0.08074437081813812, -0.42170780897140503, -0.029373064637184143, -0.21506130695343018, 0.15366269648075104, 0.4174513816833496, 0.11394818872213364, -0.370604008436203, 0.22858025133609772, -0.4533074200153351, -0.1179695576429367, 0.7181254029273987, 0.05897953733801842, 0.6370882391929626, 0.017564835026860237, -0.21832740306854248, 0.7874811887741089, 0.4254668653011322, -0.33629363775253296, 0.13587221503257751, 0.45835164189338684, -0.41919106245040894, 0.006121667567640543, 0.14088229835033417, -0.07097259163856506, -0.12935146689414978, -0.07970106601715088, -0.35977888107299805, 0.1782645881175995, 0.34387701749801636, 0.019159257411956787, 0.4935227036476135, -0.0494827963411808, 0.164399653673172, 0.22411224246025085, -0.22392290830612183, -0.804270327091217, -0.5543747544288635, 0.4822937250137329, -0.053471099585294724, 0.17457078397274017, -0.08165263384580612, 0.0430830754339695, 0.32742437720298767, 0.9355873465538025, 0.06486933678388596, -0.3741556704044342, -0.6764275431632996, 0.6976816058158875, 0.1288653016090393, 0.5168720483779907, 0.23622086644172668, -0.8659630417823792, 0.5478938817977905, -0.5070897340774536, 0.6481980681419373, -0.11586889624595642, -0.5995818376541138, -0.1569359451532364, -0.545952320098877, 0.945487380027771, 0.4555262327194214, 0.24195596575737, 0.0008947987807914615, 0.05703846365213394, 0.5638567209243774, 0.2577570676803589, -0.5481705069541931, 0.1525283306837082, 0.7177536487579346, -0.17303258180618286, -0.1344490349292755, -0.3075171113014221, 0.04831935837864876, 0.20193599164485931, -0.6960423588752747, 0.6678915023803711, 0.23022113740444183, -0.2794996201992035, 0.45895320177078247, 0.10376530140638351, 0.7558192014694214, -0.11348006874322891, -0.27323952317237854, 0.33645594120025635, -0.5542888641357422, 0.5205517411231995, 0.44985827803611755, 0.5924345254898071, -0.05140829086303711, 0.2050025463104248, 0.3565834164619446, 0.45079177618026733, 0.2817314565181732, 0.6305060982704163, -0.8376187682151794, 0.3354310989379883, 0.4320588707923889, -0.5194692015647888, 0.604790449142456, 0.294648140668869, 0.8394136428833008, -0.2709328234195709, 0.23661962151527405, -0.717934250831604, 0.11672617495059967, -0.04357575625181198, 0.10280635207891464, -0.15241384506225586, -0.06284502148628235, -0.5775765776634216, -0.23283042013645172, 0.41088318824768066, -0.40625274181365967, 0.21235989034175873, 0.5354591012001038, -0.0602753609418869, -0.34700915217399597, 0.647834300994873, 0.37939152121543884, -0.3111751973628998, -0.28131917119026184, 0.49517717957496643, -0.48301854729652405, 0.6437653303146362, -0.35527491569519043, 0.09623582661151886, 0.014782235957682133, -0.3331734240055084, 0.5707996487617493, 0.13043320178985596, -0.3273409605026245, -0.6168498396873474, -0.2594020962715149, -0.17791754007339478, -0.17262393236160278, 0.176269069314003, 1.117142677307129, -0.5222023725509644, -0.44305044412612915, 0.1358720064163208, -0.42518770694732666, -0.5429747700691223, -0.2962365746498108, 0.17453324794769287, -0.07259189337491989, -0.24001498520374298, 1.3440450429916382, -0.3006655275821686, -0.3706169128417969, -0.7796250581741333, 0.16165728867053986, -0.7494817972183228, -0.7357273697853088, -0.13562549650669098, 0.19484227895736694, -0.7970855236053467, 0.4931703805923462, 0.3580041229724884, 0.5155206322669983, -0.22407740354537964, 0.345331609249115, -0.5133695602416992, -0.3567078113555908, -5.281017780303955, -0.12323799729347229, 0.305189847946167, -0.054642774164676666, -0.20883366465568542, 0.09711088985204697, 0.4679495394229889, -0.20637795329093933, 0.5403343439102173, -0.6719684600830078, 0.7168893814086914, -0.43434274196624756, 0.12138999253511429, 1.2201471328735352, 0.5425804257392883, 1.1157267093658447, 0.5928589701652527, 0.09331944584846497, 0.00603935681283474, 0.5290833115577698, 0.03871528059244156, -0.5338090062141418, -0.04065592586994171, 0.1195036843419075, 0.0825730711221695, -0.05511811375617981, -0.7462164759635925, -0.36860203742980957, -0.7051758766174316, -0.051207106560468674, 0.48341602087020874, 0.1708008497953415, -0.0876956433057785, 0.14025667309761047, 0.22652168571949005, 0.12140725553035736, 0.05179702118039131, 0.6700810194015503, -0.4039700925350189, -0.33282777667045593, 0.13094888627529144, 0.39628005027770996, -0.7733956575393677, -0.23581856489181519, -0.033644575625658035, 0.21416178345680237, -0.7327225804328918, 0.07610294222831726, -0.8638633489608765, 0.4627067744731903, 0.46830809116363525, -0.5203854441642761, 0.13953332602977753, -0.3077563941478729, -0.21326015889644623, -0.13694509863853455, -0.056433580815792084, 0.23902948200702667, -0.45315638184547424, -0.060609012842178345, -0.07931090891361237, -0.06444277614355087, -0.03371255472302437, -0.8372800350189209, -0.28424519300460815, -0.04307917132973671, 0.05929548665881157, 0.2617809474468231, 0.560032069683075, -0.7124618887901306, 0.10624510049819946, 0.9027823209762573, -0.10874226689338684, -1.165374994277954, -0.2267901450395584, -0.3738986551761627, 0.2127123475074768, -0.6138266921043396, -0.437515527009964, -0.36655393242836, 0.17438693344593048, -0.8897801637649536, 0.012496155686676502, 0.6554780602455139, 0.9416297078132629, 0.5186567306518555, 0.3027448058128357, -0.0851106196641922, -0.48706868290901184, -0.19879873096942902, 0.4483340382575989, -0.36041149497032166, 0.08354655653238297, 0.32506272196769714, -0.18629001080989838, 0.4510038495063782, 0.32343989610671997, -0.1482524424791336, 0.6378622651100159, -0.306993305683136, 0.21518607437610626, -0.24891215562820435, -0.15487612783908844, -0.048433128744363785, 0.060593463480472565, 0.19420742988586426, 0.2451084554195404, 0.25508859753608704, 0.9775429964065552, 0.05813749507069588, 0.2337387353181839, 0.3767828345298767, -0.24983826279640198, -0.29151883721351624, 0.4644622206687927, -0.3402285575866699, -0.01044476218521595, 0.6599913239479065, 0.18394863605499268, -0.3010599613189697, -0.09470286220312119, 0.16766193509101868, 0.1933027058839798, -0.47481057047843933, -0.13208240270614624, -0.23072507977485657, -0.693889856338501, 0.011257004924118519, -0.47476649284362793, 0.40925291180610657, -0.157704696059227, 1.0228227376937866, -0.13831272721290588, 0.3619687259197235, 0.38831526041030884, -0.17331314086914062, -0.663629949092865, -0.32637104392051697, -0.06435581296682358, -0.32665982842445374, 0.4801822304725647, -0.34013622999191284, 0.06931351125240326, 0.7014119625091553, -0.45325690507888794, 0.3160545527935028, 0.034004997462034225, -0.08763038367033005, -0.3964241147041321, 0.6097521781921387, -0.0700986459851265, 0.3746815323829651, 0.09610774368047714, -0.30462971329689026, -0.1679719090461731, 0.1546863317489624, -0.7231395244598389, 0.16602204740047455, -0.703533411026001, -0.23881608247756958, 0.12579552829265594, -0.254607230424881, -0.9978920817375183, -0.14915768802165985, -0.32499054074287415, -0.18835772573947906, -0.34576547145843506, -0.23874947428703308, -0.2128976285457611, 0.5353223085403442, -0.18615859746932983, -0.8530330061912537, -0.39557498693466187, -0.641524076461792, -0.3195912539958954, -0.3813072443008423, 0.009564039297401905, -0.035858962684869766, -0.11646537482738495, -0.21596813201904297, 0.14792755246162415, 0.8260277509689331, -0.7808964848518372, 0.13318000733852386, 0.6312915682792664, -0.0494982935488224, -0.5718415975570679, -0.5662703514099121, 0.15173618495464325, -0.29252150654792786, 0.19906729459762573, -0.11911006271839142, 0.24091428518295288, 0.7727149128913879, -0.18980127573013306, -0.48842981457710266, -0.48836928606033325, 0.026584886014461517, -0.06983832269906998, 0.09280984103679657, 0.4435175359249115, 0.13915930688381195, -0.5952934622764587, 0.18318958580493927, 0.056610848754644394, -0.9541147947311401, 0.1738014668226242, 0.6809371113777161, -0.2342483550310135, 0.24990496039390564, -0.7397596836090088, -0.5981046557426453, -0.6438450813293457, 0.558846652507782, -0.58965665102005, 0.6310856938362122, 0.3672499656677246, -0.0532161220908165, -0.3221629858016968, -0.8344467282295227, -0.4306693971157074, -0.3392152786254883, -0.3843814730644226, 0.2773149013519287, -0.46432259678840637, -0.27456095814704895, 0.10411777347326279, 0.7054249048233032, 0.9997161626815796, -0.21842432022094727, 0.8442135453224182, 0.15745767951011658, -0.23239733278751373, 0.5633821487426758, -0.1675218641757965, 0.08941774070262909, 0.38440823554992676, -0.13589878380298615, 0.15395726263523102, 0.2498873472213745, 0.3917388319969177, 0.8879988789558411, 0.23885948956012726, 0.2177688628435135, -0.28613221645355225, 0.08869649469852448, 0.3583250641822815, -0.3443368375301361, 0.028801672160625458, 0.4075053036212921, 0.1883881837129593, -0.1559128612279892, -0.4649719297885895, -0.3106521666049957, 1.197308897972107, -0.3585209250450134, 0.0858558788895607, 0.5332702398300171, -0.015916181728243828, -0.43651843070983887, 0.16109362244606018, 0.35306671261787415, 0.1223803162574768, 0.0723344087600708, 0.023008404299616814, 0.6986436247825623, -0.09623100608587265, 0.26467400789260864, 0.34561052918434143, 0.050383422523736954, -0.6910133361816406, -0.3973008394241333, -0.17360633611679077, 0.47017019987106323, -0.3529423773288727, 0.11884702742099762, 0.1799754649400711, -0.14972929656505585, 0.2121131867170334, -0.1609334945678711, -0.9457635283470154, -0.016991430893540382, 0.18813496828079224, -0.12806344032287598, -0.8466878533363342, -0.8333956003189087, 0.010903876274824142, -0.4915052056312561, -0.5477474927902222, -0.24372588098049164, -0.6137220859527588, 0.22010169923305511, 0.32384270429611206, 0.17025427520275116, -0.1851854771375656, 0.6923969388008118, -0.20422235131263733, 0.8596506118774414, -0.30602625012397766, -0.500201404094696, -0.11461887508630753, 0.10385249555110931, 0.5054240226745605, -0.14925014972686768, 0.2444171905517578, 0.026473509147763252, -0.36100977659225464, -0.3622737526893616, -0.18919095396995544, 0.40242427587509155, -0.23431897163391113, -0.3996102213859558, -0.26129719614982605, 0.43239572644233704, -0.794725239276886, -0.3860330581665039, 0.5319085121154785, -0.5678427219390869, -0.3749055862426758, -0.009246878325939178, 0.12659280002117157, -0.03189203515648842, 0.29246485233306885, -0.24578557908535004, -0.18436738848686218, 0.5083392262458801, 0.6964331269264221, 0.2865026891231537, -0.46014168858528137, 0.14599210023880005, -0.5289590954780579, -0.26953762769699097, -0.6134092211723328, 0.6092231869697571, 0.2383718490600586, 0.4265272617340088, 0.37133869528770447, -0.5305929780006409, -0.29120609164237976, -0.0196535624563694, -0.46359601616859436, 1.2598503828048706, -0.07029008865356445, -0.07659788429737091, 0.43505391478538513, -0.7367182374000549, -0.2946850061416626, 0.2535860240459442, -0.13444533944129944, -0.1694749891757965, 0.40668681263923645, -0.25741755962371826, 0.04845655709505081, -0.7457305788993835, -0.05851544067263603, 0.21271315217018127, 0.22087042033672333, -0.7315853834152222, -0.44497328996658325, 0.6991751194000244, -0.16655582189559937, -0.684430718421936, 0.6438195109367371, 0.26138412952423096, -0.7242898941040039, -0.6226980090141296, -0.05625082924962044, -0.26631155610084534, -0.03990207239985466, 0.9117860198020935, 0.13014091551303864, -0.43397533893585205, -0.25348058342933655, 0.6559877395629883, 0.12745463848114014, 0.10411509871482849, 0.7728332877159119, 0.01676422916352749, -0.25624823570251465, -0.0706881433725357, -0.5985313057899475, 0.7023269534111023, 0.09167749434709549, -0.7780221104621887, 0.05855774134397507, -0.20492345094680786, -0.09790529310703278, 0.2891000211238861, 0.04364560544490814, 0.1198919415473938, 0.14870482683181763, 0.09355807304382324, 0.6308372616767883, 0.21568863093852997, -1.0546146631240845, 0.34744077920913696, -0.5169366598129272, 1.0826568603515625, 0.20209026336669922, -0.6442833542823792, -0.2842898964881897, 0.8189356327056885, -0.24460256099700928, 0.03214140981435776, 0.09461116790771484, -0.03929561749100685, -0.6782909035682678, 0.46384763717651367, -0.01847749948501587, 0.5560165047645569, 0.2793497145175934, 0.1536051332950592, -0.42854583263397217, 0.20642271637916565, -0.7154607772827148, -0.4659649431705475, 0.4008990526199341, -0.12718217074871063, -0.3607441484928131, 0.14392895996570587, 0.23634560406208038, 0.14282257854938507, 0.09952899813652039, -0.07707006484270096, -0.37235087156295776, -0.06403662264347076, -0.1509312242269516, 0.26993414759635925, 0.4355669617652893, 0.108565554022789, -0.18230634927749634, 0.3767958879470825, -0.27461469173431396, -0.3682555556297302, -0.570191502571106, -0.6981397867202759, 0.5870404839515686, 0.18187521398067474, 0.5696999430656433, -0.5464767217636108, 0.8666919469833374, 0.2480083405971527, 0.018854400143027306, -0.20482835173606873, 0.39807701110839844, 0.27763208746910095, -0.0015324311098083854, 0.08178500831127167, -0.12658490240573883, -0.1269235759973526, 0.057456497102975845, -0.5765525102615356, 0.381953626871109, -0.11864084005355835, 0.0790192037820816, 0.09438814967870712, 0.17723141610622406, -0.029158910736441612, 0.4620109796524048, -0.4974847733974457 ]
230639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandzene	Vandzene	Vandzene is a village in Vandzene parish, Talsi Municipality, in the western part of Latvia. The community's elevation is 49 m (160 ft). The Vandzene Manor was built at the start of the 19th century. At present, Vandzene Gymnasium occupies the estate. The grand-stone of Vandzene, with a circumference of 26 metres, is the third largest stone in Latvia. In ancient times it was a place of worship and stood amid an apple orchard and birch grove. Towns and villages in Latvia Talsi Municipality	[ 0.41679319739341736, 0.08012719452381134, -0.32462847232818604, 0.11238209903240204, 0.20264993607997894, 0.7218837141990662, 0.8689246773719788, -0.5151262879371643, -0.20657803118228912, -0.7675185799598694, 0.3636549413204193, -0.0534176267683506, -0.9737979173660278, 0.4772016406059265, -0.8811585307121277, 0.2267608642578125, 0.5711280107498169, 0.06340081244707108, 0.5689749121665955, -0.5689101815223694, 0.08763906359672546, -0.17179805040359497, 0.22337229549884796, 0.5091118812561035, 0.047522298991680145, -0.2602727711200714, -0.04490125924348831, 0.7174599766731262, 0.47238463163375854, 0.22573913633823395, -0.7273651957511902, 1.0534613132476807, -0.06708692759275436, -0.33211731910705566, 0.006574381608515978, 0.16070067882537842, 0.051988326013088226, -0.9575884938240051, 0.009585111401975155, 0.07009439915418625, -0.08430710434913635, 0.48552894592285156, -0.7994945645332336, 0.13533824682235718, -0.03198745474219322, -0.49209266901016235, -0.971438467502594, 0.5037445425987244, -0.5285786390304565, -0.1967683732509613, -0.44924232363700867, -0.2822905480861664, 0.5025796890258789, 0.05123119428753853, 0.19506295025348663, -0.6122183799743652, -0.3981754779815674, 0.022687749937176704, 0.5062572360038757, 0.5767495036125183, 0.0582132562994957, -0.0489400289952755, -0.27511513233184814, -0.3698258399963379, 0.5807289481163025, -0.15709789097309113, -0.061138272285461426, 0.019691113382577896, 0.3437427282333374, -0.8001716136932373, -0.700160801410675, -0.2877441346645355, 0.08775502443313599, -0.35379263758659363, 0.25956064462661743, 0.14244204759597778, -0.42898881435394287, -0.48660415410995483, 0.8150432705879211, 0.18129122257232666, 0.18182358145713806, -0.7043650150299072, 0.3647620379924774, 0.47321686148643494, 0.15914371609687805, 0.26864752173423767, 0.16214044392108917, 0.001608711783774197, -0.8326432704925537, 0.4572576582431793, -0.2614610195159912, -0.26417505741119385, 0.17196238040924072, -0.3980236351490021, -0.05932209640741348, 0.10869630426168442, -0.5022065043449402, 0.7178661823272705, 0.628135085105896, 0.659975528717041, -0.11285832524299622, -0.008232157677412033, 0.35467150807380676, 0.21926410496234894, -0.253102570772171, -0.9628246426582336, -0.13937878608703613, -0.17408908903598785, -0.3946589231491089, -0.3013734519481659, -0.7479381561279297, 0.38094377517700195, -0.015696896240115166, 0.13511905074119568, 0.16922728717327118, 0.9570048451423645, -0.18411366641521454, -0.25618523359298706, -0.6137374043464661, 0.27563604712486267, -0.13777008652687073, 0.801379382610321, -0.11404956132173538, 0.257400780916214, -0.3612825572490692, 0.07592768967151642, -0.17195993661880493, 0.20098963379859924, -0.29971739649772644, 0.536827564239502, 0.05464088171720505, 0.874619722366333, -0.9714922308921814, 0.3099632263183594, 0.12934930622577667, 0.3159339427947998, 0.07555226236581802, 0.12240646779537201, 0.2568913996219635, 0.24054665863513947, -0.8772011995315552, 0.9478307962417603, -0.4008195400238037, 0.3411424160003662, 0.546804666519165, 0.30621451139450073, -0.06995969265699387, 0.056324202567338943, -0.5362294316291809, -0.8317422866821289, 0.3650074899196625, 0.6090112924575806, 0.17636752128601074, 0.5643081068992615, -0.6830863356590271, -0.050082977861166, -0.3511268198490143, 0.37918564677238464, -0.3708493113517761, 0.41872867941856384, 0.5653168559074402, 0.04440820962190628, 0.7171981930732727, 0.8351333737373352, 0.2675449550151825, -0.4432828724384308, -0.1286095529794693, -0.14359858632087708, 0.5703845620155334, -0.046707142144441605, -0.08301352709531784, 0.3134433627128601, 0.16514845192432404, -0.14743444323539734, 0.4852299988269806, 0.08362345397472382, 0.354116827249527, 0.2709393799304962, 0.027433596551418304, -0.16605299711227417, -0.6098340153694153, 0.5021793246269226, 0.2353893518447876, -0.35343214869499207, 0.1031389907002449, 0.9404211640357971, 0.15441448986530304, 0.21857693791389465, -0.05530569329857826, -0.11423219740390778, -0.21481168270111084, -0.16990096867084503, 0.06333090364933014, 0.474384605884552, 0.639913022518158, 0.44138431549072266, 0.015659675002098083, -0.03584038093686104, -0.12127364426851273, 0.1775941401720047, -0.30005672574043274, -0.5315013527870178, 0.6033321619033813, -0.2563261389732361, -0.44509875774383545, 0.1828179508447647, -0.4115135669708252, -0.4361114203929901, -0.02991219237446785, 0.6254528760910034, -0.29140523076057434, -0.5599430203437805, 0.4155522584915161, 0.03621469438076019, -0.0836879163980484, -0.08074643462896347, 0.3761315941810608, 0.6007624864578247, 0.21152740716934204, -0.10017970204353333, 0.4122534394264221, -0.007000138983130455, 0.14223454892635345, -0.4254133403301239, -0.20189914107322693, 0.3875957131385803, 0.5305536389350891, 0.5038933753967285, 0.14573132991790771, -0.34647831320762634, -0.26596754789352417, 0.4255762994289398, 0.3575632572174072, -0.23307941854000092, 0.17288430035114288, 0.21478447318077087, 0.1895415037870407, -0.6645849347114563, 0.4777773320674896, -0.8095592856407166, -0.1282915323972702, 0.2953661382198334, 0.2549660801887512, 0.3737848103046417, 0.3931553363800049, 0.6934306025505066, -0.029248356819152832, 0.4387342035770416, -0.4497421085834503, -0.8878177404403687, -0.3308412432670593, -0.09795305132865906, 0.22430534660816193, -0.34815719723701477, -0.06286001205444336, -0.14125071465969086, 0.17846395075321198, -0.045177023857831955, -0.02330213412642479, 0.7548813223838806, -0.3028089106082916, 0.1465061455965042, 0.06723198294639587, 0.6074749827384949, -0.13526934385299683, -0.655066967010498, 0.3549891710281372, -0.31407618522644043, 0.6255184412002563, -0.1298409253358841, 0.11123480647802353, -0.7258782982826233, -0.3075788915157318, 0.2568705379962921, 0.20790474116802216, -0.04834068939089775, -0.3604210317134857, 0.5176652073860168, -0.4351402521133423, -0.21124619245529175, 0.16909180581569672, 0.9053775668144226, 0.02373357303440571, -1.0019590854644775, -0.05631215125322342, -0.026807311922311783, 0.09926582872867584, -0.29400891065597534, 0.17718002200126648, -0.1340862661600113, 0.28101956844329834, 0.8078006505966187, -0.23282797634601593, 0.11110862344503403, -0.24235327541828156, -0.1575908064842224, -0.7310173511505127, 0.5024042129516602, 0.2442251443862915, -0.2701086103916168, -0.6670851707458496, 0.07575011253356934, -0.6692193150520325, 0.5015063881874084, 0.15869338810443878, 0.08535176515579224, 0.3273704946041107, -0.0545463003218174, -5.349463939666748, 0.17525456845760345, -0.14257708191871643, 0.22916680574417114, 0.07983635365962982, -0.19305607676506042, 0.5267608165740967, -0.3240283727645874, 0.009524031542241573, -0.10870953649282455, 0.30096086859703064, -0.3555282652378082, -0.03773992881178856, 0.8141213655471802, 0.5405364036560059, -0.21001146733760834, 0.5911194682121277, 0.2535962760448456, 0.4772319197654724, 0.12844769656658173, 0.17089737951755524, 0.04191455990076065, -0.25640061497688293, 0.023075198754668236, 0.031933244317770004, -0.0487775057554245, 0.35036545991897583, 0.17635101079940796, -1.2903090715408325, -0.3140565752983093, -0.6723386645317078, -0.40482962131500244, -0.22169770300388336, 0.553364634513855, 0.03563934192061424, -0.2120261937379837, -0.07825449109077454, 0.05851670727133751, 0.4973713457584381, 0.09954126924276352, -0.022890910506248474, 0.2658771276473999, 0.34012162685394287, -0.08779966086149216, 0.4198598265647888, -0.2209985852241516, 0.1203560009598732, -0.03661584481596947, -0.14034754037857056, 0.9441137909889221, 0.7638278603553772, -0.6081215143203735, 1.0449655055999756, -0.2667389512062073, 0.3490334749221802, -0.16542932391166687, 0.22134940326213837, -0.2613139748573303, -0.10441095381975174, 1.5700632333755493, -0.2156761884689331, -0.3767271339893341, 0.028499502688646317, -1.0689712762832642, 0.18307802081108093, -0.4063056707382202, 0.10702554136514664, 0.20110554993152618, 0.0822790339589119, 0.4264470636844635, -0.11173676699399948, 1.1246896982192993, -0.5080795884132385, -1.1003477573394775, -0.12975221872329712, -0.4779515266418457, -0.3909439444541931, -0.20416826009750366, -0.6033137440681458, 0.2097504734992981, 0.0022931944113224745, -0.15328380465507507, 0.10317531228065491, 0.5731431841850281, 0.6808217763900757, -0.5134680271148682, -0.3688221573829651, -0.016720741987228394, 0.0175331961363554, -0.8892451524734497, 0.4326312839984894, 0.13206429779529572, 0.3906952738761902, 0.04087202996015549, -0.26717233657836914, 1.3079335689544678, -0.046228278428316116, -0.017501268535852432, -0.5659089088439941, -0.2492441087961197, 0.34752988815307617, -0.10773055255413055, 0.45026907324790955, -0.17006990313529968, -0.02009308710694313, -0.5384858846664429, 0.3669833838939667, 0.33929964900016785, 0.857848048210144, -0.6373059153556824, 0.27065593004226685, 0.3351447880268097, 0.02803191728889942, -0.636565089225769, 0.6524823307991028, -0.00759366899728775, 0.07230272889137268, 1.0932772159576416, -0.2717050015926361, 0.02939360775053501, 0.3080214560031891, 0.18150559067726135, 0.2474878579378128, 0.08847801387310028, 0.06781649589538574, -0.4390004277229309, -0.30262261629104614, 0.011157586239278316, -0.5180748105049133, 0.3910292088985443, -0.04730686545372009, 0.15561604499816895, -0.10734176635742188, -1.0372216701507568, 0.32039034366607666, -0.25386857986450195, -0.43932434916496277, -0.36866050958633423, 0.028020257130265236, 0.29771658778190613, 0.7017210125923157, -0.2887043356895447, -0.2808089256286621, 0.2850983142852783, -0.021751483902335167, -0.19675201177597046, 0.05477777495980263, -0.31592845916748047, -0.5507376790046692, -0.39466720819473267, -0.5971396565437317, -0.38601621985435486, -0.02876773476600647, -0.7627201080322266, 0.4375840425491333, -0.05153169482946396, -0.012208300642669201, 0.3201700747013092, 0.11992095410823822, -0.11548414081335068, 0.12333367764949799, -0.7512841820716858, -0.7552402019500732, 0.45493197441101074, 0.1938186138868332, -0.3423626124858856, -0.6663491129875183, -0.8017774224281311, -0.3470657467842102, 0.23056219518184662, 0.19469712674617767, -1.0353050231933594, -0.5115408301353455, -0.19008637964725494, 0.08220299333333969, -0.5888622999191284, 0.6433373093605042, 0.34262076020240784, -0.8988631367683411, 0.24808649718761444, 0.2489330768585205, -0.05425981804728508, -0.1868775635957718, 0.12757781147956848, 0.2684873342514038, -0.8102032542228699, -0.7084965109825134, 0.5967919230461121, -0.46264058351516724, -0.42379888892173767, -0.11566214263439178, -0.4761059582233429, 0.29187944531440735, 0.06515850871801376, 0.3512107729911804, -1.4487577676773071, 0.5119488835334778, -0.24265840649604797, -0.09148505330085754, -0.43763604760169983, 0.511277973651886, 0.20215970277786255, -0.45292314887046814, 0.6453259587287903, 0.06758026778697968, -0.48966550827026367, 0.8668836951255798, 0.878473699092865, -0.49761754274368286, 0.1317303329706192, -0.829493522644043, -1.1372565031051636, -0.381941020488739, 0.9222897887229919, -0.47319814562797546, 0.17971211671829224, 0.6102158427238464, -0.3149178922176361, -0.4752490222454071, 0.03334280103445053, -0.11819266527891159, -0.33530986309051514, -0.4900619089603424, -0.43137943744659424, -0.7401806712150574, 0.5596961975097656, 0.1915128082036972, -0.6026347279548645, 0.3288424611091614, -0.36070945858955383, 0.10627520084381104, 0.07067525386810303, 0.257064551115036, 0.24233362078666687, -0.0689573884010315, -0.2609694302082062, 0.13396881520748138, -0.00625122943893075, 0.07789343595504761, 0.2645285725593567, 0.4998234510421753, 0.4907611012458801, -0.14869995415210724, -0.32867005467414856, 0.06858112663030624, -0.02991444803774357, -0.009053830057382584, 0.4648229479789734, -0.41526010632514954, 0.7730217576026917, -0.0747920498251915, 0.1971786767244339, -0.3449389934539795, 0.44950759410858154, 0.5935201048851013, 0.43510201573371887, -0.30189648270606995, 0.4306100308895111, 0.39376601576805115, 0.4848581552505493, -0.5074133276939392, -0.1996268332004547, -0.014543566852807999, -0.26154083013534546, 0.21875707805156708, 0.14486686885356903, -0.06228006258606911, -0.48784729838371277, 0.355124831199646, -0.4745188057422638, -0.7359841465950012, -0.3676580488681793, 0.584696888923645, -0.4357586205005646, -0.2562294602394104, 0.19630685448646545, -0.22688280045986176, -0.5117944478988647, -0.48045381903648376, 0.2500647306442261, -0.6124942898750305, -0.1876988261938095, -0.43536376953125, 0.340837299823761, -0.6914410591125488, -0.4270564615726471, -0.2621276080608368, 0.07209663093090057, -0.5390907526016235, 0.2087114006280899, -0.20402665436267853, -0.24531053006649017, -0.38303130865097046, 0.1903018206357956, -0.1239960566163063, -0.050209272652864456, -0.07916837930679321, 0.2307792454957962, -0.2995237708091736, 0.5504213571548462, -0.22721202671527863, 0.16125670075416565, 0.5452825427055359, -0.20102554559707642, 0.32711827754974365, 0.5650927424430847, -0.6356562972068787, -0.4531463384628296, 0.7107415199279785, 0.3227466344833374, 0.32335641980171204, -0.0949951782822609, 0.5526309013366699, 1.1846885681152344, -0.26775243878364563, 0.06538113206624985, 0.16783802211284637, -0.08587763458490372, -0.23343296349048615, 0.1377975195646286, 0.39237478375434875, 0.1356360763311386, 0.3790821135044098, 0.05945112183690071, 0.025921601802110672, 0.7833028435707092, -0.19378525018692017, -0.5034356713294983, 0.11638112366199493, 0.24137772619724274, 0.24479655921459198, -0.0587867796421051, -0.05841531231999397, 0.6637406349182129, -0.08623965829610825, -0.15224294364452362, -0.3879638910293579, -0.14903892576694489, 0.25827014446258545, 0.025130566209554672, 0.27290305495262146, 0.11123061925172806, 0.03514952212572098, 0.6133888363838196, 0.22739222645759583, -0.2609095573425293, 0.5945063829421997, -0.11307384818792343, 0.22307953238487244, -0.12851443886756897, 0.23168830573558807, -0.361863374710083, -0.2557671368122101, -0.7960960268974304, -0.6702380180358887, 0.18676503002643585, 0.40434443950653076, -0.7153182029724121, -0.8438228964805603, 0.2821889817714691, 0.63152015209198, -0.8593538403511047, -0.053728457540273666, 0.25273117423057556, -0.3847375810146332, -0.6022025942802429, -0.09256010502576828, -0.22714196145534515, 0.10542187094688416, 0.40419235825538635, -0.20786911249160767, -0.23788149654865265, 0.1331322193145752, -0.19122342765331268, 0.19771568477153778, 0.17711830139160156, 0.14558474719524384, 0.26277852058410645, -0.09572131186723709, 0.25165238976478577, -0.21931208670139313, 0.029252689331769943, -0.4667975902557373, -0.37241029739379883, -0.411317378282547, -0.40240681171417236, 0.1096341460943222, -0.04080449789762497, -0.4224861264228821, 0.10399411618709564, -0.16688624024391174, -0.09320583939552307, -0.3109072148799896, 0.4444260895252228, -0.9816354513168335, -0.07403884083032608, -0.3234277069568634, 0.8551444411277771, 0.005561698228120804, 0.07203826308250427, -0.040479876101017, -0.023200400173664093, -0.5233717560768127, 0.48047032952308655, 0.20104283094406128, 0.7116652727127075, -0.25339630246162415, 0.2249830812215805, -0.24175599217414856, 0.6368246674537659, 0.5399117469787598, 0.524292528629303, 0.18435032665729523, 0.45755258202552795, -0.3554708659648895, 0.10992342978715897, 0.444388747215271, 0.595868706703186, 0.13512329757213593, -0.2659589648246765, 0.15428999066352844, -0.29681938886642456, 0.6125719547271729, 0.04517098888754845, 0.2420196384191513, -0.423110693693161, -0.32691535353660583, 0.24069005250930786, -0.5691432356834412, -0.1833503395318985, 0.20215153694152832, -0.2052488476037979, -0.46392956376075745, -0.00695621594786644, -0.7297669053077698, -0.0506569929420948, 0.22071363031864166, 0.49247947335243225, 0.38629239797592163, -0.4495472311973572, 0.015219174325466156, -0.13811330497264862, -0.20967130362987518, 0.515929639339447, -0.37592148780822754, 0.8292911648750305, -0.7343688607215881, -0.5402421951293945, -0.9238700866699219, -0.3322403132915497, -0.2829631268978119, -0.4770146608352661, 1.0826016664505005, -0.5377806425094604, -0.2104550302028656, -0.052852481603622437, -0.1456407606601715, -0.33093011379241943, 0.0682191252708435, -0.10436546802520752 ]
230641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20interconnects	Copper interconnects	In semiconductor technology, copper interconnects are interconnects made of copper. They are used in silicon integrated circuits (ICs) to reduce propagation delays and power consumption. Since copper is a better conductor than aluminium, ICs using copper for their interconnects can have interconnects with narrower dimensions, and use less energy to pass electricity through them. Together, these effects lead to ICs with better performance. They were first introduced by IBM, with assistance from Motorola, in 1997. The transition from aluminium to copper required significant developments in fabrication techniques, including radically different methods for patterning the metal as well as the introduction of barrier metal layers to isolate the silicon from potentially damaging copper atoms. Patterning Although some form of volatile copper compound has been known to exist since 1947, with more discovered as the century progressed, none were in industrial use, so copper could not be patterned by the previous techniques of photoresist masking and plasma etching that had been used with great success with aluminium. The inability to plasma etch copper called for a drastic rethinking of the metal patterning process and the result of this rethinking was a process referred to as an additive patterning, also known as a "Damascene" or "dual-Damascene" process by analogy to a traditional technique of metal inlaying. In this process, the underlying silicon oxide insulating layer is patterned with open trenches where the conductor should be. A thick coating of copper that significantly overfills the trenches is deposited on the insulator, and chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) is used to remove the copper (known as overburden) that extends above the top of the insulating layer. Copper sunken within the trenches of the insulating layer is not removed and becomes the patterned conductor. Damascene processes generally form and fill a single feature with copper per Damascene stage. Dual-Damascene processes generally form and fill two features with copper at once, e.g., a trench overlying a via may both be filled with a single copper deposition using dual-Damascene. With successive layers of insulator and copper, a multilayer interconnect structure is created. The number of layers depends on the IC's function, 10 or more metal layers are possible. Without the ability of CMP to remove the copper coating in a planar and uniform fashion, and without the ability of the CMP process to stop repeatably at the copper-insulator interface, this technology would not be realizable. Barrier metal A barrier metal layer must completely surround all copper interconnect, since diffusion of copper into surrounding materials would degrade their properties. For instance, silicon forms deep-level traps when doped with copper. As the name implies, a barrier metal must limit copper diffusivity sufficiently to chemically isolate the copper conductor from the silicon below, yet have high electrical conductivity in order to maintain a good electronic contact. The thickness of the barrier film is also quite important; with too thin a layer, the copper contacts poison the very devices that they connect to; with too thick a layer, the stack of two barrier metal films and a copper conductor have a greater total resistance than aluminium interconnects, eliminating any benefit. The improvement in conductivity in going from earlier aluminium to copper based conductors was modest, and not as good as to be expected by a simple comparison of bulk conductivities of aluminium and copper. The addition of barrier metals on all four sides of the copper conductor significantly reduces the cross-sectional area of the conductor that is composed of pure, low resistance, copper. Aluminium, while requiring a thin barrier metal to promote low ohmic resistance when making a contact directly to silicon or aluminium layers, did not require barrier metals on the sides of the metal lines to isolate aluminium from the surrounding silicon oxide insulators. Therefore scientists are looking for new ways to reduce the diffusion of copper into silicon substrates without using the buffer layer. One method is to use copper-germanium alloy as the interconnect material so that buffer layer (e.g. titanium nitride) is no longer needed. Epitaxial Cu3Ge layer has been fabricated with an average resistivity of 6 ± 1 μΩ cm and work function of ~4.47 ± 0.02 eV respectively, qualifying it as a good alternative to copper. Electromigration Resistance to electromigration, the process by which a metal conductor changes shape under the influence of an electric current flowing through it and which eventually leads to the breaking of the conductor, is significantly better with copper than with aluminium. This improvement in electromigration resistance allows higher currents to flow through a given size copper conductor compared to aluminium. The combination of a modest increase in conductivity along with this improvement in electromigration resistance was to prove highly attractive. The overall benefits derived from these performance improvements were ultimately enough to drive full-scale investment in copper-based technologies and fabrication methods for high performance semiconductor devices, and copper-based processes continue to be the state of the art for the semiconductor industry today. See also Carbon nanotubes in interconnects References Integrated circuits Interconnect	[ 0.19520582258701324, 0.7060958743095398, 0.07066386938095093, 0.2546907365322113, -0.34169599413871765, 0.04534953087568283, -0.2741153836250305, 0.2764175832271576, 0.1350930780172348, -0.48858410120010376, -0.46864455938339233, -0.01228349655866623, -0.3685477077960968, 0.6674663424491882, -0.26188433170318604, -0.0005001581739634275, 0.5039288997650146, 0.31091469526290894, -0.47636231780052185, -0.3124125599861145, -0.17848527431488037, 0.25554895401000977, 0.683411180973053, -0.007412671111524105, 0.01876109279692173, 0.06435839086771011, -0.233800008893013, -0.08901393413543701, 0.23894917964935303, 0.1066819354891777, 0.5863011479377747, 0.8206056952476501, -0.43004465103149414, -0.14830955862998962, 0.09074156731367111, -0.1126117929816246, -0.07298652082681656, -0.19337207078933716, -0.23295708000659943, -0.783155620098114, 0.3141317665576935, -0.1124078780412674, 0.19937901198863983, 0.6447344422340393, -0.34233853220939636, -0.20340794324874878, -1.08488929271698, 0.6068571209907532, -0.5712608695030212, -0.15224668383598328, -0.6055495142936707, 0.05877436324954033, 0.0796038955450058, 0.42940080165863037, 0.2270026057958603, 0.6256545186042786, -0.8527106642723083, -0.14293578267097473, 0.2694062292575836, 0.06944020092487335, -0.01828474923968315, 0.11368945986032486, -0.32312899827957153, 0.06160544976592064, 0.4038933515548706, 0.10614803433418274, -0.16099686920642853, -0.09971509128808975, -0.2927577793598175, -0.2614867091178894, 0.017453424632549286, -0.17296749353408813, 0.4090321362018585, 0.22790008783340454, -0.06327678263187408, -0.130683034658432, -0.3469381630420685, -0.10620444267988205, -0.07692785561084747, 0.23311053216457367, -0.490607887506485, 0.5069345831871033, 0.422044038772583, -0.361460417509079, 0.7972847819328308, -0.35692229866981506, -0.8300875425338745, 0.3003988564014435, -0.6604048013687134, 0.8414945602416992, 0.16873981058597565, 0.22882652282714844, 0.6752722859382629, 0.7331381440162659, 0.022004667669534683, -0.48023611307144165, 0.20251241326332092, -0.3292364776134491, 0.3918028771877289, 0.3817770481109619, 0.004069959279149771, 0.17277364432811737, 0.27600258588790894, -0.4117847979068756, -0.4239392876625061, -0.3811608552932739, -0.7718495726585388, 0.022159695625305176, -0.04891712963581085, -0.4198019206523895, -0.5243969559669495, -0.15195155143737793, -0.2046201080083847, 0.6841018795967102, -0.4524627923965454, 0.27560728788375854, 0.1462124139070511, -0.20427305996418, 0.3654472529888153, -0.39842841029167175, 0.277255654335022, 1.1246217489242554, -0.5572837591171265, 0.020443333312869072, -0.15373599529266357, 0.6382082104682922, 0.14693573117256165, 0.8453736305236816, -0.3400329053401947, -0.041421763598918915, -0.5414654612541199, 1.1338075399398804, -0.16925573348999023, -0.20608174800872803, -0.11956138908863068, -0.6447278261184692, 0.26287078857421875, -0.07913251966238022, 0.5368592739105225, 0.2263195961713791, -0.548747181892395, -0.4207996726036072, -0.005738327745348215, -0.4270322024822235, 0.4190995395183563, -0.034352075308561325, -0.35542893409729004, -0.5083829760551453, 0.2365097999572754, 0.19245009124279022, -0.1985190063714981, -0.3414245545864105, -0.447014719247818, 0.10400382429361343, -0.3513593077659607, -0.016503967344760895, 0.8842365145683289, 0.2313954383134842, -0.11519733816385269, -0.23057225346565247, 0.20380999147891998, -0.2994822561740875, -0.1448041945695877, 0.0827794075012207, 0.016526004299521446, -0.062299396842718124, 0.46583524346351624, 0.44180452823638916, 0.21289457380771637, 0.8592972755432129, 0.10253985226154327, -0.12986178696155548, -0.17648093402385712, 0.14520809054374695, 0.050232622772455215, 0.05686388164758682, -0.11254900693893433, 0.34570619463920593, 0.09936906397342682, -0.03842637315392494, -0.769350528717041, 0.18384777009487152, 0.024701448157429695, 0.1303490400314331, 0.03444398567080498, 0.3410620391368866, 0.35677024722099304, -0.5197761654853821, -0.5289307236671448, 0.08890259265899658, -0.411699116230011, -0.1739567667245865, -0.3612244427204132, -0.5084860324859619, 1.1157991886138916, 0.038884237408638, -0.29169028997421265, 0.01944105140864849, -0.13418933749198914, 0.3695443272590637, -0.13611425459384918, -0.11475514620542526, 0.459506630897522, -0.15271678566932678, -0.3084335923194885, 0.7819378972053528, 0.5922827124595642, -0.2773679494857788, -0.04428263008594513, -0.2869817316532135, 0.4336485266685486, -0.607866108417511, 0.5291612148284912, -0.2420773059129715, 0.17677658796310425, -0.4313879609107971, -0.34521403908729553, 0.11340200155973434, 0.2003338485956192, 0.10479927062988281, 0.9256789088249207, -0.07223211228847504, 0.34950584173202515, 0.9004406929016113, -0.6837176084518433, 0.7615719437599182, 0.2098151594400406, 0.29265525937080383, 0.5122637152671814, 0.08000734448432922, 0.2623651921749115, -0.42936161160469055, 0.2858946919441223, -0.2133508026599884, -0.12227258086204529, -0.10992186516523361, 0.13676446676254272, -0.27108386158943176, 0.5051504969596863, -0.11136049032211304, -0.0429675467312336, 0.9132726788520813, -1.0016108751296997, 0.23832225799560547, 0.46992647647857666, -0.07577353715896606, -0.13115611672401428, -0.3967588543891907, 0.3467065691947937, 0.016279926523566246, 0.3878663182258606, 0.08619899302721024, -0.06564821302890778, -0.7458987236022949, 0.21192070841789246, -0.28906509280204773, -0.11987604945898056, 0.21165989339351654, -0.40262582898139954, -0.010477189905941486, -0.1449356973171234, -0.2012256234884262, -0.04181263595819473, -0.32649362087249756, -0.3664015233516693, -0.34212175011634827, -0.42247164249420166, -0.288918137550354, 0.9995882511138916, -0.4442663788795471, 0.32707735896110535, -0.24560971558094025, -0.3685001730918884, -0.23905612528324127, -0.5830280184745789, -0.5119764804840088, -0.39156374335289, 0.37258246541023254, -0.5201447010040283, -0.5529934763908386, 0.26696646213531494, 0.5616416335105896, 0.20637759566307068, -0.05240175127983093, -0.5182246565818787, -0.1400732547044754, 0.05454582720994949, -0.42463016510009766, -0.3917497396469116, -0.893405020236969, -0.13179665803909302, -0.01747942715883255, -0.3690163791179657, 0.5046859383583069, 0.3075290620326996, 0.8843596577644348, -0.08491311967372894, 0.12621745467185974, 0.8493351936340332, -0.6434772610664368, -0.13845908641815186, 0.10607113689184189, -0.5992893576622009, 0.08010996133089066, -0.31132519245147705, -0.038066864013671875, -0.11242891848087311, -0.18465307354927063, -5.635700702667236, 0.3058159053325653, -0.30813390016555786, -0.3878297507762909, 0.1414327472448349, -0.10791944712400436, 0.4951496422290802, 0.29354792833328247, 0.23485447466373444, 0.21953529119491577, -0.5524918437004089, 0.12377873063087463, -0.2544608414173126, 0.3415079116821289, 0.5420116186141968, 0.47117915749549866, 0.3999512195587158, -0.8498857617378235, 0.4843597114086151, -0.30492740869522095, -0.22409656643867493, -0.08447735011577606, 0.343061238527298, 0.46421298384666443, -0.07549676299095154, -0.26990213990211487, -0.5288029909133911, 0.3785594701766968, -0.30022576451301575, -0.031059259548783302, -0.08423525840044022, 0.05526089295744896, 0.0530877411365509, -0.4002779424190521, -0.26161378622055054, 0.2221522480249405, 0.4199448227882385, 0.22550879418849945, 0.03794395551085472, -0.20375476777553558, 0.242043599486351, 1.1462339162826538, 0.5597819089889526, 0.17866119742393494, 0.5721018314361572, -0.5311757922172546, -0.2487255483865738, -0.29588472843170166, 0.13434742391109467, 0.7230948209762573, -0.591805636882782, 0.3993450105190277, 0.8814185261726379, -0.2775743901729584, -0.09002691507339478, -0.26952338218688965, 0.27727633714675903, -0.17848651111125946, -1.2117486000061035, 0.058747243136167526, -0.3549860417842865, -0.3844054043292999, -0.008931431919336319, -0.6072092056274414, -0.040039367973804474, 0.08365010470151901, -0.7235751748085022, -0.04632075875997543, 0.1835172027349472, 0.0771704614162445, -0.2167014479637146, 0.6591572761535645, -0.46407097578048706, -0.3816635012626648, 0.25011876225471497, -0.5491818189620972, 0.39103665947914124, 0.3598704934120178, 0.43977630138397217, 0.11283062398433685, -0.3693852126598358, 0.4886203110218048, -0.38566336035728455, 0.6774047613143921, 0.29259657859802246, 0.02425580471754074, -0.1579914689064026, -0.2346656173467636, -0.2008286565542221, 0.258705198764801, 0.8867107629776001, -0.07732635736465454, 0.15397880971431732, 0.20320016145706177, 0.2537247836589813, -0.1700657457113266, 0.3234417736530304, 0.8616467714309692, 0.2982971668243408, -0.45276370644569397, 0.7851225733757019, -0.483803927898407, -0.33888018131256104, -0.1897708922624588, -0.5788025856018066, -0.4741935729980469, 0.07632870972156525, 0.06430831551551819, 0.5050660967826843, 0.15398769080638885, -0.15779420733451843, 0.12381240725517273, -0.37473198771476746, -0.43275773525238037, 0.22772373259067535, 0.04304021596908569, -0.5858275890350342, 0.5258431434631348, 0.369823694229126, -0.3099028468132019, -0.0017685758648440242, 0.22289656102657318, 0.6456703543663025, 0.1700177639722824, -0.5131092667579651, -0.7322215437889099, -0.44981035590171814, 0.029468253254890442, 0.0821041688323021, -0.2783169150352478, 0.1742526739835739, 0.5558183789253235, -0.2589837908744812, -0.3895499110221863, -0.38535648584365845, -0.6164431571960449, -0.4213918149471283, 0.21573874354362488, -0.22586947679519653, -0.5134882926940918, 0.696221113204956, -0.21765190362930298, -0.41411569714546204, -0.03993230313062668, 0.44429171085357666, 0.6089112758636475, -0.6865201592445374, 0.21319222450256348, -0.2223973423242569, 0.7112430334091187, -0.08359089493751526, -0.7085403203964233, -0.1305101364850998, 0.11693138629198074, 0.1526496857404709, 0.3852916955947876, 0.2260442078113556, 0.1905960738658905, 0.10438450425863266, -0.2188626378774643, 0.334025502204895, 0.7315652966499329, -0.38639533519744873, 0.3101674020290375, 0.13331153988838196, -0.20650620758533478, -1.0371941328048706, -0.5069093704223633, -0.6565320491790771, 0.5973461270332336, -0.20473933219909668, 0.07208991795778275, -0.010542132891714573, -0.4171120226383209, 0.2884104549884796, 0.4789535403251648, 0.37353765964508057, 0.035044752061367035, 0.2327650487422943, -0.632241427898407, 0.31774863600730896, -0.03794354572892189, -0.23459866642951965, 0.6953100562095642, 0.25701597332954407, -0.20072510838508606, -0.3738991618156433, 0.19767801463603973, -0.03481273725628853, -0.18903577327728271, 0.2543259263038635, -0.2517502009868622, -0.1385740339756012, -0.1432526409626007, -0.12037734687328339, -0.40117985010147095, 0.07199613004922867, 0.10062377899885178, -0.5336148738861084, -1.1256511211395264, 0.0584796704351902, 0.6272113919258118, -0.7306841611862183, 0.40782031416893005, 0.10992029309272766, -0.22389551997184753, 0.23425453901290894, 0.37810760736465454, -0.5741923451423645, 0.15182341635227203, 0.028317371383309364, -0.7180181741714478, 0.01660824380815029, 0.289282888174057, -0.18317551910877228, -0.16610845923423767, 0.3186821937561035, -0.0653795599937439, -0.31864839792251587, -0.3900280296802521, 0.09647808223962784, -0.06499192118644714, 0.37301453948020935, -0.18576852977275848, -0.44150298833847046, 0.585558295249939, 0.2748331129550934, -0.16418395936489105, 0.44308972358703613, -0.3566449284553528, -0.6223815679550171, -0.16478000581264496, 0.0734463632106781, -0.31190216541290283, 0.0774996355175972, 0.2681395709514618, -0.5998809337615967, -0.23157379031181335, -0.050099991261959076, 0.17516875267028809, 0.32161909341812134, 0.26798418164253235, 0.0951143428683281, -0.145399808883667, -0.2934361398220062, 0.23258918523788452, 0.3626059293746948, -0.6318466663360596, -0.9417544603347778, -0.2534628212451935, 0.18325352668762207, -0.7047936916351318, -1.1223222017288208, -0.661143958568573, 0.8073161840438843, -0.01863030716776848, 0.10044201463460922, -0.1500912606716156, -0.03187432512640953, 0.19071589410305023, -0.6260207295417786, -0.9730466604232788, -0.2685501277446747, 0.2780464291572571, 0.28880593180656433, 0.3027544915676117, -0.14422157406806946, -0.5936983227729797, 0.09066380560398102, -0.17639710009098053, 0.35660219192504883, -0.42242151498794556, 1.1990798711776733, -0.18202994763851166, -0.2728421092033386, 0.0355837307870388, 0.35900187492370605, 0.024272363632917404, -0.1428889036178589, -0.21099433302879333, -0.30744725465774536, -0.10868369787931442, 0.2567844092845917, -0.04169868305325508, 0.5014196038246155, -0.15851876139640808, -0.06456921994686127, -0.27473390102386475, -0.36282840371131897, -0.1850234568119049, -0.5754052400588989, -0.15364953875541687, -0.12429772317409515, 0.42051637172698975, -0.07539250701665878, 0.039923518896102905, -0.1951591670513153, 0.6705307960510254, 0.042846791446208954, 0.5174343585968018, -0.8176761269569397, 0.96584153175354, 0.18812640011310577, -1.450900912284851, 0.3115980625152588, 0.5143722891807556, 0.43377476930618286, -0.3272438049316406, 0.08185350149869919, -0.13787336647510529, 0.2311704158782959, -0.014981224201619625, -0.24216008186340332, 0.2315618395805359, 0.10207808762788773, -0.0939083993434906, 0.8522995114326477, -0.1699049025774002, 0.23869921267032623, 0.3007325232028961, 0.009756308980286121, -0.1786070615053177, 0.43226590752601624, 0.3048311173915863, 0.023528805002570152, 0.9228683710098267, -0.1688307672739029, -0.49666258692741394, -0.028348591178655624, 0.31047582626342773, 0.4902437925338745, 0.09054621309041977, -0.012608595192432404, 0.23524366319179535, 0.07907511293888092, -0.2993395924568176, -0.2181602120399475, -0.4239407777786255, -0.2580014169216156, 1.0439624786376953, -0.12623107433319092, 0.899311363697052, -0.4585191011428833, 0.20410336554050446, -0.5077978372573853, 0.5873925685882568, 0.11746816337108612, 0.3388029932975769, -0.4166761338710785, 0.33239248394966125, 0.4863866865634918, -0.01574305072426796, 0.21620053052902222, -0.23395484685897827, -0.49918437004089355, -0.01601206697523594, 0.08741161227226257, 0.35118165612220764, 0.3454149067401886, 0.2597666084766388, 0.01643475517630577, 0.613641083240509, 0.21575544774532318, -0.4160124361515045, -0.3514867126941681, 0.05382862314581871, 0.39051902294158936, -1.1087480783462524, -0.10282684117555618, -0.013623918406665325, 0.016235245391726494, 0.922252893447876, -0.20313028991222382, 0.6800052523612976, -0.28610125184059143, -0.3306015729904175, 0.19949598610401154, 0.3247046172618866, -0.05259111151099205, 0.26483994722366333, -0.41110312938690186, 0.8490971922874451, -0.4527028501033783, -1.050041913986206, -0.2031683474779129, -0.20278087258338928, 0.08766772598028183, 0.5519620180130005, 0.3226977288722992, -0.23031286895275116, 0.2763892412185669, -0.32964834570884705, 0.27197203040122986, -0.48232540488243103, 0.06557315587997437, -0.21089260280132294, -0.3127809762954712, 0.7081761956214905, 0.019937168806791306, 0.44921883940696716, 0.29562991857528687, 0.2934429347515106, 0.9994094967842102, 0.14097215235233307, -0.42748767137527466, 0.7341575622558594, -0.015029694885015488, 0.16482265293598175, -0.5479758381843567, -0.11667141318321228, 0.3578074872493744, -0.3199872672557831, 0.14106884598731995, -0.3004705309867859, -0.003137214807793498, -0.04847422242164612, 0.3013959527015686, -0.1937994509935379, -0.08397296816110611, -0.19676078855991364, -0.2686721682548523, -0.6670724749565125, 0.4412773549556732, 0.5271430015563965, 0.032491281628608704, -0.32453039288520813, 0.6339148283004761, 0.5934216976165771, -0.0021946325432509184, 0.5616427659988403, -0.19283626973628998, 0.2768974006175995, -0.3419113755226135, 0.24644173681735992, -0.15292051434516907, -0.1734851449728012, -0.4580044746398926, 0.22802522778511047, 0.6409676671028137, 0.09950780868530273, 0.2606198191642761, -0.10345117747783661, -0.15139061212539673, 0.14714780449867249, -0.6197643876075745, 0.05317448824644089, -0.4761098623275757, -0.6255856156349182, -0.8421488404273987, 0.47214141488075256, 0.37810221314430237, -0.74113529920578, 0.11713001877069473, -0.044613827019929886, -0.2521953880786896, 0.03976384550333023, 0.5268678665161133, -1.0010071992874146, -0.2703201472759247, 0.3649137318134308 ]
230643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid	Braid	A braid (also referred to as a plait) is a complex structure or pattern formed by interlacing two or more strands of flexible material such as textile yarns, wire, or hair. The simplest and most common version is a flat, solid, three-stranded structure. More complex patterns can be constructed from an arbitrary number of strands to create a wider range of structures (such as a fishtail braid, a five-stranded braid, rope braid, a French braid and a waterfall braid). The structure is usually long and narrow with each component strand functionally equivalent in zigzagging forward through the overlapping mass of the others. It can be compared with the process of weaving, which usually involves two separate perpendicular groups of strands (warp and weft). Historically, the materials used have depended on the indigenous plants and animals available in the local area. During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized braiding equipment was invented to increase production. The braiding technique was used to make ropes with both natural and synthetic fibers as well as coaxial cables for radios using copper wire. In more recent times it has been used to create a covering for fuel pipes in jet aircraft and ships (first using glass fibre, then stainless steel and Kevlar). Hoses for domestic plumbing are often covered with stainless steel braid. Hair braiding The oldest known reproduction of hair braiding may go back about 30,000 years: the Venus of Willendorf, a female figurine estimated to have been made between about 28,000 and 25,000 BC in modern day Austria. The Venus of Brassempouy from the southwest of France is estimated to be about 25,000 years old and shows a braided hairstyle. During the Bronze Age and Iron Age many peoples in the Near East, Asia Minor, Caucasus, East Mediterranean and North Africa are depicted in art with braided or plaited hair and beards. Similarly, the practice is recorded in Europe, Africa, India, China, Japan, Australasia and Central Asia. Braiding is traditionally a social art. Because of the time it takes to braid hair, people have often taken time to socialize while braiding and having their hair braided. It begins with the elders making simple knots and braids for younger children. Older children watch and learn from them, start practicing on younger children, and eventually learn the traditional designs. This carries on a tradition of bonding between elders and the new generation. Types of braids include box braids, cornrows, crochet braids, and French braid. Braiding is also used to prepare horses' manes and tails for showing such as in polo and polocrosse. Industrial history and use Early braids had many uses, such as costume decoration, animal regalia (like camel girths), sword decoration, bowls and hats (from palm leaves), locks (such as those made in Japan to secure precious tea supplies through the use of elaborate knots), and weapons (e.g. slings). Materials that are used in braids can vary depending on local materials. For instance, South Americans used the very fine fibers from the wool of alpaca and llama, while North American people made use of bison fibers. Throughout the world, vegetable fibers such as grass, nettle, and hemp have been used to create braids. In China, Korea, and Japan silk still remains the main material used. In the Americas, the braiding of leather is also common. Plaiting with kangaroo leather has been a widely practiced tradition in rural Australia since pioneering times. It is used in the production of fine leather belts, hatbands, bridles, dog leads, bullwhips, stockwhips, etc. Other leathers are used for the plaiting of heavier products suitable for everyday use. For nomadic peoples, braiding was a practical means of producing useful and decorative textiles. In other areas, such as the Pacific islands (where leaves and grasses are braided), and for many hill tribes, braids are made using minimal equipment. It was only when braiding became a popular occupation in the home or school, as it is in China and Japan, and when the Industrial Revolution came about, that specific tools were developed to increase production and make it easier to produce more complicated patterns of braids. Braids are also very good for making rope and decorative objects. Complex braids have been used to create hanging fibre artworks. Gold braids and silver braids are components or trims of many kinds of formal dress, including military uniform (in epaulettes, aiguillettes, on headgear). Ropes and cables Braiding creates a composite rope that is thicker and stronger than the non-interlaced strands of yarn. Braided ropes are preferred by arborists, rock climbers, and in sport sailing because they do not twist under load, as does an ordinary twisted-strand rope. These ropes consist of one or more concentric tubular braided jackets surrounding either several small twisted fibre cords, or a single untwisted yarn of straight fibres, and are known as Kernmantle ropes. In electrical and electronic cables, braid is a tubular sheath made of braided strands of metal placed around a central cable for shielding against electromagnetic interference. The braid is grounded while the central conductor(s) carries the signal. The braid may be used in addition to a foil jacket to increase shielding and durability. Litz wire uses braids of thin insulated wires to carry high frequency signals with much lower losses from skin effect or to minimise proximity effect in transformers. Flat braids made of many copper wires can also be used for flexible electrical connections between large components. The numerous smaller wires comprising the braid are much more resistant to breaking under repeated motion and vibration than is a cable of larger wires. A common example of this may be found connecting a car battery's negative terminal to the metal chassis. Similar braiding is used on pressurized hoses, such as in plumbing and hydraulic brake systems in automobiles. Braiding is also used for fibres for composite reinforcements. A property of the basic braid is that removing one strand unlinks the other two, as they are not twisted around each other. Mathematically, a braid with that property is called a Brunnian braid. Metaphors Braids are often used figuratively to represent interweaving or combination, such as in, "He braided many different ideas into a new whole." In some river and stream systems, small streams join together and redivide in many places. Such stream systems are said to be braided. These are often found in alluvial fans at the outlet of canyons. This is a result of heavy sediment deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows. Gallery See also Braiding machines Braid theory Ceinture fléchée Kumihimo, Japanese braid Ply-split braiding Sennit References External links Minnesota Statue Sec.155A.28 https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/155A.28 Cables Needlework Ropework	[ 0.861551821231842, -0.3512144982814789, -0.0007557645440101624, 0.3680213987827301, -0.2743718922138214, 0.01458093523979187, 0.15971580147743225, -0.3807482123374939, -0.6408782601356506, -0.49377673864364624, -0.6767717599868774, 0.0344855822622776, -0.16895002126693726, 0.43068835139274597, -0.5650938749313354, 0.3244786858558655, 0.6099663376808167, 0.2581377923488617, -0.1951671838760376, 0.03206799551844597, -0.471205472946167, -0.008300990797579288, -0.019177116453647614, -0.2038038969039917, 0.6269015669822693, -0.09701167792081833, 0.14597903192043304, -0.02127220295369625, 0.25125908851623535, -0.02325621247291565, 0.43220382928848267, 0.08255378901958466, 0.07221706211566925, -0.3235915005207062, 0.2631891667842865, -0.2645493149757385, -0.08985169976949692, -0.17703837156295776, -0.424517422914505, -1.1555639505386353, -0.08773345500230789, 0.2561802864074707, 0.14166246354579926, 0.372295618057251, -0.1130218356847763, -0.7296079397201538, -0.9378385543823242, 1.0712311267852783, -0.7008049488067627, 0.368088960647583, -0.7636592984199524, -0.4176092743873596, 0.487048864364624, 0.2939470708370209, 0.44403335452079773, 0.5203032493591309, -0.5405759811401367, 0.15055857598781586, -0.07241107523441315, -0.5039878487586975, 0.12485329806804657, 0.32676562666893005, 0.17913150787353516, 0.1949319839477539, 0.2096526175737381, 0.22635383903980255, -0.039525486528873444, -0.05878661572933197, -0.37009480595588684, -0.1758442372083664, 0.4208357036113739, 0.2236020565032959, -0.3028291165828705, 0.4269295632839203, -0.21135053038597107, -0.2798478901386261, -0.1626923382282257, -0.33592018485069275, 0.2076907455921173, 0.28076836466789246, -0.5491771697998047, 0.8568922281265259, 0.1220131665468216, 0.05614893510937691, 0.6830607056617737, 0.25597232580184937, -0.8227053284645081, 0.6710342764854431, -0.29784294962882996, 0.32974857091903687, 0.21272669732570648, 0.18787141144275665, 0.25871574878692627, 0.3865441679954529, 0.3402706980705261, -0.37892502546310425, -0.10060805082321167, 0.07651516050100327, 0.24462543427944183, 0.14783942699432373, 0.37291133403778076, -0.3802163004875183, 0.4884724020957947, -0.5743325352668762, -0.47877219319343567, 0.13100942969322205, -0.04170810431241989, -0.33738312125205994, 0.03555997088551521, -0.02447286993265152, -0.06152694299817085, 0.034739818423986435, 0.23675936460494995, -0.045740146189928055, -0.40704479813575745, 0.3821462094783783, 0.41430163383483887, 0.5646716356277466, -0.45237964391708374, -0.10056847333908081, -0.17170502245426178, 0.33214524388313293, 0.0007631075568497181, -0.08032222092151642, 0.36562469601631165, -0.04629895091056824, -0.007728768978267908, 0.8297218084335327, -1.1286327838897705, -0.24260221421718597, 0.13274690508842468, 0.8051002025604248, -0.6237276196479797, -0.040742531418800354, -0.10778747498989105, -0.4831075370311737, 0.17391087114810944, 0.17236913740634918, 0.6349797248840332, 0.3231762647628784, -1.0647577047348022, 0.09737762808799744, -0.3591519594192505, -0.38558414578437805, 0.18752090632915497, -0.3496108949184418, -0.00009767663868842646, -0.738489031791687, -0.17542780935764313, -0.1463511735200882, -0.4577995836734772, 0.06552331149578094, -0.18330824375152588, 0.015299119055271149, -0.4154677093029022, -0.04238124191761017, 0.34078341722488403, 0.2747951149940491, -0.1296689510345459, -0.18504995107650757, 0.030327148735523224, 0.26402750611305237, -0.23386090993881226, 0.18282009661197662, 0.02660636603832245, -0.1434144675731659, 0.4158938229084015, 0.7828691005706787, 0.12440302222967148, 0.5247542858123779, 0.19492916762828827, -0.00828335527330637, -0.10885290801525116, 0.03665938600897789, -0.6000103950500488, 0.38297080993652344, -0.33795177936553955, -0.051924869418144226, 0.266715407371521, 0.1843361258506775, -0.4892120361328125, 0.4168069362640381, 0.5590769052505493, 0.23183652758598328, 0.25036442279815674, -0.10245850682258606, 0.1929430514574051, -0.21813201904296875, -0.3868046700954437, -0.5015379190444946, -0.25383511185646057, -0.03136231005191803, -0.039426956325769424, -0.4746270179748535, 1.0582281351089478, 0.003615961642935872, -0.7337836027145386, 1.433610439300537, -0.07304257154464722, 0.4012470841407776, 0.38362616300582886, 0.0019879841711372137, 0.016222674399614334, -0.43272849917411804, -0.4402734935283661, 0.30849578976631165, 0.5673153400421143, 0.3888055980205536, -0.050411343574523926, -0.6679608225822449, 0.6977868676185608, -0.3415963053703308, 0.38499847054481506, -0.5649083852767944, -0.12684567272663116, -0.18215763568878174, -0.24452586472034454, 0.24874907732009888, 0.1632820963859558, -0.025074325501918793, 0.9401139616966248, -0.5413182973861694, -0.7998914122581482, 0.5493045449256897, -0.18218199908733368, 0.6972454190254211, -0.17708495259284973, -0.05265016853809357, 0.3015250563621521, -0.26246440410614014, -0.39427971839904785, -0.45135921239852905, 0.41208675503730774, -0.15587566792964935, -0.8362905383110046, 0.027424747124314308, 0.2540525197982788, -0.19983473420143127, 0.41424560546875, -0.5646131634712219, 0.3892495930194855, 0.19295670092105865, -0.2563598155975342, 0.023877570405602455, 0.5108562111854553, -0.11372391134500504, 0.029393238946795464, 0.12692196667194366, 0.7038018107414246, -0.000033393967896699905, 0.4029376208782196, 0.09588708728551865, 0.42491209506988525, -0.22307780385017395, -0.23396575450897217, -0.6667388081550598, -0.15232476592063904, -0.1648705154657364, 0.24526646733283997, 0.22755587100982666, 0.06545180827379227, 0.021187974140048027, -0.04159145429730415, -0.6693367958068848, -0.227788046002388, 0.13845650851726532, -0.3171140253543854, -0.2554675340652466, 0.4578976631164551, 0.46394380927085876, 0.8129748702049255, 0.005294184200465679, -0.6668434739112854, -0.36823543906211853, -0.2109900861978531, -0.7641404271125793, 1.0987486839294434, -0.7245907783508301, -0.49702340364456177, -0.7979750633239746, -0.0506797693669796, 0.28804609179496765, 0.7834566831588745, -0.6133562326431274, -0.1259807050228119, -0.4577684700489044, 0.09111832827329636, 0.0453726090490818, 0.033502425998449326, -0.08042753487825394, -0.24849443137645721, 0.7162585854530334, -0.6153351068496704, 0.11014454811811447, 0.3836842179298401, 0.42947307229042053, -0.332070529460907, -0.24763189256191254, 0.23931162059307098, -0.5572123527526855, -0.23651516437530518, 0.26402992010116577, -0.2019454389810562, 0.07845045626163483, -0.24782025814056396, 0.3617299199104309, 0.43253421783447266, -0.2290833443403244, -5.74074649810791, -0.22230218350887299, -0.37350475788116455, -0.4387761652469635, -0.03475597873330116, 0.26360413432121277, 0.48862800002098083, 0.09657825529575348, -0.00507228821516037, -0.14776510000228882, -0.3683723211288452, 0.08706653118133545, 0.03989648073911667, 0.06592798233032227, 0.6752169132232666, 0.32076820731163025, 0.05847972258925438, -0.0957057774066925, 0.12171496450901031, 0.3497964143753052, -0.08019472658634186, 0.35584524273872375, 0.011431233957409859, 0.3690844774246216, -0.16765601933002472, -1.0404043197631836, -0.6158962249755859, -0.2545504570007324, -0.17375651001930237, -0.32127293944358826, -0.06536166369915009, 0.03769376128911972, 0.6536636352539062, -0.34461888670921326, 0.1963341236114502, -0.17764204740524292, 0.7222892045974731, -0.03174074739217758, -0.1312883049249649, -0.21597766876220703, 0.3866378664970398, 0.44596996903419495, 0.5940466523170471, -0.08267631381750107, 0.32112738490104675, -0.16104841232299805, -0.04083894565701485, -0.8668050765991211, -0.5314081311225891, 0.8005767464637756, -0.0454113744199276, 0.30267345905303955, 0.5119765996932983, -0.7945806384086609, -0.41799309849739075, 0.12391556799411774, 0.36166003346443176, -0.3279528319835663, -1.3163386583328247, 0.07885473221540451, -0.29249295592308044, -0.38163813948631287, 0.6701470017433167, -0.40752914547920227, -0.16718126833438873, -0.22268220782279968, -0.9227817058563232, -0.13858050107955933, 0.6639959216117859, 0.40755072236061096, -0.3877932131290436, 0.4095763862133026, 0.11388397961854935, -0.5339622497558594, 0.7052544355392456, -0.4656481444835663, -0.043681368231773376, -0.2734185755252838, 0.40966150164604187, -0.213431715965271, -0.16532695293426514, -0.09927505999803543, -0.26320138573646545, 0.3812427222728729, 0.2301194965839386, -0.07119308412075043, -0.0691596120595932, -0.2728736102581024, -0.5276271104812622, 0.19031594693660736, 1.131536602973938, 0.5508094429969788, -0.17765727639198303, 0.25235867500305176, 0.28365790843963623, -0.18764939904212952, -0.010326960124075413, -0.11863980442285538, 0.5172625780105591, -0.728276789188385, 0.36204785108566284, -0.0894692912697792, 0.13787902891635895, -0.13124926388263702, -0.1371595710515976, 0.17025916278362274, -0.41824206709861755, 0.2876047194004059, 1.3287659883499146, 0.1285504400730133, -0.07783371955156326, 0.34387966990470886, -0.030698204413056374, 0.04079121723771095, -0.03403530642390251, -0.14607098698616028, -0.5632874369621277, 0.293504923582077, 0.18384654819965363, -0.35812580585479736, 0.0813874825835228, 0.36501070857048035, 0.1730632483959198, -0.38405051827430725, 0.08381999284029007, -0.4526444673538208, 0.08347351849079132, -0.142791748046875, 0.1563737541437149, -0.17768007516860962, 0.5525485277175903, 0.11348333209753036, -0.1985844522714615, -0.40217864513397217, -0.43099284172058105, 0.14753445982933044, -0.35029640793800354, 0.11104175448417664, -0.4395281970500946, -0.938334584236145, 0.2431928515434265, -0.356905996799469, 0.08630490303039551, 0.25681841373443604, 0.7852194905281067, 0.3125217854976654, -0.4799547791481018, 0.15811170637607574, -0.4550163447856903, 0.40095821022987366, -0.11620381474494934, -0.14601242542266846, 0.1485019475221634, -0.21077774465084076, 0.016822058707475662, -0.06810198724269867, 0.6329046487808228, 0.668097972869873, 0.2357017546892166, -0.740535318851471, -0.4077487587928772, 0.3819917142391205, -0.8773948550224304, 0.2397889345884323, -0.5946006774902344, -0.11640574038028717, -1.362363576889038, 0.4171978831291199, 0.05440249666571617, 0.1662515103816986, -0.04205840453505516, -0.3509973883628845, -0.23109716176986694, -0.44127869606018066, -0.1248658150434494, 0.5488830208778381, -0.06900669634342194, 0.1571630984544754, -0.5756559371948242, 0.06505167484283447, 0.06136541813611984, -0.4773055613040924, 0.08752816915512085, 0.40532246232032776, 0.5379228591918945, -0.1450861543416977, -0.19149579107761383, 0.2677951753139496, -0.4710543155670166, 0.3260389566421509, 0.49377763271331787, 0.04762764647603035, 0.016941852867603302, -0.21292924880981445, -0.4213153123855591, -0.024810681119561195, 0.11836239695549011, 0.48029589653015137, -0.3673531413078308, -0.24427947402000427, -0.36387085914611816, 0.4557667374610901, -0.8731977939605713, 0.010299875400960445, -0.14168661832809448, -0.4392356276512146, -0.17166762053966522, -0.15912030637264252, 0.03751910477876663, -0.17884626984596252, -0.2346869856119156, -0.36586955189704895, -0.02702503278851509, 0.19588756561279297, -0.4238169193267822, 0.39143961668014526, 0.24403931200504303, -0.5820184350013733, -0.0013627349399030209, -0.32038190960884094, 0.5155122876167297, -0.18982160091400146, 0.19944195449352264, 0.2048155665397644, -0.0397181361913681, 0.4513157904148102, -0.010108464397490025, -0.22797253727912903, 0.6088560819625854, 0.060118306428194046, 0.12933631241321564, -0.2635412812232971, -0.2888997197151184, -0.23833945393562317, -0.05525216832756996, -0.06005341187119484, -0.29303598403930664, -0.10628750175237656, 0.6697506904602051, 0.10470115393400192, 0.7127450704574585, 0.9913710355758667, -0.2595614492893219, 0.026893585920333862, -0.3264079689979553, 0.26848745346069336, -0.003982377704232931, -0.5901546478271484, -0.6080861687660217, 0.31596654653549194, 0.4798622131347656, -0.3593999743461609, -0.16562695801258087, -0.3500010371208191, 0.05673635005950928, 0.6385339498519897, 0.08627568185329437, -0.3283527195453644, 0.2159923017024994, 0.2988995313644409, -0.1962456852197647, -0.06815266609191895, -0.3587320148944855, -0.44175294041633606, 0.23020991683006287, -0.1882169395685196, -0.28960466384887695, -0.12055116891860962, 0.15670157968997955, -0.24501362442970276, 0.30709442496299744, -0.12505710124969482, 0.5172075033187866, 0.4560553729534149, 0.4709794521331787, 0.4492751359939575, 0.1979512721300125, 0.11894157528877258, 0.34231793880462646, -0.0009447018383070827, -0.47731220722198486, -0.3116404712200165, 0.25494763255119324, -0.22395013272762299, 0.3345848619937897, 0.18222004175186157, 0.6192752718925476, 0.08680180460214615, -0.725402295589447, -0.27125126123428345, -0.37565749883651733, 0.2794272005558014, 0.3792809844017029, 0.7558004260063171, 0.0999489277601242, 0.07554684579372406, 0.32003962993621826, 0.6917882561683655, -0.14061816036701202, 0.44808727502822876, -0.679757297039032, -0.2933037579059601, 0.3893498480319977, -0.8090823888778687, 0.0014646388590335846, -0.14508552849292755, 0.40076521039009094, -0.49044424295425415, 0.3638452887535095, 0.2756178677082062, 0.21607157588005066, 0.3098295331001282, 0.3651430606842041, -0.02191333845257759, -0.6188844442367554, -0.4931117594242096, 0.27151909470558167, -0.03427320718765259, 0.46870386600494385, 0.20544174313545227, 0.1692720651626587, -0.05247482657432556, -0.020516997203230858, -0.16823029518127441, -0.08208855241537094, 0.6195819973945618, 0.16046662628650665, -0.260306715965271, -0.2883321940898895, 0.12570087611675262, 0.5421967506408691, 0.03387980908155441, 0.18046875298023224, -0.03946114331483841, 0.0687953308224678, -0.6647716164588928, -0.21095715463161469, 0.21330399811267853, -0.431194543838501, 1.1668241024017334, 0.7008733749389648, 0.04142304137349129, -0.03282211720943451, 0.6044729948043823, 0.13413603603839874, 0.04367595165967941, 0.21180959045886993, 0.57249915599823, -0.03572235628962517, 0.09654603153467178, 0.6501708030700684, -0.24997544288635254, 0.9090657234191895, -0.17237235605716705, 0.20445041358470917, -0.40679192543029785, 0.8423869013786316, -0.2084742933511734, 0.1615380346775055, 0.04405854642391205, -0.1676788181066513, 0.48688191175460815, 0.02944551594555378, 0.00786551646888256, -0.016742421314120293, -0.3918357193470001, 0.2928786277770996, -0.14399755001068115, -0.6120988130569458, 0.14155809581279755, 0.35817280411720276, 0.5039915442466736, -0.6874557733535767, 0.6869263052940369, -0.27100870013237, -0.00772812869399786, 0.1277405172586441, 0.7578144669532776, 0.04772379621863365, -0.3320632576942444, -0.41156861186027527, 0.09410929679870605, -0.04171125218272209, -0.6865217685699463, -0.5466966032981873, -0.16973401606082916, -0.12759284675121307, 0.19414390623569489, -0.15671619772911072, 0.32665085792541504, 0.33519247174263, -0.4626041054725647, 0.028326839208602905, -0.2812584936618805, -0.3703453242778778, 0.3276680111885071, -0.3345332145690918, 0.9838466048240662, 0.11216787248849869, -0.1583363562822342, -0.3701281249523163, 0.5449303388595581, 0.39037132263183594, -0.16538378596305847, -0.46651002764701843, 0.03875984251499176, 0.19518207013607025, 0.24052244424819946, -0.2989003658294678, 0.4052436649799347, 0.22663313150405884, -0.4686671793460846, 0.10317380726337433, 0.15655989944934845, 0.42391717433929443, 0.12684762477874756, 0.36599797010421753, -0.7802334427833557, -0.32225242257118225, -0.7694029808044434, 0.08624383807182312, -0.29585760831832886, -0.2601986527442932, -0.0003519140009302646, 0.040146443992853165, -0.15027914941310883, 0.01626606099307537, 0.5920723080635071, -0.5004485845565796, 0.5540736317634583, -0.5970877408981323, 0.1924227476119995, -0.4585893154144287, 0.6776103973388672, 0.08680406957864761, -0.23727577924728394, -0.2177131623029709, 0.1192399263381958, 0.1973300725221634, -0.2926405966281891, 0.3608057200908661, -0.5010541081428528, -0.7058930397033691, -0.3701883852481842, -0.16029267013072968, 0.32376381754875183, -0.04824438691139221, 0.6550204753875732, -0.7870965003967285, -0.3741811215877533, 0.2637985050678253, -0.598962128162384, 0.17409658432006836, -0.1991104930639267, -0.2066439837217331, 0.12049349397420883, -0.13022179901599884, -0.4589911103248596, -0.5741112232208252, 0.4602111577987671 ]
230646	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabile	Sabile	Sabile (; ) is a town in Talsi Municipality, Latvia. Sabile was first mentioned in chronicles in 1253. From the 14th century to the 16th century, it was a site of a castle of the Livonian Order and a village near the castle. Sabile became a town in 1917. The Sabile Wine hill (Sabiles Vīna Kalns) used to be the most northern open-air vineyard in the world, registered in the Guinness Book of Records. The winemaking tradition in Sabile dates back to the 16th century. For the first time, wine production was created here during Livonia (14th century), and the hill was completely restored in 1936 during by the mayor Osvalds Rezebergs. The Sabile Castle Mound, which was the center of the district from the 10th century to the 13th century, overlooks Sabile and the valley of the Abava River. See also List of cities in Latvia References Latvian wine Towns in Latvia 1917 establishments in Latvia Populated places established in 1917 Talsi Municipality	[ 0.30801910161972046, -0.12733317911624908, -0.3103872537612915, -0.1723576933145523, 0.06025773659348488, 0.5731486678123474, 0.5124631524085999, 0.09831194579601288, -0.20606669783592224, -0.46593573689460754, -0.2234085351228714, -0.22626307606697083, -0.3720971643924713, 0.43377116322517395, -0.7876319289207458, 0.6482396125793457, 0.17387697100639343, -0.012170737609267235, 0.537071704864502, -0.3388545513153076, 0.27103593945503235, 0.2150515764951706, 0.15542282164096832, 0.43283864855766296, 0.07562541961669922, 0.13445687294006348, 0.06941889226436615, 1.1911386251449585, 0.4418046772480011, -0.06935768574476242, -0.7057768702507019, 0.5357144474983215, -0.08729764074087143, -0.12151965498924255, 0.028899837285280228, 0.41010624170303345, -0.3530242443084717, -0.6287904381752014, -0.5242260098457336, -0.06465806066989899, -0.35095858573913574, 0.21923880279064178, -0.35768982768058777, -0.1588459610939026, 0.17069338262081146, -0.4641156792640686, -1.1958152055740356, 0.39337998628616333, -0.8936033248901367, -0.2513011395931244, -0.31331396102905273, 0.06182590872049332, -0.022537680342793465, -0.2293596714735031, 0.1371392458677292, -0.5227126479148865, -0.46331503987312317, -0.04369114339351654, 0.5831429958343506, 0.21814750134944916, 0.26877468824386597, 0.2458752542734146, -0.07437731325626373, 0.06710439920425415, 0.5443398952484131, -0.012582057155668736, -0.00578732043504715, -0.14426513016223907, -0.023629145696759224, -0.8365739583969116, -0.23953218758106232, 0.027513401582837105, -0.14241543412208557, -0.5712699294090271, 0.21828360855579376, -0.223257377743721, -0.43788549304008484, -0.23645827174186707, 0.32968777418136597, 0.3661053478717804, 0.07158036530017853, -0.9339488744735718, 0.9589939117431641, 0.4417416751384735, 0.3211127817630768, 0.7988454699516296, -0.1497202217578888, 0.1538231074810028, -1.0089720487594604, 0.6262288093566895, 0.09211287647485733, -0.12475813925266266, 0.4400539994239807, -0.6671324968338013, 0.3210715055465698, 0.16947169601917267, -0.7202704548835754, 0.6135908365249634, 0.29230204224586487, 0.4461323022842407, -0.47123831510543823, 0.28561630845069885, 0.11367738991975784, 0.4951903820037842, -0.07611068338155746, -0.46479758620262146, -0.27294066548347473, -0.1852363795042038, -0.7872942686080933, -0.047885097563266754, -0.4997367560863495, 0.28743839263916016, -0.17694447934627533, 0.29142895340919495, 0.12531009316444397, 0.19173663854599, -0.12040920555591583, 0.34136834740638733, -0.5076379776000977, -0.08025860041379929, 0.531271755695343, 0.2432732731103897, -0.20303066074848175, -0.09227881580591202, 0.0644896849989891, -0.05203917622566223, -0.230998232960701, 0.3315240740776062, -0.38914817571640015, 0.5878859162330627, 0.4116457998752594, 0.7093106508255005, -0.9425114989280701, 0.6232162714004517, 0.376941978931427, 0.09976325929164886, -0.27458322048187256, 0.14939309656620026, 0.018779193982481956, 0.176686093211174, -1.1330475807189941, 0.9294776320457458, -0.9047796726226807, 0.015161063522100449, 0.11394558846950531, 0.033577825874090195, -0.6698883175849915, -0.06433601677417755, -0.5343074798583984, -0.7416343092918396, 0.22306974232196808, 0.4649925231933594, -0.213853120803833, 0.4551345407962799, -0.7740709781646729, -0.1772337704896927, -0.1805919110774994, 0.4392310678958893, -0.39578747749328613, 0.2395636886358261, 0.20316264033317566, 0.508094310760498, 0.5447852611541748, 0.03347586840391159, 0.4246145486831665, -0.2842743396759033, 0.16294698417186737, -0.32176804542541504, 0.6840091943740845, 0.2412990778684616, -0.10015176236629486, 0.21638023853302002, -0.3322371244430542, -0.23443078994750977, -0.31173470616340637, -0.4114502966403961, 0.294002890586853, 0.25033584237098694, 0.3143639862537384, -0.41145315766334534, -0.5441734790802002, -0.10803263634443283, 0.02490777149796486, 0.37636590003967285, -0.2774600386619568, 0.5328311324119568, 0.30288660526275635, 0.08612024784088135, 0.06689228862524033, -0.43522658944129944, 0.07508444041013718, -0.5631303787231445, 0.03423308581113815, 0.20916852355003357, 0.40458905696868896, 0.36424222588539124, -0.29588907957077026, 0.5880271792411804, -0.617708683013916, 0.08693470805883408, -0.6292767524719238, -0.2083965390920639, 0.16934506595134735, -0.2646814286708832, -0.11713655292987823, 0.5920780897140503, 0.20136751234531403, 0.30344945192337036, 0.22238793969154358, 0.6019091606140137, -0.28018274903297424, -0.7557724714279175, 0.5921528935432434, -0.21570853888988495, -0.04202117398381233, -0.16705574095249176, -0.28461170196533203, 0.2674883008003235, 0.6022642254829407, -0.2875109910964966, 0.7183500528335571, -0.1580287665128708, -0.3418737053871155, -0.25048694014549255, -0.1266530454158783, 0.3803006112575531, 0.47800225019454956, 0.27863889932632446, -0.0802680253982544, -0.48281100392341614, -0.02292577549815178, 0.2064848393201828, 0.502829909324646, -0.4077360928058624, -0.022567180916666985, 0.2963378429412842, -0.27611032128334045, -0.4792236089706421, 0.5308288335800171, -0.3117402195930481, -0.05965014919638634, 0.14583443105220795, 0.24231840670108795, 0.038284774869680405, 0.8502618074417114, 0.25811830163002014, 0.3259478807449341, 0.5060467720031738, -0.33656424283981323, -0.24948041141033173, -0.6563991904258728, 0.026362232863903046, 0.41008466482162476, 0.02886023372411728, 0.2498398721218109, -0.3641313314437866, 0.017235927283763885, 0.03874039277434349, 0.30809593200683594, 0.4188821017742157, -0.3070434629917145, 0.14692984521389008, 0.5042111873626709, 0.45418456196784973, -0.04326982796192169, 0.07091489434242249, 0.2580333352088928, -0.15337760746479034, 0.2930390238761902, 0.43517446517944336, 0.38343513011932373, -0.05817193165421486, -0.05309165269136429, 0.09064705669879913, -0.022669494152069092, 0.051368992775678635, -0.3026258051395416, 0.271753191947937, -0.5651164054870605, 0.20094311237335205, 0.05928404629230499, 0.46708062291145325, 0.1256014108657837, -0.929327130317688, -0.4860233962535858, -0.02460140362381935, 0.06412144750356674, -0.05117422714829445, -0.16303059458732605, 0.003628999926149845, -0.2597193717956543, 0.33018726110458374, -0.35240423679351807, 0.230989471077919, -0.2255258709192276, -0.3142547011375427, -0.6602425575256348, 0.27375975251197815, 0.43889057636260986, -1.1110693216323853, -0.874995231628418, 0.2695294916629791, -0.27959683537483215, 0.08546513319015503, 0.1822080910205841, 0.28724074363708496, 0.09284230321645737, 0.019498145207762718, -5.465177536010742, 0.09158715605735779, -0.0018603887874633074, 0.5682357549667358, 0.355877548456192, -0.15428020060062408, 0.4743482172489166, -0.4277788996696472, 0.10921968519687653, 0.2307266741991043, 0.009982355870306492, -0.048650357872247696, 0.030348490923643112, 0.5866360664367676, 0.39448919892311096, -0.06085965409874916, 0.1931578665971756, 0.026121916249394417, 0.38740769028663635, -0.08817164599895477, 0.20216569304466248, 0.04040618985891342, -0.40544217824935913, 0.486281156539917, -0.11935722082853317, 0.031839434057474136, 0.07642869651317596, -0.03614272177219391, -1.0280687808990479, -0.23806440830230713, -0.3668416738510132, -0.2450675666332245, -0.32073065638542175, 0.46485522389411926, 0.4423447549343109, -0.11955447494983673, 0.12954555451869965, 0.4135628044605255, 0.790989100933075, -0.27139878273010254, 0.07924170047044754, 0.4152822494506836, -0.15751248598098755, -0.547616183757782, 0.2042321264743805, -0.49130377173423767, -0.27448320388793945, 0.18576982617378235, -0.2657615542411804, 1.0065158605575562, 0.8772286176681519, -0.5410691499710083, 0.41742998361587524, -0.10911040753126144, 0.6954778432846069, -0.12471354007720947, 0.333769828081131, -0.3698217570781708, -0.4598846733570099, 1.5303183794021606, -0.021447865292429924, 0.12059923261404037, -0.22706064581871033, -0.8109123110771179, -0.01153743825852871, 0.08465787023305893, -0.13492511212825775, 0.16323316097259521, 0.1630031168460846, 0.6438907384872437, 0.26773664355278015, 0.4022630453109741, -0.34745314717292786, -1.3522757291793823, 0.15940545499324799, -0.3671649992465973, -0.9817642569541931, -0.2686615288257599, -0.5225473642349243, 0.29156461358070374, 0.22672705352306366, -0.3093830645084381, 0.32305583357810974, 0.47232121229171753, 0.6582717299461365, -0.11407265812158585, 0.11761469393968582, -0.2447775900363922, 0.07358673959970474, -1.023536205291748, 0.27120938897132874, 0.2160809487104416, 0.5682385563850403, -0.23579742014408112, -0.5822970271110535, 0.6795287728309631, -0.4703805148601532, 0.05820411816239357, 0.010226190090179443, -0.797225296497345, 0.3076700270175934, -0.10936567932367325, 0.213076651096344, -0.025346631184220314, 0.4294365346431732, -0.38878530263900757, 0.2521202862262726, 0.2027895599603653, 0.6732578277587891, -0.6032993793487549, 0.413230836391449, 0.3086300492286682, -0.38299649953842163, -0.2912031412124634, 0.6423245668411255, -0.06173427402973175, -0.30192142724990845, 1.150557041168213, -0.4440876841545105, -0.12815433740615845, 0.2099149078130722, -0.31985893845558167, 0.14770622551441193, 0.16697968542575836, 0.12146373838186264, -0.3600725829601288, -0.5850158333778381, 0.5780000686645508, -0.4287719130516052, 0.5905217528343201, -0.05348033457994461, 0.08623550087213516, -0.16128851473331451, -0.9145268797874451, 0.2892041802406311, -0.21150600910186768, -0.7101567387580872, -0.43984663486480713, -0.027557162567973137, 0.15714846551418304, 0.7300894856452942, -0.16841042041778564, 0.0063336556777358055, 0.21650925278663635, 0.1897549033164978, -0.012780798599123955, -0.042363960295915604, -0.18409022688865662, -0.43699929118156433, -0.31682246923446655, -0.16773274540901184, -0.10170707106590271, 0.04271508380770683, -0.0379154272377491, 0.054190896451473236, 0.25723978877067566, 0.41405364871025085, 0.3490237891674042, 0.2900359332561493, -0.30518031120300293, 0.4392271637916565, -0.8767514228820801, -1.4505534172058105, 0.20246367156505585, 0.11542598158121109, -0.22659994661808014, -0.6879705190658569, -0.49830806255340576, 0.025340447202324867, 0.3236251473426819, 0.29650992155075073, -1.1495667695999146, -0.24089699983596802, -0.283026784658432, -0.06805715709924698, -0.48896268010139465, 0.06048350781202316, 0.15278616547584534, -0.669130265712738, 0.06300555169582367, 0.2833600640296936, -0.1390506774187088, -0.2917264997959137, 0.07437538355588913, 0.13488265872001648, -0.4842199385166168, -0.4990752935409546, 0.1632484495639801, -0.3959260880947113, -0.6921497583389282, -0.22957326471805573, -0.4254930317401886, 0.4471375346183777, 0.22761793434619904, 0.4881044328212738, -1.4783804416656494, 0.19304916262626648, 0.03999577835202217, 0.04963783547282219, -0.3927033841609955, 0.2999951243400574, -0.22922229766845703, -0.5019909739494324, 0.08222534507513046, -0.2362217903137207, -0.3546377122402191, 0.942218542098999, 0.8625965714454651, -0.76606285572052, -0.3354787230491638, -0.6534530520439148, -1.0878719091415405, -0.2690005600452423, 0.7135893702507019, -0.8263152241706848, 0.3685627281665802, 0.2623592019081116, -0.10643736273050308, -0.615322470664978, -0.17888210713863373, -0.6449677348136902, -0.25056755542755127, 0.08746234327554703, -0.41877537965774536, -0.2529272735118866, 0.537429690361023, 0.0935632660984993, -0.29212915897369385, 0.41223758459091187, 0.08100232481956482, 0.6543614268302917, -0.08837826550006866, 0.33849793672561646, -0.14539939165115356, -0.3444819450378418, -0.1821950525045395, -0.35619908571243286, -0.490679532289505, 0.09333571791648865, 0.27562400698661804, 0.5239351391792297, 0.46084660291671753, -0.03764381632208824, -0.0018508227076381445, 0.4878253936767578, 0.0301881805062294, 0.06007025018334389, 0.11086639016866684, -0.39073750376701355, 0.8845142126083374, -0.18532679975032806, 0.23112481832504272, -0.29718101024627686, 0.410473108291626, 0.7199137806892395, 0.31444594264030457, -0.2064443826675415, 0.37245652079582214, 0.09792288392782211, 0.48952344059944153, -0.14477932453155518, -0.11902229487895966, 0.40748268365859985, 0.26810774207115173, 0.016469350084662437, -0.3285820782184601, 0.29127752780914307, -0.32210779190063477, 0.4170297086238861, -0.2853557765483856, -0.1131705492734909, -0.22901302576065063, 0.6277086138725281, 0.12468349188566208, -0.34520190954208374, 0.10279294848442078, -0.12241461873054504, -0.28836074471473694, 0.2404693365097046, 0.516443133354187, -0.7628538012504578, -0.22561542689800262, -0.5737419724464417, 0.018046321347355843, -0.7799386382102966, -0.017454883083701134, -0.05538584291934967, 0.1888287365436554, -0.8614943623542786, 0.8709930181503296, 0.19735635817050934, -0.08310151845216751, -0.1375732719898224, -0.22853994369506836, -0.2079421430826187, -0.15261080861091614, -0.5067471265792847, -0.01942463591694832, -0.3166002333164215, 0.5048965811729431, -0.31256458163261414, 0.12392833828926086, 0.3962303102016449, -0.15408384799957275, -0.23960895836353302, 0.166625514626503, -0.6211190819740295, -0.639517605304718, 0.5052734613418579, -0.03005301207304001, 0.2072858065366745, -0.06409279257059097, 0.3754425048828125, 1.0582093000411987, -0.010713757015764713, 0.5286985039710999, 0.4739580452442169, -0.29272279143333435, -0.2669772803783417, 0.20025530457496643, 0.5386415719985962, 0.19177715480327606, 0.3616158962249756, 0.05154165253043175, 0.14596721529960632, 0.7175886631011963, 0.06130759418010712, -0.17985795438289642, 0.005590402986854315, 0.07119614630937576, 0.3597807288169861, -0.3381222188472748, 0.17023468017578125, 0.6031814217567444, 0.1335531324148178, -0.26512378454208374, 0.14831899106502533, -0.3825022578239441, -0.03233440965414047, -0.09102476388216019, 0.19288429617881775, 0.3020475208759308, 0.2534922659397125, 0.6313106417655945, 0.6327537894248962, -0.12578456103801727, 0.5665925741195679, 0.2686316668987274, 0.09510663896799088, -0.3917557895183563, -0.021268852055072784, -0.10640022158622742, -0.10363918542861938, -0.6493495106697083, -0.15290991961956024, 0.5123550891876221, 0.5290290117263794, -0.8134411573410034, -0.7785094380378723, 0.4046784043312073, 0.33406925201416016, -0.41717293858528137, 0.4091874361038208, 0.3079841434955597, -0.40336185693740845, -0.8631807565689087, -0.08967230468988419, -0.1538180112838745, -0.0860389918088913, 0.3091053366661072, 0.22641538083553314, 0.04771265760064125, -0.33320140838623047, 0.002330542542040348, 0.41455626487731934, 0.6940799355506897, 0.10240793973207474, 0.7729917764663696, -0.05362551659345627, 0.3551919758319855, 0.15979301929473877, 0.4308004081249237, -0.4948960244655609, -0.5764486193656921, -0.6061866879463196, -0.3275509476661682, 0.2922891080379486, -0.37274858355522156, -0.3159726858139038, 0.27092012763023376, -0.3742976486682892, -0.20165160298347473, -0.12298336625099182, 0.03990524634718895, -0.7901443839073181, -0.14962555468082428, -0.1918981969356537, 0.4316665232181549, 0.5816656947135925, 0.03689222410321236, 0.10107573866844177, 0.06139224022626877, -0.3558809757232666, 0.4429449439048767, 0.18882307410240173, 0.1927785873413086, 0.2276732325553894, 0.26163995265960693, -0.4203506410121918, 0.7425596714019775, 0.7580428719520569, 0.6168134212493896, 0.11925957351922989, 0.4281732738018036, -0.19114331901073456, 0.3404606580734253, 0.6387721300125122, 0.33965474367141724, 0.407470166683197, -0.6288690567016602, 0.16627290844917297, -0.5737016201019287, 0.4550592005252838, 0.03888892009854317, 0.39318352937698364, -0.2152244746685028, -0.49648717045783997, 0.21821211278438568, -0.6216488480567932, -0.2964821755886078, 0.12088248133659363, 0.25162196159362793, 0.097594253718853, 0.41753950715065, -0.529303789138794, -0.15898734331130981, 0.18253101408481598, 0.3580184578895569, 0.3463735580444336, -0.7743348479270935, -0.13137666881084442, 0.02358314022421837, -0.5510784387588501, -0.2878252863883972, 0.04584575071930885, 0.3360288739204407, -0.842491626739502, -0.7942819595336914, -0.6010006070137024, -0.2953645586967468, -0.3180018961429596, -0.7207733392715454, 1.199427604675293, -0.1989092081785202, 0.320533812046051, -0.012482084333896637, -0.15734678506851196, -0.14448636770248413, 0.02209421433508396, -0.3275899887084961 ]
230647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge%20transfer	Knowledge transfer	Knowledge transfer refers to sharing or disseminating of knowledge and providing inputs to problem solving. In organizational theory, knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another. Like knowledge management, knowledge transfer seeks to organize, create, capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users. It is considered to be more than just a communication problem. If it were merely that, then a memorandum, an e-mail or a meeting would accomplish the knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer is more complex because: knowledge resides in organizational members, tools, tasks, and their subnetworks and much knowledge in organizations is tacit or hard to articulate. The subject has been taken up under the title of knowledge management since the 1990s. The term has also been applied to the transfer of knowledge at the international level. In business, knowledge transfer now has become a common topic in mergers and acquisitions. It focuses on transferring technological platform, market experience, managerial expertise, corporate culture, and other intellectual capital that can improve the companies' competence. Since technical skills and knowledge are very important assets for firms' competence in the global competition, unsuccessful knowledge transfer can have a negative impact on corporations and lead to the expensive and time-consuming M&A not creating values to the firms. Background Argote & Ingram (2000) define knowledge transfer as "the process through which one unit (e.g., group, department, or division) is affected by the experience of another" (p. 151). They further point out the transfer of organizational knowledge (i.e., routine or best practices) can be observed through changes in the knowledge or performance of recipient units. The transfer of organizational knowledge, such as best practices, can be quite difficult to achieve. Szulanski's doctoral dissertation ("Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm") proposed that knowledge transfer within a firm is inhibited by factors other than a lack of incentive. How well knowledge about best practices remains broadly accessible within a firm depends upon the nature of that knowledge, from where (or whom) it comes, who gets it, and the organizational context within which any transfer occurs. "Stickiness" is a metaphor that comes from the difficulty of circulating fluid around an oil refinery (including effects of the fluid's native viscosity). It is worth noting that his analysis does not apply to scientific theories, where a different set of dynamics and rewards apply. Three related concepts are "knowledge utilization", "research utilization" and "implementation", which are used in the health sciences to describe the process of bringing a new idea, practice or technology into consistent and appropriate use in a clinical setting. The study of knowledge utilization/implementation (KU/I) is a direct outgrowth of the movement toward evidence-based medicine and research concluding that health care practices with demonstrated efficacy are not consistently used in practice settings. Knowledge transfer within organisations and between nations also raises ethical considerations particularly where there is an imbalance in power relationships (e.g. employer and employee) or in the levels of relative need for knowledge resources (such as developed and developing worlds). Knowledge transfer includes, but encompasses more than, technology transfer. Knowledge transfer mechanisms Two kinds of knowledge transfer mechanisms have been noticed in practice: Personalization and Codification. Personalization refers to the one-to-one transfer of [knowledge] between two entities in person. A very good example of this is the act of teaching a person how to ride a bicycle. On the other hand, codification refers to the act of converting knowledge into knowledge artifacts such as documents, images and videos that are consumed by the knowledge recipients asynchronously. Personalized knowledge transfer results in better assimilation of knowledge by the recipient when knowledge tacitness is higher and/or when information content in a knowledge object is high. On the other hand, codification is driven by the need to transfer knowledge to large number of people and results in better knowledge reuse. Entropy of the knowledge objects can provide a measure of their information content or tacitness. Subtypes of Knowledge transfer Based on the number of sources and recipients, all types of knowledge transfer can be reduced to 3 subtypes, namely: linear, divergent, and convergent. Linear Knowledge Transfer occurs when there is one source and one recipient. ( e.g. when one person explains a specific topic to someone else). Divergent Knowledge Transfer occurs when there is one source and multiple recipients (e.g. when a team leader outlines specific tasks for the team). Convergent Knowledge Transfer occurs when one recipient acquires information from different sources. A typical example of Convergent Knowledge Transfer is when a patient receives information about a condition from several doctors. Convergent Knowledge Transfer is especially efficient in producing in-depth knowledge of a specific topic. Between public and private domains With the move of advanced economies from a resource-based to a knowledge-based production, many national governments have increasingly recognized "knowledge" and "innovation" as significant driving forces of economic growth, social development, and job creation. In this context the promotion of 'knowledge transfer' has increasingly become a subject of public and economic policy. However, the long list of changing global, national and regional government programmes indicates the tension between the need to conduct 'free' research – that is motivated by interest and by private sector 'short term' objectives - and research for public interests and general common good. The underlying assumption that there is a potential for increased collaboration between industry and universities is also underlined in much of the current innovation literature. In particular the Open Innovation approach to developing business value is explicitly based on an assumption that Universities are a "vital source for accessing external ideas". Moreover, Universities have been deemed to be "the great, largely unknown, and certainly underexploited, resource contributing to the creation of wealth and economic competitiveness." Universities and other public sector research organisations (PSROs) have accumulated much practical experience over the years in the transfer of knowledge across the divide between the domains of publicly produced knowledge and the private exploitation of it. Many colleges and PSROs have developed processes and policies to discover, protect and exploit intellectual property (IP) rights, and to ensure that IP is successfully transferred to private corporations, or vested in new companies formed for the purposes of exploitation. Routes to commercialization of IP produced by PSROs and colleges include licensing, joint venture, new company formation and royalty-based assignments. Organisations such as AUTM in the US, the Institute of Knowledge Transfer in the UK, SNITTS in Sweden and the Association of European Science and Technology Transfer Professionals in Europe have provided a conduit for knowledge transfer professionals across the public and private sectors to identify best practice and develop effective tools and techniques for the management of PSRO/college produced IP. On-line Communities of Practice for knowledge transfer practitioners are also emerging to facilitate connectivity (such as The Global Innovation Network and the knowledge Pool). Business-University Collaboration was the subject of the Lambert Review in the UK in 2003. Neuro-education seeks to improve quality of didactic methods and reduce the so called research practice gap. In the knowledge economy With the production factors of the knowledge economy having broadly reshaped and supplanted those of prior economic models, researchers have characterized the management and processing of organizational knowledge as vital to organizational success, with knowledge transfer in particular playing a key role in the practice of technology sharing, personnel transfers, and strategic integration. Knowledge transfer can also be achieved through investment programme, both intentionally and unintentionally in the form of skills, technology, and ‘tacit knowledge’ including management and organisational practices. For example, foreign investment in African countries have shown to provide some knowledge transfer. In landscape ecology By knowledge transfer in landscape ecology, means a group of activities that increase the understanding of landscape ecology with the goal of encouraging application of this knowledge. Five factors will influence knowledge transfer from the view of forest landscape ecology: the generation of research capacity, the potential for application, the users of the knowledge, the infrastructure capacity, and the process by which knowledge is transferred (Turner, 2006). Types of knowledge Knowledge is a dominant feature in our post-industrial society, and knowledge workers are important in many enterprises. Blackler expands on a categorization of knowledge types that were suggested by Collins (1993): Embrained knowledge is that which is dependent on conceptual skills and cognitive abilities. We could consider this to be practical, high-level knowledge, where objectives are met through perpetual recognition and revamping. Tacit knowledge may also be embrained, even though it is mainly subconscious. Embodied knowledge is action oriented and consists of contextual practices. It is more of a social acquisition, as how individuals interact in and interpret their environment creates this non-explicit type of knowledge. Encultured knowledge is the process of achieving shared understandings through socialization and acculturation. Language and negotiation become the discourse of this type of knowledge in an enterprise. Embedded knowledge is tacit and resides within systematic routines. It relates to the relationships between roles, technologies, formal procedures and emergent routines within a complex system. In order to initiate any specific line of business knowledge transition helps a lot. Encoded knowledge is information that is conveyed in signs and symbols (books, manuals, data bases, etc.) and decontextualized into codes of practice. Rather than being a specific type of knowledge, it deals more with the transmission, storage and interrogation of knowledge. Knowledge transfer platforms A recent trend is the development of online platforms aiming to optimize knowledge transfer and collaboration. For instance, the implementation of discussion forums for enabling meaningful conversation, knowledge acquisition and peer engagement could pave the way for a knowledge‐sharing culture as opposed to a knowledge‐hoarding culture. Knowledge transfer unit The transfer of knowledge can be viewed as the transmission of a chain of small, interchangeable, semantic units. A Knowledge Transfer Unit was defined as the smallest amount of information that can be accurately communicated. Challenges What complicates knowledge transfer? There are many factors, including: The inability to recognize & articulate "compiled" or highly intuitive competencies - tacit knowledge idea Different views on explicitness of knowledge Geography or distance Limitations of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) Lack of a shared/superordinate social identity Language Areas of expertise Internal conflicts (for example, professional territoriality) Generational differences Union-management relations Incentives Problems with sharing beliefs, assumptions, heuristics and cultural norms. The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge (Knowledge visualization) Previous exposure or experience with something Misconceptions Faulty information Organizational culture non-conducive to knowledge sharing (the "Knowledge is power" culture) Motivational issues, such as resistance to change and power struggles Lack of trust Capabilities of the receptor to interpret and absorb knowledge Context of the knowledge (tacit, context-specific knowledge) Everett Rogers pioneered diffusion of innovations theory, presenting a research-based model for how and why individuals and social networks adopt new ideas, practices and products. In anthropology, the concept of diffusion also explores the spread of ideas among cultures. Process Identifying the knowledge holders within the organization Motivating them to share Designing a sharing mechanism to facilitate the transfer Executing the transfer plan Measuring to ensure the transfer Applying the knowledge transferred Monitoring and evaluating Practices Mentorship Guided experience Simulation Guided experimentation Work shadowing Paired work Community of practice Narrative transfer Practices Incorrect usage Knowledge transfer is often used as a synonym for training. Furthermore, information should not be confused with knowledge, nor is it, strictly speaking, possible to "transfer" experiential knowledge to other people. Information might be thought of as facts or understood data; however, knowledge has to do with flexible and adaptable skills—a person's unique ability to wield and apply information. This fluency of application is in part what differentiates information from knowledge. Knowledge tends to be both tacit and personal; the knowledge one person has is difficult to quantify, store, and retrieve for someone else to use. Knowledge transfer (KT) and knowledge sharing (KS) are sometimes used interchangeably or are considered to share common features. Since some KM researchers assume that these two concepts are rather similar and have overlapping content, there is often confusion, especially among researchers and practitioners, about what a certain concept means. For this reason, terms such as KM and KT get used incorrectly without any respect to their real meaning and these meanings can change from paper to paper. See also Ignorance management Institutional memory Instructional theory Knowledge management Knowledge tagging Knowledge translation Communities of practice Technology brokering Technology transfer Transfer of learning Media richness theory Customer knowledge Industrial knowledge theft Information society Explicit knowledge References Further reading Argote, L. et al. (2000). "Knowledge Transfer in Organizations: Learning from the Experience of Others", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1) (May): 1–8 Castells, M. (1996). Conclusion, The Rise of the Network Society. The Information Age: Economy, Society & Culture, Volume 1. (pp. 469–478). Oxford: Blackwell Leonard, D.; and Swap, W. (2005) Deep Smarts: How to cultivate and transfer enduring business wisdom, HBSP. Lipphardt, Veronika / Ludwig, David: Knowledge Transfer and Science Transfer, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: January 11, 2012 Shaw, M. (2001). "Integrating Learning Technologies: The social-cultural, pragmatic and technology design contexts", Teaching and Learning with Technology, (6) Trautman, Steve (2006). "Teach What You Know: A Practical Leader's Guide to Knowledge Transfer", Addison-Wesley Davenport, Thomas H.; and Prusak, Laurence (2000). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press Turner, (2006). Knowledge Transfer in Forest Landscape Ecology: A Primer. In: Forest landscape ecology, transferring knowledge to practice. Perera. A.H., Buse, L.J. and Crow, T.R. (Eds), New York, Springer, 1–2. External links Project of knowledge transfer of the CIPRA "Future in the Alps" "Knowledge Transfer Study - 2 Year study project for the European Commission" Educational psychology Information society	[ 0.09158580005168915, -0.03732391819357872, 0.15709425508975983, 0.7959129214286804, 0.2754216194152832, 0.026689104735851288, -0.20036658644676208, 0.43409982323646545, -0.336627334356308, -0.8999757766723633, -0.7695377469062805, 0.14666877686977386, 0.21760442852973938, 0.42768585681915283, 0.043911322951316833, -0.07948987185955048, -0.22095461189746857, -0.012679416686296463, 0.036828894168138504, -0.049580156803131104, -0.552065372467041, -0.040182411670684814, -0.14429742097854614, 0.16734595596790314, 0.1913810819387436, 0.022466376423835754, -0.1596672683954239, 0.138032004237175, 0.17848177254199982, -0.5158385634422302, 0.26316991448402405, 0.1423061639070511, 0.019096821546554565, -0.15289844572544098, -0.3871145248413086, -0.22883033752441406, -0.3350447416305542, -0.07810014486312866, -0.3689005672931671, -0.5365502834320068, 0.03337613120675087, 0.19145254790782928, -0.44425854086875916, 0.3289726972579956, -0.43383145332336426, -1.171072006225586, -1.3026000261306763, 0.33290940523147583, -0.7724047303199768, 0.19266535341739655, -0.8043751120567322, 0.14822375774383545, 0.19727671146392822, 0.031924907118082047, -0.09413386136293411, 0.8261477947235107, -0.06672395020723343, -0.2452218383550644, -0.04442516341805458, -0.4344041645526886, -0.055595412850379944, -0.0999617725610733, -0.08501887321472168, 0.2439492642879486, 0.07744728028774261, -0.29228273034095764, 0.10582921653985977, 0.20020295679569244, -0.49267879128456116, -0.9833625555038452, -0.19355309009552002, -0.26683610677719116, -0.294666051864624, 0.09109524637460709, -0.7161545157432556, -0.6648921370506287, 0.4120882451534271, -0.24321044981479645, -0.21047243475914001, -0.1448100060224533, -0.6932151317596436, 0.56248539686203, 0.192109152674675, -0.2244226187467575, 1.1048177480697632, -0.09979666024446487, -0.4705572724342346, 0.47873565554618835, -0.3632366955280304, 0.44171714782714844, 0.28214672207832336, -0.17689774930477142, 0.8134436011314392, 0.19886445999145508, 0.5660275220870972, 0.6499137878417969, 0.81498122215271, 0.08650719374418259, 0.32017573714256287, 0.23177720606327057, 0.2581489086151123, -0.2025057077407837, 0.13810239732265472, -0.39248836040496826, -0.04275796562433243, -0.014984719455242157, 0.020806796848773956, -0.722287118434906, 0.02019413188099861, -0.4811629056930542, -0.2553374171257019, 0.13638921082019806, -0.541885495185852, 0.25248339772224426, -0.1766628921031952, 0.21830007433891296, 0.3843587040901184, 0.13774847984313965, -0.8093546628952026, 0.04248672351241112, -0.18313825130462646, 0.7959938049316406, 0.01013179961591959, 0.13166093826293945, -0.280936598777771, 0.025135133415460587, 0.24786899983882904, 0.4441310465335846, -0.700573742389679, -0.5987969040870667, 0.5631149411201477, 0.7734555006027222, 0.027309279888868332, -0.16390514373779297, -0.19693003594875336, 0.020838459953665733, 0.6173986792564392, 0.6116897463798523, 0.2773456275463104, 0.0018536223797127604, -0.8959112167358398, -0.22850742936134338, -0.4884696900844574, 0.00047916738549247384, 0.36573269963264465, 0.2665849030017853, 0.2206609547138214, -0.7437111735343933, 0.034988898783922195, -0.04421974718570709, -0.05610829219222069, -0.0008444809354841709, -0.3461610972881317, -0.03415108099579811, 0.13116319477558136, 1.1599476337432861, 0.13772033154964447, 0.18931542336940765, 0.09159304946660995, 0.11989893764257431, -0.010901113040745258, 0.0007038206094875932, -0.3463475704193115, -0.23005519807338715, -0.23775652050971985, -0.559909999370575, 0.1086813285946846, 0.5939871668815613, 0.4928239583969116, 0.10808485001325607, 0.09893512725830078, -0.09335590898990631, 0.34496718645095825, -0.47632473707199097, 0.2121722251176834, 0.02117268182337284, -0.10501252114772797, 0.49942564964294434, 0.4187983274459839, -0.059390656650066376, -0.6206629276275635, -0.05636909604072571, -0.016091572120785713, -0.496812105178833, -0.3877318799495697, -0.32551416754722595, 0.45565664768218994, -0.0030445330776274204, -0.21625635027885437, 0.4349576532840729, -1.0290379524230957, -0.3806527256965637, -0.1755494624376297, -0.6461778283119202, 1.4312289953231812, -0.059298545122146606, -0.030005337670445442, 0.75648432970047, -0.47445642948150635, -0.24877342581748962, 0.06438210606575012, -0.18689072132110596, 0.07165892422199249, -0.48815950751304626, -0.7488410472869873, 0.489210307598114, 0.09483226388692856, -0.05009433627128601, -0.3067925274372101, 0.13523146510124207, -0.019323673099279404, -0.25395962595939636, 0.44065412878990173, -0.5627430081367493, 0.37982532382011414, 0.5136511325836182, -0.6882556080818176, 0.6947129964828491, 0.042987026274204254, 0.3698185682296753, 1.117788553237915, -0.49040487408638, 0.4613310396671295, 0.633548378944397, 0.16227898001670837, 0.4542708694934845, 0.3279266059398651, 0.6936249136924744, 0.8534647822380066, -0.37729182839393616, -0.023052729666233063, -0.3773505687713623, 0.3897610902786255, -0.16750332713127136, -0.37951576709747314, -0.1483859121799469, 0.29869595170021057, -0.22186274826526642, -0.2920350134372711, -0.21527180075645447, -0.4609127640724182, 0.3057888150215149, -0.37337806820869446, 0.38012081384658813, 0.574322521686554, 0.1855008602142334, -0.539379894733429, -0.20282171666622162, 0.13820737600326538, 0.036150965839624405, 0.15119929611682892, 0.715488612651825, 0.3984609842300415, -0.5145673751831055, -0.013003451749682426, -0.539495050907135, -0.3146314322948456, -0.10285887122154236, 0.2832460403442383, 0.05311066657304764, -0.15407401323318481, -0.13606244325637817, 0.05582414194941521, 0.25164666771888733, -0.011843872256577015, -0.6047606468200684, 0.005424370523542166, -0.24369744956493378, -0.1807478964328766, -0.15852005779743195, 0.4251749515533447, -0.2830524742603302, 0.15358492732048035, -0.32693877816200256, -0.10788372904062271, -0.5716090202331543, 0.46008986234664917, -0.14892539381980896, -0.5533697605133057, -0.9366088509559631, -0.05600375309586525, -0.010865584947168827, 0.03043893538415432, -0.18605133891105652, 0.18253180384635925, -0.1897139549255371, -0.5742403268814087, -0.03696054220199585, 0.1856505274772644, -0.21331191062927246, -0.026153279468417168, 0.0474214181303978, 0.08810441195964813, 0.4032108187675476, 0.6390999555587769, 0.5296804308891296, -0.38703790307044983, 0.4184543192386627, 0.2921694815158844, 0.16835762560367584, -0.5284348130226135, 0.2845986783504486, -0.40753689408302307, 0.11376852542161942, -0.2736985981464386, -0.47987809777259827, -0.2234007865190506, 0.07840044796466827, -5.716848850250244, 0.04538470879197121, -0.256141722202301, -0.1201673150062561, 0.12325439602136612, -0.07035203278064728, 0.9345927834510803, -0.17414526641368866, -0.24445024132728577, -0.06214563921093941, -0.24560989439487457, 0.40424832701683044, -0.19115181267261505, 0.6913857460021973, 0.17169003188610077, 0.7712282538414001, 0.44618427753448486, -0.08689247816801071, 0.22819286584854126, 0.5634825825691223, -0.4867115914821625, 0.025743907317519188, -0.5566843748092651, 1.0351120233535767, -0.12033818662166595, -0.4344712793827057, -0.45740145444869995, 0.19774439930915833, -0.6706891059875488, 0.30254051089286804, 0.07676848769187927, -0.2710687518119812, -0.1360407918691635, -0.36103716492652893, 0.034970592707395554, 0.15693295001983643, 0.6342127323150635, 0.5706557035446167, -0.14546939730644226, -0.40553513169288635, -0.11467775702476501, 0.4621032476425171, -0.16987919807434082, 0.057625968009233475, 0.45406901836395264, -0.3235569894313812, 0.08462990820407867, -0.18867675960063934, -0.09265591949224472, 0.4200071096420288, -0.518888533115387, 0.23157042264938354, 0.6169002652168274, -0.3528439998626709, -0.0076908511109650135, -0.269461452960968, 0.6909976601600647, -0.2023688107728958, -0.2869298458099365, 0.018207497894763947, 0.28994953632354736, -0.5047023296356201, -0.11575271934270859, -1.107789158821106, -0.17054018378257751, 0.1964516043663025, -0.9396898150444031, -0.7426357269287109, 0.33668631315231323, -0.07904765009880066, -0.5475772023200989, 1.1386862993240356, 0.3601846992969513, -0.29182809591293335, 0.11690569669008255, -0.2963404357433319, -0.19270628690719604, 0.10747665911912918, 0.5138510465621948, 0.3069688081741333, -0.45344486832618713, -0.049144160002470016, -0.14886228740215302, 0.033783357590436935, 0.1495494693517685, -0.20266494154930115, 0.4103173017501831, -0.6786070466041565, -0.5175961852073669, 0.011714048683643341, 0.6971554160118103, -0.16192518174648285, 0.311686247587204, 0.48589324951171875, 0.4826323688030243, 0.309127539396286, -0.09551168978214264, 0.5107085108757019, 0.13003817200660706, -0.5413501858711243, 0.6915228366851807, -0.5170648694038391, -0.350166380405426, -0.2148231714963913, -0.19001810252666473, 0.00958960596472025, -0.2673146724700928, 0.34615767002105713, 0.9103776812553406, -0.4219605326652527, -0.2679406404495239, 0.44053906202316284, -0.6431601643562317, 0.1738179326057434, 0.058212243020534515, 0.2379460483789444, -0.6411166787147522, 0.3941936194896698, 0.4489370286464691, -0.4719744920730591, -0.15682943165302277, 0.10358157008886337, 0.45652687549591064, 0.04594136029481888, -0.05316042900085449, -0.641624391078949, -0.14062733948230743, 0.12217111885547638, -0.23228034377098083, -0.419258177280426, 0.47648167610168457, 0.20586521923542023, 0.40366947650909424, -0.19978371262550354, 0.14343789219856262, -0.5942959785461426, 0.4018051326274872, 0.23619794845581055, -0.31506219506263733, -0.8998861908912659, 0.2627272605895996, 0.10494029521942139, 0.19131648540496826, -0.14545638859272003, 0.5315459370613098, -0.12129946053028107, -0.7292916178703308, 0.27800679206848145, -0.42665067315101624, 0.4747929275035858, -0.3188582956790924, -0.4175630509853363, -0.13824039697647095, -0.15354111790657043, 0.6183960437774658, -0.005496940575540066, -0.051143497228622437, -0.17346180975437164, 0.5749958157539368, 0.1526678055524826, 0.06478846818208694, -0.03514750301837921, -1.0073295831680298, 0.15991581976413727, -0.09826015681028366, 0.478723406791687, -0.6146758794784546, -0.10280074179172516, -0.29098570346832275, 0.5612887144088745, 0.09276223182678223, -0.3195931315422058, -0.8215035796165466, -1.074857473373413, -0.060018233954906464, 0.2659716010093689, 0.19780491292476654, 0.2320920079946518, -0.2555988132953644, -0.11390665918588638, 0.07471498101949692, -0.7790010571479797, -0.4641754925251007, 0.28884392976760864, 0.6848390102386475, 0.024678634479641914, 0.08075108379125595, -0.04043206945061684, -0.05821460485458374, -0.16294115781784058, 0.2416522055864334, 0.13129499554634094, 0.18830016255378723, 0.3665771782398224, 0.2877330780029297, -0.39815250039100647, 0.11053630709648132, -0.23727989196777344, -0.27421656250953674, -0.36025330424308777, 0.12541906535625458, 0.672124445438385, -0.33842602372169495, 0.45502546429634094, 0.07377386838197708, -0.6852556467056274, 0.1377560794353485, -0.2645179033279419, -0.2742930054664612, 0.0808475986123085, -0.7668666839599609, -0.22401437163352966, -0.2055302858352661, 0.39009612798690796, 0.06130915507674217, -0.09169318526983261, 0.36173027753829956, -0.3915579915046692, -0.39609095454216003, 0.20123596489429474, 0.27989664673805237, 0.17195357382297516, -0.5196840167045593, -0.222449392080307, -0.4624027907848358, 0.2787812650203705, 0.16982269287109375, -0.03682314231991768, -0.08195538818836212, -0.02330978959798813, 0.07768797129392624, -0.46717625856399536, 0.2444821000099182, 0.2047957330942154, -0.04699711129069328, 0.10719428211450577, 0.18107149004936218, 0.4194440543651581, 0.30408552289009094, -0.49434179067611694, 0.22872936725616455, 0.559971034526825, -0.08990827202796936, -0.7276598811149597, -0.09724708646535873, 0.5210126638412476, 0.0530153289437294, -0.26151546835899353, -0.4825802147388458, -0.38469982147216797, 0.48038533329963684, -0.704647421836853, -0.5819967985153198, -0.1453877091407776, 0.5606709718704224, -0.25806400179862976, -0.12797141075134277, -0.36606529355049133, 0.007118270266801119, -0.0790964737534523, 0.3220738470554352, -0.650494396686554, -0.5047668814659119, 0.038419775664806366, 0.536060631275177, -0.18015553057193756, -0.31145617365837097, -0.051286689937114716, 0.21031129360198975, -0.3858492076396942, 0.05052465200424194, -0.42316102981567383, 0.30081406235694885, 0.1900806725025177, 0.40021416544914246, -0.16389448940753937, 0.3421080410480499, -0.2677835524082184, -0.09955919533967972, -0.6023280620574951, -0.1550692319869995, -0.08856809139251709, 0.0553627647459507, -0.28830665349960327, 0.5486334562301636, -0.12551173567771912, 0.6524814367294312, -0.11784657835960388, -0.1008116751909256, -0.2089475840330124, -0.7955349087715149, 0.044804368168115616, -0.19072769582271576, 1.1088286638259888, -0.24303065240383148, 0.12638744711875916, 0.4051608741283417, -0.03895581141114235, -0.31401240825653076, 0.43401429057121277, -0.32306209206581116, 0.6495670080184937, 0.5685688257217407, -1.1871395111083984, 0.5807452201843262, 0.35361748933792114, 0.19848862290382385, -0.29304787516593933, 0.2312624752521515, -0.3462871015071869, 0.7284597158432007, 0.011453386396169662, -0.04812169820070267, 0.21886633336544037, -0.1939404010772705, -0.15914486348628998, 0.21131595969200134, -0.5756785273551941, 0.5472174286842346, 0.11827865988016129, -0.0745241791009903, 0.27180215716362, 0.49318447709083557, -0.1361832320690155, 0.22067052125930786, 0.35535258054733276, 0.3321690559387207, -0.3379549980163574, 0.23764920234680176, 0.4125232994556427, 0.6342250108718872, 0.05341147631406784, 0.19215095043182373, 0.5929093956947327, 0.19861318171024323, -0.3090662956237793, 0.47217032313346863, -0.35303443670272827, 0.06045812368392944, 0.7792109847068787, 0.3465723395347595, 0.28822484612464905, 0.08075004070997238, 0.502021074295044, -0.5431140065193176, 0.4712396562099457, 0.4296720623970032, 0.5329639315605164, -0.6388546824455261, 0.30088236927986145, 0.5843222737312317, 0.24130205810070038, 0.17029713094234467, -0.38763001561164856, -0.35316163301467896, -0.4733942747116089, 0.4199957251548767, -0.18655508756637573, -0.3321824073791504, 0.2142486721277237, 0.7269973158836365, 0.7173586487770081, 0.7733836770057678, -0.4748592674732208, 0.16905002295970917, -0.13347965478897095, 0.5684959292411804, -0.6483632922172546, 0.18558703362941742, 0.6317867636680603, 0.2951805591583252, 0.7822452187538147, -0.5326679348945618, 0.41768571734428406, 0.269852876663208, -0.3508860170841217, 0.13357099890708923, 0.24033419787883759, -0.16515883803367615, 0.37583819031715393, 0.2168673723936081, -0.20144259929656982, 0.07001736015081406, -0.10128124803304672, -0.34988677501678467, -0.014358065091073513, -0.17683716118335724, 0.6166550517082214, -0.5414326786994934, -0.05093037709593773, 0.09761208295822144, -0.5899139046669006, 0.40478530526161194, 0.07917730510234833, -0.0431118942797184, 0.3647225499153137, -0.13719122111797333, 1.0764738321304321, -0.20538151264190674, 0.18078231811523438, -0.3219400644302368, -0.16115476191043854, 0.08117727935314178, 0.35418254137039185, -0.4922899603843689, 0.18497192859649658, -0.4580656886100769, 0.029104966670274734, -0.4258483648300171, 0.2427663952112198, 0.8373399972915649, -0.11576125770807266, -0.17648805677890778, 0.08458742499351501, 0.3731141984462738, 0.5260155200958252, 0.23385922610759735, 0.2030504196882248, -0.06509992480278015, -0.11218654364347458, 0.1966046839952469, 0.0035041351802647114, 0.5169792771339417, -0.014562267810106277, 0.014756308868527412, 0.32858985662460327, 0.13415536284446716, 0.24622949957847595, -0.1319565325975418, 0.04738646000623703, -0.2736983895301819, 0.16854149103164673, -0.7721065282821655, 0.6759998798370361, -0.2322322279214859, 0.18792717158794403, -0.2133406549692154, 0.32094806432724, 0.43923866748809814, -0.2172096073627472, -0.15696634352207184, -0.2235734909772873, 0.014252620749175549, 0.1417325735092163, -1.2496966123580933, 0.12788352370262146, -0.21018508076667786, -0.2518838346004486, -0.6888102889060974, 0.43859419226646423, 0.29955217242240906, -0.6254076361656189, 0.2415827512741089, -0.08908281475305557, -0.232408344745636, 0.27940860390663147, 0.024431496858596802, -0.7665726542472839, -0.19807717204093933, -0.020550094544887543 ]
230651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz%20Z%C3%B6ller	Karlheinz Zöller	Karlheinz Zöller (24 August 1928 – 29 July 2005) was a German flutist, and principal in the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra between 1960–1969 and 1976–1993. Early life and education Karlheinz Zöller was born in Höhr-Grenzhausen (near Frankfurt), Westerwald, Germany. He began his studies in Frankfurt and later studied with Kurt Redel in Detmold. While in Detmold, he met his wife-to-be Gertrud, herself a flautist studying under Hans-Peter Schmitz. After World War II, at the age of 17, he obtained a position in the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra. He had not yet attended college but the experience was invaluable. After engagements in Cologne and Herford, he joined the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra as solo flautist in 1960. Teaching In 1968, Zöller was appointed professor at the Hamburg Music Academy, and later he taught at the Hochschule der Künste in Berlin and at the Hamburg Music Academy. Zöller and his wife became renowned as a teaching team and one of their students later recalled, "extensive technical training, especially from her, and music and tone, from him." Many of his former students later played with orchestras all over Europe or became music professors themselves; Roswitha Staege became professor of flute at the Berlin Arts Academy; Wolfgang Ritter became solo flautist with the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra; Maren Distel became a celebrated flautist as well; Michael Faust became solo flautist with the Westdeutscher Rundfunk Sinfonieorchester in 1988 and professor at the Musik Hochschule in Düsseldorf. New music Zöller was a tremendous supporter of new music and commissioned flute concerti from several composers. These included new works by Siegfried Matthus, Diether de la Motte, Manfred Trojahn and Isang Yun. Personal tragedy In 1968, while travelling in a taxi from the hotel to the concert hall in Buenos Aires, Zöller was critically injured in an accident. The cab driver died and Zöller’s lung was pierced by a piece of metal. This severely limited his lung capacity and as a result he was replaced by James Galway as principal flautist with the Berlin Philharmonic. However, he remained active as a chamber and solo player and maintained a busy teaching and concert schedule. Later, in the 1970s, he had an operation to reattach his non-functional lung. The operation was a success and Zöller regained his position as principal flautist with the Philharmonic, when Galway left to teach at the Eastman School of Music. Family life After Gertrud's death, Karlheinz married Anna-Luise some years later. She had children and grandchildren from a former marriage and Karlheinz took them to heart as his own. Zöller died of cancer in Berlin on 29 July 2005. References 1928 births 2005 deaths German classical flautists Players of the Berlin Philharmonic Hochschule für Musik Detmold alumni 20th-century German musicians 20th-century classical musicians	[ -0.6876034140586853, 0.3502560257911682, 0.028185412287712097, -0.5519423484802246, -0.5742751955986023, 0.6258955597877502, 0.22230704128742218, 0.033180754631757736, -0.21017976105213165, -0.4070574641227722, -0.06446579098701477, -0.2358635812997818, -0.15405292809009552, 0.25845563411712646, 0.5820195078849792, 0.0445614755153656, 0.7527779936790466, -0.6872902512550354, -0.7063276171684265, -0.3398723900318146, 0.15829576551914215, -0.4333120882511139, 0.4548676013946533, 0.5219618678092957, -0.2147664576768875, 0.16627375781536102, -0.3119845390319824, 0.09250318259000778, 0.5970826148986816, -0.11014582216739655, -0.05500676482915878, 1.136385202407837, 0.4576261043548584, 0.13141730427742004, -0.3778432011604309, 0.6342678070068359, 0.022416748106479645, -0.18131273984909058, 0.3070177733898163, -0.0166008397936821, -0.13742026686668396, 0.38044434785842896, 0.0004361788451205939, -0.20302093029022217, 0.2593185603618622, -0.7791288495063782, -1.8866338729858398, 0.20341309905052185, -0.8677863478660583, -0.7043713927268982, -0.212079718708992, 0.13316160440444946, 0.9125628471374512, 0.5597350001335144, -0.07187504321336746, -0.6414697766304016, -0.7315400242805481, -0.2717014253139496, 0.36309510469436646, -0.03297322615981102, 0.20295608043670654, 0.1659739762544632, -0.16110481321811676, -0.22818899154663086, 0.5386279225349426, -0.2512073814868927, -0.0972183495759964, 0.7004895210266113, 0.2104172259569168, -0.39457884430885315, -0.40911367535591125, 0.15912604331970215, 0.29462456703186035, -0.6707037687301636, 0.34424805641174316, -0.5045308470726013, 0.618625283241272, -0.12440351396799088, -0.24632301926612854, 0.053442176431417465, 0.03090466931462288, 0.08561361581087112, 1.1451611518859863, -0.005795774050056934, 0.2849715054035187, -0.2580960988998413, -0.6409978270530701, 0.6661401987075806, -0.8837882876396179, -0.4314633309841156, -0.31604427099227905, -0.9661484956741333, 0.20429979264736176, 0.27895960211753845, -0.147639200091362, 0.6323927044868469, 0.35171371698379517, 0.39294400811195374, 0.12418049573898315, 0.04077592492103577, 0.4602946937084198, -0.2183436155319214, 0.39111873507499695, -0.13739487528800964, -0.592644989490509, 0.08317238837480545, 0.255977064371109, -0.3831234574317932, -0.6267626285552979, 0.312110036611557, -0.9262068271636963, -0.21207773685455322, -0.057754430919885635, -0.0063979472033679485, -0.17857666313648224, 0.34032395482063293, 0.14447011053562164, -0.4829024076461792, -0.24551625549793243, 0.2867617905139923, 0.3568020761013031, 0.36183813214302063, -0.14119970798492432, 0.2217857390642166, -0.9301495552062988, -0.20113015174865723, 0.1911310851573944, 0.6101844906806946, -0.6570242643356323, -0.30176621675491333, -0.0351928286254406, 1.2068486213684082, 0.1890590935945511, 0.04351929575204849, 0.25321751832962036, -0.4227098822593689, 0.5154446363449097, -0.5285084247589111, -0.6612826585769653, 0.11482427269220352, -0.36802011728286743, -0.10832658410072327, -0.4820069968700409, -0.5242699980735779, 0.23380950093269348, -0.28086164593696594, -0.45871609449386597, -0.38049760460853577, 0.7158452868461609, 0.04754059389233589, 0.2831716239452362, -0.07785196602344513, -0.4906862676143646, -0.4864267408847809, -0.13452666997909546, 0.6218502521514893, 0.43278467655181885, -0.07039211690425873, 0.29164794087409973, 0.002703729784116149, 0.6035279631614685, -0.8045070171356201, -0.3657378554344177, 0.04091424122452736, 0.21727247536182404, -0.3539562225341797, -0.08553240448236465, 0.048286184668540955, -0.5932998061180115, -0.0646669939160347, -0.5796263813972473, 0.15717682242393494, -0.20835183560848236, 0.0010267941979691386, 0.21761810779571533, 0.09960832446813583, -0.20383867621421814, 0.4661666750907898, -0.23551687598228455, -0.5549185276031494, -0.772044837474823, -0.17073242366313934, -0.008753594011068344, 0.19294798374176025, 0.4913305938243866, 0.6871723532676697, -0.3892647325992584, 0.223891481757164, 1.2498713731765747, -0.2639356553554535, -0.1054011732339859, -0.6848515272140503, 0.37672892212867737, 0.4046366810798645, 0.9752921462059021, 0.5748357772827148, -0.2197420746088028, -0.02085428684949875, -0.06619824469089508, 0.01176116056740284, -0.15391698479652405, -0.46042537689208984, 0.3263058662414551, 0.2937476336956024, 0.39915573596954346, 0.0007611799519509077, -0.06003512442111969, -0.5230302810668945, 0.0954468697309494, -0.06333545595407486, 0.6336876153945923, -0.17580460011959076, -0.10615870356559753, 0.5292510986328125, -0.038996756076812744, -0.10494454950094223, -0.8379713296890259, -0.37862539291381836, -0.01742858812212944, -0.1758207082748413, 0.23039019107818604, 0.016770560294389725, -0.07924338430166245, 0.5686335563659668, -0.30039188265800476, 1.1343815326690674, -0.0840761810541153, 0.1371949166059494, -0.30832794308662415, -0.2167641520500183, 0.40272754430770874, 0.13889117538928986, 0.24772855639457703, 0.1877308338880539, 0.40639635920524597, 0.44867706298828125, -0.4856630861759186, -0.044270433485507965, 0.17406223714351654, -0.7314664721488953, 0.7775483131408691, 0.28501129150390625, -0.700993537902832, 0.3870772421360016, -0.12862487137317657, 0.4435916841030121, 0.5082632899284363, -0.2682340443134308, -0.545942485332489, 0.2337925136089325, 0.48582831025123596, 0.44389602541923523, -0.10058437287807465, -0.4569237530231476, -0.4442217946052551, -0.04353198781609535, 0.5118517875671387, -0.011269552633166313, 0.5696118474006653, 0.20983728766441345, 0.3858930766582489, -0.27798035740852356, 0.5985080599784851, -0.5800119042396545, -0.6983649134635925, -0.6466078162193298, 0.44857800006866455, -0.2462439090013504, 0.029728414490818977, -0.37098291516304016, 0.1481209099292755, -0.25025638937950134, -0.2701720893383026, 0.8833285570144653, -0.4719691574573517, -0.3757765293121338, -0.7711777687072754, -0.04305391386151314, -0.11008964478969574, -0.509013295173645, 0.6541603803634644, 0.42376530170440674, -0.14107917249202728, -0.4581048786640167, -0.7289515137672424, 0.34987956285476685, -0.046808354556560516, 0.3320533037185669, 0.4612744450569153, -0.1918817162513733, -0.33601000905036926, 0.8342658877372742, -0.37746143341064453, 0.21259185671806335, -0.3735094368457794, 0.9814188480377197, -0.3527008295059204, -0.4062863886356354, 0.4264765679836273, -0.2666643559932709, -0.8666270971298218, 0.6562158465385437, -0.23851247131824493, 0.2761620581150055, -0.5818123817443848, -0.010941550135612488, -0.8646782636642456, -0.19096383452415466, -5.239409446716309, -0.11403089761734009, -0.12384697794914246, -0.610819399356842, -0.2841118574142456, 0.5546369552612305, -0.03682781010866165, -0.5890334844589233, -0.0340484082698822, 0.012403859756886959, 0.04524986073374748, 0.2281108796596527, -0.4030957818031311, 0.8886460065841675, 0.3262084126472473, 0.24887926876544952, 0.06195634603500366, -0.5025139451026917, -0.19204168021678925, 0.06937497109174728, 0.28676775097846985, -0.005259215831756592, 0.013357281684875488, 0.236603245139122, -0.03873167186975479, -0.006191600114107132, -0.7975516319274902, -0.09822369366884232, -1.1464073657989502, -0.5230161547660828, -0.11064265668392181, -0.29684048891067505, -0.6146820783615112, 0.67410808801651, -0.101261205971241, 0.1468939632177353, 0.49362868070602417, 0.4134892225265503, -0.18545980751514435, 0.03423738479614258, -0.1848808079957962, 0.18808205425739288, -0.4052828252315521, -0.0977678969502449, 0.022759485989809036, 0.1295875459909439, -0.3283781409263611, -0.28569597005844116, -0.667012095451355, 0.9894556403160095, 0.11877146363258362, -0.6099308729171753, 0.24223913252353668, -0.2062612920999527, -0.04160352051258087, -0.1501631885766983, 0.08199918270111084, 0.39196985960006714, -0.14222566783428192, 0.44252100586891174, -0.33479681611061096, -0.06453483551740646, -0.06704296171665192, -0.03168544918298721, -0.8255707025527954, 0.2014857679605484, 0.0010289308847859502, 0.2086917757987976, 0.6538229584693909, 0.15181659162044525, 0.3959115445613861, 0.926140546798706, 0.3076591491699219, -0.7579325437545776, -0.12324605137109756, -0.8787727355957031, -0.12775714695453644, -0.469530314207077, -0.6454877257347107, 0.4435315728187561, -0.11340458691120148, -0.04111965745687485, -0.1704760640859604, 0.4024949371814728, 0.998694658279419, 0.925316333770752, -0.29022252559661865, 0.22391590476036072, 0.008612981997430325, -0.383722186088562, -0.059198297560214996, -0.8105226755142212, 0.03938284143805504, 0.418569952249527, -0.5196247696876526, 0.41508805751800537, -0.10227779299020767, 0.6003018617630005, 0.6294913291931152, 0.5555342435836792, 0.7097129225730896, -0.6203153133392334, -0.11813825368881226, -0.3750327527523041, 0.5135266184806824, -0.16212591528892517, 0.14313919842243195, 0.3125429153442383, 0.8121330142021179, 0.2604285180568695, 0.2467995136976242, 0.42740002274513245, 0.3183990716934204, -0.6296922564506531, 0.1320773959159851, -1.0067089796066284, -0.518434464931488, 0.5055582523345947, -0.21349823474884033, -0.07603161036968231, 0.14128921926021576, -0.8215428590774536, 0.20478034019470215, -0.6524063348770142, -0.10705563426017761, 0.41358694434165955, -0.3147931694984436, -0.48771974444389343, -0.7084729671478271, 0.1276731938123703, -0.40251702070236206, 1.140634298324585, -0.06875646114349365, 0.4107632339000702, 0.28077709674835205, 0.07675239443778992, -0.8753229975700378, -0.4871430993080139, 0.18368065357208252, -0.1302064061164856, 0.7484850883483887, 0.08031818270683289, -0.10755780339241028, -0.019283991307020187, 0.02243814617395401, 0.019992543384432793, 0.019153496250510216, -0.5459177494049072, -0.6462876796722412, 0.6120491623878479, 0.4135143756866455, -0.14414799213409424, 0.44826677441596985, -0.1749671995639801, -0.49563902616500854, 0.4941236078739166, -0.13641494512557983, -0.02249062992632389, 0.36425861716270447, 0.21010106801986694, 0.47079160809516907, 0.049438249319791794, -0.8993881940841675, 0.2768777012825012, 0.327757328748703, 0.48255088925361633, -0.5770207047462463, -0.16873571276664734, -0.1216469258069992, 0.4429156184196472, 0.03715751692652702, -0.7381603717803955, -0.1601807028055191, 0.6416967511177063, 0.34853312373161316, 0.0643531084060669, -0.062339890748262405, -0.4851730465888977, 0.24313372373580933, 0.02744963765144348, 0.13080213963985443, -0.11086773127317429, -1.1763758659362793, 0.38943949341773987, -0.008570772595703602, 0.23182564973831177, -0.827920138835907, -0.16844260692596436, -0.47883275151252747, -0.1096920520067215, 0.04916348308324814, -0.35455256700515747, -0.26124340295791626, 0.8399529457092285, -0.25490373373031616, -0.7204257249832153, -0.129120334982872, -0.2645271122455597, -0.46861720085144043, -0.1958443820476532, 0.23280231654644012, 0.009860320948064327, -0.1572536826133728, -0.029018377885222435, 0.512296736240387, -0.7449813485145569, -0.09565260261297226, 0.43711182475090027, -0.07177751511335373, 0.7659475207328796, -0.33675065636634827, -0.41032370924949646, 0.17296068370342255, 0.5829508900642395, -0.4033174514770508, 0.22399520874023438, 0.2511809170246124, -0.384667307138443, -0.7463712692260742, 0.2571244239807129, -0.7360548973083496, 0.3345380127429962, -0.4617706835269928, -0.25461846590042114, -0.8792692422866821, -0.19739629328250885, -0.04498405382037163, -0.20890246331691742, 0.33574438095092773, -0.28290092945098877, 0.14613763988018036, -0.28943467140197754, -0.03496912866830826, -0.17443346977233887, -0.13716977834701538, -0.3222600221633911, 0.15502896904945374, 0.2542398273944855, -0.21022336184978485, 0.2528987526893616, 0.7511869668960571, 0.6178579926490784, 0.4877585172653198, -0.11408356577157974, -0.07478685677051544, -0.040875520557165146, 0.5159693956375122, -0.40302976965904236, 0.11718637496232986, 0.3222407400608063, 0.4078880250453949, 0.16339068114757538, -0.6882481575012207, -0.731167197227478, 1.0348868370056152, -0.31994950771331787, 0.1717904806137085, -0.35187169909477234, 0.2819445729255676, 0.11929714679718018, 0.3470458984375, 0.47214001417160034, 0.6200255751609802, -0.3121248781681061, -0.15664155781269073, 0.3621748685836792, -0.3813369572162628, -0.4270128905773163, 0.2622167766094208, -0.11743506044149399, -0.18667937815189362, 0.17399711906909943, -0.11071223020553589, 0.21993112564086914, 0.029562074691057205, 0.9013031125068665, -0.11824144423007965, -0.23596850037574768, -0.023186787962913513, 0.09564605355262756, -0.7211711406707764, 0.15542376041412354, 0.34470173716545105, -0.6721963882446289, -0.5599623918533325, -0.07682772725820541, -0.6632456183433533, -0.005345925223082304, -0.16379721462726593, 0.2848634719848633, -0.1970667690038681, -0.22906595468521118, -0.6034089922904968, 0.3720407485961914, 0.2692081928253174, -0.1538378894329071, -0.21795609593391418, 0.474164754152298, -0.39387646317481995, -0.3082209527492523, -0.14263947308063507, 0.2290080338716507, 0.4839770793914795, 0.12383906543254852, 0.5071591734886169, 0.1998153030872345, -0.04537643492221832, -0.367212176322937, -0.48455893993377686, -0.4602877199649811, 0.5200939774513245, -0.4469764828681946, -0.6835168600082397, 0.6603767275810242, -0.40500956773757935, 0.24369551241397858, 0.7989009618759155, 0.09098467230796814, 0.3579990565776825, -0.034910526126623154, 0.6098735332489014, -0.4828130602836609, 1.07060968875885, 0.03696950152516365, -0.43605759739875793, 0.5903598070144653, 0.6143837571144104, -0.20575688779354095, 0.07532135397195816, 0.10740809142589569, 0.2038661241531372, -0.0675792545080185, -0.08731749653816223, 0.6945680379867554, -0.053136732429265976, -0.19982783496379852, 0.4497208893299103, -0.47664692997932434, -0.3409820795059204, 0.07377386838197708, 0.1783485859632492, 1.442939043045044, -0.07574467360973358, -0.06711122393608093, 0.5128661394119263, 0.14972016215324402, -0.09774643182754517, 0.29049918055534363, -0.14709831774234772, -0.33755746483802795, 0.31519651412963867, 0.3138987123966217, 0.2399246096611023, -0.16079199314117432, 0.16175347566604614, 0.1685575544834137, 0.8892380595207214, -0.20610946416854858, 0.1857895702123642, 0.47320136427879333, 0.36199286580085754, -0.45616599917411804, 1.0026129484176636, 0.4134857654571533, -0.23151877522468567, 0.1301591843366623, -0.5519105792045593, -0.4247805178165436, -0.16047920286655426, -0.10150332003831863, 0.0182192400097847, -0.5394845008850098, -0.425706684589386, 0.7466795444488525, 0.6720454096794128, -0.5293880701065063, 0.36579105257987976, -0.011491242796182632, 0.11642865091562271, 0.8397640585899353, -0.2648089528083801, 0.13189969956874847, 0.02959727682173252, -0.06248144805431366, -0.051685482263565063, -0.812063992023468, -0.0011083378922194242, -0.6220493316650391, 0.4954758286476135, -0.2897624373435974, 0.16798147559165955, -0.6318122744560242, -0.005977350287139416, -0.04949362576007843, -0.5773157477378845, -0.7190699577331543, -0.5435101985931396, 0.9016664624214172, -0.010043100453913212, 0.06119575724005699, 0.28979769349098206, 0.4062831997871399, 0.06746451556682587, 0.009125558659434319, -0.3043992221355438, -0.16800568997859955, -0.9341492652893066, 0.40146884322166443, -0.23421934247016907, 1.0985796451568604, 0.6240015029907227, 0.4547337591648102, -0.7266522645950317, 0.8013845086097717, 0.03009141981601715, 0.13485248386859894, 0.6988717317581177, -0.2333379089832306, -0.31127557158470154, -0.0659138634800911, 0.1861301213502884, 0.12039441615343094, 0.28253018856048584, -0.36787137389183044, -0.4855972230434418, 0.6632863283157349, 0.04691097512841225, -0.11463718116283417, -0.2087908685207367, 0.41020292043685913, -0.24800072610378265, 0.6459677219390869, -0.7019631862640381, 0.06640517711639404, -0.030284153297543526, -0.5751119256019592, 0.7782244086265564, -0.07051648944616318, 0.4549272060394287, -0.4388366937637329, 0.3132288455963135, 0.02746030129492283, 0.19173450767993927, -0.13484464585781097, 0.5973541140556335, 0.4379703104496002, -0.04675615206360817, -0.42585450410842896, 0.07154715061187744, 0.5139850378036499, 0.09229578822851181, -0.16279268264770508, 0.4689542353153229, -0.8155551552772522, -0.19117005169391632, 0.2990496754646301, -0.15860819816589355, -0.09762636572122574, 0.11564299464225769, -0.7155227065086365 ]
230652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth%20Morris	Gareth Morris	Gareth Charles Walter Morris (13 May 192014 February 2007) was a British flautist. He was the principal flautist of a number of London orchestras including the Boyd Neel Orchestra before joining the Philharmonia Orchestra. He was the principal flautist of this orchestra for 24 years and Professor of the Flute at the Royal Academy of Music from 1945 to 1985. Morris was known for using a wooden flute, at a time when most other players had switched to using metal flutes. Gareth Morris was born in Clevedon, Somerset, England and was educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School. He began to play the flute when he was aged 12, and subsequently studied privately with Robert Murchie. At 18 he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music where his main teacher was Charles Stainer. At the Academy he met Dennis Brain and became his lifelong friend. Morris was best man for Brain's wedding. Morris's Wigmore Hall debut was in 1939 and he played in chamber music groups, including the Dennis Brain Wind Ensemble and the London Wind Quintet. During the Second World War he joined the Royal Air Force and was principal flute in the RAF Symphony Orchestra. Morris succeeded Arthur Gleghorn as principal flute in the Philharmonia Orchestra in 1948. He played at Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation in 1953. The Philharmonia Orchestra had been founded by Walter Legge in 1945 but in 1964 Legge announced that he intended to disband it. However the members dissented from this and agreed that the orchestra should continue, that it should be self-governing, and that it should be renamed the New Philharmonia Orchestra. In 1966 Morris became chairman of this orchestra with Otto Klemperer as the principal conductor. Morris had a close and deeply respectful relationship with Klemperer, but his relationship with Karajan has been described as "at best cordial, but he respected the conductor's talent". Klemperer retired in 1971 when he was aged 87, and was succeeded by Lorin Maazel followed by Riccardo Muti. Morris retired shortly afterwards from the orchestra. The press release at the time spoke of "irreconcilable artistic differences" which had contributed to his resignation. However, there was another, possibly more important, factor. While on tour with the orchestra in New York City, Morris was mugged and seriously injured. Amongst these injuries, a nerve in his mouth had been damaged and as a result, he had to completely give up playing the flute. Morris's flute was originally a Rudall-Carte with open G-sharp and vented D, and later in his career he performed on an instrument bequeathed to him by Robert Murchie. His style was of the English school, with a tight embouchure and he produced a very solid and powerful tone which was also capable of incredible delicacy. He eschewed the use of excessive vibrato. He was said to be "at the forefront of English flute playing for more than half a century". Many composers wrote works for him, including Gordon Jacob and Alan Rawsthorne. During his career he gave the first British performance of Poulenc's Flute Sonata in 1958. Morris married first, in 1954, Joy Hazelrigg of Kentucky and they had a daughter, Emily. Following a divorce, in 1975 he married Patricia Murray, with whom he had three children, Thomas, Mary and Catharine. Morris retired to Bristol and there continued to teach. In 1991 he published a tutorial entitled Flute Technique. His other activities included being an adjudicator, an orchestral coach and a lecturer. He frequently taught at the Dartington Summer School. His siblings are Christopher, a music publisher at the Oxford University Press, and Jan Morris, the travel writer. A photographic portrait taken in 1968 by Godfrey Argent is held by the National Portrait Gallery. References British flautists 1920 births 2007 deaths Academics of the Royal Academy of Music Place of death missing Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music People from Clevedon Royal Air Force personnel of World War II	[ 0.06415574997663498, -0.11071321368217468, -0.19911934435367584, -0.32875770330429077, -0.014414185658097267, 0.5764918923377991, 0.846057653427124, -0.5824063420295715, -0.2301476001739502, 0.15309105813503265, -0.07971673458814621, 0.45427972078323364, -0.2766319513320923, -0.014639119617640972, 0.12292080372571945, 0.5469122529029846, -0.13625288009643555, -0.9418119192123413, -0.457943856716156, 0.016966763883829117, -0.08863869309425354, -0.4151724576950073, 0.4237837791442871, 0.2189466506242752, -0.4383402168750763, 0.6909767985343933, -0.19665373861789703, 0.41046926379203796, 0.099598228931427, -0.5223242044448853, -0.19670678675174713, 0.4843895137310028, 0.33680856227874756, -0.692479133605957, -0.03359786793589592, 0.20627322793006897, -0.26854464411735535, -0.7668635249137878, -0.3161539137363434, 0.013307194225490093, -0.547901451587677, 0.2621403932571411, 0.42105531692504883, 0.178750678896904, 0.263441264629364, -0.20195934176445007, -2.0954511165618896, -0.11628390848636627, -0.20141258835792542, -0.18197856843471527, -0.009946025907993317, 0.29857268929481506, 0.12726695835590363, -0.24442513287067413, 0.8683149814605713, -0.16544076800346375, -0.5113921165466309, -0.6665645241737366, -0.16950127482414246, -0.33811333775520325, 0.4473462402820587, -0.017889514565467834, -0.03615565598011017, -0.07212191820144653, 0.21292099356651306, -0.23373180627822876, 0.19725045561790466, 0.37850067019462585, -0.28403952717781067, -0.19648319482803345, 0.3869192600250244, 0.891244113445282, 0.5008020401000977, -0.32298749685287476, 0.044981829822063446, -0.4733372926712036, 0.4228239357471466, -0.5995499491691589, 0.16858521103858948, -0.12095463275909424, 0.3047046661376953, -0.3423618972301483, 0.5599641799926758, 0.9476338624954224, 0.16898788511753082, 0.44999629259109497, -1.3264495134353638, 0.037657272070646286, -0.5196096897125244, 0.21280726790428162, -0.5070645213127136, -0.8118953108787537, 0.056367214769124985, 0.4317433834075928, -0.4397800862789154, 0.9288654327392578, 0.12997296452522278, 0.7731693387031555, 1.0008759498596191, -0.3829001188278198, 0.19406765699386597, -0.21372005343437195, 0.0866205096244812, -0.723295271396637, -0.6974818706512451, -0.14693889021873474, -0.5021595358848572, -0.612958550453186, -0.014672919176518917, -0.0030144585762172937, -0.800573468208313, -0.05591527745127678, 0.2530936598777771, -0.2786100208759308, 0.7995215058326721, -0.05371563136577606, 0.37922969460487366, -0.7343515753746033, -0.44568687677383423, 0.3206559419631958, -0.3997853100299835, 0.3967602550983429, -0.43951505422592163, 0.5689390301704407, -0.9930661916732788, 0.2616909146308899, 0.18237663805484772, 0.33493709564208984, -0.2698485851287842, -0.31675466895103455, 0.9548264145851135, 1.042444109916687, -0.7714332342147827, -0.354533851146698, -0.5564884543418884, 0.820572555065155, 0.37549564242362976, 0.09527551382780075, -0.5229659676551819, 0.20167513191699982, -0.26809707283973694, -0.390505850315094, -1.1211531162261963, 0.279533714056015, 0.28137797117233276, 0.6081357598304749, -0.26423412561416626, 0.00022557404008693993, 0.05466729402542114, -0.43969398736953735, 0.04725724831223488, 0.18847519159317017, -0.14471833407878876, -0.2784274220466614, -0.5524123907089233, 0.9326765537261963, 0.9392523169517517, 0.2560007870197296, -0.47062402963638306, -0.18941400945186615, 0.48322415351867676, -0.9701859354972839, -0.5993286967277527, 0.4772794246673584, 0.5085189938545227, 0.02254362963140011, -0.3023591637611389, -0.21288934350013733, 0.22195811569690704, 0.1266520470380783, -0.48383012413978577, -0.04086518660187721, 0.7516518235206604, -0.6847613453865051, -0.3285396695137024, -0.009859912097454071, 0.455973356962204, 0.3277934193611145, 0.7177533507347107, -0.4388413727283478, -0.6382598876953125, -0.5729973912239075, 0.23763903975486755, 0.343237966299057, 0.33492523431777954, 0.4331839680671692, 0.8753678202629089, -0.08812452107667923, 0.5884756445884705, -0.2662796378135681, -0.13531534373760223, -0.21754424273967743, 0.6142686605453491, -0.24819982051849365, 1.0241894721984863, 0.5561999082565308, -0.10730558633804321, -0.004388721659779549, 0.3218894898891449, 1.0169241428375244, 0.11409822106361389, 0.6962258815765381, 0.2203417867422104, -0.2554504871368408, 0.3783673048019409, 0.19877305626869202, 0.6233953237533569, 0.21631281077861786, 0.24881234765052795, 0.5099482536315918, -0.1603567749261856, -0.9358596801757812, -0.7043935060501099, 0.4844532310962677, -0.9837235808372498, -0.6949355602264404, -0.7437129020690918, -0.3428466022014618, 0.5373207330703735, -0.7752273082733154, 0.7791475653648376, 0.3838063180446625, 0.032289568334817886, 0.5875945687294006, 0.08837408572435379, 1.5703428983688354, -0.2514983117580414, 0.012482168152928352, -0.17143845558166504, -0.19154147803783417, -0.5404958128929138, 0.3660060167312622, 0.39518284797668457, -0.37087851762771606, 0.5491929650306702, -0.1523803174495697, 0.373908668756485, -0.41997629404067993, 0.537638783454895, -0.8695516586303711, -0.17337849736213684, 0.05421006307005882, -0.4052898585796356, 0.41039445996284485, -0.1781272143125534, 0.37071800231933594, -0.037467747926712036, 0.05301571264863014, 0.21719518303871155, -0.16059757769107819, 0.5900428891181946, 0.7886556386947632, 0.48422113060951233, -0.40116578340530396, 0.20138168334960938, 0.09156090766191483, -0.08740129321813583, -0.7768497467041016, 0.31146061420440674, 0.05097084119915962, 0.4789075553417206, 0.4093190133571625, 0.5014297366142273, 0.18550431728363037, -0.4399508535861969, -1.0313234329223633, -0.14232726395130157, -0.9797115921974182, 0.26674723625183105, -0.592042088508606, 0.1991311013698578, -0.6624817848205566, 0.223719522356987, -0.409717857837677, -0.02489245869219303, 0.7971459627151489, -0.029853856191039085, -0.2757776379585266, -0.17606425285339355, -0.21784080564975739, 0.8340527415275574, 0.7352280616760254, -0.299984335899353, -0.028323790058493614, -0.2916370630264282, 0.8237407207489014, -0.1830057054758072, -0.0784960687160492, -0.026214225217700005, -0.793283998966217, -0.4285993278026581, 1.086337924003601, -0.7681100964546204, 0.6848667860031128, -0.6685857772827148, 0.18024437129497528, -1.0136418342590332, -1.1226686239242554, 0.11191602796316147, -0.25025632977485657, -0.43400776386260986, 0.9295486211776733, 0.03866041824221611, 0.021239323541522026, 0.322537899017334, 0.3097219467163086, -0.6035934090614319, -0.052749525755643845, -4.5001935958862305, -0.26710638403892517, 0.2897561192512512, -0.4121023416519165, 0.16012407839298248, 0.16088071465492249, -0.28016170859336853, -0.5818068981170654, -0.334820419549942, -1.274076223373413, 0.9364104866981506, 0.07920600473880768, 0.17919090390205383, 0.39966171979904175, 1.0872970819473267, 0.2884901762008667, 0.8440722823143005, -0.22680331766605377, 0.8795232176780701, 0.08740560710430145, 0.23928336799144745, -0.471445232629776, -0.3437020480632782, -0.5277818441390991, -0.668599545955658, 0.027064846828579903, -0.3872153162956238, -0.12737999856472015, -1.3654232025146484, -0.42743828892707825, -0.3224920630455017, 0.07909704744815826, -1.0647168159484863, 0.1249663233757019, -0.22753296792507172, 0.0950763151049614, 0.3992091715335846, 0.5111775994300842, 0.30787959694862366, -0.24581944942474365, 0.05334898829460144, -0.3105851113796234, -0.6576902270317078, 0.05487921088933945, -0.09519246965646744, 0.14300505816936493, -0.05895857512950897, 0.11694593727588654, -0.13918383419513702, 0.9468672871589661, 0.36359280347824097, -0.008890724740922451, 0.7042269706726074, -0.08840424567461014, 0.03526178374886513, -0.8915582895278931, 0.453450083732605, -0.3132874369621277, -0.5788803100585938, 0.7677250504493713, -0.10724736005067825, -1.063352346420288, 0.3276926279067993, -0.3947077989578247, -0.6116741895675659, 0.2549879252910614, 0.06222916021943092, 0.22543901205062866, 0.3012377917766571, -0.44575977325439453, -0.10008149594068527, 1.0052016973495483, -0.3076463043689728, -1.013566493988037, 0.030406683683395386, -0.008959139697253704, 0.7175464630126953, -0.36543628573417664, -0.10778538137674332, -0.1128079742193222, 0.2572627067565918, -0.7111592888832092, -0.6462137699127197, 0.0007187575101852417, 0.6258113980293274, -0.5370182394981384, -0.548596203327179, 0.2322421371936798, -0.03995301201939583, -0.6938380002975464, -0.05270066112279892, -0.4706023335456848, 0.08053950220346451, 0.6046144366264343, 0.2824808657169342, -0.02231169492006302, -0.026419542729854584, 0.21674245595932007, 0.44251927733421326, -0.012723799794912338, -1.3800561428070068, -0.29178279638290405, 0.24345174431800842, -0.35035082697868347, -0.12787999212741852, 0.11810174584388733, 0.026711905375123024, -0.009218129329383373, 0.7463356256484985, -0.32480522990226746, 0.2228802740573883, -0.15700329840183258, -0.5819602608680725, 0.13948801159858704, -0.48975512385368347, -1.0856378078460693, 0.0253810603171587, 0.4477226734161377, -0.08978049457073212, 0.5906385183334351, -0.3684505522251129, 0.4845200181007385, 0.11355900764465332, -0.16219688951969147, 0.23847147822380066, -0.24326859414577484, 0.3744031488895416, -0.07394576072692871, -0.6083154082298279, 0.22427618503570557, -0.7813329100608826, 1.1600614786148071, -0.010377959348261356, 0.4657532572746277, -0.22203516960144043, -0.04087945818901062, -0.775111734867096, 0.35495129227638245, 0.26211249828338623, -0.030352909117937088, -0.21682976186275482, 0.009918434545397758, 0.3996430039405823, 0.12101653218269348, 0.39379972219467163, 0.2015126496553421, 0.2095177173614502, -0.3947567343711853, -0.37439289689064026, 1.0044368505477905, 0.00006960417522350326, 0.026553500443696976, 0.44899842143058777, -0.7188776731491089, -0.45690175890922546, 0.12148559093475342, -0.39583268761634827, 0.03782999515533447, 0.024907534942030907, -0.362750768661499, -0.0488428995013237, 0.11294722557067871, -1.2080985307693481, 0.1927766501903534, 0.2290802299976349, 0.051593054085969925, -0.2946704924106598, 0.24272288382053375, -0.24048078060150146, 0.006456421222537756, 0.2572120130062103, -0.7984845638275146, -0.4152114987373352, -0.12901224195957184, 0.00923103280365467, 0.23162156343460083, -0.11109546571969986, -0.5317251682281494, -0.6645659804344177, -0.4503597617149353, 0.17217454314231873, 0.5519611239433289, -0.8946040868759155, -0.458365797996521, 0.7135056853294373, -0.33805596828460693, -0.37364670634269714, -1.115606665611267, 0.5040594935417175, 0.20825734734535217, -0.05506472289562225, -0.46651017665863037, 0.5168138742446899, 1.1399050951004028, 0.27382102608680725, 0.1254243552684784, 0.15752916038036346, -0.12397429347038269, -0.6238846778869629, -0.13863897323608398, 0.40299150347709656, -0.03024185821413994, -0.06811034679412842, 0.09202688932418823, -0.16269873082637787, -0.9789971709251404, -0.4220162034034729, 0.4545813500881195, 0.4147821068763733, 0.15484577417373657, -0.37609806656837463, -0.5621410608291626, 0.14986880123615265, 0.8005003929138184, -0.8032062649726868, 0.5237495303153992, 0.39226534962654114, 1.0261082649230957, -0.22720389068126678, -0.43729284405708313, -0.15882030129432678, -0.2063254714012146, -0.8138676285743713, -0.01982588693499565, -1.106799602508545, -0.49332839250564575, 0.16570039093494415, 0.15044096112251282, 1.01828134059906, -0.11253136396408081, 0.14427319169044495, -0.37736377120018005, 0.20971709489822388, -0.04978016018867493, 0.1243123784661293, 0.2786099910736084, -0.12638452649116516, 0.32116419076919556, -0.36035335063934326, -0.169425830245018, 0.830821692943573, 1.9523659944534302, 0.9361454844474792, -0.32060033082962036, -0.0028234778437763453, -0.33872100710868835, 0.2378309667110443, -0.38049182295799255, 0.3111315667629242, -0.04088657721877098, 0.5384760499000549, -0.027307501062750816, -0.44813480973243713, 0.12899784743785858, 0.8866130113601685, -0.35324934124946594, 0.08865761011838913, 0.11661306023597717, 0.5659724473953247, 0.2976570129394531, 0.365317165851593, 0.3595033586025238, 0.20481477677822113, -0.2503538727760315, -0.20515768229961395, 0.8380135297775269, 0.23848558962345123, -0.484350323677063, 0.39965084195137024, -0.5628229379653931, -0.28612610697746277, -0.24866333603858948, -0.5221956372261047, 0.9372037649154663, -0.24132497608661652, -0.03437155857682228, -0.21429432928562164, -0.9804126024246216, 0.5465836524963379, -0.4102345407009125, -0.3880653977394104, -0.16202883422374725, 0.547310471534729, -0.874256432056427, -0.76725834608078, -0.019899357110261917, -0.1316491663455963, 0.5592151880264282, 0.33148136734962463, 0.15817490220069885, -0.383129745721817, 0.16412115097045898, -0.48165538907051086, 0.5100312829017639, 0.692915678024292, -0.5517946481704712, -0.1823144555091858, 0.6899511814117432, 0.0661829337477684, -0.18506187200546265, -0.40511536598205566, 0.30177053809165955, 0.406302273273468, 0.09368108958005905, 0.4802955389022827, 0.06867257505655289, -0.48770666122436523, -0.6046540141105652, 0.2163456231355667, 0.2792653739452362, 0.5978439450263977, -0.34729239344596863, 0.10313846915960312, 0.3647344410419464, -0.5727013349533081, -0.33409619331359863, 0.2901504635810852, -0.3672207295894623, 0.19959232211112976, -0.46996867656707764, 0.22604434192180634, 0.7525960803031921, 0.729690670967102, -0.7195440530776978, -0.315462201833725, 0.26059842109680176, 0.2099347561597824, -0.394997239112854, -0.29474401473999023, -0.30033355951309204, 0.1400693953037262, -0.30264151096343994, -0.3911830484867096, 0.9662686586380005, -0.08695098757743835, -0.28769129514694214, 0.041105449199676514, -0.49687445163726807, 0.07774437218904495, 0.31254813075065613, 0.17602920532226562, 0.6166348457336426, 0.24634040892124176, 0.223529651761055, 0.3757435977458954, 0.26098549365997314, 0.17099934816360474, 0.2785497009754181, -0.20335790514945984, -0.5132246017456055, 0.3760659396648407, 0.30464640259742737, 0.586986780166626, -0.659041702747345, 0.4391845762729645, 0.37560540437698364, 1.3626487255096436, -0.6050794720649719, -0.21126024425029755, -0.1160440444946289, 0.036983609199523926, -0.4103378653526306, 1.5427515506744385, -0.09199263155460358, -0.721829891204834, -0.5694106817245483, 0.21747036278247833, -0.6648764610290527, 0.5699530243873596, 0.8298835158348083, 0.1814885437488556, 0.05181754380464554, -0.633009672164917, 0.6238279938697815, 0.5003648400306702, 0.024909114465117455, 0.43838372826576233, 0.22174155712127686, -0.20790818333625793, -0.4465537965297699, -0.261737585067749, 0.2675270140171051, -0.09010720998048782, -0.08443629741668701, 0.14433994889259338, -0.4848184287548065, -0.19575493037700653, -0.014643429778516293, 0.09712301939725876, -0.29930153489112854, 0.17203541100025177, -0.7397997975349426, -0.45610615611076355, 0.0032797243911772966, -1.2130006551742554, -0.3264597952365875, -0.5716662406921387, 0.9431536793708801, 0.4353215992450714, -0.2143620401620865, -0.2608242928981781, 0.292927086353302, 0.004750682972371578, 0.23344874382019043, -0.14866520464420319, 0.2804013192653656, -0.38547632098197937, 0.05683032423257828, -0.48545965552330017, 0.9811927080154419, 0.5928953886032104, 1.0349571704864502, -0.2360536903142929, 0.09721098095178604, -0.42191120982170105, 0.3693675398826599, 0.5798642635345459, 0.12937742471694946, -0.33069679141044617, -0.3274187445640564, 0.10871780663728714, 0.04805024713277817, 0.2074500322341919, -0.465911865234375, -0.06838127225637436, 0.4089928865432739, 0.36237695813179016, 0.40566742420196533, -0.03570936620235443, 0.2119140923023224, -0.3048006296157837, -0.06396102905273438, -0.6902177333831787, -0.057874057441949844, 0.05275009572505951, -0.3463273346424103, 1.168529748916626, 1.1969350576400757, 0.7730398178100586, -0.5489307641983032, 0.7308149337768555, 0.1528320461511612, -0.3348099887371063, -0.21081385016441345, -0.7909690141677856, -0.6400962471961975, 0.43179672956466675, -0.47513583302497864, 0.28461483120918274, 0.31185200810432434, -0.2049405574798584, -0.3436140716075897, 0.31831973791122437, -1.2032133340835571, -0.14097100496292114, 0.4063272178173065, -0.25019657611846924, 0.14261409640312195, -0.0036496350076049566, -0.015375329181551933 ]
230656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial%20Cup	Memorial Cup	The Memorial Cup () is the national championship of the Canadian Hockey League, a consortium of three major junior ice hockey leagues operating in Canada and parts of the United States. It is a four-team round-robin tournament played between the champions of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) and Western Hockey League (WHL), and a fourth, hosting team, which alternates between the three leagues annually. The Memorial Cup trophy was established by Captain James T. Sutherland to honour those who died in service during World War I. It was rededicated during the 2010 tournament to honour all soldiers who died fighting for Canada in any conflict. The trophy was originally known as the OHA Memorial Cup and was donated by the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) in 1919 to be awarded to the junior ice hockey champion of Canada. From its inception until 1971, the Memorial Cup was open to all Junior A teams in the country and was awarded following a series of league, provincial and regional playoffs culminating in an east–west championship. The three-league tournament format began in 1972, a season after the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association divided the Junior A rank into two tiers, naming the Memorial Cup as the championship of the Major Junior level. The Rouyn-Noranda Huskies are the current champions, winning in the final game against the host team, the Halifax Mooseheads of the QMJHL. The Memorial Cup is sometimes referred to as one of the hardest championships to win in hockey, factoring in the number of teams across the CHL's member leagues nationwide, the Memorial Cup tournament being played between their top teams, and the limited eligibility period for players to compete at the major junior level. History Capt. Sutherland, who was serving overseas, was President of the Ontario Hockey Association and he brought forward the idea to present a trophy to honour all the young Canadian hockey players who died in battle and have it awarded to the best junior hockey team in Canada. The Ontario Hockey Association's annual meeting was unanimous that a fitting memorial be established to members of the OHA who had fallen on the field of war. "Past President Capt. J. T. Sutherland, now in France, spoke of the splendid work done by Canadian boys in France and suggested the erection of a suitable memorial to hockey players who have fallen."—The Globe, Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 9, 1918. "The (Memorial) cup, coveted prize of Canadian junior hockey, was the brainchild of Capt. Jim (Sutherland) when he was overseas in the Great War (1914–18) and at the time, President of the Ontario Hockey Association (1915–17). He wrote suggesting the trophy in memory of the boys who were killed in the war and no doubt a big part of the idea was instigated by his devotion to his beloved (Alan) Scotty Davidson, who fell (June 6, 1915) with many other hockey players in the world conflict (including Capt. George T. Richardson, who died in France, Feb. 9, 1916. (*Both are members of the Hockey Hall of Fame.) --William J. Walshe, Comments on Sport, The Kingston Whig-Standard, Jan. 6, 1939. It started as an East-versus-West format, where the George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions from the East would play the Abbott Cup champions from the West. From 1919 to 1928, the Memorial Cup Final was a two-game total goals affair between a champion from Eastern Canada and a champion from Western Canada, both of which were determined through a series of playdowns under the auspices of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. In 1929, the Memorial Cup Final became a best-of-three series. In 1934, when the junior hockey teams were further divided between Junior 'A' and Junior 'B', the Memorial Cup served as the Junior 'A' championship trophy, and the Sutherland Cup became the Junior 'B' trophy. From 1937 the Memorial Cup was a best-of-five series, and in 1943 reverted to a best-of-seven series. For the 1970–1971 season, the Junior 'A' rank was further split into the Major Junior rank and a second-tier rank (referred nowadays as Junior 'A'), with the Memorial Cup serving as the Major Junior championship trophy, and the Manitoba Centennial Trophy, and later the Royal Bank Cup, serving as the second tier championship trophy. In 1972, the Memorial Cup was contested between three teams: the champions of the three leagues of the Canadian Hockey League: the Ed Chynoweth Cup Champs (WHL), J. Ross Robertson Cup Champs (OHL), and the President's Cup Champs (QMJHL). From 1972 to 1973 these three teams played a single round-robin (two games each), with the top two teams advancing to a single-game final. A semi-final game was added in 1974. In 1977 the tournament was expanded to a double round-robin (four games each), with no semi-final. The tournament was held at a pre-determined site which was rotated among the three leagues. The 1983 Memorial Cup tournament saw the inclusion of a fourth team, the team hosting the event, which was done to boost tournament attendance. The first tournament under this format was held in Portland, Oregon, and marked the first time that an American city hosted the Memorial Cup. The host Winter Hawks also won the Cup that year, becoming the first American team to win the Memorial Cup, as well as becoming the first host team to win it. The four teams played a single round-robin (three games each). If two teams are tied for third place, then a tie-breaker game is played on Thursday, followed by a semi-final game between the second and third-place teams and a final between the first-place team and the semi-final winner. This format continues to be used to this day, with the honour of hosting the tournament rotated amongst the CHL's three member leagues. If the host team also wins its respective league championship, the Memorial Cup berth reserved for the league champion is instead awarded to that league's runner-up. This was the case in 2006, when the Quebec Remparts lost to the Moncton Wildcats in the QMJHL Finals. However, since Moncton was hosting the Memorial Cup that year, Quebec was awarded the QMJHL berth to the Memorial Cup tournament. The Remparts went on to win the Memorial Cup that season, the first time that a team has won the tournament without qualifying as the tournament host or as the champions of their respective league. In the history of the cup, there have been two major mishaps with the cup itself. At the 2008 tournament, a replica trophy, which is the one teams are presented with on the ice after the game, broke apart as captain Chris Bruton of the victorious Spokane Chiefs tried to hand it off to a teammate after being presented the cup on the ice. The crowd started heckling after the replica cup broke apart, while the Spokane Chiefs took apart the trophy and shared it around with teammates. The official cup is typically kept at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Memorial Cup has not been played since 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which cancelled both the 2020 edition originally scheduled for Kelowna (as well as all playoff play across CHL member leagues), and the 2021 edition, which was intended to be hosted by the OHL, but no host was ever announced. Champions Memorial Cup awards Starting in 1972, the Memorial Cup committee has awarded honours for play at the Memorial Cup tournament. There are now five annual awards presented. References External links Canadian Hockey League Memorial Cup web site Legends of Hockey–Memorial Cup Hockey and the Canadian military—Remembering those who served Veterans Affairs Canada 1919 establishments in Canada Canadian Amateur Hockey Association trophies Canadian Hockey League trophies and awards Ice hockey tournaments in Canada Awards established in 1919	[ -0.5717632174491882, 0.20599262416362762, 0.12631122767925262, 0.2739383578300476, -0.16126881539821625, -0.10693065077066422, 0.3521976172924042, 0.514582097530365, -0.5706016421318054, -0.4264061748981476, 0.17807942628860474, -0.1191442459821701, -0.03189186751842499, 0.5347013473510742, -0.09951194375753403, 0.530326783657074, 0.3540635406970978, 0.6157270669937134, 0.486953467130661, -0.6677898168563843, -0.322922945022583, -0.4084041714668274, 0.7388215065002441, -0.19814425706863403, 0.012875424697995186, 0.16981977224349976, 0.49522536993026733, 0.2588210105895996, -0.5490403175354004, 0.2826797664165497, -0.12650920450687408, -0.016187766566872597, 0.45761311054229736, -0.2181096225976944, 0.19584771990776062, -0.07697048783302307, 0.027007605880498886, -0.4413125813007355, -0.26294568181037903, -0.47339195013046265, 0.28763145208358765, -0.09257934987545013, -0.18482424318790436, 0.4021748900413513, 0.37958136200904846, 0.27275556325912476, -0.9075515270233154, 0.5086460709571838, -0.8665656447410583, 0.20802094042301178, -0.5404239296913147, 0.1976330429315567, -0.44549763202667236, 0.1660449057817459, 0.6169564723968506, 0.09806542098522186, 0.19732490181922913, 0.48605602979660034, -0.4886394739151001, -0.5588292479515076, 0.08616790175437927, 0.3661026656627655, 0.41244104504585266, 0.08509434014558792, 0.21712681651115417, 0.16007323563098907, 0.25736814737319946, 0.257426381111145, -0.6100020408630371, -0.3221450448036194, 0.24158962070941925, -0.5690072178840637, 0.0281246118247509, 0.3441937267780304, 0.8030521869659424, -0.6519017815589905, 0.20042723417282104, -0.050300393253564835, 0.3026753067970276, 0.09332198649644852, -0.06550507992506027, -0.14203700423240662, 0.1401222050189972, 0.8697518706321716, 0.2172950655221939, 0.4749285578727722, -0.24045735597610474, -0.1383230984210968, -0.10040843486785889, 0.01653940975666046, -0.9211635589599609, -0.4485509395599365, 0.5252242088317871, -0.12212292850017548, 0.36283373832702637, -0.7807285785675049, 0.30839577317237854, -0.20414616167545319, 0.7370922565460205, -0.41895484924316406, -0.07803886383771896, -0.7008071541786194, -0.13040472567081451, 0.4495432376861572, -0.9572429060935974, -0.12402843683958054, -0.2181098461151123, -0.733146071434021, 0.1346849501132965, -0.45977577567100525, -0.030892955139279366, -0.4672454297542572, 0.054794009774923325, 0.3110017478466034, 0.5285953879356384, 0.02589176408946514, 0.13390740752220154, -0.7431369423866272, -0.4565546214580536, 0.2350815385580063, 0.35820701718330383, -0.22611157596111298, -0.3192802965641022, -0.3368653357028961, -0.22836579382419586, -0.04513995349407196, 0.22252199053764343, 0.1447291225194931, 0.1550246626138687, -0.7893540263175964, 0.4067438840866089, 0.19292527437210083, -0.2937387526035309, 0.040681250393390656, 0.08156969398260117, -0.6405449509620667, -0.36785420775413513, -0.9605931639671326, -0.050659965723752975, -0.05044030398130417, -0.9877849817276001, -0.26739463210105896, -0.0545012503862381, -1.0633589029312134, 0.12991154193878174, 0.1398187279701233, -0.40810248255729675, -0.21490029990673065, 0.05045254901051521, -0.12957876920700073, 0.494873970746994, 0.07384826987981796, -0.010426800698041916, -0.19630680978298187, -0.27825117111206055, 0.0786600261926651, 0.7130880951881409, -0.14424234628677368, 0.36349087953567505, 0.42850837111473083, 0.25203126668930054, -0.20796515047550201, 0.18228456377983093, 0.4562596082687378, 0.11019068956375122, 0.13505786657333374, 0.42817366123199463, 0.2780191898345947, 0.028300197795033455, 0.038008689880371094, 0.28935497999191284, 0.36550867557525635, 0.6494237184524536, -0.44354090094566345, -0.23179113864898682, -0.5038245320320129, 0.3713080585002899, 0.33510512113571167, 0.7367027401924133, -0.7469124794006348, -0.3922383487224579, 0.02905787155032158, 0.2007448673248291, 0.12700015306472778, 0.12819400429725647, 0.02779211848974228, 0.40211451053619385, -0.1877308338880539, 0.16636185348033905, 0.6811259388923645, -0.11769349873065948, -0.37299102544784546, 0.1795058399438858, -0.34175050258636475, 0.5213446021080017, -0.21860186755657196, -0.4692900776863098, 0.8429484367370605, -0.004092181567102671, 0.2759738862514496, -0.33490467071533203, -0.06754950433969498, 0.5947458744049072, -0.4903644025325775, -0.719328761100769, 0.26801207661628723, 0.013431224972009659, 0.3315638303756714, -0.16134540736675262, -0.27895107865333557, 0.27101460099220276, -0.4616852104663849, -0.45341113209724426, 0.4574878513813019, -0.17019303143024445, -0.3739446699619293, -0.0837220549583435, 0.370904803276062, -0.16144877672195435, -0.04619203880429268, 0.3792427182197571, -0.15752574801445007, -0.05432695522904396, 0.4061211049556732, -0.24905002117156982, 0.6255791783332825, -0.18596740067005157, 0.21045227348804474, 0.14459346234798431, 0.1378639042377472, 0.48252034187316895, 0.3153092563152313, 0.5643297433853149, -0.19183337688446045, 0.006779166404157877, -0.6902750730514526, 0.0704772099852562, -0.29648110270500183, 0.37133172154426575, 0.511035680770874, -0.13967573642730713, 0.09393464773893356, -0.2889789044857025, 0.018894631415605545, 0.2149653285741806, -0.1902693510055542, 0.1271936148405075, 0.5638992786407471, 0.6594435572624207, -0.4215986430644989, -0.08567214757204056, -0.010937117971479893, 0.20700183510780334, -0.07682115584611893, 0.5107209086418152, 0.36157047748565674, 0.3711332082748413, 0.19036421179771423, 0.31237518787384033, 0.3679691255092621, -0.19448362290859222, 0.012732716277241707, -0.5578974485397339, -0.1720844954252243, -0.47187575697898865, -0.4448491930961609, -0.3847217857837677, -0.08359331637620926, -0.3018850088119507, 0.7692930698394775, -0.2711457908153534, 0.15330617129802704, -0.01439743209630251, -0.03525427728891373, -0.136838898062706, 0.08795416355133057, -0.006359749007970095, 0.44654664397239685, -0.8990440964698792, -0.9760863780975342, -0.21944113075733185, -0.09009966999292374, 0.5583484172821045, -0.12453944981098175, -0.4607905149459839, -0.20845356583595276, -0.22516797482967377, -0.6309934258460999, 0.15815488994121552, -0.08899950236082077, -0.023838644847273827, 0.13076722621917725, -0.16248606145381927, 0.3881186842918396, 0.20166826248168945, -0.12822656333446503, -0.13755957782268524, 0.32418960332870483, 0.6676559448242188, -0.3956327438354492, 0.05611602962017059, -0.3134400248527527, -0.01513930968940258, -0.29798662662506104, 0.49619990587234497, 0.2216789722442627, -0.26322999596595764, 0.006949245929718018, -5.883770942687988, -0.3562120795249939, -0.3051764667034149, -0.06558097153902054, 0.5917598009109497, -0.009599162265658379, 0.2975911796092987, 0.08817333728075027, 0.2971535325050354, -0.17578323185443878, 0.32560086250305176, -0.025990940630435944, 0.28812411427497864, -0.2675113081932068, 0.0585252083837986, 0.06718851625919342, 0.28047946095466614, -0.20196393132209778, -0.10976820439100266, -0.5356746912002563, 0.16774985194206238, -0.006940457969903946, 0.18700601160526276, 0.031073560938239098, 0.023723896592855453, 0.7853352427482605, -0.4519023597240448, -0.08013814687728882, -0.6561450362205505, -0.017211128026247025, 0.2791115939617157, -0.46592655777931213, 0.17455583810806274, -0.4496242105960846, -0.3198349177837372, -0.30686599016189575, 0.19527147710323334, 0.33666232228279114, 0.5165548324584961, -0.2039513736963272, -0.3965040445327759, 0.09414259344339371, -0.09334848076105118, -0.6328316926956177, 0.565264880657196, 0.0401160903275013, -0.10987471789121628, 0.013206292875111103, -0.38792675733566284, 0.6801212430000305, 0.6387902498245239, 0.3190528452396393, 0.6599910259246826, 0.2413390725851059, 0.2989565134048462, 0.004409359768033028, -0.20289826393127441, -0.7318214178085327, -0.3633727431297302, -0.1087653711438179, 0.4506387412548065, 0.25052106380462646, 0.25831037759780884, -0.17768432199954987, -0.5869312286376953, -0.5782725214958191, -0.2930752635002136, 0.7534990310668945, 0.4662529528141022, 0.30553582310676575, 0.0015709965955466032, -0.10263390839099884, -0.5807430744171143, -0.7126871347427368, -0.20372606813907623, -0.4769418239593506, 0.5913153886795044, 0.5431782603263855, -0.07159601897001266, -0.4016796350479126, -0.28484946489334106, -0.016229849308729172, -0.21876630187034607, 0.2510640025138855, -0.02366873435676098, -0.15532119572162628, -0.10298668593168259, 0.47796472907066345, 0.36619070172309875, -0.17045316100120544, -0.4553752839565277, -0.1907966136932373, 0.23843316733837128, 0.05822214484214783, 0.06480652838945389, -0.29834723472595215, 0.10735207051038742, -0.13906586170196533, -0.24958869814872742, -0.662929356098175, 0.2840336263179779, -0.1653258055448532, 0.4395938515663147, -1.1201982498168945, -0.3635806739330292, -0.4920050799846649, -0.31351372599601746, 0.22328418493270874, 0.0708966851234436, -0.18295612931251526, -0.18574677407741547, -0.4686052203178406, -0.37453725934028625, -0.3153618276119232, 0.46157416701316833, 0.1049581840634346, -0.3604743480682373, 0.30800867080688477, 0.3379518389701843, -0.2003961205482483, -0.32413533329963684, 0.3697827160358429, -0.008761050179600716, 0.2008478045463562, 0.27592939138412476, 0.12900438904762268, -0.10154826194047928, 0.2899281680583954, 0.24833713471889496, 0.36798304319381714, 0.4824523627758026, -0.1268189400434494, 0.40477582812309265, 0.17713916301727295, 0.10895625501871109, 0.4726300537586212, -0.31669488549232483, -0.09640151262283325, 0.06881613284349442, -0.5433270931243896, 0.2176664024591446, 0.15596888959407806, -0.0639636442065239, -0.2831070125102997, 0.4381057620048523, 0.7611448764801025, -0.38539552688598633, 0.13890480995178223, 0.1530454307794571, 0.7264694571495056, -0.18929122388362885, -0.6464400887489319, 0.7911556363105774, -1.000722050666809, 0.5645304322242737, -0.1531950831413269, 0.04455598071217537, -0.26648280024528503, -0.15127505362033844, -0.42323580384254456, 0.13230620324611664, -0.7218772172927856, -0.9502564668655396, -0.014779486693441868, 0.21370865404605865, 0.2073216587305069, -0.7174493074417114, -0.15510401129722595, -0.05361708626151085, 0.20349068939685822, 0.22668801248073578, -0.5449042916297913, -0.6292722821235657, 0.011900137178599834, 0.3554040789604187, -0.3435083031654358, -0.15614984929561615, -0.5931687355041504, 0.09669147431850433, 0.01634230650961399, 0.21130697429180145, -0.5826472640037537, -0.18044225871562958, 0.5299742817878723, 0.13166259229183197, -0.06839214265346527, 0.19098347425460815, 0.17250624299049377, 0.13057084381580353, 0.5221760272979736, 0.4829152822494507, -0.18061354756355286, 0.09013050049543381, -0.07385661453008652, -0.3266098201274872, -0.002883525798097253, -0.041603393852710724, 0.29664167761802673, -0.3777158856391907, -0.16994605958461761, 0.1574075073003769, 0.36748233437538147, -0.11741320788860321, -0.03985786437988281, 0.5512732267379761, -0.28671711683273315, 0.08427771180868149, -0.23473617434501648, -0.4234287738800049, 0.00977484229952097, 0.10930528491735458, -0.07860339432954788, 0.41848301887512207, 0.6945589780807495, -0.06178130581974983, -0.17286524176597595, 0.14262887835502625, -0.12781402468681335, 0.143109992146492, -0.018575794994831085, -0.42040616273880005, 0.1706216037273407, -0.38191089034080505, -0.1739063560962677, -0.11292023956775665, 0.7397963404655457, 0.566332995891571, -0.8146366477012634, -0.2278401255607605, -0.21570536494255066, 0.5261936783790588, -0.6068376302719116, -0.5947339534759521, -0.42800551652908325, 1.0660603046417236, 0.031372882425785065, 0.2855423092842102, 0.3810960054397583, 0.004629466682672501, 0.33394986391067505, 0.5264472365379333, 0.5767622590065002, 0.44418787956237793, -0.7625579237937927, -0.2961789667606354, -0.03846581280231476, 0.5714924931526184, -0.49185091257095337, -0.1430143415927887, 0.6209812164306641, 0.5180651545524597, -0.5645524859428406, -0.1773347109556198, 0.6886275410652161, 0.7255187630653381, -0.48951786756515503, 0.19122688472270966, 0.059577956795692444, -0.06061405688524246, 0.11827415227890015, -0.16934265196323395, -0.0967223197221756, -0.629085898399353, 0.7455939650535583, -0.16204138100147247, 0.15791544318199158, -0.7374167442321777, -0.12977874279022217, -0.3795454800128937, -0.2237624078989029, -0.04069633036851883, 0.3294699192047119, 0.38460609316825867, 0.38048991560935974, -0.10285124182701111, 0.284283846616745, 0.048327669501304626, 0.007519978564232588, -0.18293611705303192, 0.12060384452342987, 0.1833259016275406, 0.078475721180439, -0.03954070061445236, -0.30789339542388916, 0.20035281777381897, -0.8474827408790588, -0.6583738923072815, 0.8285002708435059, 0.3638644814491272, -0.25034815073013306, -0.19096863269805908, -0.039573825895786285, -0.18482409417629242, 0.0038133023772388697, -0.3307356536388397, -0.20515532791614532, 0.01591280847787857, 0.8720882534980774, 0.3625781238079071, 0.2061966508626938, -0.9324982166290283, 0.8610371351242065, -0.19872073829174042, -0.5674508810043335, 0.3676668405532837, -0.056777987629175186, -0.4140946865081787, 0.15251556038856506, -0.37502193450927734, 0.3635156750679016, 0.6824588179588318, -0.35120609402656555, 0.01774941198527813, 0.4339621365070343, -0.5606656670570374, 0.2424924224615097, -0.055821601301431656, -0.4072965085506439, 0.07560425996780396, 0.09750176966190338, -0.33349910378456116, 0.6141035556793213, 0.6980119943618774, 0.5030132532119751, -0.0942266657948494, 0.32353848218917847, -0.01900758594274521, -0.6301417350769043, 0.15060323476791382, 0.11977411061525345, 0.4656393527984619, -0.09342382103204727, -0.26437076926231384, 0.39165952801704407, -0.45133882761001587, -0.551524817943573, -0.370714008808136, -0.4692533016204834, -0.15734241902828217, 0.45680949091911316, 0.2348542958498001, -0.003764612367376685, -0.39058125019073486, -0.3124265968799591, 0.37200236320495605, 0.19163203239440918, -0.04028746858239174, -0.12779127061367035, 0.46863555908203125, 0.13193504512310028, 0.269906222820282, -0.3939138650894165, 0.048968199640512466, 0.34925946593284607, 0.03679756820201874, 0.012228356674313545, 0.5739234685897827, -0.52008455991745, 0.05781564116477966, -0.2938181161880493, -0.12095709890127182, 0.2190280705690384, -0.059024397283792496, -0.15875723958015442, -0.3800516426563263, -0.4119085967540741, 0.5626127123832703, -0.2767058312892914, 0.09671933203935623, -0.12108916789293289, -0.1192336156964302, 0.022495893761515617, -0.05315990000963211, 0.16573786735534668, -0.12425637245178223, 0.3136961758136749, -0.06634408235549927, 0.19162099063396454, 0.19063477218151093, 0.9729231595993042, -0.2706508934497833, -0.2599543631076813, -0.27255988121032715, -0.4854050278663635, -0.6228717565536499, -0.07139875739812851, -0.05050373449921608, 0.2809239327907562, -0.015150805935263634, 0.7700129747390747, 0.3314182162284851, 0.02945406548678875, -0.3187867999076843, 0.42770543694496155, 0.42405885457992554, -0.7471991777420044, 0.026285512372851372, 0.10731052607297897, 0.5517216324806213, 1.1504456996917725, -0.03357755020260811, -0.43178990483283997, 0.2769775986671448, -0.12530118227005005, 0.10151135921478271, 0.35510140657424927, 0.26868540048599243, -0.20575323700904846, 0.028447194024920464, -0.38812199234962463, 0.235028937458992, -0.12428418546915054, -0.45204946398735046, 0.030552495270967484, -0.13397136330604553, -0.6178408861160278, 0.46833106875419617, 0.16006819903850555, 0.15204764902591705, -1.0603468418121338, 0.17851035296916962, -0.023767560720443726, 0.9446091651916504, 0.7393967509269714, -0.12528912723064423, -0.4002282917499542, 0.013114984147250652, -0.26171639561653137, -0.758633017539978, 0.3458891212940216, -0.8536123037338257, -0.5749620795249939, -0.6738006472587585, -0.014877606183290482, -0.268960177898407, -0.469158798456192, -0.08483371138572693, 0.13937680423259735, 0.08060936629772186, -0.5011935234069824, -0.04800325259566307, 0.18248394131660461, 0.3584666848182678, -0.46095284819602966, 0.553307294845581, 0.24755829572677612, 0.15808896720409393, 0.2607478201389313, -0.640895426273346, 0.18920502066612244, 0.05964793637394905, 0.34968647360801697, 0.6063135266304016, 0.11597983539104462, -0.21356214582920074, 0.0838337242603302, 0.17971384525299072, -0.15836571156978607, 0.23067606985569, 0.6821236610412598 ]
230657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiCipher%202	DigiCipher 2	DigiCipher 2, or simply DCII, is a proprietary standard format of digital signal transmission and it doubles as an encryption standard with MPEG-2/MPEG-4 signal video compression used on many communications satellite television and audio signals. The DCII standard was originally developed in 1997 by General Instrument, which then became the Home and Network Mobility division of Motorola, then bought by Google in Aug 2011, and lastly became the Home portion of the division to Arris. The original attempt for a North American digital signal encryption and compression standard was DigiCipher 1, which was used most notably in the now-defunct PrimeStar medium-power direct broadcast satellite (DBS) system during the early 1990s. The DCII standard predates wide acceptance of DVB-based digital terrestrial television compression (although not cable or satellite DVB) and therefore is incompatible with the DVB standard. Approximately 70% of newer first-generation digital cable networks in North America use the 4DTV/DigiCipher 2 format. The use of DCII is most prevalent in North American digital cable television set-top boxes. DCII is also used on Motorola's 4DTV digital satellite television tuner and Shaw Direct's DBS receiver. The DigiCipher 2 encryption standard was reverse engineered in 2016. Technical specifications DigiCipher II uses QPSK and BPSK at the same time. The primary difference between DigiCipher 2 and DVB lies in how each standard handles SI metadata, or System Information, where DVB reserves packet identifiers from 16 to 31 for metadata, DigiCipher reserves only packet identifier 8187 for its master guide table which acts as a look-up table for all other metadata tables. DigiCipher 2 also extends the MPEG program number that is assigned for each service in a transport stream with the concept of a virtual channel number, whereas the DVB system never defined this type of remapping preferring to use a registry of network identifiers to further differentiate program numbers from those used in other transport streams. There are also private non-standard additions to DVB that add virtual channel remapping using logical channel numbers. Also unlike DVB, all text used in descriptors can be compressed using standard Huffman coding which saves on broadcast bandwidth and loading times. DigiCipher II uses Dolby Digital AC-3 audio for all channels, although MPEG-1 Level 2 audio is not supported. External links Technical page on digital satellite signals Historical Perspective: HBO Implements Scrambling References Cryptographic protocols Digital television History of television Television terminology Conditional-access television broadcasting	[ 0.24491897225379944, -0.42069631814956665, 0.354544073343277, 0.5462538003921509, -0.37682557106018066, -0.5337174534797668, -0.27538880705833435, 0.07097211480140686, -0.02874274179339409, -0.35924994945526123, -0.5848654508590698, 0.29765158891677856, -0.43593281507492065, 0.07126305997371674, 0.04510200023651123, 0.23630017042160034, 0.49820834398269653, 0.2709161937236786, -0.2941953241825104, -0.5277000069618225, 0.016933532431721687, -0.12978267669677734, -0.5394613146781921, -0.5202545523643494, -0.027993643656373024, 0.26513391733169556, 0.24753324687480927, 0.13807125389575958, -0.01933106780052185, -0.2629665434360504, 0.09026217460632324, -0.6116535067558289, 0.01162790972739458, 0.08705810457468033, 0.4927954077720642, 0.15663279592990875, -0.49605318903923035, -0.32106634974479675, 0.04291300103068352, -0.21611055731773376, 0.09075924754142761, -0.292808473110199, 0.05934535339474678, 0.353036105632782, -0.25163668394088745, -0.007089370395988226, -1.098154067993164, 0.5160762071609497, -0.5621045231819153, 0.20253725349903107, -0.29666668176651, 0.1114746555685997, -0.21458971500396729, 0.5466035604476929, 0.45437732338905334, 0.24384386837482452, -0.07686858624219894, -0.2166699469089508, 0.15528476238250732, 0.10623281449079514, 0.21041826903820038, -0.44263285398483276, -0.21670156717300415, 0.0755482167005539, -0.006555734667927027, -0.17711128294467926, -0.30506637692451477, 0.5074992775917053, -0.8881286382675171, -0.8891308903694153, 0.14675050973892212, -0.13978330790996552, -0.022612610831856728, 0.18615733087062836, -0.16624081134796143, -0.15744632482528687, -0.0969172790646553, 0.0443645678460598, 0.4452657699584961, 0.3738587498664856, 0.14115501940250397, 0.3985541760921478, 0.20934951305389404, -0.4163665771484375, 0.21099922060966492, 0.25238269567489624, -0.05224168673157692, 0.06968123465776443, -0.5808003544807434, 0.0652352124452591, -0.305075079202652, -0.11805842816829681, 0.36294025182724, 0.22439678013324738, 0.2141270935535431, 0.08481050282716751, -0.5612736940383911, -0.6293208599090576, 0.6250132322311401, 0.10978776216506958, -0.24472551047801971, 0.011499631218612194, -0.15041488409042358, -0.3981543481349945, -0.5388468503952026, -0.2409077137708664, -0.7288904786109924, -0.7265217304229736, -0.7254528403282166, 0.5451430678367615, 0.04094738885760307, 0.05993198975920677, 0.188291996717453, -0.3561604917049408, -0.2408827245235443, 0.26327231526374817, 0.140827015042305, -0.34439617395401, -0.03969632834196091, 0.5186006426811218, -0.010250519029796124, 0.7623687982559204, 0.10208997875452042, -0.20689624547958374, 0.1475040763616562, -0.003812436480075121, 0.42263904213905334, 0.41764959692955017, -0.24321870505809784, 0.2267647385597229, 0.2744860053062439, 0.7103531956672668, 0.41077885031700134, -0.061684589833021164, 0.23889675736427307, -0.8998787999153137, -0.012678890489041805, -0.2361723780632019, -0.17806927859783173, -0.48328110575675964, 0.11386643350124359, -0.000575266545638442, -0.47295594215393066, -0.3775072693824768, 0.15890544652938843, 0.4604916274547577, -0.5255340933799744, -0.17122234404087067, -0.39636939764022827, -0.26686808466911316, -0.11046627163887024, 0.06521064043045044, 0.4370177388191223, -0.03815405070781708, -0.39856240153312683, 0.5906839370727539, 0.46500128507614136, -0.003826775122433901, -0.005782142747193575, 0.529441773891449, 0.47464069724082947, -0.10633370280265808, -0.49653947353363037, -0.06728600710630417, -0.08065900951623917, -0.22619308531284332, 0.7446267604827881, 0.6225818991661072, 0.2552416920661926, 0.011822100728750229, -0.16109201312065125, -0.593849241733551, 0.04513442516326904, 0.02768462710082531, 0.21551278233528137, 0.05078055337071419, 0.3655773997306824, 0.2780471742153168, 0.4008035659790039, -0.4907977283000946, -0.8060005307197571, -0.19473671913146973, 0.21560132503509521, -0.23571059107780457, 0.46294742822647095, 0.0717599093914032, 0.8159598112106323, 0.18733450770378113, 0.2741793096065521, 0.1346326768398285, -0.30684319138526917, -0.1290888488292694, -0.4233088493347168, -0.6139250993728638, 0.8146588802337646, -0.3191017210483551, -0.13338617980480194, 0.5708531141281128, 0.09480831772089005, 0.30958640575408936, -0.12524737417697906, 0.08833642303943634, 0.7384265661239624, 0.06028033047914505, 0.01630917377769947, 0.024759704247117043, 0.36451059579849243, 0.2476341724395752, -0.18635235726833344, 0.11010254919528961, 0.5532405972480774, -0.01075589470565319, 0.42604050040245056, -0.2322537899017334, -0.06020907685160637, -0.383053719997406, -0.25193169713020325, 0.052687644958496094, 0.13181591033935547, 0.12787730991840363, 0.5940616130828857, -0.2138255536556244, -0.4347781836986542, 0.49142420291900635, -0.5279793739318848, 1.1766688823699951, 0.10241347551345825, 0.2868473529815674, 0.9358527660369873, -0.002282333094626665, -0.43885505199432373, 0.03191623464226723, 0.1212736964225769, -0.2430906891822815, -0.43631711602211, 0.04141722619533539, 0.3475782573223114, -0.4019840955734253, 0.872162938117981, -0.2528282403945923, 0.4816509187221527, -0.030993828549981117, 0.12118349969387054, -0.43480604887008667, 0.37706470489501953, -0.04528742656111717, 0.07932189106941223, 0.2629745602607727, 0.10589248687028885, -0.12759312987327576, 0.6388460993766785, 0.2809707820415497, -0.17442405223846436, -0.6212309002876282, 0.5025153756141663, 0.30820930004119873, 0.01251930184662342, -0.10766701400279999, 0.03580300509929657, 0.28566786646842957, -0.3751969039440155, 0.27935343980789185, -0.10707157105207443, -0.14195992052555084, -0.08654845505952835, -0.49867144227027893, -0.28133252263069153, 0.33592498302459717, 0.4282289445400238, 0.1351616233587265, 0.3461206257343292, 0.3890007436275482, -0.17010831832885742, -0.23368576169013977, -0.8059017658233643, -0.49747949838638306, 0.9621224999427795, 0.6812700629234314, -0.4346097707748413, -1.0484405755996704, 0.4128206670284271, -0.20705246925354004, 0.4498886466026306, 0.09749051183462143, -0.8925515413284302, 0.14751394093036652, -0.21347416937351227, -0.9803548455238342, -0.5636247992515564, -0.28159865736961365, -0.13423356413841248, 0.380161851644516, 0.18205887079238892, 0.47854748368263245, -0.22642488777637482, 0.4469085931777954, -0.001234025927260518, -0.48464787006378174, 0.4945621192455292, 0.08053888380527496, -0.1537296622991562, -0.018360409885644913, -0.4126356840133667, -0.33722710609436035, 0.09321166574954987, -0.2807082533836365, -0.023328600451350212, 0.19966356456279755, -5.909117221832275, 0.2289581000804901, -0.2529269754886627, 0.08859795331954956, 0.14733487367630005, -0.05962594226002693, 0.43565309047698975, 0.1115790605545044, 0.09110931307077408, -0.3278731405735016, -0.19590114057064056, 0.18349255621433258, -0.02871665172278881, 0.011192146688699722, 0.18890760838985443, 0.17081362009048462, 0.1777229905128479, 0.36513182520866394, 0.315961092710495, 0.5256212949752808, -0.21552608907222748, 0.05055239051580429, 0.5964505672454834, -0.049598049372434616, 0.32238927483558655, -0.4038301706314087, -0.9436146020889282, 0.4854568541049957, -0.09803660213947296, -0.3343636393547058, 0.5342081189155579, -0.2762031853199005, -0.006670122034847736, 0.15570852160453796, -0.20438377559185028, 0.12201610207557678, 1.0557256937026978, 0.11045873165130615, 0.280444860458374, -0.5762084126472473, 0.53789883852005, 0.0036925405729562044, -0.1376791149377823, -0.07968725264072418, 0.6337444186210632, -0.049748145043849945, -0.1447691172361374, 0.14273270964622498, -0.4634968340396881, 0.7818129658699036, -0.19581006467342377, 0.3247232437133789, -0.38136026263237, 0.21798239648342133, -0.23412121832370758, -0.3235335648059845, 0.5124569535255432, 0.19174650311470032, -0.43714210391044617, 0.004204557277262211, 0.41898873448371887, -0.21619226038455963, -0.23028847575187683, -0.33328476548194885, -0.09459997713565826, 0.11199118942022324, -0.4701440930366516, -0.42644378542900085, 0.4640069007873535, 0.4766072928905487, -0.5533185005187988, 0.2858295738697052, 0.5990468263626099, -0.6961092352867126, 0.5546188950538635, -0.5367196202278137, 0.33551934361457825, -0.21254946291446686, -0.3329562246799469, 0.28341013193130493, 0.21872156858444214, -0.7448230385780334, -0.34430131316185, 0.6944469213485718, -0.18393512070178986, -0.7330708503723145, -0.03903156891465187, -0.060248732566833496, 0.6960188150405884, -0.20164801180362701, 0.44406944513320923, -0.6790174841880798, -0.18480494618415833, 0.3506472110748291, 0.1611337661743164, -0.07081341743469238, 0.08397927135229111, 0.5889670848846436, 0.6949213743209839, -0.008444735780358315, 0.43436211347579956, -0.007801832165569067, -0.15430472791194916, -1.0044556856155396, 0.04518629238009453, -0.24899420142173767, -0.25985798239707947, 0.180409237742424, 0.10373927652835846, -0.16755473613739014, -0.08456511795520782, 0.4312656819820404, -0.4884475767612457, -0.3158441185951233, 0.3985033333301544, 0.22881953418254852, 0.13626284897327423, -0.027116023004055023, 0.5383869409561157, -0.2427000105381012, 0.03932926803827286, 0.6690879464149475, 0.17409726977348328, -0.11860455572605133, -0.32428213953971863, -0.042093757539987564, -0.3695423901081085, 0.19032812118530273, -0.16508470475673676, -0.23239478468894958, 0.4245736002922058, 0.17876259982585907, -0.03689510375261307, -0.17984934151172638, 0.11633036285638809, -0.689157247543335, -0.2800300419330597, 0.16719207167625427, 0.17141234874725342, -0.6953003406524658, 0.22502756118774414, -0.055730272084474564, 0.06619736552238464, 0.19270558655261993, 0.7026408910751343, -0.08290985971689224, -0.12630756199359894, -0.19562356173992157, -0.4594181478023529, -0.3057405948638916, 0.18438681960105896, -0.8230000138282776, 0.7073279023170471, -0.42309316992759705, 0.03936120867729187, 0.41023316979408264, 0.12939360737800598, 0.36093759536743164, 0.2750228941440582, -0.5954415202140808, 0.339350163936615, 0.12765125930309296, -0.8214526176452637, 0.06657053530216217, 0.5517615079879761, 0.376595675945282, -0.3939184546470642, -0.4206797182559967, -0.41210106015205383, -0.18623174726963043, -0.02580980956554413, -0.04818975552916527, -0.5908271670341492, 0.12335127592086792, 0.4729872941970825, 0.5223374962806702, -0.03645021468400955, 0.3237285614013672, 0.2939162254333496, 0.4190405309200287, 0.2000775784254074, -0.45027127861976624, -0.33808714151382446, 0.24212127923965454, 0.500633716583252, -0.11618176847696304, -0.09017852693796158, -0.2934262454509735, -0.33332595229148865, -0.17657199501991272, 0.06711803376674652, 0.4780995845794678, 0.2608591914176941, 0.023733852431178093, 0.0006068134680390358, -0.5499510765075684, 0.00689763855189085, 0.6208952069282532, 0.21882976591587067, -0.6178993582725525, -0.3070194125175476, 0.7409278750419617, -0.33910292387008667, 0.30177029967308044, 0.04496245086193085, -0.21199345588684082, 0.20398211479187012, 0.2683286666870117, 0.10509651154279709, 0.001297743059694767, 0.2663417458534241, -0.4807984232902527, -0.4316374361515045, -0.40483543276786804, -0.18925385177135468, 0.42565983533859253, -0.377234548330307, -0.6775423884391785, -0.03334089368581772, -0.6362036466598511, -0.09766954928636551, -0.44447657465934753, 0.3273434042930603, 0.3836778402328491, -0.2437872588634491, 0.3521679639816284, 0.23387587070465088, -0.6352865695953369, -0.06693805754184723, -0.1864808052778244, 0.1227177232503891, -0.03421371802687645, -0.13478218019008636, 0.46371719241142273, -0.6899033784866333, -0.34506791830062866, -0.42116421461105347, 0.7849476337432861, -0.24099847674369812, 0.19487421214580536, 0.1515585482120514, 0.34007003903388977, -0.31142133474349976, -0.6584585309028625, -0.4121069312095642, 0.5097795724868774, 0.03290782868862152, -0.3605966866016388, -0.7001238465309143, -0.11242654174566269, 0.05336403474211693, -0.2834039628505707, -0.3705486059188843, -0.3150036334991455, 1.0720949172973633, -0.4134818911552429, 0.2308555692434311, -0.7205182909965515, -0.15300911664962769, 0.01401540543884039, -0.20719896256923676, -0.14349548518657684, -0.23401035368442535, 0.052769456058740616, 0.043703287839889526, -0.18137234449386597, 0.2833728492259979, -0.4421902596950531, -0.33435067534446716, -0.4920402467250824, -0.6410515308380127, -0.46056443452835083, 0.4173857569694519, 0.28068605065345764, -0.2680867314338684, 0.11497446894645691, 0.2520963251590729, 0.07653976231813431, 0.17731550335884094, -0.013689137063920498, -0.39449620246887207, -0.2379595786333084, 0.4436713755130768, -0.38706710934638977, -0.05338890478014946, -0.1560329645872116, 0.1710962951183319, 0.328461617231369, 0.1163371354341507, 0.3385573923587799, -0.10574856400489807, 0.5321356654167175, -0.4004247188568115, -0.0027199354954063892, -0.2966463267803192, 0.1447542905807495, 0.08633425831794739, -0.18905742466449738, 0.030764825642108917, -0.7751703858375549, 0.4293077886104584, 0.5554339289665222, 0.6136757135391235, -0.3962995707988739, 0.29714637994766235, -0.011421393603086472, 0.2733229696750641, -0.15267612040042877, -0.2702517807483673, 0.0677388608455658, 0.10070469230413437, 0.1771833747625351, 0.4345248341560364, 0.5693996548652649, -0.2130451649427414, 0.11682453751564026, 0.7646434903144836, 0.5088433027267456, 0.04682701453566551, 0.2008131891489029, 0.17998620867729187, 0.019840409979224205, 0.3358045518398285, -0.007336833048611879, -0.7996602654457092, 0.48831871151924133, -0.32609835267066956, -0.2421591430902481, 0.5000705718994141, -0.15772777795791626, 0.5888576507568359, -0.13955022394657135, -0.2889340817928314, 0.9794161915779114, -0.0033498844131827354, -0.4548412263393402, 0.2486521601676941, 0.3757956326007843, -0.09277427196502686, 0.24261963367462158, 0.352368026971817, 1.026129961013794, -0.42848217487335205, 0.0626084953546524, -0.4827253520488739, 0.7728497982025146, -0.8209967613220215, -0.04926382750272751, 0.15121452510356903, 0.5489588975906372, 0.2703220546245575, 0.46587124466896057, -0.05332735553383827, 0.12271973490715027, -0.4042245149612427, -0.02841540053486824, 0.1946791112422943, -0.8275754451751709, 0.2894483804702759, -0.29479730129241943, 0.37188392877578735, 0.4944843053817749, -0.25296539068222046, 0.22321246564388275, -0.8060649037361145, -0.5607790946960449, 0.3332192301750183, 0.1026729866862297, 0.26342493295669556, -0.13765422999858856, -0.06652365624904633, 0.7873906493186951, -0.14788025617599487, -0.024381762370467186, -0.11155785620212555, -0.08556807041168213, 0.1887313276529312, 0.1354987621307373, -0.5207096338272095, 0.06385296583175659, -0.3327261507511139, -0.2604208290576935, 0.3010276257991791, -0.7420300841331482, -0.30321061611175537, -0.23047757148742676, 0.11193203926086426, 0.34607967734336853, -0.21182958781719208, 0.18519249558448792, -0.22358030080795288, -0.7101588249206543, -0.06845369189977646, -0.0946154072880745, -0.32804542779922485, -0.23035204410552979, 0.34220823645591736, 0.5298361778259277, 0.1334313601255417, 0.3522706925868988, -0.07433011382818222, 0.25479990243911743, 0.29052209854125977, -0.3598082959651947, -0.36981239914894104, 0.3385396897792816, -0.48568931221961975, 0.03702368587255478, -0.78110271692276, 0.21687357127666473, 0.7484931349754333, -0.07795780897140503, -0.3299030065536499, -0.3225887417793274, -0.5156833529472351, 0.47090771794319153, 0.9413726329803467, -0.3172166347503662, 0.35250112414360046, 0.20271888375282288, -0.5566132068634033, -0.47809451818466187, -0.1346026062965393, 0.34231528639793396, -0.292224645614624, 0.19043844938278198, 0.5226742625236511, 0.3050904870033264, -0.754127025604248, 0.49165400862693787, 0.07308732718229294, -0.5120226740837097, -0.3513108491897583, 0.4634644687175751, -0.4320972263813019, -0.2871321737766266, -0.6941854357719421, 0.4794429540634155, -0.028902219608426094, -0.4411064088344574, 0.059042274951934814, -0.02212970145046711, -0.1453009992837906, -0.25428786873817444, -0.4339264929294586, 0.32875022292137146, 0.1523263305425644, -0.12074961513280869, -0.5061094164848328, 0.46655136346817017, 0.605175793170929, -0.43030449748039246, 0.20005682110786438, -0.2947056293487549, -0.0992957353591919, 0.3797350227832794, 0.528020977973938, -0.0759773850440979, 0.4622843563556671, 0.7012755870819092 ]
230661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec%20Issigonis	Alec Issigonis	Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis (18 November 1906 – 2 October 1988) was a British-Greek automotive designer. He designed the Mini, launched by the British Motor Corporation in 1959, and voted the second most influential car of the 20th century in 1999. Early life and education Issigonis was born on 18 November 1906 in the Ottoman port city of Smyrna, the only child of Constantine Issigonis and Hulda Prokopp. His paternal grandfather, Demosthenis, had migrated to Smyrna from the Greek island of Paros in the 1830s and Constantine was a successful and wealthy shipbuilding engineer. His maternal ancestors originated in the Kingdom of Württemberg. It was through his mother's kinships that Issigonis was a first cousin once removed to BMW and Volkswagen director Bernd Pischetsrieder. As British subjects - his father having naturalised whilst studying engineering in London in 1897 - Issigonis and his parents were evacuated to Malta by the Royal Navy in September 1922 ahead of the Great Fire of Smyrna and the Turkish capture of Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War. His father died shortly after and Issigonis and his mother moved to the United Kingdom in 1923. Issigonis studied engineering at Battersea Polytechnic in London. Having failed his mathematics exams three times, subsequently declaring it 'the most uncreative subject you can study', Issigonis decided to enter the University of London External Programme to complete his university education. Career Issigonis went into the motor industry as an engineer and designer working for Humber and competed successfully in motor racing during the 1930s and 1940s. Starting around 1930, he raced a supercharged "Ulster" Austin Seven, later fitting it with a front axle of his own design, leading to employment at Austin. This greatly modified machine was replaced with a radical special completed in 1939, constructed of plywood laminated in aluminium sheeting. The suspension was also of advanced design, with trailing arm front suspension attached to a steel cross-member, and swing axle rear, all with rubber springs made of catapult elastic. This car was remarkably light, weighing 587 lb, of which the engine contributed 252 lb. By the time the chassis had been completed (hard labour—it was all done by hand, no power tools), Issigonis had moved to Morris Motors Limited, but Austin supplied a "works" specification supercharged side-valve engine. Issigonis usually won, even when entered in the 1100cc class if there was no 750cc category. Most events entered were sprints, but he also raced at circuits. In 1936, he moved to Morris Motors Limited at Cowley working on an independent front suspension system for the Morris 10. The war prevented this design from going into production but it was later used on the MG Y-type. He worked on various projects for Morris through the war and towards its end started work on an advanced post war car codenamed Mosquito that became the Morris Minor, which was produced from 1948 until 1971. In 1952, just as the British Motor Corporation (BMC) was formed by the merger of Morris and Austin, he moved to Alvis Cars where he designed an advanced saloon with all-aluminium V-8 engine, and experimented with interconnected independent suspension systems. This prototype was never manufactured because its cost was beyond Alvis's resources. At the end of 1955, Issigonis was recruited back into BMC, this time into the Austin plant at Longbridge, by its chairman Sir Leonard Lord, to design a new model family of three cars. The XC (experimental car) code names assigned for the new cars were XC/9001, for a large comfortable car, XC/9002, for a medium-sized family car, and XC/9003, for a small town car. During 1956 Issigonis concentrated on the larger two cars, producing several prototypes for testing. However, at the end of 1956, following fuel rationing brought about by the Suez Crisis, Issigonis was ordered by Lord to bring the smaller car, XC/9003, to production as quickly as possible. By early 1957, prototypes were running, and by mid-1957 the project was given an official drawing office project number (ADO15) so that the thousands of drawings required for production could be produced. In August 1959 the car was launched as the Morris Mini Minor and the Austin Seven, which soon became known as the Austin Mini. In later years, the car would become known simply as the Mini. Due to time pressures, the interconnected suspension system that Issigonis had planned for the car was replaced by an equally novel, but cruder, rubber cone system designed by Alex Moulton. The Mini went on to become the best selling British car in history with a production run of 5.3 million cars. This ground-breaking design, with its front wheel drive, transverse engine, sump gearbox, 10-inch wheels, and phenomenal space efficiency, was still being manufactured in 2000 and has been the inspiration for almost all small front-wheel drive cars produced since the early 1960s. In 1961, with the Mini gaining popularity, Issigonis was promoted to Technical Director of BMC. He continued to be responsible for his original XC projects. XC/9002 became ADO16 and was launched as the Morris 1100 with the Hydrolastic interconnected suspension system in August 1962. XC/9001 became ADO17 and was launched, also with the Hydrolastic suspension system, as the Austin 1800 in October 1964.The same principle was carried over for his next production car the Austin Maxi, However, by then he had become more aware of the cost considerations of vehicle manufacture and in service warranty costs which were crippling BMC. It certainly appeared by the Maxi development era that Issigonis wanted to "do his own thing" as cost cutting and development costs spiraled. He would instead research work on his Mini replacement the 9X with its compact transverse engine. With the creation of British Leyland in 1969, new chairman Lord Stokes quickly sidelined Issigonis and made him into what was termed "Special Developments Director", replacing him with Harry Webster as the new Technical Director (Small/Medium cars). Stokes was heard on his appointment to say: "We'll sharp sort this bloke Issigonis out!". Issigonis was nicknamed "the Greek god" by his contemporaries. Whilst he is most famous for his creation of the Mini, he was most proud of his participation in the design of the Morris Minor. He considered it to be a vehicle that combined many of the luxuries and conveniences of a good motor car with a price suitable for the working classes – in contrast to the Mini which was a spartan mode of conveyance with everything cut to the bone. Issigonis often commented to friends and colleagues that the Austin 1800 (ADO17) was the design he was most proud of, even though it never was as commercially successful as his three preceding designs. Issigonis officially retired from the motor industry in 1971, although he continued working until shortly before his death in 1988 at his house in Edgbaston, Birmingham. He was cremated at the Lodge Hill Cemetery in nearby Selly Oak. Legacy On 15 October 2006 a rally was held at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, England, to celebrate the centenary of Issigonis's birth. There is a road named "Alec Issigonis Way" in the Oxford Business Park on the former site of the Morris Motors factory in Cowley, Oxfordshire. Honours Issigonis was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1964 Birthday Honours and Knight Bachelor in the 1969 Birthday Honours. On 22 July 1969, he was knighted by Elizabeth II during an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace. In 1964 Issigonis was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry (RDI) and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1967. Some of his cars 1962 BMC ADO16 1964 BMC ADO17 1969 Austin Maxi Notes References External links Alec Issigonis Automotive Designer (1906–1988) from the website of the Design Museum in London Portraits of Alec Issigonis from the National Portrait Gallery (London) British automobile designers Greek automobile designers Greek emigrants to the United Kingdom English people of German descent Alumni of the University of Surrey Alumni of University of London Worldwide Alumni of the University of London Fellows of the Royal Society Knights Bachelor Commanders of the Order of the British Empire People from İzmir Smyrniote Greeks People in the automobile industry Brighton Speed Trials people 1906 births 1988 deaths British automotive pioneers Mini (marque)	[ 0.19131813943386078, 1.1237581968307495, -0.697052001953125, 0.17860963940620422, -0.1972746104001999, 0.9968665838241577, 0.11221304535865784, -0.1391998827457428, 0.06662014871835709, 0.20045968890190125, -0.22032862901687622, 0.5448528528213501, -0.1468832939863205, 0.08894600719213486, 0.048745639622211456, 0.20270192623138428, -0.1576467603445053, 0.020626399666070938, -0.6533033847808838, 0.5031554102897644, -0.0634385347366333, -0.01461733877658844, 0.10088729113340378, 0.239413321018219, -0.6380987167358398, 0.3272545337677002, -0.17081819474697113, -0.036914847791194916, -0.04550424963235855, -0.0027558989822864532, 0.06860403716564178, 0.9099723100662231, -0.30176469683647156, -0.02989398129284382, -0.26656094193458557, -0.13440784811973572, 0.3434630334377289, -0.7156181931495667, 0.009546129032969475, 0.3802708089351654, -0.2972812354564667, 0.44215667247772217, 0.42811501026153564, 0.10509976744651794, -0.16448946297168732, -0.5544195771217346, -1.4922642707824707, 0.24849696457386017, -0.7508072853088379, -0.10054086148738861, -0.027589287608861923, -0.45640987157821655, 0.529168426990509, 0.21910330653190613, 0.41624853014945984, 0.571304440498352, -1.0649080276489258, -0.6272684931755066, -0.10745419561862946, -0.2080002725124359, 0.7976825833320618, 0.313883900642395, 0.315479576587677, 0.13511177897453308, 0.881977915763855, 0.5797277092933655, 0.09045029431581497, 0.8745020031929016, -0.14606450498104095, -0.029581056907773018, -0.6793471574783325, 0.0058066570200026035, 0.14265888929367065, -0.09652578085660934, 0.3460809290409088, -0.42683225870132446, 0.029004663228988647, -0.006883441470563412, 0.29910293221473694, 0.3108878433704376, 0.7297707796096802, -0.06880021840333939, 0.37836754322052, 0.8954694867134094, 0.20243869721889496, 0.3217258155345917, -1.2043782472610474, 0.3058701753616333, -0.1934085637331009, -0.03535707667469978, -0.3932413160800934, -0.5339046716690063, 0.7314057946205139, 0.25542938709259033, -0.6511722207069397, 0.06113444268703461, -0.27107468247413635, 0.3631238341331482, 0.062022823840379715, 0.14221441745758057, 0.1649945080280304, 0.10207212716341019, -0.8964667320251465, -0.34671297669410706, -0.2482503354549408, 0.3651987910270691, -0.6958340406417847, 0.25068989396095276, 0.11783594638109207, 0.4073657691478729, -0.7019551396369934, 0.06546097993850708, -0.41346633434295654, -0.021850435063242912, 0.035310566425323486, 0.25857022404670715, -0.158850759267807, -1.0313738584518433, -0.8171154856681824, -0.5470666885375977, 0.04520679637789726, 0.28050684928894043, -0.6597491502761841, -0.09311394393444061, -0.791475236415863, 0.4935510754585266, 0.08693378418684006, 0.5948455333709717, -0.3965449929237366, 0.5735591650009155, 0.4253542125225067, 0.7155407071113586, -1.2153823375701904, -0.22331194579601288, -0.2360173761844635, -0.43164709210395813, 0.14093127846717834, 0.5799197554588318, -0.5232976675033569, 0.6526739597320557, -0.5480452179908752, -0.22581934928894043, -0.38832196593284607, 0.20655706524848938, 0.034789904952049255, 0.14856888353824615, 0.17644241452217102, 0.36977076530456543, 0.03827541694045067, -0.5803787708282471, 0.15497809648513794, -0.5282242894172668, -0.07984087616205215, -0.18829970061779022, 0.17443832755088806, 0.8949002623558044, 0.7672989368438721, 0.12640807032585144, 0.28875505924224854, 0.11852453649044037, 0.15998657047748566, -0.4862898290157318, -0.4128040373325348, 0.32619577646255493, 0.5670025944709778, 0.2411557286977768, 0.26606208086013794, -0.10880754888057709, 0.5749456286430359, 0.055549733340740204, -0.4284709095954895, -0.4129062294960022, -0.00599674042314291, -0.46345219016075134, 0.29167336225509644, 0.46043986082077026, 0.5458316206932068, 0.12922802567481995, 0.40738391876220703, -0.07314971834421158, -0.6185629367828369, -0.6490254402160645, -0.13739822804927826, 0.1685200333595276, 0.7675192356109619, 0.1853877753019333, 0.18369387090206146, -0.24804629385471344, 0.05074616149067879, -0.6380858421325684, -0.31719598174095154, -0.8038226366043091, 0.07737190276384354, -0.9652113914489746, 0.5929771065711975, 0.04647894576191902, -0.6139612197875977, 0.22561217844486237, 0.1836685985326767, 0.959367036819458, -0.294438898563385, -0.013597511686384678, -0.23250623047351837, -0.30027157068252563, 0.13775967061519623, 0.4861985743045807, 1.133144497871399, -0.011166990734636784, -0.34436658024787903, 0.9807074069976807, 0.4791584610939026, -0.5087528228759766, 0.18242692947387695, 0.3194570243358612, -0.29834797978401184, -0.7083227634429932, -0.5961062908172607, 0.00040745240403339267, 0.030215566977858543, -0.5188579559326172, 0.43018993735313416, 0.4990263879299164, -0.5950913429260254, 0.5018864274024963, 0.18655525147914886, 0.5604392886161804, 0.43697860836982727, -0.8022556900978088, -0.1600174754858017, -0.4686252176761627, 0.28778067231178284, 0.32209688425064087, 0.20739386975765228, -0.7976917624473572, -0.00047753439866937697, 0.17240607738494873, -0.14110028743743896, -0.23388555645942688, 0.7603723406791687, -0.23631823062896729, 0.1693517416715622, 0.6482505798339844, -1.0871665477752686, 0.18386633694171906, 0.5007640719413757, -0.23097872734069824, -0.24716691672801971, -0.05150299519300461, -0.6723960041999817, -0.18158717453479767, 0.1395789235830307, 0.15782076120376587, 0.6914963722229004, -0.07550128549337387, -0.5346003174781799, -0.46625077724456787, 0.32498589158058167, -0.07540234178304672, 0.20807446539402008, -0.13641586899757385, 0.05050342530012131, 0.28309008479118347, 0.5091838240623474, 0.3851540684700012, -0.10913754254579544, -0.6832516193389893, 0.10922824591398239, -0.6620474457740784, 0.49610498547554016, -0.31477969884872437, 0.4374219477176666, -0.5235119462013245, -0.25386908650398254, 0.33654677867889404, 0.06777053326368332, 0.04840182140469551, -0.9042345285415649, 0.4030039310455322, -0.5002425312995911, -0.2951085865497589, 0.5185685157775879, 1.0453112125396729, -0.47620049118995667, 0.10579688847064972, -0.19179992377758026, 0.10400763899087906, -0.34451112151145935, -0.22480589151382446, 0.12841522693634033, -0.7307829856872559, 0.38228940963745117, 0.5037145018577576, -0.7694423794746399, 0.42102015018463135, 0.0059721264988183975, 0.48701006174087524, -0.8796519041061401, -0.4261183738708496, 0.54045170545578, -0.46429213881492615, -0.4086226224899292, 0.5929524898529053, -0.1254723221063614, 0.22331787645816803, 0.48485249280929565, 0.3905164301395416, 0.020084869116544724, -0.13693572580814362, -4.972375869750977, 0.14204290509223938, -0.08516958355903625, -0.23837020993232727, 0.4901767671108246, 0.6149042248725891, 0.6045905351638794, -0.5142351984977722, 0.16489756107330322, -0.25646570324897766, 0.3022449016571045, 0.1940508484840393, -0.0037939378526061773, 1.3143019676208496, 0.742565929889679, 1.3538236618041992, 0.5531123280525208, -0.05125108361244202, 0.3951747715473175, 0.22076557576656342, 0.2729874849319458, -0.7123000025749207, -0.4177100658416748, 0.00947119202464819, 0.01646067574620247, -0.8494683504104614, -0.5760593414306641, 0.5879974961280823, -1.1085666418075562, 0.2040078043937683, -0.11750664561986923, -0.3730296790599823, -0.10649086534976959, -0.4120815694332123, 0.07811115682125092, -0.7504041194915771, 0.5248846411705017, 0.3268781900405884, -0.15242335200309753, -0.5153349041938782, -0.661613941192627, 0.1548522263765335, 0.29806092381477356, -0.018812676891684532, 0.5080280900001526, -0.6137137413024902, -0.36309394240379333, -0.28988149762153625, 0.05440971627831459, 0.7586680054664612, 0.19817130267620087, 0.4810178875923157, -0.18105913698673248, 0.41441404819488525, -0.2306751161813736, 0.3037243187427521, 0.6620830297470093, 0.17701394855976105, -0.0866972953081131, 0.344108909368515, -0.13645659387111664, -0.08355183154344559, 0.28809869289398193, 0.05127190053462982, -0.24066640436649323, 0.2714778184890747, 0.6443421244621277, -0.3701886236667633, -0.749306321144104, -0.4354359805583954, -0.8696609139442444, 1.0641961097717285, -0.36169537901878357, -1.4421571493148804, 0.010391956195235252, -0.1043359711766243, 0.22182342410087585, -0.07252766937017441, -0.21949991583824158, 0.15063323080539703, 0.07656453549861908, -0.76195228099823, -0.5800029039382935, 0.459257572889328, 0.580639123916626, 0.23821845650672913, -0.22250714898109436, 0.49685952067375183, 0.32490769028663635, -0.7486514449119568, 0.36839842796325684, -0.19960705935955048, 0.20690740644931793, 0.5148177146911621, 0.044906213879585266, -0.34384456276893616, -0.11957850307226181, 0.731549084186554, 0.9962235689163208, -0.3083539307117462, -1.0608301162719727, -0.25312674045562744, 0.27390509843826294, -0.14769425988197327, 0.2648112177848816, -0.5998137593269348, -0.4622334837913513, -0.44642141461372375, 0.5440203547477722, 0.2839428186416626, -0.20539641380310059, 0.4179037809371948, -0.3613221049308777, -0.12446647137403488, 0.29932498931884766, -0.11461632698774338, 0.21921031177043915, 0.2803921103477478, 0.7082087993621826, 0.20288679003715515, -0.3794761598110199, 0.027805961668491364, -0.5358095169067383, -0.09716514497995377, -0.07024078816175461, 0.11246929317712784, -0.005265197716653347, -0.37349674105644226, -0.22594691812992096, 0.020228242501616478, -0.5999835133552551, 1.1984224319458008, -0.22959306836128235, 0.6218228936195374, -0.3849727213382721, -0.2662234306335449, -0.278780996799469, -0.2647044360637665, 0.32102063298225403, -0.34094539284706116, 0.39696305990219116, -0.19097907841205597, 0.4266562759876251, 0.03495914489030838, 0.26453617215156555, 0.5032287836074829, 0.4511588215827942, 0.060307834297418594, -0.043650154024362564, 0.3583237826824188, -0.24136143922805786, -0.7309451103210449, -0.039148662239313126, -0.3396174907684326, -0.5235012173652649, 0.6754757165908813, -0.3854108452796936, 0.3032131493091583, -0.5432014465332031, -0.061860088258981705, 0.6560088992118835, 0.09321684390306473, -1.4439990520477295, -0.44230398535728455, 0.5167651176452637, 0.22854755818843842, -0.5682972073554993, -0.5690768957138062, -0.5303423404693604, 0.5958068370819092, 0.18485498428344727, -0.6225718855857849, -0.6618068814277649, -0.5739098787307739, 0.07696261256933212, -0.20373015105724335, -0.12718451023101807, -0.23772825300693512, -0.9175368547439575, -0.3821384012699127, 0.44385015964508057, 0.7847931981086731, -0.5395093560218811, 0.006954330485314131, 0.5725916028022766, -0.2831166386604309, -0.638206422328949, -0.3490132987499237, 0.05575847253203392, -0.2795998156070709, -0.4574761688709259, -0.1469731628894806, 0.32410168647766113, 0.5183768272399902, 0.009312800131738186, -0.5203746557235718, -0.04613965377211571, -0.2513449192047119, -0.48911917209625244, -0.7903359532356262, -0.299562007188797, 0.17354580760002136, 0.5205137729644775, 0.08201013505458832, -0.19420941174030304, -0.6608875393867493, 0.43704870343208313, 0.34936782717704773, -0.07493186742067337, 0.9602494239807129, -0.47674286365509033, -0.8500698804855347, -0.3525340259075165, 0.8882284164428711, -1.3896185159683228, 0.41965681314468384, 0.27055734395980835, 0.44797074794769287, -0.5886080861091614, -0.24981670081615448, -0.523713231086731, 0.18574976921081543, 0.16481897234916687, -0.39667579531669617, -0.43177616596221924, -0.038281384855508804, 0.3811434209346771, 0.29215726256370544, 0.49401426315307617, -0.16386659443378448, -0.5003835558891296, -0.09701454639434814, 0.03617601469159126, -0.12640465795993805, -0.3264477849006653, -0.032153643667697906, 0.2206120789051056, 0.2626010775566101, -0.15167713165283203, -0.08437611162662506, 0.2422793209552765, 0.7109403014183044, 0.3109697997570038, -0.3681407570838928, -0.06456801295280457, -0.027883946895599365, 0.08692727237939835, 0.36181873083114624, -0.37638574838638306, -0.07142747938632965, -0.016852181404829025, 0.42208442091941833, -0.8888717293739319, -0.5156917572021484, 0.46964311599731445, -0.4478761851787567, 0.022414101287722588, 0.015313799493014812, 0.3209395110607147, -0.3105899691581726, -0.2644295394420624, 0.2860144376754761, 0.14560413360595703, 0.11381461471319199, -0.36578336358070374, 0.6970219016075134, -0.4836299419403076, -0.18815690279006958, 0.7260981798171997, -0.38900646567344666, 0.09722462296485901, -0.48709747195243835, 0.3267819881439209, 0.2964373230934143, -0.4860957860946655, -0.28253039717674255, 0.469078928232193, -0.5655663013458252, 0.2761768400669098, -0.058334797620773315, -0.8755224347114563, 0.33419227600097656, 0.5242942571640015, -0.1813908815383911, -0.46652549505233765, -0.5882570147514343, 0.024240247905254364, 0.059953950345516205, -0.20844319462776184, 0.3609091639518738, -0.6808034777641296, -0.509713351726532, -0.1965792030096054, 0.351570725440979, -0.16781027615070343, -0.06182434409856796, -0.6751694679260254, 0.7759674191474915, -0.25146570801734924, 0.10927186161279678, -0.48774755001068115, 0.5257160067558289, 0.49010151624679565, 0.0331164188683033, 0.04848271235823631, 0.3698834776878357, -0.06277180463075638, -0.6069748401641846, 0.6057462096214294, 0.16226206719875336, 0.35309234261512756, -0.45703813433647156, 0.10736721754074097, 0.930838942527771, -0.8407737016677856, -0.19798918068408966, 0.22758875787258148, -0.8459673523902893, 0.21067087352275848, 0.45731258392333984, 0.10098838061094284, 0.010627737268805504, 0.3236881494522095, -0.6007987856864929, -0.43925514817237854, 0.5639575719833374, 0.09430619329214096, -0.3823191821575165, -0.23133917152881622, 0.6900641322135925, 0.14333057403564453, 0.25563204288482666, -0.4676789939403534, 0.6294737458229065, -0.30838996171951294, 0.2502160668373108, -0.05040600150823593, -0.8761768341064453, -0.1420518457889557, 0.23699374496936798, 0.24091176688671112, 1.0283876657485962, 0.16739055514335632, -0.09692876040935516, -0.004634093958884478, 0.8282434940338135, -0.29419052600860596, 0.7947095632553101, 0.03717368468642235, -0.126315638422966, 0.3929987847805023, 0.20600676536560059, 0.15283751487731934, -0.5142995715141296, -0.45845872163772583, 0.19098243117332458, 0.3344479203224182, -0.5980461239814758, 0.29207393527030945, 0.8225709199905396, 0.4362608790397644, -0.11079316586256027, 1.0196447372436523, 0.15535570681095123, -0.26540911197662354, -0.3299086391925812, 0.4966028034687042, -0.8800799250602722, 0.22914212942123413, 0.06074243038892746, 0.17977659404277802, -0.24662795662879944, -0.512755811214447, 0.3702760636806488, 0.36056292057037354, 0.7428790926933289, 0.7246414422988892, 0.39928728342056274, -0.39969101548194885, -0.04201222583651543, -0.6709659695625305, 0.08242059499025345, -0.37229010462760925, -0.8967366814613342, -0.22572825849056244, 0.29686087369918823, -0.035251833498477936, 0.08544781059026718, 0.2027796357870102, 0.1240915060043335, -0.20087295770645142, -0.6320878863334656, -0.199336439371109, 0.29932519793510437, -0.7259326577186584, -0.8556142449378967, -0.6983035802841187, 0.33620989322662354, 0.3778645396232605, 0.07601393759250641, -0.34011393785476685, -0.20948423445224762, -0.2832321524620056, -0.3971070647239685, 0.27146226167678833, 0.38316309452056885, -0.10406172275543213, 0.6036925911903381, -0.5996578335762024, 0.39330074191093445, -0.17425242066383362, -0.3529011607170105, -0.14760369062423706, 0.24972207844257355, -0.30515486001968384, 0.010771120898425579, -0.03493962809443474, -0.5048086047172546, 0.12430862337350845, 0.077452652156353, 0.12949447333812714, -0.07649468630552292, 0.7213585376739502, -0.30555838346481323, -0.16107451915740967, 0.5064929723739624, 0.11398901790380478, 0.2898760735988617, 0.1727016270160675, 0.817176878452301, -0.29085013270378113, 0.3263392448425293, -0.7135713696479797, -0.10665375739336014, -0.16995231807231903, -0.3385246694087982, 0.7133781909942627, 0.3681791424751282, 0.20274241268634796, -0.01564258523285389, 0.978216290473938, 0.4829396605491638, 0.029841095209121704, -0.008617364801466465, 0.7279008030891418, -0.04956456646323204, -0.8695948719978333, -0.21011342108249664, 0.4008331894874573, 0.3174634575843811, 0.14238899946212769, -0.35947051644325256, 0.5370319485664368, -0.5676448941230774, 0.45637252926826477, -0.07899992167949677, 0.5256851315498352, -1.1327762603759766, 0.24686242640018463, -0.4030897915363312 ]
230664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Leigh	Janet Leigh	Janet Leigh (born Jeanette Helen Morrison; July 6, 1927 – October 3, 2004), was an American actress, singer, dancer, and author, whose career spanned over five decades. Raised in Stockton, California by working-class parents, Leigh was discovered at 18 by actress Norma Shearer, who helped her secure a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Leigh appeared in radio programs before her first formal foray into acting, making her film debut in the drama The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947). With MGM, she appeared in many films which spanned a wide variety of genres, which include the crime-drama Act of Violence (1948), the drama Little Women (1949), the comedy Angels in the Outfield (1951), the romance Scaramouche (1952) and the western drama The Naked Spur (1953). She played dramatic roles during the late 1950s, in such films as Safari (1956) and Orson Welles's film noir Touch of Evil (1958). With RKO Radio pictures she co-starred in the romantic comedy “Holiday Affair” with Robert Mitchum, (1949). Leigh achieved her biggest success starring as Marion Crane in Alfred Hitchcock's jarring psychological thriller Psycho (1960). For her performance, Leigh won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Intermittently, she continued to appear in films, including Bye Bye Birdie (1963), Harper (1966), Night of the Lepus (1972), and Boardwalk (1979). She made her Broadway debut in 1975 in a production of Murder Among Friends. She would also go on to appear in two horror films with her daughter, Jamie Lee Curtis: The Fog (1980) and Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998). In addition to her work as an actress, Leigh also wrote four books between 1984 and 2002, two of which were novels. Leigh had two brief marriages as a teenager (one of which was annulled) before marrying actor Tony Curtis in 1951. The pair's highly publicized union ended in divorce in 1962, and after starring in The Manchurian Candidate that same year, Leigh remarried and scaled back her career. She died in October 2004 at age 77, following a year-long battle with vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels. Life and career 1927–1946: Childhood Jeanette Helen Morrison was born on July 6, 1927, in Merced, California, the only child of Helen Lita (née Westergaard) and Frederick Robert Morrison. Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Denmark, and her father had Scots-Irish and German ancestry. Shortly after Leigh's birth, the family relocated to Stockton, where she spent her early life. She was brought up in poverty, as her father struggled to support the family with his factory employment, and he took various additional jobs after the Great Depression. Leigh was raised Presbyterian and sang in the local church choir throughout her childhood. In 1941, when her paternal grandfather became terminally ill, the family relocated to Merced, where they moved into her grandparents' home. She attended Weber Grammar School in Stockton, and later Stockton High School. Leigh excelled in academics and graduated from high school at age sixteen. 1946–1948: Discovery and early roles In February 1946, actress Norma Shearer was vacationing at Sugar Bowl, a ski resort in the Sierra Nevada mountains where Leigh's parents were working at the time. In the resort lobby, Shearer noticed a photograph of Leigh taken by the ski club photographer over the Christmas holiday, which he had printed and placed in a photo album available for guests to browse. Upon returning to Los Angeles, Shearer showed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) talent agent Lew Wasserman the photograph of the then-eighteen-year-old Leigh (Shearer's late husband Irving Thalberg had been head of production at MGM). She would later recall that "that smile made it the most fascinating face I had seen in years. I felt I had to show that face to somebody at the studio." Through her association with MGM, Shearer was able to facilitate screen tests for Leigh with Selena Royle, after which Wasserman negotiated a contract for her, despite her having no acting experience. Leigh dropped out of college that year, and was soon placed under the tutelage of drama coach Lillian Burns. Prior to beginning her film career, Leigh was a guest star on the radio dramatic anthology The Cresta Blanca Hollywood Players. Her initial appearance on radio at age 19 was in the program's production "All Through the House," a Christmas special that aired on December 24, 1946. She made her film debut in the big-budget Civil War film The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947), as the romantic interest of box office star Van Johnson's character. She got the role when performing Phyllis Thaxter's long speech in Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo for the head of the studio talent department. During the shooting, Leigh's name was first changed to "Jeanette Reames", then to "Janet Leigh" and finally back to her birth name "Jeanette Morrison", as the studio felt "Janet Leigh" might cause confusion with actress Vivien Leigh. However, Johnson did not like the name and it was ultimately changed back to "Janet Leigh" (pronounced "Lee"). Immediately after the release of The Romance of Rosy Ridge, Leigh was cast opposite Walter Pidgeon and Deborah Kerr in the drama If Winter Comes (1947), playing a young pregnant woman in an English village. By early 1948, Leigh was occupied with the shooting of the Lassie film Hills of Home (1948), her third feature and the first in which she received star billing. She played the young wife of composer Richard Rodgers in MGM's all-star musical, Words and Music (1948). In late 1948, she was hailed the "No. 1 glamour girl" of Hollywood, although known for her polite, generous and down-to-earth persona. 1949–1958: Contract with MGM and independent films Leigh appeared in a number of films in 1949, including the thriller, Act of Violence (1949), with Van Heflin and Robert Ryan, directed by Fred Zinnemann. Though a financial failure, it was well received by critics. She also had a significant hit with MGM's version of Little Women, based on the novel by Louisa May Alcott, in which she portrayed Meg March, alongside June Allyson and Elizabeth Taylor. The film was generally well received by critics. Also in 1949, Leigh appeared as a nun in the anti-communist drama The Red Danube, which earned her critical acclaim, followed by a role as Glenn Ford's love interest in The Doctor and the Girl. Other credits from 1949 include as June Forsyte in That Forsyte Woman (1949) opposite Greer Garson and Errol Flynn, and as Robert Mitchum's leading co-star in the RKO-produced Holiday Affair (1949). That December, she started work on Josef von Sternberg's adventure-drama film Jet Pilot, in which she starred as the female lead opposite John Wayne. Producer Howard Hughes' constant re-editing would cause the film to be delayed almost eight years before being released. At MGM she appeared in Strictly Dishonorable (1951), a comedy with Ezio Pinza, based on a play by Preston Sturges. The film received mild critical acclaim. Leigh then appeared in the baseball-themed fantasy farce Angels in the Outfield (1951), which was a significant commercial success. The same year, RKO borrowed Leigh to appear in the musical Two Tickets to Broadway (1951), which was a box-office success. She was one of many stars in the anthology film It's a Big Country: An American Anthology (1952) and appeared in a romantic comedy with Peter Lawford, Just This Once (1952). Leigh had a significant commercial success with the swashbuckler-themed Scaramouche (1952), in which she starred as Aline de Gavrillac opposite Stewart Granger and Eleanor Parker. Next, she received top-billing in the critically acclaimed comedy Fearless Fagan (1952), about a clown drafted into the military, followed by a role opposite James Stewart in the Western The Naked Spur (1953). The latter, though a low-budget feature, was one of the top-grossing films of the year, and noted by several critics for its psychological components. Less well received was the comedy Confidentially Connie (1953), in which Leigh starred opposite Van Johnson as a pregnant housewife who helps trigger a price war at a local butcher shop. Paramount borrowed Leigh and Curtis for the biographical feature Houdini (1953)the couple's first film togetherwith the two appearing as Harry and Bess Houdini, respectively. The couple also appeared as guests on Martin and Lewis' Colgate Comedy Hour before Leigh was loaned to Universal to appear in the musical Walking My Baby Back Home (1953). Leigh was cast as Robert Wagner's love interest in the Fox-produced adventure film Prince Valiant (1954), a Viking-themed feature based on Hal Foster's comic of the same name. Also in 1954, Leigh had a supporting role in the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis comedy Living It Up (1954) for Paramount, followed by Universal's swashbuckler film The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), in which she appeared opposite Curtis, marking their second feature together. Leigh also starred opposite Robert Taylor in MGM's film noir Rogue Cop (1954), portraying a femme fatale lounge singer. Variety deemed her performance in the film "satisfactory," but faulted the screenplay for being illogical. Following that film, Leigh ended her contract with MGM after eight years. In April 1954 Leigh signed a 4-picture contract with Universal, where her husband was based. She also signed a contract with Columbia to make one film a year for five years. Leigh appeared in Pete Kelly's Blues (1954) with Jack Webb (who also directed), and subsequently starred in her first feature under the deal with Columbia: the title role in the musical comedy My Sister Eileen (1955), co-starring Jack Lemmon, Betty Garrett and Dick York, and based on a series of New Yorker stories about two sisters living in New York City. In early 1955, Leigh and Curtis formed their own independent film production company, Curtleigh Productions. Columbia cast Leigh in Safari (1956) opposite Victor Mature, shot in Kenya for Warwick Pictures. The same year, Leigh and Curtis gave birth to their first child, daughter Kelly. She subsequently made her television debut in an episode of Schlitz Playhouse, "Carriage from Britain". In 1957, the film Jet Pilot, which Leigh had filmed in 1949, was finally released. 1958–1969: Critical acclaim and hiatus In 1958, Leigh starred as Susan Vargas in the Orson Welles film noir classic Touch of Evil (1958), done at Universal with Charlton Heston, a film with numerous similarities to Alfred Hitchcock's later film Psycho, which was produced two years later; in it, she plays a newlywed tormented in a Mexican border town. Leigh would later describe shooting the film as a "great experience," but added: "Universal just couldn't understand it, so they recut it. Gone was the undisciplined but brilliant film Orson had made." Next, Leigh co-starred in her fourth film with Curtis, The Vikings (1958), produced by and co-starring Kirk Douglas, and released in June 1958. Distributed by United Artists, the film had one of the most expensive marketing campaigns of the 1950s. It was ultimately a blockbuster, grossing over $13 million internationally. Leigh's next film, The Perfect Furlough, was released in early 1959, in which she again co-starred with Curtis, playing a psychiatrist lieutenant in Paris. Leigh was a lifelong Democrat and appeared alongside Curtis at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in support of John F. Kennedy. She also served on the board of directors of the Motion Picture and Television Foundation, a medical-services provider for actors. Leigh and Curtis next co-starred in the Columbia Pictures farce Who Was That Lady? (released in early 1960), in which Leigh portrayed a wife who catches her professor husband (Curtis) cheating on her, triggering a series of mishaps. Also in 1960, Leigh was cast in her most iconic role, as the morally conflicted murder victim Marion Crane in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho, co-starring with John Gavin and Anthony Perkins, and released by Universal. Leigh was reportedly so traumatized by filming her character's shower murder scene that she went to great lengths to avoid showers for the rest of her life. Released in June 1960, Psycho was a major critical and commercial success. For her performance, Leigh received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Leigh's role in Psycho became career-defining and she later commented: "I've been in a great many films, but I suppose if an actor can be remembered for one role then they're very fortunate. And in that sense I'm fortunate." Her character's death early in the film has been noted as historically relevant by film scholars as it violated narrative conventions of the time, while her murder scene itself is considered among both critics and film scholars to be one of the most iconic scenes in film history. Leigh and Curtis both had cameos in Columbia's all-star Pepe (1960), marking their last film together. In 1962, while Leigh was filming the thriller The Manchurian Candidate, Curtis filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized in Juarez, Mexico on September 14, 1962; the following day, Leigh married former Swedish director-writer-actor-producer Helmer Robert Wilhelm Brandt, later stockbroker Robert Brandt (1927–2009) in a private ceremony in Las Vegas, Nevada. Leigh would later comment that their divorce was the result of "outside problems", which included the death of Curtis's father. Next, Leigh appeared in the musical comedy Bye Bye Birdie (1963), based on the hit Broadway show. She was also in the comedy Wives and Lovers (1963) for director Hal Wallis at Paramount. Leigh took a three-year break from her acting career, turning down several roles, including the role of Simone Clouseau in The Pink Panther, because she did not want to go on location and be separated from her young daughters. She returned to film in 1966, appearing in multiple films: first, the western Kid Rodelo (1966), followed by the private detective story Harper (1966), in which she played Paul Newman's estranged wife opposite Lauren Bacall. She next portrayed a psychiatrist opposite Jerry Lewis in the comedy Three on a Couch, followed by a lead role in An American Dream, based on the Norman Mailer novel of the same name; the latter film received critical backlash. 1970–2004: Other endeavors and final years Leigh's initial television appearances were on anthology programs such as Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre and The Red Skelton Hour. She also starred in several made-for-TV films, most notably the off-length (135 minutes instead of the usual 100) The House on Greenapple Road, which premiered on ABC in January 1970 to high ratings. In 1972, Leigh starred in the science fiction film Night of the Lepus with Stuart Whitman, as well as the drama One Is a Lonely Number with Trish Van Devere. In 1975, she played an ex-Hollywood song and dance star opposite Peter Falk and John Payne in the Columbo episode Forgotten Lady. The episode utilizes footage of Leigh from the film Walking My Baby Back Home (1953). Her many guest appearances on television series include The Man from U.N.C.L.E. two-part episode, "The Concrete Overcoat Affair", in which she played a sadistic Thrush agent named Miss Dyketon, a highly provocative role for mainstream television at the time. The two-part episode was released in Europe as a feature film entitled The Spy in the Green Hat (1967). She also appeared in the title role in The Virginian episode "Jenny" (1970). In 1973, she appeared in the episode "Beginner's Luck" of the romantic anthology series Love Story. Leigh made her stage debut opposite Jack Cassidy in the original Broadway production of Murder Among Friends, which opened at the Biltmore Theatre on December 28, 1975. The play ran for seventeen performances, closing on January 10, 1976. The play received varied reviews, with some critics who attended preview performances disliking the show. In 1979, Leigh appeared in a supporting role in Boardwalk opposite Ruth Gordon and Lee Strasberg, and received critical praise, with Vincent Canby of The New York Times lauding it as her "best role in years". In addition to her work as an actress, Leigh also authored four books. Her first, the memoir There Really Was a Hollywood (1984), became a New York Times bestseller. In 1995, she published the non-fiction book Psycho: Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller. In 1996, she published her first novel, House of Destiny, which explored the lives of two friends who forged an empire that would change the course of Hollywood's history. The book's success spawned a follow-up novel, The Dream Factory (2002), which was set in Hollywood during the height of the studio system. Leigh subsequently appeared opposite her daughter, Jamie Lee Curtis, in John Carpenter's supernatural horror film The Fog (1980), in which a phantom schooner unleashes ghosts on a small coastal community. Leigh would appear opposite her daughter once again in Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998), playing the secretary of Laurie Strode. On television, Leigh acted in the Murder, She Wrote episode "Doom with a View" (1987), as Barbara LeMay in an episode of The Twilight Zone ("Rendezvous in a dark place", 1989) and the Touched by an Angel episode "Charade" (1997). She guest-starred twice as different characters on both Fantasy Island and The Love Boat, as well as Tales of the Unexpected. Leigh continued to grant interviews and appear at red carpet events through the early 2000s. Her final film credit was in the teen film Bad Girls from Valley High (2005), opposite Christopher Lloyd. Personal life During her final year of high school, Leigh married eighteen-year-old John Kenneth Carlisle in Reno, Nevada, on August 1, 1942. The marriage was annulled five months later on December 28, 1942. After a tenure at Stockton College (now San Joaquin Delta College), Leigh enrolled at the College of the Pacific (now University of the Pacific) in September 1943, where she majored in music and psychology. While in college, she joined the Alpha Theta Tau sorority, and also sang with the college's a cappella choir. In order to help support her family, she spent Christmas and summer vacations working at retail shops and dime stores, as well as working at the college's information desk during her studies. While a university student, Leigh met Stanley Reames, a U.S. Navy sailor who was enrolled at a nearby V-12 Program. Leigh and Reames married on October 6, 1945, when she was eighteen; their marriage, however, was also short-lived, and they divorced less than three years later. Though Leigh initially left college to pursue her film career, she re-enrolled in night classes at the University of Southern California in early 1947. On June 4, 1951, Leigh married actor Tony Curtis in a private ceremony in Greenwich, Connecticut. Their romance and marriage was a frequent topic in gossip columns and film tabloids. From 1951 to 1954 Leigh and Curtis appeared in numerous home movies directed by their friend Jerry Lewis. Leigh credited the experimental and informal nature of these films for allowing her to stretch her acting ability and attempt new roles. On June 17, 1956, Leigh gave birth to her first daughter, Kelly Curtis. On November 22, 1958, Leigh gave birth to her second daughter with Curtis, Jamie Lee. Curtis and Leigh divorced in 1962. She married former Swedish director-writer-actor-producer Helmer Robert Wilhelm Brandt, later stockbroker Robert Brandt (1927–2009) later that year. Death Leigh died at her home in Beverly Hills on October 3, 2004, at age 77, after a protracted battle with vasculitis. Her death surprised many, as she had not disclosed her illness to the public. She was survived by her daughters, Kelly and Jamie and her husband of 42 years, Robert Brandt. Leigh was cremated and her ashes were entombed at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in the Westwood Village neighborhood of Los Angeles. Filmography Publications There Really Was a Hollywood. Doubleday, 1984; . Psycho: Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller. Harmony Books, 1995; . House of Destiny. Mira Books, 1996; . The Dream Factory. Mira Books, 2002; . Awards and honors Awards and nominations Honors Leigh was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California, on May 14, 2004, where she had attended college. At the time, Leigh's health was compromised by vasculitis, and she delivered a speech at the ceremony from a wheelchair. On October 13, 2006, Jamie Lee Curtis and Kelly Curtis unveiled a bronze plaque of their mother to honor her early life in Stockton. The memorial is located in the downtown Stockton plaza adjacent to the City Center Cinemas, since renamed "Janet Leigh Plaza". Leigh was honored posthumously by University of the Pacific with the naming of the "Janet Leigh Theatre" on the Stockton campus on June 25, 2010. The plaque at the theatre reads as follows: Pacific's Janet Leigh Theatre - Made possible by a generous gift from the Robert Brandt and Janet Leigh Brandt Estate. The Janet Leigh Theatre was created to bind the experiences and friendships that Janet Leigh valued while a student at Pacific. This memorial is a tribute to her life and career in the Stockton region as well as her magnificent contributions to the Hollywood film industry as an actress, wife, mother and humanitarian. Dedicated Friday, June 25, 2010. Notes References Citations Sources External links Reelclassics.com Page Janet Leigh at Virtual History Janet Leigh Collection available at the Holt-Atherton Special Collections and Archives 1927 births 2004 deaths 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Actresses from California American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American people of Danish descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American Presbyterians American stage actresses American television actresses Artists from Los Angeles Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery California Democrats Curtleigh Productions Deaths from vasculitis Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players People from Merced, California People from Stockton, California University of the Pacific (United States) alumni 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American women singers Universal Pictures contract players	[ 0.09152937680482864, 0.14871369302272797, -0.976908266544342, -0.37196993827819824, 0.5027961134910583, 0.7632126808166504, 0.8342469930648804, 0.12807171046733856, -0.38327160477638245, 0.21310240030288696, -0.11040156334638596, 0.6117241382598877, 0.43371865153312683, 0.4753960967063904, -0.8766111731529236, 0.5048116445541382, 0.20785769820213318, 0.21684838831424713, 0.35391950607299805, -0.5997859239578247, -0.769379198551178, -0.057777319103479385, -0.1091710776090622, 0.14473651349544525, -0.798439621925354, 0.5667885541915894, -0.7589582204818726, 0.008029937744140625, 0.4194372594356537, 0.3879382908344269, -0.15114402770996094, -0.21755090355873108, 0.44548091292381287, 0.06881390511989594, -0.6829635500907898, 0.45215266942977905, -0.0548287108540535, -0.06038478761911392, -0.5514060854911804, -0.2795821726322174, -0.3545326292514801, -0.2159496545791626, 0.7272709608078003, 0.2903377115726471, -0.499281644821167, -0.15709327161312103, -1.94159734249115, 0.09035321325063705, -0.46893420815467834, -0.35842978954315186, -0.2425587922334671, 0.9398951530456543, 0.9401968717575073, 0.18672910332679749, -0.09758633375167847, 0.17597337067127228, -0.49658676981925964, -0.028108470141887665, -0.30930185317993164, 0.03990211337804794, 0.09657564014196396, -0.24902503192424774, 0.386700302362442, -0.4379712641239166, 0.1922917664051056, 0.2827892303466797, 0.2451562136411667, -0.005434688180685043, 0.09806836396455765, -0.30073487758636475, 0.31328052282333374, 0.7469332218170166, 0.5190382599830627, 0.01990935020148754, -0.3676920235157013, -0.5295416712760925, 0.5195671319961548, -0.27238571643829346, 0.3443816304206848, 0.28977006673812866, 0.10317765921354294, -0.17940059304237366, 0.4682397246360779, 0.8041945695877075, 0.09377837926149368, -0.6443238854408264, -0.23206573724746704, 0.3700721263885498, -0.6386903524398804, 0.24919159710407257, -0.778589129447937, -0.05111627280712128, -0.18591102957725525, 0.24967500567436218, -0.4857655465602875, -0.19636684656143188, 0.18717581033706665, -0.15822584927082062, 0.3846574127674103, -0.22120872139930725, -0.3995296061038971, -0.6667511463165283, 0.008667279034852982, -0.7010018229484558, -1.0125020742416382, 0.4547463059425354, -0.09815573692321777, 0.06265690922737122, -0.150424063205719, 0.534284234046936, -0.19401384890079498, 0.16129188239574432, -0.03653240576386452, -0.2999294400215149, -0.24686655402183533, 0.19838960468769073, -0.2335624247789383, -0.20942232012748718, -1.0913923978805542, 0.14575478434562683, 0.3739912509918213, -0.6186547875404358, 0.1823875606060028, -0.16001741588115692, -0.4844406545162201, 0.6301259994506836, -0.08891615271568298, -0.10172892361879349, -0.13209575414657593, 0.25996971130371094, 0.01909925974905491, 0.4744371175765991, -0.4236425757408142, -0.2687571048736572, -0.061497271060943604, -0.25619110465049744, 0.34937718510627747, 0.11492199450731277, 0.20820823311805725, 0.007887057028710842, -0.46443554759025574, 0.20597930252552032, -0.8299662470817566, 0.21807289123535156, 1.4893999099731445, -0.3387314975261688, 0.30276763439178467, 0.28252938389778137, -0.562042236328125, -0.30307242274284363, -0.2591403126716614, 0.3490113615989685, 0.10209359973669052, -0.8196049928665161, -0.6936498880386353, 0.09743079543113708, 0.8733091950416565, 0.04359113797545433, 0.3599090278148651, -0.17604295909404755, 0.21782895922660828, 0.2661503553390503, 0.0993155762553215, -0.010510297492146492, 0.02022039331495762, -0.1883181631565094, -0.4548741281032562, -0.44473859667778015, -0.27120599150657654, 0.631647527217865, -0.037027932703495026, 0.5903818607330322, -0.003681925591081381, 0.43135562539100647, -1.1713894605636597, 0.10479751974344254, -0.0024429280310869217, 0.6306139826774597, -0.06351809203624725, -0.4112436771392822, -0.4640825092792511, 0.40914902091026306, 0.1606484353542328, 0.11411211639642715, 0.06220676749944687, 0.15284156799316406, 0.21870829164981842, -0.08419209718704224, 0.15533632040023804, -0.23109173774719238, -0.6648545265197754, -0.7282318472862244, -0.1012258306145668, -0.023129090666770935, 0.341126948595047, -0.004372369032353163, -0.16391313076019287, 0.2646141052246094, -0.09152838587760925, 0.05996042490005493, 0.37837520241737366, -0.13454778492450714, 0.3175176680088043, 0.16940093040466309, 0.04829716309905052, -0.024626845493912697, 0.2691766619682312, 0.04713646322488785, 0.38036057353019714, 0.7794314622879028, -0.19734396040439606, -0.5392436981201172, 0.27174562215805054, 0.6880645155906677, -0.06663423776626587, -0.6818445920944214, -1.064788579940796, -0.06571268290281296, 0.5949171781539917, -0.47174593806266785, 0.4713069796562195, 0.6122041940689087, -0.40740951895713806, -0.7657172083854675, -0.01146827545017004, 0.6038598418235779, -0.5713303685188293, -0.126485675573349, 0.21817003190517426, 0.1528337448835373, 0.23387056589126587, 0.1707170456647873, 0.04443437233567238, -0.3764328062534332, -0.2243044227361679, 0.20535312592983246, 0.36049094796180725, -0.12080810219049454, -0.28734108805656433, -0.7059824466705322, -0.041565392166376114, -0.053099703043699265, -0.8050544857978821, 0.6552307605743408, -0.34668901562690735, -0.2331392616033554, -0.39039140939712524, -0.5847930312156677, 0.056639283895492554, 0.0005664752097800374, 0.39797544479370117, 0.3777390420436859, 0.3081554174423218, 0.32617834210395813, -0.049690213054418564, 0.10627967119216919, -0.16225022077560425, -0.2771933674812317, 0.7161838412284851, 0.3860820233821869, 0.4806414246559143, 0.09193947166204453, 0.45248427987098694, 0.3632025122642517, -0.08179008960723877, -0.26942142844200134, 0.16417723894119263, -0.5402675867080688, -0.1631169468164444, 0.33962100744247437, 0.0974312499165535, -0.08511220663785934, -0.2034197300672531, 0.4399413764476776, 0.0355563685297966, 0.49421507120132446, -0.44829967617988586, 0.1523592472076416, -0.7410948276519775, -0.6101190447807312, 0.7488321661949158, 0.6730595231056213, -0.6997265219688416, -0.5936517715454102, -0.26547971367836, -0.2387728989124298, -0.2891109883785248, -0.13380184769630432, -0.3902550935745239, -0.02470114640891552, -0.1981469839811325, 0.7349905371665955, -1.043251633644104, -0.31074345111846924, -0.1898728609085083, 0.13049407303333282, 0.022308118641376495, 0.5155525207519531, -0.33698928356170654, 0.34330621361732483, 0.006874525919556618, 0.4532874524593353, 0.024295112118124962, -0.03761766105890274, 0.7195135951042175, 0.32087451219558716, 0.10243001580238342, -0.32750028371810913, -5.348968982696533, 0.020835570991039276, 0.30008789896965027, -0.33316051959991455, 0.8007922172546387, -0.1407790333032608, -0.05790418013930321, -0.12724223732948303, 0.3781375288963318, 0.40965569019317627, 0.1310831755399704, 0.10768399387598038, -0.7536249160766602, 0.6339996457099915, 0.04127075895667076, 0.011359129101037979, 0.13720853626728058, -0.3267798125743866, -0.30228734016418457, 0.7950137257575989, -0.1556873917579651, -0.4835471510887146, 0.10368961095809937, 0.4181722104549408, 0.04697593301534653, 0.2475825697183609, -0.23843301832675934, -0.237710639834404, -0.49581465125083923, -0.19101615250110626, -0.27629733085632324, -0.1601310521364212, -0.09145346283912659, -0.2329409271478653, 0.20954151451587677, 0.21959814429283142, 0.27800825238227844, -0.6491799354553223, 0.1262306272983551, -0.6008729934692383, -0.40821781754493713, -0.0010040758643299341, -0.7103769183158875, 0.015254887752234936, 0.40238693356513977, -0.5722998380661011, 0.0002473213826306164, -0.25011146068573, 0.42018455266952515, 0.5040661692619324, 0.322147011756897, 0.028385719284415245, 0.4977535009384155, -0.6532805562019348, 0.47639498114585876, -0.49409136176109314, 0.03004784882068634, 0.013884411193430424, -0.5051221251487732, 0.17277933657169342, 0.5947026014328003, -0.260137677192688, 0.04461332783102989, -0.11912129074335098, -0.46204495429992676, -0.16390259563922882, -0.07567258179187775, 0.13321071863174438, -0.12438902258872986, -0.3614044785499573, 0.11691038310527802, 0.10763091593980789, 0.019182080402970314, -1.079762578010559, -0.01434875838458538, -0.4130159914493561, -0.005338355898857117, -0.3225366473197937, -0.4708295166492462, -0.18784388899803162, 0.026602592319250107, -0.30953893065452576, 0.6813393831253052, 0.6107423305511475, 0.3727518618106842, -0.3632282018661499, -0.16615064442157745, 0.5096006989479065, -0.1538015902042389, -0.18973661959171295, -0.2215152531862259, -0.31381112337112427, 0.09569908678531647, 0.4812297523021698, 0.29913511872291565, 0.02017872780561447, 0.0567014180123806, 0.28813284635543823, 0.5450373291969299, 0.4227055609226227, -0.821655809879303, -0.5026531219482422, 1.0271199941635132, -0.13730953633785248, 0.7169859409332275, -0.6685561537742615, 0.3685975968837738, -0.29533883929252625, 0.635258138179779, -0.5879610180854797, -0.07025967538356781, 0.16271968185901642, -0.37174510955810547, -0.17144198715686798, 0.2523195147514343, -0.24565961956977844, 0.25575461983680725, 0.1039702296257019, 0.10563290119171143, 0.5529015064239502, 0.20162449777126312, 0.5092015862464905, -0.03861068934202194, 0.4379124343395233, 0.09556911885738373, -0.23942309617996216, 0.32023885846138, -0.31002458930015564, -0.29901036620140076, 0.06623274087905884, -0.4091089963912964, 0.45865553617477417, 0.4984648525714874, 0.31167277693748474, 0.5246075391769409, 0.029002875089645386, -0.3886658549308777, -0.19834263622760773, -0.43315261602401733, -0.5013896226882935, -0.05132851377129555, -0.22941520810127258, -0.3289799690246582, 0.7007004022598267, 0.26294276118278503, -0.10822992026805878, 0.37048086524009705, -0.4770960509777069, -0.01231842115521431, 0.4245440363883972, 0.09119879454374313, -0.07769855111837387, 0.6266881823539734, -0.5132586359977722, -0.5667498111724854, -0.23585261404514313, 0.10615769028663635, -0.4105161428451538, 0.07454128563404083, -0.06750984489917755, -0.11176532506942749, -0.47515514492988586, -0.6295503377914429, 0.4157009720802307, -0.3695172071456909, -0.13921189308166504, 0.10905183106660843, -0.24809587001800537, -0.195916548371315, 0.9396888017654419, -0.08948944509029388, -0.32492348551750183, 0.39743590354919434, 0.19586843252182007, 0.05762939155101776, 0.5969675183296204, -0.580950915813446, -0.0035006667021661997, 0.07233570516109467, -0.009841835126280785, 0.16716749966144562, -0.753716766834259, -1.0013859272003174, -0.20759548246860504, 0.2360968440771103, -0.4227978587150574, -0.7122319936752319, -0.4046509563922882, -0.43531107902526855, -0.10738449543714523, -0.14599023759365082, -0.3176248073577881, 0.21752360463142395, 0.48632845282554626, -0.8847711682319641, 0.12499082833528519, 0.0763159841299057, 0.5057282447814941, 0.5847685933113098, 0.27603691816329956, -0.6684059500694275, 0.24503517150878906, -0.6755349040031433, -0.517948567867279, 0.980745792388916, -1.3513197898864746, 0.18334989249706268, 0.08517922461032867, 0.13129936158657074, 0.6361372470855713, -0.3805845081806183, -0.18767091631889343, 0.43013253808021545, 0.08726584166288376, -0.005852447357028723, 0.040891967713832855, 0.3467523455619812, -0.24310484528541565, 0.16248875856399536, -0.6804476380348206, -0.39311572909355164, -0.6328456401824951, -0.22912737727165222, 0.1535576581954956, -0.8711861968040466, 0.04516029730439186, -0.0728764683008194, -0.09834257513284683, -0.062267549335956573, -0.5778737664222717, 0.08820542693138123, 0.30295225977897644, 0.015527225099503994, 0.11375860869884491, -0.1952456831932068, -0.8549324870109558, 0.5937063097953796, 0.4217178225517273, 0.3207436501979828, 0.03575751185417175, 0.3059442341327667, 0.4814833104610443, 0.2523258626461029, 0.5903990268707275, 0.3212971091270447, 0.4527129828929901, -0.4408854842185974, -0.9591571688652039, -0.30287855863571167, 0.07457295060157776, 0.3594294786453247, 0.05499929562211037, -0.5970273613929749, -0.46275779604911804, -0.008795434609055519, -0.5159374475479126, -0.2735286355018616, -0.0012130187824368477, -0.5694471597671509, 0.1299162209033966, 0.25754880905151367, 0.19738838076591492, -0.3513810336589813, 0.04755603149533272, -0.19787739217281342, 0.35869815945625305, 0.37219303846359253, 0.2942110598087311, 0.29798436164855957, -0.5251312851905823, 0.3169936537742615, 0.5295712351799011, -0.548525869846344, 0.12302743643522263, -0.07808452844619751, 0.5880386233329773, 0.267344206571579, -0.6815925240516663, 0.348315566778183, -0.42154890298843384, -0.32065549492836, 0.3422797620296478, -0.5620070099830627, -0.7370107769966125, -0.09661275893449783, -0.6737995147705078, 0.3853299617767334, -0.5687257051467896, -0.3734705150127411, 0.21373595297336578, 0.15869490802288055, 0.6121026277542114, 0.24776045978069305, -0.05245329439640045, -0.4999290406703949, 0.10549144446849823, -0.1932760328054428, 1.1704055070877075, -0.23361258208751678, -0.12162695825099945, -0.0964270532131195, 0.3536873459815979, 0.36917904019355774, -0.3382212519645691, 0.17102539539337158, -0.3901486396789551, 0.06506714969873428, -1.344840407371521, -0.2028101235628128, 1.0509059429168701, 0.2432263046503067, -0.03461191803216934, 0.5435368418693542, 1.0630594491958618, -0.3908076584339142, 0.22427737712860107, 0.6491957902908325, -0.16619622707366943, -0.07719403505325317, 0.07461314648389816, -0.31519952416419983, -0.47818854451179504, 0.4724856913089752, 0.06317196041345596, 0.4386768341064453, 0.5736742615699768, 0.2803482711315155, 0.5713516473770142, -0.33512797951698303, 0.2528880536556244, 0.38086095452308655, -0.9350453019142151, 0.8352199196815491, 0.3650573194026947, -0.002275249920785427, -0.8792134523391724, 0.09500864893198013, 0.09219854325056076, 0.10539734363555908, 0.2831811010837555, -0.008293120190501213, 0.17507261037826538, 0.11375849694013596, 0.07265035808086395, 0.07539442181587219, 0.09281942993402481, -0.18923740088939667, 0.7338743805885315, -0.8224262595176697, -0.7411438822746277, 0.40845492482185364, 0.2144646793603897, -0.0483287088572979, -0.4012739956378937, 1.4673373699188232, 0.21315611898899078, 0.3576841652393341, -0.33215469121932983, -0.09057200700044632, 0.3466015160083771, -0.7314035296440125, -0.3873535990715027, 1.1111481189727783, 0.2573021650314331, -0.1735733300447464, -0.33982837200164795, -0.11567416042089462, -0.5737596750259399, 0.32998645305633545, 0.3029862642288208, 0.2206696718931198, 0.6883679032325745, -0.5272864103317261, 0.2501869201660156, 0.5518314838409424, 0.1799115240573883, 0.4605621099472046, -0.6521143913269043, 0.004101843573153019, -0.34052592515945435, -0.1627768725156784, -0.10882466286420822, 0.023171545937657356, -0.29055824875831604, 0.175242081284523, 0.047641679644584656, -0.06912241131067276, 0.05721296742558479, 1.0210832357406616, 0.055854178965091705, 0.8540186882019043, -0.4167492985725403, 0.282886803150177, 0.2527874708175659, -0.20819252729415894, 0.4359155595302582, -0.09882812201976776, 0.7253615856170654, 0.6828348636627197, 0.3844000995159149, 0.37250521779060364, 1.0737305879592896, 0.42847728729248047, 0.48996594548225403, -0.6320108771324158, 0.39850613474845886, -0.22686652839183807, 0.049659572541713715, -0.6881174445152283, -0.25174659490585327, -0.2490483820438385, 0.1181480884552002, -0.2252202183008194, -0.02172771282494068, -0.34807953238487244, -0.0013917546020820737, 0.5938781499862671, 0.36537280678749084, 0.22578568756580353, 0.08638865500688553, 0.2546030879020691, 0.18664361536502838, -0.03216850385069847, -0.1881159245967865, -0.4330565333366394, 0.7955101728439331, -0.25063976645469666, -0.6607192158699036, -0.4279514253139496, -0.013689731247723103, -0.08669108897447586, 0.6613318920135498, 0.19130048155784607, -0.1944475620985031, -0.4596377909183502, -0.1141437515616417, 0.11347023397684097, 0.11147800832986832, 0.8429530262947083, -0.7976894974708557, 0.2810520827770233, 0.474385142326355, -0.27445390820503235, 0.18085046112537384, 0.22931832075119019, -0.48597660660743713, 0.31766974925994873, -0.28965187072753906, 0.16658221185207367, 0.6625890731811523, -0.4236323833465576, -0.5376039743423462, -0.07575996965169907, -0.2884768545627594, -0.6046693921089172, -0.10537397116422653, 0.7295246720314026, -0.423667848110199, 0.4271671772003174, 0.09454444795846939 ]
230665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passacaglia%20%C3%BCber%20Heidelberg	Passacaglia über Heidelberg	Passacaglia über Heidelberg is a musical work by Juan Maria Solare for clarinet, violin and cello (Cologne, 30 January–11 February 1996) [7'00"]. It is dedicated to the city of Heidelberg on the occasion of its 800th anniversary. It was first performed on 4 April 1997 by Martin Vogel (clarinet), Mayumi Hasegawa (violin) and Monika Schwamberger (cello) at the Church of the Holy Spirit in Heidelberg, as first piece of the opening concert of the 11th Festival "Gegenwelten" for New Music, organized by the Kulturinstitut Komponistinnen. A fragment of this recording was aired on 15 April 1997, in the programme "World of classical music" of the Latin American desk of the radio Deutsche Welle. It was performed again by the Ensemble Octandre in Bologna on 29 March 2000 and on 8 November 2000. Performed at the Círculo de Bellas Artes of Madrid on 12 July 2001 by members of the JONDE (Joven Orquesta Nacional de España); the concert was repeated in Segovia on 1 August 2001. Compositions by Juan María Solare	[ -0.37663576006889343, 0.4661329388618469, 0.43837854266166687, 0.15774966776371002, -0.2394132912158966, 0.1993977427482605, 0.4418832063674927, -0.19895532727241516, 0.06004519388079643, -0.7572831511497498, -0.368674099445343, -0.1065259650349617, -0.34407612681388855, 0.026769964024424553, 0.27497467398643494, 0.22964410483837128, 0.5655792951583862, -0.2661191523075104, -0.6210472583770752, -0.5151275396347046, 0.35954147577285767, -0.1184464544057846, 0.4818531572818756, 0.08567061275243759, -0.6330693364143372, -0.17413614690303802, 0.09866940975189209, 0.7506221532821655, 0.6389423608779907, 0.06447015702724457, 0.07332943379878998, 1.239408254623413, 0.1333095133304596, -0.2176920771598816, 0.2223670929670334, 0.6267934441566467, 0.34403690695762634, -0.5451585054397583, 0.19908908009529114, -0.4662643373012543, 0.07024947553873062, 0.24488481879234314, -0.49090123176574707, 0.2643807530403137, 0.5327203273773193, -0.2976308763027191, -1.3297326564788818, 0.3667091131210327, -0.8682571649551392, -0.6054016947746277, -0.3048393428325653, 0.14242705702781677, 1.1331830024719238, 1.025234341621399, -0.822186291217804, 0.024805087596178055, -0.7284697890281677, -0.43374302983283997, 0.07359597086906433, -0.2001832127571106, 0.2202630490064621, 0.49609479308128357, -0.02144174836575985, -0.17534129321575165, -0.03425731509923935, -0.12673920392990112, -0.47018513083457947, 0.6119316220283508, 0.5707535147666931, -0.6837291121482849, 0.050004687160253525, 0.6382497549057007, 0.06681066751480103, 0.029505405575037003, -0.004656120203435421, -0.40994006395339966, 0.863872766494751, -0.021073155105113983, -0.0019514585146680474, 0.8149678111076355, -0.2275264859199524, 0.7169516682624817, 1.3241082429885864, -0.3646455407142639, 0.8079017400741577, 0.19348251819610596, -0.6427139639854431, -0.10042499750852585, -0.7977763414382935, -0.14880728721618652, -0.3347122371196747, -1.2019314765930176, 0.49458107352256775, 0.558589518070221, 0.48016470670700073, 0.10884114354848862, -0.030203107744455338, -0.01309128850698471, -0.14840593934059143, 0.042654793709516525, 0.22893989086151123, 0.2500128149986267, 0.15656068921089172, 0.3676427900791168, -0.756395697593689, 0.027720874175429344, -0.7330569624900818, -0.9241824150085449, 0.011880265548825264, 0.26918190717697144, -0.39409151673316956, -0.28017687797546387, -0.2963874638080597, -0.3003460168838501, -0.027308033779263496, 0.36660394072532654, 0.39511486887931824, -0.04835379496216774, -0.20021282136440277, 0.44424858689308167, 0.5595148801803589, 0.5211816430091858, -0.017926717177033424, 0.1690477877855301, -0.33257225155830383, 0.26609110832214355, 0.4858916997909546, 0.2737758457660675, -0.15841573476791382, 0.28993353247642517, 0.0839405357837677, 0.42477840185165405, 0.2287110686302185, 0.12462937086820602, 0.08082722127437592, -0.6539708375930786, 0.34686189889907837, 0.14928661286830902, -0.34792086482048035, 0.5011248588562012, -0.7087007164955139, -0.278234601020813, -0.22351783514022827, -0.7462143898010254, 0.06544432044029236, -0.07834174484014511, -0.734239399433136, -0.33207717537879944, -0.03221362829208374, -0.45819830894470215, -0.11963336914777756, -0.37269070744514465, 0.050261471420526505, 0.3495257794857025, -0.8324443101882935, 0.08378075063228607, 0.2204568237066269, 0.012825694866478443, 0.4695526361465454, 0.2707900106906891, 0.8407791256904602, 0.19756482541561127, -0.32068195939064026, -0.03390127792954445, 0.35959044098854065, -0.5567114353179932, 0.6106836199760437, 0.6696805953979492, 0.08758381009101868, -0.40989765524864197, -0.24086911976337433, 0.42275509238243103, -0.5166966915130615, -0.45405369997024536, 0.2312072217464447, 0.2958190143108368, 0.21642400324344635, 0.6725252270698547, -0.13226257264614105, -0.5858514308929443, -0.71830815076828, -0.37489092350006104, 0.313325971364975, -0.24685722589492798, -0.1848476678133011, 0.27308332920074463, -0.13824965059757233, 0.6659910082817078, 0.37440991401672363, 0.3238358199596405, -0.8400788307189941, -0.5656707882881165, 0.8570643663406372, 0.41586700081825256, 1.243984580039978, 0.33127182722091675, -0.5962268710136414, 0.297799676656723, 0.4005068242549896, 0.225601926445961, -0.47068530321121216, -0.13796381652355194, 0.7632703185081482, 0.40399083495140076, 0.5818389058113098, -0.11887989193201065, -0.051867954432964325, -0.40735146403312683, -0.3245410919189453, 0.3280102610588074, 0.30094122886657715, -0.42128559947013855, 0.4361172616481781, 0.5505952835083008, -0.3340495228767395, -0.4283774793148041, -0.2039000242948532, 0.35170993208885193, 0.2137966752052307, -0.053038809448480606, 0.8796210289001465, -0.18287160992622375, 0.006833746563643217, 0.6472640633583069, -0.4556765854358673, 1.3621691465377808, 0.7351657152175903, 0.5857886672019958, -0.17616677284240723, -0.12664248049259186, 0.005429107695817947, 0.22794385254383087, 0.06321550160646439, -0.31717097759246826, 0.011615490540862083, 0.3151477575302124, -0.06723758578300476, -0.5207378268241882, 0.39329999685287476, -0.6405258774757385, 0.5269284844398499, 0.5695203542709351, -0.6142147183418274, 0.4267577528953552, -0.06930620223283768, -0.054141901433467865, 0.5472143292427063, 0.11881732940673828, 0.044243793934583664, 0.2671879529953003, 0.3347781002521515, 0.7196316719055176, -0.5989548563957214, -0.24447698891162872, -0.4578654170036316, -0.06347496062517166, 0.1230887621641159, -0.5454776883125305, 0.2609906494617462, -0.02788485586643219, 0.16757658123970032, 0.26224827766418457, 0.6279038786888123, 0.026382246986031532, -0.11178219318389893, -0.8965809941291809, 0.16243652999401093, -0.9202651381492615, -0.19793184101581573, -0.2762652039527893, 0.3555572032928467, -0.010755502618849277, -0.5854284763336182, 0.9779558181762695, -0.3732982277870178, -0.12462470680475235, -0.4810355603694916, -0.24649469554424286, -0.512891948223114, -0.5192656517028809, 0.22945863008499146, 0.42481759190559387, 0.35614922642707825, -0.07581106573343277, -1.034976840019226, 0.22646775841712952, 1.0562260150909424, 0.39455366134643555, -0.06217559054493904, 0.14419770240783691, 0.4398132264614105, 0.3822236657142639, 0.07870882749557495, 0.28478750586509705, -0.11960098892450333, 0.5805131196975708, -0.1836259365081787, -0.11674052476882935, 0.7404522895812988, -0.08456499129533768, -0.3647918403148651, -0.30229055881500244, -0.11712666600942612, 0.1631718873977661, -0.003922364208847284, -0.799151599407196, -0.8380342125892639, -0.1037415862083435, -5.2084059715271, -0.03877604007720947, -0.5173147916793823, 0.05336513742804527, -0.3860742151737213, 0.053020231425762177, 0.38861364126205444, -0.972885251045227, -0.09480142593383789, 0.022966865450143814, -0.3694895803928375, 0.573286771774292, -0.30309849977493286, 0.807256817817688, 0.08258944004774094, 0.15084035694599152, -0.3968662619590759, -0.457052618265152, 0.1968306601047516, 0.3130713701248169, -0.08197798579931259, 0.09664374589920044, -0.057344887405633926, 0.3758252263069153, 0.5247983932495117, 0.4061356484889984, -0.6944021582603455, 0.424140065908432, -0.5018415451049805, 0.05919383466243744, 0.41476452350616455, -0.9139577746391296, -0.43512651324272156, 0.17957568168640137, -0.15747684240341187, 0.4788587689399719, 0.5897713303565979, 0.027118897065520287, 0.19769124686717987, 0.3015272319316864, -0.20252670347690582, 0.08910994231700897, 0.20940238237380981, -0.13559815287590027, 0.06783001869916916, -0.1395961195230484, -0.5872721076011658, -0.13301828503608704, -0.17311714589595795, 1.139730453491211, 0.09084396064281464, -0.9153316020965576, 0.004799996502697468, 0.2889269292354584, -0.35117319226264954, -0.06769513338804245, 0.06695480644702911, 0.13555815815925598, 0.24647831916809082, 0.2540127635002136, 0.6490870118141174, -0.3344455361366272, -0.31215721368789673, -0.5751033425331116, -0.3530944883823395, -0.05394637957215309, 0.05467422679066658, -0.02672662027180195, -0.2175714075565338, 0.9404510855674744, 0.23446547985076904, 0.556018054485321, 0.35724368691444397, -0.9224150776863098, -0.10159192234277725, -0.4074297845363617, -0.5408862829208374, -0.23541732132434845, -0.31662359833717346, 0.2967904210090637, 0.3996928334236145, -0.3838596045970917, -0.3642747402191162, 0.11484488099813461, 0.662489116191864, -0.03945063427090645, -0.11139968782663345, 0.0034562069922685623, 0.0029927967116236687, -0.05115169286727905, 0.3495529890060425, -0.5424508452415466, -0.3985215723514557, 0.14619208872318268, -0.6003899574279785, 0.9853703379631042, 0.012096370570361614, 0.3195247948169708, -0.28565332293510437, 0.013618125580251217, 0.9468995928764343, -0.9895312190055847, -0.09310582280158997, -0.4375842809677124, -0.2286984920501709, -0.08653532713651657, -0.4973522424697876, -0.2197742611169815, 0.38473591208457947, 0.20347481966018677, 0.17885607481002808, -0.15571536123752594, 0.08514299243688583, -0.1907295286655426, 0.1360059529542923, -0.7430627942085266, -0.7306876182556152, 0.35093939304351807, -0.044378358870744705, -0.1160697191953659, 0.4338443875312805, -0.11477448791265488, 0.6057154536247253, -0.4429381191730499, -0.46140679717063904, 0.4365300238132477, 0.07642126083374023, -0.008405784144997597, -0.29856154322624207, 0.06005437299609184, -0.5054551362991333, 0.1345720887184143, -0.20436178147792816, -0.028521107509732246, -0.09464268386363983, -0.3435090184211731, -0.7116147875785828, 0.28208911418914795, 0.5696310997009277, -0.3656603693962097, 0.20306695997714996, -0.5006424188613892, -0.8628981113433838, -0.19860422611236572, 0.09054554253816605, 0.4203666150569916, 0.2573547661304474, -0.9290677309036255, -1.3433760404586792, 0.2409289926290512, 0.063820980489254, -0.6555930972099304, 0.2139945775270462, -0.3816567659378052, -0.6041791439056396, -0.12696847319602966, 0.32976171374320984, 0.13163065910339355, 0.3927764594554901, 0.3612346947193146, 0.017084799706935883, -0.11705781519412994, -0.8829221725463867, 0.02016289159655571, 0.10349516570568085, 0.40470877289772034, -0.28624188899993896, -0.8940975069999695, -0.4900420606136322, -0.13316833972930908, -0.27464258670806885, -0.5211583375930786, 0.20610572397708893, -0.33330875635147095, 0.8090142607688904, -0.230845108628273, -0.08307194709777832, -0.7848605513572693, -0.111521877348423, 0.356108695268631, -0.05471395328640938, -0.05772175267338753, -0.224338099360466, 0.3563923239707947, 0.21644850075244904, 0.041680846363306046, -0.20043206214904785, -0.11807619035243988, -0.03664934262633324, 0.4144206941127777, -0.05732836574316025, 0.3941133916378021, 0.6808322072029114, -0.25337064266204834, -0.6595780849456787, -1.2487126588821411, 0.11051243543624878, -0.31545817852020264, 0.020454352721571922, -0.5474727153778076, -0.10790663957595825, 0.20394016802310944, -0.18885400891304016, 0.6214296221733093, 0.23553603887557983, -0.5434178709983826, 0.15563543140888214, 0.09239844977855682, -0.5561718940734863, 0.21010956168174744, -0.11517411470413208, -0.5905288457870483, 0.4459291994571686, 0.15904612839221954, -0.6366720199584961, 0.5269009470939636, -0.1525476723909378, -0.6067925691604614, -1.416913628578186, 0.6878019571304321, -0.7957667708396912, 0.1708608716726303, -0.9426405429840088, -0.220096617937088, -0.8196409940719604, 0.0437697134912014, 0.2748412787914276, -0.5875371098518372, 0.1728605031967163, -0.8676313757896423, -0.0949275940656662, 0.014863173477351665, -0.059447646141052246, 0.08299430459737778, -0.49956178665161133, -0.16187208890914917, -0.5436039566993713, -0.10823694616556168, 0.03853301331400871, 0.9714217185974121, 0.5479255318641663, 0.03798363357782364, 0.45199164748191833, -0.6701331734657288, 0.04857689514756203, 0.2818971872329712, 0.43764805793762207, -0.4363439083099365, -0.48500701785087585, -0.09978723526000977, 0.287697434425354, -0.2019617259502411, 0.02121373638510704, -0.7374019622802734, 1.2646727561950684, -0.6323860287666321, 0.046270616352558136, 0.029092738404870033, 0.23182223737239838, 0.133011132478714, 0.22002720832824707, 0.3190695643424988, -0.2847362160682678, -0.35257673263549805, -0.5293682217597961, 0.05387624725699425, 0.5554041862487793, -0.5487766265869141, -0.1494169384241104, 0.49334216117858887, 0.17768794298171997, 0.03354998305439949, 0.10971952229738235, 0.11471406370401382, -0.24404668807983398, 0.5546990036964417, -0.44265085458755493, -0.6011448502540588, 0.0788872241973877, 0.008546081371605396, -0.2648736238479614, 0.29077714681625366, -0.1353411078453064, -0.21251733601093292, 0.33260515332221985, -0.232549250125885, -0.5506225228309631, 0.20670846104621887, 0.03075331076979637, 0.3064809739589691, -0.06128750368952751, -0.44513842463493347, -0.15507572889328003, 0.11834529787302017, 0.5622121095657349, 0.5409995317459106, -0.3471914529800415, -0.5341627597808838, -0.3244215250015259, -0.34884393215179443, 0.10465668141841888, 0.24391120672225952, 0.7633182406425476, -0.05226975679397583, -0.09083767235279083, 0.26767274737358093, 0.3554595708847046, -0.5157313942909241, -0.9354206919670105, 0.0951169803738594, 0.2636927664279938, 0.2634657919406891, 0.03472793102264404, 1.1726784706115723, -0.052676573395729065, 0.5812779068946838, 0.3224029541015625, -0.12177515774965286, 0.2887639105319977, 0.5564414262771606, 0.06418203562498093, -0.2782345414161682, 0.917688250541687, 0.24442122876644135, -0.4515872001647949, 0.41619494557380676, -0.03113814815878868, -0.08280099928379059, -0.2458520084619522, 0.6587684154510498, 0.4187332093715668, -0.006891769357025623, -0.5138391256332397, 0.3472379744052887, 0.3164200782775879, 0.8512868881225586, 0.9017645716667175, -0.3240460157394409, -0.5947408080101013, 0.11647929251194, -0.3624206781387329, 0.8095623254776001, -0.6672797799110413, -0.08364730328321457, 0.04834230616688728, 0.10551360994577408, -0.5086194276809692, 0.38960495591163635, -0.060159217566251755, -0.4061534106731415, 0.3906617760658264, 1.3843491077423096, -0.15713801980018616, -0.35611918568611145, -0.20640823245048523, 0.18227872252464294, 0.4870242774486542, 0.0954853817820549, 0.11639821529388428, 0.3352088928222656, 0.47363290190696716, 0.4605697691440582, 0.5795072913169861, -0.2442222684621811, -0.8256233334541321, -0.3417554199695587, -0.029574817046523094, 0.13082075119018555, -0.34459006786346436, -0.3469736874103546, -0.023156197741627693, -0.2953149974346161, -0.00482561718672514, 0.6057705879211426, 0.8695828318595886, -0.23674166202545166, 0.33321037888526917, 0.5589867830276489, 0.06047576665878296, 0.8267149925231934, -0.6335785984992981, 0.07766377180814743, -0.4218742549419403, 0.05274656042456627, 0.03554423153400421, -0.660984218120575, -0.1337813287973404, -0.3359116017818451, 0.056490544229745865, -0.7734768986701965, 0.348452627658844, -0.3544660210609436, 0.08547511696815491, -0.0059831044636666775, -0.33337923884391785, -0.8804680705070496, 0.08767810463905334, 0.8705882430076599, -0.17134343087673187, -0.11675578355789185, 0.7194699645042419, -0.2938632667064667, -0.058029986917972565, 0.35279926657676697, -0.33978718519210815, 0.24479517340660095, -0.8513171076774597, 1.2356473207473755, -0.702375590801239, 0.11858417838811874, 0.05608095973730087, -0.04814160615205765, -0.7636135816574097, 0.1675485521554947, 0.3596683442592621, 0.10108666867017746, -0.10692845284938812, -0.2245013564825058, 0.029853347688913345, -0.26429399847984314, 0.3410239517688751, -0.41300445795059204, 0.6479195952415466, 0.12911726534366608, -0.16400188207626343, 0.18782925605773926, -0.1344357281923294, -0.17309331893920898, -0.025231672450900078, 0.1947016417980194, 0.2607000172138214, 0.3813084065914154, -0.04107134789228439, -0.006434493698179722, -0.017861921340227127, -0.20072022080421448, 0.6598044037818909, 0.3337569832801819, 0.7077608108520508, -0.36174699664115906, 0.26162418723106384, 0.06746436655521393, -0.06663620471954346, -0.07553567737340927, 0.1836785525083542, 0.17954574525356293, -0.0740208625793457, -0.20713502168655396, -0.4946858882904053, 0.26233065128326416, 0.16593815386295319, -0.2802387475967407, 0.3021692633628845, -0.9323326945304871, -0.09628547728061676, -0.1718163788318634, 0.2523398995399475, -0.5709249377250671, -0.3651105761528015, -0.0994093269109726 ]
230667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang%20%28musical%20work%29	Zugzwang (musical work)	Zugzwang is a musical work by Juan Maria Solare. It is subtitled "Fifteen authentic miniatures about the strategy of chess" for quartet: violin (or flute), alto saxophone (or clarinet), double bass (or cello) and piano (or synthesizer). Cologne, 29 January - 6 February 1999. [3'15" in length]. Zugzwang is where a player (especially in chess) is forced to make a disadvantageous move because it is their turn. The work is dedicated to the chess grandmaster Lothar Schmid. References Compositions by Juan María Solare	[ -0.476093053817749, 0.8100000619888306, -0.030502162873744965, -0.2681264579296112, -0.3819228410720825, 0.21725289523601532, 0.28302496671676636, 0.17072227597236633, -0.42753690481185913, -0.8617098927497864, -0.1719258725643158, -0.13884426653385162, -0.17823076248168945, 0.4529927670955658, -0.5220346450805664, 0.5174052715301514, 0.6179500818252563, 0.2441142201423645, -0.20888370275497437, -0.598333477973938, -0.11250422894954681, -0.35540443658828735, 0.3478212356567383, -0.11473490297794342, -0.2166965901851654, -0.041298262774944305, 0.1327885538339615, 0.23377706110477448, 0.5243460536003113, 0.20438924431800842, -0.5325393080711365, 0.8420471549034119, 0.30827978253364563, -0.503455638885498, -0.33302778005599976, 0.1372862011194229, 0.09134044498205185, -0.6887369751930237, 0.12842148542404175, -0.9012081623077393, 0.2584492862224579, 0.35541418194770813, -0.010773692280054092, 0.5254744291305542, 0.5309023261070251, 0.08154334127902985, -1.5678752660751343, 0.15641959011554718, -1.1143442392349243, -0.3750080168247223, -0.2815109193325043, 0.42532384395599365, 1.044801115989685, 0.4096011221408844, -0.7067141532897949, 0.13164156675338745, -1.1255046129226685, 0.018582826480269432, 0.6634998321533203, -0.007376687601208687, 0.0837140679359436, 0.6393293142318726, -0.028327839449048042, -0.22474633157253265, -0.17379097640514374, -0.279489666223526, -0.48605862259864807, 0.3128903806209564, 0.32176831364631653, -0.4311748147010803, -0.5265713334083557, 0.2967365086078644, 0.2928723692893982, -0.5304153561592102, -0.17074690759181976, -0.21177038550376892, 0.3516722023487091, 0.005333248060196638, 0.12502098083496094, 0.5449950098991394, -0.29122430086135864, 0.28127238154411316, 1.234026312828064, -0.17521211504936218, 0.5373215079307556, 0.1832035481929779, -0.4550324082374573, -0.19769419729709625, -0.38417014479637146, 0.04942990094423294, -0.2644074857234955, -0.8721756339073181, 0.3974839448928833, 0.7182450294494629, 0.43045490980148315, 0.29271796345710754, 0.08051185309886932, 0.6872769594192505, -0.18321539461612701, 0.5424970388412476, 0.34002944827079773, 0.3689393103122711, 0.20631667971611023, 0.2277407944202423, -0.4043521285057068, -0.02059825137257576, -0.9897945523262024, -0.29021701216697693, -0.2846364974975586, -0.06415785104036331, -0.3888181149959564, -0.2692403495311737, 0.0839347392320633, 0.09983377158641815, 0.4924548864364624, 0.38201236724853516, 0.5203507542610168, -0.22674119472503662, -0.07539916038513184, -0.15497973561286926, 0.47817957401275635, 0.9014390110969543, 0.05525604262948036, 0.17384329438209534, -0.3279297649860382, 0.26229044795036316, 0.1843375265598297, 0.41992875933647156, -0.40525320172309875, 0.514042854309082, 0.07773842662572861, 0.7469006180763245, 0.3611030876636505, -0.3311680555343628, -0.12272314727306366, -0.7964631915092468, 0.3705250322818756, 0.15148267149925232, -0.08808022737503052, 0.34277021884918213, -0.6613011360168457, -0.5948048830032349, -0.7599481344223022, -0.3463931381702423, 0.3407634496688843, -0.1106320172548294, -0.4757309556007385, -0.6367316842079163, -0.027798905968666077, -0.03218100219964981, 0.22144795954227448, -0.3470117747783661, -0.25365185737609863, 0.6252793669700623, -0.7688372731208801, 0.2359590381383896, 0.2635835111141205, -0.468306303024292, 0.5469319224357605, 0.30291643738746643, 0.4333983361721039, 0.1803007423877716, -0.21211504936218262, -0.23874889314174652, -0.035195834934711456, -0.6479621529579163, 0.477438360452652, 0.7983056902885437, 0.08541374653577805, -0.13247117400169373, -0.3866441249847412, 0.41112425923347473, -0.4031416177749634, -0.5696774125099182, 0.14811421930789948, -0.22745683789253235, 0.41876205801963806, 0.2844100892543793, -0.015476877801120281, -0.05630850791931152, -0.5872882604598999, -0.231376051902771, 0.38783544301986694, -0.20136088132858276, -0.06150976940989494, 0.5982345938682556, 0.1676643192768097, 0.6783323884010315, 0.24651572108268738, -0.2584083080291748, -0.3389747440814972, -0.442749559879303, 0.9360516667366028, 0.13081659376621246, 0.955384373664856, 0.7685198187828064, -0.4870489537715912, 0.13299262523651123, 0.5191738605499268, -0.10552026331424713, -0.25604239106178284, 0.1925085335969925, 0.3460492193698883, 0.45670875906944275, 0.0939069464802742, 0.4754805862903595, 0.010493091307580471, -0.11148355156183243, -0.05181104689836502, 0.19337382912635803, 0.4737972915172577, -0.3739076554775238, 0.3721106946468353, 0.16422033309936523, -0.2808810770511627, -0.4439501166343689, -0.2366962879896164, 0.042066264897584915, -0.2760670483112335, -0.016462014988064766, 0.6342492699623108, -0.1944476068019867, -0.0775778517127037, 0.8104928731918335, 0.1278737187385559, 1.2500852346420288, -0.03447745740413666, 0.08831879496574402, -0.26451438665390015, -0.028678016737103462, -0.13318884372711182, 0.3225644528865814, 0.01099912729114294, -0.17783105373382568, 0.28280413150787354, 0.06799369305372238, -0.0026180362328886986, -0.598968505859375, 0.35604599118232727, -0.19032011926174164, 0.42809274792671204, 0.4033665955066681, -0.45424777269363403, 0.35103359818458557, 0.16294915974140167, 0.10547839105129242, -0.09644808620214462, -0.029988113790750504, -0.04972703382372856, 0.2901894748210907, 0.21077238023281097, 0.6748894453048706, -0.32344770431518555, 0.09832823276519775, -0.188520148396492, -0.04464561864733696, -0.0057644471526145935, -0.7671048045158386, -0.44013896584510803, -0.1404787003993988, 0.18068881332874298, -0.25319963693618774, 0.5503823757171631, -0.1663447916507721, -0.26106446981430054, -1.04225492477417, 0.14167077839374542, -0.5962711572647095, 0.1191178485751152, -0.3080327808856964, 0.4172210097312927, -0.032378628849983215, -0.5537712574005127, -0.2601730525493622, 0.04225765913724899, -0.039710234850645065, -0.6157801151275635, -0.07347351312637329, -0.4786039888858795, -0.8213040232658386, -0.025772497057914734, 0.8981852531433105, 0.22107170522212982, -0.03736884891986847, -0.9265187382698059, -0.05104266479611397, 0.8404410481452942, -0.040260136127471924, 0.17950017750263214, -0.20318838953971863, 0.08815287798643112, 0.6409487128257751, -0.21642330288887024, -0.3145886957645416, -0.23517408967018127, 0.5437944531440735, -0.13853491842746735, -0.5105125308036804, 0.26315295696258545, -0.4661535322666168, -0.3766437768936157, 0.15262790024280548, -0.1770683377981186, -0.1159159317612648, 0.008368107490241528, -0.0012536501744762063, -0.5036782622337341, 0.07816693186759949, -5.536509990692139, -0.3000677525997162, -0.11249800771474838, 0.08647662401199341, -0.11956369876861572, 0.18521474301815033, 0.655240535736084, -0.6130523085594177, -0.06262116879224777, -0.41255849599838257, -0.1508874148130417, 0.02029108814895153, -0.033213816583156586, 0.5026708841323853, 0.4322626292705536, 0.11909279227256775, -0.3063228130340576, -0.03660763427615166, 0.2665180563926697, 0.09838030487298965, 0.10485696792602539, 0.10130870342254639, 0.28498774766921997, 0.25913235545158386, 0.44818398356437683, 0.5995628237724304, -0.3298262357711792, 0.09421189874410629, -0.8478719592094421, 0.34111645817756653, 0.14694136381149292, -0.27030882239341736, -0.47277626395225525, -0.022650359198451042, -0.2617991864681244, 0.5534020662307739, 0.4846116304397583, 0.1618187427520752, 0.5542311668395996, 0.058977626264095306, -0.18988707661628723, 0.23453432321548462, -0.325115829706192, 0.5565956234931946, 0.09695790708065033, -0.15479542315006256, -0.6629775166511536, -0.39493292570114136, -0.4743764400482178, 1.0197080373764038, 0.1623774766921997, -1.042134165763855, 0.36328211426734924, -0.19517531991004944, 0.03278864920139313, 0.0843738317489624, 0.3529561460018158, -0.04003901034593582, -0.19810913503170013, 0.1629374921321869, 0.47159186005592346, -0.5394888520240784, 0.0499303974211216, -0.8307322263717651, -0.4879162907600403, 0.006244463846087456, -0.1490258276462555, 0.04488866776227951, 0.22432869672775269, 0.5133641362190247, 0.28594881296157837, 0.7065296173095703, 0.2969336211681366, -0.800328254699707, -0.1209600567817688, 0.09790262579917908, -0.804081916809082, -0.43530088663101196, 0.07992373406887054, 0.16506673395633698, 0.26048609614372253, -0.584986686706543, -0.3920852243900299, 0.0002557079424150288, 0.4781695604324341, 0.17554135620594025, -0.35955727100372314, 0.19431756436824799, -0.32707682251930237, 0.3838847279548645, 0.37941667437553406, -0.6825906038284302, -0.16272731125354767, 0.4009239971637726, 0.3346337378025055, 0.9644034504890442, 0.2546430826187134, -0.2318284958600998, 0.2425108700990677, -0.2954329252243042, 0.7031031847000122, -0.5979607701301575, 0.47409144043922424, 0.12892240285873413, 0.3704908788204193, 0.1584712564945221, -0.16701501607894897, 0.23141427338123322, 0.4542620778083801, 0.21362635493278503, 0.29165393114089966, -0.2886912524700165, -0.06626836955547333, -0.47616448998451233, 0.20615634322166443, -1.0973345041275024, -0.3994813859462738, 0.32088807225227356, 0.09848044812679291, 0.10465937107801437, 0.7649554014205933, 0.10368956625461578, 0.4682096838951111, -0.6587510704994202, -0.5147901177406311, 0.07836078107357025, 0.274777352809906, 0.004784916061908007, -0.3562784194946289, 0.14358045160770416, -0.32498541474342346, 0.23984704911708832, -0.10301202535629272, -0.12280489504337311, 0.13653333485126495, 0.12403349578380585, -0.7642486691474915, -0.43398869037628174, 0.4254130423069, -0.6364763975143433, 0.31492018699645996, -0.5794490575790405, -0.6082772016525269, 0.042713288217782974, 0.2290586233139038, 0.5671260356903076, 0.08972985297441483, -0.8623836040496826, -1.170087456703186, 0.4277726113796234, -0.0523436963558197, -0.4814269244670868, 0.662437379360199, -0.46208086609840393, -0.37205833196640015, -0.035790637135505676, -0.1259462684392929, 0.14131155610084534, 0.15140391886234283, 0.2552829086780548, 0.19890481233596802, -0.2865975797176361, -0.6763044595718384, 0.6645849943161011, 0.29162466526031494, 0.2012130469083786, -0.489695280790329, -0.2543136477470398, -0.2738799750804901, 0.31269776821136475, 0.14823494851589203, -0.29083332419395447, -0.08243614435195923, -0.2682451903820038, 0.5722236037254333, -0.5683793425559998, 0.2525752782821655, -0.09029455482959747, -0.22354228794574738, 0.375320702791214, -0.11749283969402313, 0.22785106301307678, -0.175755575299263, 0.33295565843582153, 0.09376204758882523, -0.09120218455791473, -0.739008367061615, -0.07757213711738586, -0.3775515556335449, 0.17219825088977814, -0.2385321706533432, 0.37411588430404663, 0.7553929090499878, -0.13635863363742828, -0.48015710711479187, -0.7814761996269226, -0.12656670808792114, -0.2797415852546692, 0.22165840864181519, -0.8322275280952454, 0.13776013255119324, -0.03285376727581024, -0.4461366534233093, 0.8310682773590088, 0.00032344702049158514, -0.8330287933349609, 0.4169745445251465, -0.31755760312080383, -0.7807036638259888, 0.23709391057491302, 0.05184018984436989, -0.9247453212738037, 0.056772664189338684, 0.52823805809021, -0.2475038468837738, -0.2801135182380676, 0.44120657444000244, -0.4647059440612793, -0.8963525891304016, 0.6611865162849426, 0.02306116186082363, -0.04850821569561958, -0.7464506030082703, 0.1806800663471222, -0.7955977916717529, 0.34214404225349426, -0.026296256110072136, -0.8379887342453003, 0.34838685393333435, -0.5261910557746887, 0.24960637092590332, 0.002475419780239463, 0.025481373071670532, -0.05739465355873108, -0.566973090171814, -0.2501585781574249, -0.015623207204043865, 0.24201755225658417, 0.01053294725716114, 0.7474766969680786, 0.2635281980037689, 0.6400258541107178, 0.2273467481136322, -0.06617946177721024, 0.002286067930981517, 0.2357499897480011, 0.29033640027046204, -0.13454341888427734, -0.3169286847114563, 0.43071165680885315, 0.052620284259319305, -0.10118938982486725, -0.05766427889466286, -0.5618535280227661, 1.1578289270401, -0.20978175103664398, -0.2416677176952362, 0.35251811146736145, 0.4437134563922882, -0.10143040865659714, 0.4500095546245575, 0.038717739284038544, -0.17636534571647644, -0.4244350790977478, -0.17781862616539001, 0.40051332116127014, 0.05435781180858612, -0.12528245151042938, 0.003011719323694706, 0.1760864555835724, -0.14719325304031372, -0.13110393285751343, 0.2837224304676056, 0.280577689409256, -0.010240142233669758, 0.33528077602386475, -0.5586044192314148, -0.5276574492454529, 0.5313047766685486, -0.013894332572817802, 0.17119774222373962, 0.133085697889328, 0.019266299903392792, -0.5749050974845886, -0.26982182264328003, 0.1365281045436859, -0.6573044061660767, -0.07427795231342316, -0.011288688518106937, 0.11444762349128723, -0.6555647850036621, -0.21040461957454681, 0.48599323630332947, 0.10499868541955948, 0.614435613155365, 0.5904305577278137, -0.4098316431045532, -0.6301969289779663, -0.18498538434505463, -0.16692522168159485, 0.05113525688648224, 0.4600118398666382, 0.6729305982589722, 0.18649835884571075, 0.43829312920570374, 0.24632468819618225, 0.06429247558116913, -0.5354503989219666, -0.8818100094795227, -0.17319825291633606, -0.3059573471546173, 0.291404128074646, -0.15040557086467743, 0.642602801322937, -0.19226424396038055, 0.4473852217197418, 0.5386098623275757, -0.049088045954704285, 0.42237383127212524, 0.7244324088096619, 0.5421614050865173, -0.7622361183166504, 1.0385150909423828, 0.09443806111812592, 0.05507880449295044, 0.07730279117822647, -0.21136456727981567, -0.5834681987762451, -0.2805445194244385, -0.29062801599502563, 0.18029631674289703, -0.008012086153030396, -0.8265691995620728, 0.626505434513092, 0.014662676490843296, 0.6256474256515503, 0.8477199673652649, -0.37132108211517334, -0.8103778958320618, 0.30794045329093933, 0.0762290358543396, 0.4031530022621155, -0.4323374629020691, 0.020089615136384964, 0.24314479529857635, -0.32147467136383057, -0.41201528906822205, 0.32696059346199036, 0.3196437656879425, -0.08269314467906952, 0.14905232191085815, 1.2883380651474, 0.22604823112487793, -0.16574788093566895, -0.13081441819667816, -0.10515526682138443, 0.5804330110549927, -0.016413865610957146, 0.05172859877347946, -0.4845142662525177, -0.1227908805012703, 0.3484615385532379, 0.07793944329023361, -0.18152298033237457, -0.5029885172843933, 0.20056329667568207, 0.05872830003499985, -0.09986354410648346, -0.5499460697174072, 0.062094345688819885, 0.2789159417152405, -0.730148196220398, -0.00643199635669589, 0.835496723651886, 0.6892380714416504, -0.48377665877342224, 0.1636674553155899, 0.5373826026916504, 0.04457397758960724, 0.4501950442790985, -0.29086101055145264, 0.2691996693611145, -0.2613289952278137, 0.17396143078804016, 0.028438040986657143, -0.30226534605026245, -0.18936285376548767, -0.17889557778835297, 0.1668677031993866, -0.4859172999858856, 0.395479679107666, 0.2389584183692932, 0.2865023910999298, 0.17394864559173584, -0.43963614106178284, 0.058092743158340454, -0.3542002737522125, 1.0065540075302124, -0.2994201183319092, -0.4643343985080719, 0.5264383554458618, 0.3978508412837982, 0.2093103975057602, -0.27845510840415955, -0.4099263846874237, -0.09236393868923187, -0.9496030807495117, 1.1528857946395874, -0.5287113189697266, -0.022865965962409973, 0.2764933109283447, 0.26614701747894287, -0.5666660666465759, 0.05105084553360939, -0.20276683568954468, -0.12690369784832, 0.38640981912612915, -0.4898545444011688, -0.10973558574914932, -0.2759842276573181, 0.2573713958263397, -0.45755627751350403, 0.35592129826545715, 0.25568875670433044, -0.005101030692458153, -0.43699198961257935, 0.03304075822234154, -0.46716585755348206, -0.32263198494911194, 0.23212087154388428, 0.22417119145393372, 0.4485737681388855, -0.3494967222213745, -0.09565486013889313, -0.16047541797161102, -0.27521780133247375, 0.7468933463096619, 0.2884708642959595, 0.5750895142555237, -0.3158947229385376, 0.4928692579269409, -0.5881056785583496, -0.08571720868349075, -0.08828907459974289, -1.285443663597107, -0.12253087759017944, 0.2163674682378769, -0.3849675953388214, -0.05706022307276726, 0.48233452439308167, 0.36319100856781006, 0.20296713709831238, 0.10125432163476944, -0.6697925329208374, -0.05987010523676872, -0.25258970260620117, 0.22021065652370453, -0.40498265624046326, -0.020508160814642906, -0.16399237513542175 ]
230677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Senge	Peter Senge	Peter Michael Senge (born 1947) is an American systems scientist who is a senior lecturer at the MIT Sloan School of Management, co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute, and the founder of the Society for Organizational Learning. He is known as the author of the book The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (1990, rev. 2006). Life and career Peter Senge was born in Stanford, California. He received a B.S. in Aerospace engineering from Stanford University. While at Stanford, Senge also studied philosophy. He later earned an M.S. in social systems modeling from MIT in 1972, as well as a PhD in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1978. He is the founding chair of the Society for Organizational Learning (SoL). This organization helps with the communication of ideas between large corporations. It replaced the previous organization known as the Center for Organizational Learning at MIT. He is co-Founder, and sits on the Board of Directors, of the Academy for Systems Change. This non-profit organization works with leaders to grow their ability to lead in complex social systems that foster biological, social and economic well-being. The focus is on awareness-based systems thinking tools, methods and approaches. He has had a regular meditation practice since 1996 and began meditating with a trip to Tassajara, a Zen Buddhist monastery, before attending Stanford. He recommends meditation or similar forms of contemplative practice. Work An engineer by training, Peter was a protégé of John H. Hopkins and has followed closely the works of Michael Peters and Robert Fritz and based his books on pioneering work with the five disciplines at Ford, Chrysler, Shell, AT&T Corporation, Hanover Insurance, and Harley-Davidson, since the 1970s. Organization development Senge emerged in the 1990s as a major figure in organizational development with the book The Fifth Discipline, in which he developed the notion of a learning organization. This conceptualizes organizations as dynamic systems (as defined in Systemics), in states of continuous adaptation and improvement. In 1997, Harvard Business Review identified The Fifth Discipline as one of the seminal management books of the previous 75 years. For this work, he was named "Strategist of the Century" by Journal of Business Strategy, which said that he was one of a very few people who "had the greatest impact on the way we conduct business today." The book's premise is that too many businesses are engaged in endless search for a heroic leader who can inspire people to change. This effort creates grand strategies that are never fully developed. The effort to change creates resistance that finally overcomes the effort. Senge believes that real firms in real markets face both opportunities and natural limits to their development. Most efforts to change are hampered by resistance created by the cultural habits of the prevailing system. No amount of expert advice is useful. It's essential to develop reflection and inquiry skills so that the real problems can be discussed. According to Senge, there are four challenges in initiating changes. There must be a compelling case for change. There must be time to change. There must be help during the change process. As the perceived barriers to change are removed, it is important that some new problem, not before considered important or perhaps not even recognized, doesn't become a critical barrier. Learning organization and systems thinking According to Senge 'learning organizations' are those organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together." He argues that only those organizations that are able to adapt quickly and effectively will be able to excel in their field or market. In order to be a learning organization, there must be two conditions present at all times. The first is the ability to design the organization to match the intended or desired outcomes, and second, the ability to recognize when the initial direction of the organization is different from the desired outcome and follow the necessary steps to correct this mismatch. Organizations that are able to do this are exemplary. Senge also believed in the theory of systems thinking which has sometimes been referred to as the 'Cornerstone' of the learning organization. Systems thinking focuses on how the individual that is being studied interacts with the other constituents of the system. Rather than focusing on the individuals within an organization, it prefers to look at a larger number of interactions within the organization and in between organizations as a whole. Publications Peter Senge has written several books and articles throughout his career. A selection of his works: 1990, The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization, Doubleday, New York. 1994, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook 1999, The Dance of Change 2000, Schools that Learn: A Fifth Discipline Fieldbook for Educators, Parents, and Everyone Who Cares about Education 2004, Presence: Human Purpose and the Field of the Future 2005, with C. Otto Scharmer, Joseph Jaworski & Betty Sue Flowers, Presence: An Exploration of Profound Change in People, 'Organizations, and Society' 2008, with Bryan Smith, Nina Kruschwitz, Joe Laur & Sara Schley, The Necessary Revolution: How Individuals and Organizations Are Working Together to Create a Sustainable World'' See also Organizational learning System dynamics Systems thinking Strategy dynamics Strategic management Organizational communication References Notes External links SoL, Society for Organizational Learning - which Senge founded Systems Thinking in Action Conference, an annual event that Senge has keynoted for the last 19 years Leading The Necessary Revolution Moral Development in Learning Organizations 1947 births American business theorists Living people MIT Sloan School of Management alumni Social information processing American systems scientists MIT Sloan School of Management faculty People from Stanford, California New England Complex Systems Institute	[ -0.5979936718940735, 0.10677023977041245, -0.4488984942436218, 0.2185056209564209, -0.33812427520751953, 0.41324442625045776, 0.18707521259784698, 0.2726658880710602, -0.32631605863571167, -0.21201808750629425, -0.41654321551322937, 0.5882229208946228, 0.1493281126022339, -0.07029840350151062, -0.06949107348918915, -0.05949372053146362, 0.02464633248746395, -0.5975481271743774, -0.18950478732585907, -0.05887322500348091, -0.4125754237174988, -0.2064848691225052, -0.06449657678604126, -0.033031146973371506, -0.16022475063800812, 0.3140413761138916, 0.03383254259824753, 0.25597286224365234, -0.04668441042304039, -0.08218211680650711, -0.03646782785654068, 0.3756052851676941, 0.08392463624477386, 0.0037407204508781433, -0.719340980052948, 0.26761049032211304, 0.01375063881278038, -0.11791856586933136, -0.03808455169200897, 0.34869205951690674, 0.11527810245752335, 0.27391666173934937, -0.595333993434906, 0.09128189086914062, -0.12993112206459045, -0.4297415018081665, -1.841183066368103, -0.18432822823524475, -1.003230094909668, -0.07506515085697174, -0.9309216141700745, 0.25266033411026, 0.5188116431236267, -0.5975164175033569, -0.39151567220687866, -0.14376035332679749, -0.3284741938114166, -0.28766509890556335, 0.2662315368652344, -0.3321026563644409, 0.1165761649608612, -0.03173401579260826, 0.13547340035438538, -0.3755756914615631, 0.4395243525505066, 0.5235300660133362, 0.3581314980983734, 0.1915206015110016, -0.4558568298816681, -0.17771972715854645, 0.09967117011547089, -0.03452508896589279, -0.12431052327156067, 0.7438554167747498, 0.29340410232543945, -0.44176778197288513, 0.21467919647693634, 0.017243782058358192, -0.5400260090827942, 0.15671014785766602, -0.12298140674829483, -0.3717699348926544, 0.8810136318206787, -0.057715848088264465, 0.6504353880882263, 0.2916070222854614, -0.4860042333602905, 0.7761139273643494, -0.7408044338226318, 0.165984645485878, -0.30291804671287537, -0.6756845116615295, 0.39282822608947754, 0.13443483412265778, 0.1632612943649292, 0.16217607259750366, 0.6249361038208008, 0.588101863861084, 0.0833502933382988, -0.05651196837425232, 0.10297645628452301, -0.13595689833164215, -0.11399029940366745, -0.21629779040813446, -0.47307518124580383, -0.2069149613380432, 0.13746574521064758, -0.9978062510490417, -0.5789929032325745, -0.5096173286437988, -0.6788834929466248, 0.41784852743148804, -0.15068435668945312, 0.19951142370700836, 0.09634870290756226, 0.7745856046676636, 0.05382916331291199, -0.5832928419113159, -0.5457555055618286, 0.10204219818115234, 0.5248562693595886, 0.7185379862785339, -0.08753403276205063, 0.1861369013786316, -0.4557528793811798, 0.05231011286377907, -0.32867351174354553, 0.3713216781616211, 0.11390934139490128, 0.1270192712545395, 0.44977161288261414, 0.5813742280006409, 0.07536286860704422, -0.01297073345631361, -0.4654807448387146, 0.022429639473557472, 0.8076677918434143, -0.17475056648254395, -0.608778178691864, 0.681790828704834, -0.5627678632736206, 0.046188581734895706, -0.5905419588088989, -0.3719521462917328, 0.6510596871376038, 0.3269681930541992, 0.07140970230102539, -0.39611464738845825, 0.03084590844810009, 0.03481753170490265, -0.37161388993263245, 0.28665944933891296, -0.43796175718307495, 0.25015273690223694, -0.0332070030272007, 1.2038297653198242, 0.12101595848798752, -0.016299402341246605, 0.16672061383724213, 0.20399639010429382, 0.04899692162871361, -0.7027113437652588, -0.4857422411441803, 0.44481348991394043, 0.33148202300071716, -0.6095036864280701, 0.21255065500736237, 0.025162220001220703, -0.01455752644687891, 0.0271044559776783, -0.07402229309082031, -0.42169034481048584, 0.04716040566563606, -0.7803995609283447, -0.16353370249271393, 0.36717355251312256, 0.3627498149871826, -0.1273033618927002, 0.7067263722419739, -0.07966990023851395, -0.49136343598365784, -0.41420865058898926, 0.2680779993534088, 0.19767220318317413, 0.403159499168396, -0.16889193654060364, 0.2943117916584015, -0.2028198093175888, 0.2059464454650879, 0.14791664481163025, -0.5103279948234558, -0.4947897493839264, 0.6112301349639893, -0.2485012412071228, 0.510972797870636, 0.4107281565666199, 0.006894394289702177, 0.7446121573448181, -0.154772087931633, 0.6301748752593994, -0.042148735374212265, -0.6239633560180664, -0.36879393458366394, -0.09220492094755173, 0.1581202894449234, 1.0044251680374146, 0.15151187777519226, -0.14216448366641998, -0.20283156633377075, 0.6537589430809021, 0.23506543040275574, -0.07153484970331192, 0.2646101117134094, -0.21714547276496887, -0.2492763102054596, -0.3352605700492859, -0.022988757118582726, -0.29752954840660095, -0.03772770240902901, -0.670199453830719, 1.1357409954071045, 0.22097133100032806, 0.28885355591773987, 0.629301130771637, 0.39171531796455383, 0.8260001540184021, 0.6999250650405884, 0.35326501727104187, 0.7504286170005798, -0.42686736583709717, 0.13206873834133148, -0.02488815039396286, 0.7040497660636902, -0.5835725665092468, 0.0846906378865242, 0.2246534824371338, 0.1549568921327591, -0.6729485988616943, 0.1765586882829666, -0.3381728231906891, 0.13789847493171692, 0.5244239568710327, -0.5742233395576477, 0.3775729537010193, 0.10007971525192261, 0.2458217293024063, -0.1264268010854721, 0.6656439900398254, -0.9675397276878357, -0.33383622765541077, 0.07881424576044083, 0.424532026052475, 0.6924647092819214, -0.4068743884563446, -0.4051460325717926, 0.23347389698028564, -0.30347827076911926, 0.3023313879966736, 0.32850196957588196, 0.239762544631958, 0.045456647872924805, -0.1703532636165619, -0.30575743317604065, -0.16976585984230042, -0.4923451840877533, -0.17471937835216522, -0.13031817972660065, -0.1839810013771057, 0.6001112461090088, -0.4309495687484741, 0.4515635073184967, -0.9592732787132263, -0.03094525821506977, 0.12101219594478607, -0.20921659469604492, -0.6646272540092468, -0.29881781339645386, 0.06450929492712021, -0.983519971370697, -0.7381600141525269, 0.6951696872711182, 0.7395784854888916, 0.18953901529312134, 0.20287306606769562, -0.021320506930351257, -0.1702142208814621, -0.663780927658081, -0.43818891048431396, 0.35249269008636475, -0.09910678118467331, 0.20497068762779236, 1.3116735219955444, -0.14748169481754303, 0.4155143201351166, -0.3349250257015228, 0.7194750308990479, 0.08900527656078339, -0.4621254503726959, -0.1464482545852661, -0.018881158903241158, -0.526101291179657, 0.425096333026886, -0.44832324981689453, 0.35410118103027344, 0.2034749984741211, 0.12788616120815277, -0.1388213336467743, -0.3031126856803894, -5.597415924072266, -0.28705117106437683, -0.16685301065444946, 0.1695355623960495, 0.029673509299755096, 0.00725260516628623, 0.8225722312927246, -0.08634728193283081, -0.3705294728279114, -0.25299206376075745, -0.3932449221611023, -0.13548552989959717, -0.3859391510486603, 0.6414960026741028, 0.3302769362926483, 0.4691403806209564, 0.5349878668785095, -0.36793193221092224, 0.256046324968338, 0.414188951253891, -0.2934757173061371, -0.16080990433692932, -0.2200828194618225, 0.7427254319190979, -0.08505742996931076, 0.5114301443099976, -0.6251912117004395, 0.5778931379318237, -0.9330669641494751, -0.23663800954818726, 0.17843617498874664, -0.5135511755943298, -0.9256821274757385, -0.058965541422367096, -0.2682614028453827, -0.03848577290773392, 0.46746960282325745, -0.01298412587493658, 0.4935747981071472, -0.35546258091926575, -0.13925737142562866, 0.12678545713424683, -0.1629353165626526, 0.2076224833726883, 0.147578164935112, -0.08197598904371262, -0.7819965481758118, -0.2927864193916321, -0.3406726121902466, 0.6075389981269836, -0.2039739340543747, -0.20990583300590515, 0.14904239773750305, -0.6973301768302917, 0.2685469686985016, -0.31845465302467346, 0.5196812748908997, 0.12448019534349442, -0.5943300127983093, 0.3928000330924988, 0.3437906503677368, -0.7140819430351257, -0.09289471060037613, -0.5850253701210022, -0.2270335704088211, -0.05693870037794113, -0.1919737607240677, -0.10249428451061249, -0.013264375738799572, -0.6222855448722839, -0.1568230837583542, 0.7527343034744263, -0.08268827199935913, -0.7801647186279297, -0.28929653763771057, -0.39045798778533936, 0.03526972234249115, 0.10517285764217377, -0.05353317782282829, -0.08147203922271729, -0.1359848529100418, -0.36027848720550537, -0.6495016813278198, 0.8367487192153931, 0.05673303082585335, -0.03772147744894028, 0.3937264382839203, 0.24648800492286682, 0.020133815705776215, 0.013203082606196404, 0.03327958658337593, 0.1799275130033493, 0.36461037397384644, 0.3873699903488159, 0.456402987241745, 0.08652517944574356, -0.23511873185634613, 0.73001629114151, 0.501653254032135, -0.7339975237846375, 0.04326140508055687, -0.47850969433784485, 0.10973978042602539, -0.3784693479537964, 0.31635376811027527, 0.37692439556121826, -0.270018070936203, 0.26855143904685974, 0.8122552633285522, 0.2889607846736908, 0.18702258169651031, 0.43756920099258423, -0.6741105914115906, 0.05006057769060135, 0.04882357269525528, 0.030269192531704903, -0.5343483090400696, 0.09564508497714996, 0.09435583651065826, 0.29583898186683655, -0.19135640561580658, 0.038217537105083466, -0.056489285081624985, 0.26021915674209595, -0.3805272877216339, -0.4928356111049652, 0.14839161932468414, -0.003983619157224894, -0.22010740637779236, -0.11978273093700409, 0.000914143689442426, 1.22767174243927, -0.06448438763618469, 0.013463547453284264, 0.47316062450408936, -0.7643648982048035, -0.5679491758346558, -0.484049916267395, -0.13040442764759064, -0.1061566099524498, 0.6412575840950012, 0.01461564376950264, 0.37757861614227295, -0.15429189801216125, 0.1700492948293686, 0.017301836982369423, -0.2612608075141907, 0.07096798717975616, -0.16054941713809967, 0.7094036340713501, 0.6831002831459045, -0.8213273286819458, -0.1601898968219757, -0.26562634110450745, -0.4656479060649872, 0.10965664684772491, -0.30588552355766296, -0.06810995936393738, 0.2255678027868271, 0.4561071991920471, 0.3488895297050476, 0.02604396641254425, -0.800938069820404, -0.4117753505706787, 0.16767163574695587, 0.2466064840555191, -0.1388215720653534, -0.14699888229370117, -0.4915878474712372, 0.07489966601133347, 0.016797294840216637, -0.5927285552024841, -0.5985156893730164, -0.8727096915245056, 0.07922224700450897, -0.11434686928987503, 0.5448497533798218, -0.023462507873773575, 0.18450480699539185, 0.3652905523777008, 0.4916214644908905, 0.015127269551157951, -0.6755378246307373, 0.36690637469291687, 0.3876342475414276, -0.3789636492729187, -0.1060587465763092, 0.14332792162895203, -0.6949678063392639, -0.3475358486175537, 0.3609667420387268, -0.27661147713661194, 0.3089335560798645, 0.9603745937347412, -0.3023224174976349, -0.4216744899749756, 0.08080250024795532, -0.2351575493812561, -0.43644872307777405, -0.6418578028678894, 0.13307857513427734, 0.16628292202949524, -0.375902384519577, 0.5184251070022583, 0.38685140013694763, -1.1053311824798584, -0.42198511958122253, 0.19997650384902954, 0.03427794203162193, 0.6644657850265503, -0.4574955999851227, -0.5556783676147461, -0.05549360066652298, -0.4990343749523163, -0.3847399950027466, -0.3375040888786316, 0.706807553768158, -0.24028150737285614, -0.7901915311813354, -0.17434746026992798, -0.24129560589790344, 0.1391780823469162, -0.15813426673412323, -0.3044140040874481, -0.40593910217285156, -0.507294774055481, 0.5266087055206299, 0.10008129477500916, 0.49541378021240234, -0.5816379189491272, -0.33502835035324097, -0.30602213740348816, 0.33186599612236023, 0.10283777117729187, -0.615812361240387, -0.19314101338386536, 0.3835676610469818, 1.2741127014160156, 0.12279139459133148, -0.48209479451179504, -0.08694633096456528, 0.8031010031700134, 0.1990365982055664, -0.4198846220970154, -0.02912331186234951, -0.1600797325372696, 0.3004295229911804, -0.2898559272289276, -0.003364601405337453, 0.30504295229911804, 0.2543971836566925, 0.15806421637535095, -0.3641798794269562, 0.4432407319545746, 0.9367976188659668, -0.4453237056732178, 0.13864177465438843, -0.6262880563735962, 0.10775574296712875, -0.39544573426246643, -0.07676340639591217, 0.08210815489292145, -0.1224537342786789, 0.26031461358070374, -0.5406198501586914, 0.43257516622543335, -0.4675791561603546, -0.21672505140304565, 0.6283696293830872, -0.7151735424995422, -0.1465216428041458, -0.498396635055542, -0.22755549848079681, 0.6402530074119568, 0.2005261927843094, 0.1281953901052475, 0.5503450632095337, 0.31525754928588867, -0.34493395686149597, -0.011927017942070961, -0.2659843862056732, -0.011941378936171532, 0.49893373250961304, -0.5342065691947937, 0.21039603650569916, -0.8205189108848572, 0.24832522869110107, 0.02126830630004406, 0.086294986307621, 0.21896247565746307, -1.0110092163085938, -0.015331427566707134, -0.24284809827804565, -0.029671231284737587, -0.7675746083259583, -0.2533417344093323, -0.0623723566532135, 0.26871687173843384, -0.5367217063903809, 0.20403818786144257, -0.22062990069389343, 0.5637255311012268, 0.22810053825378418, -0.2382504642009735, 0.009524197317659855, 0.1527916043996811, -0.15046292543411255, -0.29912927746772766, -0.00008262501796707511, -0.20448118448257446, -0.12032929062843323, 0.07867416739463806, 0.28175294399261475, 0.6089397668838501, -0.5291759967803955, -0.12895019352436066, -0.06114449352025986, -0.3925583064556122, 0.4183419346809387, 0.24766258895397186, -0.21947427093982697, -0.1700495481491089, 0.9382667541503906, -0.2617983818054199, 0.3295851945877075, 0.897286593914032, 0.24297097325325012, -0.045667391270399094, -0.06235114485025406, 0.05530841276049614, 0.020476607605814934, 0.8408180475234985, -0.1675293743610382, 0.45262569189071655, 0.4593917429447174, 0.29662251472473145, 0.2879989743232727, -0.5562705993652344, 0.2811351418495178, 0.04564700275659561, -0.09825051575899124, 1.175487995147705, 0.26184213161468506, 0.03078473173081875, -0.20363445580005646, -0.0686950609087944, 0.028426239266991615, 0.8412277102470398, 0.14355112612247467, 0.28580936789512634, 0.5442990064620972, -0.11871335655450821, 0.33924242854118347, -0.3048705756664276, 0.01568451337516308, -0.5934460759162903, -0.04737686738371849, 0.0403444729745388, -0.5666131973266602, 0.4997606575489044, 0.3832417130470276, -0.11876076459884644, 0.5876469612121582, 0.14205226302146912, 0.0041451044380664825, 0.04139958322048187, -0.05063420161604881, -0.9097208976745605, 0.3722218871116638, 0.6061025857925415, -0.307266503572464, -0.07122311741113663, 0.14493738114833832, 0.38248947262763977, 0.18861721456050873, -0.4137732982635498, 0.3437495827674866, -0.13491827249526978, -0.013682215474545956, 0.14704331755638123, -0.37957414984703064, 0.5622538328170776, -0.209975466132164, 0.08036935329437256, 0.016362100839614868, 0.47066646814346313, -0.3184473514556885, 0.5375294089317322, -0.3879505693912506, 0.6978124976158142, 0.043382350355386734, -0.41210702061653137, -0.22675472497940063, 0.5403483510017395, -0.29039669036865234, 0.4902445077896118, -0.4504179358482361, 0.6002556085586548, 0.9504329562187195, 0.45196613669395447, -0.29221072793006897, 0.4263659417629242, -0.2741736173629761, 0.0014867548597976565, -0.3105848729610443, -0.10773909837007523, -0.44239529967308044, 0.10858705639839172, -0.16122879087924957, 0.38495761156082153, 0.4742776155471802, 0.11371608078479767, -0.3616572916507721, 0.6920690536499023, -0.4539666771888733, 0.8492647409439087, 0.5222396850585938, 0.23906974494457245, -0.005799291655421257, -0.07834158092737198, -0.2961721420288086, 0.13665565848350525, 0.39177319407463074, -0.05798383429646492, 0.19780156016349792, 0.19408492743968964, 0.03859473764896393, 0.24707092344760895, -0.3782694935798645, 0.2848930060863495, -0.04530476778745651, -0.0754043310880661, -0.48513713479042053, 0.08017433434724808, -0.32791054248809814, -0.4529234766960144, 0.3353130519390106, 0.21248814463615417, 0.35971033573150635, -0.5626115798950195, -0.08802831172943115, 0.1948799043893814, -0.20285098254680634, 0.28274086117744446, -0.7856736183166504, 0.06000322103500366, -0.1095583587884903, -0.7433187365531921, -0.21534627676010132, 0.21104273200035095, 0.13955630362033844, -0.35530146956443787, 0.2684703469276428, -0.6055476665496826, -0.06983263790607452, 0.3385009467601776, 0.35598671436309814, 0.009885357692837715, 0.457737535238266, -0.07198726385831833 ]
230680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritzkreis	Weißeritzkreis	The Weißeritzkreis is a former district (Kreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Neighboring districts were (from west clockwise) Freiberg, Meißen, the district-free city Dresden, Sächsische Schweiz, and to the south it bordered the Czech Republic. History The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. In August 2008, as a part of the district reform in Saxony, the districts of Sächsische Schweiz and Weißeritzkreis were merged into the new district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. Geography The district is located in the Ore Mountains, the central part is the Tharandt Forest. The district got its name after the two rivers Wild Weißeritz and Red Weißeritz, who merge near Freital into the Weißeritz river, and then mouths into the Elbe in Dresden. The highest elevation is the Kahleberg at . During the flooding in August 2002 the Weißeritz river had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and did destroy a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges. Partnerships Rottweil Berchtesgadener Land Göttingen Zollernalbkreis Coat of arms Towns and municipalities External links (German) Website about the 2002 Flooding (German) Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge History of the Ore Mountains	[ -0.4590623080730438, 0.39890816807746887, 0.34807050228118896, -0.07170805335044861, -0.3246266841888428, 0.4609425663948059, 0.5849910974502563, 0.42747804522514343, 0.3277706503868103, -0.7142378091812134, 0.04293736070394516, -0.38201144337654114, 0.017614897340536118, 0.35075700283050537, -0.29583659768104553, 1.056477427482605, 0.1413581371307373, 0.03985827416181564, -0.06477460265159607, -0.5449274778366089, 0.006183247547596693, -0.11617424339056015, 0.10768097639083862, 0.3367793560028076, -0.17313683032989502, -0.3669547140598297, 0.5062842965126038, -0.5664105415344238, -0.11346931755542755, -0.10611670464277267, -0.2520984709262848, 0.8460965752601624, -0.4117826521396637, -0.06294567137956619, 0.2729385495185852, -0.047703132033348083, -0.5881340503692627, -0.3441527485847473, 0.5308741927146912, -0.3994095027446747, -0.26669591665267944, 0.3823935389518738, -0.2169785350561142, -0.349831759929657, 0.059507325291633606, -0.708739161491394, -1.9661506414413452, 0.19377446174621582, -0.6669628620147705, -0.3825591504573822, -0.06980094313621521, 0.22873415052890778, 0.4337840974330902, 0.436843603849411, -0.23245835304260254, -0.11914103478193283, -1.2762560844421387, -0.12756089866161346, 0.7918971180915833, 0.820347249507904, 0.4639066457748413, 0.1323002427816391, -0.7496306300163269, 0.46350353956222534, 0.39547306299209595, 0.42196521162986755, -0.07677523791790009, 0.9792446494102478, -0.5742220878601074, -1.2898900508880615, -0.5096548795700073, -0.6101049184799194, 0.3905600607395172, -0.39706578850746155, -0.10354428738355637, -0.3703401982784271, -0.6393977999687195, -0.16881388425827026, -0.03660116344690323, -0.16814500093460083, -0.6256254315376282, -0.07196269929409027, 0.33179333806037903, -0.011984557844698429, 0.5551118850708008, 0.12449345737695694, -0.32378897070884705, -0.494083434343338, -0.6373724937438965, -0.06764868646860123, -0.28812268376350403, 0.5392668843269348, -0.1748528629541397, 0.08230504393577576, -0.017122048884630203, -0.7139530181884766, 0.030309559777379036, 0.10891969501972198, 0.2917349934577942, 0.8690512776374817, -0.34352201223373413, 0.525351881980896, 0.6038203835487366, -0.27666476368904114, -0.762997567653656, 0.45076146721839905, -0.01259031891822815, -0.4800100028514862, 0.06100904569029808, 0.48993977904319763, -0.9022099375724792, 0.30051085352897644, -0.11462795734405518, 0.26247599720954895, -0.08180833607912064, 0.027759913355112076, -0.13855193555355072, -0.36699217557907104, 0.33940860629081726, -0.06763682514429092, 0.18860384821891785, 0.6264340281486511, -0.11399047076702118, 0.9257038831710815, -0.0009143059141933918, 0.13375650346279144, -0.3173234462738037, 0.8212520480155945, -0.6302608251571655, 0.647566020488739, 0.8391028642654419, 1.1879067420959473, 0.4210582673549652, -0.10209495574235916, 0.20813553035259247, -0.0897526741027832, 0.6680251955986023, -0.07793852686882019, 0.33700793981552124, 0.09452858567237854, -0.463814914226532, -0.26315543055534363, -0.753264844417572, 0.2009529024362564, -0.3630634844303131, -0.5864594578742981, -0.13031123578548431, -0.4082317054271698, -0.32025471329689026, -0.6302470564842224, 0.8360996246337891, -0.04316779226064682, -0.5148928165435791, 0.27484947443008423, -0.8217354416847229, 0.6484569311141968, 0.2465190887451172, 0.09266582131385803, 0.5270938873291016, 0.5055741667747498, 0.0519181564450264, -0.3639441430568695, 0.21804526448249817, 0.05930619686841965, 0.7571125030517578, -0.17256219685077667, 0.12008418887853622, -0.1015062928199768, -0.44480541348457336, 0.41951093077659607, -1.1865262985229492, -0.13277502357959747, 0.06393251568078995, -0.14682917296886444, 0.2827084958553314, -0.12259324640035629, 0.4648433327674866, 0.56404048204422, 0.13879184424877167, -0.4757247269153595, -1.0600035190582275, 0.1604410707950592, 0.4891381561756134, 0.41374340653419495, 0.28190508484840393, 0.43930187821388245, -0.2301122397184372, 0.5422104001045227, 0.09539629518985748, 0.5450353026390076, -0.33473366498947144, -0.7553106546401978, 0.8574965596199036, -0.24746960401535034, 1.3483682870864868, 0.5419462323188782, 0.2354384958744049, -0.6114242672920227, -0.8353263735771179, 0.5656364560127258, -0.41106879711151123, -0.6978058815002441, -0.16205090284347534, -0.0315365344285965, 0.292752742767334, 0.19877761602401733, -0.7464275360107422, -0.019417859613895416, -0.2586826682090759, -0.09958771616220474, -0.1600087434053421, -0.11668739467859268, 0.1300642490386963, 0.513931930065155, 0.305881530046463, -0.022359320893883705, -0.08007244020700455, 0.004653510637581348, -0.36055585741996765, -0.6162365674972534, 0.19448018074035645, 0.30367767810821533, 0.15119394659996033, 0.1878078430891037, -0.29442620277404785, 0.7501929402351379, 0.33375099301338196, 0.49797701835632324, 0.058475103229284286, -1.0688515901565552, 0.5248139500617981, 0.8325519561767578, 0.7636183500289917, -0.16536280512809753, 0.5113417506217957, -0.4970262050628662, -0.12031177431344986, -0.39068394899368286, 0.037739697843790054, -0.9983671307563782, 0.3358871042728424, -0.2847999632358551, -0.348635733127594, -0.02911466546356678, 0.2386009246110916, 0.6990408897399902, -0.5733751058578491, 0.421431303024292, -0.3741419315338135, -0.11623498797416687, 0.007101856172084808, 0.31974583864212036, 0.22638040781021118, -0.7384620308876038, -0.06018857657909393, 0.4843461811542511, 0.386281818151474, 0.2164107859134674, 0.023203657940030098, 0.21041610836982727, -0.48340046405792236, -0.18754450976848602, -0.10800489783287048, -0.1521437019109726, -0.9092607498168945, -0.04265432432293892, 0.3799995183944702, 0.026661014184355736, 0.4207489788532257, 0.01901436597108841, -0.17658603191375732, -0.16514581441879272, -0.46867552399635315, -0.5477952361106873, -0.17198322713375092, -0.6637119650840759, -0.38060128688812256, 0.3353923261165619, -0.37092578411102295, 0.30632296204566956, 0.32114917039871216, 0.7241028547286987, -0.43471142649650574, -0.8952244520187378, 0.24203471839427948, 0.42005759477615356, 0.8054850697517395, -0.4453880190849304, -0.6513353586196899, 0.4816505014896393, -0.15923692286014557, 0.11013984680175781, -1.3292465209960938, -0.019493861123919487, 0.1329135149717331, 0.41389718651771545, -0.47764766216278076, -0.12050849944353104, 0.4410737454891205, -0.09124520421028137, -0.7324655652046204, 0.1808452159166336, -0.20190560817718506, 0.2795857787132263, -0.7689368724822998, -0.7486938834190369, -0.4723735451698303, 0.22477413713932037, -4.587734699249268, -0.6065073609352112, -0.27974340319633484, 0.18383023142814636, -0.4878195524215698, 0.31273549795150757, 0.4331362247467041, -0.26400089263916016, -0.48268651962280273, -0.07225504517555237, 0.6729910373687744, -0.7277838587760925, 0.13114511966705322, 0.8449303507804871, 0.9506607055664062, 0.543866753578186, 0.5200850367546082, 0.5163052082061768, 0.23033905029296875, -0.8227576613426208, -0.2780608832836151, -0.2428908497095108, 0.37280207872390747, 0.3372606635093689, 0.8402702212333679, 0.17540396749973297, 0.16949105262756348, 0.3215009868144989, -1.1495964527130127, -1.0343780517578125, 0.6498770713806152, -0.24593891203403473, -0.29725509881973267, 0.5414819121360779, -0.23171523213386536, -0.2747039794921875, 0.8543990850448608, 1.1254452466964722, 0.28168773651123047, -0.5022236704826355, 0.18772438168525696, 1.1263902187347412, -0.5649629235267639, 0.0068488409742712975, 0.5451677441596985, -0.27226290106773376, -0.3419082760810852, 0.2180812805891037, -0.47754597663879395, 1.0028793811798096, -0.12923739850521088, -0.32402119040489197, 0.6406275033950806, 0.3228176534175873, 0.13953305780887604, 0.17830753326416016, -0.20239205658435822, -0.31149300932884216, -0.4143435060977936, 0.5410364270210266, 0.3866804540157318, -0.5095793008804321, -0.13770391047000885, -0.33987218141555786, -0.28419142961502075, -0.37774625420570374, -0.22744883596897125, 0.0681602880358696, 0.2000114917755127, 0.059814970940351486, -0.48399853706359863, 0.054497119039297104, -0.0706334114074707, -0.5015838742256165, -0.27143171429634094, -0.4755983352661133, -0.62662273645401, -0.4242631793022156, 0.14598463475704193, 0.2680761516094208, 0.2986150085926056, -0.36552512645721436, 0.1406610757112503, 0.6308098435401917, 0.6014952659606934, 0.20146127045154572, -0.5307251811027527, -0.06412254273891449, 0.17903295159339905, -0.1765979826450348, -0.24889574944972992, -0.7654649615287781, 0.21445511281490326, 0.22571386396884918, -0.6675960421562195, 1.0067640542984009, -0.04021055996417999, -0.8669926524162292, -0.44249898195266724, -0.25309664011001587, 1.0980937480926514, -0.31531354784965515, 0.46510234475135803, 0.21208232641220093, 0.14882464706897736, -0.36250612139701843, 0.2613801956176758, 0.1930282562971115, -0.35998937487602234, 0.1835501790046692, -0.02184385061264038, -0.05744912847876549, -0.27733129262924194, -1.019298791885376, 0.44674840569496155, -1.0695339441299438, -1.1705451011657715, 0.7811979651451111, -0.3729020953178406, 0.23126883804798126, 0.7032699584960938, -0.0191618911921978, 0.11330391466617584, -0.02593296580016613, -0.768939197063446, -0.14913834631443024, 0.16501013934612274, 0.07931103557348251, -0.11464966833591461, 0.779199481010437, 0.23254334926605225, -0.14861062169075012, -0.28510791063308716, -0.5761117339134216, 0.5008852481842041, -0.019358491525053978, 0.2792624831199646, -0.5271399617195129, -0.3983653485774994, 0.06546245515346527, 0.916171133518219, 0.48139068484306335, -0.30272766947746277, 0.23920056223869324, -0.03536949306726456, -0.04605857655405998, 0.3581286072731018, -0.25381144881248474, -0.5706576704978943, -0.010390732437372208, -0.6685724854469299, -0.16239598393440247, 0.2788972854614258, -0.40222492814064026, -0.35390469431877136, 0.030095312744379044, 0.5591572523117065, 0.32920709252357483, 0.5150971412658691, -0.35991883277893066, 0.2990056872367859, 0.12212353944778442, -0.8898794054985046, 0.6529436707496643, 1.0973440408706665, -0.6452755331993103, -0.6407372951507568, 0.25822368264198303, -0.05523252114653587, 0.88339763879776, 0.005612489767372608, -0.28799983859062195, -0.5203312635421753, 0.31453168392181396, 0.05870979279279709, -0.24205878376960754, 0.2494644969701767, 0.055848378688097, -0.32394957542419434, -0.031285446137189865, -0.09584244340658188, -0.3592149019241333, -0.48608729243278503, 0.8494777679443359, 0.2792782187461853, -0.06166241690516472, -0.7565516829490662, 0.5000990629196167, -0.6212315559387207, -0.29489901661872864, 0.752743124961853, -1.142277717590332, 0.3237200677394867, 0.6181020140647888, -0.45773813128471375, -1.383069634437561, 0.5224679112434387, -0.0700087696313858, 0.0884825810790062, -0.1599661260843277, 0.09357786923646927, 1.0925014019012451, -0.06926028430461884, 0.8944525718688965, 0.3456582725048065, -0.690301775932312, 0.7455825805664062, 0.3180181682109833, -0.5668995380401611, 0.6496647596359253, -0.7888501286506653, -0.4137287735939026, -0.2307666838169098, 0.7216629981994629, -0.2691252827644348, 0.06189364567399025, 0.4211585819721222, -0.7831737399101257, -0.8068511486053467, 0.00031931529520079494, -0.37621960043907166, 0.016427043825387955, -0.6058100461959839, 0.004823602735996246, -0.4861754775047302, -0.030783597379922867, 0.11696182191371918, -0.755215048789978, 0.3568727374076843, -0.03830395266413689, 0.35985657572746277, 0.10953889787197113, 1.0163308382034302, -0.5240998864173889, -0.3762589395046234, -0.28139233589172363, 0.05177461728453636, 0.6023977994918823, 0.43450745940208435, 0.2897156774997711, 0.26739537715911865, 0.4694748520851135, 0.8455188870429993, -0.19710679352283478, 0.638346791267395, -0.5686855316162109, 0.8786829710006714, -0.19534748792648315, -0.34478625655174255, 0.5652594566345215, -0.44521963596343994, 0.14016535878181458, -1.118074655532837, -0.622442364692688, 1.589964509010315, 0.03799603134393692, -0.3232152760028839, 0.4114479124546051, 0.7504450678825378, 0.05178243666887283, -0.42043307423591614, -0.10284604132175446, 0.13647963106632233, 0.08132542669773102, 0.13577136397361755, 0.01490018516778946, 0.14358972012996674, -0.010212750174105167, 0.3793443441390991, -0.471052885055542, -0.4214298129081726, -0.0789385512471199, -0.42721447348594666, -0.4986920952796936, -0.16758108139038086, -0.009040596894919872, 0.12916655838489532, -0.7725101709365845, 0.117378830909729, -0.8416906595230103, -0.669241726398468, 0.008274449035525322, 0.07427438348531723, -0.9292967915534973, -0.46734315156936646, -0.6452901363372803, -0.6964694857597351, 0.056378331035375595, -0.6774086356163025, 0.2404036968946457, -0.5902607440948486, -0.32260289788246155, -0.4096764624118805, 0.33122920989990234, 0.22761449217796326, 0.009474815800786018, -0.5079389214515686, 0.07020697742700577, -0.17199307680130005, -0.08956816792488098, -0.4224332869052887, 0.5128275752067566, 0.0855303630232811, 0.06322057545185089, 0.9230291843414307, 0.674685001373291, -0.46628931164741516, 0.4117271900177002, -0.12640626728534698, 0.02399507537484169, 0.09941581636667252, -0.6530207991600037, 0.03530311957001686, 1.1602694988250732, -0.2979915738105774, 0.5801864266395569, 1.1315993070602417, 0.08464928716421127, 0.6378399729728699, 0.4907214045524597, 0.45775306224823, -0.6766126155853271, 0.9136881828308105, 0.7381941080093384, -0.04703985154628754, 1.2284222841262817, 0.0738922581076622, -0.25517964363098145, -0.2766313850879669, -0.24643118679523468, -0.03400468826293945, 0.33077263832092285, -0.8126255869865417, 0.06340783089399338, -0.4235144555568695, -0.27758049964904785, -0.08520066738128662, 0.1721000075340271, -0.035927604883909225, 0.03513134643435478, -0.10013625770807266, 1.1476569175720215, 0.09563189744949341, 0.3433469533920288, -0.2145724892616272, 0.6200275421142578, 0.03300465643405914, -0.44560497999191284, 0.5150966644287109, -0.6483970284461975, 0.3123861849308014, 0.1919602006673813, -0.34876105189323425, -0.2359442263841629, 0.4199669063091278, 0.5489656329154968, 0.38818788528442383, -0.22000493109226227, -0.26870977878570557, 0.2114565223455429, 0.27155569195747375, -0.5998830795288086, -0.3593144714832306, 0.2781026065349579, -1.21985924243927, -0.19796359539031982, -0.32103368639945984, -0.25759750604629517, -0.4004549980163574, -0.29903391003608704, 0.33732354640960693, -0.5419140458106995, 0.403501033782959, -0.36490118503570557, 0.5672184228897095, -0.42797568440437317, 0.6214540004730225, -0.32497963309288025, 0.21684156358242035, 0.8895149230957031, 0.06290630251169205, 0.1067933440208435, -0.26705020666122437, -0.4118060767650604, 0.4053157567977905, 0.3116436302661896, 0.14012114703655243, -0.4791296720504761, 0.7303516864776611, -0.1323673576116562, 0.25764569640159607, -0.22022049129009247, 0.3434344530105591, -0.028455160558223724, -0.779313325881958, -0.13148213922977448, -0.9055674076080322, 0.9058041572570801, 0.272961288690567, -0.19668146967887878, 0.22478042542934418, 0.7240273952484131, -0.526329755783081, 0.4525584578514099, -0.7938910722732544, 0.453825443983078, -0.35264426469802856, 0.3252101540565491, -0.281534343957901, 0.9862510561943054, 0.44950586557388306, 0.3344888389110565, -0.08180144429206848, 0.427401065826416, -0.2640984356403351, -0.4293195605278015, 0.9906489253044128, -0.08881369978189468, 0.10881441086530685, 0.700458288192749, 0.4556579291820526, -0.2958528995513916, 0.5842337608337402, 0.07925733178853989, 0.12910637259483337, -0.1436750739812851, 0.0524972639977932, 0.05400196090340614, -0.057379163801670074, 0.5050634741783142, -0.14904353022575378, 0.09205367416143417, -0.3245777189731598, 0.17543375492095947, -0.6289305686950684, 0.7117637395858765, -0.28501030802726746, 0.25043582916259766, 0.07355806231498718, -0.4273238778114319, -0.3655233383178711, -0.22218061983585358, 0.6001567244529724, 0.40167316794395447, -0.5947701334953308, 0.7674068212509155, -0.5903436541557312, -0.9517024755477905, -0.3405488431453705, 0.5055678486824036, 0.0883975625038147, -0.21445907652378082, 0.41313436627388, -0.10249797999858856, -0.16308645904064178, -0.05491336062550545, -0.30498984456062317, -0.9499189853668213, 0.2619211673736572, -0.1417577564716339 ]
230690	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM	WYSIWYM	In computing, What You See Is What You Mean (WYSIWYM, ) is a paradigm for editing a structured document. It is an adjunct to the better-known WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) paradigm, which displays the result of a formatted document as it will appear on screen or in print—without showing the descriptive code underneath. In a WYSIWYM editor, the user writes the contents in a structured way, marking the content according to its meaning, its significance in the document, and leaves its final appearance up to one or more separate style sheets. In essence, it aims to accurately display the contents being conveyed, rather than the actual formatting associated with it. For example, in a WYSIWYM document, one would manually mark text as the title of the document, the name of a section, the caption associated with a figure, or the name of an author; this would in turn allow one element, such as section headings, to be rendered as large bold text in one style sheet, or as red center justified text in another, without further manual intervention. More often than not, this requires the semantic structure of the document to be decided in advance before writing it. The editor also needs a system for exporting structured content to generate the document's final format, following the indicated structure. The main advantage of this system is the total separation of presentation and content: users can structure and write the document once, rather than repeatedly alternating between the two modes of presentation—an approach which comes with its own switch cost. And since the rendering of formatting is left to the export system, this also makes it easier to achieve consistency in design as well. Document processors Unlike an unstructured, fixed-presentation document, a document processor rather than a word processor must be used for WYSIWYM. The first document processor which articulated itself through the WYSIWYM term was LyX document processor, although similar concepts can be traced back to earlier publishing systems such as LaTeX, TPS (modeled on pioneering experiments at Xerox PARC) and—probably the most popular one—FrameMaker. For example, in FrameMaker, a document may be authored (i.e., viewed and edited) using two possible page views, the styling tags (called "formats") and contents of a document reside in "body pages", while structure and presentation are defined by "master pages". Multiple such documents can be linked together and programmed conditionally for a variety of applications. These elements can then be exported to corresponding tags which preserve some or all of their functionality in a markup language such as XML/HTML/CSS and PDF, or directly rendered down for final presentation in anything from PostScript to raw text. A different approach to the WYSIWYM philosophy is taken by GNU TeXmacs, which combines the on-screen representation of the document structure with an almost-faithful WYSIWYG rendering. In web environments Major software vendors have integrated web-page creation features into their popular WYSIWYG products to increase their utility. Users can create an HTML web page in a word processor with no knowledge of HTML, but like nearly all IDE authored or handwritten web markup, these tools' automated analysis of the source format rarely accounts for a distinction between HTML's content and its presentation through means such as CSS during output. Such fixed-presentation HTML generators have been criticized, primarily because of the bloatedness and low quality of their code, and there are voices advocating for changes to the WYSIWYM model. One example of a WYSIWYM Web page editor is WYMeditor. In this editor, the structure of the documents is defined by the class attributes of HTML elements. These classes also allow the final appearance of the document to be applied. Although WYMeditor follows a WYSIWYM model, the document format is always HTML, so the new structures to be defined are limited to new classes, and the final document will always be built by applying presentational elements to these classes. Other CMSs are moving in the direction of providing some WYSIWYM interface for their users editing content. Tiki Wiki CMS/Groupware version 7.0 is one of them, by means of using CodeMirror in-browser editing software. See also Comparison of document-markup languages Lightweight markup language List of document markup languages Single-source publishing Notes References User interfaces	[ 0.33514198660850525, -0.04667302221059799, -0.07417666167020798, 0.27571186423301697, -0.25205257534980774, -0.2621660530567169, 0.497244656085968, -0.015019239857792854, -0.012509815394878387, -0.42401382327079773, -0.6560341715812683, 0.5045503973960876, -0.07389870285987854, 0.04449303448200226, 0.0887431874871254, 0.3366630971431732, 0.37646594643592834, 0.5569295287132263, 0.16411668062210083, -0.5086699724197388, -0.06604040414094925, -0.20706748962402344, -0.5842763781547546, -0.9750809669494629, 0.6007357835769653, -0.18617476522922516, 0.43637511134147644, -0.04346451163291931, -0.3516656756401062, 0.017584457993507385, 0.077350914478302, 0.2467278242111206, -0.19203729927539825, 0.01269760075956583, -0.13166594505310059, 0.19423441588878632, -0.43120908737182617, 0.1520603746175766, -0.29709744453430176, -0.45944085717201233, -0.1515967696905136, -0.38365814089775085, 0.24333342909812927, 0.10130119323730469, -0.5295023918151855, -0.44679781794548035, -1.7953413724899292, -0.02303442172706127, -0.6908337473869324, 0.11716843396425247, -0.6775738000869751, 0.3504601716995239, 0.11902839690446854, 0.45510920882225037, -0.17723962664604187, 0.4627142548561096, -0.3405234217643738, -0.429375022649765, 0.5455132126808167, -0.19606362283229828, 0.7794515490531921, -0.2253265678882599, -0.22902224957942963, 0.10109054297208786, 0.003693758510053158, 0.024602646008133888, -0.6977285146713257, 0.02965741977095604, -0.8382363319396973, -0.30120569467544556, -0.06436816602945328, -0.26477861404418945, -0.14286334812641144, 0.42284560203552246, -0.4881332218647003, 0.41636547446250916, 0.24898765981197357, -0.09822646528482437, -0.1690228432416916, 0.03210015594959259, -0.7345734238624573, 0.8089516162872314, 0.6471840739250183, 0.23894932866096497, 0.7333726286888123, -0.02145613357424736, -0.5581530332565308, 0.5500428676605225, -0.09486513584852219, 0.24595293402671814, 0.5101593136787415, -0.2030789703130722, 0.04328570514917374, -0.14560829102993011, 0.1897013932466507, 0.611793577671051, -0.06272105872631073, 0.06217926740646362, 0.12948234379291534, 0.22550605237483978, -0.16086134314537048, -0.25305989384651184, 0.22321422398090363, 0.11125417053699493, -0.4939810335636139, -0.13236604630947113, -0.3493444323539734, -0.5766479969024658, 0.55881667137146, -0.3797075152397156, -0.32904019951820374, 0.1728668212890625, -0.078980453312397, -0.12974713742733002, 0.021874429658055305, 0.42770135402679443, 0.6088256239891052, 0.24449045956134796, -0.22797001898288727, 0.20666757225990295, 0.013097042217850685, 0.7984534502029419, 0.513340950012207, 0.07369884848594666, 0.07708202302455902, -0.23756487667560577, 0.3181963562965393, 0.8406559824943542, -0.34376782178878784, -0.334856241941452, 0.2998296618461609, 1.1604398488998413, 0.3743239939212799, -0.20349715650081635, -0.6377682089805603, 0.13414043188095093, 0.3978547751903534, 0.33551618456840515, 0.21049606800079346, -0.11445067822933197, -0.3096219003200531, -0.436095267534256, -1.4051274061203003, -0.07132060825824738, 0.5552878379821777, -0.2829347848892212, 0.24069440364837646, -0.4258914291858673, -0.3939065933227539, 0.12037865817546844, -0.019951842725276947, 0.554742693901062, -0.2084166705608368, 0.10721604526042938, 0.08762426674365997, 0.85291987657547, 0.3345828354358673, -0.007846425287425518, -0.10040819644927979, 0.3465501666069031, -0.15770892798900604, 0.3088667392730713, -0.7255551815032959, -0.35370364785194397, -0.01207392755895853, -0.5623502135276794, 0.28880271315574646, 0.39711591601371765, 0.31297364830970764, 0.26126429438591003, -0.11118308454751968, -0.7220837473869324, 0.019276555627584457, -0.11504057049751282, 0.31471261382102966, 0.3657344877719879, 0.6059754490852356, 0.09619997441768646, 0.9814137816429138, -0.05708436295390129, -0.6509211659431458, 0.21859578788280487, 0.5471525192260742, -0.2061159759759903, 0.6314935684204102, 0.17842735350131989, 0.40281251072883606, 0.03040027804672718, -0.29690685868263245, -0.6503844857215881, -0.5911878943443298, -0.3666619062423706, 0.09524837881326675, -0.9403068423271179, 1.0266889333724976, 0.3113383948802948, -0.39446157217025757, 0.8323410749435425, -0.4263848066329956, 0.47396188974380493, 0.19803397357463837, -0.06774494796991348, 0.040006451308727264, -0.39297381043434143, -0.27837100625038147, 0.8268477916717529, 0.8434094190597534, 0.08506903797388077, -0.6129513382911682, 0.2878907322883606, 0.22886212170124054, 0.12522807717323303, 0.1193375289440155, -0.43870559334754944, 0.2359538972377777, -0.24731773138046265, -0.17502330243587494, 0.009706714190542698, -0.1873844414949417, -0.25201937556266785, 0.9929355978965759, -0.491466760635376, -0.42361143231391907, 0.540651798248291, -0.433663547039032, 0.09933780878782272, 0.3443705439567566, 0.656164288520813, 0.8069190382957458, -1.1959283351898193, -0.29292356967926025, 0.00877921748906374, 0.18791647255420685, -0.6526708006858826, -0.39690566062927246, -0.13885186612606049, 0.3934504985809326, 0.34705010056495667, 0.49996843934059143, -0.2439790666103363, 0.3972671329975128, 0.020358989015221596, -0.44009169936180115, 0.06792828440666199, 0.03985604643821716, -0.11985047161579132, 0.012445876374840736, 0.12322856485843658, -0.17507001757621765, -0.031678907573223114, 0.2537480592727661, 0.6323909759521484, 0.14882510900497437, -0.7812638878822327, 0.06746271997690201, 0.17475616931915283, -0.1657445877790451, -0.2901206612586975, 0.15407520532608032, 0.7758262753486633, -0.33425670862197876, 0.1842937469482422, -0.19728858768939972, 0.033540017902851105, 0.07795121520757675, -0.4589754343032837, -0.375913143157959, -0.37236905097961426, 0.23959460854530334, 0.6533969044685364, 0.6455867886543274, -0.38372138142585754, -0.48010164499282837, -0.7939267158508301, -0.492617666721344, -0.7321657538414001, 0.8305015563964844, -0.12169678509235382, -0.6185922026634216, -0.5776893496513367, 0.09904195368289948, 0.43628525733947754, 0.6370745897293091, -0.40740883350372314, 0.054578885436058044, -0.719092071056366, 0.19559334218502045, -0.1691695600748062, -0.11565767228603363, -0.2752176821231842, -0.639707088470459, 0.6016072630882263, 0.09415213018655777, 0.15340422093868256, 0.417470782995224, 0.7667585611343384, -0.3426034450531006, -0.08395811170339584, -0.1688258945941925, -0.05653830245137215, -0.5570316314697266, 0.07948940247297287, 0.013765843585133553, -0.26316457986831665, 0.050822142511606216, -0.19226861000061035, -0.1147402748465538, 0.41811084747314453, -5.45158052444458, 0.10050688683986664, -0.26350921392440796, -0.08416695892810822, -0.22737669944763184, -0.04650642350316048, 0.6296973824501038, 0.04979041591286659, 0.016996121034026146, -0.1813368797302246, -0.047576580196619034, -0.053723279386758804, -0.4477400481700897, 0.41135114431381226, 0.35226932168006897, 0.26515501737594604, 0.2522682249546051, 0.0433720126748085, 0.12211723625659943, 0.24928823113441467, -0.14498327672481537, -0.021401196718215942, 0.130370631814003, 0.40056100487709045, 0.5505832433700562, -0.27001598477363586, -0.6191654205322266, 0.15983901917934418, -0.2369680404663086, -0.21591658890247345, 0.18053902685642242, -0.594886839389801, -0.24136625230312347, -0.01864331029355526, -0.20688001811504364, 0.2134779840707779, 0.5035173296928406, 0.24600084125995636, 0.17140786349773407, -0.5069323182106018, 0.1478458195924759, 0.47200852632522583, 0.14295688271522522, -0.2240196317434311, 0.3108704090118408, 0.23452626168727875, -0.5734233260154724, -0.42683032155036926, -0.22849372029304504, 0.574945867061615, -0.8824265003204346, -0.23433206975460052, 0.0663280040025711, -0.040930867195129395, 0.18403999507427216, -0.05241921916604042, 1.0692284107208252, -0.19340945780277252, -0.48483556509017944, 0.015211031772196293, 0.8370775580406189, -1.0704452991485596, 0.5423241257667542, -1.01045560836792, -0.2194938361644745, -0.018802549690008163, -0.803493320941925, 0.0028828938957303762, 0.30161771178245544, 0.00500651216134429, -0.27277255058288574, 0.6093382239341736, -0.0065762996673583984, -1.0328035354614258, 0.5128032565116882, -0.5442258715629578, 0.0729445293545723, 0.05560067296028137, 0.39274775981903076, -0.2790350317955017, -0.14498277008533478, -0.28230369091033936, -0.4673171937465668, 0.16256503760814667, -0.23255297541618347, -0.2918550670146942, 0.3578914999961853, -0.1980004459619522, -0.22738735377788544, 0.07784267514944077, 0.7818770408630371, -0.18784964084625244, -0.050302259624004364, 0.6321309208869934, 0.40039798617362976, 0.3458022177219391, 0.5987801551818848, 0.3260461986064911, 0.27636954188346863, -0.3899233937263489, 0.14627104997634888, -0.09050500392913818, -0.2402205467224121, -0.6172580122947693, 0.2185106724500656, 0.40803638100624084, -1.2006585597991943, 0.3352573812007904, 1.0786867141723633, 0.13037750124931335, -0.25411707162857056, 0.5942437648773193, -0.3721219003200531, 0.21086260676383972, 0.21116335690021515, 0.3817198574542999, -0.66973477602005, 0.3552880883216858, 0.6749576926231384, -0.4544883966445923, 0.20751947164535522, 0.11911965906620026, -0.28838229179382324, -0.06579221785068512, -0.1676611304283142, -0.3259493112564087, 0.47071436047554016, 0.32127314805984497, -0.6746792197227478, -0.1812223494052887, 0.3494601547718048, 0.014823618344962597, 0.0987289771437645, -0.1824495494365692, 0.2531239986419678, -0.6828566193580627, 0.14962610602378845, 0.5169846415519714, 0.07567083090543747, -0.45293986797332764, 0.26486891508102417, -0.3217529058456421, 0.29478996992111206, -0.08449334651231766, 0.45936161279678345, 0.3339793086051941, -0.06084667146205902, 0.026807691901922226, -0.34925976395606995, 0.844566822052002, -0.26165783405303955, -0.09312950074672699, 0.02343004010617733, -0.29949793219566345, 0.21913263201713562, 0.09193824976682663, 0.04053403437137604, 0.11029329895973206, 0.2675836682319641, -0.4993758797645569, 0.10873880982398987, 0.4354524612426758, -0.6888546943664551, -0.22142665088176727, 0.10537141561508179, -0.3028056025505066, -0.6163094639778137, 0.36847007274627686, -0.3036460876464844, 0.33304062485694885, -0.11649191379547119, -0.07110777497291565, -0.6246488690376282, -0.021445535123348236, 0.2168516218662262, 0.11837194859981537, 0.48736128211021423, 0.8585128784179688, 0.16628894209861755, 0.20708820223808289, 0.035353392362594604, -0.29751646518707275, -0.1972147822380066, 0.49900439381599426, 0.512028157711029, -0.32154610753059387, 0.3014896810054779, 0.29589739441871643, -0.7724535465240479, -0.21829800307750702, 0.08539415895938873, 0.35019445419311523, 0.652853786945343, 0.005195362493395805, -0.2535480856895447, -0.2009747475385666, 0.1893266886472702, 0.289160817861557, -0.3534591794013977, -0.841070830821991, 0.12339846044778824, 0.6657192707061768, -0.4528023302555084, 0.2820938229560852, -0.23766256868839264, -0.8733326196670532, 0.15963532030582428, -0.4725913107395172, -0.31671223044395447, 0.0031724250875413418, -0.4011649787425995, 0.011690443381667137, -0.4966771900653839, -0.1842765510082245, -0.5400246381759644, -0.2820514738559723, 0.082023486495018, -0.13188941776752472, -0.23966841399669647, -0.30485495924949646, 0.4235245883464813, -0.5091028809547424, -0.19410665333271027, 0.5200720429420471, -0.2565055191516876, 0.24517859518527985, 0.1836482733488083, -0.44831743836402893, 0.6299417614936829, -0.35200250148773193, 0.04696999117732048, -0.1350797563791275, 0.20059873163700104, 0.743881344795227, -0.16166789829730988, -0.7788687348365784, -0.4227501451969147, 0.283804327249527, -0.21508894860744476, -0.09744221717119217, 0.3594386875629425, 0.9810068607330322, -0.3735821545124054, -0.5982224345207214, -0.2266787588596344, -0.05920558422803879, -0.08749426156282425, -0.47086888551712036, -0.8784894347190857, -0.36783623695373535, 0.6293368935585022, -0.15202635526657104, -0.08292368799448013, -0.15328744053840637, 0.9903237223625183, 0.377866268157959, 0.15976107120513916, -0.5096807479858398, 0.0076282452791929245, 0.08747877180576324, 0.42899811267852783, -0.33901649713516235, -0.4920758903026581, 0.5156181454658508, 0.10680867731571198, 0.19401568174362183, -0.3602360486984253, 0.47469472885131836, 0.295722097158432, -0.45560598373413086, -0.026921899989247322, -0.03165626898407936, 0.27644845843315125, 0.7209386229515076, 0.42733046412467957, -0.35374173521995544, -0.20514079928398132, -0.28066301345825195, 0.7070744037628174, -0.10814686864614487, -0.021390710026025772, -0.3773665130138397, 0.18546634912490845, -0.31478598713874817, 0.18811552226543427, -0.039465371519327164, 0.6019359827041626, 0.13751579821109772, -0.25085222721099854, -0.003593708388507366, -0.7877296805381775, 0.4083142876625061, -0.28857162594795227, 0.4594162106513977, -0.11449099332094193, -0.3915598392486572, 0.23837338387966156, -0.12116271257400513, -0.23406921327114105, -0.25057557225227356, -0.3941042125225067, 0.06393590569496155, 0.5091745853424072, -0.7539646029472351, 1.0906788110733032, -0.037940863519907, 0.048003580421209335, -0.3211115896701813, 0.08050721138715744, -0.4098607897758484, 0.033274613320827484, 0.22855213284492493, 0.5148175358772278, 0.1777394413948059, -0.4595460295677185, -0.28210583329200745, 0.0338718481361866, -0.18553118407726288, 0.6577358841896057, 0.053275156766176224, -0.11977209895849228, -0.2887849807739258, 0.6357609033584595, -0.11871364712715149, -0.33309605717658997, 0.5696526765823364, 0.06198924779891968, 0.08776600658893585, 0.01763228140771389, -0.10415748506784439, 0.6030394434928894, 0.7134528756141663, -0.5798512697219849, 0.1654050648212433, -0.18582935631275177, -0.3747427463531494, -0.04418276995420456, -0.32937976717948914, -0.4956078827381134, 0.3820306062698364, 0.8343571424484253, 0.4351722300052643, -0.03462904319167137, 0.01018858514726162, -0.18654978275299072, 0.2486209124326706, -0.07554241269826889, 0.5881668329238892, -0.32429051399230957, 0.07173515856266022, 0.3260352611541748, -0.15057185292243958, 0.8440761566162109, -0.06704740971326828, -0.1831793487071991, -0.5736327767372131, 0.25716131925582886, -0.2674604654312134, -0.3133872151374817, -0.6172701716423035, 0.03779085353016853, 0.4375801086425781, 0.0321054682135582, -0.25091490149497986, 0.2707584500312805, 0.18816784024238586, 0.12304450571537018, 0.003343096934258938, 0.3362109661102295, 0.09284847974777222, 0.011698598973453045, 0.7153089046478271, -0.553723156452179, 0.43376168608665466, -0.2591438591480255, 0.06232749670743942, 0.486754834651947, 0.24822060763835907, -0.04960347339510918, -0.5835554003715515, -0.024712545797228813, 0.2228177785873413, 0.2336937040090561, -0.38212066888809204, 0.16276489198207855, 0.036283593624830246, -0.009417911991477013, -0.0133531354367733, -0.4327896237373352, 0.044276513159275055, -0.5653876066207886, -0.8280761241912842, -0.30393776297569275, -0.18116463720798492, -0.48006147146224976, 0.3549131453037262, -0.4130645990371704, 1.2041888236999512, 0.45074886083602905, -0.2719862759113312, -0.14959560334682465, -0.11653392761945724, -0.008925500325858593, 0.13514719903469086, -0.6364787220954895, 0.664894700050354, -0.1974738985300064, -0.1509806215763092, -0.6074622273445129, 0.5632349252700806, 0.6944827437400818, -0.02513076178729534, 0.2668742835521698, 0.3676578998565674, -0.18633370101451874, 0.27168652415275574, 0.292085736989975, -0.14492502808570862, 0.46245652437210083, 0.1682833880186081, -0.7374460101127625, 0.16417557001113892, 0.38519227504730225, 0.16311274468898773, -0.1401991844177246, 0.044463861733675, 0.04669709876179695, 0.7386244535446167, -0.49165603518486023, -0.004477165173739195, -0.18147721886634827, 0.09393193572759628, -0.5290054082870483, 0.8354576230049133, -0.1940455436706543, 0.8042197823524475, 0.052169833332300186, 0.6634429693222046, 0.3183802366256714, -0.40248268842697144, -0.4091569185256958, -0.3944382667541504, -0.016618147492408752, 0.1394495964050293, -2.6681289672851562, 0.43082553148269653, -0.08397907763719559, -0.4113050699234009, -0.6652042269706726, 0.2535495460033417, 0.4924450218677521, -0.24510875344276428, -0.2709347903728485, -0.3850579261779785, -0.3012051582336426, 0.7332355976104736, 0.37984365224838257, -0.6793981790542603, -0.15352265536785126, 0.5356512665748596 ]
230691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Q.%20Bryan	Arthur Q. Bryan	Arthur Quirk Bryan (May 8, 1899 – November 30, 1959) was an American actor and radio personality, best remembered for his longtime recurring role as well-spoken, wisecracking Dr. Gamble on the radio comedy Fibber McGee and Molly and for creating the voice of the Warner Brothers cartoon character Elmer Fudd. Early life Arthur Q. Bryan was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, on May 8, 1899. Bryan sang in a number of churches in the New York City area and had plans to be a professional singer. In 1918, he began working as an insurance clerk at the Mutual Life Insurance Company. He sang tenor with the Seiberling Singers and the Jeddo Highlanders on NBC radio. Career Radio He started as a singer in 1926 on WGBS and he continued as a tenor soloist on WEAF in 1928. In 1929, Bryan was an announcer at WOR radio in New Jersey. Contemporary radio listings in a daily newspaper indicate that he was still at WOR as late as September 13, 1931. In October 1931, he began working as an announcer at WCAU in Philadelphia, and in 1933 he moved to Philadelphia's WIP By 1934, he was heard on WHN in New York. In 1938–1940, he was a regular on The Grouch Club, which aired on the CBS Pacific network and was featured in some short-subject films made by the group. Bryan started voicing Elmer in 1940 in Elmer's Candid Camera and voiced the character all the way until his death. Bryan's work in animation did not go unnoticed by radio producers. Although his first forays into that medium were accompanied by instructions that he use the Fudd voice, Bryan soon came to the attention of Don Quinn and Phil Leslie, the production and writing team responsible for Fibber McGee and Molly and their supporting characters, two of whom spun off into their own radio hits, The Great Gildersleeve and Beulah. The Gildersleeve character, played by Harold Peary, became series broadcasting's first successful spin-off hit; that plus the onset of World War II (which cost Fibber McGee & Molly their Mayor La Trivia, when Gale Gordon went into the Coast Guard in early 1942, and "The Old Timer" Bill Thompson was drafted almost a year later) nabbed nearly every other remaining male voice. Bryan was first hired for the new Great Gildersleeve series, to play the part of Cousin Octavia's secretary/assistant, Lucius Llewellyn (using the Elmer Fudd voice), and later one of Gildersleeve's cronies, Floyd Munson, the barber. His work on the series (in Bryan's natural voice) so impressed Quinn and Leslie, that Bryan was added to the cast of their main show, Fibber McGee and Molly, in 1943. In the early 1940s, Bryan played Waymond Wadcliffe on the Al Pearce & His Gang program on CBS. Bryan starred as Major Hoople (from June 22, 1942, to April 26, 1943) in The Charlotte Greenwood Show. and played Lt. Levinson on radio's Richard Diamond, Private Detective (from September 6, 1950, to June 29, 1951). In the mid-1940s, he had the role of Duke on Forever Ernest. Films Bryan first became involved with the movie industry when he moved to Hollywood in 1936 to become a scenario writer for Paramount Pictures. Bryan's live-action work remained largely in uncredited cameo roles, usually employing the Fudd persona, or minor supporting roles in B-movies (like the apoplectic newspaper editor in the Bela Lugosi thriller The Devil Bat). In the 1940 Charley Chase short South of the Boudoir, he speaks in his normal voice, but at one point slips into his Fudd voice while coming on to Chase's wife. He did work steadily, appearing in dozens of films over the years, in such successful releases as Samson and Delilah; two Bob Hope/Bing Crosby "Road" films, Road to Singapore and Road to Rio; and the Ozzie and Harriet feature Here Come the Nelsons. He appeared frequently in live-action short-subjects for Warner Bros. and Columbia Pictures. Bryan continued as the Fibber show's secondary male lead, even after Thompson and (for a time) Gordon returned to the show, and he stayed as Dr. Gamble all the way through its final incarnation on the NBC Monitor series in 1959, as well as playing Floyd on "Gildersleeve" through its conclusion in 1954. Bryan's final original work as Fudd came in the Warner Bros. Edward R. Murrow spoof Person to Bunny. Television Bryan was a panelist on the early TV quiz show Quizzing the News (1948–49). He would be found in numerous productions in the early 1950s predominantly in 1-episode bit parts, such as in the early filmed for television comedy, Beulah. He also landed a minor television role in 1955, as the handyman Mr. Boggs in the short-lived CBS sitcom, Professional Father. On The Halls of Ivy, Bryan played Professor Warren, head of the college's history department, a role he also had on the radio program of the same name. Death Bryan died of a sudden heart attack at age 60 on November 30, 1959, in Hollywood. Bryan is buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery. Legacy The DVD specials for some cartoons such as What's Opera, Doc?, in Looney Tunes Golden Collection, includes bits of conversation between Bryan and Mel Blanc, affording a rare opportunity to hear them working together, and to hear Bryan's natural voice. Bryan's natural voice is also heard as the tired hotel guest in A Pest in the House, in which Bryan "talks to himself", Elmer Fudd being the hotel manager. Selected filmography The Great Library Misery (1938, Short) – Mr. F.T Smith Broadway Serenade (1939) – Process Server (uncredited) Dangerous Dan McFoo (1939, Short) – Dan McFoo (voice, uncredited) I Stole a Million (1939) – Cafe Mgr. Forbidding Dancing (uncredited) These Glamour Girls (1939) – Dance Customer (uncredited) Dad for a Day (1939, Short) – Spanky's Father Little Accident (1939) – Customer Elmer's Candid Camera (1940, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) Road to Singapore (1940) – Bartender (uncredited) Millionaire Playboy (1940) – J.B. Zany Confederate Honey (1940, Short) – Ned Cutler (voice, uncredited) The Hardship of Miles Standish (1940, Short) – John Alden (voice, uncredited) South of the Boudoir (1940, Short) – Thomas Bailey Swing with Bing (1940, Short) – Golf Duffer A Wild Hare (1940, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) The Devil Bat (1940) – Joe McGinty Elmer's Pet Rabbit (1941, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) Manpower (1941) – Drunk Texan (uncredited) Ellery Queen and the Perfect Crime (1941) – Book Salesman Look Who's Laughing (1941) – Mayor Duncan's Aide (uncredited) Wabbit Twouble (1941, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) The Wabbit Who Came to Supper (1942, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) Larceny, Inc. (1942) – Man in Street Socking Jug (uncredited) A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen (1942) – Waymond Wadcwiff (uncredited) Grand Center Murder (1942) – Medical Examiner (uncredited) Johnny Doughboy (1942) – Irish Mayor (uncredited) Swing Out the Blues (1943) – Larry Stringfellow An Itch in Time (1943) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) National Barn Dance (1944) – Samson (uncredited) I'm from Arkansas (1944) – Commissioner of Agriculture She Wouldn't Say Yes (1945) – Train Passenger in sleeping car (speaking in Elmer Fudd voice) Idea Girl (1946) – Commissioner P.J. Maple The Dark Horse (1946) – Mr. Hodges (uncredited) The Devil Thumbs a Ride (1947) – Santa Ana Police Desk Sergeant (uncredited) Road to Rio (1947) – Mr. Stanton (uncredited) A Pest in the House (1947) – Elmer Fudd, Hotel Guest (voice, uncredited) Samson and Delilah (1949) – Fat Philistine Merchant Wearing No Robe The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) – Spectator (uncredited) Here Come the Nelsons (1952) – Deputy (uncredited) The Life of Riley (1953–1957, TV Series) – The Country Store Owner / Curtiss Broken Lance (1954) – Bit Part (uncredited) Hell's Outpost (1954) – Harry – Bank Accomplice Hare Brush (1955) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) The Lieutenant Wore Skirts (1956) – Mr. Curtis Wideo Wabbit (1956, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) The Go-Getter (1956) – The Handyman What's Opera, Doc? (1957) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) The Adventures of Jim Bowie (1957, TV Series) – Hotel Clerk / Henri A Mutt in a Rut (1959, Short) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) Person to Bunny (1960) – Elmer Fudd (voice, uncredited) (Posthumous release) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) – Elmer Fudd (voice) (Archival recordings) Notes References External links 1899 births 1959 deaths American male film actors American male radio actors American male television actors American male voice actors Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery Comedians from New York City Looney Tunes Male actors from New York City People from Brooklyn Warner Bros. Cartoons voice actors 20th-century American male actors	[ -0.5373135209083557, 0.5316861867904663, -0.29259514808654785, 0.3441019654273987, 0.6283203363418579, 0.20845456421375275, 0.5087395906448364, 0.2800275981426239, 0.1384614109992981, -0.2762434780597687, -0.31138208508491516, 0.5068104863166809, -0.29019492864608765, 0.6909507513046265, -0.13321250677108765, 0.5441151261329651, -0.44581592082977295, -0.4354383647441864, -0.10566478967666626, -0.0978463739156723, -0.3948408365249634, -0.27712953090667725, 0.2638480067253113, 0.09982126951217651, -0.30889931321144104, 0.2799590826034546, -0.5695297122001648, -0.3464807868003845, 0.2249324917793274, 0.23254528641700745, 0.2575981616973877, -0.3515867590904236, 0.39762645959854126, -0.36753007769584656, -1.0748341083526611, -0.10535874217748642, -0.19864864647388458, -0.006205865181982517, -0.06381484866142273, 0.26882967352867126, -0.3342090845108032, 0.135055810213089, 0.5515403747558594, -0.18957187235355377, -0.5734672546386719, -0.2041262537240982, -1.5115805864334106, -0.15615887939929962, -0.7037172317504883, -0.49647220969200134, -0.6523377895355225, 0.27301323413848877, 0.5953888893127441, -0.01221077423542738, -0.6147046685218811, 0.04573125019669533, 0.2565261125564575, -0.29041576385498047, -0.23941658437252045, -0.07585389912128448, 0.15576687455177307, -0.14044032990932465, 0.5571323037147522, -0.17550884187221527, -0.1817852258682251, 0.8616567850112915, -0.13760389387607574, 0.02075275033712387, -0.19860297441482544, 0.36915749311447144, -0.15742622315883636, 0.896226704120636, 0.1706295609474182, -0.02659607119858265, 0.68610680103302, -0.17190268635749817, 0.407931387424469, -0.29507166147232056, -0.06854669004678726, 0.282819539308548, -0.28792718052864075, -0.13947921991348267, 0.1619608998298645, 0.1475885808467865, -0.09417218714952469, -0.2519673705101013, -0.4825342297554016, 0.5448876023292542, -0.4588647782802582, -0.3064402937889099, -0.6875593662261963, -0.24761219322681427, -0.1878640204668045, -0.5149093866348267, -0.3913164436817169, -0.6636411547660828, 0.31161582469940186, -0.3344581425189972, -0.559557318687439, -0.2766222357749939, -0.3072510063648224, -0.276114284992218, 0.7727124094963074, -0.7458204030990601, -0.10092344135046005, 0.9681195020675659, 0.2617347240447998, -0.5387831330299377, -0.30024254322052, 0.5654503703117371, -1.2743139266967773, 0.5382922887802124, 0.20997455716133118, -0.37787723541259766, -0.6268286108970642, 0.21908825635910034, 0.4204431474208832, -0.47395017743110657, -0.7577205300331116, -0.27228406071662903, -0.40187814831733704, -0.1527375876903534, -0.17387063801288605, -0.03503162041306496, -0.7459661364555359, -0.16441397368907928, -0.16632679104804993, -0.08774283528327942, -0.17417041957378387, 0.4243561923503876, 0.4097982347011566, 0.5885888934135437, 0.2592599391937256, -0.19441579282283783, -0.2435113489627838, 0.3688639998435974, 0.25760483741760254, -0.11717794090509415, -0.5527251362800598, 0.26640984416007996, -0.08577989786863327, -0.43392303586006165, -0.6106146574020386, 0.30121201276779175, 0.15705542266368866, -0.34130430221557617, -0.09610278904438019, 0.09788661450147629, -0.1908016800880432, -0.32861328125, -0.5918044447898865, 0.14940275251865387, 0.32705193758010864, -0.7715936303138733, 0.07970035076141357, 0.5826038718223572, 0.370352178812027, -0.20572175085544586, 0.8045873641967773, -0.3221592903137207, 0.3903639018535614, 0.2924070954322815, -0.690915584564209, -0.3111780881881714, 0.46136000752449036, 0.04003189131617546, 0.04228602722287178, -0.7272058129310608, -0.3620195686817169, 0.150375634431839, 0.01355611439794302, -0.06060086935758591, 0.8113808035850525, -0.2539447546005249, -0.7742879986763, 0.5130646228790283, 0.3195563554763794, 0.17385444045066833, 0.3377428650856018, -0.6064221858978271, -0.5004639625549316, -0.3972378671169281, 0.13788875937461853, -0.03811638802289963, 0.19380344450473785, -0.2546558678150177, 0.19050738215446472, -0.4749191105365753, 0.5570357441902161, -0.1236613467335701, -0.5686852335929871, -0.7903303503990173, -0.35054948925971985, 0.3574794828891754, 0.9245406985282898, -0.07903469353914261, -0.27794525027275085, 0.9678342938423157, 0.37342995405197144, 0.2970597445964813, 0.13396038115024567, -0.08564633876085281, 0.35860130190849304, 0.06780125945806503, 0.12055208534002304, 0.3818225562572479, 0.1931891143321991, 0.27973228693008423, 0.317069411277771, 1.0095632076263428, 0.0036444179713726044, -0.5355516672134399, -0.19757285714149475, 0.43353745341300964, 0.0012103613698855042, -0.7520954608917236, -0.29667359590530396, -0.6887837648391724, 0.13127031922340393, -0.43097785115242004, 0.47973817586898804, 0.18125785887241364, 0.2044704407453537, 0.7611891627311707, -0.17279481887817383, 0.778681218624115, 0.235277459025383, 0.23723584413528442, -0.12425804138183594, 0.06093928962945938, -0.21333009004592896, -0.08932841569185257, 0.2670462727546692, -0.9865919351577759, 0.018349330872297287, 0.28078463673591614, 0.17487472295761108, -0.5189201235771179, -0.03283064439892769, -0.6372334957122803, 0.5922178626060486, -0.16712629795074463, -0.34836307168006897, 0.42475971579551697, 0.28098195791244507, -0.614787220954895, -0.17021307349205017, -0.008926321752369404, -0.21768860518932343, 0.22129788994789124, -0.07811686396598816, 0.23317578434944153, 0.5519577860832214, 0.5007762908935547, 0.3465152382850647, 0.23008796572685242, 0.4469047784805298, -0.2824636697769165, 0.39634138345718384, 0.3110581040382385, 0.3394341766834259, 0.6194922924041748, -0.22307343780994415, -0.042462050914764404, -0.16199305653572083, -0.3838485777378082, 0.2629133462905884, -0.6586047410964966, -0.24714620411396027, 0.2595096528530121, 0.527807354927063, -0.20892643928527832, -0.32634156942367554, 0.20627789199352264, 0.39095574617385864, -0.009786327369511127, -0.04280664771795273, 0.07561773806810379, -0.5753942131996155, -0.2558566629886627, 0.45561015605926514, 0.07736387848854065, 0.06761151552200317, 0.1266641616821289, 0.11029691249132156, -0.5899637937545776, -0.4763279855251312, -0.1986762285232544, 0.07418537884950638, 0.0431886650621891, -0.6098601818084717, 0.8022749423980713, -0.4141322374343872, 0.27286162972450256, -0.13497184216976166, -0.16172385215759277, 0.3764244616031647, -0.5133993625640869, 0.3382778465747833, -0.30793243646621704, -0.3833032250404358, 0.5883763432502747, 0.32572218775749207, 0.03277979791164398, 0.25790560245513916, -0.09833381325006485, -0.1697729527950287, -0.6254894137382507, -5.520184516906738, 0.09969540685415268, -0.06255801767110825, -0.4136442542076111, 0.7672979831695557, 0.12367121130228043, 0.261041522026062, -0.2504228353500366, -0.34408342838287354, -0.15692251920700073, 0.32618260383605957, 0.0875188484787941, -0.16819381713867188, 0.5570945143699646, 0.396700382232666, 0.2599566578865051, 0.0046003409661352634, -0.31817683577537537, 0.008223555982112885, 0.5323023200035095, 0.28054380416870117, -0.2942364513874054, 0.18823637068271637, 0.17774665355682373, 0.43129995465278625, 0.42300522327423096, -0.9273971915245056, 0.43518203496932983, 0.04407911002635956, -0.2141568660736084, 0.13947080075740814, -0.08698276430368423, -0.5829549431800842, 0.13452193140983582, -0.2783912718296051, -0.12403690814971924, 0.5117678642272949, -0.3525097668170929, 0.5980526208877563, -0.23644059896469116, -0.31790322065353394, -0.11235330998897552, -1.006138801574707, 0.2912805676460266, 0.1840079426765442, 0.14451788365840912, 0.04592222720384598, 0.2188078761100769, 0.32662433385849, 0.3884429633617401, 0.11848035454750061, 0.5780355334281921, 0.40725845098495483, 0.33927130699157715, 0.35795778036117554, -0.2580270767211914, 0.14881888031959534, 0.40914610028266907, -1.1274758577346802, -0.39054667949676514, 0.29235944151878357, 0.009768442250788212, -0.35486745834350586, -0.4521659016609192, -0.02114168554544449, -0.4159654974937439, 0.35670217871665955, 0.5207479596138, 0.6011012196540833, -0.5071558952331543, 0.06370480358600616, 0.667334794998169, 0.8649484515190125, -1.088931918144226, 0.49800777435302734, -0.28186947107315063, -0.21070517599582672, -0.057069819420576096, -0.6786504983901978, -0.34112879633903503, -0.11052357405424118, -0.39448854327201843, -0.30180472135543823, 0.4737866222858429, 0.47309985756874084, -0.3622279167175293, -0.03602113574743271, 0.35933759808540344, -0.02423739992082119, -0.4137836992740631, -0.027505546808242798, -0.30782362818717957, 0.1483006775379181, 0.08269479870796204, 0.28253719210624695, 0.026377638801932335, -0.003402563976123929, 0.7297501564025879, 0.5928029417991638, 0.3640905022621155, -0.3020322322845459, -0.3194970488548279, 0.3985489308834076, -0.6046911478042603, 0.068621426820755, 0.11667376011610031, -0.02078140899538994, -0.06886284053325653, 0.6718699336051941, 0.1109820157289505, -0.19022971391677856, 0.6662425398826599, -0.7478023767471313, 0.07455822825431824, 0.23802785575389862, -0.04009281471371651, -0.024743761867284775, -0.0317324623465538, 0.18727095425128937, 0.47537311911582947, -0.24258296191692352, 0.47158652544021606, 0.09366721659898758, 0.22766509652137756, -0.2793863117694855, 0.2943209409713745, 0.6863923072814941, -0.28810644149780273, -0.014853461645543575, -0.03732488304376602, -0.722721517086029, 0.9003773927688599, 0.448270708322525, 0.3559923768043518, 0.13777630031108856, -0.07112006843090057, 0.10082324594259262, -0.018472151830792427, -0.2810480296611786, -0.16952189803123474, -0.10328648239374161, -0.5826026797294617, 0.06838630884885788, 0.17575868964195251, 0.29816704988479614, -0.37091362476348877, 0.3971565365791321, 0.1698995977640152, 0.23680448532104492, 0.10077045857906342, -0.14016568660736084, -0.04267290234565735, 0.23285239934921265, -0.5496999621391296, -0.2958890497684479, 0.4313087463378906, -0.5425025820732117, -0.2846490144729614, -0.6230353116989136, 0.022808576002717018, -0.2705627679824829, -0.41278013586997986, -0.8341729044914246, 0.13311980664730072, 0.06616808474063873, 0.06289011240005493, -0.7389756441116333, -0.12375184148550034, -0.4141257703304291, 0.3624635934829712, -0.26127374172210693, -0.09984554350376129, -0.12047341465950012, 0.3107639253139496, 0.46524977684020996, 0.22522690892219543, -0.5600026845932007, -0.15255200862884521, -0.1187250092625618, 0.4318852424621582, 0.15804091095924377, -0.5854739546775818, -0.9941903948783875, -0.24623581767082214, 0.4152151346206665, -0.887794017791748, -0.7451653480529785, -0.16247837245464325, -0.04022405296564102, -0.06394142657518387, 0.2597406208515167, -0.5680341720581055, 0.1978263407945633, 0.7583889961242676, -0.2510078549385071, 0.4965745508670807, 0.4530867338180542, -0.7677450180053711, 0.54136723279953, -0.3284810185432434, -0.4564165472984314, -0.1850355863571167, -0.588656485080719, -0.22533100843429565, 0.5288047790527344, -0.8220582604408264, -0.10558979213237762, -0.38757023215293884, -0.3569628894329071, 1.044020175933838, -0.19913336634635925, -0.3666159510612488, 0.13324077427387238, 0.28965330123901367, -0.1557111293077469, 0.3793099522590637, 0.20431575179100037, 0.5220401287078857, 0.07432945817708969, -0.4334084987640381, -0.2255416065454483, -0.6649154424667358, 0.059561681002378464, -0.06935088336467743, -0.835151195526123, -0.47639235854148865, -0.2776438891887665, -0.3161397874355316, 0.9332547783851624, -0.22805915772914886, 0.15614566206932068, -0.4485756754875183, 0.728697657585144, 0.5962282419204712, -0.4313216805458069, -0.2578665018081665, -0.06526932120323181, 0.5244571566581726, -0.5412532687187195, -0.08566943556070328, 0.8938327431678772, 1.0850801467895508, -0.15354947745800018, 0.43935972452163696, 0.07554539293050766, 0.5328636169433594, 0.43444493412971497, -0.20634394884109497, 0.4123653471469879, -0.013175898231565952, 0.8066114187240601, -0.05493355542421341, -0.6190624833106995, 0.5171940326690674, 0.4092973470687866, -0.10313548147678375, 0.08609303086996078, 0.3005918860435486, -0.07784611731767654, -0.261881023645401, -0.12387552857398987, 0.2796028256416321, 0.06300682574510574, 0.4882954955101013, -0.5196535587310791, -0.08355236798524857, 0.19652143120765686, 0.1798795461654663, 0.481076717376709, -0.29979076981544495, -0.11153388768434525, -0.27184200286865234, -0.1441882699728012, 0.47994527220726013, -0.5107932090759277, 0.22280758619308472, 0.38380977511405945, -0.3597142994403839, -0.20512230694293976, -0.1806388646364212, -0.5049639940261841, 0.11042381078004837, 0.07679583132266998, -0.5072153806686401, -0.28021177649497986, -0.4974699318408966, 0.23532076179981232, -0.23248156905174255, -0.23686115443706512, -0.07944342494010925, -0.40012142062187195, 0.45587319135665894, -0.0633714348077774, 0.020791050046682358, -0.6393405199050903, -0.26887333393096924, 0.0019121586810797453, 1.59935462474823, -0.2833220362663269, -0.16258521378040314, -0.29039788246154785, 0.6270961761474609, 0.6625269651412964, 0.05646390840411186, 0.08449038118124008, -0.058248087763786316, -0.278012216091156, -0.2720603346824646, -0.42683306336402893, -0.045825835317373276, 0.37542229890823364, -0.0073218266479671, 0.3102577328681946, 0.7073596715927124, -0.33375948667526245, -0.5043336153030396, 0.1821541041135788, -0.22009791433811188, -0.4514737129211426, 0.19654014706611633, -0.19919079542160034, -0.1287853866815567, 0.2379976511001587, -0.5555645227432251, 0.11872237920761108, 0.8436046838760376, 0.7109807729721069, -0.1935856193304062, -0.3766844570636749, 0.7497291564941406, 0.5697008967399597, -0.327755868434906, 0.24839359521865845, 0.2331623136997223, -0.33684906363487244, -0.4894212484359741, 0.31750717759132385, -0.07250721007585526, 0.5449984669685364, 0.2676983177661896, -0.5333133339881897, 0.845232367515564, 0.17961084842681885, 0.18627740442752838, 0.15412011742591858, 0.08615164458751678, 0.2532392144203186, 0.9386373162269592, -0.503213107585907, -0.6592094898223877, 0.3192528784275055, -0.07474426925182343, 0.3668184280395508, -0.6202969551086426, 0.5061394572257996, -0.14937280118465424, 0.11107475310564041, -0.3194347321987152, -0.45863521099090576, 0.27113237977027893, -0.08953551948070526, -0.6410082578659058, 1.560131311416626, -0.15575842559337616, -0.05207043141126633, 0.35771945118904114, -0.012184787541627884, -1.1239713430404663, 0.20228147506713867, 0.6000778675079346, -0.0019602105021476746, -0.02869114652276039, -0.1780124306678772, 0.5654591917991638, 0.2726607024669647, 0.38565248250961304, 0.6547064185142517, -0.051476653665304184, 0.15973211824893951, 0.4505309760570526, -0.4809208810329437, -0.3437333106994629, -0.23769573867321014, -0.5551730990409851, 0.2090481072664261, 0.05179037153720856, -0.3510187268257141, 0.2106279879808426, -0.1363038271665573, -0.3509402275085449, 0.35288432240486145, -1.123932957649231, 0.2844015657901764, 0.08272360265254974, -0.13332970440387726, 0.03035668656229973, -0.24807681143283844, 0.4324840009212494, 0.8747289180755615, -0.2027905285358429, 0.00023135769879445434, 0.3723578155040741, 0.20397678017616272, -0.24296295642852783, -0.3643280863761902, 0.18964461982250214, 0.13937872648239136, -0.27314701676368713, -0.7405642867088318, 0.327015221118927, -0.2681216895580292, 0.4731859564781189, -0.529694676399231, 0.3324572443962097, -0.2893296480178833, 0.2874414920806885, 0.29258298873901367, 0.27386096119880676, 0.13456912338733673, -0.440341979265213, -0.015307541005313396, 0.034741584211587906, -0.06142384186387062, -0.26568785309791565, -0.030973656103014946, 0.6796492338180542, 0.1430932730436325, -0.19424159824848175, -0.20236577093601227, 0.3492825925350189, -0.26655060052871704, 0.05141100287437439, -0.32149040699005127, -0.2699829638004303, -0.45899683237075806, -0.6864305138587952, 0.3368613123893738, 0.7735084295272827, 0.39401936531066895, -0.22052904963493347, 0.5722140669822693, 0.03604036197066307, -0.1731901466846466, 0.10253677517175674, 0.21651819348335266, -0.031128641217947006, -0.02855120226740837, -0.5196878910064697, 0.16327320039272308, 0.4114803671836853, -0.2860751450061798, -0.6234104037284851, 0.40077146887779236, -0.6114105582237244, 0.3249492049217224, -0.18972253799438477, 0.18290384113788605, 0.3845409154891968, 0.9708849191665649, 0.08097990602254868 ]
230693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Shaffer	Elaine Shaffer	Elaine Shaffer (October 22, 1925 – February 19, 1973) was an American flutist and principal of the Houston Symphony Orchestra between 1948 and 1953. Biography Elaine Shaffer was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania. She attended the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia and was the prize student of William Kincaid, the 'grandfather' of the majority of flutists in the United States. That he willed his platinum flute to her makes his regard for her talent evident. Kincaid was her only formal flute teacher; prior to that, she was entirely self-taught, according to an interview with Shaffer's widowed husband, Efrem Kurtz, published in the National Flute Association Newsletter in the 1980s. Shaffer played for a season as second flute in the Kansas City Philharmonic (1947–1948). Apparently she was not shy — she really did not want to accept the position, though she had been recommended by an oboist in the orchestra, Laila Storch — and she held out not only for more money, but to be allowed to fulfill another engagement prior to starting the job, and a concerto appearance with the orchestra. She surprised the critics, the audience, and Kurtz not only with her playing, but her artistry as well. As this was the 1940s, women had just begun to get positions in orchestras, making Shaffer something of a trail-blazer. The music director at the time was Efrem Kurtz, which was how they first met, though the two did not marry until 1955, after she had left the Houston Symphony Orchestra — and he had divorced his wife. After holding the principal flutist's chair in Houston for five years (1948–1953), she left to pursue a career as a soloist and chamber musician (another first for an American woman) winning praise for her debut recital in London. She performed at many festivals in Europe, and worked closely with violinist Yehudi Menuhin, pianist Hephzibah Menuhin, and harpsichordist George Malcolm. The composer Ernest Bloch dedicated two works to her: Suite Modale and Two Last Poems (Maybe...). The former piece had been commissioned by the flutist; at her request, Bloch also orchestrated the piece (written for flute and piano) for flute and string orchestra. Shaffer also gave the world premiere of the latter work. She was also a friend of Marc Chagall (who did a drawing for her), Karl Barth, and Hermann Hesse. The death of William Kincaid, her principal teacher, in 1967 was difficult for her because she had a special bond with him. John Solum, a flutist and pioneering baroque flutist, became the prime mover (along with a group of other students and admirers of Kincaid) behind the commission of Aaron Copland's Duo for Flute and Piano, dedicated to Kincaid's memory. Solum, a close friend and colleague of Shaffer, invited her and Hephzibah Menuhin to perform the world premiere of that work in October 1971 at a benefit for the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. A short while later, Shaffer was diagnosed with lung cancer. She was able to complete two final projects that were important to her: a concert of J. S. Bach's sonatas for flute, and the first recording of the Copland. Two months after the recording was completed, Elaine Shaffer died in London on February 19, 1973. Recordings Johann Sebastian Bach Three Flute Sonatas (volume 1): Sonata in b minor BWV 1030, Sonata in A Major BWV 1032 (2nd and 3rd movements), Sonata in E Minor BWV 1034 - with George Malcolm - harpsichord, Ambrose Gauntlett - viola da gamba - Angel S36337 Three Flute Sonatas (volume 2): Sonata in c major BWV 1033, BWV 1035, BWV 1031, BWV 1020 - with George Malcolm - harpsichord, Ambrose Gauntlett - viola da gamba - Angel Suite No.2 in B Minor, BWV 1067 : with Yehudi Menuhin / Bath Festival Orchestra Musical Offering, BWV 1079 : Ricercare / 5 Canons / Trio Sonata / 5 Canons / Ricercare - with Archie Camden / Ronald Kinloch Anderson / Yehudi Menuhin Brandenburg Concerto No.5 in D, BWV 1050 : with Yehudi Menuhin / George Malcolm / Bath Festival Orchestra Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Concerto for flute and orchestra, K 313 Concerto for flute and orchestra, K 314 Andante in C for flute and orchestra, K 315 Concerto for flute and harp, K 299 (with Marilyn Costello, harp) Georg Philipp Telemann Suite in A minor for flute and strings Franz Schubert Variations on Trockne Blumen, op 160 Friedrich Kuhlau Sonata in E minor Franz Xavier Mozart Sonata movement (mistakenly called "Rondo" on the recording) Aaron Copland Duo for Flute and Piano - with Aaron Copland - piano - On Modern American Music Series M32737 - Copland Performs and Conducts Copland - CBS 1974 Some of these recordings are now available on CD : Suite No. 2/Musical Offering/ Brandenburg V included in the Christmas Box 2001 - Bach Orchestral Suites / Brandenburgs / Violin Concertos - Yehudi Menuhin / Bath Festival Orchestra on EMI Classics 0724357443920. She also performed the major standard flute repertoire of the 20th century, including sonatas by Hindemith, Prokofiev and Poulenc, and the flute concerti of Ibert and Nielsen. She gave the world premiere of Virgil Thomson's Flute Concerto, as well as five performances with Italian orchestras of a concerto by Franco Mannino for flute, trombone obbligato, and orchestra. Sources External links Mozart - Elaine Shaffer, 1959: Flute Concerto No. 1 in G major, K. 313 - Allegro Maestoso References American classical flautists Musicians from Houston 1925 births 1973 deaths 20th-century classical musicians 20th-century American musicians Women flautists 20th-century women musicians Classical musicians from Texas	[ -0.6940218806266785, -0.2792397737503052, -0.4866531193256378, -0.30353784561157227, -0.13112761080265045, 0.5909474492073059, 0.019657783210277557, -0.16954649984836578, -0.3601120710372925, -0.3246443271636963, 0.17249789834022522, 0.05956410989165306, -0.060095109045505524, -0.09767013788223267, -0.5709471106529236, -0.17585118114948273, 0.7816281914710999, -0.4650663435459137, -0.6076751947402954, -0.2558993995189667, -0.16801005601882935, -0.45380717515945435, 0.5897144675254822, 0.7241542339324951, -0.7057954668998718, -0.024504663422703743, -0.43868061900138855, 0.06494571268558502, 0.5501326322555542, 0.22774013876914978, -0.009078656323254108, 0.5701886415481567, 1.1202713251113892, -0.4008182883262634, -0.36788710951805115, 0.5817016363143921, 0.20094820857048035, 0.2507858872413635, 0.1347266137599945, 0.03579751402139664, -0.250374972820282, 0.10386242717504501, 0.6182777881622314, -0.005535018164664507, 0.21510735154151917, -0.5423082709312439, -1.8432929515838623, 0.15956595540046692, -0.15120923519134521, -0.5961886644363403, -0.6057354807853699, 0.3350282311439514, 1.1170552968978882, -0.1740938127040863, -0.03597819060087204, -0.1939387023448944, -0.5063347816467285, 0.08429940044879913, -0.03299717977643013, -0.23147465288639069, 0.017450183629989624, -0.024619048461318016, 0.5355638861656189, -0.5430411100387573, -0.02012726478278637, -0.16080158948898315, 0.3517431318759918, 0.35640063881874084, 0.41671645641326904, -0.38314393162727356, 0.16824164986610413, 0.5611019730567932, 0.27344006299972534, -0.6014627814292908, 0.39366188645362854, 0.005546928383409977, 0.7405970692634583, -0.49381789565086365, -0.1539630889892578, 0.459672749042511, -0.10767257213592529, -0.06443227082490921, 0.8988199234008789, 0.08240024745464325, 0.20716989040374756, -0.3433499336242676, -0.8659253120422363, 0.5560779571533203, -0.6502898335456848, 0.017392076551914215, -0.6040118336677551, -0.36637264490127563, 0.5032762885093689, 0.18993929028511047, -0.41647300124168396, 0.05714726075530052, 0.8172505497932434, 0.16512897610664368, 0.14762116968631744, -0.38122105598449707, -0.14257653057575226, -0.27287790179252625, 0.05537473037838936, -0.3262532651424408, -0.20411734282970428, 0.14681242406368256, 0.17755094170570374, -0.65992271900177, -0.46667003631591797, -0.13095588982105255, -0.6893336772918701, -0.380574494600296, 0.3501744866371155, -0.4064682722091675, 0.32056573033332825, 0.6348007321357727, 0.022790268063545227, 0.085774265229702, -0.7765549421310425, 0.1460471898317337, 0.37828999757766724, 0.43833690881729126, -0.05104047805070877, -0.24357949197292328, -1.0757660865783691, 0.053091637790203094, 0.6562182307243347, 0.4881148636341095, -0.3689452111721039, -0.21331383287906647, 0.12927931547164917, 0.6407323479652405, -0.009028658270835876, -0.02997102402150631, 0.10904452204704285, -0.139724463224411, 0.03906543552875519, -0.4325544238090515, -0.4443719685077667, -0.05717822164297104, 0.10152056813240051, -0.03991399705410004, -0.6441713571548462, -0.6667148470878601, 0.5350132584571838, -0.31377866864204407, -0.030760332942008972, 0.08094058185815811, 0.14730149507522583, -0.23598712682724, 0.4838387370109558, 0.2566879391670227, -0.13137464225292206, -0.10751135647296906, -0.20550209283828735, 0.09447520226240158, 0.10546915233135223, 0.05622516945004463, 0.308647096157074, 0.08580083400011063, 0.5399786233901978, -0.5388445854187012, -0.05662139132618904, 0.03488615155220032, -0.0748860090970993, 0.1013292446732521, -0.36945390701293945, -0.028295546770095825, -0.48546651005744934, 0.10108952969312668, 0.03651048615574837, 0.5636186003684998, 0.1925836205482483, -0.013319007121026516, 0.004078594036400318, 0.3492777943611145, 0.09605240821838379, 0.5396646857261658, -0.13120105862617493, -0.48174309730529785, -0.5558258891105652, -0.3903926610946655, -0.10580537468194962, 0.19343920052051544, 0.7485640645027161, 0.47373902797698975, -0.2364935576915741, -0.0002100643323501572, 0.8097541928291321, -0.4187941551208496, -0.5055127143859863, -0.6278617978096008, 0.08402620255947113, 0.33723774552345276, 0.9085319638252258, 0.4239156246185303, -0.24249166250228882, 0.29449978470802307, 0.4092004895210266, 0.12376582622528076, 0.23916347324848175, -0.05423058569431305, 0.14157119393348694, -0.20150120556354523, 0.400746613740921, 0.24951738119125366, 0.29810288548469543, -0.3502301871776581, 0.1235995963215828, 0.8724040985107422, 0.2621711492538452, -0.9004212021827698, -0.027524372562766075, 0.8286465406417847, -0.43710198998451233, -0.43623700737953186, -0.8624571561813354, 0.04593954235315323, 0.6962916851043701, -0.5261347889900208, 0.5020074248313904, 0.4175014793872833, -0.3061267137527466, 0.20620886981487274, -0.4706724286079407, 0.9508733153343201, -0.484012633562088, -0.23103784024715424, -0.024130700156092644, 0.4630570709705353, 0.23734965920448303, 0.03863409906625748, 0.404486745595932, -0.4190689027309418, 0.45364832878112793, 0.7964038252830505, 0.22071848809719086, -0.20809783041477203, 0.34469887614250183, -1.0057258605957031, 0.11531279236078262, 0.3173314332962036, -0.8137960433959961, 0.4825371503829956, -0.32578837871551514, 0.4073464572429657, 0.33307915925979614, -0.5607343912124634, 0.10677702724933624, 0.2846989333629608, 0.47880908846855164, 0.8702221512794495, 0.32172688841819763, -0.0838041603565216, -0.41891977190971375, 0.3794146180152893, 0.43684470653533936, -0.22450019419193268, 0.8805862069129944, -0.07494448125362396, 0.5452163815498352, 0.08565699309110641, 0.5152894258499146, -0.31327223777770996, -0.09306634962558746, -0.6777746677398682, 0.1579281985759735, -0.5396584868431091, -0.010378449223935604, -0.3827356994152069, 0.31898704171180725, -0.39090588688850403, 0.07592557370662689, 0.9672594666481018, -0.14072304964065552, 0.13096800446510315, -0.6734036803245544, -0.2128104269504547, -0.6204884052276611, -0.9688667058944702, 0.9693638682365417, 0.5870447754859924, -0.30057716369628906, -0.3490118980407715, -0.729157030582428, 0.21974517405033112, -0.3862283527851105, -0.046754952520132065, 0.2651233971118927, -0.5045875906944275, -0.35874125361442566, 0.6092599630355835, 0.01884811744093895, 0.2948073446750641, -0.49630969762802124, 1.2102628946304321, -0.30185142159461975, 0.12713861465454102, -0.15374450385570526, -0.1276424378156662, -0.35154038667678833, 0.3752219080924988, -0.2786836326122284, 0.04136879742145538, -0.17418068647384644, 0.16740863025188446, -0.5643141269683838, -0.3678572475910187, -5.429299354553223, 0.13826815783977509, -0.5695553421974182, -0.6816567778587341, -0.19484220445156097, 0.01978721283376217, -0.11699904501438141, -0.4862222671508789, 0.45407408475875854, -0.04477651044726372, 0.1481173187494278, 0.07545509934425354, -0.4429605007171631, 0.6794291138648987, 0.47844183444976807, 0.030263347551226616, 0.3913726210594177, -0.7915405631065369, 0.2445858269929886, 0.4318695366382599, 0.5336375832557678, -0.3103141486644745, -0.12254565954208374, 0.36294206976890564, 0.1435396522283554, -0.09825127571821213, -0.5492231845855713, 0.2562973201274872, -1.0575350522994995, -0.4431876540184021, -0.2708755433559418, -0.2903238832950592, -0.7443835139274597, 0.3215123414993286, -0.0776175931096077, 0.29101961851119995, 0.42995622754096985, -0.24819010496139526, -0.07299042493104935, -0.32810211181640625, -0.11545731872320175, -0.34010565280914307, -0.5801452994346619, -0.18288671970367432, -0.3460255265235901, 0.17822246253490448, -0.19656242430210114, -0.36598309874534607, -0.23651573061943054, 0.68784099817276, 0.5300195813179016, -0.13365066051483154, 0.610209047794342, -0.2998303174972534, -0.3509008288383484, -0.4271638095378876, 0.03935721516609192, -0.031140660867094994, -0.057952359318733215, 0.32960259914398193, 0.2162315845489502, -0.5782245397567749, 0.1252027004957199, -0.14299708604812622, -0.6487852334976196, -0.07820922881364822, 0.022143878042697906, 0.4733163118362427, 0.412297785282135, 0.11125238239765167, 0.7074515223503113, 0.3645842671394348, 0.14754600822925568, -1.1700068712234497, 0.142609640955925, -0.7279402613639832, 0.2520377039909363, -0.13286016881465912, -0.8876256346702576, -0.05748153477907181, 0.3620566427707672, -0.527878999710083, 0.12166259437799454, 0.7337742447853088, 0.6219753623008728, 0.3203248381614685, -0.13937944173812866, 0.5719304084777832, -0.5133220553398132, 0.043979667127132416, 0.21838460862636566, -0.4270004332065582, 0.20327411592006683, 0.4273720383644104, -0.26288652420043945, 0.4451555907726288, 0.127476766705513, 0.8569566607475281, 0.6870251893997192, 0.18680663406848907, -0.21124869585037231, -0.5805643200874329, 0.043349213898181915, -0.6151834726333618, -0.02463473565876484, 0.027785371989011765, -0.2288876622915268, 0.07873286306858063, 0.962188720703125, -0.14225424826145172, -0.12161485850811005, 0.24811583757400513, -0.41396546363830566, -0.5879542827606201, 0.12169038504362106, -0.5628350973129272, 0.03304801508784294, 0.6778115630149841, 0.009314495138823986, 0.3358387053012848, 0.15762946009635925, -0.31685030460357666, 0.4409343898296356, 0.27993184328079224, -0.043174613267183304, 0.1464657187461853, -0.2214578539133072, -0.18601511418819427, -0.8773602247238159, 0.3505006730556488, -0.14878720045089722, 0.3561317026615143, 0.18677017092704773, 0.6597088575363159, 0.2451418787240982, 0.0641573816537857, -0.7672964930534363, -0.3418395221233368, -0.1986570954322815, 0.06294169276952744, 0.05507776141166687, -0.07458312809467316, -0.12054260820150375, 0.07643789052963257, -0.1084018349647522, 0.5281757712364197, 0.2388215810060501, -0.5753044486045837, -0.5313699841499329, 0.5081067681312561, 0.14373096823692322, 0.11398816853761673, 0.21496132016181946, -0.5200268626213074, -0.36720746755599976, 0.07962958514690399, -0.005458137020468712, -0.303801029920578, -0.04850321263074875, 0.2101789116859436, -0.024970773607492447, -0.05713184177875519, -0.9308950901031494, -0.15633611381053925, -0.08467911928892136, 0.3595934808254242, -0.16038700938224792, -0.39767366647720337, -0.4627431631088257, 0.6117778420448303, -0.0453021340072155, -0.40735188126564026, 0.2579975128173828, 0.19697938859462738, 0.5615339279174805, -0.025804750621318817, -0.01980799436569214, -0.5536820888519287, -0.362330824136734, 0.15238335728645325, 0.2104613482952118, -0.3503705561161041, -1.1383299827575684, -0.206334188580513, 0.2010849416255951, 0.013145753182470798, -0.7694582939147949, -0.6364649534225464, -0.29922208189964294, 0.23128773272037506, -0.05639273300766945, -0.7372354865074158, -0.16778318583965302, 0.8106039762496948, -0.3798498213291168, 0.028730172663927078, 0.3150756061077118, 0.038363028317689896, -0.7073784470558167, -0.3921220302581787, 0.06785599142313004, 0.11119502037763596, -0.5381379127502441, 0.05864370986819267, 0.15135866403579712, -0.7891300916671753, -0.35167908668518066, 0.29383385181427, -0.10054095089435577, 0.3544037938117981, 0.19604887068271637, -0.03467785194516182, 0.5339539051055908, 0.11004075407981873, -0.22042681276798248, 0.7195957899093628, -0.06510089337825775, -0.11865159869194031, -0.2363593876361847, -0.2700844407081604, -0.8585406541824341, -0.2888709008693695, -0.3144497573375702, -0.15324190258979797, -0.8817706108093262, -0.10125971585512161, -0.4521063268184662, -0.08386389166116714, 0.281061589717865, -0.15762965381145477, -0.26180300116539, -0.321633905172348, -0.1266549825668335, 0.017020203173160553, -0.34401121735572815, -0.25278738141059875, 0.010832691565155983, 0.2513456344604492, -0.07665983587503433, 0.3497566282749176, 0.37388184666633606, 0.6136468052864075, -0.019004711881279945, 0.15835674107074738, -0.2391231805086136, 0.05159522220492363, 0.5627195835113525, -0.7696186900138855, 0.27625834941864014, 0.2992279827594757, 0.6945729851722717, -0.18334037065505981, -0.49497494101524353, -0.18690651655197144, 0.656051516532898, -0.2862111032009125, 0.1561231017112732, -0.47393834590911865, 0.11862818896770477, -0.16344840824604034, 0.29943734407424927, 0.3204786479473114, -0.4108162522315979, -0.04770706966519356, -0.2372865080833435, 0.49936389923095703, 0.08561863750219345, -0.620072066783905, 0.3570308983325958, -0.2760322690010071, -0.1382635086774826, 0.15932928025722504, -0.09568304568529129, 0.5062140226364136, -0.16837747395038605, 0.5916887521743774, -0.013954800553619862, -0.1493714600801468, -0.058357227593660355, -0.0870746523141861, -0.5242933034896851, 0.15087458491325378, 0.1315963864326477, -0.0725751742720604, -0.22304555773735046, -0.0758088082075119, -0.5599132776260376, -0.04885321483016014, -0.1643482744693756, -0.08710654824972153, -0.45650410652160645, 0.31656602025032043, -0.32911548018455505, 0.28051450848579407, -0.12197040021419525, 0.2093164473772049, 0.28296467661857605, 0.7816763520240784, -0.34697216749191284, -0.5730029940605164, -0.39618685841560364, 0.08138411492109299, 0.09575267136096954, 0.5193884968757629, -0.01719031110405922, -0.2493387907743454, -0.10849932581186295, -0.4628773331642151, -0.6178946495056152, 0.1386299431324005, 0.45018163323402405, -0.4521292746067047, 0.10029428452253342, 0.6070639491081238, -0.7635599970817566, 0.3075246810913086, 0.6516669392585754, 0.06828080862760544, -0.13442650437355042, -0.0020368387922644615, 0.24625609815120697, -0.08953686058521271, 0.5886644124984741, 0.3368455469608307, -0.35050103068351746, 0.4890049695968628, 0.5399836897850037, -0.256390243768692, -0.017053771764039993, 0.47458428144454956, 0.4441615641117096, -0.1985739916563034, -0.07607941329479218, 0.7726324796676636, 0.18715506792068481, -0.6086171865463257, 0.09963934868574142, -0.5881203413009644, 0.1689089983701706, -0.08558327704668045, 0.22364921867847443, 0.9375138878822327, 0.25479304790496826, 0.15692569315433502, 0.25217750668525696, 0.05629139766097069, 0.3014816343784332, 0.5259209275245667, -0.028498705476522446, -0.7941439747810364, -0.052516549825668335, 0.6101332306861877, 0.047534842044115067, -0.3194569945335388, 0.9100946187973022, 0.24418799579143524, 0.9753208160400391, -0.46612703800201416, 0.4642786681652069, 0.18780916929244995, -0.17891034483909607, -1.0309734344482422, 1.5559266805648804, -0.06490184366703033, 0.04795672744512558, -0.2586899399757385, -0.2165825217962265, -0.5756567716598511, -0.03223685547709465, 0.31176260113716125, -0.08545280992984772, -0.25111180543899536, -0.5696218013763428, 0.8887001872062683, 0.3827735185623169, 0.536331832408905, 0.41684600710868835, -0.10032927244901657, 0.39327311515808105, 0.6192618012428284, -0.26943811774253845, 0.22383493185043335, -0.30387410521507263, -0.4148968458175659, 0.017903592437505722, -0.46991610527038574, 0.31667572259902954, -0.00169457180891186, 0.10367102175951004, -0.6872015595436096, 0.6153554320335388, -0.8586493134498596, -0.47212865948677063, 0.10260869562625885, 0.4346175789833069, -0.2746066451072693, -0.22395728528499603, 0.5171873569488525, 0.3568994402885437, 0.5129366517066956, -0.029600853100419044, 0.1959066390991211, 0.35324791073799133, 0.2898828089237213, -0.11993791162967682, 0.000990385189652443, -0.42248260974884033, -0.018051130697131157, -0.35205525159835815, 0.6847019195556641, -0.13197535276412964, 0.6352381706237793, -0.40356627106666565, 0.34311625361442566, -0.028541987761855125, 0.43136584758758545, 0.8177691698074341, -0.11154384166002274, -0.5467998385429382, -0.0495285801589489, 0.16359302401542664, 0.08852855116128922, 0.26423949003219604, 0.03157580643892288, -0.162292942404747, 0.5943354964256287, -0.1978028267621994, -0.4141707420349121, -0.1097378060221672, 0.15403138101100922, -0.09093517065048218, 0.15187351405620575, -0.21059376001358032, -0.28268468379974365, -0.040420595556497574, -0.36243364214897156, 0.5984616875648499, 0.029647305607795715, 0.7951416969299316, -0.705883800983429, 0.6928055882453918, -0.07477725297212601, -0.4612305164337158, 0.038294047117233276, 0.28031712770462036, 0.3308362066745758, 0.5563670992851257, -0.6445223689079285, 0.2682875394821167, 0.8643397688865662, -0.8210940957069397, -0.8492418527603149, 0.22869335114955902, -0.7384318113327026, -0.06504157930612564, 0.13799212872982025, 0.13765497505664825, 0.18421049416065216, 0.20029175281524658, -0.018791165202856064 ]
230695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub%20al-Lughah	Kutub al-Lughah	Kutub al-Lughah is a work of Hebrew linguistics by Saadia Gaon, twelve "Books on Language" which are also designated as the twelve parts of a work entitled "The Book on Language", in which, as the author himself states in his "Sefer ha-Galui", he sought to explain the "i'rab", or the grammatical formation of the Hebrew language. Of this Hebrew grammar, which is the oldest one known, fragments of greater or less extent have been preserved, especially in Saadia's commentary on Sefer Yetzirah and by Dunash ben Labrat. Linguistics books Hebrew language	[ 0.029106831178069115, 0.6552510857582092, -1.1174838542938232, -0.7915771007537842, -0.4438776969909668, 0.7996763586997986, 0.4203968942165375, -0.13206398487091064, 0.2721575200557709, -0.3625732660293579, -0.5176646709442139, 0.12388909608125687, -0.45288094878196716, -0.042480096220970154, -0.09847230464220047, 0.47820228338241577, 0.5010740160942078, 0.26000121235847473, -0.092856764793396, -0.008135571144521236, 0.09503462165594101, 0.3044786751270294, 0.15510091185569763, -0.3659634590148926, 0.47219783067703247, -0.20979571342468262, 0.6257193088531494, 0.30969640612602234, -0.31375858187675476, -0.15867124497890472, -0.1943264901638031, 0.3283405601978302, -0.1655120700597763, -0.41328904032707214, -0.01897526904940605, -0.2924339771270752, 0.026722632348537445, -0.6452067494392395, 0.3024446666240692, -0.513096809387207, 0.2413032203912735, 0.17101886868476868, 0.1925545036792755, 0.5470424294471741, -0.17729268968105316, -0.016544753685593605, -1.2913784980773926, 0.4148303270339966, -0.6758847832679749, -0.1764824241399765, -0.4281854033470154, 0.33961716294288635, 0.7053210139274597, 0.12348099797964096, -0.3151063621044159, 0.7957902550697327, -0.9907253384590149, -0.17244547605514526, 0.5557821989059448, -0.12328022718429565, 0.8666777610778809, 0.04549407586455345, 0.6333684325218201, 0.3225087821483612, 0.3427707552909851, -0.050058767199516296, -0.8617527484893799, 0.1148713082075119, -0.043317683041095734, 0.10889770835638046, 0.046375952661037445, 0.09030859172344208, -0.786746621131897, 0.3193279802799225, -0.10138873010873795, 0.22719502449035645, 0.06500254571437836, -0.17864252626895905, -0.07097027450799942, 0.17838923633098602, -0.7230136394500732, 0.2772344946861267, 0.6162371039390564, 0.14528416097164154, 0.3548850417137146, 0.23069097101688385, 0.10210838913917542, 0.11048620939254761, -0.40789732336997986, -0.45174863934516907, 0.06574074178934097, -0.012562728486955166, -0.29303231835365295, -0.02378118596971035, 0.04600094258785248, -0.11299619823694229, 0.14135663211345673, 0.4041336178779602, -0.9181598424911499, 0.07656857371330261, -0.4581780433654785, 1.1003031730651855, 0.7454528212547302, 0.12764808535575867, -1.2984440326690674, 0.09505602717399597, 0.034193187952041626, -0.47293832898139954, 0.5318065285682678, 0.34259742498397827, 0.4830417037010193, 0.34412267804145813, -0.015560231171548367, -0.1718437820672989, 0.18292076885700226, 0.094767726957798, -0.2484983503818512, -0.561470627784729, -0.6360166668891907, 0.24215802550315857, -0.5528898239135742, 0.6180782914161682, 0.7007639408111572, 0.2851666510105133, 0.015333524905145168, -0.4795202314853668, 0.03006284311413765, 0.4973670244216919, -0.3217901587486267, 0.2765466272830963, 0.5752869248390198, 0.5249002575874329, 0.14024749398231506, -0.38772809505462646, -0.7306146621704102, -0.11447882652282715, 0.07692534476518631, 0.2324100136756897, 0.18656423687934875, 0.4792441427707672, -0.7036746740341187, -0.2906310558319092, -0.6239331960678101, -0.35914406180381775, -0.08613234758377075, -0.11403421312570572, -0.25882914662361145, -0.15033483505249023, -0.5295222401618958, -0.5229719877243042, -0.5335530042648315, -0.07562262564897537, -0.007801602594554424, 0.010368195362389088, 0.16164931654930115, 0.8238427042961121, 0.031259771436452866, 0.44658181071281433, 0.43210598826408386, -0.3212258219718933, -0.345879465341568, 0.16995972394943237, -0.03607947379350662, 0.21087908744812012, -0.047280579805374146, -0.3442496359348297, 0.8653459548950195, 0.07873909175395966, 0.21026141941547394, 0.045943111181259155, 0.050166189670562744, -0.1540960967540741, 0.3365824520587921, -0.5542863607406616, -0.3198815882205963, -0.2249242067337036, 1.4275412559509277, 0.027533283457159996, 0.7347405552864075, -0.48005908727645874, -0.7316475510597229, 0.2665939927101135, -0.09082870185375214, -0.17052221298217773, 0.0019255608785897493, -0.010011933743953705, -0.16632631421089172, 0.0027681561186909676, -0.36996421217918396, -0.2012818157672882, -0.49423879384994507, -0.932121217250824, 0.2677156329154968, -0.06011229753494263, 1.0739566087722778, 0.2795664072036743, -0.14961877465248108, 1.3925447463989258, 0.19595928490161896, 0.6159149408340454, -0.24449460208415985, -0.012436888180673122, 0.20585660636425018, 0.14289505779743195, 0.14663435518741608, 0.3341560363769531, -0.785654604434967, 0.28334954380989075, 0.19418101012706757, 0.38574084639549255, 0.5733190774917603, -0.19116035103797913, 0.32673242688179016, -0.25598567724227905, -0.5800027847290039, -0.18167918920516968, -0.15405137836933136, 0.8240137696266174, 0.1192634254693985, -0.3253515660762787, 0.997447669506073, -0.10145491361618042, 0.1213611513376236, 0.2851097583770752, -0.3894198536872864, 0.19349507987499237, -0.016275813803076744, 0.11173035204410553, 0.10379490256309509, -0.7385491728782654, -0.018399208784103394, -0.3350086212158203, 0.32107579708099365, -0.6275922060012817, -0.25351420044898987, -0.121916264295578, -0.16388079524040222, 0.0508732795715332, 0.7919148206710815, -0.043806273490190506, 0.34549498558044434, -0.16891981661319733, -0.266203910112381, -0.24751779437065125, 0.586073100566864, -0.18711622059345245, -0.039239075034856796, 0.29063013195991516, -0.12083859741687775, -0.036738064140081406, -0.1630755364894867, 0.5808801651000977, 0.2819308340549469, -0.42820337414741516, 0.12008100748062134, 0.20450472831726074, -0.2761912941932678, -0.18707402050495148, 0.829042911529541, 0.1492573320865631, 0.050795312970876694, 0.7328746914863586, -0.3422148823738098, -0.05556803196668625, 0.19732289016246796, -0.5243756175041199, 0.4453648626804352, -0.610428512096405, 0.15698479115962982, 0.08063007146120071, 0.37260857224464417, 0.1725800633430481, -0.3066028654575348, 0.5210766792297363, 0.03585474565625191, -0.40627309679985046, 0.479498952627182, 0.02440168894827366, -0.467280775308609, -0.1825805902481079, -0.2656308710575104, 0.5834428668022156, 0.2698878049850464, -0.12665697932243347, -0.29276418685913086, -0.7528117299079895, 0.24959352612495422, -0.47896331548690796, 0.38843458890914917, -0.18579384684562683, -0.2909013032913208, 0.2247781753540039, 0.21367114782333374, -0.34042298793792725, -0.3399460017681122, 0.6079167127609253, 0.0817476436495781, -0.4996868371963501, -0.38270696997642517, -0.09796877950429916, -0.7988606691360474, 0.40879377722740173, -0.38723886013031006, 0.4271983802318573, 0.18048135936260223, 0.39864084124565125, -0.6877797842025757, 0.5944963693618774, -5.700575828552246, 0.22169850766658783, -0.5049296021461487, -0.12669917941093445, 0.4921276271343231, 0.07412924617528915, 0.48245224356651306, -0.5917226076126099, -0.13114391267299652, -0.045950766652822495, -0.549879252910614, -0.25056809186935425, -0.13426026701927185, 0.30915921926498413, 0.2207106649875641, 0.2844432592391968, 0.14702658355236053, 0.010563968680799007, 0.004653166513890028, 0.17294608056545258, -0.2938475012779236, -0.0996256023645401, -0.14612360298633575, 0.8672493696212769, 0.3860536217689514, 0.5666489005088806, -0.1035122498869896, 0.3963945806026459, -0.4693487584590912, 0.2969617545604706, 0.08349784463644028, -0.49948856234550476, 0.35008150339126587, 0.2618522047996521, -0.09993389248847961, 0.20078366994857788, 0.5738191604614258, 0.46320033073425293, 0.7025048136711121, 0.19414690136909485, -0.33947163820266724, 0.35137444734573364, -0.0933261439204216, -0.3428782522678375, 0.06448860466480255, -0.2098229080438614, -0.6617220640182495, -0.27286630868911743, -0.46992436051368713, 0.6374930739402771, 0.13367512822151184, -0.3397940695285797, -0.12428329139947891, 0.4528265595436096, 0.3428444266319275, -0.12760043144226074, 0.6192297339439392, -0.6101230382919312, -0.06090952455997467, -0.20435790717601776, 0.3556010127067566, -0.7966572642326355, -0.11449786275625229, -0.532172679901123, 0.24864844977855682, -0.3457907736301422, -0.1369008868932724, -0.32682088017463684, 0.1099395602941513, 0.5218358635902405, -0.6475215554237366, 0.48953136801719666, -0.12956690788269043, -0.8537928462028503, -0.1415013074874878, -0.1386273056268692, -0.41067418456077576, 0.0061162556521594524, 0.21145720779895782, 0.06400054693222046, -0.1110391765832901, -0.6467168927192688, -0.44458338618278503, 0.46813514828681946, 0.29454874992370605, -0.8899394869804382, 0.14991609752178192, -0.158395454287529, -0.4254487454891205, -0.23450180888175964, 1.1381300687789917, -0.5310081839561462, 0.1650981456041336, 0.30350127816200256, 0.1664174348115921, 0.7392652034759521, -0.5909101366996765, 0.2787542939186096, 0.730428159236908, -0.22847209870815277, 0.5751041173934937, -0.299861878156662, 0.4998938739299774, -0.03288353607058525, 0.22286975383758545, 0.32263830304145813, -0.7007865905761719, 0.32893818616867065, 0.7901405096054077, -0.22001619637012482, -0.48487088084220886, 0.4037971794605255, -0.30108505487442017, 0.02343367040157318, 0.6396954655647278, -0.0436219796538353, -0.025150777772068977, 0.30888766050338745, 0.31584659218788147, 0.5775864720344543, 0.20400427281856537, -0.12454956024885178, -0.5043138265609741, -0.00537485396489501, -0.03342576324939728, 0.11479666829109192, 0.024705464020371437, -0.06905341893434525, -0.4376913607120514, -0.13369593024253845, 0.8033063411712646, -0.6082661151885986, 0.014193440787494183, 0.2606869637966156, -0.2057582587003708, -0.39279043674468994, -0.48697152733802795, -0.7829307317733765, -0.7330529689788818, 0.154620960354805, -0.5265218615531921, -0.13725750148296356, 0.3317719101905823, 0.22094076871871948, 0.1868264377117157, 0.06827017664909363, -0.2017107456922531, 0.17641830444335938, -0.9878490567207336, 0.7010999917984009, 0.1444118469953537, -0.22724206745624542, 0.29190242290496826, -0.34793418645858765, -0.20424935221672058, 0.2577952444553375, 0.2564983367919922, 1.1011661291122437, -0.29720738530158997, -0.10444025695323944, 0.020222624763846397, -0.526333212852478, -0.46568161249160767, 0.003764284076169133, -0.3153764605522156, -0.2785664498806, -0.08227801322937012, -0.3004636764526367, -0.4788854122161865, 0.2031683772802353, -0.25459977984428406, -0.2762918174266815, -0.463927686214447, 0.05371949076652527, 0.821471631526947, 0.12765741348266602, 0.02860260382294655, 0.46099981665611267, 0.3075283467769623, 0.06573651731014252, -0.07408832013607025, -0.491031676530838, 0.17856580018997192, 0.25135451555252075, 0.6295605897903442, 0.16364584863185883, -0.127153679728508, -0.3476046025753021, -0.9498503804206848, 0.010278740897774696, 0.29834991693496704, 0.3166814148426056, 0.5011903643608093, 0.3249620795249939, -0.40036827325820923, -0.6585220694541931, 0.7365103363990784, 0.37683141231536865, -0.1452876329421997, -0.5123900771141052, 0.5034023523330688, 0.11131981760263443, -0.42075350880622864, 0.46330490708351135, 0.15021546185016632, -1.106565237045288, 0.4505718946456909, -0.45357438921928406, -0.5861457586288452, 0.5744273662567139, -0.1112997829914093, -0.515014111995697, -0.1169278621673584, -0.118248350918293, -0.5311782956123352, -0.11379075795412064, 0.22368940711021423, -0.5722827911376953, 0.12682805955410004, -0.24281293153762817, -0.009977352805435658, -0.5247524976730347, 0.14189648628234863, 0.11910317093133926, -0.08160648494958878, -0.2091314196586609, -0.10573313385248184, -0.051096122711896896, 0.14622193574905396, -0.10759720951318741, 0.6938830018043518, -0.2364991009235382, 0.6590439081192017, 0.48886796832084656, -0.12646155059337616, -0.3610253930091858, 0.032501623034477234, -0.18222591280937195, -0.24018293619155884, 0.21877603232860565, 0.5911252498626709, 0.5010879635810852, 0.017741305753588676, -0.15033920109272003, 0.34972313046455383, 0.3371185064315796, -0.03234390169382095, -0.398526668548584, -0.538959801197052, -0.06573548913002014, 0.1688271462917328, 0.0742245614528656, -0.6395434737205505, -0.47459298372268677, 0.5863773822784424, -0.18109549582004547, -0.29614630341529846, -0.060167405754327774, -0.45335477590560913, 0.20063982903957367, 0.39404743909835815, 0.1397763192653656, -0.19380787014961243, -0.1355697363615036, 0.03235911577939987, -0.2647310793399811, -0.32685625553131104, -0.4916551411151886, 0.1235995665192604, -0.47376325726509094, -0.35382354259490967, -0.7517128586769104, 0.11471876502037048, 0.09017009288072586, -0.09216437488794327, 0.11532673984766006, -0.13425347208976746, -0.21168158948421478, 0.372459352016449, 0.2746551036834717, -0.47508499026298523, -0.06980000436306, -0.5731284022331238, -0.03850683569908142, -0.02042553573846817, -0.020970774814486504, -0.3275958299636841, 0.38429397344589233, 0.5068293213844299, -0.07396063208580017, -0.2739948332309723, -0.022889630869030952, -0.3279443085193634, 0.3136177361011505, 0.010962116532027721, 0.5113734602928162, 0.392220675945282, 0.2260703593492508, -0.4242021143436432, -0.10878013074398041, -0.15954338014125824, -0.14157643914222717, 0.07483170926570892, 0.06131637841463089, 0.40151020884513855, -0.02907068096101284, 0.24590620398521423, 0.3770718276500702, -0.32470616698265076, 0.14127540588378906, 0.42063167691230774, 0.4599779546260834, 0.5459873676300049, 0.48571693897247314, -0.5002809166908264, -0.29495492577552795, 0.7142851948738098, 0.06510432809591293, 0.2856188118457794, 0.13933809101581573, 0.27246788144111633, -0.10700006037950516, 0.26163795590400696, -0.0661051794886589, -0.502160906791687, -0.04803416505455971, -0.004632803611457348, -0.18689456582069397, -0.3924849033355713, -0.07973803579807281, 0.7851511836051941, 0.39169928431510925, -0.6683598160743713, -0.3986548185348511, 0.21982432901859283, -0.09160251915454865, -0.12344599515199661, -0.36315613985061646, -0.09636549651622772, 0.46764636039733887, 0.2505688965320587, 0.6025301814079285, -0.2363196462392807, -0.08700283616781235, -0.23755143582820892, 0.4701976776123047, -0.1391308605670929, 0.12578581273555756, 0.34089717268943787, 0.8208402991294861, 0.03354223817586899, 0.7808929085731506, 0.6628020405769348, -0.4475266933441162, 0.15788303315639496, 0.26746872067451477, 0.06114611402153969, -0.16684190928936005, -0.35235464572906494, 0.4020201563835144, -0.24789348244667053, 0.6457651853561401, 0.04681560769677162, -0.3294338881969452, 0.25743719935417175, 0.24005304276943207, 0.3805948495864868, -1.0545283555984497, 0.13949310779571533, -0.16052018105983734, 0.022212479263544083, -0.28247836232185364, -0.34925374388694763, 0.01895335502922535, 0.25261273980140686, 0.042916860431432724, 0.6141573190689087, 0.4992002844810486, 0.3024043142795563, 0.47180041670799255, 0.12979884445667267, -0.5760708451271057, -0.212006077170372, -0.24516335129737854, -0.2654487192630768, 0.6533053517341614, -0.1546929031610489, 0.046882905066013336, -0.7410202622413635, 0.24147512018680573, -0.18586738407611847, -0.726996123790741, -0.7366421818733215, 0.0991494283080101, -0.54969722032547, -0.02513028308749199, -0.572407066822052, 0.7890365123748779, -0.057713039219379425, -0.19261187314987183, 0.10371872037649155, -0.1661808043718338, 0.392914742231369, 0.3802015781402588, -0.7241823673248291, 0.3897362947463989, -0.2935130298137665, 0.01938437484204769, -0.8333100080490112, 0.003423587419092655, 0.03123774193227291, 0.5014838576316833, -0.37604019045829773, 0.1133524626493454, -0.7706765532493591, 0.05459115654230118, 0.49958765506744385, -0.1924944967031479, 0.2810847759246826, -0.08613583445549011, 0.003820984158664942, 0.12092068791389465, -0.4702673554420471, 0.3259636461734772, -0.0678701251745224, 0.12794911861419678, -0.07897501438856125, 0.21257954835891724, -0.72417813539505, 0.10991661995649338, 0.07827630639076233, -0.5001887679100037, -0.44787755608558655, -0.7124558687210083, -0.029450437054038048, -0.106386698782444, 0.5445978045463562, 0.5770549774169922, 0.3557067811489105, -0.5529008507728577, 0.16902731359004974, -0.42546728253364563, -0.215953066945076, 0.35351115465164185, -0.4162460267543793, 0.05756264179944992, -0.22735534608364105, -0.1350388526916504, 0.0534341000020504, 0.9149965047836304, 0.311903715133667, -0.07980487495660782, -0.3091913163661957, -0.29761388897895813, -0.09120561182498932, -0.0902830958366394, 0.10059749335050583, -0.8457280397415161, 0.3598160445690155, -0.06731574237346649 ]
230696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emunoth%20ve-Deoth	Emunoth ve-Deoth	The Book of Beliefs and Opinions () is a book written by Saadia Gaon (completed 933) which is the first systematic presentation and philosophic foundation of the dogmas of Judaism. The work was originally in Judeo-Arabic in Hebrew letters with quotations from the Torah. The first Hebrew translation was done in 1186 by Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, titled Emunot ve-Deot ( Beliefs and Opinions). An unabridged translation into English by Samuel Rosenblatt was published in 1948. The work is prefaced by an introduction and has ten chapters; it was completed in 933. Premise and introduction The work was mainly written as a defence of Rabbinic Judaism against the views of Karaite Judaism, which rejects the oral law (Mishnah and Talmud). In his detailed introduction, Saadia speaks of the reasons that led him to compose it. His heart was grieved when he saw the confusion concerning matters of religion that prevailed among his contemporaries, finding an unintelligent belief and unenlightened views current among those who professed Judaism, while those who denied the faith triumphantly vaunted their errors. Men were sunken in the sea of doubt and overwhelmed by the waves of spiritual error, and there was none to help them; so that Saadia felt himself called and duty bound to save them from their peril by strengthening the faithful in their belief and by removing the fears of those who were in doubt. After a general presentation of the causes of uncertainty and doubt, and the essence of belief, Saadia describes the three natural sources of knowledge: namely, the perceptions of the senses, the light of reason, and logical necessity, as well as the fourth source of knowledge possessed by those that fear God, the "veritable revelation" contained in the Scriptures. He shows that a belief in the teachings of revelation does not exclude an independent search for knowledge, but that speculation on religious subjects rather endeavors to prove the truth of the teachings received from the Prophets and to refute attacks upon revealed doctrine, which must be raised by philosophic investigation to the plane of actual knowledge. Contents In the first two sections, Saadia discusses the metaphysical problems of the creation of the world (i.) and the unity of the Creator (ii.); in the following sections he discusses revelation (iii.) and the doctrines of belief based upon divine justice, including obedience and disobedience (iv.), as well as merit and demerit (v.). Closely connected with these sections are those that treat of the soul and of death (vi.), and of the resurrection of the dead (vii.), which, according to the author, forms part of the theory of the Messianic redemption (viii.). The work concludes with a section on the rewards and punishments of the future life (ix.). The tenth section, on the best mode of life for mankind in this world, must be regarded as an appendix, since its admonitions to moral conduct supplement the exhortations to right thought and right belief contained in the main body of the book. The most important points contained in the individual sections are as follows: i The creation of the world For the doctrine of the creation of the world Saadia offers four proofs; three of these show the influence of Aristotelian philosophy, which may be traced also elsewhere in this author's writings. After his rational demonstrations has led him to the conclusion that the world was created ex nihilo, he proceeds to state and refute the twelve theories of the origin of the world. This part of the first section gives a most interesting insight into Saadia's knowledge of the Greek philosophers, which he probably derived from reading Aristotle. At the end of the section Saadia refutes certain objections to the Jewish doctrine of Creation, especially those that proceed from the concepts of time and space. ii The unity of the Creator The theory of God is prefaced by a development of the view that human knowledge arises by degrees from the merest sensuous impressions to the most subtle concepts; so that the idea of the divine, which transcends all other knowledge in subtlety, is itself a proof of its verity. The concept of God as a creator necessarily implies the attributes of life, power, and knowledge. In like manner the concept of the Creator demonstrates the unity of God. For this view three direct and three indirect proofs are offered by Saadia, the latter consisting in demonstrating that dualism is absurd. See apophatic theology and divine simplicity. The thesis of the absolute unity of God is established by a refutation of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, which arises, in Saadia's opinion, from a misinterpretation of the three attributes of God already named: life, power, and knowledge. Connected with the refutation of the dogma of the Trinity is an outline of the various theories respecting the person of Jesus that reveals an accurate knowledge of Christian controversies. See Jewish principles of faith: Divine Unity. To render possible an understanding of the monotheistic concept of God in all its purity, and to free the statements of the Scriptures from their apparent contradictions of the spirituality of the absolute idea of God, Saadia interprets all the difficulties of the Bible that bear upon this problem, using the scheme of the ten Aristotelian categories, none of which, he shows, may be applied to God. At the conclusion of this section the author pictures with deep religious feeling the relation to the Deity sustained by the human soul when permeated by the true knowledge of God. iii Revelation and the Commandments The mitzvot "divine commandments" revealed in the Torah have been given to man by the grace of God as a means to attain the highest blessedness. According to a classification borrowed by Saadia from the Muʿtazila but based upon an essentially Jewish view, the commandments are divided into those of reason and of revelation, although even the latter may be explained rationally, as is shown by numerous examples. An excursus, in which Saadia attacks the view of the Hindu sect of the "Barahima" (Brahmans) to the effect that man needs no prophets, introduces his account of prophecy and his apology for the Prophets. This is followed by theses on the essential content of the Bible and the credibility of Biblical tradition, by a detailed refutation of the Christian and Islamic view that the Law revealed in Israel has been abrogated, and by a polemic against a series of Hiwi al-Balkhi's objections to the authority of the Scriptures. iv Free will: obedience and disobedience The foundation of this section is the theory of the freedom of the will and its reconciliation with the omnipotence and omniscience of God. In its opening portion Saadia postulates the anthropocentric doctrine that regards man as the object of all creation; and at its close he explains under eight headings those passages of the Bible that might cause doubt regarding the freedom of the acts of man. See Free will In Jewish thought. v Merit and demerit Men fall into ten classes with regard to merit and demerit, and their religious and moral bearings. In his description of the first two, the pious and the impious, Saadia devotes himself in the main to the problem of the sufferings of the pious and the good fortune of the impious, while the description of the last class, that of the contrite, leads him to detailed considerations, based upon the Bible, of repentance, prayer, and other evidences of human piety. vi The soul and death His view on the soul is prefaced by a survey of six other theories. The list is a parallel of those provided already by Aristotle and Pseudo-Plutarch. He states the relation of the soul to the body, the basis of their union, their cooperation in human activity, their coexistence or the appointed term of life, their separation or death, and the state of the soul after death. The section concludes with a refutation of the doctrine of metempsychosis. vii The resurrection of the dead Here Saadia refutes the objections made, on the basis of nature, reason, and the Bible, to the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, and presents the proof for it contained in tradition. He then discusses ten questions bearing on this doctrine, which are of interest as "affording an insight into popular views that then prevailed, and which, despite their singularity, could not be ignored even by such a man as Saadia" (Guttmann). viii Messianic redemption The teachings regarding Messianic redemption are based almost entirely on statements of the Bible and the Talmud, the definite year of salvation being fixed by an interpretation of well-known passages in the Book of Daniel. In the concluding portion the author refutes those who assume that the Messianic prophecies refer to the time of the Second Temple; and he argues also against the Christian doctrine of the Messiah. ix The world to come Saadia demonstrates that the recompenses of the world to come are proved by reason, the Bible, and tradition, and answers various questions bearing upon this subject. x Moral conduct, thought and belief The system of ethics contained in the appendix is based for the most part on a description and criticism of thirteen different objects of life, to which Saadia adds his own counsels for rational and moral living. He adds also that in the case of each of the five senses only the concordant union of sensuous impressions is beneficial, thus showing how great is the need of a harmonious combination of the qualities and the impulses of the soul of man. He concludes with the statement that he intends his book only to purify and ennoble the hearts of his readers. Translation Ibn Tibbon Although the work was originally in Arabic, it was translated by rabbi and physician Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, who also translated the Kuzari of Judah Halevi. This version was first printed in Constantinople in 1562 and frequently republished, while the original was edited in Arabic characters by Samuel Landauer (Leiden, 1880), and another (superior) Judeo-Arabic edition prepared by Yosef Qafih in 1970. Others Another translation, or rather paraphrase, of the Kitāb al-Amānāt wa l-Iʿtiqādāt, of uncertain authorship, is contained in several manuscripts (the most important being MS. Vatican 266); large portions of this rendering were edited by Gollancz (; comp. "Monatsschrift," xlvi. 536). It was the principal means by which Saadia's philosophy was known to non-Arabic speaking Jews during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The Paraphrase was an important and influential document to the evolution of theology of the early medieval Haside Ashkenaz (not to be confused with Hasidic Judaism of the 18th century), the Maimonidean controversy and early Kabbalah. Its language is highly poetic. The seventh section, on the resurrection, is contained in two versions, the first of which, the basis of the translation of Ibn Tibbon, has been edited by Bacher in the "Steinschneider Festschrift," pp. 98–112, and the second by Landauer. This paraphrase, entitled Pitron Sefer ha-Emunot ve-Ḥerṣav ha-Binot, is to be published in its entirety by the Israel Academy of Sciences and the Humanities. External links and references Bibliography Saadia B. Joseph public domain, 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Resources Full text (Hebrew), daat.ac.il Full text in Hebrew (Rashi Script) Saadia Gaon-the Book of Beliefs and Opinions. Transl. Samuel Rosenblatt. Yale Judaica (1942). Full Text in Arabic Jewish philosophical and ethical texts Jewish medieval literature Judeo-Arabic literature 10th-century Arabic books Hebrew-language religious books	[ 0.27525797486305237, 0.702980637550354, -0.6274037957191467, -0.4689764082431793, -0.25569725036621094, 0.4539259374141693, 0.3064568042755127, -0.33261358737945557, 0.29676195979118347, -0.3711755573749542, -0.09957882016897202, 0.21722817420959473, 0.012308837845921516, 0.2174561321735382, -0.15966370701789856, -0.024481605738401413, 0.597162663936615, 0.058695051819086075, 0.01810181699693203, -0.3216944634914398, -0.2803252339363098, -0.28764408826828003, 0.22625143826007843, 0.297118604183197, 0.6247828602790833, 0.1823999583721161, 0.32917916774749756, -0.40016642212867737, -0.2814597189426422, -0.027254071086645126, -0.11409929394721985, 0.24044211208820343, 0.22980861365795135, -0.1296633929014206, 0.01487868931144476, 0.523073673248291, -0.1984865367412567, 0.044931985437870026, 0.22659575939178467, -0.2711952328681946, 0.3061390817165375, 0.15122859179973602, 0.700592577457428, 0.15990474820137024, 0.0474734902381897, 0.14673665165901184, -1.3704595565795898, 0.6586551666259766, -0.8473210334777832, 0.009111901745200157, -0.21434903144836426, 0.10772655159235, -0.2839309573173523, 0.5299108624458313, -0.36227619647979736, 0.5309948921203613, -0.977891743183136, -0.0816202387213707, 0.3757590055465698, 0.2228558212518692, 0.0403381772339344, -0.009522943757474422, 0.5112738013267517, -0.14221473038196564, 0.32508018612861633, -0.2567649483680725, -0.6141180396080017, 0.30025047063827515, 0.22579199075698853, 0.12891244888305664, -0.08292920142412186, -0.14127974212169647, -1.1314475536346436, -0.1866740584373474, 0.14361529052257538, -0.10309205949306488, 0.3678096830844879, 0.21993139386177063, 0.21138083934783936, -0.004877389874309301, -0.7395799160003662, -0.21212650835514069, 0.54987633228302, 0.013710922561585903, 0.199907585978508, -0.12592405080795288, -0.08023335039615631, 0.41423720121383667, -0.09404098242521286, -0.4888022243976593, 0.1752217411994934, -0.30430588126182556, -0.04008433222770691, -0.09829459339380264, -0.5278598070144653, -0.0754472091794014, 0.1679222136735916, 0.31090354919433594, -0.3377400040626526, -0.4079718589782715, 0.10030825436115265, 0.45055091381073, 0.22681938111782074, -0.28631970286369324, -0.31417572498321533, 0.2826036810874939, 0.29069480299949646, -0.8743175864219666, 0.5664567351341248, 0.3874639570713043, 0.18447421491146088, 0.8005009889602661, -0.0427125059068203, 0.22813349962234497, -0.2069850116968155, 0.5146549940109253, -0.04048371687531471, -0.8911767601966858, -0.7153286933898926, 0.11885006725788116, 0.31596794724464417, 0.6877875924110413, 0.5064569115638733, 0.36689016222953796, 0.09493668377399445, -0.1733403354883194, 0.04570604860782623, 1.1215664148330688, -0.5551892518997192, -0.06989387422800064, 0.2762656807899475, 0.3686971068382263, 0.23704363405704498, -0.24201901257038116, -0.5263145565986633, 0.4566165804862976, 0.15357455611228943, 0.012441977858543396, 0.2976883351802826, 0.21008072793483734, -0.8593761324882507, -0.548582911491394, -0.5497551560401917, -0.22748468816280365, -0.12253483384847641, -0.04453321546316147, 0.2792286276817322, -0.264257550239563, -0.4922131299972534, -0.0020982357673346996, -0.009718520566821098, 0.4761708676815033, 0.0982322171330452, -0.1860942244529724, 0.22831889986991882, 0.4411807954311371, 0.10296223312616348, 0.5694067478179932, -0.5464957356452942, 0.169080913066864, -0.17302194237709045, -0.38574859499931335, 0.04476324841380119, -0.07109560072422028, -0.04827439412474632, -0.49381738901138306, 0.3367882966995239, -0.3464866280555725, 0.10882186889648438, -0.19462618231773376, 0.015517748892307281, -0.6773685216903687, 0.217443585395813, -0.6245613694190979, -0.27695152163505554, -0.09267417341470718, 1.0023260116577148, -0.00037791847717016935, 0.13362593948841095, -0.1272897571325302, -0.7688421607017517, 0.5044423341751099, -0.03838132694363594, -0.7329760193824768, 0.07105965912342072, 0.1563321053981781, -0.07041466236114502, 0.09913839399814606, 0.15662546455860138, -0.033003855496644974, -0.34601670503616333, -0.24777913093566895, 0.6404088735580444, -0.3829883337020874, 1.0811399221420288, -0.21291187405586243, -0.13334625959396362, 0.8601373434066772, -0.052320461720228195, 0.29800164699554443, -0.13243968784809113, 0.2613634765148163, 0.5860151648521423, 0.41425028443336487, 0.029552031308412552, 0.6072074770927429, -0.6487798690795898, 0.1004253700375557, 0.6429038643836975, 0.1699812412261963, 0.3935212194919586, 0.04782778024673462, 0.285422682762146, -0.1636207103729248, -0.2250818908214569, 0.18529075384140015, 0.1625399887561798, 0.21749523282051086, -0.0013360001612454653, -0.3922460675239563, 0.11765795201063156, -0.3513312339782715, -0.22682717442512512, -0.06916145980358124, -0.4394664168357849, 0.24309007823467255, -0.1322488933801651, 0.13772496581077576, 0.07640662789344788, -0.4516497850418091, -0.04974678158760071, -0.06761827319860458, 0.7178732752799988, 0.11316843330860138, 0.4191335141658783, -0.2397603988647461, 0.1233026310801506, -0.18467669188976288, 1.0079644918441772, -0.20454521477222443, 0.4243910014629364, -0.344910591840744, -0.340379923582077, -0.1255800575017929, 0.47555676102638245, 0.15374012291431427, -0.17583400011062622, 0.39777714014053345, -0.5089520215988159, 0.27259960770606995, -0.23537515103816986, 0.28709614276885986, 0.8421582579612732, 0.17424488067626953, 0.06183600425720215, -0.20839950442314148, -0.13403156399726868, -0.24465255439281464, 0.8324251174926758, 0.08042960613965988, 0.07149697840213776, 0.348173052072525, 0.2590131461620331, 0.01660115085542202, 0.20065709948539734, -0.4276750683784485, 0.10066642612218857, -0.028058918192982674, 0.3516562581062317, -0.0774945318698883, 0.5281987190246582, -0.3245973587036133, -0.330613374710083, 0.6426858305931091, 0.188405379652977, -0.8606866002082825, 0.7504950165748596, 0.14037524163722992, 0.06510406732559204, -0.4043497145175934, -0.4653893709182739, 0.3786930739879608, 0.06413934379816055, -0.13904017210006714, -0.03646861016750336, 0.0348549522459507, -0.08089099079370499, -0.7689997553825378, 0.1544891744852066, -0.2660750150680542, 0.5944423079490662, 0.7936843633651733, 0.21838125586509705, -0.4849461019039154, 0.4509003758430481, 0.3939889371395111, -0.26724773645401, -0.26966869831085205, -0.1542302668094635, 0.04322650283575058, -0.47431325912475586, 0.21877922117710114, -0.0038776760920882225, 0.7172398567199707, -0.0503942035138607, -0.1344662308692932, -0.5223139524459839, 0.4769180715084076, -5.828395366668701, -0.13474063575267792, -0.7161834239959717, -0.1580469161272049, 0.17132176458835602, -0.30132824182510376, 0.5483911633491516, -0.394727498292923, 0.29053381085395813, -0.09920526295900345, -0.2129833698272705, -0.4136800765991211, 0.4324122369289398, 0.4454362690448761, 0.1207331120967865, 0.43290120363235474, -0.13222122192382812, -0.5095612406730652, -0.02579670585691929, 0.5818927884101868, 0.6501983404159546, -0.46595263481140137, -0.48175978660583496, 0.6805388927459717, 0.23276856541633606, -0.4533252716064453, -0.5876761674880981, 0.5752611756324768, -0.5683706402778625, -0.252623975276947, 0.014431426301598549, -0.8681671023368835, -0.2540125846862793, -0.2059079259634018, -0.052938345819711685, 0.04004998132586479, 0.5333101749420166, -0.10071825981140137, 0.3290913701057434, -0.012160557322204113, -0.12714946269989014, -0.09465742856264114, 0.32785382866859436, -0.11184477806091309, 0.2807088792324066, 0.26901495456695557, -0.300873339176178, -0.06288349628448486, -0.38857758045196533, -0.07284887880086899, 0.35402044653892517, -0.20761547982692719, 0.03667856380343437, -0.1577000617980957, 0.44323429465293884, -0.06462991237640381, 0.2657623887062073, -0.19521088898181915, 0.11449407786130905, 0.22125916182994843, 0.4375317096710205, -0.761917769908905, 0.19565151631832123, -0.21425394713878632, 0.12139252573251724, -0.309763640165329, -0.3459007143974304, -0.2355513721704483, 0.15753822028636932, 0.3310878574848175, -0.6789075136184692, 0.4137531816959381, 0.026877325028181076, -0.9357438683509827, -0.07677368819713593, 0.13254812359809875, 0.14969085156917572, -0.03325539082288742, -0.1619507074356079, 0.2805122435092926, 0.28920045495033264, -0.7878097891807556, -0.08421695232391357, 0.26019352674484253, 0.4332202076911926, 0.37176626920700073, 0.055080872029066086, -0.009808292612433434, -0.40556296706199646, -0.1512535810470581, 1.0293290615081787, 0.13710373640060425, 0.08770082890987396, 0.40338584780693054, -0.03962242230772972, 0.576856791973114, -0.15616530179977417, 0.28256329894065857, 1.1091115474700928, 0.19638021290302277, -0.23818032443523407, 0.5190861225128174, 0.48531374335289, -0.15953828394412994, -0.28851214051246643, 0.16133248805999756, -0.7555826902389526, 0.3237709403038025, 0.5140800476074219, -0.13999661803245544, -0.16154144704341888, 0.220225989818573, 0.1262938380241394, -0.3224705159664154, 0.12823382019996643, 0.1330219805240631, 0.20236068964004517, 0.12216788530349731, 0.4579901397228241, 0.44687652587890625, 0.21673113107681274, -0.0483260415494442, -0.5350653529167175, -0.6444138288497925, -0.6871195435523987, -0.16475032269954681, -0.03000408224761486, 0.33609509468078613, -0.6399145722389221, -0.18920280039310455, 0.8288430571556091, -0.10492425411939621, 0.05875714123249054, 0.13340327143669128, -0.22037273645401, -0.11401138454675674, -0.33445626497268677, -0.8470171689987183, -0.47936534881591797, 0.609475314617157, -0.7205239534378052, -0.34074628353118896, 0.22624842822551727, 0.4262467920780182, -0.10957422852516174, 0.036285556852817535, -0.19876417517662048, -0.3832707405090332, -0.7613418102264404, 0.5516698360443115, 0.518079400062561, -0.15192687511444092, 0.9493284821510315, -0.013839753344655037, -0.08362650871276855, 0.15634021162986755, 0.19685107469558716, 0.12824101746082306, -0.20150382816791534, -0.25455328822135925, -0.12146395444869995, -0.49113893508911133, -0.9818454384803772, -0.13928009569644928, 0.024085868149995804, 0.12369462102651596, -0.3153935372829437, -0.3602645695209503, -0.14913520216941833, -0.00823250412940979, -0.09279218316078186, -0.01984170451760292, -0.15347270667552948, 0.12203122675418854, 1.1739014387130737, 0.3276810646057129, 0.09637784212827682, 0.39026394486427307, 0.07347502559423447, -0.3060515820980072, -0.07033570110797882, -0.52787184715271, -0.26770687103271484, 0.07669824361801147, 0.6548379063606262, -0.0684804767370224, -0.49334511160850525, -0.5703002214431763, -0.78062903881073, 0.1513221710920334, 0.12810562551021576, 0.01583949662744999, 0.15426473319530487, 0.4836578071117401, -0.14583002030849457, -0.3798951208591461, 0.6882767677307129, -0.0047452449798583984, -0.3242904245853424, -0.3461219072341919, 0.299206405878067, -0.22732076048851013, -0.4010959565639496, -0.18613022565841675, 0.4704360067844391, -0.8458625078201294, 0.1844455897808075, -0.06486368924379349, -0.1086878851056099, 0.5607583522796631, 0.04406038671731949, -0.23469875752925873, -0.5573639273643494, 0.03661593794822693, -0.443858802318573, -0.19037461280822754, 0.30159178376197815, -0.3015687167644501, -0.4539221227169037, -0.1711505949497223, 0.5925868153572083, -0.2530288100242615, 0.28665515780448914, 0.14751926064491272, -0.01936965063214302, -0.054573725908994675, 0.2902848720550537, -0.21030904352664948, -0.046450138092041016, 0.2520048916339874, -0.3294243812561035, 0.018611827865242958, 0.39079591631889343, 0.3086116909980774, -0.2983952760696411, -0.31031376123428345, 0.10110192745923996, 0.1600964069366455, -0.40764129161834717, 0.19645465910434723, -0.29401761293411255, 0.10052550584077835, 0.07030196487903595, -0.35262760519981384, 0.020072253420948982, 0.09575413912534714, -0.12061324715614319, -0.3050283193588257, -0.20274218916893005, 0.10038433969020844, 0.2695712447166443, 0.13648377358913422, -0.28383174538612366, -0.3328152298927307, 0.7644559144973755, -0.21416962146759033, -0.0991901382803917, -0.3749329447746277, -0.20603042840957642, -0.16701646149158478, 0.19820189476013184, -0.3339967429637909, -0.20894721150398254, 0.1556798815727234, -0.038855813443660736, 0.06833749264478683, -0.23447799682617188, -0.5111953616142273, -0.11208925396203995, -0.6464176774024963, -0.29114431142807007, -0.42380082607269287, 0.163955420255661, 0.5536150932312012, 0.053175099194049835, 0.13548123836517334, -0.760111391544342, -0.3696514964103699, 0.14389945566654205, 0.09901106357574463, -0.5400716066360474, -0.26812082529067993, -0.2506520450115204, 0.28652825951576233, -0.42525923252105713, -0.5611240863800049, -0.1556321233510971, 0.13477467000484467, 0.21039317548274994, -0.00501632783561945, -0.6385688781738281, 0.1590866893529892, 0.06204282492399216, 0.022859741002321243, -0.20744165778160095, -0.0755172073841095, 0.41884708404541016, -0.0766829401254654, -0.04428910091519356, -0.6299214363098145, -0.16127902269363403, -0.275654137134552, 0.7789866328239441, 0.03180132433772087, -0.22644609212875366, 0.3264729380607605, 0.14273178577423096, 0.1175360456109047, -0.6241989135742188, 0.2234039306640625, 0.6392759084701538, 0.14372828602790833, 0.18850509822368622, 0.1870415210723877, -0.5706539154052734, -0.10881015658378601, 0.7176371812820435, -0.06290151178836823, 0.11207795888185501, -0.154391348361969, 0.19117113947868347, 0.06174050271511078, 0.650452733039856, -0.10671646893024445, -0.3339127004146576, -0.09151887893676758, 0.18402235209941864, 0.21711686253547668, -0.22395721077919006, -0.34872302412986755, 0.6657872200012207, 0.2806461751461029, -0.5046783685684204, 0.16564615070819855, 0.08282335102558136, 0.04627504199743271, -0.2931361496448517, -0.7545204162597656, -0.14553068578243256, 0.5701065063476562, 0.8034417629241943, 0.4128374755382538, -0.03041723743081093, 0.3374675214290619, -0.4460637867450714, 0.7423813343048096, 0.13100124895572662, -0.36202871799468994, -0.32558053731918335, 0.7573086023330688, -0.045905716717243195, 0.4041544198989868, 0.5338515043258667, -1.2708473205566406, -0.11183326691389084, 0.5879969596862793, 0.37066081166267395, 0.18668554723262787, -0.11248540878295898, 0.47649407386779785, -0.48205065727233887, 0.23636479675769806, 0.37719520926475525, -0.4507863223552704, -0.16310538351535797, 0.6439170837402344, 0.13145141303539276, -1.041754961013794, -0.2143094688653946, -0.13390952348709106, -0.43974581360816956, 0.16021037101745605, -0.7682722806930542, -0.016710346564650536, -0.16742879152297974, 0.18656572699546814, 0.6156412959098816, 0.557259738445282, -0.15649059414863586, 1.080013632774353, 0.08824318647384644, -0.6546980142593384, -0.07636573910713196, -0.35906946659088135, -0.013306659646332264, 0.40644440054893494, 0.1408793330192566, -0.222145676612854, -1.0380619764328003, 0.21062201261520386, -0.391023725271225, -0.4690987467765808, 0.031040729954838753, -0.004431077279150486, -0.4723803400993347, 0.5981117486953735, -0.4287972152233124, 0.851916491985321, -0.10453645884990692, 0.10960215330123901, 0.0442257896065712, 0.30401453375816345, 0.40323421359062195, 0.22250960767269135, -0.5942888855934143, 0.46152713894844055, -0.19652247428894043, -0.35093000531196594, -0.842031717300415, 0.2057725191116333, 0.2197420746088028, 0.46972423791885376, 0.049354370683431625, -0.08271390199661255, -0.4173862040042877, -0.3431682586669922, 1.0340940952301025, -0.010272168554365635, 0.06955143064260483, 0.18304391205310822, -0.3590976595878601, 0.13507546484470367, -0.8622109889984131, 0.22061726450920105, -0.4611027240753174, 0.29514816403388977, -0.006371202878654003, -0.012276128865778446, -0.4138675630092621, 0.2540513873100281, 0.2511306405067444, -0.5578926801681519, -0.8017786145210266, 0.1885010302066803, 0.03156380355358124, -0.2946852445602417, 0.764782190322876, 0.2272988259792328, 0.26952922344207764, -0.6550767421722412, -0.22293460369110107, -0.22406841814517975, -0.40382811427116394, 0.28570136427879333, -0.19887425005435944, 0.6230772137641907, -0.4462447166442871, -0.7147777676582336, -0.07215090841054916, 0.8282948136329651, 0.2274211347103119, -0.5376350283622742, -0.16718140244483948, -0.3961452543735504, -0.015338250435888767, -0.2877362370491028, 0.2757534682750702, -0.3352835178375244, 0.45621830224990845, -0.15702593326568604 ]
230698	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Mirren	Helen Mirren	Dame Helen Lydia Mirren (; born 26 July 1945) is an English actor. The recipient of numerous accolades, she is the only person to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting in both the United States and the United Kingdom. She received an Academy Award and a British Academy Film Award for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen, a Tony Award and a Laurence Olivier Award for the same role in The Audience, three British Academy Television Awards for her performance as DCI Jane Tennison in Prime Suspect, and four Primetime Emmy Awards, including two for Prime Suspect. Excelling on stage with the National Youth Theatre, Mirren's performance as Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra in 1965 saw her invited to join the Royal Shakespeare Company before she made her West End stage debut in 1975. Since then, Mirren has also had success in television and film. Aside from her Academy Award-winning performance, Mirren's other Oscar-nominated performances were for The Madness of King George (1994), Gosford Park (2001), and The Last Station (2009). For her role on Prime Suspect, which ran from 1991 to 2006, she won three consecutive British Academy Television Awards for Best Actress (1992, 1993 and 1994), a joint-record of consecutive wins shared with Julie Walters, and two Primetime Emmy Awards. Playing Queen Elizabeth I in the television series Elizabeth I (2005), and Queen Elizabeth II in the film The Queen (2006), she is the only actor to have portrayed both the regnant Elizabeths on screen. After her breakthrough film role in The Long Good Friday (1980), other notable film roles included Cal (1984), for which she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress, 2010 (1984), The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989), Teaching Mrs. Tingle (1999), Calendar Girls (2003), Hitchcock (2012), The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014), Woman in Gold (2015), Trumbo (2015), and The Leisure Seeker (2017). She also appeared in the action films Red (2010) and Red 2 (2013) playing an ex-MI6 assassin, and in the Fast & Furious films The Fate of the Furious (2017), Hobbs & Shaw (2019), and F9 (2021). In the Queen's 2003 Birthday Honours, Mirren was appointed a Dame (DBE) for services to drama, with investiture taking place at Buckingham Palace. In 2013 she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and in 2014 she received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. In 2021, she was announced as the recipient of the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. Early life and education Mirren was born Helen Lydia Mironoff at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in the Hammersmith district of London on 26 July 1945, to an English mother and Russian father. Her mother, Kathleen "Kitty" Alexandrina Eva Matilda (née Rogers; 1909–1996), was a working-class woman from West Ham, the thirteenth of fourteen children born to a butcher whose own father had been the butcher to Queen Victoria. Her father, Vasily Petrovich Mironoff (1913–1980), was a member of an exiled family of the Russian nobility; he had been taken to England at age two by his father, Pyotr Vasilievich Mironov. Pyotr, who owned a family estate near Gzhatsk (now Gagarin), was part of the Russian aristocracy. Pyotr's mother, Mirren's great-grandmother, was Countess Lydia Andreevna Kamenskaya, aristocrat and a descendant of Count Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky, a prominent Russian general in the Napoleonic Wars. Pyotr served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army and fought in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. He later became a diplomat and was negotiating an arms deal in Britain when he and his family were stranded by the Russian Revolution in 1917. The former diplomat settled down in England, and became a London cab driver to support his family. Vasily also worked as a cab driver and then played the viola with the London Philharmonic Orchestra before World War II. During the war, he worked as an ambulance driver and served in the East End of London during the Blitz. He and Kathleen married in Hammersmith in 1938, and at some point before 1951 he anglicised his name to Basil. After the birth of Helen, Basil left the orchestra and returned to cab-driving in order to support the family. He later worked as a driving-test examiner, before becoming a civil servant with the Ministry of Transport. In 1951, Basil changed the family name to Mirren by deed poll. Mirren considers her upbringing to have been "very anti-monarchist". She was the second of three children, born between older sister Katherine ("Kate"; born 1942) and younger brother Peter Basil (1947–2002). Her paternal cousin was Tania Mallet, a model and Bond girl. Mirren was brought up in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. Mirren attended Hamlet Court primary school in Westcliff-on-Sea, where she had the lead role in a school production of Hansel and Gretel, and St Bernard's High School for Girls in Southend-on-Sea, where she also acted in school productions. She then attended a teaching college, the New College of Speech and Drama in London, "housed within Anna Pavlova's old home, Ivy House" on North End Road, which runs from Hampstead to Golders Green. At age eighteen, she auditioned for the National Youth Theatre (NYT) and was accepted. At twenty, she played Cleopatra in the NYT production of Antony and Cleopatra at the Old Vic, a role which Mirren says "launched my career", and led to her signing with agent Al Parker. Theatre career Early years As a result of her work for the National Youth Theatre, Mirren was invited to join the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). While with the RSC, she played Castiza in Trevor Nunn's 1966 staging of The Revenger's Tragedy, Diana in All's Well That Ends Well (1967), Cressida in Troilus and Cressida (1968), Rosalind in As You Like It (1968), Julia in The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1970), Tatiana in Gorky's Enemies at the Aldwych (1971), and the title role in Miss Julie at The Other Place (1971). She also appeared in four productions, directed by Braham Murray for Century Theatre at the University Theatre in Manchester, between 1965 and 1967. In 1970, the director and producer John Goldschmidt made a documentary film, Doing Her Own Thing, about Mirren during her time with the Royal Shakespeare Company. Made for ATV, it was shown on the ITV network in the UK. In 1972 and 1973, Mirren worked with Peter Brook's International Centre for Theatre Research and joined the group's tour in North Africa and the US, during which they created The Conference of the Birds. She then rejoined the RSC, playing Lady Macbeth at Stratford in 1974 and at the Aldwych Theatre in 1975. Sally Beauman reported, in her 1982 history of the RSC, that Mirren — while appearing in Nunn's Macbeth (1974), and in a letter to The Guardian newspaper — had sharply criticised both the National Theatre and the RSC for their lavish production expenditure, declaring it "unnecessary and destructive to the art of the Theatre", and adding, "The realms of truth, emotion and imagination reached for in acting a great play have become more and more remote, often totally unreachable across an abyss of costume and technicalities..." This started a big debate, and led to a question in parliament. There were no discernible repercussions for this rebuke of the RSC. West End and RSC At the West End's Royal Court Theatre in September 1975, she played the role of a rock star named Maggie in Teeth 'n' Smiles, a musical play by David Hare; she reprised the role the following year in a revival of the play at Wyndham's Theatre in May 1976. Beginning in November 1975, Mirren played in West End repertory with the Lyric Theatre Company as Nina in The Seagull and Ella in Ben Travers's new farce The Bed Before Yesterday ("Mirren is stirringly voluptuous as the Harlowesque good-time girl": Michael Billington, The Guardian). At the RSC in Stratford in 1977, and at the Aldwych the following year, she played a steely Queen Margaret in Terry Hands' production of the three parts of Henry VI, while 1979 saw her 'bursting with grace', and winning acclaim for her performance as Isabella in Peter Gill's production of Measure for Measure at Riverside Studios. In 1981, she returned to the Royal Court for the London premiere of Brian Friel's Faith Healer. That same year she also won acclaim for her performance in the title role of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi, a production of Manchester's Royal Exchange Theatre which was later transferred to The Roundhouse in Chalk Farm, London. Reviewing her portrayal for The Sunday Telegraph, Francis King wrote: "Miss Mirren never leaves it in doubt that even in her absences, this ardent, beautiful woman is the most important character of the story." In her performance as Moll Cutpurse in The Roaring Girl—at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in January 1983, and at the Barbican Theatre in April 1983—she was described as having "swaggered through the action with radiant singularity of purpose, filling in areas of light and shade that even Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker omitted." – Michael Coveney, Financial Times, April 1983. At the beginning of 1989, Mirren co-starred with Bob Peck at the Young Vic in the London premiere of the Arthur Miller double-bill, Two Way Mirror, performances which prompted Miller to remark: "What is so good about English actors is that they are not afraid of the open expression of large emotions. British actors like to speak. In London, there’s a much more open-hearted kind of exchange between stage and audience" (interview by Sheridan Morley: The Times 11 January 1989). In Elegy for a Lady she played the svelte proprietress of a classy boutique, while as the blonde hooker in Some Kind of Love Story she was "clad in a Freudian slip and shifting easily from waif-like vulnerability to sexual aggression, giving the role a breathy Monroesque quality" (Michael Billington, The Guardian). On 15 February 2013, at the West End's Gielgud Theatre she began a turn as Elizabeth II in the World Premiere of Peter Morgan's The Audience. The show was directed by Stephen Daldry. In April she was named best actress at the Olivier Awards for her role. Broadway debut A further stage breakthrough came in 1994, in an Yvonne Arnaud Theatre production bound for the West End, when Bill Bryden cast her as Natalya Petrovna in Ivan Turgenev's A Month in the Country. Her co-stars were John Hurt as her aimless lover Rakitin and Joseph Fiennes in only his second professional stage appearance as the cocksure young tutor Belyaev. Prior to 2015, Mirren had twice been nominated for Broadway's Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play: in 1995 for her Broadway debut in A Month in the Country and then again in 2002 for The Dance of Death, co-starring with Sir Ian McKellen, their fraught rehearsal period coinciding with the terrorist attacks on New York on 11 September 2001. On 7 June 2015‚ Mirren won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play‚ for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II in The Audience (a performance which also won her the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress). Her Tony Award win made her one of the few actors to achieve the US “Triple Crown of Acting”, joining the ranks of acclaimed performers including Ingrid Bergman‚ Dame Maggie Smith, and Al Pacino. National Theatre In 1998, Mirren played Cleopatra to Alan Rickman's Antony in Antony and Cleopatra at the National Theatre. The production received poor reviews; The Guardian called it "plodding spectacle rarely informed by powerful passion", while The Daily Telegraph said "the crucial sexual chemistry on which any great production ultimately depends is fatally absent". In 2000 Nicholas Hytner, who had worked with Mirren on the film version of The Madness of King George, cast her as Lady Torrance in his revival of Tennessee Williams' Orpheus Descending at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Michael Billington, reviewing for The Guardian, described her performance as "an exemplary study of an immigrant woman who has acquired a patina of resilient toughness but who slowly acknowledges her sensuality." At the National Theatre in November 2003 she again won praise playing Christine Mannon ("defiantly cool, camp and skittish", Evening Standard; "glows with mature sexual allure", Daily Telegraph) in a revival of Eugene O'Neill's Mourning Becomes Electra directed by Howard Davies. "This production was one of the best experiences of my professional life, The play was four and a half hours long, and I have never known that kind of response from an audience ... It was the serendipity of a beautifully cast play, with great design and direction, It will be hard to be in anything better." She played the title role in Jean Racine's Phèdre at the National in 2009, in a production directed by Nicholas Hytner. The production was also staged at the Epidaurus amphitheatre on 11 and 12 July 2009. Film career Mirren has appeared in a large number of films throughout her career. Some of her earlier film appearances include roles in Herostratus (1967) Dir. Don Levy, Midsummer Night's Dream (1968), Age of Consent (1969), O Lucky Man! (1973), Caligula (1979), The Long Good Friday (1980)—co-starring with Bob Hoskins in what was her breakthrough film role, Excalibur (1981), 2010 (1984), White Nights (1985), The Mosquito Coast (1986), Pascali's Island (1988) and When the Whales Came (1989). She appeared in The Madness of King George (1994), Some Mother's Son (1996), Painted Lady (1997) and The Prince of Egypt (1998). In Peter Greenaway's colorful The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover, Mirren plays the wife opposite Michael Gambon. In Teaching Mrs. Tingle (1999), she plays sadistic history teacher Mrs Eve Tingle. In 2007, she claimed that the director Michael Winner had treated her "like a piece of meat" at a casting call in 1964. Asked about the incident, Winner told The Guardian: "I don't remember asking her to turn around but if I did I wasn't being serious. I was only doing what the [casting] agent asked me – and for this I get reviled! Helen's a lovely person, she's a great actress and I'm a huge fan, but her memory of that moment is a little flawed." Mirren continued her successful film career when she starred more recently in Gosford Park (2001) with Maggie Smith and Calendar Girls (2003) with Julie Walters. Other more recent appearances include The Clearing (2004), Pride (2004), Raising Helen (2004), and Shadowboxer (2005). Mirren also provided the voice for the supercomputer "Deep Thought" in the film adaptation of Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005). During her career, she has portrayed three British queens in different films and television series: Elizabeth I in the television series Elizabeth I (2005), Elizabeth II in The Queen (2006), and Charlotte in The Madness of King George (1994). She is the only actor to have portrayed both Queens Elizabeth on the screen. Mirren's title role of The Queen earned her numerous acting awards including a BAFTA, a Golden Globe, and an Academy Award, among many others. During her acceptance speech at the Academy Award ceremony, she praised and thanked Elizabeth II and stated that she had maintained her dignity and weathered many storms during her reign. Mirren later appeared in supporting roles in the films National Treasure: Book of Secrets, Inkheart, State of Play, and The Last Station, for which she was nominated for an Oscar. 2000–2009 Mirren's first film of the 2000s was Joel Hershman's Greenfingers (2000), a comedy based on the true story about the prisoners of HMP Leyhill, a minimum-security prison, who won gardening awards. Mirren portrayed a devoted plantswoman in the film, who coaches a team of prison gardeners, led by Clive Owen, to victory at a prestigious flower show. The project received lukewarm reviews, which suggested that it added "nothing new to this already saturated genre" of British feel-good films. The same year, she began work on the mystery film The Pledge, Sean Penn's third directorial effort, in which she played a child psychologist. A critical success, the ensemble film tanked at the box office. Also that year, she filmed the American-Icelandic satirical drama No Such Thing opposite Sarah Polley. Directed by Hal Hartley, Mirren portrayed a soulless television producer in the film, who strives for sensationalistic stories. It was largely panned by critics. Her biggest critical and commercial success, released in 2001, became Robert Altman's all-star ensemble mystery film Gosford Park. A homage to writer Agatha Christie's whodunit style, the story follows a party of wealthy Britons and an American, and their servants, who gather for a shooting weekend at an English country house, resulting in an unexpected murder. It received multiple awards and nominations, including a second Academy Award nomination and first Screen Actors Guild Award win for Mirren's portrayal of the sternly devoted head servant Mrs. Wilson. Mirren's last film that year was Fred Schepisi's dramedy film Last Orders opposite Michael Caine and Bob Hoskins. In 2003, Mirren starred in Nigel Cole's comedy Calendar Girls, inspired by the true story of a group of Yorkshire women who produced a nude calendar to raise money for Leukaemia Research under the auspices of the Women's Institutes. Mirren initially was reluctant to join the project, dismissing it as another middling British picture, but rethought her decision upon learning of the casting of co-star Julie Walters. The film was generally well received by critics, and grossed $96 million worldwide. In addition, the picture earned Satellite, Golden Globe, and European Film Award nominations for Mirren. Her other film that year was the Showtime television film The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone opposite Olivier Martinez, and Anne Bancroft, based on the 1950 novel of the same title by Tennessee Williams. 2010–2014 In 2010, Mirren appeared in five films. In Love Ranch, directed by her husband Taylor Hackford, she portrayed Sally Conforte, one half of a married couple who opened the first legal brothel in the US, the Mustang Ranch in Storey County, Nevada. Mirren starred in the principal role of Prospera, the duchess of Milan, in Julie Taymor's The Tempest. This was based on the play of the same name by Shakespeare; Taymor changed the original character's gender to cast Mirren as her lead. While the actor garnered strong reviews for her portrayal, the film itself was largely panned by critics. Mirren played a gutsy tea-shop owner who tries to save one of her young employees from marrying a teenage killer in Rowan Joffé's Brighton Rock, a crime film loosely based on Graham Greene's 1938 novel. The film noir premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010, where it received mixed reviews. Mirren's biggest critical and commercial success of the year was Robert Schwentke's ensemble action comedy Red, based on Warren Ellis’s graphic novel, in which she portrayed Victoria, an ex-MI6 assassin. Mirren was initially hesitant to sign on due to film's graphic violence, but changed her mind upon learning of Bruce Willis' involvement. Released to positive reviews, it grossed $186.5 million worldwide. Also in 2010, the actor lent her voice to Zack Snyder's computer-animated fantasy film Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, voicing antagonist Nyra, a leader of a group of owls. The film grossed $140.1 million on an $80 million budget. Mirren's next film was the comedy film Arthur, a remake of the 1981 film of the same name, starring Russell Brand in the lead role. Arthur received generally negative reviews from critics, who declared it an "irritating, unnecessary remake." In preparation for her role as a retired Israeli Mossad agent in the film The Debt, Mirren reportedly immersed herself in studies of Hebrew language, Jewish history, and Holocaust writing, including the life of Simon Wiesenthal, while in Israel in 2009 for the filming of some of the movie's scenes. The film is a remake of a 2007 Israeli film of the same name. In 2012, Mirren played Alfred Hitchcock's wife Alma Reville in the 2012 biopic Hitchcock, directed by Sacha Gervasi and based on Stephen Rebello's non-fiction book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho. The film centres on the pair's relationship during the making of Psycho, a controversial horror film that became one of the most acclaimed and influential works in the filmmaker's career. It became a moderate arthouse success and garnered a lukewarm critical response from critics, who felt that it suffered from "tonal inconsistency and a lack of truly insightful retrospection." Mirren was universally praised, however, with Roger Ebert noting that the film depended most on her portrayal, which he found to be "warm and effective." Her other film that year was The Door, a claustrophobic drama film directed by István Szabó, based on the Hungarian novel of the same name. Set at the height of communist rule in 1960s Hungary, the story of the adaptation centres on the abrasive influence that a mysterious housekeeper wields over her employer and successful novelist, played Martina Gedeck. Mirren found the role "difficult to play" and cited doing it as "one of the hardest things [she has] ever done." The following year, Mirren replaced Bette Midler in David Mamet's biographical television film Phil Spector about the American musician. The HBO film focuses on the relationship between Spector and his defense attorney Linda Kenney Baden, played by Mirren, during the first of his two murder trials for the death in 2003 of Lana Clarkson in his California mansion. Spector received largely mixed to positive reviews from critics, particularly for Mirren and co-star Al Pacino's performances, and was nominated for eleven Primetime Emmy Awards, also winning Mirren a Screen Actors Guild Award at the 20th awards ceremony. The film drew criticism both from Clarkson's family and friends, who charged that the suicide defense was given more merit than it deserved, and from Spector's wife, who argued that Spector was portrayed as a "foul-mouthed megalomaniac" and a "minotaur". Also in 2013, Mirren voiced the character of Dean Abigail Hardscrabble in Pixar's computer-animated comedy film Monsters University, which grossed $743 million against its estimated budget of $200 million, and reprised her role in the sequel film Red 2. The action comedy received a mixed reviews from film critics, who called it a "lackadaisical sequel", but became another commercial success, making over $140 million worldwide. Mirren's only film of 2014 was the comedy-drama The Hundred-Foot Journey opposite the Indian actor Om Puri. Directed by Lasse Hallström and produced by Steven Spielberg and Oprah Winfrey, the film is based on Richard C. Morais' 2010 novel with the same name and tells the story of a feud between two adjacent restaurants in a French town. Mirren garnered largely positive reviews for her performance of a snobby restaurateur, a role which she accepted as she was keen to play a French character, reflecting her "pathetic attempt at being a French actress." The film earned her another Golden Globe nomination and became a modest commercial success, grossing $88.9 million worldwide. 2015–present In 2015, Mirren reunited with her former assistant Simon Curtis on Woman in Gold, co-starring Ryan Reynolds. The film was based on the true story of Jewish refugee Maria Altmann, who, together with her young lawyer Randy Schoenberg, fought the Austrian government to be reunited with Gustav Klimt's painting of her aunt, the famous Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I. The film received mixed reviews from critics, although Mirren and Reynold's performances were widely praised. A commercial success, Woman in Gold became one of the highest-grossing specialty films of the year. The same year, Mirren appeared in Gavin Hood's thriller Eye in the Sky (2015), in which she played as a military intelligence officer who leads a secret drone mission to capture a terrorist group living in Nairobi, Kenya. Mirren's last film that year was Jay Roach's biographical drama Trumbo, co-starring Bryan Cranston and Diane Lane. The actor played Hedda Hopper, the famous actor and gossip columnist, in the film, which received generally positive reviews from critics and garnered her a 14th Golden Globe nomination. Mirren's only film of 2016 was Collateral Beauty, directed by David Frankel. Co-Starring Will Smith, Keira Knightley, and Kate Winslet, the ensemble drama follows a man who copes with his daughter's death by writing letters to time, death, and love. The film earned largely negative reviews from critics, who called it "well-meaning but fundamentally flawed." In 2017, Mirren narrated Cries from Syria, a documentary film about the Syrian Civil War, directed by Evgeny Afineevsky. Also that year, she made an uncredited cameo appearance in F. Gary Gray's The Fate of the Furious, the eighth instalment in The Fast and the Furious franchise, playing Magdalene, the mother of Owen and Deckard Shaw. Mirren had a larger role in director Paolo Virzì's English-language debut The Leisure Seeker, based on the 2009 novel of the same name. On set, she was reunited with Donald Sutherland with whom she had not worked again since Bethune: The Making of a Hero (1990), portraying a terminally ill couple who escape from their retirement home and take one last cross-country adventure in a vintage van. At the 75th awards ceremony, Mirren received her 15th Golden Globe nomination. In 2018, Mirren portrayed heiress Sarah Winchester in the supernatural horror film Winchester, directed by The Spierig Brothers. In the same year, she starred as Mother Ginger in Disney's adaptation of The Nutcracker, titled The Nutcracker and the Four Realms, directed by Lasse Hallström and Joe Johnston. In 2019, she appeared in the ensemble film Berlin, I Love You, the French crime thriller film Anna, directed and written by Luc Besson, and co-starred in the Fast and the Furious spin-off Hobbs & Shaw. In March 2021, she was cast as the villain Hespera in the upcoming superhero film Shazam! Fury of the Gods. Mirren is set to portray Golda Meir, prime minister of Israel 1969–1974, in a biopic entitled Golda. As at April 2021 the film was in production. Television career Prime Suspect Mirren is known for her role as detective Jane Tennison in the widely viewed Prime Suspect, a multiple award-winning television drama series that was noted for its high quality and popularity. Her portrayal of Tennison won her three consecutive British Academy Television Awards for Best Actress between 1992 and 1994 (making her one of four actors to have received three consecutive BAFTA TV Awards for a role, alongside Robbie Coltrane, Julie Walters and Michael Gambon). Primarily due to Prime Suspect, in 2006 Mirren came 29th on ITV’s poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars voted by the British public. Other roles Mirren's other television performances include Cousin Bette (1971); As You Like It (1979); Blue Remembered Hills (1979); The Twilight Zone episode "Dead Woman's Shoes" (1985); The Passion of Ayn Rand (1999), where her performance won her an Emmy; Door to Door (2002); and The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003). In 1976, she appeared with Laurence Olivier, Alan Bates and Malcolm McDowell in a production of Harold Pinter's The Collection as part of the Laurence Olivier Presents series. She also played Queen Elizabeth I in 2005, in the television serial Elizabeth I, for Channel 4 and HBO, for which she received an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Mirren won another Emmy Award on 16 September 2007 for her role in Prime Suspect: The Final Act on PBS in the same category as in 2006. Mirren hosted Saturday Night Live on 9 April 2011. Personal life Mirren lived with Northern Irish actor Liam Neeson during the early 1980s; they met while working on Excalibur (1981). When interviewed by James Lipton for Inside the Actors Studio, Neeson said Mirren was instrumental in him getting an agent. Mirren began dating American director Taylor Hackford in 1986. They were married on 31 December 1997 at the Ardersier Parish Church near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. The couple met on the set of White Nights (1985). It is her first marriage and his third (he has two children from his previous marriages). Mirren has no children, stating she has "no maternal instinct whatsoever". Mirren's autobiography, In the Frame: My Life in Words and Pictures, was published in the UK by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in September 2007. Reviewing for The Stage, John Thaxter wrote: "Sumptuously illustrated, at first sight it looks like another of those photo albums of the stars. But between the pictures there are almost 200 pages of densely printed text, an unusually frank story of her private and professional life, mainly in the theatre, the words clearly Mirren's own, delivered with forthright candour." In 1990, Mirren stated in an interview that she is an atheist. In the August 2011 issue of Esquire, Mirren said, "I am quite spiritual. I believed in fairies when I was a child. I still do sort of believe in the fairies. And the leprechauns. But I don't believe in God." In a 2008 interview with GQ, Mirren revealed she was date raped as a student, and had often taken cocaine at parties in her twenties and until the 1980s. She stopped using the drug after reading that Klaus Barbie made a living from cocaine dealing. On 11 May 2010, Mirren attended the unveiling of her waxwork at Madame Tussauds in London. In 2012, she was among the British cultural icons selected by the artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires. In 2010, she was named Sexiest Woman Alive by Esquire, and in a 2011 photo shoot for the magazine she stripped down and then covered up with the Union Jack. In 2013, Mirren was announced as one of several new models for Marks & Spencer's "Womanism" campaign. Subtitled "Britain's leading ladies", the campaign saw Mirren appear alongside British women from various fields, including pop singer Ellie Goulding, double Olympic gold medal-winning boxer Nicola Adams, and writer Monica Ali. In March 2013, The Guardian listed Mirren as one of the 50 best-dressed over 50. She told the Radio Times, "I'm a naturist at heart. I love being on beaches where everyone is naked. Ugly people, beautiful people, old people, whatever. It's so unisexual and so liberating." In 2004, she was named "Naturist of the Year" by British Naturism. She said: "Many thanks to British Naturism for this great honour. I do believe in naturism and am my happiest on a nude beach with people of all ages and races!" Mirren became a U.S. citizen in 2017 and voted in her first U.S. election in 2020. In April 2021, she took part in the music video "La Vacinada" (meaning the vaccinated woman in broken Spanish language) of Italian comedian and singer Checco Zalone. In said song and video, Zalone jokes about the fact that, in times of Covid-19 pandemic, it is safer to have an affair with someone who has already been vaccinated against the virus, and as the elderly get vaccinated first, a higher-aged partner (played by Mirren in the video) is now the best choice. Acting credits Awards and honours Among her major competitive awards, Mirren has won one Academy Award, four BAFTA Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and one Tony Award. Her numerous honorary awards include the BAFTA Fellowship from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and Gala Tribute presented by the Film Society of Lincoln Center. In the Queen's 2003 Birthday Honours, Mirren was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to drama, with investiture taking place at Buckingham Palace in December. In January 2009, Mirren was named on The Times''' list of the top 10 British actresses of all time. The list included Julie Andrews, Helena Bonham Carter, Judi Dench and Audrey Hepburn. See also List of British actors List of British Academy Award nominees and winners List of actors with Academy Award nominations List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories References Bibliography Ward, Philip (2019). Becoming Helen Mirren. Troubador Press. . A survey of the actress's early career. External links Interviews:'' 1945 births Living people 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from Essex Alumni of Middlesex University Audiobook narrators BAFTA fellows Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners British naturists Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English atheists English film actresses English people of Russian descent English radio actresses English Shakespearean actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses European Film Award for Best Actress winners Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Golden Orange Honorary Award winners Honorary Golden Bear recipients Laurence Olivier Award winners National Youth Theatre members Naturalized citizens of the United States Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Hammersmith People from Westcliff-on-Sea Royal Shakespeare Company members Tony Award winners Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners	[ -0.4477679133415222, 0.0517752580344677, -0.41077637672424316, -0.8267087340354919, 0.33529284596443176, 1.1212936639785767, 0.7615918517112732, -0.2955058813095093, -0.6009584665298462, 0.774837851524353, -0.3898571729660034, 0.7992590069770813, 0.03325052186846733, 0.40067532658576965, 0.07847671955823898, 0.3434242010116577, 0.009436641819775105, 0.2753324806690216, -0.4161075949668884, -0.5640432834625244, -0.3177398145198822, 0.36676475405693054, 0.4116908609867096, 0.6606993675231934, -0.8062527775764465, 0.4441382586956024, -0.2620956003665924, -0.13145707547664642, -0.0899927094578743, -0.3957575559616089, -0.2493230402469635, -0.3643004298210144, 0.3984392583370209, -0.26611942052841187, -0.29232358932495117, 0.28117144107818604, -0.2815522253513336, -0.3557150661945343, -0.5619291663169861, 0.044478755444288254, -0.5987236499786377, 0.16509318351745605, 0.10680750012397766, -0.1629370152950287, -0.5489611029624939, -0.2517438530921936, -1.9367437362670898, 0.23952287435531616, -0.4554142951965332, -0.2961324155330658, 0.05448378250002861, 0.5375167727470398, 1.0241905450820923, -0.305606871843338, 0.647252082824707, -0.13066360354423523, -0.6877816915512085, -0.01443733461201191, 0.08726706355810165, -0.1283639371395111, -0.19991670548915863, -0.26494649052619934, 0.41687723994255066, -0.3714386224746704, 0.3409637212753296, 0.277947336435318, 0.22325073182582855, 0.04688573628664017, -0.5470602512359619, 0.059874534606933594, 0.47245749831199646, 0.45261940360069275, 0.49563440680503845, -0.3669244050979614, 0.04950125515460968, -0.3500271737575531, 0.31113389134407043, 0.08272252976894379, 0.1574501246213913, -0.1119798868894577, 0.18972742557525635, -0.0073097036220133305, -0.15730632841587067, 0.6814995408058167, 0.3726804852485657, -0.3784569501876831, 0.10831678658723831, 0.7921449542045593, -0.17163662612438202, 0.45739561319351196, -0.467214971780777, -0.254905641078949, -0.317239373922348, 0.3451584577560425, 0.23078316450119019, 0.05167436599731445, 0.10520590096712112, -0.2967170476913452, 0.32884928584098816, -0.2995353937149048, -0.39981526136398315, -0.2191174328327179, 0.07807827740907669, -1.2014267444610596, -0.841354250907898, -0.05990397930145264, -0.1444629579782486, -0.04268376901745796, -0.3871471881866455, -0.0006172133726067841, -0.3949834704399109, 0.24254503846168518, -0.3442830443382263, 0.0925028994679451, -0.1433878093957901, -0.26602762937545776, 0.19508811831474304, -0.29329565167427063, -0.6958481669425964, 0.39285603165626526, 0.8516309857368469, -0.09673454612493515, 0.10923144966363907, 0.46053346991539, -0.9089385271072388, -0.22159983217716217, 0.01984102465212345, -0.1026136577129364, -0.7153689861297607, 0.07512274384498596, 0.16943314671516418, 0.7564104199409485, -0.657027542591095, -0.22942155599594116, -0.10312320291996002, -0.032404329627752304, 0.4600140154361725, 0.013591650873422623, 0.281483918428421, 0.6752904057502747, -0.42747777700424194, 0.440755158662796, -0.5680732131004333, 0.08636083453893661, 1.1910289525985718, -0.2524363696575165, -0.11403767019510269, 0.19483478367328644, -0.13459773361682892, -0.15762974321842194, -0.7786495685577393, 0.4822649359703064, -0.03812960162758827, -0.9748986959457397, -0.6049984693527222, 0.5312790870666504, 1.1137932538986206, 0.12897077202796936, 0.11779958754777908, -0.25985023379325867, 0.6307260990142822, -0.3000868260860443, -0.08204423636198044, -0.34108129143714905, 0.5065796375274658, 0.025816138833761215, 0.40593597292900085, -0.40443849563598633, 0.21694175899028778, 0.2907142639160156, -0.1099984422326088, 0.2334655076265335, 1.0489825010299683, -0.037614863365888596, -0.8160240650177002, 0.2534523606300354, -0.6170386075973511, 0.3989819586277008, -0.27713096141815186, -0.05044206231832504, -0.7010751366615295, -0.28568974137306213, -0.058925751596689224, 0.20328816771507263, 0.6228821277618408, 0.006433513481169939, 0.08533355593681335, -0.09788237512111664, 0.7010766863822937, 0.017204344272613525, -0.7399020195007324, -0.5772899985313416, -0.07047145068645477, 0.4269987940788269, 0.1860683709383011, 0.033503659069538116, -0.1697177290916443, 0.284384161233902, 0.04574565961956978, 0.32358336448669434, 0.04721508175134659, -0.28273430466651917, -0.027082739397883415, 0.13483405113220215, -0.011705244891345501, 0.029583292081952095, 0.666715145111084, 0.3236164152622223, 0.20589344203472137, 0.5528908371925354, 0.023139774799346924, -0.7586679458618164, 0.2743581235408783, 0.6283854842185974, -0.27358710765838623, -0.4561016261577606, -0.3535972237586975, -0.6059954762458801, 0.1880524605512619, -0.5752289295196533, 0.45965927839279175, 1.015458345413208, -0.18337149918079376, 0.12851524353027344, -0.5784924626350403, 0.8947839140892029, -0.5792106986045837, 0.17436867952346802, 0.21087980270385742, -0.35463032126426697, 0.08101340383291245, 0.20793072879314423, -0.1347872018814087, -0.2946356534957886, 0.0291584525257349, -0.038078565150499344, 0.2884615957736969, -0.05942913889884949, -0.24545897543430328, -0.6890419125556946, 0.5640798807144165, 0.43892139196395874, -0.6020826697349548, 0.8368682265281677, -0.019388042390346527, 0.43688875436782837, 0.23949451744556427, 0.11883310973644257, 0.11413613706827164, -0.017265670001506805, 0.4734163284301758, 0.004177745897322893, 0.15681257843971252, 0.20344173908233643, -0.08738114684820175, -0.08969788253307343, -0.13853538036346436, 0.45466598868370056, 0.8949159383773804, 0.8312501311302185, 0.32644039392471313, 0.24811746180057526, -0.1421930342912674, -0.03333259001374245, -0.4674273133277893, 0.30003851652145386, 0.037987496703863144, -0.9835097193717957, 0.5025109052658081, -0.029759738594293594, -0.16041575372219086, -0.5898694396018982, -0.09272921830415726, 0.12341177463531494, 0.25532278418540955, 0.8035529255867004, 0.05162433907389641, 0.18140165507793427, -0.587794840335846, -0.29601073265075684, 0.20096425712108612, 0.5347374677658081, -0.47875145077705383, 0.15477362275123596, -0.264085978269577, 0.3054801821708679, -0.3518684506416321, 0.09904048591852188, -0.5851798057556152, -0.07932182401418686, -0.2042897343635559, 0.8533903956413269, -0.27911972999572754, 0.31088078022003174, -0.45558133721351624, -0.09039671719074249, -0.35964274406433105, -0.16561158001422882, -0.22816549241542816, -0.08507294952869415, -0.2836732566356659, 0.49364790320396423, -0.23479358851909637, 0.1899988055229187, 0.2689293622970581, 0.08075635880231857, -0.34089532494544983, -0.16938771307468414, -5.303735256195068, -0.1993069052696228, 0.42555028200149536, -0.43151429295539856, 1.028159737586975, -0.04510956630110741, 0.15423858165740967, -0.23199746012687683, 0.007321551442146301, 0.2268844097852707, 0.04814706742763519, 0.12221579998731613, -0.43217721581459045, 0.5571290850639343, 0.48778027296066284, 0.20121914148330688, -0.5150555968284607, -0.4974794089794159, 0.2510877549648285, 0.884871244430542, 0.08997288346290588, 0.21367065608501434, -0.31074950098991394, -0.2422216683626175, -0.11720873415470123, 0.16636523604393005, -0.4273397922515869, -0.3529205024242401, -0.852988600730896, -0.24746179580688477, -0.14983125030994415, 0.13710086047649384, -0.6052772998809814, 0.11488218605518341, -0.4127599596977234, -0.2712339758872986, 0.3036491870880127, -0.3341563642024994, -0.019544294103980064, -0.7417254447937012, 0.1773909628391266, 0.37344425916671753, -0.6940773129463196, 0.480296790599823, 0.5125367641448975, -0.509418785572052, -0.7617525458335876, -0.6458080410957336, 0.5005878210067749, 0.6357800364494324, 0.014165820553898811, 0.44930362701416016, 0.6567335724830627, -0.5550356507301331, 0.10072634369134903, 0.04382800683379173, 0.3151510953903198, 0.3512115180492401, -0.4573114216327667, -0.06155361607670784, -0.3316420018672943, -0.1354101598262787, -0.04846017435193062, 0.13394278287887573, -0.5008447766304016, -0.18589156866073608, 0.2787361443042755, 0.18258459866046906, 0.3563940227031708, -1.0143601894378662, -0.2781425714492798, -0.011438315734267235, 0.29047366976737976, -1.1128689050674438, -0.56462162733078, -0.5980268716812134, 0.222972571849823, -0.20424625277519226, -0.8293987512588501, -0.1451243758201599, -0.012935669161379337, -0.5344842076301575, 0.6064984798431396, 0.8397737741470337, 0.18879570066928864, -0.4633638560771942, -0.42896777391433716, 0.25103822350502014, 0.0983772724866867, -0.3028716742992401, -0.6890476942062378, -0.6769698262214661, -0.7151575088500977, 0.12282595783472061, 0.25817185640335083, 0.050589099526405334, -0.3224146366119385, 0.8361536860466003, 0.5542524456977844, 0.43606799840927124, -0.5691450834274292, -0.5116999745368958, 0.2782549262046814, -0.15985961258411407, 0.1303899884223938, -0.1481262743473053, 0.2480807900428772, 0.10170116275548935, 0.40582382678985596, -0.45372623205184937, 0.19376181066036224, 0.35878726840019226, -0.05873749032616615, -0.310165673494339, -0.45864632725715637, -0.18334193527698517, 0.25066232681274414, 0.11989207565784454, 0.06993583589792252, 0.923494279384613, -0.2028142809867859, 0.23827384412288666, -0.32630792260169983, 0.19256971776485443, 0.2973625957965851, -0.20477938652038574, 0.7635849714279175, -0.6113017201423645, -0.39168399572372437, -0.2476114183664322, -0.5952192544937134, 0.5398436784744263, 0.2630711793899536, -0.13814038038253784, 0.811650812625885, -0.3137953281402588, -0.31007397174835205, 0.4771726131439209, 0.04423509165644646, 0.16654075682163239, 0.2998300790786743, -0.319370299577713, -0.4658670425415039, 0.5518817901611328, 0.1989050954580307, -0.47709497809410095, 0.2523490786552429, 0.5169970393180847, -0.10314243286848068, 0.4409247636795044, 0.48974037170410156, 0.3465019166469574, 0.9967058897018433, -0.8436889052391052, 0.02386426366865635, -0.3553975522518158, -0.663699209690094, -0.05743711069226265, -0.08128001540899277, -0.2402482032775879, -0.34110721945762634, -0.13220907747745514, -0.4402616024017334, -0.15504910051822662, 0.08735315501689911, 0.37213218212127686, -0.1805402934551239, -0.5908512473106384, -0.5256680250167847, 0.7588834166526794, -0.5751470923423767, -0.6279595494270325, 0.41513657569885254, 0.09336381405591965, 0.09136863052845001, 0.26262304186820984, 0.18153232336044312, -0.21414662897586823, 0.2644478380680084, 0.38502228260040283, 0.1124512255191803, -0.1934179961681366, -1.1123731136322021, 0.31416329741477966, 0.0753098875284195, 0.010008925572037697, -0.5184086561203003, -0.41513681411743164, 0.1184537410736084, -0.5059248805046082, 0.26512497663497925, -0.23203863203525543, -0.14548933506011963, 0.27362746000289917, -0.9931365847587585, 0.20770561695098877, 0.036797553300857544, -0.2776539623737335, 0.08933497965335846, 0.03927677124738693, -0.08515934646129608, 0.38136979937553406, -0.8247065544128418, -0.34753966331481934, 0.37226438522338867, -1.1748017072677612, -0.36257681250572205, 0.1523638516664505, -0.10631798952817917, 0.8655660152435303, -0.37499120831489563, 0.12142636626958847, -0.1686963140964508, 0.2146991491317749, -0.1971428245306015, 0.22631748020648956, 0.3974168002605438, 0.2228507399559021, 0.17590364813804626, -0.33440253138542175, -0.723442554473877, -0.9517654180526733, 0.01952390745282173, -0.00534419622272253, -0.808495044708252, -0.0222737118601799, 0.35003867745399475, -0.5140289664268494, 0.46993502974510193, -0.1976909190416336, 0.07832307368516922, -0.0665799081325531, 0.09413078427314758, 0.07227855175733566, -0.15920576453208923, -0.6364952325820923, 0.09946851432323456, 0.37078213691711426, -0.13137559592723846, 0.3528002202510834, 0.9901891350746155, 0.7882729172706604, -0.09208904206752777, 0.06532225012779236, -0.185605987906456, 0.7320561408996582, 0.3014518916606903, -1.0561552047729492, -0.22403614223003387, 0.442217081785202, 0.4391283392906189, -0.04399590939283371, -0.3266667425632477, 0.014664385467767715, -0.11870129406452179, -0.6063625812530518, 0.5737267732620239, 0.05675346031785011, -0.24438372254371643, 0.1178530603647232, 0.4362996220588684, -0.2629295587539673, 0.3796788156032562, -0.2888685464859009, 0.34631624817848206, 0.3105770945549011, 0.20635543763637543, -0.48771387338638306, 0.34724196791648865, -0.17899350821971893, -0.2447662055492401, 0.11704413592815399, -0.3908749520778656, 0.12138684839010239, -0.1941312551498413, 0.6076931357383728, 0.22585469484329224, -0.38534030318260193, 0.690045177936554, 0.005717772524803877, 0.06977207958698273, 0.49218758940696716, 0.1183101162314415, -1.0729466676712036, -0.13430146872997284, -0.6548813581466675, 0.7335744500160217, -0.38814273476600647, 0.015616314485669136, 0.10829134285449982, -0.11781129240989685, -0.3097746968269348, -0.2817347049713135, 0.1721338927745819, 0.0357930026948452, -0.34001612663269043, -0.529737651348114, 1.021590232849121, -0.2214132845401764, -0.088990218937397, -0.393755704164505, 0.4841160774230957, 0.3759521543979645, -0.14098268747329712, -0.2819666564464569, -0.4708581268787384, -0.04303944855928421, -0.8893290758132935, -0.05669446662068367, 0.24405601620674133, 0.038068827241659164, -0.028625458478927612, 0.5496116876602173, 0.522930920124054, -0.15038612484931946, -0.5143546462059021, 0.1986052393913269, -0.46597960591316223, -0.0994594395160675, -0.030112192034721375, -0.3156626522541046, -0.35879430174827576, -0.2275361567735672, -0.6506146192550659, 0.5997720956802368, 0.8164064288139343, 0.42752817273139954, 0.3961271643638611, -0.4870825707912445, 0.1847320944070816, 0.1535262018442154, -0.5855035185813904, 0.39010539650917053, 0.3614652156829834, 0.04060644656419754, -0.9897860884666443, 0.7501611709594727, 0.3478315770626068, 0.7276933789253235, 0.1789313703775406, -0.44041869044303894, 0.4397934675216675, -0.12874020636081696, -0.09043937176465988, 0.03376281261444092, 0.17602841556072235, -0.06233678013086319, 0.8162466287612915, -0.772084653377533, -0.3143971562385559, 0.6856269836425781, 0.03711347654461861, 0.204005166888237, -0.5504593849182129, 0.652783215045929, 0.24290448427200317, 0.9042797088623047, -0.44362398982048035, -0.4701479375362396, 0.5047740936279297, -0.1158381849527359, -0.5258570909500122, 0.8850156664848328, 0.674425482749939, -0.13856129348278046, -0.4549247920513153, 0.24761323630809784, -1.0462231636047363, 0.4682079553604126, 0.21776516735553741, 0.28154802322387695, 0.27438223361968994, -0.22464050352573395, 0.019382402300834656, 0.8471549153327942, 0.16845829784870148, 0.3255210816860199, -0.7460610270500183, -0.27539777755737305, 0.2994309067726135, -0.4220287799835205, 0.1965712457895279, 0.31335291266441345, -0.03650365769863129, -0.011761979199945927, -0.2816340923309326, 0.03963296115398407, 0.22364944219589233, 0.061511483043432236, 0.04921862483024597, 0.7683665752410889, -0.4211033880710602, -0.47974833846092224, 0.36494338512420654, -0.9332783222198486, -0.12268967181444168, -0.20383058488368988, 0.43469440937042236, 0.71299147605896, 0.08916278183460236, -0.08293619751930237, 1.1204429864883423, -0.05991390347480774, 0.6095707416534424, -0.4934298098087311, 0.04317867383360863, 0.05624823272228241, 0.3053222596645355, -1.09828519821167, -0.6321561932563782, 0.22113460302352905, -0.2457524538040161, -0.15249454975128174, -0.21770909428596497, -0.11535275727510452, 0.8558661937713623, 0.48392409086227417, 0.33706387877464294, 0.3439156115055084, 0.011853686533868313, 0.35278257727622986, 0.1950826346874237, 0.2199792116880417, -0.1553250551223755, -0.3204621374607086, 0.7582400441169739, -0.038236353546381, -0.05921999737620354, -0.28432294726371765, 0.10369367897510529, -0.5631595253944397, 0.9310775399208069, -0.047480687499046326, 0.18139587342739105, -0.11656960844993591, -0.32492491602897644, 0.5301486253738403, 0.5508312582969666, 0.4116748869419098, -0.1172109916806221, 0.4763069450855255, 0.6477437615394592, -0.05882921814918518, 0.13118186593055725, -0.10374675691127777, -0.2261928766965866, 0.048998281359672546, -0.5253220796585083, 0.00014215553528629243, -0.08331021666526794, 0.0045325723476707935, -0.5369545221328735, 0.47473132610321045, -0.548187255859375, -0.2284207046031952, 0.044154372066259384, 0.1482577621936798, -0.18041285872459412, 0.6445031762123108, -0.18790730834007263 ]
230699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing	Conveyancing	In law, conveyancing is the transfer of legal title to (of) real property from one person to another, or the granting of an encumbrance such as a mortgage or a lien. A typical conveyancing transaction has two major phases: the exchange of contracts (when equitable interests are created) and completion (also called settlement, when legal title passes and equitable rights merge with the legal title). The sale of land is governed by the laws and practices of the jurisdiction in which the land is located. It is a legal requirement in all jurisdictions that contracts for the sale of land be in writing. An exchange of contracts involves two copies of a contract of sale being signed, one copy of which is retained by each party. When the parties are together, both would usually sign both copies, one copy of which being retained by each party, sometimes with a formal handing over of a copy from one party to the other. However, it is usually sufficient that only the copy retained by each party be signed by the other party only — hence contracts are "exchanged". This rule enables contracts to be "exchanged" by mail. Both copies of the contract of sale become binding only after each party is in possession of a copy of the contract signed by the other party—i.e., the exchange is said to be "complete". An exchange by electronic means is generally insufficient for an exchange, unless the laws of the jurisdiction expressly validate such signatures. It is the responsibility of the buyer of real property to ensure that he or she obtains a good and marketable title to the land—i.e., that the seller is the owner, has the right to sell the property, and there is no factor which would impede a mortgage or re-sale. Some jurisdictions have legislated some protections for the buyer, besides the ability for the buyer to do searches relating to the property. A system of conveyancing is usually designed to ensure that the buyer secures title to the land together with all the rights that run with the land, and is notified of any restrictions in advance of purchase. Many jurisdictions have adopted a system of land registration to facilitate conveyancing and encourage reliance on public records and assure purchasers of land that they are taking good title. England and Wales In England and Wales, conveyancing is usually done by a solicitor or a licensed conveyancer; either may employ or supervise an unqualified conveyancer. What is being conveyed, or transferred, is a piece of land or property, that historically (especially in England) may or may not include the "messuage", that would be the principal dwelling, and might include an orchard, any outbuildings, and curtilage if present. The domestic conveyancing market is price competitive, with a high number of firms of solicitors and conveyancing companies offering a similar service. It is possible for someone to carry out their own conveyancing, but it is labour-intensive. If the transaction involves a mortgage, it is almost certain that the lender will insist that a solicitor is used for the conveyancing. It is a common myth that conveyancing has to be carried out by a local solicitor or conveyancer. This is no longer the case, with many conveyancers and solicitors conducting transactions from a distance using email and online technology. There were approximately 5,357 firms operating in the conveyancing market in 2015, but this number has fallen from 5,871 the year before. The number of firms in the market is almost a third lower than the 7,779 firms recording transactions in 2005, following a severe conveyancing shortage during the recession. Under English law, agreements are not legally binding until contracts are exchanged. This affords both the advantage of freedom before contract, but also the disadvantage of wasted time and expense in the event the deal is not done. The normal practice is for the buyer to negotiate an agreed price with the seller then organise a survey and have the solicitor (or conveyancer) carry out their searches and pre-contract enquiries. The seller's solicitor or conveyancer will prepare the draft contract to be approved by the buyer's solicitor. The seller's solicitor will also collect and prepare property information to be provided to the buyer's solicitors, in line with the Law Society's National Protocol for domestic conveyancing. When undertaking property transactions, the conveyancer's role is to carry out due diligence by submitting queries – known as conveyancing searches – about the transacted property. These are designed to uncover factors the estate agent or surveyor may not know about, which could impact the buyer's enjoyment of the property. It takes on average 10–12 weeks to complete a conveyancing transaction, but while some transactions are quicker, many take longer. The timescale is determined by a host of factors – legal, personal, social and financial. During this period prior to exchange of contracts (exchange being the point at which the transaction becomes legally binding) either party can pull out of the transaction at any time and for any reason, with no legal obligation to the other. This gives rise to a risk of gazumping and its converse, gazundering. Conveyancing is a component of the cost of moving house in the United Kingdom. Conveyancing searches As part of property transactions, the conveyancer’s role is to carry out due diligence by submitting queries – known as searches – about the transacted property. These are designed to uncover factors the estate agent or surveyor may not know about, which could impact the buyer’s enjoyment of the property . Property searches include: Local authority searches – to reveal any charges or restrictions of use on the property Checking the ‘title register’ and ‘title plan’ at Land Registry - to confirm ownership and boundary Checking flood risk – from coastal, river or surface water flooding Water authority searches – find out if any public drains on the property might affect extensions or building works. Chancel repair search – to ensure there are no potential leftover medieval liabilities on the property to help pay for church repairs. Environmental search – provides information about contaminated land at or around the property, landfill sites, former and current industry, detailed flooding predictions, radon gas hazard, ground stability issues, and other related information. Optional and location specific searches – sometimes extra searches are required or recommended depending on the location or type of property or due to particular concerns raised by the buyer. These could include: Tin Mining searches in Cornwall Mining searches in various parts of the UK and Cheshire Brine searches Additional Local Authority Questions such as, Pipelines, Noise Abatement Zones, Common Land, etc. Search providers Local authority searches, according to the Law Society , are a ‘vital part of the conveyancing process and give buyers important information about matters affecting a property that is registered or recorded with the local authority. However, over the years, delays with local authority searches have prompted lawyers to order a ‘personal’ search, carried out by a third party or a search provider, who visits the council office and inspects and records the information kept by the local authority on behalf of the conveyancer or solicitor. Private search companies and ordering platforms have been integrating Land Registry's data to speed up the process of search ordering, improve accuracy and reduce the chances of human error. One example is the use of Land Registry's National Spatial Dataset to display boundary maps on-screen using a live data link to help validate property locations. Scotland In Scots law, conveyancing is carried out as a second stage in the voluntary transfer of land after the completion of the contractual stage. The position in Scotland under Scots law is that the contract is generally concluded at a much earlier stage than in the English & Welsh and common law jurisdictions. The contractual stage of the transfer is called the missives of sale between the buyer, or buyer's agent, and seller, or seller's agent. Missives are letters the body of which contain the contract of sale is formed. Once all the contractual terms are agreed, the missives are said to be concluded, and these serve as a binding contract for the sale of the property. Normally the contract is conditional upon matters such as the sellers being able, before completion of the transaction, to prove that they have good title to the property and to exhibit clear searches from the land registers and the local authority. From 1 December 2008 properties for sale are marketed with a 'Home Information Report. This consists of: a Single Survey, an Energy Report and a Property Questionnaire. The Home Report is available on request to prospective buyers of the property. The date of final settlement is in Scotland known as the "date of entry", the date on which the Buyer is able to take possession of the property. The transfer of ownership itself only completes after the completion of the registration of the disposition document in the Land Register of Scotland. Solicitors, advocates and licensed conveyancing practitioners are the only individuals legally permitted to conduct conveyancing for a fee in Scotland, and as such enjoy a conveyancing monopoly, under the Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980 section 32 which creates a criminal offence for any unlicensed person preparing conveyancing documents in the expectation of a fee. Having said that, there is no legal requirement in Scotland to use the services of a solicitor, advocate or licensed conveyancing practitioner to transfer property ownership/land title. A willing buyer and seller can submit all the necessary completed documents to the Land Register of Scotland themselves. Australia Most privately owned land in Australia is now regulated under the Torrens system of land registration, introduced between 1857 and 1875. Some parcels of land are still unregistered and commonly referred to as general law land. Property law in Australia is derived from English common law. Conveyancing in Australia (also called a transfer) is usually carried out by a solicitor or a licensed conveyancer. Kits are available for the buyer to complete the process themselves, but due to the complexity of varying state and council laws and processes, this is usually not recommended. Queensland and New South Wales have a 5 days "cooling off" period for residential contracts. Victoria has a 3 business day cooling off period on private sales and South Australia has 2 days. During this time the purchaser may reconsider the purchase and, if they so wish, cancel the contract, in which case the purchaser may be legally bound to pay 0.25% of the purchasing price to the seller (0.2% in Victoria). Not all contracts have a cooling off period such as when the property is purchased at auction or if the purchaser expedites the process. A common conveyance by a solicitor or a licensed conveyancer usually takes 4 to 6 weeks. Most firms offer fixed price services which normally include costs for searches, legal advice and other outlays. In most states and territories a typical conveyance includes, but is not limited to, the following: checking for encumbrances and restrictions on the property ensuring special conditions mentioned in the contract are met making sure rates, land tax and water consumption charges are paid by the appropriate party arranging for the payment of fees and charges and government duties preparation of legal documents for the purchaser, liaising with the financiers of the purchaser to satisfy their requirements before settlement for the vendor, liaising with the financiers of the vendor to arrange settlement and obtain discharge of mortgages on the title arranging and attending final settlement. Searches tend to take up the bulk of the conveyance. Due to the three level system of government (federal, state and local), it must be made sure that the vendor is entitled to all rights and title. Most information is retrieved from state or local (council) authorities. It is important to note that conveyancing processes, legal documentation, contract requirements and search requirements vary between each state and territory. Requirements, searches and costs can vary between jurisdictions, depending on local property legislation and regulations. Depending on the circumstances of each case, and depending on the jurisdiction, a title search may also involve: registered plan search or building units/group titles plan search company search contaminated land search council property search full council inspection of records search land tax search main roads search. With the introduction of the Electronic Conveyancing National Law in 2012, all Australian states are in the process of transitioning to electronic conveyancing in accordance with state-based mandates. Australia's first online property transfer took place in New South Wales in 2014 using the Property Exchange Australia (PEXA) platform. United States The conveyancing process in the United States varies from state to state depending on local legal requirements and historical practice. In rare situations, the parties will engage in a formal "closing." In a formal closing three attorneys will be involved in the process: one each to represent the buyer, seller, and mortgage holder; frequently all three will sit around a table with the buyer and seller and literally "pass papers" to effect the transaction. Much more commonly, the transaction is closed by use of an escrow. (See also Escrow § Real estate.) Practice vary from state to state as to who conducts the title search to make sure the seller has or can convey clear title, including what liens must be paid, and as to who acts as the escrow holder. In many states attorneys still act as the escrow agent and title inspector. In many others those functions are conducted by licensed escrow agents who often are affiliated with or even employed by a title insurance company. Some use a mix, such as having an attorney conduct the escrow while the title investigation is handled by the title insurance company or its agent. In order to protect themselves from defects in the title, buyers will frequently purchase title insurance at this time for themselves. They will almost always be required to purchase title insurance for their lender as a condition of the loan. In most states, a prospective buyer's offer to purchase is made in the form of a written contract and bound with a deposit on the purchase price. The offer will set out conditions (such as appraisal, title clearance, inspection, occupancy, and financing) under which the buyer may withdraw the offer without forfeiting the deposit. Once the conditions have been met (or waived), the buyer has "equitable title" and conveyancing proceeds or may be compelled by court order. There may be other last-minute conditions to closing, such as "broom clean" premises, evictions, and repairs. Typical papers at a conveyancing include: deed(s), certified checks, promissory note, mortgage, certificate of liens, pro rata property taxes, title insurance binder, and fire insurance binder. There may also be side agreements (e.g., holdover tenants, delivery contracts, payment holdback for unacceptable repairs), seller's right of first refusal for resale, declaration of trust, or other entity formation or consolidation (incorporation, limited partnership investors, etc.). Where "time is of the essence," there have been cases where the entire deposit is forfeited (as liquidated damages) if the conveyancing is delayed beyond the time limits of the buyer's contingencies, even if the purchase is completed. Words used to indicate conveyance, or words of conveyance include grant, devise, give, and sell. Public record In the Roman tradition, private rights to land were enforceable even if secret; this tradition remained to some extent in Europe up through the 19th century, but modern systems no longer allow for such secrecy. In many civil law countries, the real estate transfers are usually supervised by notaries who, after a due diligence verification, execute the deed of sale and send it to the Public Registers. The involvement of civil law notaries, qualified legal experts delegated by the State (they must have a University Degree in Law), represents - besides an assistance for the involved parties in the property transfer process - also a gatekeeping for the soundness of the economic system and the protection of vulnerable parties. See also List of real estate topics Real estate appraisal Verification and validation Notes Real property law Law of the United Kingdom State law in the United States Australian property law	[ 0.08417577296495438, -0.12990622222423553, 0.25898605585098267, 0.15520893037319183, 0.48009631037712097, 0.15231727063655853, 0.06402942538261414, 0.16249027848243713, 0.10128504037857056, -0.21392211318016052, -0.7294695377349854, 0.5496243834495544, 0.258480042219162, 0.48346689343452454, -0.5089852809906006, -0.09349159896373749, -0.0005965729942545295, 0.2947917878627777, 0.2113889455795288, -0.7719227075576782, -0.6883689761161804, 0.04527871310710907, -0.16977396607398987, -0.3745827376842499, 0.4907400906085968, -0.14042875170707703, -0.14378269016742706, -0.07084344327449799, -0.9313933253288269, -0.2917548716068268, 0.6240928769111633, -0.12282844632863998, -0.18876057863235474, -0.0628199577331543, -0.1436222940683365, -0.24515436589717865, 0.007310188841074705, -0.3914285898208618, -0.9998022317886353, -0.9643934369087219, 0.02364039421081543, 0.29702940583229065, 0.21110157668590546, 0.26501548290252686, -0.3749468922615051, -0.39302965998649597, -1.198947787284851, -0.33366429805755615, -0.6506984829902649, -0.05471986532211304, -0.4683394730091095, 0.08935312926769257, -0.15771420300006866, 0.6019541025161743, 0.37008658051490784, 0.5720088481903076, -0.7423740029335022, -0.36322715878486633, 0.22037643194198608, -0.6617328524589539, 0.9024834036827087, -0.010749181732535362, 0.4588054418563843, 0.40854233503341675, 0.47086846828460693, -0.33840125799179077, 0.06987570971250534, 0.04781651124358177, -0.4138311445713043, -1.065873146057129, -0.2233608067035675, 0.05451802909374237, 0.07169497758150101, 0.0745074599981308, -0.4241330325603485, 0.20488008856773376, -0.06332268565893173, -0.022383783012628555, -0.1540212631225586, 0.16327910125255585, -0.27714070677757263, 0.7336304187774658, 0.35918954014778137, 0.05037757381796837, 0.537300169467926, -0.10334213078022003, -0.48233741521835327, 0.5899986624717712, -0.02434380166232586, 0.7105085253715515, 0.5984357595443726, 0.5320736765861511, -0.03619103133678436, -0.24885758757591248, -0.42887938022613525, 0.008972981944680214, 0.5918837189674377, -0.022849170491099358, 0.2349088490009308, 0.26343223452568054, -0.599726140499115, -0.44774067401885986, 0.4384283125400543, -0.4664420485496521, 0.16620241105556488, 0.14266104996204376, -0.48057618737220764, -0.08226896077394485, 0.3998803496360779, -0.1958327740430832, 0.03490585833787918, 0.04239123687148094, 0.40461498498916626, 0.3196461498737335, -0.519991934299469, 0.2202567458152771, 0.05495430901646614, 0.20089606940746307, -0.3868217468261719, -0.31992122530937195, 0.4761284589767456, -0.27043697237968445, -0.19210480153560638, -0.477836012840271, 0.3083341717720032, -0.35443758964538574, 0.03613484650850296, 0.6871538758277893, -0.8467506170272827, -0.42804154753685, 0.4246770143508911, 0.367023229598999, -0.10056453198194504, 0.5608363151550293, -0.42227903008461, 0.21191523969173431, 0.39632219076156616, 0.010306932032108307, 0.769202709197998, -0.2865069508552551, -1.1599305868148804, 0.06056462973356247, -0.5063608288764954, 0.10160095989704132, 0.2589583992958069, -0.26945075392723083, 0.3958073556423187, -0.4982829689979553, -0.6480809450149536, 0.3885391056537628, -0.3443033695220947, 0.11906637996435165, -0.21463577449321747, 0.09462492167949677, -0.05460755527019501, 0.14989729225635529, 1.0285080671310425, 0.13487018644809723, -0.4866372048854828, 0.26904937624931335, -0.24332216382026672, 0.2258918434381485, -0.07143712043762207, -0.024718936532735825, 0.029668429866433144, -0.055873312056064606, -0.07073325663805008, 0.6348757743835449, 0.05081002786755562, 0.0017938022501766682, -0.30503571033477783, 0.180188849568367, 0.048695653676986694, -0.7526379227638245, -0.18469350039958954, 0.43966323137283325, -0.30641213059425354, -0.06488037109375, 1.2150548696517944, 0.3821086287498474, -0.5382530689239502, 0.8497023582458496, 0.6949118971824646, -0.07779836654663086, -0.19062499701976776, -0.02701512537896633, 0.01646072417497635, 0.12380436807870865, 0.042227547615766525, -0.24300692975521088, -0.8751142024993896, -0.35000330209732056, -0.19241085648536682, -0.6136372685432434, 0.3549504578113556, 0.07243888825178146, -0.22793543338775635, 1.069835901260376, 0.03701280429959297, 0.1722124069929123, -0.1638929545879364, 0.3672857880592346, -0.17880243062973022, -0.22475877404212952, -0.34062516689300537, 0.7100145220756531, 0.29453209042549133, 0.25531601905822754, 0.03965853527188301, 0.23517920076847076, 0.3971693813800812, -0.07380565255880356, 0.6352928876876831, -0.33828556537628174, 0.32976311445236206, -0.05498869717121124, -0.508306086063385, 0.05900270864367485, -0.016959242522716522, -0.1755369007587433, 1.0139061212539673, 0.21632120013237, 0.029052775353193283, 0.5365931987762451, -0.462833046913147, 0.47795426845550537, -0.4392315745353699, 0.5331252217292786, 0.16457074880599976, -0.1501452773809433, 0.19375215470790863, 0.23557648062705994, 0.31877610087394714, -0.6599659323692322, 0.032169464975595474, -0.13005641102790833, -0.0542573481798172, -0.10369859635829926, -0.07483445107936859, 0.19812865555286407, 0.01655462011694908, 0.2653655409812927, 0.016336791217327118, 0.4036979377269745, 0.04490123689174652, 0.22396819293498993, -0.012478364631533623, 0.1179109439253807, 0.22140324115753174, 0.10661710798740387, 0.5552947521209717, 0.15587104856967926, -0.14127786457538605, -0.09712410718202591, 0.13114258646965027, -0.5837072730064392, -0.8453338146209717, 0.42629069089889526, -0.08236362040042877, -0.220786914229393, 0.18738645315170288, 0.49677035212516785, 0.02298721857368946, 0.3476710319519043, -0.039812181144952774, -0.15034329891204834, -0.2633310556411743, 0.2578742206096649, 0.06731932610273361, 0.5378852486610413, 0.7528865337371826, -0.44874799251556396, -0.7440951466560364, -0.20452150702476501, -0.4173143208026886, -0.437575101852417, 0.6921787261962891, -0.07275263220071793, -0.4112243354320526, -0.4076029360294342, 0.055863797664642334, 0.13456787168979645, 0.021363822743296623, -1.1734631061553955, 0.28406190872192383, -0.7102748155593872, 0.28419825434684753, -0.05988119915127754, 0.290737509727478, 0.5278052687644958, 0.15148474276065826, -0.11679361015558243, -0.0473143607378006, 0.13693678379058838, 0.5373735427856445, 0.5230611562728882, -0.07125144451856613, 0.5129378437995911, 0.2821863293647766, -0.1403529942035675, -0.36648744344711304, -0.4831562638282776, -0.28993603587150574, -0.40550240874290466, 0.08486971259117126, -0.14421218633651733, -0.28532570600509644, -0.301740825176239, -5.679944038391113, 0.062021803110837936, -0.428244948387146, -0.24590033292770386, 0.42906320095062256, 0.052746232599020004, 0.9337971806526184, 0.01654975302517414, -0.5082781910896301, 0.038827527314424515, 0.002049052156507969, -0.627141535282135, 0.3385268449783325, -0.19492723047733307, 0.2609057128429413, 0.16648554801940918, 0.5079666376113892, 0.1551039218902588, -0.08656517416238785, 0.16778729856014252, -0.7360436916351318, -0.15370528399944305, 0.4839582145214081, 0.44491052627563477, -0.21786682307720184, -0.2555409073829651, -0.33708879351615906, -0.07362531870603561, -0.6089687347412109, 0.04740317538380623, -0.20469656586647034, 0.31372007727622986, 0.17715716361999512, 0.06372817605733871, -0.498577356338501, -0.13221044838428497, 0.4854389727115631, -0.01548692211508751, 0.07522153854370117, -0.4599427282810211, -0.12207379937171936, 0.40156587958335876, -0.058513619005680084, 0.19062110781669617, -0.22065608203411102, -0.6859571933746338, -0.21324901282787323, -0.21637986600399017, 0.11910076439380646, 0.5375227928161621, -0.32749977707862854, 0.6276620030403137, 0.38258644938468933, -0.38776108622550964, -0.0702059417963028, -0.3924514055252075, 0.17336338758468628, -0.5084462761878967, -0.4044356942176819, 0.7844780087471008, 0.6026509404182434, -0.8143494129180908, 0.42349138855934143, -0.4094768762588501, -0.0012487120693549514, -0.3515353202819824, -0.7851393818855286, -0.3700048327445984, 0.8239597082138062, 0.2535255551338196, -0.4424382150173187, 0.6218678951263428, 0.41792362928390503, -1.0670750141143799, 0.17264464497566223, -0.8152111172676086, 0.18926365673542023, 0.029768209904432297, 0.7161888480186462, -0.3406449556350708, 0.2904298007488251, 0.3933587372303009, -0.2714228928089142, -0.399442195892334, 0.2372053563594818, -0.29655829071998596, -0.18465520441532135, 0.08404309302568436, -0.7370337843894958, -0.44718241691589355, 0.8068943619728088, 0.10338234156370163, -0.09914540499448776, 0.02878221869468689, -0.28850898146629333, 0.29150718450546265, -0.38843703269958496, -0.1838584840297699, 0.03228719159960747, -0.2548629641532898, 0.41908374428749084, -0.07316748797893524, -0.016978073865175247, -0.2299945205450058, 0.14830216765403748, -0.4789663255214691, -0.37433889508247375, 0.4737561047077179, 0.6142677068710327, 0.18120285868644714, -0.17243579030036926, 0.6236060857772827, 0.14275923371315002, -0.3591817617416382, -0.0858684778213501, 0.3610630929470062, -0.9782776832580566, 0.2286006659269333, 0.042321402579545975, -0.19894348084926605, 0.7368961572647095, -0.16899338364601135, -0.2179611772298813, -0.10735736787319183, -0.6453794836997986, -0.23305149376392365, 0.06628972291946411, 0.5755382180213928, 0.21458889544010162, -0.20706191658973694, 0.2928714156150818, 0.4267153739929199, -0.147678941488266, -0.25307029485702515, -0.2510007619857788, -0.5185080766677856, 0.020203158259391785, 0.10584869235754013, -0.43510276079177856, -0.7123739123344421, 0.24788683652877808, -0.7013577818870544, -0.36159011721611023, -0.30884671211242676, 0.6408961415290833, -0.4001028537750244, -0.2398742288351059, 0.19708853960037231, -0.1019449383020401, 0.6175453066825867, -0.15363027155399323, -0.6216928362846375, 0.09315141290426254, -0.38499945402145386, 0.07243471592664719, -0.5687117576599121, -0.034954704344272614, 0.025745628401637077, 0.03509308397769928, -0.32743874192237854, 0.10737310349941254, 0.17114737629890442, -0.7434278726577759, -0.2718713879585266, -0.17611105740070343, -0.037278782576322556, -0.9040688276290894, -0.05157218128442764, -0.696054220199585, 0.8030422925949097, -0.058102186769247055, -0.7673794627189636, -0.62286776304245, -0.5659891366958618, 0.25938963890075684, 0.3760720491409302, -0.0874597504734993, 0.2737544775009155, 0.12294253706932068, -0.13795143365859985, 0.5139438509941101, -0.4364561438560486, -0.39639467000961304, 0.03191134333610535, 0.4147658348083496, -0.7366350293159485, 0.37974265217781067, 0.1491113305091858, -0.46418821811676025, 0.0020228694193065166, -0.1838136464357376, -0.0467430055141449, 0.21834957599639893, 0.2781062722206116, -0.383971631526947, -0.23919568955898285, -0.011946255341172218, 0.4192352592945099, -0.2815872132778168, 0.06830065697431564, 0.38984230160713196, 0.47736313939094543, -0.31474775075912476, 0.10875177383422852, -0.030715465545654297, -0.5038625001907349, 0.3708071708679199, 0.230568066239357, -0.38378289341926575, 0.8989882469177246, -0.06281475722789764, -0.22279322147369385, -0.38478344678878784, 0.5080139636993408, 0.10714895278215408, -0.2998129427433014, 0.51268070936203, -0.6582217812538147, -0.3551478087902069, -0.43589189648628235, 0.827761709690094, -0.03467642515897751, 0.07305694371461868, 0.20640058815479279, -0.44897690415382385, 0.5585471987724304, -0.39583417773246765, -0.2555738687515259, 0.5574818253517151, -0.1308141052722931, 0.01519579067826271, -0.6926569938659668, 0.042169831693172455, 0.011734076775610447, -0.08706677705049515, 0.17212599515914917, 0.0673222541809082, 0.0006832712679170072, 0.02446174807846546, -0.47398480772972107, 0.3327518403530121, 0.9313575029373169, 0.057137906551361084, -0.7973510026931763, 0.17332808673381805, 0.6326025724411011, 0.09932874143123627, -0.8084791898727417, -0.3917834162712097, 0.624726414680481, 0.42778778076171875, -0.12458301335573196, -0.6592130064964294, 0.25233539938926697, -0.006022835616022348, -0.04417438805103302, 0.14884769916534424, 0.19910828769207, -0.09727083891630173, 0.6732626557350159, 0.18938331305980682, -0.24706242978572845, -0.42444321513175964, -0.33021193742752075, 0.5936388373374939, -0.20591974258422852, -0.0820421576499939, 0.7414544820785522, 0.32166680693626404, -0.3598915636539459, 0.03844446688890457, -0.6498951315879822, 0.36489027738571167, 0.14439070224761963, 0.9453696012496948, 0.09705135971307755, 0.7224014401435852, -0.35374754667282104, 0.04114744812250137, 0.0327456034719944, -0.5079980492591858, -0.09485617280006409, -0.08445131778717041, -0.32084646821022034, 0.026967041194438934, -0.28267690539360046, 0.4871428608894348, 0.10514870285987854, -0.7977704405784607, -0.4619347155094147, -0.8022674918174744, 0.022993627935647964, -0.3866838216781616, 1.0658987760543823, -0.47746220231056213, 0.32258886098861694, 0.45057427883148193, 0.39367201924324036, 0.03296184912323952, 0.2271547019481659, -0.060070160776376724, 0.42200931906700134, 0.25983378291130066, -0.9151940941810608, 0.4592971205711365, 0.03431084007024765, -0.0204467736184597, -0.6636077761650085, 0.34566929936408997, -0.08521246165037155, 0.22813545167446136, -0.08053905516862869, 0.0942460224032402, 0.5336023569107056, 0.2530788481235504, -0.5635490417480469, 0.29118847846984863, -0.33153989911079407, -0.5766867399215698, -0.09823814779520035, 0.05484163761138916, -0.5475353002548218, 0.22485937178134918, -0.27845850586891174, 0.3716367781162262, 0.0970907211303711, 0.08758044242858887, 0.004763372708112001, 0.10900645703077316, 0.38651323318481445, 0.6504324078559875, 0.05543788522481918, 0.28178781270980835, -0.2150021642446518, -0.09165347367525101, -0.6226206421852112, 0.2288728952407837, -0.43560752272605896, 0.005672717932611704, 0.8871637582778931, 0.13729631900787354, 0.246609166264534, 0.10422143340110779, -0.10376573354005814, -0.42565616965293884, 0.35548943281173706, 0.6830369830131531, 0.4519244432449341, -0.10562977194786072, 0.23022599518299103, 0.6055775880813599, -0.08990757167339325, 0.9609463810920715, -0.46178755164146423, 0.33260780572891235, -0.09208808094263077, 0.6934514045715332, -0.06037263199687004, -0.1807296723127365, -0.2840670645236969, -0.005132679827511311, 0.35895925760269165, 0.699865460395813, -0.09712878614664078, 0.7213927507400513, -0.5747219324111938, 0.531570315361023, -0.22995243966579437, -0.02696976438164711, -0.06986742466688156, 0.1612998992204666, 0.3591754734516144, -0.44760316610336304, 0.23190739750862122, 0.7766964435577393, 0.05952902510762215, 0.6628997921943665, 0.499899685382843, 0.07128624618053436, -0.4212428331375122, 0.03337360545992851, -0.5397962927818298, -0.057250384241342545, -0.47983676195144653, -0.22064396739006042, -0.1465040147304535, -0.0365489199757576, 0.5727033615112305, -0.3073715567588806, 0.0799790471792221, 0.16106458008289337, -0.6302902698516846, 0.1475486010313034, 0.46391308307647705, -0.011339676566421986, 0.4675701856613159, -0.3965671956539154, 0.9443816542625427, 0.1234600618481636, -0.34667518734931946, -0.5031046867370605, 0.6539220213890076, 0.1121191680431366, -0.5349242687225342, -0.2676827013492584, 0.030813630670309067, -0.34152305126190186, 0.585609495639801, -0.2903652489185333, 0.235138401389122, 0.3772698938846588, -0.7232496738433838, 0.10993008315563202, 0.014104533940553665, 0.26203423738479614, 0.18100130558013916, 0.5887649059295654, 0.1326836794614792, 0.23290903866291046, -0.16480237245559692, 0.046701762825250626, 0.4185377359390259, 0.03473363444209099, -0.3864888846874237, -0.21338583528995514, 0.24150203168392181, 0.08043251931667328, 0.38465753197669983, -0.7193999290466309, 0.8753965497016907, -0.031025368720293045, 0.3708283007144928, -0.9807282090187073, 0.5919355750083923, 0.15909451246261597, 0.11925256997346878, -0.21179994940757751, 0.3450919985771179, 0.26364991068840027, -0.3641776740550995, 0.35499078035354614, -0.11388635635375977, -0.05341293290257454, -0.019388806074857712, -0.6762357354164124, -0.3583948016166687, -0.29854175448417664, 0.24496813118457794, -0.7103846073150635, -0.21972237527370453, 0.47483035922050476, -0.4079309105873108, 0.5687114000320435, -0.07991880923509598, 0.1819266676902771, 0.07228017598390579, 0.16364262998104095, -0.5587834119796753, -0.36523935198783875, 0.5047797560691833 ]
230704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%20Flower%20Show	Chelsea Flower Show	The RHS Chelsea Flower Show, formally known as the Great Spring Show, is a garden show held for five days in May by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) in the grounds of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea, London. Held at Chelsea since 1912, the show is attended by members of the British Royal Family. Highlights to the Chelsea Flower Show include the avant-garde show gardens designed by leading names with Floral Marquee at the centrepiece. The Show also features smaller gardens such as the Artisan and Urban Gardens. History The Great Spring Show The first Royal Horticultural Society Great Spring Show was held in 1862, at the RHS garden in Kensington. Before this date the RHS had held flower shows from 1833 in their garden in Chiswick, which themselves had been preceded by fetes. The Kensington Garden was chosen as a site because the flower shows in Chiswick were experiencing falling visitor numbers due to problems such as poor transport links. The Great Spring Show was held at Kensington for twenty-six years but in 1888 the RHS decided to move the show to the heart of London. The site chosen was the Temple Gardens, situated between the Embankment and Fleet Street, which had a recorded history dating back to 1307 and which were said to date from the time of the Knights Templar. The roses for which these Temple Gardens were famous were alluded to in Shakespeare's Henry VI Part 1. Using two marquees requisitioned from the old Kensington shows, the 1888 show was a success with exhibits from both amateurs and commercial firms. By 1897 five marquees were being used with many of the best known plant and seed merchants being attracted to the event including Suttons and Sons. Royal International Horticultural Exhibition In 1912, the Temple Show was cancelled to make way for the Royal International Horticultural Exhibition. Sir Harry Veitch, the great nurseryman, secured the grounds of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea for this one-off event. It proved such a good site for an exhibition that the Great Spring Show was moved there in 1913, where it has taken place almost every year since. Royal Hospital, Chelsea – early 20th century The RHS first became involved with the Chelsea Hospital in 1905. Three years before, it had leased the grounds of Holland House in Kensington to hold what was first advertised as a Coronation Rose Show, but which turned into a more general show (with not many roses) by the time it actually opened in June. Two further two-day summer shows took place at Holland House in 1903 and 1904, but then, to the general satisfaction of exhibitors and press, a three-day Summer Show was staged in the Hospital grounds, a more spacious site than Holland House had allowed, with room for five tents. The Summer Shows reverted to Holland House for the years thereafter, except in 1911, when both it and Chelsea proved unavailable, and the Show was held at the Olympia exhibition hall. The Royal International Horticultural Exhibition of 1912 demonstrated, at a time when the complaints from the Temple were increasing annually, what an excellent site for a show the grounds of the Chelsea Hospital provided. Accordingly, for 1913, the Great Spring Show was moved there. The first Chelsea Flower Show opened on May 20. The Summer Show reverted to Holland House. Despite the First World War, the show was held 1914–1916, but was cancelled in 1917 and 1918. By the roaring 1920s, the Chelsea Flower Show was back in full swing, the famous Chelsea tea parties were established and Royal visits resumed. In 1926 the show was held a week late due to the General Strike. In 1937, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth celebrated their Coronation Year, and to mark the occasion, a superb Empire Exhibition was staged. It featured wattles from Australia, pines from Canada, brilliant gladioli from East Africa and even a big prickly pear from Palestine. The show was cancelled during the Second World War, as the land was required by the War Office for an anti-aircraft site. Some doubt arose as to whether the show would resume in 1947. The majority of exhibitors wanted a postponement, as stocks of plants were low, staff much depleted and fuel for greenhouses was obtainable only with special permits, but Lord Aberconway (then RHS President) and the RHS Council felt strongly that the show should resume as soon as possible. As it turned out, the show went ahead in 1947 and it was a great success. Royal Hospital, Chelsea – later 20th century The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 was a sufficient cause for a flower show that reflected the celebratory mood of the country. Most members of the royal family attended that year. Due to other commitments, the only member of the family unable to attend was the Queen herself. And the Show went on to increase in popularity throughout the second half of the century – until its popularity became its major problem. Crowding within the tents had been a recurring refrain during the interwar years, but always mastered by increasing the tentage; photographs show heavy crowds in the open, especially in the vicinity of the rock gardens. As the 1970s progressed, the attendance at the Chelsea Show climbed, by as much as 6,000 visitors in a single year (1978). In 1979, crowding became so severe in the mornings that the turnstiles were temporarily closed, and it was clear that some emergency action was needed. It was decided to open the Show at 8 am next year, and close it at 8.30 in the evenings, with a reduced price for entry after 4 pm, to try to draw people away from the morning time-slot; and a one-way system was laid out in the marquee (an expedient that had been rejected as impracticable 20 years earlier). The arrangements worked better than expected in 1980, when a bare majority of Council voted for the imposition of a ceiling on the number of tickets sold. But numbers continued to increase, and in 1987 the turnstiles were closed again. In 1988 a limit of 40,000 visitors per day was imposed – a reduction of 90,000 in total from the previous year – and members were charged for tickets for the first time. An immediate response was a fall in attendance; by April, ticket booking was so slow that national advertisements were taken out to encourage people to come to Chelsea, and the original announcement that tickets would not be available at the gates was rescinded. 1988 was also the first year that ticket touts made their presence felt, and the RHS felt the frustration of seeing its tickets sold at a considerable mark-up without being able to do anything. An alarmed Council now began to look seriously at the idea of moving the show to a larger venue. Battersea Park, Osterley Park, and Wisley were suggested; one proposal was that Chelsea should be limited to plant sales, and the sundries rerouted elsewhere; the firm of Land Use Consultants was hired to prepare a feasibility study, and after examining all these options, concluded that the Show should stay at Chelsea. The real rescue came from the expansion of the shows programme into other venues, and in particular from the takeover of the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show in 1993: the increased options for both members and for exhibitors meant that the intense criticisms and conflict of the 1980s over the future of the Show did not return. The Chelsea Flower Show today The Chelsea Flower Show receives a lot of publicity. It is attended by 157,000 visitors each year (a number limited by the capacity of the ground), and all tickets must be purchased in advance. From 2005 the show was increased from four days to five, with the first two days only open to RHS members. The show is extensively covered on television by the BBC. An official DVD of the show is produced on behalf of the RHS by ONE TWO FOUR. Several members of the British Royal Family attend a preview of the show, as part of the royal patronage of the RHS. The area of land devoted to show gardens increased steadily between 1970 and 2000 and the show has become an important venue for watching trends. New plants are often launched at the show and the popularity of older varieties revived under the focus of the horticultural world. It is the garden design equivalent of a catwalk at a fashion show. Highlights from the 2011 RHS Chelsea Flower Show included The Irish Sky Garden by Diarmuid Gavin based on the idea of a restaurant in the sky. Other show-stopping gardens included the HESCO Garden by Leeds City Council, who reconstructed an impressive and idyllic working water wheel in the grounds of the Royal Hospital. The 2011 show also saw the introduction of the new Artisan garden category, which was created for designers who use natural materials. Awards There are four grades of award presented – gold, silver-gilt, silver and bronze – in each of the categories listed below. Bronze grade exhibits do not actually receive a medal. Awards categories Flora Gardens and floral exhibits Hogg Exhibits of trees Knightian Exhibits of vegetables, including herbs Lindley Exhibits of special educational or scientific interest Grenfell Exhibits of pictures, photographs, floral arrangements and floristry Special awards Best Show Garden Award Best Courtyard Garden Award Best Chic Garden Award Best City Garden Award RHS Sundries Bowl RHS Junior Display Trophy RHS Floral Arrangement Trophies RHS Floristry Trophies Show Certificates of Merit Certificates for Junior Displays RHS President's Award RHS Best Tradestand Award RHS Director General's Award for the Best Tradestand Significant gardens and exhibits 1929 Mrs Sherman Hoyt's exhibit of American cacti, complete with painted backdrops depicting the Mojave desert, which was acquired for Kew and had its own glasshouse there for over half a century, before being absorbed into the Princess of Wales Conservatory 1930s J. Macdonald's grass gardens – the lone voice declaring the merits of ornamental grasses for his generation 1936 Hilliers' 'Dingley Dell' exhibit 1937 Coronation Year: the Empire Exhibition, with displays of ornamental and economic plants from around the Empire 1953 Another Coronation Year: William Wood of Taplow staged a 'Cutty Sark' garden 1959 The Times 'Garden of Tomorrow', complete with radio-controlled lawn mower 1960 The great orchid display to accompany the Third World Orchid Conference 1964 Popular Gardening'''s 'Garden of Today' 1967 The first garden for the disabled at Chelsea 1968 Wisley's exhibit of hostas, which gave a great boost to their popularity 1980 Display of penjing from China 1982 Brenda Hyatt's display of auriculas, which launched these plants back into popularity 1988 John Chambers's honeybee garden. This was the last year the Wilkinson Sword for Best Show Garden was awarded. 1991 The RHS reinstated the Best Show Garden Award in conjunction with Fiskars (who were the owners of the Wilkinson brand and were relaunching the brand Fiskars). The new award was the Sword of Excellence and was presented by the RHS President to the Daily Express Garden ‘The Forgotten Pavilion’ designed by John Van Hage, who became the youngest ever designer to win a RHS Gold medal at Chelsea. 1993 Julie Toll's seaside garden controversially won the short lived Fiskars Sword of Excellence for best show garden, described by David Stevens as "a sand dune garden that was well planted and beautiful, but visitors said it wasn't a garden." 1994 Isabel and Julian Bannerman's Daily Telegraph Old Abbey garden with a virtuoso display of mature tree transplanting. The Sunday Express Railway Garden by Julian Dowle was a very popular themed garden featuring Railway artefacts, wild flowers, a vegetable plot and a beautiful colourful display of cottage plants. 1996 Dan Pearson's London roof garden for the 1990s 1997 Christopher Bradley-Hole's Latin Garden, the first garden at Chelsea to exhibit the new fashion for sparse planting 2000 The Garden History Society's Le Nôtre Garden, and Piet Oudolf's winning 'Evolution' garden 2002 Mary Reynolds became the youngest garden designer to win a gold medal at the show 2004 Tourism New Zealand presented the first authentic thermal New Zealand garden entitled "Ora Garden of Well-being" winning a Gold Medal. 2009 James May's Paradise in Plasticine, a garden made entirely of Plasticine. Its concept and creation was documented for James May's Toy Stories. 2010 Kebony Naturally Norway Garden designed by Darren Saines. It was the first time Norway was represented in Chelsea Flower Show with a big show garden. Row after row of exotic orchids from Taiwan, presented by the Taiwan Orchid Growers Association (TOGA). This was the first time that Taiwan was invited to the Chelsea Flower Show.News in Taiwan Today on 26 May 2010 2011 Diarmuid Gavin's Irish Sky Garden. This was the first garden to be suspended in the air. 2016 A display of 300,000 individually crocheted poppies, covering nearly 2,000sq m, designed by Phillip Johnson and made by over 50,000 contributors. See also Chelsea Fringe Tatton Park Flower Show Hampton Court Palace Flower Show Garden festival Cultural icon List of cultural icons of England References External links RHS Chelsea Flower Show official site Hampton Court Palace Flower Show official site Coverage from the BBC Coverage from The Guardian Coverage from The Daily Telegraph'' 1862 establishments in England Annual events in London Gardening in England Flower shows Parks and open spaces in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Recurring events established in 1862 Chelsea, London Royal Horticultural Society	[ 0.09670646488666534, -0.4704402685165405, 0.24059762060642242, -0.5524266958236694, -0.16701199114322662, 0.5488820672035217, 0.42756253480911255, 0.36136168241500854, -0.47271329164505005, 0.16363531351089478, -0.5133296847343445, -0.618376612663269, 0.03146619349718094, 0.2856120467185974, -0.7773585915565491, 0.5388174653053284, 0.5712688565254211, 0.11134970188140869, 0.8123851418495178, 0.1539440006017685, 0.1358633190393448, -0.3500681221485138, 0.04530677571892738, -0.3517487347126007, 0.3489285707473755, -0.46909600496292114, 0.5900734066963196, 0.2596745491027832, 0.41708728671073914, -0.30554094910621643, -0.06836182624101639, 0.3066738247871399, 0.09243381768465042, -0.3657650053501129, 0.33431845903396606, -0.19695426523685455, -0.12746228277683258, -0.6122857928276062, -0.21063919365406036, -0.9317640066146851, -0.3801528513431549, -0.07466055452823639, 0.36546269059181213, -0.057030994445085526, -0.08047747611999512, -0.40008458495140076, -1.4988560676574707, -0.14328348636627197, -0.7670111060142517, 0.4025493562221527, -0.4432924687862396, 0.2907939553260803, 0.6061601638793945, 0.12219512462615967, 0.7020190358161926, 0.37291309237480164, -1.201747179031372, 0.08210951834917068, -0.0518324039876461, -0.5019729137420654, 0.38354822993278503, 0.07118317484855652, -0.3761342167854309, 0.23421251773834229, 0.08595495671033859, 0.060256436467170715, 0.5084247589111328, 0.6287930607795715, 0.17645613849163055, -0.5036280155181885, 0.47284960746765137, -0.25917378067970276, 0.1955403834581375, 0.429916113615036, -0.12229413539171219, -0.28863459825515747, -0.575469434261322, -0.2961244583129883, 0.1413930058479309, -0.15708626806735992, 0.9232091903686523, -0.368160218000412, 0.660221517086029, 0.5113324522972107, 0.18725597858428955, 0.1927783042192459, -0.6105729937553406, -0.30888330936431885, -0.6572845578193665, 0.26970669627189636, -0.3280579745769501, 0.40774086117744446, 0.735214114189148, -0.006170517299324274, 0.09216555953025818, 0.09955049306154251, -0.36122235655784607, -0.22021779417991638, 0.18261310458183289, 0.22510389983654022, -0.5304718613624573, 0.028185192495584488, 0.30322131514549255, -0.12076253443956375, -0.3225778043270111, -0.07653621584177017, -0.4743800759315491, -0.5102138519287109, 0.5546554923057556, 0.4470188021659851, -0.1020749881863594, 0.10422207415103912, 0.20305204391479492, -0.04674256220459938, -0.031066881492733955, -0.0634218379855156, 0.5336207151412964, -0.3259372413158417, -0.9428029656410217, -0.03377794474363327, 0.6694385409355164, 0.6096013188362122, 0.380754292011261, -0.17345499992370605, -0.4557391405105591, -0.07757646590471268, 0.20458681881427765, 0.914210319519043, -0.2403925210237503, -0.08231637626886368, 0.27251821756362915, 0.4641481339931488, -0.4480755031108856, -0.33221855759620667, -0.06272193044424057, -0.5333577394485474, 0.22628575563430786, -0.4739426076412201, 1.0396091938018799, 1.1303954124450684, -0.23152180016040802, -0.1523532271385193, 0.30244365334510803, -0.1613222062587738, 0.2721506953239441, 0.02325988933444023, -0.09864431619644165, -0.6579704284667969, -0.3515651822090149, -0.5854396224021912, 0.2606993615627289, 0.19425740838050842, -0.6292585134506226, -0.028125809505581856, -0.22309492528438568, 0.14017504453659058, 0.6576060056686401, -0.35652583837509155, 0.25760921835899353, 0.3836730718612671, 0.20244427025318146, -0.4681105613708496, 0.48955899477005005, 0.13433362543582916, -0.358386367559433, 0.5493183135986328, -0.2011445015668869, 0.6063289642333984, -0.01169626321643591, -0.17557105422019958, -0.5743779540061951, 0.38333067297935486, 0.8248269557952881, -0.05077122151851654, 0.1885014921426773, -0.637113094329834, 0.9630550742149353, 0.03319625183939934, 0.3814297020435333, 0.5025100111961365, -0.3350209593772888, 0.7118920683860779, 0.33157968521118164, -0.364236980676651, 1.0068285465240479, -0.3968529999256134, 0.14170922338962555, 0.48483896255493164, 0.24231094121932983, -0.23443613946437836, -0.1543751358985901, 0.2907196283340454, -0.2096904069185257, 0.21304678916931152, 0.48218056559562683, -0.17715755105018616, -0.06552218645811081, 0.554205060005188, -0.3124535381793976, 0.3769792318344116, 0.3451974391937256, 0.5075585842132568, 0.10801989585161209, -0.03857014700770378, -0.806978702545166, -0.9003141522407532, 0.4407501220703125, -0.5017082095146179, 0.12300080060958862, 1.111234426498413, -0.42608943581581116, -0.9355506896972656, -0.03474803641438484, 0.3080909848213196, 0.597245454788208, -0.005063278134912252, -0.23847927153110504, 0.21368877589702606, -0.30846402049064636, -0.7231553196907043, 1.3995109796524048, 0.8188769221305847, 0.14667941629886627, 0.5942752957344055, -0.3776938021183014, 0.2618085443973541, 0.14949625730514526, -0.11176241934299469, 0.22886931896209717, -0.40259355306625366, 0.24558819830417633, 0.027163783088326454, 0.3105420470237732, -0.7706755995750427, -0.11761248111724854, -0.02349189855158329, -0.2156764566898346, -0.25681135058403015, -0.06728695333003998, -0.3660527467727661, 0.07353472709655762, -0.2339334636926651, -0.8012965321540833, 0.7018920183181763, 0.3232119083404541, 0.40782639384269714, 0.03359847143292427, 0.45215508341789246, -0.4292241036891937, -0.759596049785614, 0.9178722500801086, 0.6773898005485535, 0.12246185541152954, 0.07184962183237076, 0.008653255179524422, -0.06670408695936203, 0.12695033848285675, -0.25067323446273804, 0.9008055329322815, 0.7946198582649231, -0.3273872435092926, -0.15369991958141327, 0.14119060337543488, 0.6933611035346985, -0.18389436602592468, 0.05930657684803009, -0.4185326397418976, -0.9812489748001099, 0.5106971263885498, 0.40218546986579895, 1.0266000032424927, 0.5573986768722534, -0.6509304046630859, 0.4476148188114166, -0.25256991386413574, -0.1468430757522583, -0.472647100687027, 0.4726465046405792, 0.3069348633289337, -0.3873998820781708, 0.058981966227293015, 0.031315047293901443, 0.2019895315170288, -0.44460877776145935, 0.0899289920926094, -0.5241693258285522, -0.1124284565448761, 0.04722742363810539, 0.019085966050624847, -0.2914304733276367, 0.012040402740240097, 0.6355645656585693, 0.05341027304530144, 0.12763604521751404, -0.25349169969558716, -0.3313073217868805, -0.3005760610103607, -0.14458417892456055, 0.3078451156616211, 0.14983247220516205, 0.5093458890914917, 0.44033363461494446, 0.3916543424129486, -0.13310746848583221, 0.03767988830804825, -0.31447264552116394, -0.34443262219429016, -0.4668788015842438, -5.428766250610352, -0.11635260283946991, -0.02397075481712818, 0.680633544921875, -0.06774857640266418, 0.0763801708817482, 0.5701653361320496, -0.2412143051624298, 0.20874497294425964, -0.35071808099746704, -0.023519441485404968, -0.1733301430940628, -0.47731804847717285, 0.16926077008247375, 0.8479822874069214, 0.21455194056034088, -0.18706677854061127, -0.27392271161079407, 0.3294990360736847, 0.27281367778778076, -0.3729287385940552, -0.15505312383174896, 0.40278175473213196, 0.8485318422317505, 0.2533034682273865, 0.33676886558532715, -0.19504716992378235, -0.555933952331543, -0.5050305724143982, 0.2173958271741867, -0.0832863599061966, 0.19104477763175964, 0.27110353112220764, -0.06763181835412979, -0.012904449366033077, 0.17892983555793762, 0.26136061549186707, -0.32774460315704346, -0.11892048269510269, -0.7634268999099731, 0.5350366234779358, -0.014124266803264618, -0.23670116066932678, 0.07868633419275284, -0.1666143238544464, -0.5496216416358948, -0.1576458215713501, 0.15791229903697968, -0.4860393702983856, 0.6956884860992432, 0.4550414979457855, 0.9287871718406677, 0.5733386278152466, -0.4557751715183258, -0.3720320463180542, -0.13283701241016388, -0.0033676987513899803, 0.02033551037311554, 0.44927433133125305, -0.3225133419036865, -0.1927187591791153, -0.5182738900184631, -0.18055647611618042, 0.3164069950580597, -0.3564560115337372, -0.1740567684173584, -0.45470595359802246, 0.12125573307275772, 0.2609816789627075, 0.3087519407272339, -0.0856318324804306, -0.5851436853408813, -0.1620243936777115, -0.967494010925293, 0.09866464883089066, -0.017517991364002228, 0.07749529927968979, -0.522941529750824, 0.5601189136505127, 0.15056738257408142, -0.03372407704591751, -0.5145707130432129, 0.5326975584030151, 0.33874547481536865, -0.29117369651794434, -1.3894838094711304, -0.12436946481466293, 0.12636598944664001, -0.5659084320068359, -0.745810866355896, -0.07933013141155243, -0.0358835905790329, -0.0360964797437191, -0.23618347942829132, 0.2858155369758606, 0.4393216371536255, 0.6353695392608643, -0.05854949727654457, 0.10500776767730713, -0.022684495896100998, 0.6611728668212891, 0.23652306199073792, -0.12553416192531586, -0.3961973488330841, -0.3289491534233093, -0.761639416217804, -0.8574079871177673, 0.35269981622695923, 0.5831068754196167, -0.3848453164100647, 0.42060843110084534, -0.40402066707611084, -0.3783813714981079, -0.6806060671806335, 0.004721702076494694, 0.4453634023666382, -0.1552744209766388, 0.5603415369987488, 0.0820445716381073, 0.18762800097465515, -0.18911905586719513, 0.14160335063934326, -0.7572004199028015, -0.18072865903377533, -0.00852765329182148, 0.8355192542076111, 0.2103951871395111, -0.3186727464199066, -0.5036730170249939, 0.08404650539159775, -0.11362676322460175, -0.1516275256872177, -0.33760952949523926, 0.0020437368657439947, 0.19941282272338867, 0.44649451971054077, -0.3622382879257202, -0.7396272420883179, -0.12459801882505417, 0.03655555471777916, 0.40110334753990173, 0.06713610142469406, -0.22487474977970123, 0.467105507850647, -0.07160325348377228, 0.5084596276283264, -0.2989136874675751, -0.5752325654029846, 0.40204399824142456, 0.2764742970466614, -0.29245877265930176, -0.14472846686840057, -0.2927267253398895, -0.8657667636871338, 0.23094727098941803, -0.6880751252174377, -0.20467323064804077, -0.32093366980552673, -0.1215912476181984, -0.3071278929710388, -0.1686142235994339, -0.4766514003276825, -1.5720103979110718, -0.25469309091567993, -0.16408605873584747, -0.036869850009679794, 0.06650099903345108, -0.16525152325630188, -0.43367743492126465, 0.2542942762374878, -0.546776533126831, -0.21083077788352966, 0.1354263871908188, 0.017279041931033134, 0.04253050312399864, 0.03388475254178047, -0.30767467617988586, -0.34414196014404297, 0.006630582734942436, -0.17077316343784332, -0.23887097835540771, -0.2232513725757599, -0.06776879727840424, 0.43586209416389465, 0.5687161087989807, 0.018561270087957382, -0.18625083565711975, -0.16778171062469482, 0.1676083207130432, 0.008489017374813557, -0.46631839871406555, 0.5379350185394287, 0.44098806381225586, 0.29047495126724243, -0.731952428817749, -0.58646559715271, -0.1825874298810959, 0.6380667090415955, -0.0951923280954361, -0.36874261498451233, 0.29990124702453613, -0.1943618506193161, -0.43262380361557007, 0.47707098722457886, 0.210885152220726, -0.5156632661819458, 0.20382022857666016, 0.38208889961242676, -0.0004460287163965404, 0.23527929186820984, 0.1253989189863205, -0.20754005014896393, -0.2747655212879181, 0.1502944380044937, -1.1771095991134644, 0.0677376538515091, -0.46959614753723145, -0.3542909324169159, 0.05927083641290665, 0.4011338949203491, -0.10940699279308319, -0.02031851001083851, -0.7897254228591919, -0.34068822860717773, -0.4514135420322418, 0.2523043751716614, 0.5697465538978577, -0.8556883335113525, -0.18057553470134735, -0.07504484057426453, 0.32446086406707764, -0.36306941509246826, 0.03085142932832241, -0.06622021645307541, 0.20926401019096375, 0.02528948336839676, -0.6422672271728516, 0.1622980386018753, -0.43738681077957153, 0.5052136778831482, -0.3792915642261505, 0.4256506562232971, -0.3702942728996277, -0.9910734295845032, -0.47122296690940857, 0.5535944104194641, 0.38910236954689026, -0.19664540886878967, -0.22309643030166626, -0.26050370931625366, 0.5023362040519714, 0.40368714928627014, 0.41267502307891846, -0.1408492773771286, -0.37064221501350403, -0.25396281480789185, -0.2623189091682434, -0.08050638437271118, -0.5825191140174866, 0.20459792017936707, 0.4407254755496979, 0.3913402557373047, -0.057287171483039856, 0.23037375509738922, 0.8781357407569885, 0.05320320278406143, -0.020684590563178062, -0.49427005648612976, 0.0127550158649683, -0.2298567295074463, 0.5768884420394897, 0.049532968550920486, 0.165248304605484, 0.19498512148857117, 0.17390219867229462, 0.091550312936306, -0.2990781366825104, -1.263079285621643, 0.07752293348312378, 0.33397191762924194, -0.07736809551715851, -0.15563659369945526, -0.4756639897823334, -0.29604214429855347, 0.6369226574897766, -0.987827718257904, -0.5213239192962646, 0.32905200123786926, 0.33830735087394714, 0.10638469457626343, 0.4449557363986969, -0.5875139236450195, -0.23959676921367645, 0.24849674105644226, -0.046334315091371536, 0.7488993406295776, 0.31614091992378235, 0.37101829051971436, 0.0738208070397377, -0.15228617191314697, -0.9395928978919983, 0.8091505169868469, 0.585473895072937, -0.32334738969802856, -0.08155839890241623, 0.9569722414016724, -0.08835413306951523, -0.5509541630744934, 0.08745914697647095, 0.0904834046959877, 0.043544378131628036, 0.0467366948723793, 0.256514310836792, 0.38008013367652893, -0.69524085521698, 0.3779006600379944, 0.03566836565732956, -0.7032332420349121, 0.10422783344984055, 0.8000258803367615, 0.27552565932273865, 0.31422969698905945, 0.03349639102816582, 0.07768081873655319, -0.9297444224357605, 0.39505550265312195, -0.22928988933563232, -0.3086898624897003, 0.544546365737915, 0.1299559772014618, 0.24559123814105988, 0.38328850269317627, -0.3125377893447876, 0.480912983417511, -0.27762261033058167, -0.47403591871261597, -0.1649615317583084, -0.8745657801628113, -0.0668705478310585, 0.12280106544494629, 0.7298032641410828, 0.4818875789642334, 0.18581554293632507, -0.19137369096279144, 0.28222888708114624, 0.18426723778247833, -0.11649910360574722, -0.10361982882022858, -0.18326936662197113, 0.1593838483095169, 0.5355955362319946, -0.2294842004776001, 0.42376837134361267, -0.6092116236686707, 0.9296247959136963, -0.37777549028396606, 0.14615270495414734, -0.3940865397453308, 0.20036712288856506, -0.20786507427692413, 0.45285362005233765, 0.28458666801452637, -0.7074775695800781, 0.06401969492435455, -0.6475029587745667, 0.29907089471817017, 0.16663534939289093, 0.005840792320668697, -0.34969431161880493, 0.2697903513908386, 0.0010805707424879074, -0.07829372584819794, -0.10929077118635178, 0.120313361287117, 0.6242890954017639, 0.10431872308254242, 0.23189878463745117, -0.2191624492406845, 0.03869744390249252, 0.3283364772796631, 0.026972977444529533, 0.24553081393241882, -0.5070193409919739, -0.12053439021110535, -0.4505147635936737, 0.10832412540912628, -0.5836771726608276, -0.2811679542064667, -0.823928713798523, -0.3377646505832672, 0.45032209157943726, 0.700548529624939, 0.2921501398086548, -0.07166022062301636, -0.3277788758277893, -0.39326873421669006, 0.22407226264476776, 1.2408117055892944, 0.08440535515546799, -0.16975179314613342, -0.3644901514053345, 0.1629265546798706, -0.2937258780002594, -0.11001724004745483, -0.155360609292984, 0.5728849172592163, -0.1931251585483551, -0.159457266330719, -0.635100781917572, 1.3842695951461792, 0.27530133724212646, -0.048990290611982346, 0.180869922041893, 0.24185261130332947, -0.9609037041664124, 0.5320786237716675, 0.027878541499376297, 0.2459612637758255, 0.24363453686237335, -0.42150458693504333, -0.12217015773057938, 0.21203964948654175, 0.2194679230451584, -0.19035854935646057, 0.055578168481588364, -0.40800389647483826, 0.09658951312303543, -0.017916696146130562, 0.10334616154432297, 0.3496980667114258, 0.1750125288963318, -0.27823853492736816, -0.718604564666748, -0.3800002634525299, -0.7884381413459778, 0.11658362299203873, 0.40172967314720154, 0.4512313902378082, 0.023162299767136574, -0.06360336393117905, 0.20826247334480286, -0.20889410376548767, 0.9517009854316711, 0.0639398843050003, 0.9419282078742981, -0.02800830639898777, -0.2814979553222656, -0.11567610502243042, -0.8089048862457275, 0.4784352779388428, 0.6326233148574829, 0.0992666482925415, 0.07004362344741821, -0.11361496150493622, -0.2596873342990875, 0.004900364670902491, 0.5292602181434631, -0.5316094756126404, -0.29392868280410767, -0.2336108386516571 ]
230705	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20H.%20Coates	John H. Coates	John Henry Coates, FRS (born 26 January 1945) is a mathematician who was the Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom from 1986 to 2012. Early life and education Coates was born the son of J. H. Coates and B. L. Lee and grew up in Possum Brush (near Taree) in New South Wales, Australia. Coates Road in Possum Brush is named after the family farm on which he grew up. Before university he spent a summer working for BHP in Newcastle, New South Wales, though he was not successful in gaining a university scholarship with the company. Coates attended Australian National University on scholarship as one of the first undergraduates, from which he gained a BSc degree. He then moved to France, doing further study at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, before moving again to England. Career In England he did postgraduate research at the University of Cambridge, his doctoral dissertation being on p-adic analogues of Baker's method. In 1969, Coates was appointed assistant professor of mathematics at Harvard University in the United States, before moving again in 1972 to Stanford University where he became an associate professor. In 1975, he returned to England, where he was made a fellow of Emmanuel College, and took up a lectureship. Here he supervised the PhD of Andrew Wiles, and together they proved a partial case of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for elliptic curves with complex multiplication. In 1977, Coates moved back to Australia, becoming a professor at the Australian National University, where he had been an undergraduate. The following year, he moved back to France, taking up a professorship at the University of Paris XI at Orsay. In 1985, he returned to the École Normale Supérieure, this time as professor and director of mathematics. Since 1986 Coates has worked in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS) of the University of Cambridge. He was head of DPMMS for several years. He played a role in new appointments in number theory and geometry in University of Cambridge. In the last ten years Coates studied some aspects of non-commutative Iwasawa theory. He also served on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2009. Awards and honours Coates was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1985, and was President of the London Mathematical Society from 1988 to 1990. The latter organisation awarded him the Senior Whitehead Prize in 1997, for "his fundamental research in number theory and for his many contributions to mathematical life both in the UK and internationally". His nomination for the Royal Society reads: Personal life Coates married Julie Turner in 1966, with whom he had three sons. He collects Japanese pottery and porcelain. References 1945 births Living people Harvard University faculty Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty 20th-century Australian mathematicians 21st-century Australian mathematicians Number theorists Fellows of the Royal Society École Normale Supérieure faculty Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge Cambridge mathematicians Australian National University alumni People from Taree Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge	[ 0.06820020824670792, 0.7694525718688965, -0.4862315058708191, -0.7136788964271545, -0.33666226267814636, 1.1498489379882812, 0.2852846086025238, -0.40002232789993286, -0.03309683874249458, 0.17945754528045654, -0.15090706944465637, -0.10237526893615723, -0.5071671009063721, 0.6143128871917725, 0.11114063113927841, 0.2851124107837677, -0.24806351959705353, -0.0848684012889862, -0.053346894681453705, -0.27906572818756104, -0.20923446118831635, 0.009135255590081215, -0.18296481668949127, 0.05965326726436615, -0.4005015790462494, 0.10467156022787094, -0.04817451909184456, -0.39496850967407227, -0.1770714968442917, -0.29702040553092957, 0.32802340388298035, 0.7115718126296997, -0.19695495069026947, -0.2695236802101135, 0.017137747257947922, 0.13247786462306976, -0.2925928235054016, -0.37302836775779724, 0.14997854828834534, 0.2010337859392166, -0.2449410855770111, 0.1942499428987503, -0.045867372304201126, -0.03048623353242874, -0.6538053750991821, -0.4840887188911438, -1.967768669128418, 0.007201527711004019, -0.9216001629829407, -0.8245294094085693, -0.2860317528247833, 0.07457400858402252, 0.8044798374176025, -0.2299615889787674, 0.09898572415113449, 0.4243500828742981, -0.471680611371994, -0.037316471338272095, 0.33723586797714233, -0.5231577754020691, 0.7889744639396667, -0.49985337257385254, 0.11050470918416977, -0.1549573391675949, 0.8414469957351685, 0.4015975594520569, -0.1485852599143982, 0.21971307694911957, -0.44126400351524353, 0.1694684624671936, -0.15969577431678772, 0.2377554476261139, 0.13792987167835236, 0.3869343101978302, -0.1150779128074646, -0.18324516713619232, 0.472604900598526, 0.15955038368701935, -0.07541540265083313, 0.0957191064953804, 0.4128960967063904, -0.12174101173877716, 0.6209179162979126, 0.7355262041091919, 0.292860746383667, 0.18970981240272522, -0.8354736566543579, 0.3320651054382324, -0.4723101258277893, 0.08857045322656631, -0.6566517949104309, -0.04617230221629143, 0.33639585971832275, 0.029445258900523186, -0.2212781459093094, 0.14237216114997864, -0.027595315128564835, 0.2622388005256653, 0.29811525344848633, -0.20554354786872864, -0.4302115738391876, -0.5853908061981201, 0.446686327457428, -0.36638015508651733, -0.2348589152097702, -0.06653613597154617, -0.4812602400779724, -0.58342444896698, 0.5222551226615906, -0.8917790651321411, -0.813607931137085, 0.18173877894878387, -0.0480671301484108, 0.4105251431465149, 0.5154896378517151, 0.7068291306495667, 0.08988361060619354, -0.2477097511291504, -0.5464953184127808, 0.33838951587677, -0.2592385411262512, 0.5343889594078064, -0.3503812849521637, 0.2801879942417145, -0.9884781241416931, 0.09638535231351852, 0.13302884995937347, 0.2528211772441864, -0.16562998294830322, 0.16224202513694763, 0.46646344661712646, 1.650595784187317, -0.38901686668395996, -0.4349043667316437, -0.6977201700210571, -0.178131565451622, 0.2927839457988739, -0.19335125386714935, -0.45229804515838623, 1.032547950744629, -0.38544952869415283, -0.2151690274477005, -0.4530074894428253, 0.06866911053657532, 0.2616836726665497, 0.17343050241470337, -0.43393033742904663, -0.004297557286918163, 0.2555072605609894, 0.30214250087738037, 0.2508559823036194, 0.23317734897136688, -0.1888003647327423, 0.0018305827397853136, -0.22566495835781097, 0.6381558775901794, -0.07107526808977127, 0.22515660524368286, 0.19153344631195068, 0.21080733835697174, 0.14582151174545288, -0.629132091999054, 0.08596204966306686, 0.2686460614204407, 0.44181135296821594, -0.06205393373966217, 0.5725618004798889, -0.3819003999233246, -0.2748902440071106, 0.33005717396736145, 0.060069628059864044, -0.7627419233322144, 0.8273460865020752, -0.5978705286979675, 0.21014933288097382, 0.2806592583656311, 0.29283297061920166, 0.11451051384210587, 0.5901803970336914, -0.16706982254981995, -0.7982730865478516, -0.24762803316116333, 0.04439140483736992, 0.2951379716396332, 0.33316436409950256, 0.07069504261016846, 0.2010880708694458, -0.049084823578596115, 0.4505480229854584, -0.020670635625720024, -0.26304689049720764, -0.47058790922164917, 0.14003990590572357, -0.2551113963127136, 1.1385929584503174, 0.390516072511673, -0.30317986011505127, 0.1973467767238617, -0.3433553874492645, 0.9516800045967102, -0.15793798863887787, -0.2591038644313812, -0.0859142318367958, -0.5674349069595337, 0.47312602400779724, 0.9682384133338928, 0.46437838673591614, -0.1378328800201416, 0.2542836368083954, 0.616713285446167, 0.4356794059276581, -0.6656524538993835, 0.27460089325904846, 0.692813515663147, -0.07867381721735, -0.5442898869514465, 0.12848368287086487, -0.014131849631667137, 0.31967395544052124, -1.0673761367797852, 0.8479130864143372, 0.49086883664131165, -0.09567289799451828, 0.48550596833229065, 0.6400592923164368, 0.8754293918609619, 0.3276654779911041, 0.037328172475099564, 0.08335523307323456, -1.0183320045471191, 0.2731592059135437, 0.6984584331512451, 0.468565434217453, -0.38736701011657715, -0.6151849627494812, -0.11130616813898087, 0.16377319395542145, -0.475229948759079, -0.4726574420928955, -0.4460054934024811, 0.3567189872264862, 0.7678134441375732, -0.8544573783874512, 0.19788242876529694, 0.10779125243425369, 0.07902586460113525, 0.2205229252576828, 0.20044828951358795, -0.40159937739372253, -0.4664710462093353, 0.1904122680425644, 0.6694678068161011, 0.6053516268730164, -0.0869666188955307, -0.07273214310407639, 0.29802897572517395, -0.07780066132545471, 0.4730185866355896, 0.6902402639389038, 0.6186278462409973, -0.13329526782035828, -0.06235257536172867, 0.09785754978656769, 0.05123176425695419, -0.5661690831184387, -0.05282960087060928, -0.2432233989238739, -0.7988014817237854, 0.3585626780986786, -0.2940595746040344, 0.8443436622619629, -0.8062418103218079, -0.4059082865715027, -0.08925784379243851, -0.21402989327907562, -0.5006956458091736, -0.00909418985247612, -0.24930623173713684, -0.906440019607544, -0.5066441297531128, 0.8601301312446594, 1.1445449590682983, -0.47634339332580566, 0.17518779635429382, 0.061442356556653976, -0.25964102149009705, -0.3079015910625458, 0.05872730910778046, 0.5766209363937378, -0.19833754003047943, -0.29388242959976196, 1.248539686203003, -0.032626278698444366, 0.14066019654273987, -0.6048241853713989, 0.32788529992103577, -0.37968572974205017, -1.119023323059082, 0.29859697818756104, 0.06969022750854492, -0.7110804915428162, 0.3781593143939972, -0.02282915823161602, 0.2729679346084595, 0.08000838756561279, 0.08925385028123856, -0.5225611329078674, -0.5538964867591858, -5.178292274475098, 0.2445995956659317, -0.07635204493999481, 0.03639015927910805, 0.6288871765136719, 0.15825404226779938, 0.5287125706672668, 0.19007524847984314, -0.14758440852165222, -0.4805298447608948, -0.13888418674468994, -0.3611225187778473, -0.6467359066009521, 0.9043983817100525, 1.1638365983963013, 0.6384528875350952, 0.6160728931427002, -0.6959959864616394, 0.27302640676498413, 0.455197811126709, -0.3963410258293152, 0.2086745649576187, -0.3473964333534241, 0.292208194732666, -0.12432487308979034, 0.866674542427063, -0.6927049160003662, 0.28936880826950073, -1.0167957544326782, -0.20848850905895233, 0.36191126704216003, -0.1860160231590271, -0.4609946608543396, -0.01656717248260975, -0.1593516319990158, 0.24735663831233978, 0.3410055339336395, 0.07185632735490799, -0.025830674916505814, -0.070627361536026, 0.5383742451667786, 0.47247055172920227, -0.5347743630409241, 0.5095889568328857, 0.2706911861896515, -0.21894794702529907, -1.1733514070510864, 0.05343669280409813, 0.058261413127183914, 0.26114198565483093, -0.3044411242008209, 0.6113348603248596, 0.3047163784503937, -0.17707248032093048, -0.554181694984436, -0.06448742747306824, 0.28950199484825134, -0.05468809977173805, -0.5997180342674255, 0.6340795159339905, 0.14614231884479523, -1.0636428594589233, 0.4765905439853668, 0.14053010940551758, -0.3471410572528839, -0.5488114356994629, -0.23248672485351562, -0.22797571122646332, -0.10650476068258286, -0.6668112874031067, 0.12400985509157181, 0.568823516368866, 0.04656437039375305, -0.7930052280426025, -0.2657102644443512, -0.5577056407928467, 0.3656593859195709, 0.18391935527324677, -0.2919236123561859, -0.2722522020339966, 0.10260428488254547, -0.6936237812042236, -0.6455385088920593, 1.2325594425201416, 0.21967630088329315, -0.3913476765155792, -0.7122461795806885, 0.118583545088768, -0.3383078873157501, -0.34962716698646545, 0.3214851915836334, -0.020956236869096756, 0.4979937970638275, 0.5514823794364929, 0.36904966831207275, -0.047737736254930496, -0.002723804907873273, 0.3721124231815338, 0.20316185057163239, -0.0811614915728569, -0.054853830486536026, -0.3833373486995697, -0.38794535398483276, -0.9038110971450806, 0.3127352297306061, -0.6060162782669067, -0.1496848613023758, 0.5409471392631531, 0.3982134163379669, 0.6146669387817383, -0.01780882105231285, 0.12956230342388153, -0.9121770262718201, 0.0718952864408493, 0.16572466492652893, 0.2700422406196594, -0.11399604380130768, 0.36144155263900757, 0.46073615550994873, 0.5356307625770569, -0.25738680362701416, -0.012798461131751537, 0.0004649255715776235, -0.3948982357978821, -0.4032498598098755, 0.1974775642156601, 0.5615836977958679, -0.33922454714775085, -0.6600345969200134, -0.4730629026889801, -0.3836382329463959, 1.0508670806884766, -0.5860826969146729, 0.1582496464252472, -0.328880250453949, 0.05763533338904381, -0.8157100081443787, -0.30350789427757263, 0.06740275770425797, -0.12167996913194656, 0.8739528656005859, -0.34605178236961365, 0.35535097122192383, 0.22879885137081146, 0.04019832983613014, 0.10072124004364014, 0.16002508997917175, 0.2675352990627289, -0.27448228001594543, 0.9172410368919373, 0.30895382165908813, -0.5812920331954956, -0.22660160064697266, -0.7037339806556702, 0.04701672121882439, -0.044038545340299606, 0.05819202587008476, 0.20080015063285828, -0.06956726312637329, -0.21085670590400696, 0.1426231563091278, 0.6314948201179504, -0.9084992408752441, -0.2817854881286621, 0.17559978365898132, -0.08090957254171371, -0.5385193228721619, -0.0673539936542511, -0.6640278100967407, 0.5921717882156372, -0.24090296030044556, -0.6425176858901978, -0.07440479099750519, -0.5338907241821289, -0.10280438512563705, -0.2001274675130844, 0.11478569358587265, -0.1624070405960083, -0.1963079422712326, -0.20518869161605835, 0.23357363045215607, 0.11396799236536026, -0.7014253735542297, 0.5708999037742615, 1.2441400289535522, -0.03386376425623894, -0.7039885520935059, -0.28426581621170044, 0.07751864194869995, -0.32332417368888855, -0.012375283986330032, -0.564980685710907, 0.5909497141838074, 1.0852245092391968, -0.47613614797592163, -0.23216167092323303, 0.1656988263130188, -0.034918006509542465, -0.46100398898124695, -0.6864986419677734, 0.25296780467033386, 0.04937710985541344, 0.12411517649888992, 0.3435303270816803, 0.47735077142715454, -1.292961597442627, -0.78236323595047, 0.21055221557617188, -0.11851587891578674, 1.0168288946151733, -0.4815547466278076, -0.34958967566490173, 0.20592188835144043, 0.3320319652557373, -0.41917070746421814, 0.37174323201179504, 0.24864080548286438, 0.31085771322250366, -0.4024026095867157, 0.038297463208436966, -0.5332789421081543, 0.18750441074371338, -0.1790459305047989, -0.5759950280189514, -0.31850600242614746, -0.22278621792793274, 0.459723562002182, 0.09630069136619568, 0.6866547465324402, -0.15759111940860748, -0.09402008354663849, -0.5260165333747864, 0.30205056071281433, 0.379700243473053, -0.2827417850494385, 0.26599618792533875, -0.12217457592487335, 0.48573407530784607, -0.25620266795158386, -0.0775885283946991, 0.05447005853056908, 0.5996274352073669, 0.43111905455589294, -0.8457985520362854, -0.1764136403799057, -0.04760078713297844, 0.5905306935310364, -0.3877832591533661, -0.25764206051826477, 0.2641049921512604, 0.2826327383518219, 0.19601309299468994, -0.6639065742492676, 0.2552739977836609, 0.7492566704750061, 0.3757534325122833, 0.43882089853286743, -0.07008443027734756, 0.3486132025718689, -0.04759443551301956, 0.11505784839391708, 0.028772372752428055, -0.19215445220470428, 0.042844854295253754, -0.1726842224597931, 0.2699581980705261, 0.03696080297231674, -0.1497364044189453, 1.0311119556427002, 0.18521472811698914, -0.2928237318992615, -0.5428432822227478, -0.3221912086009979, 0.3845617175102234, -0.5095524191856384, -0.02943403460085392, 0.4873059391975403, -0.28126102685928345, 0.06614401936531067, 0.05361882969737053, -0.4300084412097931, -0.22052447497844696, 0.8307674527168274, -0.5236676931381226, -0.18803535401821136, -0.3199802041053772, 0.4308435022830963, -0.010505648329854012, 0.030243676155805588, -0.24287623167037964, -0.908161997795105, -0.14247576892375946, -0.1029704287648201, -0.07585793733596802, -0.33078789710998535, -0.10334217548370361, -0.2606291174888611, 0.6569420099258423, 0.011237642727792263, -0.4892652630805969, -0.7023444771766663, 0.6385628581047058, 0.44274386763572693, -0.009167163632810116, 0.0173498447984457, 0.6692871451377869, 0.4111591577529907, 0.297687828540802, -0.39389997720718384, -0.18559062480926514, 0.08446186035871506, -0.12114030122756958, 0.1396789252758026, 0.26637235283851624, -0.4836936593055725, -0.3929460048675537, 0.398440420627594, -0.5765819549560547, 0.07490036636590958, 0.16474035382270813, -0.23843501508235931, -0.8423250317573547, 0.6572548151016235, -0.3580264747142792, -0.059808965772390366, 1.2444239854812622, -0.04178595542907715, 0.13109049201011658, -0.22359880805015564, 0.15504226088523865, -0.24986732006072998, -0.16566342115402222, -0.30991071462631226, 0.41720613837242126, -0.02673528529703617, 0.48281484842300415, 0.055144052952528, -0.7355485558509827, -0.10413229465484619, 0.16575445234775543, 0.05657195672392845, 0.9846195578575134, -0.4681049585342407, -0.09435617923736572, -0.4131239652633667, 0.44204097986221313, -0.33422136306762695, 0.20956531167030334, -0.01946166716516018, -0.08148223906755447, 0.4620383381843567, 0.35399141907691956, -0.0913645476102829, -0.1908034235239029, 0.09856919199228287, -0.27769505977630615, 0.6076514720916748, -0.3370096981525421, -0.04831137880682945, -0.14809198677539825, -0.12433105707168579, 0.12612897157669067, 0.7196420431137085, 0.2565803527832031, -0.1941206008195877, -0.2845652103424072, 0.20856793224811554, -0.7189790606498718, -0.030321724712848663, 0.6944462060928345, -0.02077305130660534, -0.2825486361980438, 0.061378564685583115, 0.38393956422805786, 0.1981126219034195, 0.0049032606184482574, 0.13103631138801575, -0.05174846202135086, -0.04903252050280571, -0.2948797345161438, -0.05675578489899635, 0.2855030596256256, -0.6003446578979492, -0.42561471462249756, 0.07081537693738937, -0.5560482740402222, -0.4614325761795044, 0.44177505373954773, -0.715861976146698, 0.030428679659962654, 0.7301661968231201, -0.2295810878276825, -0.2016325294971466, 0.2526452839374542, -1.114627480506897, 0.2059812843799591, -0.20498453080654144, 1.0583981275558472, 0.7329670786857605, -0.09982368350028992, 0.12449494749307632, 0.23138760030269623, -0.18367329239845276, 0.11942439526319504, -0.62029629945755, 0.385527104139328, -0.16847659647464752, 0.8358562588691711, -0.33793190121650696, 0.3388698995113373, 0.23741254210472107, -0.049284905195236206, -0.7571489810943604, 0.06754805147647858, -0.26079249382019043, 0.0004982845275662839, -0.02012787014245987, 0.10192496329545975, -0.4221855700016022, 0.48728179931640625, 0.014554716646671295, 0.04431229829788208, -0.2659137547016144, -0.30310723185539246, 0.3858242630958557, 0.287468820810318, 0.24698156118392944, 0.1592729538679123, 0.06152808293700218, 0.39254477620124817, 0.2908858358860016, -0.0025368686765432358, -0.719721257686615, -0.027636781334877014, 0.03160417079925537, -0.8505534529685974, 0.5141092538833618, 0.6834025979042053, -0.018202487379312515, -0.12732967734336853, 0.3200380802154541, 0.5336406826972961, -0.030721371993422508, 0.4872165322303772, -1.1856251955032349, 0.20178212225437164, -0.39359787106513977, -1.0073741674423218, -0.1648927479982376, -0.0058429348282516, 0.20502012968063354, -0.12951810657978058, 0.3981662094593048, -0.5449867844581604, 0.200570747256279, -0.05507553368806839, -0.2852575182914734, -0.1004488468170166, 0.3052558898925781, 0.2892209589481354 ]
230708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solera	Solera	Solera is a process for aging liquids such as wine, beer, vinegar, and brandy, by fractional blending in such a way that the finished product is a mixture of ages, with the average age gradually increasing as the process continues over many years. The purpose of this labor-intensive process is the maintenance of a reliable style and quality of the beverage over time. Solera means "on the ground" in Spanish, and it refers to the lower level of the set of barrels or other containers used in the process; the liquid is traditionally transferred from barrel to barrel, top to bottom, the oldest mixtures being in the barrel right "on the ground", although the containers in today's process are not necessarily stacked physically in the way that this implies but merely carefully labeled. Products which are often solera aged include Sherry, Madeira, Lillet, Port wine, Marsala, Mavrodafni, Muscat, and Muscadelle wines; Balsamic, Commandaria, some Vins doux naturels, and Sherry vinegars; Brandy de Jerez; beer; rums; and whiskies. Since the origin of this process is out of the Iberian peninsula, most of the traditional terminology is in Spanish and Portuguese. Solera process In the solera process, a succession of containers are filled with the product over a series of equal aging intervals (usually a year). A group of one or more containers, called scales, criaderas ('nurseries'), or clases are filled for each interval. At the end of the interval after the last scale is filled, the oldest scale in the solera is tapped for part of its content, which is bottled. Then that scale is refilled from the next oldest scale, and that one in succession from the second-oldest, down to the youngest scale, which is refilled with new product. This procedure is repeated at the end of each aging interval. The transferred product mixes with the older product in the next barrel. No container is ever drained, so some of the earlier product always remains in each container. This remnant diminishes to a tiny level, but there can be significant traces of product much older than the average, depending on the transfer fraction. In theory traces of the very first product placed in the solera may be present even after 50 or more cycles. In Andalusia, Spain, the latest regulations for labeling require careful labeling and record-keeping, usually via computer, allowing the winemaker or regulator to easily access the average age of each container, which depends not only on the refreshment interval and number of scales, but also the relative volumes that are chosen for the refreshment process—a larger refreshment and final removal for bottling will result in a younger average age (see Aging). The upper quality levels implied by the labeling system require the bottled wine to be greater in age than the regulatory requirements. Aging The age of product from the first bottling is the number of containers times the aging interval. As the solera matures, the average age of product asymptotically approaches one plus the number of scales (excluding the top scale) (K) divided by the fraction of a scale transferred or bottled (α), or (1 + K/α). For instance, suppose the solera consists of three barrels of wine, and half of each barrel is transferred once a year. At the end of the third year (and each subsequent year), half the third barrel is bottled. This first bottling is aged three years. The third barrel is then refilled by transferring half of the wine from the second barrel. The wine transferred from the second barrel has an average age of 2.5 years (at the end of year 2, after barrel transfers, it was half 2-year old wine, half 1-year old wine, for an average age of 1.5 years; at the end of year 3, before barrel transfers, it will have aged another year for an average age of 2.5 years). The second bottling will then be half 3.5 years old and half four years old (the wine left in the last barrel at the previous cycle), for an average age of 3.75 years. The third bottling will be an average age of 4.25 years (one half wine that was left over from the second bottling - average age 4.75 years, and one half wine transferred from the second barrel after the second bottling - average age 3.75 years). After 20 years, the output of the solera would be a mix of wine from 3 to 20 years old, averaging very slightly under five years. The average age asymptotically converges on five years as the solera continues. Solera production The output of the solera is the fraction of the last scale taken off for bottling each cycle. The amount of product tied up in the solera is usually many times larger than the production. This means that a solera is a very large capital investment for a winemaker. If done with actual barrels, the producer may have several soleras running in parallel. For a small producer, a solera may be the largest capital investment, and a valuable asset to be passed down to descendants. An economic concomitant of the Andalusian wine industry are Almacenistas ('warehousers', small or larger investors who purchase solera-produced material and carefully maintain it over many years so that it can be purchased for current needs by bodegas who are actively blending for the market. Wine produced from a solera cannot formally have a vintage date because it is a blend of vintages from many years. However, some bottlings are labeled with an age for marketing reasons, which could be the date that the solera was founded. In most instances, It is unclear whether such age indications denotes the average age, or the age of the oldest batch. In Andalusia, the various average age categories, up to 30 years of age at present, are much better documented to the regulatory body and on the bottle labels at present than they were just a decade or two ago. Solera in different countries This process is known as solera in Spanish, and was developed by the producers of sherry. In a Spanish sherry solera, the vintner may transfer about a third of each barrel a year. A solera sherry has to be at least three years old when bottled. A quite similar process is called sostrera, used to produce fortified wines in the Mediterranean regions of France. In Sicily, where Marsala wine is made, the system is called in perpetuum. Solera vinification is used in the making of Mavrodafni ("Black Laurel"), a fortified red dessert wine made in the Northern Peloponnese in Greece. Exceptional Mavrodafni vintages are released every 20 or 30 years: they are of minimal availability and expensive. Vintners in Rutherglen, Australia produce fortified muscat-style and Tokay-style wines using the solera process. In South Australia, some fortified wines (akin to tawny port) are made from blends of Shiraz, Grenache and Mourvedre. Glenfiddich, a Speyside distillery in Scotland, has a 15-year-old whisky that uses a vatting process similar to the solera. The whisky is labelled as their "15 year old single malt Scotch Whisky". For Scotch whisky, the stated age must refer to the youngest of whisky's components. Barrels are emptied into the solera vat and mixed. Then whisky is drawn from the vat to be bottled, with the vat never being more than half emptied. Since the process began in 1998, the vat has never been emptied. In France some producers use the "perpétuelle" method to blend base wines for Champagne across the years for non-vintage Champagne such as Francis Boulard Cuvée Petraea. The oldest port wine producer in America, Old Vine Tinta Solera at Ficklin, has used a solera since 1948. In Okinawa, Japan, where awamori is made, the traditional system similar to the solera is called shitsugi. The solera process has been used since the 17th century to produce sour ales in Sweden, where it is known as "hundraårig öl" (hundred-year beer). The beer is rarely commercially available, being instead made at the large manors for private consumption. See also Perpetual stew References External links Website of the Denominación de Origen of Jerez Website of the Denominación de Origen Montilla-Moriles: Criaderas and Soleras Aging: the Solera Method demystified... by The Rum Project The Solera system on SherryNotes Winemaking Sherry Wine packaging and storage	[ -0.1868096888065338, 0.23185956478118896, 0.4215291440486908, 0.06097208708524704, 0.25282394886016846, 0.25900277495384216, 0.24924039840698242, 0.48630374670028687, -0.30322298407554626, -0.365841269493103, -0.04929722845554352, 0.6862081289291382, 0.5304337739944458, 0.1836276352405548, -0.23153817653656006, 0.22371827065944672, 0.6404768824577332, 0.7079090476036072, 0.48918020725250244, -0.24687397480010986, -0.185699462890625, 0.22311219573020935, 0.3740149140357971, -0.3235328793525696, 0.6192097067832947, -0.3885631859302521, -0.2670707702636719, 0.3879651129245758, -0.27573826909065247, 0.30387526750564575, -0.3959318995475769, 0.14103014767169952, -0.05065859481692314, -0.5650327205657959, -0.031143469735980034, 0.05583884194493294, 0.43925848603248596, -0.2799610197544098, 0.000467680802103132, -0.5084947943687439, -0.128682941198349, 0.013636934570968151, 0.5814481377601624, 0.24849048256874084, -0.23985594511032104, 0.21865303814411163, -0.9490983486175537, 0.5769553780555725, -0.435905396938324, 0.46976855397224426, -0.34024909138679504, 0.18879485130310059, -0.08694319427013397, 0.0021235712338238955, 0.16217611730098724, 0.5486403703689575, -0.7280869483947754, 0.505620002746582, 0.08711092919111252, -0.052109211683273315, 0.34336647391319275, 0.49513688683509827, -0.19659367203712463, -0.16394011676311493, 0.08360893279314041, -0.24449275434017181, 0.296805202960968, 0.12717477977275848, -0.44777196645736694, 0.42778751254081726, 0.1632613092660904, -0.26845231652259827, -0.4189925789833069, 0.07815005630254745, -0.4160515069961548, -0.4886423647403717, -0.5317342877388, -0.0802154541015625, -0.13423572480678558, 0.2521861791610718, 0.3626904785633087, -0.4599575102329254, 0.42575523257255554, 0.1006636917591095, 0.3330610990524292, 0.9042692184448242, -0.08137121051549911, 0.24663200974464417, -0.7497573494911194, -0.1074305921792984, -0.48854225873947144, -0.4539194107055664, 1.1927481889724731, 0.49160322546958923, 0.19246062636375427, -0.2906973361968994, 0.5462493300437927, -0.040576912462711334, 0.36519673466682434, 0.4476511478424072, -0.3453494608402252, 0.25864022970199585, 0.06408511847257614, -0.3106696605682373, -0.055676545947790146, 0.1123146265745163, -0.6799961924552917, -0.0466189943253994, 0.08130205422639847, -0.11776071786880493, 0.03624885156750679, 0.24967224895954132, 0.4349149763584137, 1.0107783079147339, -0.3588522970676422, -0.03151879459619522, 0.2967844307422638, 0.2352309376001358, -0.2776474952697754, 0.09180018305778503, 0.36237385869026184, 0.45820626616477966, 0.1505661904811859, -0.02515391819179058, -0.18384289741516113, 0.056595876812934875, 0.2004116177558899, 0.48519474267959595, 0.02128610573709011, 0.09871075302362442, 0.4513767957687378, -0.15121708810329437, -0.14218294620513916, -0.017642585560679436, -0.11604706197977066, -0.6003459692001343, 0.28074535727500916, 0.13083627820014954, 0.7549957036972046, 0.1829339861869812, -0.8395125865936279, -0.051613908261060715, -0.17005673050880432, -0.21126390993595123, 0.1072763204574585, -0.18720726668834686, 0.16808785498142242, -0.41380980610847473, -0.21934472024440765, 0.019579589366912842, 0.6529008150100708, 0.12294964492321014, -0.2033776491880417, -0.1028418093919754, -0.3177625834941864, 0.5611274242401123, -0.42150479555130005, -0.23945119976997375, -0.4015997350215912, -0.40704357624053955, -0.07033642381429672, -0.15933175384998322, 0.33763638138771057, 0.005629025399684906, 0.4646954834461212, -0.0037777451798319817, -0.23058836162090302, 0.5568711757659912, 0.1306612342596054, 0.15451711416244507, 0.29520630836486816, 0.08457213640213013, 0.40939509868621826, -1.04977548122406, -0.8487738966941833, 0.6331772804260254, 0.3172571659088135, 0.4952459931373596, 0.39081472158432007, -0.0696072056889534, -0.5280975699424744, 0.7022147178649902, 0.03519018366932869, -0.17626923322677612, -0.27187949419021606, -0.11282309144735336, 0.1869274377822876, -0.1569751799106598, 0.12024013698101044, -0.1526031196117401, -0.6622369885444641, 0.05462843179702759, 0.050759125500917435, -0.9889131784439087, 0.2968294024467468, -0.15397799015045166, -1.0129910707473755, 0.8909661173820496, -0.25980448722839355, 0.2791624963283539, -0.5065251588821411, 0.14333991706371307, 0.5236896276473999, -0.03355254977941513, -0.07795292884111404, 0.12723591923713684, 0.09448966383934021, 0.3460642099380493, 0.8376376032829285, 0.3119862973690033, -0.243845596909523, -0.5921122431755066, 0.10090512037277222, 0.009709463454782963, 0.16357377171516418, 0.25458982586860657, -0.16794393956661224, -0.11071118712425232, 0.1731010228395462, 0.27364403009414673, 0.7310633063316345, -0.34834668040275574, -0.5945638418197632, 0.047706376761198044, -0.11638768017292023, 0.4489304721355438, -0.15648077428340912, -0.498042494058609, 0.7735186815261841, -0.2585771381855011, 0.690841019153595, -0.06936819851398468, 0.31298884749412537, -0.25337356328964233, -0.5873239636421204, 0.06221327185630798, 0.23074226081371307, -0.07609452307224274, 0.06789391487836838, -0.2730337977409363, 0.3083367645740509, 0.25336167216300964, 0.1598358005285263, 0.2178739309310913, 0.270196795463562, 0.36645543575286865, -0.15562598407268524, 0.6043282151222229, -0.36624875664711, -0.8275850415229797, 0.399451345205307, 0.38380226492881775, -0.4794570207595825, -0.05547686666250229, 0.04147367924451828, -0.4877847135066986, -0.15484558045864105, 0.2872163951396942, -0.16187183558940887, 0.41566309332847595, -0.4804720878601074, -0.11321252584457397, 0.7378179430961609, 0.41147589683532715, 0.016519632190465927, 0.2456454187631607, -0.529205322265625, -0.9063178896903992, 0.4019922614097595, 0.3478856682777405, 0.2541823387145996, -0.1714012771844864, -0.08767823874950409, 0.18292582035064697, -0.3388092517852783, -0.12498800456523895, -0.2654187083244324, -0.5479671955108643, -0.7355375289916992, -0.33666685223579407, 0.07931333780288696, 1.116522192955017, 0.21133635938167572, 0.07096073776483536, -0.6108302474021912, -0.5918633937835693, 0.00025701289996504784, -0.48742619156837463, 0.07423701137304306, -0.04897468537092209, -0.014272409491240978, 0.4666718542575836, -0.315046489238739, -0.5343265533447266, 0.20680008828639984, -0.5641602277755737, 0.07741295546293259, 0.07092062383890152, 0.2765718400478363, -0.14785335958003998, -0.24748320877552032, -0.1837461143732071, -0.010288179852068424, 0.3837168514728546, 0.37275785207748413, 0.507861316204071, -0.26960161328315735, 0.03681351616978645, -5.85090970993042, 0.027738116681575775, -0.5263347625732422, -0.2804598808288574, 0.34405454993247986, -0.3987187147140503, 0.5985809564590454, -0.15049675107002258, 0.3615795969963074, 0.07488840818405151, 0.004017299506813288, 0.4300591051578522, 0.19227200746536255, 1.046331763267517, 0.028476960957050323, 0.24141718447208405, -0.013206438161432743, -0.2841642498970032, 0.04220019653439522, 0.08803658187389374, -0.2948426902294159, -0.07731220871210098, -0.46805131435394287, 0.9311346411705017, -0.3643014430999756, 0.12488090246915817, -0.6931604743003845, 0.17937037348747253, -0.6981908679008484, 0.5127372741699219, -0.3708057701587677, 0.01809096895158291, -0.11114256083965302, -0.2361525446176529, 0.34332913160324097, 0.16567353904247284, -0.1408292055130005, -0.20799115300178528, 0.08129072934389114, -0.3618530035018921, 0.014652673155069351, 0.45709872245788574, -0.01707899011671543, 0.08540762960910797, 0.124385766685009, -0.005188847426325083, -0.08189623057842255, -0.12179318070411682, 0.36174798011779785, 0.7022106647491455, 0.32466375827789307, -0.3704272210597992, 0.2741938829421997, -0.32145658135414124, 0.4262050688266754, 0.5326721668243408, 0.7227997779846191, -0.23881158232688904, -0.02117273025214672, 0.16156062483787537, 0.2836332321166992, -0.15894629061222076, -0.06279540807008743, -0.2816905379295349, -0.28355732560157776, -0.2667837142944336, -0.15151464939117432, -0.04946780577301979, 0.50614994764328, 0.3211055397987366, -0.11123377084732056, -0.15128487348556519, -0.36404865980148315, -0.8195399641990662, 0.28345659375190735, -0.1496892273426056, -0.11983393877744675, 0.013707620091736317, -0.06037231907248497, 0.33592942357063293, 0.2933012843132019, -0.22483116388320923, -0.2545556128025055, -0.5983067154884338, 0.05567188933491707, -0.017074132338166237, -0.08064357191324234, -0.1076989471912384, -0.47126322984695435, -0.0919564962387085, 0.989205539226532, -0.2620435655117035, 0.14738543331623077, -0.011101143434643745, 0.193478062748909, 0.9543083310127258, -0.38645675778388977, -0.1266830861568451, 0.27535685896873474, -0.204603910446167, 0.4210619032382965, -0.013780714012682438, 0.6735634207725525, 0.050771769136190414, -0.015600420534610748, -0.09821721166372299, -0.40461111068725586, 0.4065077602863312, 0.42224767804145813, -0.11401253193616867, 0.11095541715621948, 0.8104025721549988, -0.26565447449684143, -0.6380020976066589, 0.5413644313812256, -0.0631076768040657, -0.4674185812473297, 0.07321016490459442, 0.37633752822875977, -0.27907857298851013, 0.07863045483827591, 0.07376278191804886, -0.6191230416297913, -0.1638410985469818, -0.44585445523262024, -0.6693654656410217, 0.1738336682319641, 0.574552595615387, -0.07992762327194214, 0.3086463510990143, -0.16419528424739838, -0.16598638892173767, -0.20783072710037231, 0.43074190616607666, 0.21893836557865143, -0.2978787124156952, 0.0088184904307127, -0.3829728960990906, -0.19342705607414246, -0.9435493350028992, 0.18573297560214996, -0.6497806310653687, -0.11329372972249985, -0.1796441227197647, 0.592364490032196, 0.6425850987434387, -0.33780038356781006, -0.20409426093101501, -0.43884825706481934, 0.8516868948936462, 0.2917275130748749, 0.5256704092025757, -0.6392660140991211, 0.03085934929549694, -0.665881872177124, -0.8564634323120117, -0.06461555510759354, 0.5312992930412292, 0.25508445501327515, -0.5749040842056274, -0.06496521830558777, -0.17952483892440796, -1.2941944599151611, -0.33672040700912476, -0.35809415578842163, -0.47926920652389526, -0.46695947647094727, 0.018912991508841515, -0.20869015157222748, 0.7922343015670776, -0.4940924346446991, -0.4918150305747986, -0.3456569015979767, -0.39575931429862976, 0.36595284938812256, -0.5086583495140076, 0.2865777015686035, -0.048715997487306595, -0.19654689729213715, -0.14490583539009094, 0.15507559478282928, 0.06663165986537933, -0.17421583831310272, -0.14250199496746063, 0.01097552478313446, -0.5392919182777405, 0.026395220309495926, -0.17392386496067047, -0.16530607640743256, -0.3867083191871643, 0.1290576457977295, 0.42148715257644653, 0.3732434809207916, -0.24743835628032684, -0.4844975471496582, -0.24113959074020386, -0.2650437653064728, 0.7716562747955322, -0.17213808000087738, -0.1260520964860916, 0.22891172766685486, 0.06745491176843643, -0.7416484355926514, 0.6272836923599243, 0.7237321138381958, -0.6337153911590576, 0.0455254465341568, -0.0753132626414299, -0.6127433180809021, -0.3114978075027466, 0.1455235332250595, -0.9654474854469299, -0.01828347146511078, 0.3692140579223633, -0.00787909422069788, -0.12622344493865967, 0.2962835729122162, 0.028027178719639778, 0.21076637506484985, -0.21929025650024414, 0.5880168080329895, -0.4972515404224396, -0.16593976318836212, -0.006425377447158098, -0.2703215479850769, 0.519576907157898, 0.7698743939399719, -0.2080695629119873, 0.41321930289268494, -0.35019028186798096, 0.7875096201896667, -0.4252472221851349, -0.5194574594497681, -0.012082894332706928, -0.3200589120388031, 0.3723350465297699, -0.29371586441993713, -0.20165376365184784, 0.24584688246250153, 0.35936734080314636, 0.17228828370571136, 0.5464416742324829, -0.001716423430480063, -0.17413674294948578, -0.4053470492362976, -0.13088062405586243, -0.12327517569065094, -0.4124402701854706, -0.5629448294639587, 0.39514485001564026, -0.11709412187337875, -0.40471750497817993, 0.77125483751297, 0.02288864180445671, 0.257553368806839, -0.2805912494659424, 0.36608123779296875, -0.09659764915704727, -0.21624863147735596, 0.4528712332248688, -0.05555718392133713, 0.05957619845867157, -0.5723408460617065, -0.11264526844024658, 0.20393213629722595, -0.5622743964195251, -0.49701082706451416, -0.02397025190293789, 0.67254638671875, -0.04406753182411194, 0.48137009143829346, 0.12087465822696686, -0.14474448561668396, 0.4900254011154175, 0.3991929590702057, 0.0829816609621048, -0.368760347366333, -0.3848707675933838, 0.13608142733573914, -0.23012027144432068, -0.8165898323059082, -0.1538282334804535, -0.28709810972213745, 0.18368826806545258, -0.25239917635917664, -0.6299604773521423, 0.1469888836145401, -0.14311829209327698, -0.6902560591697693, 0.1533902883529663, 0.05181409791111946, 0.8864206671714783, -0.025966012850403786, 0.09812305867671967, 0.16507908701896667, 0.19051091372966766, -0.28915104269981384, 0.43883058428764343, -0.24178066849708557, 0.21785688400268555, -0.1529756784439087, 0.606417179107666, 0.32300063967704773, -0.1052592396736145, -0.28924229741096497, 0.12565800547599792, 0.359867125749588, -0.12260563671588898, -0.21833665668964386, -0.038941640406847, 0.2980213463306427, -0.28050053119659424, -0.13265156745910645, 0.33744892477989197, 0.4172529876232147, 0.09269138425588608, 0.13719816505908966, 0.010967290960252285, 0.3842927813529968, 0.9924245476722717, 0.7310531735420227, -0.7283349633216858, 0.6466479897499084, -0.3823651373386383, 0.10715880244970322, 0.905004620552063, -0.40992024540901184, -0.06189541146159172, -0.4639209508895874, -0.38871443271636963, 0.9387606978416443, 0.5909729599952698, -0.17959509789943695, -0.08557406812906265, -0.19611549377441406, 0.03869383782148361, 0.1480843871831894, -0.3736463487148285, -0.3426961600780487, 0.3480900526046753, 1.23139488697052, 0.3601277768611908, -0.5342296361923218, -0.12711960077285767, 0.7315484881401062, -0.07370511442422867, -0.6016128659248352, -0.15536700189113617, 0.43526238203048706, -0.3816714584827423, 0.2764214277267456, -0.4312137961387634, 0.5442659854888916, -0.15596286952495575, 0.38947758078575134, -0.05564657971262932, 0.20789557695388794, -0.34508079290390015, -0.8305878043174744, 0.3652096390724182, -0.08680208772420883, 0.027606956660747528, 0.05313848331570625, -0.24872981011867523, -0.3147391080856323, -0.06188371405005455, 0.2071847766637802, -0.38374054431915283, 0.009707565419375896, 0.11697439104318619, -0.3961988389492035, 0.16402430832386017, -0.8860527873039246, 0.26998963952064514, 0.29963478446006775, 0.12642160058021545, 0.3263453543186188, 0.3357064127922058, 0.05224219337105751, 0.3651707172393799, -0.442629337310791, -0.27930933237075806, -0.4463433027267456, -0.17421521246433258, -0.39167067408561707, 0.21833348274230957, 0.03335772082209587, 0.24646371603012085, -0.22900331020355225, 0.42196065187454224, -0.2281426340341568, 0.11715817451477051, 0.15299424529075623, 0.5227575898170471, -0.6390191912651062, -0.26519760489463806, -0.09535566717386246, 0.44767850637435913, -0.11941065639257431, -0.5866818428039551, -0.16659186780452728, 0.4287938177585602, 0.12414306402206421, 0.18467314541339874, -0.27227142453193665, 0.07090143114328384, -0.781379759311676, 0.21429060399532318, -0.25571516156196594, 0.7467496395111084, 0.5415114164352417, -0.7026713490486145, -0.24832358956336975, -0.23979254066944122, -0.41705021262168884, -0.41749778389930725, 0.12395161390304565, -0.024339620023965836, 0.22098258137702942, -0.5552555918693542, 0.39305537939071655, -0.13953034579753876, 0.24300336837768555, 0.35885950922966003, -0.47011598944664, -0.5073384046554565, 0.019347399473190308, 0.48116233944892883, -0.6408554315567017, 0.23236197233200073, 0.19554609060287476, 0.5781089663505554, -0.3846561908721924, 0.7231662273406982, -0.4765268862247467, -0.6453849077224731, -0.2407515048980713, -0.38791197538375854, 0.10411690920591354, -0.23714350163936615, -0.05466492846608162, 0.09518802911043167, 0.42148324847221375, -0.4411580562591553, -0.12861217558383942, -0.5482372641563416, 0.13965655863285065, -0.019958851858973503, -0.4595521092414856, 0.13154679536819458, -0.1926964819431305, -0.27179545164108276, 0.17771503329277039, 0.27229389548301697, 0.14357887208461761, -0.318484902381897, 0.10370694845914841, -0.5232456922531128, -0.06125058978796005, 0.026286080479621887 ]
230711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Diderik%20van%20der%20Waals	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Johannes Diderik van der Waals (; 23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his pioneering work on the equation of state for gases and liquids. Van der Waals started his career as a school teacher. He became the first physics professor of the University of Amsterdam when in 1877 the old Athenaeum was upgraded to Municipal University. Van der Waals won the 1910 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids. His name is primarily associated with the Van der Waals equation of state that describes the behavior of gases and their condensation to the liquid phase. His name is also associated with Van der Waals forces (forces between stable molecules), with Van der Waals molecules (small molecular clusters bound by Van der Waals forces), and with Van der Waals radii (sizes of molecules). As James Clerk Maxwell said, "there can be no doubt that the name of Van der Waals will soon be among the foremost in molecular science." In his 1873 thesis, Van der Waals noted the non-ideality of real gases and attributed it to the existence of intermolecular interactions. He introduced the first equation of state derived by the assumption of a finite volume occupied by the constituent molecules. Spearheaded by Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald, a strong philosophical current that denied the existence of molecules arose towards the end of the 19th century. The molecular existence was considered unproven and the molecular hypothesis unnecessary. At the time Van der Waals's thesis was written (1873), the molecular structure of fluids had not been accepted by most physicists, and liquid and vapor were often considered as chemically distinct. But Van der Waals's work affirmed the reality of molecules and allowed an assessment of their size and attractive strength. His new formula revolutionized the study of equations of state. By comparing his equation of state with experimental data, Van der Waals was able to obtain estimates for the actual size of molecules and the strength of their mutual attraction. The effect of Van der Waals's work on molecular physics in the 20th century was direct and fundamental. By introducing parameters characterizing molecular size and attraction in constructing his equation of state, Van der Waals set the tone for modern molecular science. That molecular aspects such as size, shape, attraction, and multipolar interactions should form the basis for mathematical formulations of the thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids is presently considered an axiom. With the help of the Van der Waals's equation of state, the critical-point parameters of gases could be accurately predicted from thermodynamic measurements made at much higher temperatures. Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and helium subsequently succumbed to liquefaction. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was significantly influenced by the pioneering work of Van der Waals. In 1908, Onnes became the first to make liquid helium; this led directly to his 1911 discovery of superconductivity. Biography Early years and education Johannes Diderik van der Waals was born on 23 November 1837 in Leiden in the Netherlands. He was the eldest of ten children born to Jacobus van der Waals and Elisabeth van den Berg. His father was a carpenter in Leiden. As was usual for all girls and working-class boys in the 19th century, he did not go to the kind of secondary school that would have given him the right to enter university. Instead he went to a school of “advanced primary education”, which he finished at the age of fifteen. He then became a teacher's apprentice in an elementary school. Between 1856 and 1861 he followed courses and gained the necessary qualifications to become a primary school teacher and head teacher. In 1862, he began to attend lectures in mathematics, physics and astronomy at the university in his city of birth, although he was not qualified to be enrolled as a regular student in part because of his lack of education in classical languages. However, the University of Leiden had a provision that enabled outside students to take up to four courses a year. In 1863 the Dutch government started a new kind of secondary school (HBS, a school aiming at the children of the higher middle classes). Van der Waals—at that time head of an elementary school—wanted to become a HBS teacher in mathematics and physics and spent two years studying in his spare time for the required examinations. In 1865, he was appointed as a physics teacher at the HBS in Deventer and in 1866, he received such a position in The Hague, which was close enough to Leiden to allow Van der Waals to resume his courses at the university there. In September 1865, just before moving to Deventer, Van der Waals married the eighteen-year-old Anna Magdalena Smit. Professorship Van der Waals still lacked the knowledge of the classical languages that would have given him the right to enter university as a regular student and to take examinations. However, it so happened that the law regulating the university entrance was changed and dispensation from the study of classical languages could be given by the minister of education. Van der Waals was given this dispensation and passed the qualification exams in physics and mathematics for doctoral studies. At Leiden University, on June 14, 1873, he defended his doctoral thesis Over de Continuïteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand (on the continuity of the gaseous and liquid state) under Pieter Rijke. In the thesis, he introduced the concepts of molecular volume and molecular attraction. In September 1877, Van der Waals was appointed the first professor of physics at the newly founded Municipal University of Amsterdam. Two of his notable colleagues were the physical chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and the biologist Hugo de Vries. Until his retirement at the age of 70, Van der Waals remained at the Amsterdam University. He was succeeded by his son Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Jr., who also was a theoretical physicist. In 1910, at the age of 72, Van der Waals was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. He died at the age of 85 on March 8, 1923. Scientific work The main interest of Van der Waals was in the field of thermodynamics. He was influenced by Rudolf Clausius's 1857 treatise entitled Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen (On the Kind of Motion which we Call Heat). Van der Waals was later greatly influenced by the writings of James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Willard Gibbs. Clausius's work led him to look for an explanation of Thomas Andrews's experiments that had revealed, in 1869, the existence of critical temperatures in fluids. He managed to give a semi-quantitative description of the phenomena of condensation and critical temperatures in his 1873 thesis, entitled Over de Continuïteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand (On the continuity of the gas and liquid state). This dissertation represented a hallmark in physics and was immediately recognized as such, e.g. by James Clerk Maxwell who reviewed it in Nature in a laudatory manner. In this thesis he derived the equation of state bearing his name. This work gave a model in which the liquid and the gas phase of a substance merge into each other in a continuous manner. It shows that the two phases are of the same nature. In deriving his equation of state Van der Waals assumed not only the existence of molecules (the existence of atoms was disputed at the time), but also that they are of finite size and attract each other. Since he was one of the first to postulate an intermolecular force, however rudimentary, such a force is now sometimes called a Van der Waals force. A second major discovery was the 1880 the Law of Corresponding States, which showed that the Van der Waals equation of state can be expressed as a simple function of the critical pressure, critical volume, and critical temperature. This general form is applicable to all substances (see Van der Waals equation.) The compound-specific constants a and b in the original equation are replaced by universal (compound-independent) quantities. It was this law which served as a guide during experiments which ultimately led to the liquefaction of hydrogen by James Dewar in 1898 and of helium by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1908. In 1890, Van der Waals published a treatise on the Theory of Binary Solutions in the Archives Néerlandaises. By relating his equation of state with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, in the form first proposed by Willard Gibbs, he was able to arrive at a graphical representation of his mathematical formulations in the form of a surface which he called Ψ (Psi) surface following Gibbs, who used the Greek letter Ψ for the free energy of a system with different phases in equilibrium. Mention should also be made of Van der Waals's theory of capillarity, which in its basic form first appeared in 1893. In contrast to the mechanical perspective on the subject provided earlier by Pierre-Simon Laplace, Van der Waals took a thermodynamic approach. This was controversial at the time, since the existence of molecules and their permanent, rapid motion were not universally accepted before Jean Baptiste Perrin's experimental verification of Albert Einstein's theoretical explanation of Brownian motion. Personal life He married Anna Magdalena Smit in 1865, and the couple had three daughters (Anne Madeleine, , Johanna Diderica) and one son, the physicist Jacqueline was a poet of some note. Van der Waals's nephew Peter van der Waals was a cabinet maker and a leading figure in the Sapperton, Gloucestershire school of the Arts and Crafts movement. The wife of Johannes van der Waals died of tuberculosis at 34 years old in 1881. After becoming a widower Van der Waals never remarried and was so shaken by the death of his wife that he did not publish anything for about a decade. He died in Amsterdam on March 8, 1923, one year after his daughter Jacqueline had died. Honours Van der Waals received numerous honors and distinctions, besides winning the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of the University of Cambridge; was made Honorary Member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Royal Irish Academy, and the American Philosophical Society (1916); Corresponding Member of the Institut de France and the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin; Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium; and Foreign Member of the Chemical Society of London, the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (1913), and of the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome. Van der Waals became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1875. From 1896 until 1912, he was secretary of this society. He was furthermore elected as Honorary Member of the Netherlands Chemical Society in 1912. Minor planet 32893 van der Waals is named in his honor. Related quotes See also Van der Waals equation Van der Waals strain Van der Waals radius Van der Waals force Redlich–Kwong equation of state Peng–Robinson equation of state Notes References Citations Sources Further reading Kipnis, A. Ya.; Yavelov, B. E.; Rowlinson, J. S. (trans.): Van der Waals and Molecular Science. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) Sengers, Johanna Levelt: How Fluids Unmix: Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes. (Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002) Shachtman, Tom: Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999) Van Delft, Dirk: Freezing Physics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Quest for Cold. (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2008) Van der Waals, J. D.: Edited and Intro. J. S. Rowlinson: On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous States. (New York: Dover Publications, 2004, 320pp) External links Scientists of the Dutch School Van der Waals, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Albert van Helden Johannes Diderik van der Waals 1837 – 1923 In: K. van Berkel, A. van Helden and L. Palm ed., A History of Science in the Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 596 – 598. including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1910 The Equation of State for Gases and Liquids Museum Boerhaave H.A.M. Snelders, Waals Sr., Johannes Diderik van der (1837–1923), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. Biography of Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923) at the National Library of the Netherlands. 1837 births 1923 deaths 20th-century Dutch physicists Theoretical physicists Thermodynamicists Dutch Nobel laureates Nobel laureates in Physics Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Leiden University alumni University of Amsterdam faculty People from Leiden 19th-century Dutch physicists	[ -0.5773515105247498, 0.3615574240684509, -0.5609580874443054, 0.012459746561944485, 0.07850659638643265, 1.2900432348251343, 0.7538294196128845, -0.6665822267532349, -0.035626690834760666, -0.5834437608718872, 0.09081961214542389, 0.10415967553853989, -0.07718271762132645, 0.7428376078605652, 0.5135588645935059, -0.2682270109653473, -0.2562011182308197, -0.5113312602043152, 0.21087534725666046, 0.0695400983095169, -0.21582110226154327, 0.21714280545711517, 0.36644867062568665, 0.07430390268564224, -0.3888762295246124, -0.6459836959838867, -0.283067911863327, -0.05449767783284187, 0.18256068229675293, 0.31109100580215454, 0.03406314551830292, 1.089043140411377, -0.1777295023202896, 0.1763794720172882, -0.5948154926300049, 0.39878523349761963, -0.48897796869277954, -0.22721989452838898, 0.05324221029877663, 0.374944269657135, -0.6737399101257324, 0.18845440447330475, 0.3660980463027954, -0.11650370061397552, -0.21054275333881378, -0.9779689908027649, -1.2375487089157104, -0.42403727769851685, -0.8609300255775452, -0.8042190670967102, 0.051913030445575714, 0.14936213195323944, 0.7202898859977722, 0.6984204649925232, -0.519107460975647, 0.10694479942321777, -1.1130633354187012, 0.3040814697742462, 0.0005506058223545551, -0.34363803267478943, 0.41264140605926514, -0.11061999201774597, 0.05745755136013031, 0.41274574398994446, 0.8663922548294067, 0.2814701795578003, -0.056311096996068954, 0.4360695481300354, -0.06476274877786636, 0.21761533617973328, -0.10819070786237717, 0.720206618309021, -0.1455901712179184, -0.21858173608779907, 0.20138728618621826, -0.24198250472545624, 0.17233870923519135, 0.054503656923770905, -0.6668400764465332, 0.28400465846061707, 0.10453695803880692, -0.391746461391449, 0.4503454566001892, 0.42119553685188293, 0.0005313956062309444, 0.08554410934448242, -0.5624537467956543, 0.015059900470077991, -0.6865409016609192, 0.1858048141002655, -0.5273128151893616, -0.14830146729946136, 0.2594726085662842, -0.605478048324585, -0.37347909808158875, 0.3119852840900421, 0.3915213644504547, 0.36735960841178894, -0.2545291781425476, -0.35774144530296326, -0.09539102762937546, -0.5842880010604858, 0.2822580635547638, -0.5811060070991516, -0.011115806177258492, -0.21405354142189026, 0.15602873265743256, -0.2677963078022003, 0.2867448925971985, 0.028247082605957985, -0.6509922742843628, -0.2630360722541809, 0.0020260971505194902, -0.04979358986020088, -0.43411651253700256, 0.28725874423980713, -0.38273128867149353, -0.4023244380950928, 0.46063902974128723, 0.2284303903579712, -0.0942496657371521, 0.5039457678794861, 0.26510149240493774, 0.20627090334892273, -0.24534858763217926, 0.12636806070804596, 0.3067958354949951, 0.11240410804748535, -0.17073015868663788, 0.2062528282403946, 0.5943490862846375, 1.4767488241195679, 0.42957356572151184, -0.18717913329601288, -0.30565345287323, 0.3336568772792816, 0.20748375356197357, 0.44053587317466736, -0.36895644664764404, 1.260812520980835, -0.12437312304973602, -0.143691286444664, -0.25663286447525024, 0.4754791557788849, 0.024890780448913574, 0.251070111989975, -0.13517393171787262, -0.12768453359603882, -0.37659159302711487, -0.13547049462795258, -0.20240092277526855, 0.09193909913301468, -0.09619522094726562, 0.06535376608371735, -0.24623483419418335, 0.9055826663970947, -0.21970303356647491, 0.5278540849685669, -0.40195396542549133, -0.23393523693084717, 0.23610946536064148, -0.17267818748950958, -0.040342576801776886, 0.6611584424972534, 0.6641453504562378, -0.5198372006416321, 0.1396254003047943, 0.39129918813705444, -0.37826788425445557, 0.32274875044822693, 0.08049116283655167, -0.4213951528072357, 0.479397714138031, -0.24272160232067108, 0.02679554373025894, -0.018357466906309128, 0.10504726320505142, -0.19008342921733856, 0.6389753818511963, -0.3173995316028595, -0.7891954779624939, -0.4488944113254547, -0.42844250798225403, 0.4863811433315277, 0.4553186893463135, 0.21909061074256897, 0.4356982111930847, -0.19855761528015137, 0.7039623260498047, -0.6605008244514465, -0.5550773739814758, -0.4054040312767029, 0.06320970505475998, -0.4773252606391907, 0.8537696003913879, 0.639930248260498, -0.022439055144786835, 0.9841392636299133, -0.41790100932121277, 0.18378178775310516, 0.07430171966552734, -0.4857760965824127, 0.006878346670418978, 0.13092659413814545, 0.43443700671195984, 0.4194587469100952, 0.6400115489959717, -0.2137593775987625, 0.4260488450527191, 0.7162631750106812, 0.41949746012687683, -0.5587493777275085, -0.1648770570755005, -0.15715007483959198, -0.18270835280418396, -0.36565446853637695, -0.6617591977119446, -0.11933550983667374, 0.5349060893058777, 0.27834460139274597, 0.8342899680137634, 0.23034287989139557, -0.09237473458051682, 0.7102083563804626, 0.34310320019721985, 0.7667004466056824, 0.4791978597640991, 0.07277531176805496, 0.06267914921045303, -0.8514664769172668, 0.05862420052289963, -0.523241400718689, 0.7377139925956726, -0.3774900436401367, 0.22758124768733978, -0.05633329972624779, -0.1500629037618637, -0.09984590113162994, -0.09251667559146881, -0.6745070219039917, 0.4350248873233795, 0.9277443289756775, -0.24153143167495728, 0.8676917552947998, -0.25488054752349854, 0.27306485176086426, 0.13024894893169403, -0.2543680667877197, -0.8559542298316956, -0.04346062242984772, -0.7677887082099915, 1.3164321184158325, -0.1260102391242981, -0.3924086391925812, -0.5652069449424744, -0.3038913607597351, 0.22544462978839874, 0.20543502271175385, 0.7719188928604126, 0.8535121083259583, 0.24306394159793854, -0.13232725858688354, 0.7304130792617798, 0.4965662360191345, -0.14644132554531097, -0.5051073431968689, 0.01449094619601965, -0.7274693846702576, -0.6112807989120483, 0.019616812467575073, 0.7882872223854065, -0.48717647790908813, -0.011341194622218609, 0.4465425908565521, 0.027052996680140495, -1.020993947982788, -0.7117863297462463, 0.008518704213202, -0.7650132179260254, -0.20408368110656738, 0.7659902572631836, 1.2120041847229004, -0.3996501863002777, -0.23169103264808655, 0.2947079539299011, -0.07616178691387177, -0.008009504526853561, 0.44721662998199463, 0.6481630802154541, -0.05598092079162598, -0.5892170667648315, -0.023053299635648727, -0.7095328569412231, -0.41190171241760254, -0.4839869737625122, 0.473129004240036, -0.15617915987968445, -0.3750371038913727, 0.45391684770584106, 0.02846350148320198, -1.2373241186141968, 0.06474614143371582, -0.152169868350029, 0.17488716542720795, 0.15207599103450775, -0.03939812257885933, -0.24472786486148834, 0.8386645317077637, -4.954984664916992, 0.1022442877292633, 0.5133441090583801, -0.3069342374801636, 0.45752474665641785, 0.5918127298355103, 0.5475457310676575, -0.012192421592772007, -0.21672360599040985, -0.04252280294895172, 0.335123747587204, -0.15877589583396912, -0.16239294409751892, 1.190958023071289, 0.4887726902961731, -0.15259355306625366, 0.35875481367111206, -0.30637893080711365, 0.3845282196998596, 0.6521466970443726, -0.29070961475372314, -0.2213771641254425, -0.24353434145450592, -0.011416950263082981, 0.06781616061925888, 0.15995675325393677, -0.19940851628780365, -0.006650897674262524, -0.920210599899292, -0.15161414444446564, -0.5546650886535645, -0.37908196449279785, -0.20806895196437836, 0.10971464961767197, 0.4244404435157776, -0.3516663908958435, -0.028791232034564018, 0.5855215787887573, -0.11454158276319504, -0.27386048436164856, -0.29138657450675964, 0.39933866262435913, -0.7281664609909058, 0.16218438744544983, -0.22396962344646454, 0.02689822018146515, -0.5738349556922913, 0.8378400206565857, -0.33921101689338684, 0.7582223415374756, 0.30826589465141296, -0.33119484782218933, 0.34822800755500793, -1.0603970289230347, 0.12410126626491547, 0.35992178320884705, 0.14203307032585144, 0.2466365098953247, -0.794393002986908, 0.3283640146255493, 0.43556350469589233, -0.9183017611503601, 0.24007782340049744, -0.24948781728744507, -0.16889676451683044, -0.10242190957069397, -0.4525894224643707, -0.5422758460044861, 0.7237911820411682, -0.2997286319732666, 0.394183486700058, 0.8215221166610718, 0.44996538758277893, -1.0760555267333984, -0.19360646605491638, -0.42159539461135864, -0.13595709204673767, -1.1140915155410767, 0.08144129812717438, 0.021922269836068153, -0.49928441643714905, -0.016868574544787407, -0.06566537171602249, 0.9111264944076538, 1.0585438013076782, 0.10962354391813278, -0.5086494088172913, -0.21301105618476868, -0.4215225279331207, -0.20870459079742432, 0.15404540300369263, -0.5560420155525208, 0.7855086922645569, -0.15288178622722626, -0.20868714153766632, 0.45314791798591614, -0.7384961843490601, 0.5747158527374268, 0.12979446351528168, 0.18822026252746582, -0.3501405715942383, -0.3283047378063202, -0.4040226340293884, -0.33257943391799927, 0.45795688033103943, 0.39001670479774475, -0.2825894057750702, 0.1253248155117035, 0.5941940546035767, 0.2521924376487732, -0.019848864525556564, 0.6886436343193054, 0.3176056742668152, -0.463503897190094, 0.0014826644910499454, -0.42825406789779663, -0.5769335031509399, 0.22717435657978058, 0.45817309617996216, 0.13389852643013, 0.08526129275560379, 0.16052664816379547, -0.2859514057636261, -0.5224339962005615, 0.6552941799163818, 0.13980749249458313, 0.06837625056505203, -0.15355226397514343, -0.588512122631073, -0.10673027485609055, -0.24107639491558075, 0.7181140184402466, 0.24086235463619232, 0.587898850440979, 0.716049075126648, -0.5141155123710632, -0.2879812717437744, -0.18586859107017517, -0.11657217890024185, -0.20971457660198212, 0.4813782870769501, -0.16435544192790985, 0.0033140245359390974, -0.44451311230659485, 0.37296292185783386, -0.11049559712409973, 0.3917756974697113, -0.007753737270832062, -0.22995327413082123, 0.8914042115211487, 0.7165523767471313, -0.22422045469284058, 0.054686252027750015, -0.1119455024600029, -1.0237613916397095, -0.0715855211019516, -0.23082678020000458, -0.12737497687339783, 0.5264596343040466, -0.2225106656551361, 0.16419675946235657, -0.264155775308609, -1.055705189704895, -0.7762418985366821, 0.4122482240200043, 0.4990837574005127, -0.41531577706336975, 0.17314347624778748, -0.1663621962070465, 0.7509329319000244, -0.4806143045425415, -1.0050950050354004, -0.15298590064048767, -0.17280709743499756, -0.38011184334754944, 0.1752229630947113, 0.507582426071167, 0.5203637480735779, -0.4274720549583435, -0.10420072078704834, 0.4606776833534241, 0.09100291877985, -0.7792079448699951, 0.07231785356998444, 0.33033445477485657, -0.4801325798034668, -0.10280345380306244, -0.28016698360443115, -0.08075261116027832, -0.024642888456583023, 0.20573456585407257, -0.015556721948087215, 0.48278743028640747, 0.2677442729473114, -0.03392493724822998, -0.44496801495552063, -0.5124648213386536, 0.7076671123504639, -0.5444415807723999, -0.7466000914573669, 0.3501540422439575, 0.023988207802176476, -0.08889815211296082, -0.3676314055919647, 0.3167005777359009, -1.060135006904602, -0.45485061407089233, 0.16949310898780823, 0.48731479048728943, 0.3892558813095093, -0.7815338373184204, -0.7924187779426575, -0.47428634762763977, 0.2678517997264862, -0.5829355716705322, -0.19051118195056915, 1.0213526487350464, -0.21773740649223328, -0.19476857781410217, -0.4227762520313263, -0.5736428499221802, 0.22025716304779053, -0.535921037197113, -0.32229673862457275, 0.12877348065376282, -0.42839527130126953, 0.22044825553894043, 0.41558727622032166, 1.0388108491897583, -0.1033632829785347, -0.48218241333961487, -0.41117486357688904, -0.29702815413475037, 0.18004849553108215, -0.5382968783378601, -0.3816797733306885, 0.6011757850646973, 0.16712994873523712, -0.4683082103729248, -0.2522416412830353, 0.3286663591861725, 0.7576912641525269, -0.08705226331949234, -0.3421269655227661, -0.4109610617160797, -0.11607550829648972, 0.7701460123062134, -0.39255717396736145, -0.15814794600009918, -0.12863178551197052, 0.24888047575950623, 0.48389050364494324, -1.1712278127670288, -0.44930458068847656, 1.0526925325393677, 0.5169373750686646, 0.14408594369888306, -0.11619479209184647, 0.2378091961145401, 0.06800606101751328, -0.4031333029270172, -0.18080469965934753, -0.08882159739732742, -0.3152245283126831, -0.1094471737742424, 0.46238115429878235, -0.6221607327461243, -0.3855825662612915, 0.4431692063808441, -0.6714847087860107, 0.15378832817077637, -0.8298262357711792, -0.9706714749336243, 0.3088286221027374, -0.0036475404631346464, 0.6432690620422363, -0.1635296642780304, -0.5323532223701477, 0.5588456392288208, -0.4261374771595001, -1.2052570581436157, -0.057040922343730927, 0.0710413008928299, 0.03963392227888107, 0.21634125709533691, -0.5368432402610779, -0.08226478099822998, -0.3915891945362091, -0.09997502714395523, -0.03403828665614128, -1.007182002067566, 0.12577080726623535, -0.5356836318969727, 0.0029378223698586226, -0.14866265654563904, 0.2908025085926056, -0.32205456495285034, 1.215527057647705, -0.2355344146490097, -0.15180230140686035, 0.18663401901721954, 0.3759256601333618, 0.7018369436264038, 0.5418185591697693, 0.6190447211265564, 0.16928288340568542, 0.23534512519836426, -0.18384292721748352, -0.0330662876367569, 0.049232613295316696, 0.6271466612815857, 0.09947121143341064, -0.2400779277086258, 0.05438339337706566, -0.6724575161933899, -0.26896029710769653, 0.6629539132118225, -0.9602215886116028, -0.18886642158031464, -0.07572412490844727, 0.3254108726978302, -0.513900637626648, 0.7548206448554993, -0.9496372938156128, -0.3157995641231537, 1.2612165212631226, 0.2903801500797272, 0.03635193035006523, -0.4286845624446869, -0.4553510248661041, 0.8369764089584351, 0.32236117124557495, -0.30155548453330994, -0.12121596932411194, -0.17607776820659637, 0.5881568789482117, 0.17580677568912506, -0.3640388250350952, -0.32307571172714233, -0.2189551442861557, 0.19704227149486542, 1.3045459985733032, -0.26790851354599, 0.2562984526157379, 0.39572638273239136, 0.2848854660987854, 0.2761262357234955, 0.7504119277000427, -0.0323723703622818, -0.42947590351104736, 0.2908953130245209, -0.05849948525428772, 0.0014643986942246556, -0.42214086651802063, -0.16060446202754974, 0.10078035295009613, 1.0343626737594604, -0.40448498725891113, 0.26401251554489136, 0.6786994338035583, 0.03903849422931671, 0.11791452020406723, 1.0754400491714478, -0.1198144182562828, 0.6767774224281311, -0.10874728858470917, -0.1705968976020813, -0.7229017019271851, 0.38078033924102783, -0.5335118770599365, -0.4103381335735321, -0.4286072850227356, -0.7963781356811523, -0.022721271961927414, -0.15439105033874512, 0.20282244682312012, 0.7056664228439331, -0.09598240256309509, 0.10461176186800003, 0.011692173779010773, -0.2623480260372162, -0.2606007754802704, -0.5998870134353638, 0.08335641771554947, 0.11122411489486694, 0.12510715425014496, -0.41720643639564514, 0.08510049432516098, -0.2801574170589447, -0.16196070611476898, 0.43125393986701965, -0.3203432857990265, 0.09643705189228058, 0.0604940764605999, -0.09455443173646927, 0.1319018006324768, -0.34789732098579407, 0.6204593181610107, 0.4274953603744507, -0.6143001914024353, 0.39007440209388733, -0.014024910517036915, -0.1474236100912094, 0.09801742434501648, -0.4425705075263977, 0.5846491456031799, -0.501555323600769, 1.244626522064209, -0.6293755173683167, 1.0415503978729248, 0.10861103236675262, -0.29796305298805237, -0.5705708265304565, 0.17673474550247192, -0.507550060749054, 0.49042046070098877, 0.36853596568107605, -0.280170202255249, -0.10317828506231308, -0.3450404107570648, -0.20152981579303741, -0.49277999997138977, 0.03290644288063049, -0.32249656319618225, -0.4096774756908417, 0.2241753190755844, 0.5554909706115723, 0.41829004883766174, -0.4486261308193207, -0.24493278563022614, 0.015807174146175385, 0.12221340835094452, -0.7797176241874695, 0.33930104970932007, -0.40894824266433716, 0.35339903831481934, 0.3383655250072479, 0.40616345405578613, -0.0837155282497406, -0.21858423948287964, 0.083111971616745, 0.4765176475048065, 0.1974789798259735, 0.12874974310398102, 0.37612417340278625, -0.05539814382791519, -0.5201625227928162, -0.22489435970783234, -0.13142015039920807, 0.17382538318634033, 0.14779028296470642, -0.09941147267818451, 0.12088321149349213, -1.1329874992370605, 0.13994605839252472, -0.17358970642089844, -0.1872943639755249, -0.4003632366657257, 0.4982709288597107, 0.23865793645381927 ]
1758056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare%20Ferri	Baldassare Ferri	Baldassare Ferri (9 December 1610 – 10 September 1680) was an Italian castrato singer. He is said to have possessed "extraordinary endurance of breath, flexibility of voice and depth of emotion". History He was born in Perugia, and at the age of eleven was a chorister to Cardinal Crescenzi, at Orvieto, in whose service he remained until 1655, when the Swedish invasion broke up the court. Four years later the Prince, afterwards Wladislaus IV, of Poland, secured Ferri's services for the Court of Sigismund III, at Warsaw. In 1655 the singer entered the service of Ferdinand III in Vienna. He received many honors from royalty and the nobles of various countries, and was one of the most renowned singers of his time. In 1654 he journeyed to Sweden to sing by request before Queen Christine, his voice even then being famous throughout Europe. He was made a knight of St. Mark of Venice in 1643, sonnets were written in his honor, and he was crowned by his countrymen with roses. Five years before his death Ferri returned to his native country. He died exceedingly rich and left a great deal of money to charity. His voice was a wonderful organ, a beautiful soprano, with a limpid quality that musicians of the time declared was "indescribable." His intonation was perfect and all musicians spoke of his length of breath which was almost inexhaustible, and at all times his singing was quiet and expressive. References Castrati 1610 births 1680 deaths People from Perugia 17th-century Italian male actors 17th-century Italian opera singers	[ -0.765375554561615, -0.11517244577407837, -0.006587476935237646, -0.3725960850715637, -0.1551782637834549, 1.0378726720809937, 0.207451730966568, -0.09491124749183655, -0.6353409290313721, -0.7324894666671753, -0.16188710927963257, 0.6000785231590271, -0.413199782371521, -0.18240591883659363, -0.5653465390205383, 0.10477058589458466, 1.345085620880127, -0.5425320863723755, -0.3984242379665375, -0.8945769667625427, 0.25212547183036804, -0.3089926540851593, -0.1379746049642563, 0.39737942814826965, -0.7760869264602661, 0.06424891948699951, -0.15444310009479523, 0.36929330229759216, 0.8088690638542175, -0.25102490186691284, 0.24910080432891846, 0.9285104870796204, 0.5834169983863831, -0.0953550785779953, -0.9479517340660095, 0.6090068817138672, 0.018212437629699707, 0.2782956063747406, -0.4462652802467346, 0.38701874017715454, 0.006927651818841696, 0.4131391644477844, 0.5411509275436401, 0.2032708376646042, -0.1657065749168396, 0.00454025249928236, -1.4191081523895264, 0.38378700613975525, -0.6597433686256409, -0.7630819082260132, 0.24597154557704926, 0.25056755542755127, 0.06275911629199982, 0.9936991333961487, -0.2760975658893585, -0.1216447576880455, -0.7825519442558289, -0.11090216785669327, 0.1531110554933548, -0.4474978446960449, -0.2277405858039856, 0.32160189747810364, -0.012883180752396584, -0.6899375319480896, -0.014045098796486855, 0.2013370543718338, -0.18290621042251587, 0.4569268226623535, 0.08136824518442154, -0.06137942150235176, -0.24641898274421692, 1.002478837966919, 0.53067547082901, -0.882783055305481, 0.6077651381492615, -0.7008986473083496, -0.03792585805058479, 0.3543536961078644, 0.3170102834701538, 0.12067797780036926, -0.13859426975250244, 0.08799684792757034, 1.1572332382202148, 0.23697350919246674, -0.4023858904838562, 0.03829874098300934, -0.44239360094070435, 0.3027448058128357, -0.9328752160072327, 0.26320770382881165, -0.4803842008113861, -1.0056421756744385, 0.3337555229663849, 0.47388240694999695, 0.24275238811969757, 1.1145317554473877, -0.3097352981567383, 0.3346979022026062, -0.1473020315170288, 0.0010282141156494617, -0.24597489833831787, 0.12407175451517105, -0.021705452352762222, -0.3975823223590851, -0.3143276572227478, -0.16343435645103455, -0.05229520797729492, -0.07485127449035645, -0.9836586713790894, 0.373741090297699, -0.37141114473342896, 0.061631087213754654, -0.7732137441635132, 0.01674281246960163, -0.27421826124191284, 0.031152155250310898, 0.4767751395702362, 0.2084936797618866, -0.9468661546707153, 0.07922828197479248, 1.1564695835113525, 0.200108140707016, -0.020244110375642776, -0.43898093700408936, -0.9537007808685303, 0.09146714955568314, 0.4398339092731476, 0.24009846150875092, 0.18904998898506165, -0.04168426990509033, 0.350265771150589, 0.9642371535301208, -0.6298970580101013, -0.34670424461364746, 0.07357221096754074, -0.013580878265202045, -0.17285168170928955, -0.4229034185409546, -0.10171747952699661, 0.3786003589630127, -0.45899417996406555, 0.21711570024490356, -0.5739725828170776, 0.26018545031547546, 0.294511079788208, -0.1460888534784317, -0.3370530605316162, -0.05880013480782509, 0.4034494161605835, 0.12978267669677734, -0.5515940189361572, 0.00043042056495323777, 0.10727237164974213, -0.4603315591812134, -0.3439464569091797, -0.28993260860443115, 0.09926450252532959, -0.4067175090312958, -0.1057543009519577, -0.036772020161151886, 0.6909815669059753, -0.31061917543411255, -0.6371026039123535, -0.27162474393844604, 0.4823964238166809, -0.42899009585380554, 0.46865206956863403, -0.3156861662864685, 0.04254920408129692, -0.16005626320838928, -0.4568118453025818, 0.3477310538291931, -0.3319332003593445, 0.010982482694089413, -0.25679340958595276, -0.028905699029564857, 0.35172396898269653, 0.3725932240486145, -0.15862026810646057, -0.18916188180446625, -0.771917462348938, -0.6159946918487549, 0.2665582001209259, 0.033482834696769714, 0.49606871604919434, 1.0333642959594727, 0.834773600101471, -0.02285797707736492, 0.4883217215538025, -0.6331915259361267, -1.0482122898101807, -0.3678768575191498, 0.4513285458087921, 0.3930825889110565, 1.3379586935043335, 0.4036410450935364, -0.150726318359375, -0.0906444638967514, 0.4437585473060608, 0.31567132472991943, -0.4410717487335205, -0.08476664870977402, 0.4124170243740082, 0.25227296352386475, 0.09890131652355194, 0.5831170678138733, -0.06692580133676529, 0.08056861907243729, 0.1183028444647789, 0.3998918831348419, 0.5574754476547241, -0.1551085114479065, 0.24313001334667206, 0.8205689191818237, -0.5381592512130737, -0.5375531315803528, -0.8148388266563416, 0.1927986592054367, 0.13937076926231384, -0.9309425950050354, 0.6804933547973633, 0.43281289935112, -0.5999259948730469, 0.6936573386192322, -0.1338546723127365, 1.9510607719421387, -0.47851765155792236, 0.09537196904420853, -0.07191698253154755, 0.0011629655491560698, 0.08592197299003601, 0.38350823521614075, 0.17359580099582672, -0.09707877784967422, 0.3184060752391815, 0.06774458289146423, 0.39906561374664307, -0.49058565497398376, 0.08805091679096222, -0.23137106001377106, 0.22697502374649048, 0.4461940824985504, -0.7049457430839539, 0.7204707860946655, 0.07127083092927933, 0.4352152347564697, 0.13955041766166687, -0.3425515592098236, 0.211439847946167, 0.19852565228939056, 0.2486351877450943, 0.1054428443312645, 0.0025002681650221348, 0.3583392798900604, 0.010039159096777439, -0.3850787281990051, 0.5434973239898682, 0.034950338304042816, -0.2877923548221588, -0.14082153141498566, 0.49414345622062683, 0.49910029768943787, 0.5145055651664734, -0.2596534490585327, -0.27130892872810364, -0.31849777698516846, 0.07596253603696823, 0.27115175127983093, 0.12135658413171768, -0.5862656235694885, -0.11082809418439865, 0.12966004014015198, -0.25568774342536926, 0.9087845683097839, -0.3719329833984375, 0.19314318895339966, -0.4933711886405945, -0.3758043348789215, 0.05747924745082855, -0.6169712543487549, 0.12123589217662811, 0.08183857053518295, -0.6184700727462769, -0.05043883994221687, -0.9504969716072083, 0.8509933948516846, 0.2543075978755951, -0.4853084981441498, -0.01668417640030384, -0.07693911343812943, 0.09518720954656601, 0.6595938205718994, -0.2097932994365692, 0.23875054717063904, -0.27839395403862, 0.2897528409957886, -0.3156660795211792, -0.11278129369020462, 0.3105177581310272, -0.7160998582839966, -0.6516848206520081, -0.12457096576690674, 0.2930777072906494, 0.42532214522361755, -0.1404416710138321, -0.42843717336654663, -0.05215715989470482, 0.08175855875015259, -4.739449977874756, 0.3399085998535156, -0.24652542173862457, -0.289318710565567, 0.20137234032154083, 0.17262640595436096, 0.6262013912200928, -0.8592195510864258, 1.0573168992996216, 0.08623234182596207, 0.46778246760368347, -0.34251582622528076, -0.20834848284721375, 0.48060959577560425, -0.06775014102458954, -0.22169403731822968, 0.050706058740615845, -0.20401236414909363, 0.7109612822532654, -0.05966436117887497, 0.6685310006141663, 0.21783781051635742, 0.2294088900089264, 0.1679493635892868, 0.45418354868888855, -0.14849905669689178, -0.5524004101753235, -0.09025218337774277, -0.44647490978240967, -0.32608774304389954, 0.12771829962730408, -0.0713699609041214, -0.3995952010154724, 0.15468406677246094, 0.27590781450271606, -0.18710780143737793, 0.7391073107719421, 0.5501475930213928, 0.37103506922721863, 0.10898440331220627, 0.1282791793346405, -0.7663085460662842, -0.5504444241523743, 0.33714568614959717, -0.29541459679603577, 0.3536103367805481, -0.4714955985546112, -0.6655842065811157, 0.35157492756843567, 1.5354036092758179, 0.14686504006385803, -0.41466715931892395, 0.4603430926799774, -0.21169309318065643, 0.3106267750263214, -0.4011578857898712, 0.3193398118019104, 0.0910082682967186, -0.5639698505401611, 0.8221222758293152, 0.2546432316303253, -0.39779478311538696, -0.2228250801563263, -0.727641224861145, -0.39200401306152344, 0.21422915160655975, 0.041596997529268265, 0.35613295435905457, 0.43105605244636536, -0.31180518865585327, 0.5916923880577087, 0.6927765607833862, -0.18333859741687775, -1.0174802541732788, -0.18422360718250275, -0.1152704507112503, 0.1894918829202652, -0.15218095481395721, -0.8062459826469421, 0.24895945191383362, -0.05842617154121399, -1.0452216863632202, 0.20642608404159546, 0.06094607710838318, 0.7783088684082031, 1.042522668838501, -0.4086931645870209, 0.258490651845932, -0.3803980350494385, -0.5801154375076294, 0.2487504780292511, -0.7590587735176086, 0.08148364722728729, -0.17381712794303894, -0.22601167857646942, 0.6151412725448608, -0.09242544323205948, 0.5478934645652771, 0.2232588827610016, 0.4513259530067444, 0.06873001158237457, -0.5301894545555115, 0.21350806951522827, 0.20829983055591583, -0.01521698571741581, -0.2525695264339447, -0.4428001642227173, -0.3167934715747833, 1.1761865615844727, -0.14452426135540009, 0.452368825674057, 0.0435260534286499, -0.39038580656051636, 0.14519605040550232, -0.39114320278167725, -0.8920889496803284, 0.10683732479810715, 0.4278351068496704, 0.37475407123565674, -0.03779824823141098, 0.6945287585258484, -0.46813786029815674, 0.48811420798301697, -0.360068142414093, -0.7859604954719543, 0.4622972309589386, -0.4192529022693634, 0.25139907002449036, -0.538496732711792, -0.5970640778541565, -0.06265128403902054, 0.29058101773262024, -0.48041415214538574, 0.40791141986846924, 0.45242607593536377, -0.3490435481071472, -0.8917992115020752, -0.23200568556785583, 0.2899683117866516, -0.2300192266702652, 0.04438241571187973, -0.9157922267913818, -1.0134814977645874, 0.2901933193206787, 0.35301002860069275, 0.2510231137275696, -0.042587120085954666, -0.6650347113609314, -0.7009372115135193, 0.8007556200027466, 0.1321081519126892, 0.16155798733234406, 0.29396140575408936, -0.667995274066925, -0.21561773121356964, 0.14051149785518646, -0.30221301317214966, -0.17917068302631378, -0.23530465364456177, -0.39062055945396423, 0.48689916729927063, 0.06991294771432877, -0.8007592558860779, 0.4343242049217224, 0.6719191074371338, 0.47765684127807617, -0.429034948348999, -0.9339073896408081, -0.014633583836257458, 0.8367048501968384, 0.059433240443468094, -0.6452553272247314, 0.03373456746339798, 0.10307221859693527, 0.265215128660202, -0.6715898513793945, 0.6364490985870361, -0.42859816551208496, -0.27191081643104553, 0.37790992856025696, 0.04707775264978409, -0.22674642503261566, -0.8584026098251343, -0.2279941737651825, 0.17876426875591278, 0.1375192105770111, -0.7571055293083191, -0.7698323726654053, -0.5275399684906006, -0.127753347158432, -0.44451719522476196, -0.1694001406431198, -0.42892223596572876, 0.0329747349023819, -0.12479976564645767, -0.42155852913856506, -0.15013651549816132, -0.041981201618909836, -0.3314652442932129, -0.9295229911804199, -0.07084864377975464, -0.027757713571190834, -0.7627179026603699, -0.2367539405822754, -0.17116758227348328, -1.091202735900879, 0.7777233719825745, 0.34877118468284607, -0.6519088745117188, 1.056632161140442, 0.11365139484405518, -0.9917614459991455, -0.12023729085922241, 0.4890495836734772, -0.40008389949798584, 0.13350529968738556, -0.27444547414779663, 0.20608775317668915, -1.0529111623764038, -0.7305863499641418, -0.5884036421775818, -0.4227229356765747, -0.7638278603553772, 0.21860741078853607, -0.6735448241233826, -0.3163166046142578, 0.01491176150739193, -0.5454344749450684, 0.17197953164577484, -0.616561770439148, 0.3155631721019745, 0.1896967589855194, 0.012778704054653645, 0.007798589300364256, -0.48494601249694824, -0.36538854241371155, 0.131669819355011, -0.29149311780929565, -0.017003647983074188, 0.576506495475769, 0.4568176865577698, 0.7444095611572266, 0.028217041864991188, 0.05054799094796181, -0.04650058597326279, 0.7239946722984314, 0.16905440390110016, -0.0704130306839943, 0.547682523727417, 0.4975053369998932, -0.03066020831465721, 0.13676398992538452, 0.025734510272741318, -0.23167680203914642, 0.5346259474754333, -0.5259447693824768, 0.1657354235649109, 0.44523242115974426, 0.1316109299659729, 0.1345057487487793, 0.30701443552970886, 0.6257346272468567, 0.7259404063224792, -0.1740799993276596, 0.11997653543949127, -0.036103688180446625, 0.32119032740592957, -0.09142573922872543, 0.17968694865703583, 0.6389498710632324, -0.7476724982261658, 0.07248281687498093, -0.4776664674282074, 0.6660177111625671, -0.2835574150085449, 0.4141462743282318, 0.1663835495710373, -0.8898665308952332, 0.87675940990448, 0.32341694831848145, -0.8662964105606079, 0.5838807821273804, 0.05148472636938095, -0.09694012999534607, -0.9559413194656372, -0.36704349517822266, -0.585911750793457, 0.4399014413356781, -0.48189544677734375, 0.06635168939828873, -0.23599107563495636, -0.008097759447991848, -0.22224420309066772, 0.2859523892402649, 0.17342394590377808, 0.2140551656484604, -0.5703608989715576, 0.36562326550483704, -0.36722666025161743, -0.7265757918357849, -0.5524474382400513, 0.07846707105636597, 0.662521243095398, -0.035581547766923904, 0.4647047817707062, 0.027111083269119263, -0.3110833168029785, -1.1079423427581787, -0.576694667339325, -0.260169118642807, 0.030207132920622826, -0.38782694935798645, 0.0164349265396595, 0.5546007752418518, -0.11561378836631775, -0.028934942558407784, 0.7029720544815063, 0.13741207122802734, -0.49132728576660156, 0.018343886360526085, 0.8818420171737671, -0.8132500052452087, 0.6746214032173157, 0.1669376641511917, 0.5309543609619141, 0.3588102161884308, 0.04413088038563728, -0.4443212151527405, 0.015553661622107029, 0.9198014736175537, -0.25352588295936584, -0.3940756320953369, -0.10581539571285248, 0.6223335266113281, -0.04750227555632591, -0.5249446034431458, 0.23326683044433594, -0.19173365831375122, 0.3482878506183624, 0.09570614248514175, 0.19018156826496124, 0.5496394038200378, 0.0029510539025068283, 0.2606770396232605, -0.34444743394851685, 0.1227068305015564, -0.2889769971370697, 0.26129835844039917, -0.2596912682056427, -0.6128100752830505, 0.03158450871706009, 0.751741886138916, 0.15631143748760223, -0.11747010797262192, 0.20001724362373352, 0.6076020002365112, 1.0606114864349365, 0.16494673490524292, -0.10102321207523346, -0.09847281873226166, 0.22749586403369904, -0.5211175084114075, 1.8818235397338867, -0.31864163279533386, -0.4795720875263214, 0.13784919679164886, -0.5481158494949341, 0.1884317547082901, -0.41707971692085266, 0.14154523611068726, -0.2385568469762802, -0.6959192752838135, -0.45870745182037354, 0.5969277620315552, 0.7447934150695801, 0.27137675881385803, 0.042413003742694855, 0.3670731484889984, -0.33490118384361267, -0.06475725024938583, -1.0479063987731934, 0.3212428390979767, -0.13013462722301483, -0.10503990203142166, 0.2697541117668152, -0.2368505448102951, -0.007932600565254688, -0.2810572683811188, 0.09991943091154099, -0.44496801495552063, -0.13881713151931763, -0.3301568031311035, 0.37427476048469543, 0.23264533281326294, -0.20589011907577515, -0.1149752140045166, 0.618034839630127, 0.4977779686450958, 0.10147174447774887, 0.003150028409436345, 1.0115433931350708, 0.11873457580804825, 0.00013423152267932892, -0.04120199754834175, -0.6189981698989868, 0.09292688220739365, 0.05656256899237633, 0.3585401773452759, -0.3808276653289795, -0.12251929938793182, 0.43409863114356995, 0.24789641797542572, -0.5994142293930054, 0.7306119203567505, -0.7281700372695923, 0.2875436544418335, 0.9109063744544983, -0.23661436140537262, -0.560244083404541, 0.3047102093696594, 0.6349109411239624, -0.22861850261688232, -0.02632015570998192, -0.6220852732658386, 0.4462062120437622, 0.3675336241722107, 0.35268837213516235, -0.2334495484828949, -0.4785396456718445, 0.6046843528747559, 0.1918119639158249, 0.6500183343887329, -0.18243113160133362, -0.12625257670879364, -0.3905751407146454, -0.5344180464744568, 0.5857340693473816, -0.8680514097213745, 0.3886399567127228, -0.5844767093658447, 1.2192643880844116, 0.4194256663322449, 0.005533213261514902, 0.3708103895187378, 0.46871140599250793, -0.28523504734039307, -0.09715275466442108, -0.3167254328727722, 0.5014153122901917, 0.3248213231563568, -0.46463343501091003, -0.4167664349079132, 1.0330700874328613, -1.1684472560882568, 0.04823209345340729, 0.06260214000940323, 0.2674731910228729, -0.22463123500347137, 0.06605526059865952, 0.24248380959033966 ]
230714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders%20and%20Swann	Flanders and Swann	Flanders and Swann were a British comedy duo. Lyricist, actor and singer Michael Flanders (1922–1975) and composer and pianist Donald Swann (1923–1994) collaborated in writing and performing comic songs. They first worked together in a school revue in 1939 and eventually wrote more than 100 comic songs together. Between 1956 and 1967, Flanders and Swann performed their songs, interspersed with comic monologues, in their long-running two-man revues At the Drop of a Hat and At the Drop of Another Hat, which they toured in Britain and abroad. Both revues were recorded in concert (by George Martin), and the duo also made several studio recordings. Musical partnership Flanders and Swann both attended Westminster School (where in July and August 1940 they staged a revue called Go To It) and Christ Church, Oxford, two institutions linked by ancient tradition. The pair went their separate ways during World War II, but a chance meeting in 1948 led to a musical partnership writing songs and light opera, Flanders providing the words and Swann composing the music. Their songs have been sung by performers such as Ian Wallace and Joyce Grenfell. In December 1956, Flanders and Swann hired the New Lindsey Theatre, Notting Hill, to perform their own two-man revue At the Drop of a Hat, which opened on New Year's Eve. Flanders sang a selection of the songs that they had written, interspersed with comic monologues, accompanied by Swann on the piano. An unusual feature of their act was that both men remained seated for their shows: Swann behind his piano and Flanders in a wheelchair (having contracted poliomyelitis in 1943). The show was successful and transferred the next month to the Fortune Theatre, where it ran for over two years, before touring in the UK, the United States, Canada and Switzerland. In 1963, Flanders and Swann opened in a second revue, At the Drop of Another Hat, at the Haymarket Theatre. Over the next four years they toured a combination of the two shows in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the United States and Canada, before finishing at the Booth Theatre on Broadway. On 9 April 1967, they performed their last live show together. Ten days later, they moved into a studio and recorded the show for television. Over the course of 11 years, Flanders and Swann gave nearly 2,000 live performances. Although their performing partnership ended in 1967, they remained friends afterwards and collaborated on occasional projects. Timeline and venues of the revues Discography Their records were originally released on the Parlophone label; CD reissues are on EMI. 45s 1957 – "A Gnu" b/w "Misalliance" EPs 1957 – More out of the Hat! (EP) 1959 – Excerpts from at the Drop of a Hat (EP) 1959 – More Excerpts from at the Drop of a Hat (EP) 1962 – The Bestiary of Flanders & Swann (EP) 1964 – Favourites from at the Drop of Another Hat (EP) 1964 – More out of the New Hat (EP) LPs 1957 – At the Drop of a Hat (50th performance and one a few days later, PMC 1033) 1960 – At The Drop of a Hat (Final performance produced by George Martin) 1964 – At the Drop of Another Hat (produced by George Martin) 1967 – The Bestiary of Flanders & Swann (produced by George Martin) 1975 – And Then We Wrote... 1977 – Tried by the Centre CourtCassettes 1996 – EMI Comedy Classics (Hat and Another Hat on two cassettes) 1997 – More out of the Drop of a Hat – Again! (double cassette) CDs 1991 – The Complete Flanders & Swann (first three albums in a boxed set) 1994 – A Transport of Delight: The Best of Flanders & Swann 1999 – The Flanders and Swann Collection 2000 – A Drop of Hilarity from Flanders & Swann 2007 – Hat Trick: Flanders & Swann Collector's EditionBibliography 1977 – Songs of Michael Flanders and Donald Swann (Michael Flanders & Donald Swann, scores) 1991 – The Hippopotamus Song: A Muddy Love Story (Michael Flanders & Donald Swann, children's book) Videography 1992 – The Only Flanders & Swann Video (recorded New York, 19 April 1967, 10 days after the close of At The Drop of Another Hat) 1998 – Flanders & Swann (recorded in New York, 1962 & 1967) Songs Flanders and Swann's songs are characterised by wit, gentle satire, complex rhyming schemes, and memorable choruses. Flanders commented during the recorded performance of At the Drop of Another Hat, They wrote over a hundred comic songs together. The following selection gives an indication of their range. A very rare song, "Vendor Librorum Floreat" (Let the bookseller flourish), was released as a single in 1960. It was written for the annual American Booksellers Association, the only known time Flanders & Swann accepted a private commission. Monologues Flanders' comic monologues include: "By Air"—about the vogue for air travel. "I agree with the old lady who said, 'If God had intended us to fly, He would never have given us the railways. "Tried by the Centre Court"—a Wimbledon match between Miss L. Hammerfest and Miss Joan Hunter-Dunn, as told by an exasperated umpire. "They are bashing a ball with the gut of a cat". "Greensleeves"—about the background to the composition of the famous English air. An annotated version, explaining all the jokes, is available online. Los Olividados— a satire on bullfighting, about "the almost unbearable drama of a corrida d'olivas, or festival of olive-stuffing". "A cruel sport: some may think it so. But this is surely more than a sport, this is more than a vital artform. What we have experienced here today is total catharsis, in the acting out of that primeval drama, of man pitted against the olive." The title is a reference to Los Olvidados, or The Forgotten Ones, a 1950 movie by the director Luis Buñuel. "Built-up Area"—a prehistoric inhabitant of Salisbury Plain complains about a new development: Stonehenge. Homage and parody The British comedy double act Armstrong & Miller have a recurring sketch on The Armstrong and Miller Show'' in which they parody Flanders and Swann, as Donald Brabbins (Armstrong as Flanders) and Teddy Fyffe (Miller as Swann). The parodies begin like a typical Flanders and Swann performance, but the songs are far more bawdy, often being mock-censored for comedic effect. British singer-songwriter Frank Turner covered "The Armadillo" in his "Mittens" EP. See also List of songwriter tandems List of people educated at Westminster School References External links Donald Swann's website Flanders and Swann web site Flanders and Swann: At the Drop of a Hippopotamus"—A show that tours UK theatres with a production of Flanders and Swann songs. A tribute to the songs and monologues of Flanders and Swann by actors Mark Marlowe and Jonathan Roberts Article by Stephanie Flanders about her father. "A Song of Patriotic Prejudice" on Youtube English comedy duos Angel Records artists British comedy musical groups English musical duos Parlophone artists Musical groups established in 1956 1956 establishments in the United Kingdom	[ -0.15303023159503937, 0.49075040221214294, -0.4302639961242676, -0.2166043519973755, -0.32455724477767944, 0.07478650659322739, 0.8302429914474487, 0.04298214986920357, -0.48903822898864746, 0.4979378879070282, -0.019315652549266815, 0.22738473117351532, 0.4194968640804291, 0.6273900866508484, 0.042558856308460236, 0.1814550906419754, -0.2792142927646637, 0.630405843257904, 0.5476400256156921, -0.7644582390785217, 0.281759649515152, -0.7949232459068298, -0.031236855313181877, -0.5500468015670776, 0.018142469227313995, -0.06975345313549042, 0.3435998260974884, -0.32932335138320923, 0.25313273072242737, -0.28561800718307495, 0.17375989258289337, 0.8952536582946777, 0.08420800417661667, -0.3470092713832855, 0.19068145751953125, -0.03149466589093208, -0.02097468078136444, -0.004841708578169346, -0.5181875228881836, -0.766869306564331, 0.22080247104167938, -0.41245725750923157, 0.40467965602874756, 0.06677769124507904, -0.18300099670886993, -0.716983437538147, -1.4590275287628174, 0.4290993809700012, -1.066909909248352, -0.3950696885585785, -0.22526758909225464, 0.6340362429618835, -0.05820092186331749, 0.5025174021720886, 0.13560082018375397, 0.4699248969554901, -0.5853893160820007, -0.23161280155181885, 0.4324757158756256, 0.38347965478897095, 0.3159714639186859, -0.11711034178733826, 0.5028801560401917, -0.2586374580860138, -0.004099307116121054, 0.2717286944389343, -0.13513575494289398, 0.35990703105926514, 0.03774851933121681, 0.06236138939857483, -0.12051444500684738, -0.398582398891449, 0.40824270248413086, 0.24185523390769958, -0.042815353721380234, -0.27926328778266907, 0.3433011770248413, -0.4919644594192505, 0.6638229489326477, 0.49278727173805237, -0.026121389120817184, -0.005727948620915413, 0.5467395782470703, 0.6069837808609009, 0.6077958941459656, 0.23317839205265045, -0.4184865951538086, -0.4967162609100342, -0.5134363174438477, 0.21843212842941284, -0.32312461733818054, -0.17167989909648895, -0.02904858998954296, 0.2142781764268875, -0.04089031741023064, 0.006815189961344004, 0.20559890568256378, 0.16592560708522797, 0.0012992738047614694, 0.114919014275074, -0.10459309816360474, 0.9006810784339905, -0.16943685710430145, -0.4059566557407379, -1.0183327198028564, 0.08153003454208374, -0.06878475844860077, -1.2493244409561157, 0.4742826223373413, -0.915431022644043, 0.01399098988622427, -0.30278000235557556, 0.07917492091655731, 0.024842429906129837, -0.3978172540664673, 0.5849340558052063, 0.43260321021080017, -0.3027704954147339, -0.4756147563457489, 0.48590582609176636, 0.2979430556297302, 0.8378975987434387, -0.2365984171628952, 0.4318438470363617, -0.3993319571018219, -0.03364676982164383, -0.20330476760864258, -0.040374577045440674, 0.20695717632770538, 0.7959151268005371, -0.12581636011600494, 1.1364598274230957, -0.08607853949069977, -0.6261528730392456, -0.39604973793029785, 0.1515258550643921, 0.09990538656711578, 0.4081115126609802, 0.048796094954013824, 0.2987033724784851, -1.080265760421753, -0.11378148198127747, -1.3993198871612549, 0.45024144649505615, 0.7411834597587585, -0.07217034697532654, -0.09637849032878876, -0.24749182164669037, -0.06760948151350021, -0.113902248442173, 0.12678106129169464, -0.3286905288696289, 0.2704746127128601, 0.024075428023934364, -0.22355659306049347, 0.5948776006698608, 0.41361725330352783, 0.04053640365600586, 0.2709631323814392, 0.006866707466542721, -0.15071895718574524, -0.06196273863315582, 0.0673731341958046, -0.18949437141418457, -0.025598252192139626, -0.25875887274742126, -0.15102964639663696, 0.08624161779880524, -0.5752946138381958, 0.17014430463314056, -0.6001113057136536, -0.16018138825893402, 0.7173642516136169, 0.0007343219476751983, 0.3105413317680359, 0.1939355880022049, 1.21579909324646, 0.2768721878528595, 0.25237134099006653, -0.17777879536151886, -0.47762879729270935, 0.8967160582542419, 0.5997142195701599, -0.26798000931739807, 0.5454617738723755, 0.5996795892715454, 0.0791509822010994, -0.4202488958835602, -0.6768750548362732, 0.2687050700187683, -0.5822246670722961, -0.5727912187576294, 0.5497758388519287, -0.4210962653160095, 1.0337941646575928, 0.08474922925233841, -0.16644082963466644, -0.19017453491687775, 0.33637210726737976, 0.9746201634407043, -0.6222955584526062, -0.19875648617744446, 0.19011743366718292, 0.1653987318277359, -0.2902714014053345, 1.5188043117523193, 0.31127017736434937, -0.27619194984436035, 0.6290733218193054, 0.3695690929889679, -0.05049056187272072, -0.4531179666519165, 0.39545175433158875, -0.03475898131728172, -0.3388327658176422, -0.5354829430580139, -0.0995013490319252, 0.2569575607776642, 0.05385658144950867, -0.14209648966789246, 0.38400542736053467, 0.09592460840940475, -0.14373686909675598, 0.2630922496318817, 0.25001177191734314, 0.7842746376991272, 0.34400030970573425, 0.15886449813842773, -0.14532750844955444, -0.9100095629692078, -0.20080864429473877, 0.402879923582077, 0.025714222341775894, -0.7018740177154541, -0.624656081199646, -0.5499180555343628, 0.3744703233242035, 0.012510692700743675, 0.6062817573547363, -0.28576400876045227, -0.09652118384838104, 0.20338323712348938, -0.382406622171402, 0.4447837471961975, -0.6379760503768921, 0.6848739981651306, 0.20217038691043854, 0.231235533952713, 0.7647508978843689, -0.40559250116348267, 1.105945348739624, 0.38167595863342285, 0.22937922179698944, -0.030528005212545395, 0.5517003536224365, -0.03635663166642189, 0.04733657091856003, -0.2929050326347351, 0.37688297033309937, 0.16601917147636414, -0.35471370816230774, 0.06603740155696869, 0.4890570640563965, 0.11853942275047302, 0.05802486836910248, -1.1067966222763062, -0.1345614492893219, -0.451169490814209, -0.022853011265397072, -0.11077344417572021, 0.43979987502098083, -0.39370593428611755, -0.06125204265117645, -1.1255172491073608, 0.19807396829128265, 0.05340766906738281, 0.15027113258838654, -0.6176332831382751, -0.6940404176712036, -0.7783545851707458, 0.30464547872543335, 0.8670875430107117, -0.19023728370666504, -0.19575031101703644, -0.06715530157089233, 0.015992727130651474, 0.163924440741539, 0.011880100704729557, 0.5272728204727173, -0.019680896773934364, 0.4026589095592499, 0.08904687315225601, -0.7800597548484802, 0.6756932735443115, -0.3318515121936798, 0.46292704343795776, -0.25298011302948, 0.04404085502028465, -0.1525653749704361, 0.5111978650093079, -0.5003089308738708, 0.5113506317138672, -1.1755180358886719, -0.2623976469039917, 0.5344480872154236, 0.08256414532661438, -0.25006791949272156, 0.1336732804775238, -5.00867223739624, 0.35196226835250854, -0.45061787962913513, -0.015868017449975014, 0.27777186036109924, -0.48251810669898987, 0.31461551785469055, -0.4457405209541321, -0.31566759943962097, 0.20057137310504913, -0.05167897418141365, -0.3656844198703766, -0.3560524582862854, 0.6987130641937256, 0.6690405607223511, -0.032519854605197906, 0.518078625202179, -0.5717346668243408, 0.6342812776565552, 0.05852002650499344, -0.16745230555534363, -0.1831318885087967, -0.34471672773361206, -0.28869324922561646, 0.32608112692832947, 0.4020457863807678, 0.30238643288612366, -0.012251442298293114, -0.9895097613334656, 0.38739293813705444, -0.6326137781143188, -0.04635879397392273, 0.33132022619247437, -0.6447839140892029, -0.4185306131839752, -0.3286907374858856, 0.4714222252368927, 0.08048480749130249, 0.6521933078765869, -0.019486356526613235, -0.005402833689004183, 0.7881357073783875, -0.037043362855911255, 0.7825959324836731, 0.39847755432128906, -0.15393589437007904, -0.8223728537559509, 0.13874542713165283, 0.2019394487142563, 0.9813766479492188, 0.5438862442970276, 0.1771189272403717, 0.43680939078330994, -0.17707344889640808, -0.16207176446914673, -0.267672598361969, 0.3280639946460724, -0.6246870756149292, -0.6054301261901855, 0.6111055016517639, 0.7778124213218689, -0.8126230835914612, 0.37980547547340393, 0.17890320718288422, 0.22334469854831696, -0.4937799274921417, 0.44429609179496765, 0.021608373150229454, -0.10100015997886658, -0.24687767028808594, 0.13275638222694397, 0.514094352722168, 0.09634026139974594, -0.9447827935218811, -0.1630697250366211, 0.24305757880210876, -0.013371339999139309, 0.09512937068939209, 0.8587155938148499, -0.4132522940635681, -0.05576685816049576, -0.1049724593758583, -0.36579200625419617, 0.43541234731674194, 0.01344205066561699, -0.4147750437259674, -0.18156923353672028, 0.4989759922027588, -0.6813088655471802, -0.30222076177597046, 0.29469507932662964, -0.36561018228530884, 0.04960661381483078, 0.9341264367103577, 0.04565766081213951, 0.5533619523048401, 0.03108959272503853, 0.11921077966690063, -0.04296407476067543, 0.32347235083580017, -0.7667442560195923, -0.04655400291085243, 0.2154434323310852, -0.3018324673175812, -0.30407658219337463, -0.16278895735740662, 0.07148411870002747, -0.18526816368103027, 0.466919869184494, 0.0010718692792579532, -0.01967860572040081, 0.19767117500305176, -0.43173936009407043, 0.33080175518989563, 0.5930642485618591, -0.43131324648857117, -0.20827114582061768, 0.5194215774536133, 0.3616635501384735, 0.7420002222061157, -0.10118095576763153, 0.5712794065475464, -0.16587184369564056, 0.03126196190714836, -0.7285221815109253, -0.20483054220676422, 0.5668565630912781, -0.16063395142555237, -0.26621949672698975, -0.277983158826828, -0.9077481627464294, -0.35483577847480774, -0.2443191558122635, -0.6483181715011597, -0.012111361138522625, -0.4958757758140564, -0.7941159605979919, 0.005982350558042526, -0.16909795999526978, -0.46282368898391724, 0.1749093383550644, 0.008653959259390831, -0.14137651026248932, 0.4791657626628876, -0.19984827935695648, 0.3256426751613617, 0.4905642569065094, -0.22092486917972565, -0.3651345372200012, 0.13385339081287384, -0.09606324136257172, -0.03686480224132538, 0.579618513584137, -0.7277094125747681, -0.09180416166782379, -0.2636210024356842, -0.3321869671344757, 0.28128987550735474, 0.7394626140594482, -0.15330518782138824, -0.221793070435524, 0.32729652523994446, -1.0633248090744019, 0.2681392729282379, 0.5789521336555481, -0.5920747518539429, 0.15515528619289398, -0.764968991279602, -0.5964627265930176, 0.7475857734680176, -0.29361364245414734, -0.13728366792201996, -0.2358185350894928, -0.2144114375114441, 0.16582806408405304, 0.9614146947860718, 0.06953170150518417, -0.09302534908056259, 0.11045404523611069, -0.07043880969285965, 0.05583425983786583, 0.015447146259248257, -0.5409743785858154, 0.361492395401001, 0.6382145881652832, -0.4812118113040924, -0.4470950663089752, -0.18739841878414154, -0.3010135591030121, -0.0957157239317894, -0.3326977491378784, 0.6178961992263794, 0.9507796168327332, 0.17319037020206451, -1.0058192014694214, -0.629002034664154, 0.08293807506561279, 0.42253151535987854, -0.21447217464447021, -0.732921838760376, -0.33309558033943176, 0.3507344722747803, -0.044625360518693924, 0.008932773023843765, 0.627144992351532, -1.1625287532806396, 0.1386498510837555, -0.061370473355054855, -0.05984409153461456, 1.1602758169174194, -0.1327183097600937, -0.727068305015564, 0.27335649728775024, 0.14093159139156342, -0.6703415513038635, -0.24548734724521637, 0.6188268065452576, -0.00977252796292305, 0.00039465242298319936, -0.32618027925491333, -0.3882836103439331, -0.02847324311733246, -0.7849840521812439, -0.49668607115745544, -0.9387083649635315, 0.43088698387145996, 0.41705554723739624, 0.0156563613563776, 0.35324418544769287, -0.480242520570755, -0.17978979647159576, -0.2415156364440918, 0.5532446503639221, 0.15500973165035248, -0.11979344487190247, -0.18118612468242645, 0.21717388927936554, 0.6439523696899414, 0.36000698804855347, -0.22759467363357544, 0.9999949336051941, 0.8165128231048584, 0.2798093259334564, -0.0028405915945768356, 0.05923077464103699, -0.42598408460617065, 0.33454757928848267, -0.2762712836265564, -0.5417524576187134, -0.5758364200592041, -0.06052045896649361, -0.11593545973300934, -0.9809762239456177, -0.013256669975817204, 0.8669772148132324, -0.02329634688794613, -0.1465330272912979, 0.5428842902183533, 0.22850863635540009, -0.26795849204063416, 0.11157736927270889, 0.7366169691085815, -0.668919026851654, 0.37836775183677673, -0.11712384223937988, 0.07935481518507004, 0.15987011790275574, 0.06319449841976166, 0.3169604241847992, -0.21842433512210846, -0.05219816416501999, -0.4114959239959717, -0.14707054197788239, 0.42452725768089294, 0.2135125696659088, 0.25645849108695984, 0.17360521852970123, -1.0469610691070557, 0.6422857046127319, -1.019305944442749, 0.187240332365036, 0.46792176365852356, -0.10351631790399551, -0.2065138965845108, -0.19889283180236816, -0.4534338712692261, -0.3782786428928375, -0.37403225898742676, 0.07444992661476135, 0.28887373208999634, -0.06014125049114227, 0.1963965743780136, 0.21431349217891693, -0.18723081052303314, 0.2298637479543686, -0.3442409634590149, -0.3322230875492096, -0.39915382862091064, -0.09165475517511368, -0.051546186208724976, -0.6536045074462891, 0.37159019708633423, 0.07253258675336838, -0.7243280410766602, 0.3868319094181061, 0.39553725719451904, -0.2152998298406601, -0.34495869278907776, -0.022486144676804543, 0.48184850811958313, -0.024528581649065018, -0.12292884290218353, -0.37854471802711487, 0.2635447084903717, -0.590895414352417, -0.5540398955345154, 0.899263322353363, -0.9705938696861267, 0.23295807838439941, 0.6451213955879211, -0.15110549330711365, -0.1856992095708847, 0.06496971100568771, 0.2826809883117676, -0.34825369715690613, 0.8517003059387207, 0.013128504157066345, -0.4336342215538025, 0.44188541173934937, 0.31561392545700073, -0.03738977015018463, -0.3185853660106659, -0.9207291603088379, 0.0675600916147232, -0.31188255548477173, -0.5523529052734375, -0.2545289695262909, -0.676738440990448, -0.011986788362264633, 0.9170927405357361, 0.08566758781671524, -0.0608060285449028, 0.06519770622253418, -0.0824362263083458, -0.21543343365192413, 0.28126102685928345, 0.13149523735046387, 0.19059871137142181, 0.03981689363718033, -0.1359366923570633, 0.823186993598938, 0.19564831256866455, 0.5552271604537964, -0.7239755392074585, 0.3241126835346222, 0.022596605122089386, -0.3909655511379242, 0.04026445373892784, -0.07597798109054565, -1.0658314228057861, 0.09368234872817993, -0.09537854045629501, 0.6390960216522217, -0.15075887739658356, -0.0971541628241539, 0.1686248481273651, 0.6993630528450012, 0.08676023036241531, -0.2047300785779953, 0.8265381455421448, 0.3709225654602051, 0.03372786566615105, 0.31438031792640686, 0.0033887012396007776, -0.3863440752029419, 0.2186143547296524, 0.48780277371406555, -0.05581500381231308, -0.0020809427369385958, -0.26743605732917786, -0.17286403477191925, 0.38752487301826477, -0.3056042790412903, 0.5278958678245544, 0.10528446733951569, -0.506485104560852, -0.2806422710418701, 0.1449027806520462, -0.09013427048921585, -0.6908485889434814, 0.1922920048236847, -0.642825722694397, -0.14001715183258057, 0.23149020969867706, -0.6244827508926392, 0.14358702301979065, -0.3416140377521515, 0.9529548287391663, 0.2773350775241852, -0.3694165349006653, 0.49427732825279236, 0.789004385471344, 0.2017672210931778, 0.1352187544107437, -0.2779679298400879, 0.19184111058712006, -0.3860878348350525, -0.2385462522506714, -0.8300034403800964, 0.5309364795684814, -0.058269158005714417, -0.5613264441490173, -0.07848798483610153, 0.7137421369552612, 0.1051102876663208, -0.6561675667762756, 0.3290320932865143, -0.25932422280311584, -0.39289188385009766, -0.27809378504753113, 0.35227063298225403, -0.023518947884440422, -0.2865389585494995, -0.5413218140602112, -0.5667909383773804, 0.31408897042274475, 0.16038504242897034, -0.0740213468670845, 0.03395436331629753, 0.5334920883178711, -0.03254576027393341, 0.36606425046920776, -0.7119096517562866, -0.6869303584098816, -0.013429386541247368, -0.12064787745475769, 0.5866118669509888, 0.671146035194397, 0.39152592420578003, 0.23911434412002563, 0.8103185892105103, 0.006400320678949356, 0.350471556186676, 0.44849714636802673, -2.9450390338897705, -0.44778403639793396, 0.2185768485069275, 0.02504650317132473, -0.2959149479866028, 0.608889639377594, 0.32621243596076965, 0.08208020031452179, 0.19114157557487488, -0.7935633659362793, 0.008993664756417274, -0.20274560153484344, -0.12563413381576538, -0.57464200258255, 0.26202741265296936, 0.09731705486774445 ]
230715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon%20Si%20Thammarat%20province	Nakhon Si Thammarat province	Nakhon Si Thammarat province (, ; often shortened to Nakhon (), Nakhon Si (), Khon (), internationally known as Muang Khon () is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand, on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise) Songkhla, Phatthalung, Trang, Krabi and Surat Thani. The name of the province derives from its Pali–Sanskrit name Nagara Sri Dhammaraja ('City of the Sacred Dharma King'), which in Thai pronunciation becomes "Nakhon Si Thammarat". , the population of the province was 1,560,433 persons. The Nakhon Si Thammarat People's also known as Kon Khon () Geography The province is on the Gulf of Thailand on the east side of the Malay Peninsula. The terrain is mostly rugged hilly forest. The province is home to south Thailand's highest peak, Khao Luang, at , now protected in Khao Luang National Park. The total forest area is or 18.4 percent of provincial area. History Nakhon Si Thammarat is one of the oldest cities in Thailand with a rich history. The earliest settlement in the vicinity of the city was Tha Rua, about ten kilometers south of the modern city, where ceramics from the Song dynasty were found dated to the twelfth century. In ancient times, Nakhon Si Thammarat was under the rule of the Srivijaya, the king of Srivijaya had established a foothold on the Malay Peninsula at Ligor" by 775, where he "built various edifices, including a sanctuary dedicated to the Buddha and to the Bodhisattvas Padmapani and Vajrapani. The Chronicles of Nakhon Si Thammarat, composed in the seventeenth century, attributed the foundation of current city of Nakhon Si Thammarat to King Sri Thammasok in the thirteenth century. An inscription found at Chaiya stated that King Sri Thammasok ruled Tambralinga in 1231. King Sri Thammasok constructed Wat Phra Mahathat and introduced Singhalese Theravada Buddhism. The Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom held authorities over "twelve cities" that extended from Chumphon to the north and Pahang to the south. The Ramkamhaeng Stele of Sukhothai first mentioned "Nakhon Si Thammarat" in 1292, which means "The City of King Sri Thammasok" or "The City of the Virtuous king". The Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom ended and the city perished in the fourteenth century. The ruler of Phetchaburi known as Phra Phanom Thale sent his son Phra Phanom Wang to re-establish the city and rule. Nakhon Si Thammarat then came under the influence of Central Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya under the mandala system. Ayutthaya Period Nakhon Si Thammarat was further incorporated into Ayutthaya, who appointed governors to the city, through centralization under King Trailokanat in the fifteenth century. Nakhon Si Thammarat served as the main seat of Siamese authority over Southern Thailand and the Malay Peninsula, becoming Muang Ek or first-level city. Yamada Nagamasa, the Japanese adventurer, was appointed as the governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1629. After the Siamese revolution of 1688, the governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat rebelled against the new King Phetracha. King Phetracha sent troops to put down rebels in Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1692. Thonburi Period After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, Phra Palat Nu the vice-governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat established himself as the local warlord and ruler over Southern Thailand. King Taksin of Thonburi marched south to subjugate Phra Palat Nu or Chao Phraya Nakhon Nu in 1769. Chao Phraya Nakhon Nu was taken to Thonburi but King Taksin re-installed Nakhon Nu as a tributary ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1776. Rattanakosin Period After Nakhon Noi, his son and grandson became respective governors of Nakhon Si Thammarat. During the reforms of King Chulalongkorn, the traditional governorship of Nakhon Si Thammarat was abolished and the city was incorporated into the Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1896. When the monthon system was abolished in 1932, Nakhon Si Thammarat then became a province until the present. Environment Forested peat swamp forests cover more than 9,900 hectares on the borders of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, and Songkhla provinces. About 800 hectares of the peat swamp were destroyed by 88 fires in the first half of 2019. The Royal Forest Department says that most of the fires in the Khuan Khreng peat swamp forest were man-made. Criminals clear the forest for the illegal expansion of rubber and oil palm plantations. Honey collectors and fishermen were also complicit as they burn grass to catch fish or to collect wild honey. Khuan Khreng peat swamp was hit by drought in what is normally the rainy season making it susceptible to arson. The forest is surrounded by oil palm plantations and surface water in the forest has been drained out to feed the plantations. The province is home to Khao Luang National Park and Hat Khanom–Mu Ko Thale Tai National Park. Economy Tourism has become a first-tier tourist province, as defined by the central government, joining 22 other first-tier provinces. In 2019, it is projected to receive four million tourists—80% of them domestic—largely attracted by religious sites. They contributed more than 11 billion baht to the provincial economy. The Airports Department plans to expand Nakhon Si Thammarat airport runways and terminal by 2022 to deal with an anticipated increase in international flights to support foreign visitor arrivals. The province has 320 hotels with 8,800 rooms, up from 310 hotels and 7,000 rooms in 2018. Symbols The provincial seal shows the Phra Baromathat chedi of Wat Phra Mahathat Voramahavihan, one of the most important historical sites in southern Thailand. According to the city chronicle it was already built in 311, but archaeology dates it to the 13th century. The chedi was built by the ruler of Malay Buddha Kingdom of Tambralinga, named Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja of The Patama Vamsa (Lotus Dynasty). The chedi is surrounded by the animals of the Chinese zodiac in the seal. The twelve animals represent the twelve Naksat cities or city-states which were tributary to the Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom: the Rat of Saiburi; the Ox of Pattani; the Tiger of Kelantan; the Rabbit of Pahang (actually a city in Pahang which is said to be submerged by a lake now); the Dragon of Kedah; the Snake of Phatthalung; the Horse of Trang; the Goat of Chumphon; the Monkey of Bantaysamer (might be Chaiya, or a town in Krabi province); the Rooster of Sa-ulau (unidentified city, might be Songkhla, Kanchanadit or Pla Tha); the Dog of Takua Pa and a Pig of Kraburi. The provincial flower is the Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula), and the provincial tree is Millettia atropurpurea. The provincial slogan is เมืองประวัติศาสตร์ พระธาตุทองคำ ชื่นฉ่ำธรรมชาติ แร่ธาตุอุดม เครื่องถมสามกษัตริย์ มากวัดมากศิลป์ ครบสิ้นกุ้งปู, which translates to "A historical town, the golden Phra That, plentiful minerals, three-metal nielloware, numerous temples, abundant shellfish." Administrative divisions Provincial government Nakhon Si Thammarat is divided into 23 districts (amphoes). The districts are further divided into 165 subdistricts (tambons) and 1428 villages (mubans). Local government As of 26 November 2019, there are: one Nakhon Si Thammarat Provincial Administration Organisation () and 54 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Nakhon Si Thammarat has (thesaban nakhon) status. Pak Phun, Thung Son and Pak Panang have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 50 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 130 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon). Transport Nakhon Si Thammarat is served by Nakhon Si Thammarat Airport and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Railway Station. Health Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat Hospital is the main hospital of the province, operated by the Ministry of Public Health. Education Universities Public universities Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya College of Industrial Technology and Management Nakhon Si Thammarat Saiyai Campus Nakhon Si Thammarat Thungyai Campus Thaksin University Management for Development College, Nakhon Si Thammarat Education Center Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Nakhon Si Thammarat Campus Mahamakut Buddhist University, Sithammasokkarat Campus Ramkhamhaeng University, Nakhon Si Thammarat Regional Campus in Honour of His Majesty the King Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nakhon Si Thammarat Regional Distance Education Center Boromarajonani College of Nursing Nakhon Si Thammarat Vocational colleges Public vocational colleges Nakhon Si Thammarat Technical College Thung Song Technical College Sichon Technical College Nakhon Si Thammarat Seaboard Industrial College Nakhon Si Thammarat Polytechnic College Nakhon Si Thammarat Vocational College Nakhon Si Thammarat Arts and Crafts College Nakhon Si Thammarat College of Agriculture and Technology Nakhon Si Thammarat Industrial and Community Education College Hua Sai Industrial and Community Education College Phrom Khiri Industrial and Community Education College Nakhon Si Thammarat Colleges of Dramatic Arts Nakhon Si Thammarat College of Fine Arts Private vocational colleges Innovation Technological College Jaruspichakorn College of Technology Satapat Nakhon Technological College Thurakit Bundit Technological College Nakhon Commercial Vocational College Prateesasana Business Administration College Thaksin Vocational Technological College Pakphanang Vocational College Southern Technological College Thungsong Commercial College Charoenmit Commercial Technological College Sichon Commercial Technological College Virasinpin Vocational College Sakdisilpin Commercial School Human achievement index 2017 Nakhon Si Thammarat scored 55 ("somewhat low") on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human achievement index (HAI). Sports Football Volleyball clubs See also Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom References External links Website of province (Thai) Nakhon Si Thammarat provincial map, coat of arms and postal stamp Everything in Nakhon Si Thammarat Tambralinga Provinces of Thailand Southern Thailand Gulf of Thailand	[ -0.06824645400047302, 0.15006107091903687, 0.08390427380800247, -0.02184901386499405, -0.18803124129772186, -0.10123088955879211, 0.37739428877830505, 0.5473769307136536, -0.6308559775352478, 0.09952405840158463, -0.4262688457965851, -0.3533910810947418, -0.6841145157814026, 0.1776346117258072, -0.14927254617214203, 1.0415360927581787, 1.0631307363510132, -0.052160199731588364, 0.2548079490661621, -0.34110888838768005, -0.15954111516475677, -0.3043005168437958, 0.7066763043403625, -0.2734389007091522, 0.4335290789604187, -0.032795894891023636, 0.400426983833313, 0.6969042420387268, 0.34888046979904175, -0.12951701879501343, -0.5403802394866943, 0.30004939436912537, -0.5156241655349731, -0.017898747697472572, 0.28416186571121216, 0.11737243831157684, 0.3128316402435303, -0.0015190764097496867, -0.21742579340934753, -0.30525264143943787, -0.09053370356559753, -0.23769472539424896, 0.006219266913831234, 0.049518223851919174, -0.024250492453575134, -1.5149799585342407, -0.6049057841300964, 0.8197835087776184, -0.5765547752380371, 0.4718230366706848, -0.8147680759429932, 0.6006905436515808, -0.32232046127319336, -0.251205712556839, 0.48015862703323364, 0.6754686832427979, -1.11228346824646, 0.20505642890930176, -0.44037482142448425, -0.13503623008728027, 0.04907451942563057, 0.5405372977256775, -0.771236777305603, 0.2979104220867157, -0.1030891090631485, 0.5488623380661011, 0.18544034659862518, 0.2949284315109253, -0.18357813358306885, -0.4719404876232147, 0.2122824341058731, 0.8357868790626526, -0.16501376032829285, 0.31385546922683716, 0.18930919468402863, 0.17612138390541077, -0.13756868243217468, -0.6127068996429443, -0.06376339495182037, -0.04307814687490463, 0.15966203808784485, 0.09920091927051544, 0.8779230117797852, 0.28883638978004456, 0.7017754316329956, -0.10988890379667282, -0.7616263031959534, 0.16140873730182648, -0.07693935930728912, 0.12014763057231903, 0.04182775318622589, 0.29666006565093994, 0.6283649802207947, -0.3187450170516968, -0.3925199508666992, -1.0068105459213257, -0.6446676254272461, 0.6388953924179077, 0.4328905940055847, 0.5238000750541687, -0.029286902397871017, -0.4276140630245209, 0.6846752762794495, 0.1045849621295929, -1.3601980209350586, -0.40833914279937744, -0.4569081962108612, -0.15503373742103577, -0.12887951731681824, -0.19262529909610748, -0.43747732043266296, 0.21918562054634094, 0.03926127031445503, 0.18047276139259338, 0.03272717446088791, 0.04466300830245018, 0.3884190618991852, -0.12732762098312378, 0.22716699540615082, -0.620307445526123, 0.40283289551734924, 0.23087666928768158, -0.08733629435300827, 0.4984370768070221, 0.4879938066005707, -0.19592389464378357, 0.5114914774894714, -0.193814218044281, -0.23995833098888397, 0.5065411329269409, 0.2353915274143219, 1.0274999141693115, -0.32915347814559937, 0.36536920070648193, -0.0762082040309906, -0.5328723192214966, 0.27590668201446533, 0.7122989892959595, 0.6840903759002686, -0.19628632068634033, -1.4303052425384521, 0.47630998492240906, -0.9548088312149048, 0.1978054791688919, -0.02293369546532631, -0.46863675117492676, -0.34468433260917664, -0.2547436058521271, -0.34743425250053406, -0.3127566874027252, 0.442380428314209, 0.28959381580352783, -0.1287553310394287, 0.45521530508995056, -0.44205597043037415, -0.0198017917573452, 0.6029378175735474, 0.11938045173883438, 0.2166011929512024, -0.21975582838058472, -0.0022507919929921627, 0.06705457717180252, -0.48174217343330383, -0.08485709875822067, 0.6801044940948486, -0.17944671213626862, -0.32861408591270447, 0.514410674571991, -0.2061690241098404, 0.39730802178382874, -0.2640463411808014, -0.22512419521808624, 0.1349031776189804, -0.12857915461063385, 0.035706594586372375, -0.27019771933555603, -0.0028959980700165033, 0.5704701542854309, 0.03715844452381134, -0.24135586619377136, -0.7967647910118103, 0.25317156314849854, 0.08310984820127487, 0.1364278644323349, 0.13328197598457336, 0.07332466542720795, 0.6539467573165894, 0.34938114881515503, -0.1594623625278473, 0.22509372234344482, -0.17491191625595093, -0.5307660698890686, 0.40454280376434326, 0.17020945250988007, 0.654865562915802, 0.9886130690574646, 0.4843662679195404, 0.8460864424705505, -0.15291807055473328, 1.2453954219818115, 0.03034409135580063, 0.05673804134130478, 0.570855975151062, -0.3340248465538025, -0.5220634937286377, 0.6929225921630859, 0.03769180178642273, 0.2601356506347656, 0.4194914698600769, 1.0310643911361694, 0.3904264271259308, -0.7685389518737793, -0.3164605498313904, -0.3562369644641876, -0.0998234897851944, -0.45831310749053955, -0.32454609870910645, 0.06247105821967125, 0.015066388063132763, -0.20500369369983673, 0.13957040011882782, 0.2524190843105316, -0.44911181926727295, 0.5035915374755859, -0.2269688844680786, 0.888263463973999, -0.057072438299655914, -0.050767358392477036, -0.04866449907422066, -0.43700456619262695, 0.5007032155990601, -0.4983411133289337, 0.5811231136322021, -0.08650866150856018, -0.08274229615926743, -0.054815586656332016, 0.16514289379119873, -0.39071497321128845, 0.24270834028720856, -1.0424002408981323, -0.05012136325240135, 0.12712699174880981, -0.6128668785095215, 0.0711289793252945, 0.6763026118278503, 0.6049495935440063, -0.5842528343200684, 0.04833943396806717, 0.09698422253131866, 0.10994656383991241, 0.1778150498867035, 0.11428817361593246, 0.3574860095977783, -0.4411161243915558, 0.13621187210083008, -0.06163444742560387, -0.46695029735565186, 0.04555950686335564, 0.6605950593948364, -0.5898364186286926, -0.71373051404953, 0.018124297261238098, 0.9703106880187988, 0.0719900131225586, -0.6992366909980774, -0.09973341971635818, 0.07224319130182266, -0.7109533548355103, 0.4375234842300415, 0.16312777996063232, -0.07071497291326523, -0.6123466491699219, -0.7432979941368103, 0.1703941971063614, -0.4196099042892456, -0.5573488473892212, -0.26136988401412964, 0.20955371856689453, -1.078140377998352, -0.5623632073402405, 0.7445679903030396, 1.0111342668533325, 0.2668468654155731, -0.8675808310508728, -0.004257658962160349, -0.3964847922325134, -0.20369325578212738, -0.44075992703437805, -0.18316781520843506, 0.389613538980484, -0.4466598629951477, -0.5457174777984619, -0.6596584320068359, -0.3035818040370941, -0.31569215655326843, -0.5547471642494202, -0.28328263759613037, 0.18216492235660553, 0.9810075163841248, -0.6411467790603638, -0.8527844548225403, 0.15885959565639496, -0.23794305324554443, 0.4789268374443054, -0.10582201927900314, -0.49738752841949463, -0.1387265920639038, 0.10065748542547226, -4.901574611663818, -0.4493873119354248, -0.029060598462820053, -0.48083382844924927, 0.039889752864837646, -0.16717849671840668, 0.3380921185016632, -0.6438483595848083, 0.24381880462169647, 0.16180609166622162, -0.19459936022758484, -0.25796815752983093, 0.09588564187288284, 0.7833107709884644, 0.3121505379676819, 0.43164724111557007, 0.23892495036125183, 0.191625714302063, 0.7102639079093933, 0.1918385773897171, 0.0314718596637249, 0.08591970801353455, -0.06265853345394135, 0.26737603545188904, 0.4287366271018982, 0.9515775442123413, 0.18680106103420258, -0.3447861671447754, -1.0403143167495728, -0.5699354410171509, -0.7383630275726318, 0.11293388903141022, 0.3239232301712036, -0.16480416059494019, -0.322064608335495, -0.3845265507698059, 0.7288442850112915, 0.4108322560787201, 0.17494331300258636, -0.44257307052612305, -0.138902947306633, 0.031424473971128464, -0.2293546497821808, -0.14222602546215057, 0.2251303344964981, -0.803912878036499, -0.8401646614074707, -0.58967125415802, -0.2314237654209137, 0.47152531147003174, 0.40896397829055786, 0.3197832405567169, 0.5827469825744629, 0.06067957356572151, -0.5465062856674194, 0.0739140510559082, -0.1166309043765068, -0.04208443686366081, -0.4033641517162323, 0.3542554974555969, 0.8359397649765015, 0.10911522060632706, -0.6891599893569946, -0.34482717514038086, 0.33395838737487793, -0.3174799978733063, 0.18922975659370422, -0.030626347288489342, 0.12536638975143433, 0.40315693616867065, -0.7785082459449768, -0.22631056606769562, -0.6186657547950745, -0.6977567672729492, 0.059126049280166626, -0.23357278108596802, -0.567418098449707, 0.18149353563785553, 0.14224101603031158, 0.12460841238498688, -0.9841785430908203, 0.7090157866477966, 0.3568981885910034, 1.7022794485092163, -0.03790253400802612, -0.8955644369125366, -0.0635051503777504, 0.534701943397522, 0.16061145067214966, 0.013179807923734188, 0.35971418023109436, -0.35479986667633057, 0.873494565486908, 0.3031310439109802, -0.3061060309410095, 0.14880244433879852, 0.39576292037963867, -0.12592408061027527, 0.22963759303092957, -0.9388049840927124, 0.3883940279483795, -0.24390974640846252, 0.016951462253928185, -0.13929611444473267, -0.5211968421936035, -0.806823194026947, 0.07349663972854614, 0.45004212856292725, -0.15465350449085236, -0.024293573573231697, -0.5252966284751892, -0.04352910444140434, 0.09626515954732895, 0.5904387831687927, 0.21601466834545135, -0.6341216564178467, -0.7111700177192688, 0.36196649074554443, 0.3041033446788788, 0.6252136826515198, -0.11102267354726791, 1.039928674697876, 0.039653997868299484, 0.46635451912879944, -0.5480326414108276, -0.6946227550506592, -0.19479618966579437, 0.39649698138237, -0.1725073903799057, 0.17102037370204926, 0.4258078932762146, -0.021369662135839462, 0.6025519371032715, -0.6297673583030701, -0.0254474226385355, -0.6913670897483826, 0.23637902736663818, -0.34985849261283875, -0.27022770047187805, -0.14088833332061768, 0.49568963050842285, 0.07240066677331924, -0.33288681507110596, 0.7927618026733398, 0.16075952351093292, 0.11834877729415894, 0.38565176725387573, -0.0338151641190052, -0.5808179974555969, 0.53520667552948, -0.6558898091316223, -0.865890383720398, 0.6174635887145996, -0.5092756748199463, -0.09107784926891327, -0.23422393202781677, -0.2377116084098816, 0.27992546558380127, 1.159341812133789, 0.1462358832359314, -0.10166680067777634, -0.5201020240783691, -0.9551385045051575, 0.18774427473545074, -0.15312249958515167, -0.7609395980834961, 0.3732113242149353, -0.15402399003505707, -0.47214168310165405, 0.9566484093666077, 0.24120190739631653, -0.049277424812316895, -0.3053268790245056, -0.16331890225410461, 0.03904469311237335, -0.7050051689147949, 0.020725438371300697, 0.16084814071655273, -0.418412446975708, 0.11114688962697983, -0.2333587110042572, -0.6792839169502258, -0.11066120117902756, 0.6081891655921936, 0.7756729125976562, 0.4485544264316559, -0.6824052333831787, -0.3633383810520172, -0.25371253490448, 0.183514803647995, 0.5498661994934082, -0.3052263855934143, -0.2724026143550873, 0.03236805647611618, -0.1303270310163498, -0.6277462840080261, -0.21846432983875275, 1.2698771953582764, -0.15760980546474457, 0.016308583319187164, 0.19474440813064575, 0.4487074911594391, -0.043499287217855453, 0.5573057532310486, -0.048547860234975815, -0.29409289360046387, 0.16214601695537567, 0.058048881590366364, -0.006408413872122765, 0.03291197121143341, -0.7890125513076782, -0.081794872879982, 0.4051028788089752, 0.26244035363197327, -0.6777030825614929, 0.4088480472564697, 0.3066108524799347, -0.12933765351772308, 0.06748116761445999, -0.7271612286567688, -0.5462740063667297, -0.23599474132061005, -0.3092435598373413, -0.34881025552749634, -0.6680612564086914, 0.3766060471534729, 0.6433953046798706, -0.6948549151420593, 0.28960224986076355, -0.5170949697494507, -0.07893429696559906, 0.03826785832643509, 0.8660431504249573, 0.28287380933761597, -0.16428431868553162, 0.04988398775458336, 0.3696231544017792, 0.2743874192237854, 0.1754956841468811, 0.9102875590324402, -0.020669136196374893, 0.9799550771713257, 0.2574049234390259, -0.6121771335601807, -0.6747828125953674, -0.0715954527258873, 0.4434325397014618, -0.5277018547058105, -0.8967599272727966, 0.2660336494445801, 0.4780087471008301, -0.2537829875946045, -0.5565792322158813, -0.6789243221282959, 1.1636029481887817, -0.19028759002685547, -0.042770884931087494, 1.0753836631774902, 0.4213514029979706, -0.04408150166273117, -0.33749791979789734, -0.11126986891031265, -0.19838270545005798, -0.24030371010303497, 0.4428001046180725, -0.23265236616134644, -0.779737114906311, -0.04685559123754501, 0.6319258809089661, -0.6234066486358643, -0.7298991084098816, -0.5069796442985535, 0.20082028210163116, -0.17294146120548248, 0.2618778347969055, -0.20292045176029205, 0.05498479679226875, -0.5009036660194397, 0.010698385536670685, -0.1250109076499939, -0.7080751061439514, 0.06494876742362976, 0.32019081711769104, -0.30075955390930176, 0.70856773853302, -0.9255926609039307, 0.11739713698625565, 0.4658861756324768, -0.7597836852073669, 0.36705055832862854, -0.1427464485168457, -0.6015879511833191, -0.556484043598175, 0.011163115501403809, -0.12444332987070084, 0.428808331489563, -0.006183596793562174, 0.9148809313774109, -0.03654284402728081, 0.4702904224395752, -0.998798131942749, 0.1607157588005066, 0.22431950271129608, -0.2554576098918915, -0.23405493795871735, -0.1015845537185669, 0.4768039286136627, -0.379792183637619, 0.06049704924225807, 0.6200897097587585, 0.09892060607671738, 0.40943941473960876, -0.022766081616282463, 0.46380388736724854, -0.19356149435043335, 0.5157210826873779, 0.5730699896812439, -1.0588375329971313, -0.06972452998161316, 0.9432584643363953, 0.10971761494874954, -0.8370579481124878, -0.19919876754283905, 0.7230963110923767, -0.17858673632144928, 0.8629161715507507, -0.0347457118332386, -0.5732892751693726, 0.7448376417160034, 0.09577858448028564, -0.09491028636693954, -0.04631420224905014, -0.6393041610717773, 0.34422311186790466, -0.559717059135437, -0.19205379486083984, 0.2212270200252533, -0.7015549540519714, -0.2647494673728943, 0.47433388233184814, 0.5882710218429565, 0.8424736261367798, -0.14022618532180786, -0.4409720301628113, 0.08141741901636124, 0.32257306575775146, 0.40942874550819397, -0.22157354652881622, 0.4637940227985382, -0.060774847865104675, 0.27510038018226624, 0.3006093204021454, -0.5936380624771118, -0.05586669594049454, 0.46921205520629883, 1.1853536367416382, -0.6943729519844055, -0.46621376276016235, 0.45813557505607605, 0.4503682851791382, -0.152491495013237, 0.09360101073980331, -0.5718626976013184, 0.3357647955417633, -0.09465427696704865, -0.40094777941703796, 0.3569810688495636, -0.535659670829773, 0.10987132787704468, 0.34707513451576233, -0.06513797491788864, 0.2213398963212967, -0.18676668405532837, -0.7101450562477112, -0.10728850215673447, 0.3275825083255768, -0.5571950078010559, 0.2877400517463684, -0.518216609954834, -0.10695182532072067, 0.3827391266822815, 0.04690819978713989, 0.03508191555738449, -0.6887844204902649, 0.1584932655096054, 0.7117900848388672, 0.5414026379585266, 0.19725167751312256, -0.34060758352279663, 0.39746153354644775, 0.24772441387176514, -0.2242526262998581, -0.7576859593391418, -0.11398212611675262, -0.15142807364463806, -0.1743287593126297, -0.5528830289840698, 0.8668887615203857, 0.7285435795783997, -0.39826276898384094, 0.680079996585846, 0.036144595593214035, 0.08829282224178314, 0.7295774817466736, 0.26311108469963074, 0.7029988169670105, -0.06303836405277252, 0.33438098430633545, -0.7791017889976501, 0.0011988875921815634, 0.48513466119766235, 0.502755343914032, 0.3947473168373108, 0.47315463423728943, -0.26974058151245117, 0.09945589303970337, 0.510151207447052, -1.1468755006790161, 0.09411154687404633, -0.5856199264526367, -0.30253830552101135, -0.2948698401451111, -0.02606331557035446, 0.8731432557106018, -0.05743074789643288, -0.7021629214286804, 0.17443586885929108, 0.2689933478832245, -0.3740198612213135, 0.5302860736846924, -0.126130148768425, -0.3431131839752197, -0.5934346318244934, -0.274992972612381, -0.7281913757324219, 0.41909676790237427, 0.4453827142715454, 0.8403484225273132, 0.12228646874427795, 0.3526822328567505, -0.26579299569129944, -0.3306697607040405, 0.6421722173690796, 0.4689033329486847, -0.037993479520082474, -0.47238266468048096, -0.5618925094604492, -0.7701325416564941, -0.9112620949745178, 0.5946328639984131, -0.20920723676681519, 0.01263866014778614, 0.3598405420780182, -0.42791974544525146, -0.6821711659431458, -0.039452265948057175, 0.18959572911262512, -0.42793014645576477, 0.4629204571247101, 0.45256567001342773 ]
230716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoked%20salmon	Smoked salmon	Smoked salmon is a preparation of salmon, typically a fillet that has been cured and hot or cold smoked. Due to its moderately high price, smoked salmon is considered a delicacy. Although the term lox is sometimes applied to smoked salmon, they are different products. Presentation Smoked salmon is a popular ingredient in canapés, often combined with cream cheese and lemon juice. In New York City and Philadelphia and other cities of North America, smoked salmon is known as "nova" after the sources in Nova Scotia, and is likely to be sliced very thinly and served on bagels with cream cheese or with sliced red onion, lemon and capers. In Pacific Northwest cuisine of the United States and Canada, smoked salmon may also be fillets or nuggets, including hickory or alder-smoked varieties and candied salmon (smoked and honey, or sugar-glazed, also known as "Indian candy"). In Europe, smoked salmon may be found thinly sliced or in thicker fillets, or sold as chopped "scraps" for use in cooking. It is often used in pâtés, quiches and pasta sauces. Scrambled eggs with smoked salmon mixed in is another popular dish. Smoked salmon salad is a strong-flavored salad, with ingredients such as iceberg lettuce, boiled eggs, tomato, olives, capers and leeks, and with flavored yogurt as a condiment. Slices of smoked salmon are a popular appetizer in Europe, usually served with some kind of bread. In the United Kingdom they are typically eaten with brown bread and a squeeze of lemon. In Germany they are eaten on toast or black bread. In Jewish cuisine, heavily salted salmon is called lox and is usually eaten on a bagel with cream cheese. Lox is often smoked. Smoked salmon is sometimes used in sushi, though not widely in Japan; it is more likely to be encountered in North American sushi bars. The Philly Roll combines smoked salmon and cream cheese and rolls these in rice and nori. History Smoking is used to preserve salmon against microorganism spoilage. During the process of smoking salmon the fish is cured and partially dehydrated, which impedes the activity of bacteria. An important example of this is Clostridium botulinum, which can be present in seafood, and which is killed by the high heat treatment which occurs during the smoking process. Smoked salmon has featured in many Native American cultures for a long time. Smoked salmon was also a common dish in Greek and Roman culture throughout history, often being eaten at large gatherings and celebrations. During the Middle Ages, smoked salmon became part of people's diet and was consumed in soups and salads. The first smoking factory was from Poland in the 7th century A.D. The 19th century marked the rise of the American smoked salmon industry in the West Coast, processing Pacific salmon from Alaska and Oregon. In 2017, Smoked Salmon produced in London by the UK's oldest established salmon curing firm, still operating today under the salmon family ownership, notably H.Forman & Son (Est 1905), won Protected Geographical Indication status from the EU and became the first London-based food or drink to receive this special status. The protected name is London Cure Smoked Salmon. Nutrition Salmon is a fish with high fat content and smoked salmon is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Smoked salmon has a high sodium content due to the salt added during brining and curing. of smoked salmon contains approximately 660 mg of sodium, while an equivalent portion of fresh cooked salmon contains about 50 mg. Although high salt content prevents the growth of microorganisms in smoked salmon by limiting water activity, the American Heart Association recommends limiting sodium consumption. Smoked foods, including smoked salmon also contain nitrates and nitrites which are by-products of the smoking process. Nitrites and nitrates can be converted into nitrosamines, some of which are carcinogenic. However, smoked salmon is not a major source of nitrosamine exposure to humans. Salt replacement Studies have been conducted in which some of the sodium chloride used in smoking salmon had been replaced by potassium chloride. The study found that up to one third of the sodium chloride can be replaced by potassium chloride without changing the sensory properties of the smoked salmon. Although potassium chloride has a bitter and metallic taste, the saltiness of the smoked salmon might have masked its undesirable flavor. *Based on a 2,000 calorie diet – Serving size: about 3 oz or 85 g, cooked. Production In the Atlantic basin all smoked salmon comes from the Atlantic salmon, much of it farmed in Norway, Scotland, Ireland and the east coast of Canada (particularly in the Bay of Fundy). In the Pacific, a variety of salmon species may be used. Because fish farming is prohibited by state law, all of Alaska's salmon species are wild Pacific species. Pacific species of salmon include chinook ("King"), sockeye ("red"), coho ("silver"), chum (keta), and pink ("humpback"). Cold smoking Most smoked salmon is cold smoked, typically at 37 °C (99 °F). Cold smoking does not cook the fish, resulting in a delicate texture. Although some smoke houses go for a deliberately 'oaky' style with prolonged exposure to smoke from oak chips, industrial production favours less exposure to smoke and a blander style, using cheaper woods. Originally, prepared fish were upside hung in lines on racks, or tenters, within the kiln. Workers would climb up and straddle the racks while hanging the individual lines in ascending order. Small circular wood chip fires would be lit at floor level and allowed to smoke slowly throughout the night. The wood fire was damped with sawdust to create smoke; this was constantly tended as naked flames would cook the fish rather than smoke it. The required duration of smoking has always been gauged by a skilled or 'master smoker' who manually checks for optimum smoking conditions. Smoked salmon was introduced into the UK from Eastern Europe. Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland brought the technique of salmon smoking to London's east End, where they settled, in the late 19th century. They smoked salmon as way to preserve it as refrigeration was very basic. In the early years, they were not aware that there was a salmon native to the UK so they imported Baltic salmon in barrels of salt water. However, having discovered the wild Scottish salmon coming down to the fish market at Billingsgate each summer, they started smoking these fish instead. The smoking process has changed over the years and many contemporary smokehouses have left the traditional methods using brick kilns behind in favour of commercial methods. Only a handful of traditional smokehouses remain such as John Ross Jr (Aberdeen) Ltd and the Stornoway Smokehouse in the Outer Hebrides. The oldest smokehouse in Scotland is the Old Salmon Fish House built on the banks of the River Ugie in 1585, although not at first for smoking. The oldest smokehouse in England is the 1760 Old Smokehouse in Raglan Street, Lowestoft. Indigenous peoples in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska have a cold smoking style that is wholly unique, resulting in a dried, "jerky-style" smoked salmon. In the Pacific Northwest this style of salmon has been used for centuries as a primary source of food for numerous indigenous folk. Traditionally smoked salmon has been a staple of north-western American tribes and Canadian First Nations people. To preserve indefinitely in modern times, the fish is typically pressure-cooked. Hot smoking Commonly used for both salmon and trout, hot smoking 'cooks' the salmon making it less moist, and firmer, with a less delicate taste. It may be eaten like cold smoked salmon, or mixed with salads or pasta. It is essential to brine the salmon sufficiently and dry the skin enough to form a pellicle prior to smoking. Without a sufficient pellicle, albumin will ooze out of the fish as it cooks, resulting in an unsightly presentation. Brining salmon There are three main curing methods that are typically used to cure salmon prior to smoking. Wet brining: Brining in a solution containing water, salt, sugar, spices, with (or without) sodium nitrite for a number of hours or days. Dry curing: This method is a method often used in Europe, in which salmon fillets are covered with a mix of salt, sugar, and sometimes other spices (traditional London Cure smoked salmon uses salt only). Dry curing tends to be faster than wet brining, as the salt tends to draw out moisture from the fish during the curing process and less drying time is needed in the smokehouse. Injection: This is the least typical method as it damages the delicate flesh of salmon. This is the fastest method of all as it injects the curing solution — hence allowing a faster cure throughout the flesh. The proteins in the fish are modified (denatured) by the salt, which enables the flesh of the salmon to hold moisture better than it would if not brined. In the United States, the addition of salt is regulated by the FDA as it is a major processing aid to ensure the safety of the product. The sugar is hydrophilic, and adds to the moistness of the smoked salmon. Salt and sugar are also preservatives, extending the storage life and freshness of the salmon. Table salt (iodized salt) is not used in any of these methods, as the iodine can impart a dark color and bitter taste to the fish. Curing Indian hard smoked salmon is first kippered with salt, sugar and spices and then smoked until hard and jerky-like. See cured salmon. The Scandinavian dish gravlax is cured, but is not smoked. Packaging Canning In British Columbia, canning salmon can be traced back to Alexander Loggie in 1870 who established the first recorded commercial cannery on the Fraser River. Canning soon became the preferred method of preserving salmon in BC growing from three canneries in 1876 to more than ninety by the turn of the century. Sockeye and Pink Salmon make up the majority of canned salmon, with the traditional product containing skin and bones – important sources of calcium and nutrients. The enzymes of fish operate at an optimum temperature of about 5 °C, the temperature of the water from which they came. Bacteriologically sterile, fish still have a large number of bacteria in their slimy surface and digestive tracts. These bacteria multiply rapidly once the fish dies and start to attack the tissues. The growth of microorganism can greatly affect the quality of the salmon. The salmon is first dressed and washed, then cut into pieces and filled in cans (previously sterilized) in saline. The cans must then undergo a double steaming process in a vacuum-sealed environment. The steam is pressurized at 121.1 °C for 90 minutes to kill any bacteria. After heating, the cans are cooled under running water, dried and stored in a controlled environment between 10 and 15.5 °C. Before leaving the canneries, they are examined to ensure both the can integrity and safety of the fish. The Canadian Food and Inspection Agency (CFIA) is responsible for policies, labeling requirements, permitted additives, and inspections for all fish products. All establishments which process fish for export or inter-provincial trade must be registered federally and implement a Quality Management Program (QMP) plan. Retort pouch Cooking low-acid food items in a retortable pouch is a relatively new process, with the first commercial use of such retort pouches found in Italy in 1960, Denmark in 1966, and in Japan in 1969. It consists of enclosing the fish in "a multilayer flexible packaging consisting mainly of polypropylene (PP), aluminum foil, and polyester (PET)" instead of the metal can or glass jar used in canning; but from there the technique is quite similar. Four different retort pouch structures were used; namely cast polypropylene (CPP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/silicon oxide-coated nylon/CPP (SIOX), Aluminum oxide-coated PET/nylon/CPP (ALOX), and PET/aluminum foil/CPP (FOIL). Advantages Retort pouch salmon minimizes the thermal damage to nutrient, sensory, and other food quality characteristics due to quicker heating based on the thinner package profile when compared to metal cans. Pouched food can be eaten without heating, or it can be heated quickly by placing the pouch in boiling water for a few minutes. Frozen foods, in contrast, require heating for about half an hour. Thus, less energy is required for heating a retort pouch. Pouched food can also be heated in a microwave oven simply by removing it from the pouch before heating. Compare to cans and glass, it is easier to open and safer. Pouch-packed salmon had firmer, more fibrous, drier and chewier texture than that product in a can of equal fill weight. Utilising the plastic retort pouch over these other forms, particularly for delicate foods such as smoked salmon. T.D. Durance and L.S. Collins found that "processing of late-run chum salmon in retortable pouches resulted in 48% reduction in processing time" for a given level of lethality to microorganisms, a clear advantage over traditional canning techniques. Disadvantages Color changes, vitamin losses, production of undesirable odors, and texture changes of salmon in the conventional retort processing. The aluminum foil barrier layer is not suitable for microwave heating. (However, there are newly made microwavable retort pouches now.) Labelling In the UK, "Scottish smoked salmon" is sometimes used to refer to salmon that is smoked in Scotland but sourced from elsewhere. This is despite Food Standards Agency recommendations that such salmon be described as "Salmon smoked in Scotland" instead. Labelling must also include the method of production ('farmed', 'cultivated', 'caught'). Jerky Smoked salmon jerky is a dehydrated salmon product that is bought ready to eat for consumers and requires no further refrigeration or cooking. (Note there are "fresh" non-heat treated versions made by smaller local producers that require refrigeration.) It is typically made from the trimmings and by-products of salmon products in other smoking facilities. Smoked salmon jerky undergoes the most heat processing of all other smoked salmon products yet still maintains its quality as a good source of omega-3 fatty acids. Processing The two main processing techniques for salmon jerky are wet-brining and dry salting. In both cases the salmon is trimmed into narrow slices and then stored cold for less than one day. After being skinned and frozen, if the fish is to undergo the brining method it will require an additional step in which the salmon is left soaking in wet brine (salt solution) for one hour. It is then removed and the excess water is discarded. After this, in both the wet-brining and dry salting method, ingredients such as non-iodized salt, potato starch, or light brown sugar are added. In some smoked salmon jerky products preservatives may also be added to extend the shelf life of the final product. The salmon is then minced with the additives and reformed into thin strips that will be smoked for twenty hours. Between the brining and salting methods for smoked salmon jerky the brining method has been found to leave the salmon more tender with up to double the moisture content of salted jerky. The salmon jerky that undergoes the dry salting method has a tougher texture due to the lower moisture content and water activity. Both forms of salmon jerky still have a much lower moisture content than is found in raw salmon. Packaging Smoked salmon jerky is packaged using aseptic packaging to ensure the product is in a sterilized environment. The smoked salmon jerky is commonly packaged in a vacuum sealed bag in which the oxygen has been removed, or in a controlled atmospheric package in which the oxygen has been replaced with nitrogen to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Because of the high heat nature of which smoked salmon jerky is processed it is a shelf stable product. Depending on the integrity of the packaging and if preservatives were used, smoked salmon jerky may have an approximate shelf-life of six months to one year. Smaller local producers of salmon jerky make a "fresh", non-heat treated product that is not shelf stable. See also List of fish dishes List of smoked foods Sashimi References External links Smoking Fish At Home How to Cook Smoked Salmon? Do it in 7 Easy Steps! Fish processing Norwegian cuisine Pacific Northwest cuisine Salmon dishes Scottish cuisine Smoked fish	[ 0.49262723326683044, 0.20792537927627563, -0.8802522420883179, 0.18408454954624176, 0.22286057472229004, 0.13390479981899261, 0.363518089056015, 0.4125574827194214, -0.3620494604110718, -0.7160074710845947, 0.07900557667016983, 0.13605207204818726, -0.3432571589946747, 0.057909853756427765, -0.1426917314529419, 0.2947739064693451, 0.7625573873519897, 0.24031952023506165, 0.4752446711063385, 0.1134374663233757, -0.5696979761123657, -0.3582765758037567, -0.2080223262310028, 0.010237879119813442, 0.3381471037864685, -0.09826802462339401, 0.17835204303264618, -0.20622575283050537, -0.02313430793583393, -0.07241082936525345, -0.14866195619106293, 0.5124005675315857, 0.28565096855163574, -0.3900254964828491, 0.6168920993804932, -0.1461544632911682, 0.06389383971691132, -0.4501799941062927, -0.3398599326610565, -0.0982789695262909, -0.22545064985752106, 0.007339011877775192, 0.603346586227417, 0.2915802001953125, 0.32515430450439453, -0.13212887942790985, -0.6817196607589722, 0.4181326627731323, -0.016495872288942337, 0.26204073429107666, -0.10838033258914948, -0.381768137216568, 0.0008696176810190082, 0.4012438654899597, 0.21295839548110962, 0.6170235276222229, -0.5300884246826172, 0.7654079794883728, -0.03403747081756592, -0.024608680978417397, 0.19735084474086761, 0.010603993199765682, -0.43457692861557007, 0.41840630769729614, 0.45845144987106323, 0.2290877103805542, 0.1262071430683136, 0.8987357020378113, -0.1359413117170334, -0.021179640665650368, -0.3367489278316498, -0.7412083148956299, -0.25594547390937805, 0.09632563591003418, 0.21089190244674683, 0.12065581232309341, -0.028735574334859848, 0.22124093770980835, -0.3409501612186432, 0.27772337198257446, -0.1776590496301651, 0.44244247674942017, 0.36758729815483093, 0.026277391240000725, 0.1181667298078537, 0.3393882215023041, -0.05803598463535309, 0.42650306224823, -0.3051554560661316, -0.01029667817056179, -0.35403555631637573, 0.4153037369251251, 0.708553671836853, -0.37047821283340454, -0.5715221762657166, 0.0027746660634875298, -0.13306671380996704, 0.7134948372840881, 1.146782636642456, -0.251600444316864, -0.5342188477516174, -0.12618236243724823, 0.9510796070098877, 0.0959685742855072, -0.6254749298095703, -0.012689653784036636, -0.36920297145843506, -0.26621612906455994, -0.058609142899513245, -0.21330198645591736, 0.5096782445907593, -0.001346978242509067, 0.25602468848228455, 0.29831528663635254, -0.2609262764453888, 0.9072875380516052, 0.024191677570343018, -0.21492429077625275, -0.6435782313346863, -0.4951257109642029, -0.0420718677341938, 0.4111326336860657, -0.2773228585720062, 0.1006435751914978, -0.3010391891002655, 0.18036691844463348, 0.7074777483940125, 0.6472927331924438, 0.17427776753902435, -0.45631930232048035, -0.13737305998802185, 0.7644044160842896, -0.29177039861679077, -0.023340966552495956, -0.17979101836681366, 0.014798997901380062, -0.15117137134075165, -0.1842370480298996, 0.6483480930328369, -0.3189369738101959, -0.9930171370506287, -0.16781915724277496, -0.10240507125854492, -0.16241975128650665, -0.04199615493416786, 0.29485034942626953, 0.05465984717011452, -0.5645818114280701, -0.21049907803535461, -0.012987197376787663, 0.15342392027378082, 0.0023993439972400665, 0.05744193121790886, 0.22268739342689514, -0.44097229838371277, 0.2101658284664154, -0.16619640588760376, -0.12868399918079376, 0.5852746367454529, -0.4382779002189636, 0.4862922132015228, -0.16292144358158112, 0.45783811807632446, -0.13110683858394623, 0.3156706392765045, -0.3476952910423279, -0.034866731613874435, -0.28956466913223267, -0.013026442378759384, 0.1919286996126175, 0.324290931224823, 0.2298506647348404, 0.3241688311100006, -0.3346359133720398, 0.11666937917470932, -0.3103877604007721, -0.04763421416282654, 0.5425894856452942, 0.34473729133605957, -0.06168204918503761, -0.5296697020530701, 0.14190761744976044, 0.34445837140083313, -0.7721573710441589, -0.03960602730512619, -0.2842720150947571, -0.023286081850528717, -0.10174676775932312, 0.36599329113960266, 0.3353348672389984, -0.5664785504341125, -0.1783456653356552, -0.15601162612438202, -0.8015438914299011, 0.9994046092033386, -0.07788000255823135, -0.4467625617980957, 1.0757313966751099, 0.29830411076545715, -0.4933583438396454, -0.2602105736732483, 0.34411534667015076, 0.3673951327800751, -0.470552921295166, -1.1120024919509888, 0.40384039282798767, 0.21851100027561188, -0.09187333285808563, 0.7318313717842102, -0.20643341541290283, 0.34111079573631287, -0.1686263382434845, 0.3936270773410797, -0.5175886750221252, 0.18769653141498566, 0.28292712569236755, 0.4628164768218994, 0.3129173815250397, 0.1315617710351944, -0.37586942315101624, 0.4807681441307068, -0.26056209206581116, -0.26606765389442444, 0.265606164932251, 0.09546034038066864, 0.8160310983657837, -0.23070840537548065, -0.21408618986606598, 0.19620466232299805, -0.06389980763196945, 0.09335512667894363, -0.18060486018657684, 0.34723323583602905, -0.2205166518688202, -0.31160423159599304, 0.13946533203125, 0.2752329409122467, -0.06442864239215851, 0.35587751865386963, -0.09664390981197357, 0.8052064180374146, -0.056756243109703064, -0.39651691913604736, -0.10009802877902985, 0.7493377327919006, -0.049571823328733444, -0.062135692685842514, 0.25705891847610474, -0.24460268020629883, -0.6830959320068359, 0.3669193983078003, 0.4300585687160492, 0.6476001143455505, -0.6532348394393921, 0.08747135102748871, -0.4384365975856781, -0.29274284839630127, -0.20379504561424255, 0.37114930152893066, 0.11321917921304703, -0.0517386831343174, 0.15017372369766235, -0.01806998997926712, 0.22135289013385773, -0.5490021109580994, -0.07004917412996292, -0.6174332499504089, -0.05427391082048416, 0.11303762346506119, 0.4629092216491699, 0.991692841053009, 0.3889942765235901, -0.6464693546295166, -0.38012513518333435, -0.01570891961455345, -0.6548497676849365, -0.02529107965528965, 0.38026952743530273, -0.16157545149326324, -0.24285811185836792, 0.3915547728538513, 0.41438528895378113, 0.13526074588298798, -0.3088492453098297, -0.7612319588661194, -0.5846700668334961, -0.11805997788906097, -0.39301836490631104, -0.5598941445350647, 0.06856223940849304, -0.07009079307317734, 0.7440340518951416, -0.3136552572250366, -0.08489695936441422, 0.057866308838129044, -0.09797278791666031, -0.2513032555580139, 0.6219454407691956, 0.763322651386261, -0.4711095094680786, 0.6382437944412231, -0.38328251242637634, -0.015424289740622044, 0.49197518825531006, 0.015322020277380943, -0.0754258781671524, -0.18996299803256989, -0.460392028093338, -5.818448543548584, -0.5406137704849243, -0.2891289293766022, -0.14537370204925537, 0.159353107213974, 0.06739610433578491, 0.5728223919868469, -0.7224377393722534, 0.8969204425811768, 0.6559237241744995, 0.07148835808038712, 0.5360230803489685, 0.24892093241214752, 0.1879492551088333, 0.4066452980041504, 0.2676568627357483, 0.31265437602996826, -0.2926987111568451, 0.06426166743040085, -0.07758930325508118, 0.6130269169807434, 0.5832663178443909, -0.27537479996681213, 0.6631441712379456, -0.6682307720184326, -0.0638524517416954, -0.5273014307022095, 0.49924954771995544, -0.40102946758270264, -0.045920420438051224, -0.25597482919692993, -0.322618693113327, 0.6442345976829529, -0.5093430280685425, -0.004152728710323572, -0.0664488673210144, -0.0182404313236475, 0.335835725069046, 0.007321168668568134, -0.08422237634658813, -0.07945191860198975, 0.3355010747909546, 0.08083721250295639, -0.05487195774912834, 0.7993983626365662, 0.30303964018821716, 0.2586321234703064, -0.6612011194229126, 0.29337528347969055, 0.5275650024414062, 0.04220205172896385, 0.16967181861400604, 0.5966196656227112, 0.1362338811159134, 0.34929999709129333, 0.09398991614580154, 0.09926477819681168, 0.1586848795413971, -0.12208247184753418, -0.19314929842948914, 0.043272845447063446, -0.30877959728240967, -0.05213817581534386, 0.05685754492878914, -0.2497313916683197, -0.1975340098142624, -0.28245705366134644, -0.18256795406341553, 0.3591966927051544, 0.18974843621253967, -0.6373380422592163, 0.2797048091888428, 0.23476354777812958, -0.7006340622901917, 0.5052644610404968, -0.6042656898498535, -0.22985097765922546, 0.29291433095932007, -0.3991137146949768, -0.11965803056955338, -0.3241209089756012, -0.022755103185772896, -0.47050952911376953, 0.3049967885017395, 0.24958842992782593, -0.11897891014814377, -0.18236678838729858, -0.18592286109924316, -0.48037490248680115, -0.10255138576030731, 1.1545372009277344, 0.0692044049501419, -0.054076261818408966, 0.3750585913658142, 0.20460137724876404, 0.6490016579627991, 0.2273811250925064, 0.16474075615406036, 0.17225904762744904, -0.5235923528671265, 0.6766859889030457, 0.05928909778594971, -0.32157039642333984, -0.608598530292511, -0.4070538282394409, -0.10758155584335327, 0.010348817333579063, -0.018980268388986588, 0.8147593140602112, -0.044504959136247635, -0.05175590515136719, 0.38780370354652405, -0.5378654599189758, -0.3220371603965759, 0.24143782258033752, 0.1394011527299881, -0.28597328066825867, 0.11724279075860977, 0.7227544784545898, 0.11950749158859253, 0.38699522614479065, 0.28892040252685547, -0.2605191767215729, 0.08462885767221451, 0.3459058701992035, -0.6439898610115051, 0.4433799684047699, -0.19861000776290894, -0.39826035499572754, 0.6627105474472046, 0.2905445098876953, -0.13706545531749725, 0.13702420890331268, 0.033146414905786514, 0.13233806192874908, -0.06074048578739166, -0.848958432674408, -0.22343404591083527, -0.31558892130851746, -0.22357575595378876, -0.5550537705421448, -0.18504835665225983, 0.18665878474712372, 0.34069275856018066, -0.14829114079475403, 1.0246132612228394, -0.6179040670394897, -0.5074834823608398, -0.2546517252922058, 1.0530481338500977, -0.05428428575396538, 0.1914520561695099, -0.022669469937682152, 0.12292784452438354, -0.2903251349925995, -0.20950357615947723, 0.5549225807189941, 0.19610905647277832, -0.16356295347213745, -0.3286232054233551, 0.2661861479282379, -0.3706014156341553, -0.7533197402954102, -0.064059779047966, -0.4412139654159546, -0.28797388076782227, -0.7384464144706726, -0.05857838690280914, 0.04027971625328064, 0.688859224319458, -0.40482431650161743, -0.4526840150356293, -0.2156893014907837, 0.36265432834625244, 0.8446676731109619, 0.0884326621890068, 0.02950385771691799, 0.43122559785842896, -0.43381428718566895, -0.440036803483963, 0.3144267201423645, -0.27612563967704773, -0.33105167746543884, 0.30945923924446106, 0.08059997856616974, -0.9069315791130066, -0.04290761053562164, -0.18393266201019287, -0.2790941596031189, 0.45548897981643677, 0.09744907170534134, 0.017135009169578552, 0.5399899482727051, 0.24283811450004578, -0.2306526005268097, -0.17650239169597626, 0.011526630260050297, 0.22959570586681366, -0.04526227340102196, -0.592343270778656, 0.38838109374046326, 0.23187516629695892, -0.6074022650718689, 0.30887553095817566, -0.25882333517074585, -0.27281928062438965, -0.09397555887699127, -0.09611634165048599, -0.09866724908351898, -0.10301575064659119, -0.19790589809417725, -0.669094979763031, 0.30548837780952454, 0.420763224363327, -0.3227696418762207, 0.5450685620307922, 0.17226292192935944, -0.3873335123062134, 0.047228701412677765, -0.11307951807975769, 0.21950849890708923, -0.4088149666786194, -0.42502763867378235, -0.021247757598757744, -0.09202472120523453, 0.7873389720916748, 0.21347635984420776, -0.4799504578113556, 0.4030974507331848, -0.5478881597518921, 0.05673488229513168, -0.39121881127357483, -0.13261188566684723, 0.3210931420326233, 0.331567645072937, 0.11951432377099991, -0.02836635150015354, 0.21744567155838013, 0.28928378224372864, 0.756830632686615, 0.489600270986557, 0.8984567523002625, -0.21694232523441315, -0.3174939453601837, -0.9272710680961609, -0.2595592141151428, 0.390161395072937, -0.38042551279067993, -0.647546112537384, 0.31090736389160156, 0.08031719923019409, -0.7657404541969299, 0.18014638125896454, -0.9649055600166321, 0.8079472184181213, -0.3991910517215729, 0.07834795117378235, 0.37474918365478516, -0.37539875507354736, -0.47551536560058594, 0.06314373016357422, -0.1595761626958847, -0.48434847593307495, 0.25647953152656555, 0.5291385054588318, -0.29692208766937256, -0.5527462959289551, -0.38984352350234985, -0.3767812252044678, 0.006687541957944632, -0.15409216284751892, -0.31902843713760376, 0.48863551020622253, 0.5083817839622498, 0.1981513500213623, 0.5381201505661011, -0.35001444816589355, -0.3539208471775055, 0.2124263197183609, 0.02047255076467991, -0.3284602761268616, -0.22102807462215424, 0.5266724228858948, -0.2815251350402832, -0.043219469487667084, -0.3793010413646698, -0.0644775852560997, -0.34621042013168335, -0.303079217672348, -0.17089025676250458, 0.1630135178565979, -0.19588248431682587, -0.2377900779247284, 0.04870064929127693, 0.07479473948478699, 0.008298560976982117, 0.23932597041130066, 0.412424236536026, -0.06656979024410248, 0.18365958333015442, -0.8348922729492188, 0.28967005014419556, 0.023454176262021065, -0.24290309846401215, 0.18302316963672638, 0.2698213458061218, -0.062177419662475586, -0.25656670331954956, -0.1289873719215393, 0.07515481114387512, 0.5278027653694153, -0.23137950897216797, 0.19778956472873688, 0.26700568199157715, -0.11366582661867142, 0.12808732688426971, 0.24335525929927826, -0.3882114291191101, 0.20157693326473236, 0.36416110396385193, 0.6633016467094421, -0.4570256769657135, 0.38666167855262756, -0.09758803993463516, -0.335720956325531, 0.4000866115093231, -0.7473544478416443, -0.25869300961494446, 0.06648332625627518, 0.05912473797798157, 0.4895716607570648, 0.17121253907680511, -0.11800038069486618, -0.33856436610221863, -0.2117709219455719, 0.15190985798835754, -0.3161616921424866, -0.3462579548358917, -0.43164312839508057, 0.7050405144691467, 1.4059087038040161, -0.06939500570297241, -0.6744283437728882, 0.05436789616942406, 0.5206246376037598, 0.5375063419342041, 0.13929986953735352, -0.3084114193916321, -0.002648102818056941, -0.046032942831516266, 0.294027179479599, -0.3711891174316406, 0.19449590146541595, 0.07472554594278336, 0.18453428149223328, -0.1351342648267746, -0.11697294563055038, -0.4208827614784241, -0.016289180144667625, 0.134776771068573, -0.04651464894413948, -0.2835729420185089, 0.11491227895021439, -0.30864179134368896, 0.04240161553025246, -0.12576289474964142, -0.266022652387619, -1.0796488523483276, -0.13145855069160461, 0.2570779025554657, 0.2304742932319641, -0.23098789155483246, -0.4916073977947235, -0.05341845005750656, -0.031491395086050034, 0.23371455073356628, -0.30182409286499023, 0.34034818410873413, 0.0818168967962265, 0.5623728632926941, -0.5760892033576965, -0.11673925071954727, -0.6827864050865173, -0.6655131578445435, -0.10570520162582397, 0.13958536088466644, -0.6526241898536682, 0.5488629937171936, -1.0733485221862793, -0.04291604086756706, -0.396896094083786, -0.10406600683927536, -0.07394514232873917, -0.07290022820234299, -0.0637827143073082, -0.4076329469680786, 0.34754595160484314, 0.5409402251243591, -0.1773456484079361, 0.5525777339935303, 0.04538308456540108, 0.5097827911376953, 0.029774215072393417, 0.5173897743225098, -0.3671918511390686, 0.6163992881774902, -0.6453648805618286, 0.28912925720214844, -0.601664662361145, 0.6904953122138977, 0.1558523029088974, -0.21219362318515778, 0.0427449606359005, -0.08599868416786194, 0.029839778319001198, -0.03715066239237785, 0.6942370533943176, -0.931792676448822, 0.17997032403945923, -0.17451122403144836, -0.5001243948936462, -0.8512731194496155, 0.07759866863489151, 0.4262164533138275, -0.7086146473884583, -0.04615723341703415, 0.2313108593225479, 0.20164307951927185, -0.43395742774009705, 0.4504639506340027, -0.6726638674736023, 0.3749067783355713, -0.8103101253509521, 0.34088343381881714, 0.012323488481342793, -0.7027604579925537, 0.3957832455635071, 0.17687036097049713, 0.6011657118797302, -0.034196097403764725, 0.3368159830570221, -0.3565312325954437, -0.20258717238903046, -0.10007841885089874, -0.7118508815765381, -0.5457721948623657, 0.5219489336013794, -0.5968677997589111, -0.8959936499595642, 0.4412921667098999, -0.08179643005132675, -0.5112782120704651, -0.0369618684053421, 0.22517997026443481, 0.06357362121343613, 0.15203000605106354, 0.31582188606262207, -0.34625667333602905, -0.0780961737036705, -0.02773119881749153 ]
230721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay	Tokay	Tokay may refer to: Viniculture Tokaji (formerly spelled Tokay in English), wines produced in the Tokaj region of Hungary and Slovakia Muscadelle, called Tokay in Australia Tocai Friulano, a defunct synonym for Sauvignon vert in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine region in Italy Tokay d'Alsace, an obsolete name for Pinot gris grapes in Alsace Tokay (grape), an alternative name for the Hungarian wine grape Furmint Viura, a Spanish wine grape with Tokay as a synonym Catawba (grape), an American grape with Tokay as a synonym Other uses Tokay gecko, a gecko native to southeast Asia and the Indo-Australian Archipelago Tokay High School, a high school in Lodi, California Tokay Mammadov (1927–2018), Azerbaijani sculptor-monumentalist "Tokay", a song from the 1929 operetta Bitter Sweet The former name of Malaga, California A fictional wine from the His Dark Materials trilogy by Philip Pullman See also Tokai (disambiguation), which covers Tōkai and Tokai Tokaj (disambiguation)	[ -0.14292459189891815, 0.12419001013040543, -0.3532973825931549, -0.08216982334852219, 0.28916752338409424, 0.5468244552612305, 0.3043234348297119, 0.6365678310394287, -0.27562469244003296, -0.15834754705429077, -0.17109136283397675, -0.0625314936041832, 0.20254355669021606, 0.6773141622543335, -0.46017172932624817, 0.6048235297203064, 1.0895624160766602, 0.6490146517753601, 0.1129775196313858, -0.7840625047683716, 0.21249064803123474, -0.7332611680030823, -0.02507142350077629, -0.07917385548353195, 0.3070138394832611, -0.19273747503757477, 0.20352797210216522, 0.3734550476074219, 0.18814294040203094, 0.34994077682495117, -0.2964816689491272, 1.0744386911392212, 0.29254239797592163, -0.4068334698677063, -0.03147533908486366, 0.3808973729610443, -0.06759199500083923, -0.28868067264556885, -0.2272454798221588, -0.37045857310295105, 0.10554370284080505, 0.017793303355574608, 0.7623826861381531, 0.6337191462516785, -0.051434166729450226, -0.4117487072944641, -1.5444854497909546, 0.888684093952179, -0.4848196804523468, 0.4545556306838989, 0.06899755448102951, 0.055401138961315155, 0.20245039463043213, -0.2580641508102417, 0.5185049176216125, 0.3231067955493927, -0.9429994821548462, 0.14462724328041077, 0.46356695890426636, -0.313325434923172, -0.07139510661363602, 0.3974273204803467, -0.010185010731220245, -0.16837434470653534, -0.5611119866371155, 0.09967540204524994, 0.113814577460289, 0.27990949153900146, -0.396414190530777, -0.050941016525030136, 0.10919471830129623, -0.4896499216556549, -0.15338024497032166, -0.2705402970314026, -0.08657628297805786, -0.07283347845077515, -0.8628401160240173, 0.12454196810722351, -0.06619073450565338, 0.3306628167629242, 0.1623964011669159, -0.7584129571914673, 0.6574819684028625, -0.12887541949748993, 0.0970258042216301, 0.6064401865005493, -0.4408448338508606, -0.026588156819343567, -0.6775922775268555, 0.008290743455290794, -0.26161205768585205, 0.09366293996572495, 0.9779418110847473, 0.05787293240427971, -0.7932175397872925, 0.03876537084579468, 0.43278929591178894, 0.31037604808807373, 0.2682439386844635, 0.33548539876937866, -0.5648989677429199, 0.1338987946510315, 0.12135439366102219, 0.19291538000106812, -0.8300356268882751, 0.15206536650657654, -0.5904732942581177, 0.2113092690706253, 0.14642752707004547, -0.06917648762464523, -0.23609019815921783, 0.36867308616638184, 0.6264554858207703, 0.680361270904541, 0.15591202676296234, -0.058909378945827484, 0.15587186813354492, -0.08844489604234695, -0.3410269618034363, -0.18064764142036438, 0.32914310693740845, 0.4162038266658783, 0.05641930550336838, 0.1654401570558548, 0.031688142567873, 0.19151394069194794, 0.3513106405735016, 0.33876439929008484, -0.019784007221460342, 0.16850323975086212, 0.3736305832862854, 0.2623765766620636, -0.027377339079976082, 0.09952656179666519, -0.24110785126686096, -0.166312113404274, 0.06932058930397034, -0.6310241222381592, 0.5376788377761841, -0.09743361920118332, -1.3948636054992676, 0.12278391420841217, -0.9923359751701355, -0.28309354186058044, 0.7499983906745911, 0.23662537336349487, -0.06764115393161774, -0.44745320081710815, 0.11893528699874878, -0.5022127628326416, 0.14310739934444427, -0.34890344738960266, -0.13899217545986176, 0.46713194251060486, -0.5123660564422607, -0.037048015743494034, -0.3770392835140228, -0.3571394383907318, 0.612580418586731, -0.36643850803375244, -0.35487091541290283, 0.11235038936138153, -0.0030279229395091534, -0.22509118914604187, 0.37330153584480286, 0.03980297967791557, 0.2658223807811737, 1.0890889167785645, -1.0793143510818481, 0.41915956139564514, -0.18596862256526947, 0.13965950906276703, 0.4512784779071808, -0.5082343816757202, -0.7245020866394043, 0.4305863678455353, 0.015608374029397964, 0.36230847239494324, 0.7379895448684692, 0.32278111577033997, -0.7575023770332336, 0.8102971911430359, 0.011706499382853508, -0.2483169436454773, -0.5258495211601257, 0.0702068880200386, 0.12379075586795807, -0.08134638518095016, 0.556857705116272, -0.49755698442459106, -0.454775869846344, -0.20254234969615936, 0.01119496300816536, -0.6127008199691772, 0.5718597769737244, 0.13886168599128723, -0.533936083316803, 0.9020293354988098, -0.12881700694561005, 0.15306539833545685, -0.30434706807136536, 0.1492609828710556, 0.41427698731422424, -0.3410636782646179, -0.5573604702949524, 0.42110416293144226, 0.24028772115707397, -0.3242666721343994, 0.6609076857566833, 0.7429291605949402, 0.1561899036169052, -0.6607494354248047, 0.45039623975753784, -0.376752108335495, 0.12862184643745422, 0.3834289014339447, -0.2738496959209442, 0.19355647265911102, 0.40649309754371643, -0.3355218768119812, 0.4632953405380249, -0.060875099152326584, -0.2637609541416168, -0.06921602040529251, -0.39507338404655457, 0.38531139492988586, 0.2247994989156723, -0.24138474464416504, 0.5402157306671143, -0.3996756076812744, 0.59044349193573, -0.38909581303596497, 0.35960906744003296, -0.4766194820404053, -0.19066451489925385, -0.035489678382873535, 0.35745152831077576, -0.010458456352353096, 0.5711924433708191, -0.5338416695594788, 0.22932201623916626, 0.06164010241627693, 0.12189523875713348, -0.11903569102287292, 0.4892937242984772, -0.0818951353430748, 0.01103750616312027, 0.35996878147125244, -0.6573957800865173, -0.46755251288414, -0.02119256928563118, 1.03658926486969, -0.07544754445552826, -0.07283174246549606, -0.3444710373878479, -0.16579076647758484, 0.03311542794108391, 0.22720491886138916, 0.011795840226113796, 0.04776613786816597, -0.42874056100845337, 0.3220544755458832, 0.44450095295906067, -0.04743821173906326, 0.11098380386829376, -0.111709825694561, -0.35072413086891174, -0.832269012928009, 0.5245254039764404, 0.3141516447067261, 0.30259042978286743, 0.057175200432538986, -0.8240795135498047, 0.11085786670446396, -0.5060181021690369, -0.37166479229927063, -0.6804283261299133, -0.015847710892558098, -0.7164186239242554, 0.04231732711195946, 0.05820542201399803, 0.3921850919723511, 0.6751348376274109, -0.22492578625679016, -0.7032403945922852, -0.44811299443244934, -0.008374171331524849, -0.6247263550758362, 0.027003316208720207, -0.31237977743148804, 0.08017319440841675, 0.08634622395038605, -0.49304983019828796, -0.03747772052884102, -0.07516634464263916, -0.39141884446144104, -0.05659624561667442, 0.6287665367126465, 0.29295364022254944, -0.7365081310272217, 0.1797938346862793, 0.0022186441347002983, 0.4087003469467163, 0.10109815746545792, 0.4892105460166931, 0.726028561592102, -0.20970071852207184, -0.37081673741340637, -5.492122173309326, -0.13832618296146393, -0.34672388434410095, 0.350028395652771, -0.0642288476228714, -0.07574870437383652, 0.33571115136146545, -0.45060524344444275, 0.07871580868959427, -0.4117127060890198, 0.12109533697366714, 0.018090350553393364, -0.11828255653381348, 0.5590279698371887, -0.024703416973352432, 0.01680368185043335, -0.031828105449676514, -0.2559603154659271, 0.1444665491580963, 0.1053917333483696, -0.470162034034729, 0.32223108410835266, -0.1680370271205902, 0.628422737121582, -0.23927821218967438, 0.23035818338394165, -0.4177214801311493, -0.2606007158756256, -1.1464442014694214, -0.24269472062587738, -0.7234839200973511, -0.183492049574852, 0.07202780991792679, -0.07286578416824341, -0.06256359070539474, 0.2121437042951584, 0.09127811342477798, -0.0028897132724523544, 0.3141051232814789, -0.09515759348869324, -0.02264806069433689, 0.6996774673461914, 0.29526016116142273, -0.397819846868515, 0.7340391278266907, -0.34053781628608704, -0.5196219086647034, 0.11419788002967834, -0.4893597960472107, 0.8506269454956055, 0.4260842502117157, -0.44711989164352417, -0.01973838359117508, 0.44545453786849976, 0.3323202431201935, 0.4151594936847687, 1.0566198825836182, 0.08013492822647095, 0.13382551074028015, 0.15317770838737488, 0.5579935908317566, -0.1361488401889801, 0.14789575338363647, -0.4574960172176361, -0.5467272400856018, 0.09048163890838623, -0.11025264114141464, 0.3456329107284546, 0.05088882893323898, 0.22234436869621277, -0.19679778814315796, -0.1542515754699707, -0.5405044555664062, -0.7772589921951294, 0.3654094636440277, -0.4703887104988098, -0.6420800089836121, 0.10294568538665771, -0.23450471460819244, 0.9418920874595642, 0.17804549634456635, -0.1467108428478241, 0.5135897397994995, -0.21272753179073334, 0.041816163808107376, -0.8441379070281982, 0.16827143728733063, 0.5400301218032837, -0.2461780458688736, 0.0006422769511118531, 0.33811095356941223, -0.5355216264724731, 0.38626688718795776, 0.02635820023715496, 0.0344168059527874, 0.7652220129966736, 1.009899377822876, 0.16647078096866608, 0.04299193248152733, -0.09314975887537003, 0.44815903902053833, -0.3956141173839569, 0.16481390595436096, -0.18268616497516632, 0.1070244312286377, 0.30103620886802673, -0.22139236330986023, 0.6460227370262146, 1.2416256666183472, -0.3729953169822693, 0.08222152292728424, 0.23197081685066223, -0.7965840697288513, -0.6187559366226196, 0.4886595606803894, -0.315219908952713, -0.031047876924276352, 0.17760069668293, 0.16815169155597687, -0.15233087539672852, -0.06461174041032791, 0.20870928466320038, -0.505748450756073, 0.23342984914779663, 0.47872814536094666, -0.8270784616470337, -0.014805818907916546, 0.5467349290847778, -0.2584402561187744, 0.5876041054725647, -0.4548402428627014, 0.03714032098650932, -0.05653946474194527, 0.23671256005764008, 0.20246832072734833, 0.04346798360347748, -0.1962289959192276, -0.7281031012535095, 0.4692685008049011, -0.6014444231987, 0.4225907623767853, -0.23621384799480438, -0.489107221364975, -0.0032911845482885838, 0.35277059674263, 1.1345372200012207, -0.3027205467224121, -0.1283128708600998, -0.3376443684101105, 0.20605134963989258, 0.041636884212493896, 0.5292238593101501, -0.3557523488998413, -0.04252828657627106, -0.6811595559120178, -0.8127104043960571, -0.024250227957963943, 0.791386604309082, 0.2896552085876465, -0.16009913384914398, 0.29624295234680176, -0.5208040475845337, -1.1452313661575317, -0.2782493829727173, 0.15611368417739868, -0.4420652389526367, 0.06442930549383163, -0.32529503107070923, -0.3296288847923279, 0.6096885204315186, -0.09447348862886429, -0.33478423953056335, -0.15640676021575928, -0.006844543851912022, 0.06975726783275604, 0.1349160522222519, 0.36223164200782776, -0.2702361047267914, -0.5712169408798218, 0.10158253461122513, 0.08237658441066742, 0.07466544955968857, 0.1306246519088745, 0.2618412971496582, 0.18719744682312012, -0.37367570400238037, -0.12448037415742874, 0.2806675434112549, -0.10610300302505493, 0.19147685170173645, -0.5219212174415588, 0.2453039139509201, 0.6147254109382629, 0.43073487281799316, 0.37100911140441895, -0.23269878327846527, -0.036696333438158035, 0.49301639199256897, -0.28528156876564026, -0.2651839256286621, 0.5823546648025513, -0.06616442650556564, -0.5941619873046875, 0.4264398217201233, 0.8860048055648804, -0.2772231101989746, 0.6845314502716064, 0.06616903096437454, -0.8301904201507568, -0.5126957297325134, -0.07528451085090637, -1.1508811712265015, -0.11590886861085892, 0.4764792323112488, -0.17475555837154388, 0.014940173365175724, 0.16272975504398346, -0.049225110560655594, -0.31014689803123474, 0.24300415813922882, 0.269387423992157, -0.7291099429130554, -0.14221522212028503, -0.2718765139579773, -0.5207089781761169, 0.7999382615089417, 0.42371436953544617, -0.27095094323158264, 0.5621880888938904, 0.06793949753046036, 0.5874174237251282, -0.44779443740844727, -0.26643046736717224, 0.3297809362411499, -0.1407880038022995, 0.4382416009902954, -0.3441561460494995, -0.20716896653175354, 0.09846630692481995, 0.4263700842857361, 0.4005643427371979, 0.8168419599533081, 0.016445837914943695, -0.36417797207832336, -0.71026611328125, -0.1884126514196396, 0.0914914458990097, -0.6131325364112854, -0.3741224706172943, 0.3663002550601959, -0.4372037649154663, -0.4964953362941742, 0.22175787389278412, -0.4338909387588501, 0.701785147190094, -0.30743613839149475, -0.08923657238483429, 0.3619888424873352, -0.26198631525039673, 0.8895363211631775, -0.04308287054300308, -0.12347283959388733, 0.10803871601819992, 0.46393612027168274, 0.22024765610694885, -0.42605671286582947, -0.6589798927307129, -0.5891309976577759, 0.16714219748973846, -0.3181340992450714, 0.30701741576194763, -0.06805600225925446, 0.728731095790863, 0.2151726484298706, 0.08436668664216995, 0.14869838953018188, -0.3556607961654663, -1.022611379623413, 0.014967404305934906, 0.0586460717022419, -0.8397741913795471, -0.2689826488494873, -0.15953035652637482, -0.09219616651535034, -0.06318126618862152, -0.4555412232875824, -0.7494135499000549, -0.021821288391947746, -0.7134007811546326, 0.03198901563882828, -0.09859810769557953, 0.3844197988510132, 0.11769662797451019, 0.14277927577495575, 0.14046713709831238, -0.013051723130047321, 0.17599117755889893, 0.1410943567752838, -0.23231016099452972, 0.34995073080062866, -0.578597366809845, 0.39352649450302124, 0.10850846022367477, -0.21886397898197174, 0.2673429846763611, 0.6175453662872314, 0.034734830260276794, -0.17200076580047607, -0.03354044258594513, -0.20969179272651672, 0.4135681390762329, -0.4341248571872711, -0.018476005643606186, 0.2483772188425064, 0.42323195934295654, 0.3450341820716858, 0.2760445177555084, -0.1967005580663681, 0.11889715492725372, 0.5384777188301086, 0.9648197293281555, 0.0483047291636467, 0.3964717388153076, 0.3996698260307312, -0.11492105573415756, 0.6689009666442871, -0.45090895891189575, -0.4467851519584656, 0.5217439532279968, 0.0932847410440445, 0.6917473077774048, 0.06901004165410995, -0.5944682955741882, 0.23781153559684753, -0.3838818371295929, 0.1510770469903946, -0.16340188682079315, -0.8350759744644165, -0.34746405482292175, 0.6155892610549927, 1.1837464570999146, 0.1250799596309662, -0.20506314933300018, -0.4264353811740875, 0.46742528676986694, 0.25590768456459045, -0.16172382235527039, -0.5984115600585938, 0.25759005546569824, -0.10819878429174423, 0.08306717127561569, 0.10314297676086426, 0.2706116735935211, -0.07501155138015747, 0.1987074464559555, 0.4828724265098572, -0.07984589040279388, -0.5125905275344849, -1.0949056148529053, 0.12385071069002151, -0.14111407101154327, -0.3000236451625824, -0.11120577901601791, -0.23364096879959106, -0.8803906440734863, -0.12398120015859604, -0.4190959632396698, -0.7329292893409729, -0.3129904568195343, 0.17301350831985474, 0.07938380539417267, -0.386272132396698, -0.40077221393585205, 0.31943535804748535, 0.6037420034408569, 0.46797144412994385, -0.07182136923074722, 0.858007550239563, 0.20015116035938263, 0.6275386214256287, -0.5354718565940857, -0.1961466372013092, -0.15154322981834412, -0.07700799405574799, 0.014738844707608223, -0.17668046057224274, -0.17421631515026093, -0.1445389837026596, -0.3841165006160736, -0.0015491292579099536, -0.46082979440689087, -0.043708231300115585, -0.13564427196979523, 0.425665020942688, -0.04963191598653793, -0.4718003571033478, -0.3246271312236786, 0.8470194339752197, 0.36413130164146423, -0.23992466926574707, -0.10161888599395752, -0.5936114192008972, 0.16602274775505066, 0.2809945344924927, -0.5571843385696411, 0.4773148000240326, -0.15392713248729706, 0.29415053129196167, -0.44734054803848267, 0.8854870796203613, 0.206882506608963, -0.2226046919822693, 0.06334143131971359, 0.20406514406204224, -0.16612030565738678, 0.0026162373833358288, 0.6799795627593994, 0.46802279353141785, 0.15434856712818146, -1.2314473390579224, 0.06575298309326172, -0.5150481462478638, 0.5271013975143433, 0.434906005859375, 0.016334500163793564, 0.21995340287685394, -0.12857741117477417, 0.10315792262554169, -0.6602259278297424, 0.4483594000339508, 0.038509175181388855, 0.3110867440700531, -0.3183495104312897, 0.5507259368896484, -1.069531798362732, -0.03693319112062454, 0.1401333510875702, 0.5351792573928833, -0.029711512848734856, -0.16574834287166595, -0.25067365169525146, -0.3334592282772064, -0.0644257515668869, -0.39178773760795593, -0.10040918737649918, 0.4920545816421509, 0.11534865200519562, -0.4258386790752411, -0.6962080597877502, 0.5280567407608032, 0.027424795553088188, -0.6279719471931458, 0.15621431171894073, -0.14202000200748444, -0.1455729901790619, -0.1291467249393463, 0.3620540499687195, -0.7222946882247925, 0.02541491389274597, -0.39488428831100464 ]
230725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauffeur	Chauffeur	A chauffeur is a person employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle, especially a luxury vehicle such as a large sedan or limousine. Originally, such drivers were often personal employees of the vehicle owner, but this has changed to specialist chauffeur service companies or individual drivers that provide both driver and vehicle for hire. Some service companies merely provide the driver. History The term chauffeur comes from the French term for stoker because the earliest automobiles, like their railroad and sea vessel counterparts, were steam-powered and required the driver to stoke the engine. Early petrol/gasoline-powered motor cars, before the advent of electric ignition, were ignited by 'hot tubes' in the cylinder head which had to be pre-heated before the engine would start. Hence the term chauffeur which, in this context, means something like "heater-upper". The chauffeur would prime the hot tubes at the start of a journey, after which the natural compression cycle of the engine would keep them at the correct temperature. The chauffeur also maintained the car, including routine maintenance and cleaning, and had to be a skilled mechanic to deal with breakdowns and tyre punctures en route, which were very common in the earliest years of the automobile. Only the very wealthy could afford the first automobiles, and they generally employed chauffeurs rather than driving themselves. A 1906 article in The New York Times reported that "the chauffeur problem to-day is one of the most serious that the automobilist has to deal with", and complained that "young men of no particular ability, who have been earning from $10 to $12 a week, are suddenly elevated to salaried positions paying from $25 to $50" and recommended the re-training of existing coach drivers. Scope While the term may refer to anybody who drives for a living, it usually implies a driver of an elegant passenger vehicle such as a horse-drawn carriage, luxury sedan, motor coach, or especially a limousine; those who operate buses or non-passenger vehicles are generally referred to as "drivers". In some countries, particularly developing nations where a ready supply of labor ensures that even the middle classes can afford domestic staff and among the wealthy, the chauffeur may simply be called the "driver". People currently sometimes employ chauffeurs full-time to drive themselves in their own personal vehicles, yet there are also professional services offering limousines or rental cars driven by chauffeurs. This is very similar to but much more luxurious than taking a taxicab. A variety of benefits are cited for using chauffeurs, including convenience, productivity and time savings, and driving safety for business people and seniors. Insurance costs for luxury vehicles are often lower if the designated driver is a chauffeur. The legal requirements to be a chauffeur vary depending on the local jurisdiction and class of vehicle. In some cases, a simple permit is all that is required, but in others an additional professional license is needed with certain minimum standards in areas such as: age, health, driving experience, criminal record, local geographic knowledge, training attended. Training In addition to the minimum legal requirements, limousine companies often require their chauffeurs to undergo specific extra training. These courses may involve evasive driving or defensive driving techniques, the proper methods to ensure safety in the most extreme conditions such as inclement weather, a flat tire at high speeds, or other exterior influences for loss of vehicular control, etc. Most companies also have their own courses as to what they expect from their chauffeurs. Chauffeurs may be taught proper etiquette for use when they are in presence of their clientele. They may also be trained for services to the client beyond the car itself, such as for a personal valet or bodyguard. Many companies and local licensing agencies currently require random drug screening – in the United States this was especially the case after professional ice hockey player Vladimir Konstantinov's career-ending injuries when his recently hired chauffeur, Richard Gnida, lost control of their limousine and crashed. Dress In many places (or at times in the past), proper physical presence is presented by the chauffeur at all times. This usually includes a well-groomed individual, conservatively dressed in a clean and crisply pressed black or dark business suit or tuxedo, dress shirt, and appropriately matching tie, with black leather gloves and freshly polished matching footwear. In some areas, such as Japan, white gloves are the norm. Some companies have complete uniforms for their chauffeurs, and some require that hats be worn as part of the uniform. Notable chauffeurs William Grover-Williams, chauffeur to William Orpen Julius Schreck, chauffeur to Adolf Hitler from 1926 to 1936 Kay Summersby, chauffeuse to Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force Dwight D. Eisenhower Roosevelt Zanders, drove Fidel Castro, Richard Nixon, Winston Churchill, Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and many others In fiction Aloysius "Nosey" Parker Thomas Watkins Driving Miss Daisy: 1987 play, 1989 film, and 2014 film Frank Martin, driver in The Transporter series of films Bitterman (Ted Ross), chauffeur for Arthur Bach (Dudley Moore) in the 1981 film Arthur Misaki Watari in the 2021 film Drive My Car Tom Branson, chauffeur turned son-in-law of Lord Grantham in Downton Abbey Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's tireless valet, assistant, butler, chauffeur, confidant, best friend, and surrogate father figure Bailey, chauffeur to the Crosswire family in Arthur Chauffeuse in "Desert Rose" Logan in Logan Atra Mixta, Mikazuki Augus' childhood friend and chauffeuse in the second season of Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans Kato the chauffeur and assistant to The Green Hornet References External links Personal care and service occupations	[ 0.2105056792497635, 0.5140361785888672, 0.2248733639717102, 0.21056890487670898, 0.07167476415634155, -0.11786454916000366, 0.0753532201051712, 0.2857787609100342, 0.016742495819926262, -0.25881296396255493, -0.684120237827301, 0.7478474974632263, 0.0335533432662487, 0.14495815336704254, 0.1194131001830101, 0.2752351462841034, 0.17086099088191986, 0.7181076407432556, 0.12588895857334137, -0.501829981803894, -0.26978549361228943, -0.2751559615135193, 0.04647327587008476, -0.32165613770484924, 0.1255689263343811, -0.023503070697188377, -0.18801450729370117, 0.5274410247802734, -0.3188888728618622, -0.13487976789474487, 0.4680916666984558, 0.13636614382266998, 0.16038447618484497, -0.10983818024396896, -0.02118445374071598, -0.47659769654273987, 0.8146710991859436, -0.5386344790458679, -0.18918196856975555, -0.5217427611351013, 0.036024753004312515, -0.07027070969343185, 0.5127514600753784, 0.34015175700187683, -0.48358190059661865, -0.6558065414428711, -0.9460849165916443, -0.04230926185846329, -0.604297399520874, -0.2669479548931122, -0.5976424217224121, 0.19628168642520905, 0.32998549938201904, 0.8898336887359619, 0.11400216072797775, 1.0030827522277832, -0.5860899090766907, -0.31713929772377014, 0.1882186233997345, -0.8908019065856934, 0.6011857986450195, 0.37556466460227966, 0.45586347579956055, -0.07216119021177292, 0.3768291771411896, -0.10347792506217957, 0.010191606357693672, -0.32880863547325134, -0.5587734580039978, -0.11066639423370361, -0.4667067229747772, -0.29752445220947266, 0.06416864693164825, 0.15082871913909912, -0.47685706615448, -0.2367902547121048, 0.43644678592681885, -0.07996144145727158, 0.013366145081818104, -0.3359871506690979, -0.15183095633983612, 0.5145103931427002, -0.00401168130338192, 0.4444126486778259, -0.20164139568805695, 1.0293262004852295, -0.5680626034736633, 0.011813169345259666, 0.3243865966796875, 0.08926939219236374, -0.07890773564577103, 0.2653977870941162, 0.6762565970420837, -0.10000887513160706, -0.16126872599124908, -0.3025057017803192, 0.9612020254135132, -0.15139856934547424, 0.3646520674228668, 0.13084816932678223, 0.04091830551624298, -0.3128407895565033, 0.35164904594421387, -0.03000982105731964, 0.03438849747180939, 0.07994671165943146, -0.28668293356895447, 0.12782827019691467, 0.1752631515264511, 0.14334280788898468, -0.024516990408301353, -0.10080969333648682, -0.4708468019962311, 0.49812379479408264, -0.4555520713329315, 0.18247510492801666, -0.10869178175926208, 0.17611418664455414, -0.23159337043762207, -0.2668028473854065, -0.01394546590745449, -0.099756620824337, 0.34862983226776123, -0.3965685963630676, -0.21994152665138245, 0.25368767976760864, 0.042569179087877274, 0.39558646082878113, -0.49509790539741516, 0.05925872549414635, 0.5830727219581604, 0.06019200012087822, -0.411567360162735, 0.36024340987205505, -0.26027533411979675, -0.08079633116722107, 0.5419544577598572, -0.01570095494389534, 0.3003646731376648, 0.371702641248703, -0.98826003074646, -0.37098225951194763, -0.19597512483596802, -0.6872903108596802, 0.2456916868686676, -0.11796601116657257, 0.4866943359375, -0.11510875076055527, -0.361941933631897, -0.2717214524745941, -0.05834907293319702, 0.10178062319755554, -0.11269284784793854, -0.2050073742866516, 0.23883235454559326, 0.09592507779598236, 0.3018360435962677, -0.30869343876838684, -0.08560214936733246, -0.1752682477235794, 0.08346728980541229, 0.3024147152900696, -0.7136741280555725, 0.022462764754891396, 0.02627738006412983, 0.021766604855656624, -0.2420627921819687, 0.5353308916091919, -0.03257495537400246, 0.35473310947418213, -0.422514945268631, -0.0107475146651268, 0.0007263904553838074, -0.6420952081680298, -0.38782572746276855, 0.981734573841095, 0.6410002708435059, -0.39442580938339233, 0.7340083122253418, 0.11014614999294281, -0.5262886881828308, 0.42966851592063904, 0.5253106355667114, -0.2666988968849182, 0.5069224238395691, -0.3799411356449127, 0.3151905834674835, -0.1665170043706894, -0.6563467979431152, -0.6282126307487488, -0.6256898641586304, -1.0184541940689087, -0.009894667193293571, -0.6323160529136658, 0.7791537046432495, -0.41190919280052185, -0.6231560707092285, 0.7510526776313782, -0.2956210672855377, 0.3520240783691406, -0.20467303693294525, 0.17940205335617065, 0.2450571060180664, -0.5535265207290649, -0.7708914279937744, 0.612628161907196, 0.7497143149375916, 0.027553342282772064, -0.10774435847997665, 0.01947953924536705, 0.21387255191802979, -0.5279988646507263, 0.6491944193840027, -0.21316204965114594, -0.007167797069996595, 0.28182148933410645, -0.5689463019371033, 0.23248611390590668, -0.1507779359817505, -0.11754731833934784, 1.0820986032485962, 0.1130824163556099, -0.7881079912185669, 0.9131152033805847, -0.43424341082572937, 0.14496086537837982, 0.072238028049469, 0.25141873955726624, -0.13356013596057892, -0.0037626209668815136, 0.44021448493003845, -0.12569524347782135, 0.12203912436962128, -0.3682640492916107, -0.7290923595428467, 0.34496235847473145, 0.18120735883712769, -0.23383760452270508, 0.05193880572915077, 0.03553108498454094, -0.04363709315657616, 0.06236593425273895, -0.4046943783760071, 0.011290115304291248, 0.1029091402888298, -0.4623056948184967, -0.3333679139614105, 0.5647063255310059, 0.11501333862543106, -0.49813756346702576, 0.015618091449141502, -0.1325046867132187, 0.6563514471054077, 0.18872664868831635, 0.39780575037002563, -0.3721545934677124, 0.19279730319976807, 0.6380693912506104, 0.015871770679950714, 0.23412998020648956, -0.10285422950983047, 0.25224706530570984, -0.068674735724926, 0.3512089252471924, -0.14347603917121887, -0.15091903507709503, 0.11107007414102554, -0.2830751836299896, 0.1690603792667389, 0.859117865562439, 0.31225648522377014, -0.046488553285598755, -0.4988720417022705, -0.08671347051858902, 0.0628119483590126, -0.027244634926319122, -0.013984167948365211, 0.451170951128006, -0.2622202932834625, -0.4284003674983978, 0.24034439027309418, 0.2916429340839386, 0.48268401622772217, -0.40957412123680115, -0.11267811805009842, -0.7846486568450928, 0.25532475113868713, 0.05486006289720535, -0.14731481671333313, 0.04998685047030449, -0.19857777655124664, -0.02672138437628746, 0.10372792929410934, 0.3469833731651306, 0.3838680386543274, 0.2390546053647995, 0.0037527980748564005, 0.0006266768905334175, 0.3491501808166504, -0.3891473114490509, -0.33865877985954285, 0.04303005337715149, -0.12482713907957077, -0.23953786492347717, 0.49815213680267334, -0.21892988681793213, 0.20862650871276855, -0.5747777223587036, -5.860466480255127, -0.202274352312088, -0.3743673861026764, -0.927139401435852, 0.4510190188884735, 0.083898164331913, 0.5337798595428467, -0.4702931344509125, -0.7519581913948059, 0.14698714017868042, -0.1477571278810501, -0.297750324010849, 0.2742084860801697, 0.17717576026916504, 0.45770448446273804, 0.45462432503700256, 0.6230735778808594, 0.19478628039360046, -0.04192403331398964, -0.05835311859846115, 0.002916869940236211, -0.1623222976922989, 0.40145695209503174, 0.0818617194890976, -0.009561440907418728, -0.5617875456809998, -0.6233483552932739, -0.0895613357424736, -0.3058565557003021, 0.18731330335140228, 0.3764585554599762, 0.3091280460357666, 0.008698133751749992, -0.42100319266319275, 0.18193213641643524, -0.09642152488231659, 0.5248663425445557, -0.17931000888347626, 0.26296818256378174, 0.1249866783618927, -0.3888108432292938, 0.7106770277023315, 0.7537208199501038, 0.004589891526848078, 0.5668776631355286, -0.43810397386550903, -0.39558711647987366, -0.5434133410453796, -0.22214645147323608, 0.22790703177452087, -0.2528325319290161, 0.7038238644599915, 0.37831270694732666, 0.018386133015155792, 0.22877193987369537, -0.049299292266368866, 0.6365010142326355, 0.15646377205848694, -0.2045225352048874, 0.017716793343424797, 0.14946258068084717, -0.4936152696609497, -0.023565780371427536, -0.6349300146102905, 0.10608410090208054, 0.0219404473900795, -0.09231917560100555, -0.4216497540473938, 0.13558390736579895, 0.4150892496109009, -0.6567721962928772, 0.04916679859161377, 0.32311150431632996, -0.7225149869918823, 0.2827438712120056, -0.7980381846427917, 0.01806219480931759, 0.030618399381637573, 0.13666419684886932, -0.13272780179977417, 0.3781302571296692, 0.18570685386657715, -0.6170578002929688, -0.5315996408462524, 0.21411268413066864, -0.8085646033287048, -0.07149768620729446, 0.18592926859855652, 0.22558118402957916, -0.3427719473838806, 0.7877541184425354, 0.09801037609577179, 0.5359141826629639, -0.24079842865467072, -0.3366162180900574, 0.06323171406984329, 0.037665463984012604, 0.1299314796924591, 0.5387131571769714, -0.5744806528091431, -0.07129323482513428, -0.2976760268211365, 0.07017696648836136, 0.12810616195201874, 0.11369499564170837, -0.6855045557022095, -0.0975416824221611, 0.16412487626075745, 0.8995030522346497, 0.7195810079574585, -0.2477746307849884, 0.19433915615081787, -0.4462498128414154, -0.44464531540870667, 0.09160621464252472, 0.293190062046051, -0.4524616301059723, 0.41088205575942993, 0.2868928909301758, -0.264217346906662, 0.36078721284866333, 0.05082041770219803, -0.20845626294612885, -0.2201419621706009, -0.5554797053337097, 0.41302043199539185, -0.013087344355881214, 0.021688023582100868, 0.4568362832069397, -0.1927041858434677, 0.42361345887184143, 0.5802060961723328, 0.008705263026058674, -0.1720820963382721, 0.11313726007938385, -0.3167828619480133, 0.2984825372695923, 0.0947943851351738, -0.14395666122436523, -0.5192238092422485, 0.22903022170066833, -0.3346045911312103, -0.41459736227989197, 0.0357932522892952, 0.37236523628234863, 0.27324387431144714, -0.5621383190155029, 0.5224109292030334, 0.19872969388961792, 0.6101751327514648, -0.3252495527267456, -0.47723880410194397, -0.23854583501815796, 0.06860177963972092, 0.4721885919570923, -0.7108963131904602, 0.10477139055728912, 0.12848538160324097, -0.5682931542396545, -0.5853793025016785, 0.42055028676986694, -0.17929232120513916, -1.020408034324646, 0.05409852787852287, -0.2584512233734131, 0.40530046820640564, -0.7629753947257996, -0.9829950928688049, -0.2828989028930664, 0.856354832649231, -0.01193846482783556, -0.4115085005760193, -0.5144158601760864, -0.6260111331939697, 0.33131909370422363, 0.29591190814971924, 0.49254634976387024, 0.4056522250175476, -0.19239497184753418, -0.20691537857055664, 0.20380277931690216, -0.03533755987882614, 0.10834307968616486, -0.07154901325702667, 0.1453150361776352, -0.10487814247608185, -0.2009674310684204, 0.1379486620426178, 0.11200736463069916, 0.02889665961265564, -0.09966808557510376, 0.16628220677375793, -0.15642862021923065, 0.28668949007987976, 0.038876112550497055, -0.2891443371772766, -0.27511802315711975, 0.1800304353237152, -0.42698290944099426, -0.12442046403884888, -0.1622171700000763, 0.13170596957206726, -0.155766099691391, 0.2646131217479706, 0.20383600890636444, -0.2689017355442047, 0.3329103887081146, -0.24204520881175995, -0.4818665385246277, 1.0815293788909912, -0.8860864043235779, -0.18001419305801392, 0.5812444090843201, 0.2952832877635956, -0.6833997368812561, 0.05940883606672287, 0.13104307651519775, -0.12162419408559799, -0.3621118366718292, -0.1931106299161911, 0.16111482679843903, -0.0940425768494606, -0.7796066999435425, -0.43255093693733215, -0.4279367923736572, 0.4288654327392578, 0.5240387320518494, -0.1522994488477707, 0.6085767149925232, -0.325474351644516, -0.4671087861061096, -0.1309688538312912, 0.03551824018359184, -0.2848280668258667, 0.3080308437347412, -0.3456953465938568, 0.1649460345506668, 0.025134947150945663, 0.3962269425392151, -0.15120524168014526, 0.24603065848350525, 1.0207198858261108, -0.02369939722120762, -0.3458104729652405, -0.2577809989452362, 0.5944589972496033, 0.08910655975341797, -0.6717727184295654, -0.2182817906141281, 0.09015703201293945, -0.07419883459806442, -0.3708975315093994, -0.7349793314933777, -0.07683855295181274, -0.06285680830478668, 0.40285801887512207, -0.29086390137672424, 0.34034258127212524, 0.20634455978870392, 0.6394331455230713, -0.31108707189559937, -0.07157164812088013, 0.16867384314537048, -0.08956846594810486, 0.08204682916402817, -0.061075109988451004, -0.3070223033428192, 0.278264582157135, 0.3677789866924286, -0.2815634608268738, 0.5749773383140564, -0.03038872219622135, 0.6685582995414734, 0.5929515361785889, 0.7470753788948059, -0.07012300938367844, 0.08464358747005463, -0.6990594267845154, 0.23919714987277985, 0.1657506227493286, 0.0049829622730612755, 0.007771126925945282, -0.0667431429028511, -0.06747804582118988, 0.3676568567752838, -0.4898149371147156, 0.41169407963752747, 0.20672506093978882, -0.8805946707725525, 0.10117284953594208, -0.35495561361312866, 0.09001198410987854, 0.1627098172903061, 1.0953893661499023, -0.06636253744363785, 0.5199132561683655, 0.6457663774490356, 0.5505660176277161, 0.04002759978175163, 0.4975510239601135, -0.2273443341255188, 0.5081697106361389, -0.02167336270213127, -0.858728289604187, 0.29123494029045105, -0.03485497459769249, -0.09199603646993637, -0.7222172617912292, 0.4406549632549286, -0.23078840970993042, 0.03967667743563652, -0.19997626543045044, 0.09390368312597275, 0.9945420026779175, 0.3657881021499634, -0.6367788314819336, 0.20826394855976105, -0.18305101990699768, -0.06240532174706459, 0.3668273687362671, -0.00335522647947073, -0.2637205421924591, 0.1348826289176941, -0.22662676870822906, 0.1877041757106781, 0.22197166085243225, -0.23427724838256836, -0.22702112793922424, 0.15200065076351166, 0.40143293142318726, 0.5341771245002747, 0.6069754958152771, 0.022991400212049484, 0.03695579618215561, -0.7178247570991516, -0.2660914957523346, -0.18830351531505585, -0.6559028625488281, -0.4384324252605438, 0.12350823730230331, 0.24527424573898315, 0.12354274094104767, -0.07818375527858734, 0.17265699803829193, -0.0007126400014385581, 0.6869646310806274, 0.2143763303756714, 0.3803013265132904, -0.20816293358802795, 0.08405693620443344, 0.2632659077644348, 0.3103705942630768, 0.7037230134010315, -0.018565503880381584, 0.009360013529658318, -0.33314430713653564, -0.06277534365653992, 0.052948832511901855, -0.22773359715938568, -0.32449305057525635, -0.015600495971739292, -0.15499235689640045, 0.8949412107467651, -0.011961651965975761, 0.06609992682933807, -0.22108648717403412, 0.04334529861807823, -0.5567213892936707, 0.007365713361650705, 0.021516047418117523, -0.3580400049686432, 0.7878198027610779, -0.6527624726295471, 0.08399166911840439, 0.1390492469072342, -0.23872032761573792, 0.12158327549695969, 0.3678671419620514, 0.09071304649114609, -0.10016494989395142, -0.3284720480442047, -0.3609248697757721, -0.4187931716442108, -0.4223611652851105, -0.23182690143585205, 0.13426275551319122, 0.15394967794418335, 0.01587303727865219, -0.05452209338545799, 0.2272794395685196, 0.4797542691230774, -0.4738873839378357, 0.10101024806499481, -0.08110721409320831, -0.3281365931034088, -0.49510249495506287, 0.06916122883558273, 0.15329451858997345, -0.03648774325847626, -0.4710765480995178, -0.17762982845306396, 0.2494744211435318, -0.3857021629810333, -0.4866313636302948, -0.08823634684085846, -0.2596935033798218, -0.02471330389380455, 0.21222339570522308, -0.5443434119224548, 0.012105191126465797, -0.0481051467359066, -1.0507283210754395, -0.21102388203144073, 0.2883142828941345, 0.7192618250846863, 0.4092051386833191, -0.0028604669496417046, -0.2179461419582367, 0.5344621539115906, -0.4717003405094147, 0.2114008367061615, 0.666815996170044, 0.68390291929245, 0.10642968863248825, 0.22829771041870117, 0.2463369071483612, 0.029306691139936447, -0.2749004065990448, -0.1905066967010498, 0.6669934988021851, -0.30665507912635803, 0.36744892597198486, -0.8449382781982422, 0.24648697674274445, 0.2790554463863373, -0.4822278320789337, 0.7357661724090576, 0.23739521205425262, 0.45195841789245605, -0.1712084710597992, 0.18274708092212677, 0.10678992420434952, 0.021624477580189705, -0.24153651297092438, -0.8130931854248047, 0.09658315777778625, -0.48335000872612, -0.15418638288974762, -0.48535993695259094, -0.3279768228530884, 0.31592056155204773, -0.5173814296722412, 0.6505035161972046, -0.222341388463974, -0.11758503317832947, -0.17225328087806702, 0.2152736485004425, -1.017346978187561, -0.11503428220748901, 0.14249549806118011 ]
230726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab	Cab	Cab or CAB may refer to: Transport Cab (locomotive), the driving compartment of a locomotive Cab car Cabin (truck), an enclosed space in a truck where the driver is seated Cabriolet (carriage) (obsolete), a type of horse-drawn carriage Civil Aeronautics Board, an agency of the federal government of the United States Constructions Aéronautiques du Béarn, former French aircraft manufacturer Controller anti-lock brake, see Anti-lock braking system NATO reporting name for the Lisunov Li-2, aircraft Taxi, a type of vehicle for hire with a driver Tractor unit of an articulated lorry, known in Britain as an artic cab People Cab Calloway (1907–1994), American jazz singer and bandleader Cris Cab (born 1993), American singer and songwriter Fictional characters Cab (Transformers), a fictional character from the Transformers TV series Places Čab, a village in Nitra District in Slovakia Buildings and structurse Causeway Bay station, Hong Kong; MTR station code CAB Church Administration Building of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Music The Cab, an American pop-rock band CAB (band), a jazz fusion band CAB (album), 2000 "Cab" (song), a 2005 song by Train Computing Cabinet (file format), with filename extension "CAB", a Microsoft Windows installation archive format Change-advisory board Choose and Book, UK NHS E-booking software Composite UI Application Block, a part of Microsoft's .NET Framework used to create user interfaces CA/Browser Forum (Certification Authority Browser Forum) Sports Logo of Club Atlético Banfield, a football team in Argentina Logo of Club Atlético Belgrano, a football team in Argentina Club Athlétique Bizertin, a football club from Bizerte in Tunisia Cricket Association of Bengal, governing body for cricket in West Bengal, India Curaçaose Atletiek Bond, the governing body for athletics in Curaçao Groups, organizations, companies Cambodia Asia Bank (CAB), a bank of Cambodia Canadian Association of Broadcasters Citizens Advice Bureau, UK charity giving free advice for money, legal, consumer and other issues Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting, company originating the Crossley ratings for radio programs Credito Agrario Bresciano, defunct bank of Italy Criminal Assets Bureau, agency in Ireland investigating suspected proceeds of criminal conduct Other uses C.A.B., a British television show Cellulose acetate butyrate, a type of plastic Certified Angus Beef, meat grading designation set up by the American Angus Association Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, a law enacted by the Parliament of India Combat Action Badge, a military badge worn in the U.S. Combat Aviation Brigade, a helicopter unit in the United States Army Complete or Combined Androgen Blockade (CAB), see Maximum androgen blockade, medical treatment for prostate cancer Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, a peace agreement Cabochon, also called "cab", a shaped, polished gemstone Comic Arts Brooklyn, an annual comics festival in Brooklyn, New York See also KAB (disambiguation)	[ 0.20775876939296722, 0.31459149718284607, -0.0645824521780014, 0.23004919290542603, -0.24050268530845642, 0.5667400360107422, 0.21897061169147491, 0.07719969004392624, -0.08427227288484573, -0.24848148226737976, -0.4064895510673523, 0.4160744249820709, -0.16911788284778595, 0.5074549913406372, -0.44942939281463623, 0.37732329964637756, 0.5050939321517944, 0.14432205259799957, -0.5907398462295532, -0.18709847331047058, 0.011209098622202873, -0.07925063371658325, 0.2090892642736435, -0.3760901689529419, 0.1706511676311493, 0.1322881430387497, -0.03288063034415245, 0.40469610691070557, -0.15501578152179718, 0.2476435899734497, 0.18249855935573578, 0.4164811372756958, 0.007241482846438885, -0.11508263647556305, -0.4420660138130188, -0.22928178310394287, -0.15851831436157227, -0.5238246917724609, 0.054584212601184845, -0.7833912968635559, 0.2176019251346588, -0.5458065271377563, 0.563458263874054, 0.18544626235961914, -0.5437222123146057, -0.11855984479188919, -1.7227668762207031, 0.25902533531188965, -0.3877600431442261, -0.006809036247432232, 0.04085725545883179, 0.24971403181552887, 0.22062554955482483, 0.46902409195899963, -0.0953766405582428, 0.04072728008031845, -0.07055692374706268, -0.4253905713558197, 0.09805271774530411, -1.0652978420257568, 0.6107816100120544, 0.34203973412513733, 0.26648518443107605, 0.35201799869537354, 0.2810405194759369, -0.13613608479499817, -0.10258389264345169, -0.14484809339046478, -0.41045382618904114, -0.19003544747829437, -0.3189392387866974, -0.25353431701660156, 0.12938083708286285, -0.10619863867759705, -0.2546875774860382, -0.5322431325912476, -0.060930173844099045, -0.2670142650604248, -0.1040412113070488, 0.2713490426540375, 0.16353659331798553, 0.32265448570251465, 0.48136961460113525, 0.22161351144313812, 0.08251713216304779, 0.40487414598464966, -0.6068899631500244, 0.3153466582298279, -0.32366442680358887, -0.07831495255231857, -0.0917782336473465, -0.4639681279659271, 0.30798017978668213, 0.24239590764045715, -0.40032482147216797, 0.12363190203905106, 0.7768791913986206, -0.022986842319369316, 0.4144037067890167, 0.06847736984491348, 0.0225543100386858, -0.4150644838809967, 0.4125860333442688, 0.02387043461203575, -0.2625304162502289, -0.24048379063606262, -0.2874966561794281, 0.017186583951115608, 0.13546739518642426, 0.501946210861206, -0.19815614819526672, -0.23171043395996094, 0.12430430203676224, 0.27988606691360474, -0.09462758898735046, -0.4443525969982147, -0.47441622614860535, -0.25489023327827454, -0.09895890206098557, 0.00523079140111804, 0.06039824336767197, 0.0488850437104702, -0.29620859026908875, -0.3496893644332886, -0.049555741250514984, 0.2540665566921234, 0.18469713628292084, 0.6566379070281982, -0.7134802341461182, 0.2541184425354004, 0.3073579668998718, 0.7950441837310791, -0.285232275724411, 0.5391604900360107, -0.4536210298538208, 0.10563871264457703, -0.19719192385673523, 0.03572490066289902, 0.14190371334552765, 0.005578191019594669, -1.2771376371383667, -0.08556027710437775, -0.24423930048942566, -0.6891815066337585, 0.26216423511505127, -0.023409923538565636, -0.011689750477671623, 0.20058098435401917, -0.6111159920692444, -0.25091591477394104, -0.23351921141147614, -0.1567738652229309, -0.49716874957084656, -0.3559638559818268, -0.04769929498434067, -0.01739390194416046, 0.06074833869934082, -0.45741036534309387, 0.19928741455078125, -0.042848702520132065, -0.14980334043502808, 0.2847707271575928, -0.481140673160553, 0.51624596118927, -0.10649843513965607, 0.06574415415525436, -0.18687394261360168, 0.18212953209877014, -0.4200495779514313, 0.24450688064098358, -0.16342560946941376, -0.3144820034503937, 0.2433604747056961, 0.032674286514520645, 0.012620421126484871, 0.31335094571113586, 0.8440629243850708, -0.4473949074745178, 0.6312651038169861, 0.39801034331321716, -0.5448883771896362, 0.35407066345214844, 0.606082022190094, -0.18097859621047974, 0.2553359866142273, -0.08722240477800369, 0.04089875891804695, 0.07408726215362549, -0.14024731516838074, -0.5359205007553101, -0.736016571521759, -0.8696486353874207, -0.10976958274841309, -0.4706951379776001, 1.1376893520355225, -0.4772554337978363, -0.4966452121734619, 0.6097575426101685, 0.1626531332731247, 0.21466583013534546, 0.22817863523960114, 0.12231049686670303, 0.5379143357276917, -0.5548977255821228, 0.3216279149055481, 0.6321456432342529, 0.747925877571106, 0.171011820435524, -0.06699922680854797, 0.05017039179801941, 0.39352893829345703, -0.5882789492607117, 0.33599284291267395, -0.3842761218547821, 0.2813970744609833, -0.3688521087169647, -0.44448819756507874, 0.010570633225142956, -0.028793517500162125, -0.5242453217506409, 0.761739194393158, -0.46029695868492126, -0.6335750818252563, 0.08335266262292862, -0.4922733008861542, 0.285586416721344, 0.18235018849372864, 0.12306595593690872, 0.5540876388549805, -0.4573741853237152, 0.7404220104217529, 0.1517382264137268, -0.2064027637243271, -0.14203113317489624, -0.2718224823474884, 0.44836845993995667, 0.41719675064086914, 0.13287007808685303, 0.47938770055770874, 0.06379849463701248, -0.31103089451789856, 0.3878955841064453, -0.5082165002822876, -0.21670933067798615, 0.10326054692268372, -0.7276927828788757, -0.14964543282985687, 0.2551365792751312, -0.049907136708498, -0.00705111725255847, 0.12025526911020279, 0.20408132672309875, 0.29181212186813354, 0.05411795526742935, 0.11097307503223419, 0.20927520096302032, -0.17741042375564575, 0.39627453684806824, 0.010818745009601116, 0.09908116608858109, -0.568568766117096, 0.12563900649547577, -0.11186704784631729, 0.07261873781681061, 0.019183939322829247, -0.12567077577114105, -0.08637015521526337, -0.11839181184768677, 0.1288187950849533, 0.7498761415481567, 0.08627485483884811, 0.19916026294231415, -0.21450471878051758, 0.27789151668548584, -0.15666629374027252, 0.022616969421505928, 0.3166505694389343, 0.3628406822681427, -0.08579836785793304, -0.4678271412849426, -0.23460523784160614, 0.1642305552959442, 0.7395212650299072, -0.8916428685188293, 0.38361620903015137, -0.18163400888442993, -0.13130250573158264, 0.028974108397960663, -0.16302578151226044, -0.6405699253082275, -0.025723831728100777, 0.5271987915039062, -0.008436453528702259, 0.5639481544494629, 0.4947271943092346, 0.2647804915904999, 0.1529434621334076, 0.1435559242963791, 0.42064300179481506, -0.44520947337150574, -0.5763301253318787, 0.17046649754047394, 0.027048669755458832, -0.11578633636236191, 0.3569893538951874, -0.19658342003822327, -0.09028153121471405, -0.028614763170480728, -5.954813480377197, -0.23301105201244354, -0.5798634886741638, -0.5436902642250061, 0.7411120533943176, 0.2744184136390686, 0.4664677381515503, -0.05577712878584862, -0.07759327441453934, -0.09029983729124069, -0.059417128562927246, 0.4290887415409088, 0.2234836369752884, 0.2855261266231537, -0.09772515296936035, 0.2226150631904602, 0.13279514014720917, 0.11474310606718063, -0.03809601441025734, -0.1740984171628952, 0.08895359188318253, -0.047898441553115845, -0.08259077370166779, 0.4463428258895874, 0.273172527551651, -0.27638304233551025, -0.6490494608879089, 0.7239429950714111, 0.09443417191505432, 0.18419648706912994, 0.15922650694847107, -0.03845863789319992, -0.15500549972057343, 0.12309461832046509, 0.22189423441886902, 0.057374391704797745, 0.6097164750099182, -0.008130373433232307, 0.49621817469596863, 0.04668603837490082, -0.37513354420661926, 0.5313129425048828, 0.47901636362075806, -0.40169933438301086, 0.09772460162639618, -0.4006504714488983, -0.3522112965583801, 0.039830196648836136, 0.16083550453186035, 0.6494052410125732, -0.08005288243293762, 0.12498598545789719, 0.5050641894340515, -0.024417085573077202, 0.6307655572891235, -0.12849538028240204, 0.4472607970237732, 0.10316508263349533, 0.0224937591701746, 0.2583272457122803, 0.16265878081321716, -0.2728021740913391, -0.7814989686012268, -0.7985847592353821, -0.143291175365448, -0.3098544478416443, -0.2983458340167999, -0.05967224761843681, 0.43716251850128174, -0.2122662514448166, -0.5408572554588318, 0.14483435451984406, 0.5168411135673523, -0.8269254565238953, 0.44630974531173706, -1.077427864074707, 0.3815276622772217, -0.22218580543994904, -0.14789122343063354, 0.3227401375770569, -0.006683173589408398, -0.012689819559454918, -0.1778946816921234, -0.4122249484062195, -0.06399381160736084, -0.3821806311607361, -0.34502097964286804, 0.38601747155189514, 0.11229989677667618, -0.045024290680885315, 1.0318539142608643, -0.21815653145313263, 0.06028767302632332, 0.04850911349058151, 0.4347304701805115, 0.10450690984725952, -0.2767375111579895, 0.28167641162872314, 0.14828018844127655, -0.4101732075214386, 0.1929016411304474, -0.5314925909042358, 0.044626619666814804, 0.1620812714099884, 0.061890169978141785, -0.6497935652732849, -0.29340818524360657, 0.3881562054157257, 1.2655093669891357, 0.5734847187995911, 0.3686194121837616, 0.29179662466049194, -0.3438231348991394, -0.8061597943305969, 0.23274892568588257, 0.3976465165615082, -0.21431095898151398, 0.38858526945114136, 0.41361820697784424, -0.25225093960762024, 0.07215046882629395, 0.10022541135549545, -0.4430693984031677, -0.07327930629253387, 0.10268401354551315, 0.43759506940841675, -0.07206364721059799, 0.09430287033319473, 0.3136357367038727, -0.15297721326351166, 0.3106629252433777, 0.8320614695549011, -0.07101950794458389, 0.21523630619049072, -0.1315002143383026, -0.21721436083316803, -0.1107717975974083, 0.10646137595176697, 0.05772664397954941, -0.5001500844955444, 0.17443738877773285, -0.687974750995636, -0.6543204188346863, -0.7701727151870728, 0.35299113392829895, 0.5423833727836609, -0.5696746110916138, 0.02299126610159874, 0.20971748232841492, 0.09997733682394028, 0.25412577390670776, -0.4430280029773712, -0.2840367257595062, -0.06473469734191895, -0.1587294638156891, -0.6086074113845825, -0.20101837813854218, 0.18515262007713318, -0.3266047537326813, -0.5475668907165527, 0.3830184042453766, -0.07905473560094833, -0.6319324374198914, -0.5742714405059814, -0.1433197259902954, 0.15130190551280975, 0.09689537435770035, -1.0398067235946655, 0.18600131571292877, 0.44004300236701965, 0.09510383754968643, -0.5257899165153503, -0.22356106340885162, -0.259988397359848, 0.20511892437934875, 0.17698770761489868, 0.3962825834751129, -0.30929863452911377, 0.0686345174908638, 0.08321772515773773, 0.26333168148994446, 0.2012540102005005, 0.13771215081214905, 0.3565233647823334, 0.28613635897636414, -0.024274280294775963, -0.15310649573802948, 0.4652406871318817, -0.19128555059432983, -0.45769885182380676, -0.3464592397212982, -0.14079095423221588, 0.5236431956291199, 0.2408738136291504, 0.04739859327673912, -0.28861063718795776, -0.18978318572044373, -0.061585117131471634, -0.050619740039110184, -0.2687969207763672, 0.002799991052597761, 0.1175830066204071, -0.3516330420970917, -0.3068811595439911, 0.09523680806159973, -0.5123821496963501, 0.7649511694908142, -0.6692220568656921, -0.4067358076572418, 0.12042257189750671, -0.3356441557407379, 0.030914273113012314, 0.23021551966667175, 0.41483163833618164, -0.7160161733627319, -0.07509801536798477, 0.29173123836517334, -0.36382535099983215, -0.5382025241851807, -0.22688028216362, -0.0876796767115593, 0.17976124584674835, -0.3520409166812897, 0.20455296337604523, -0.40605539083480835, 0.0036712968721985817, 0.1507585048675537, -0.6676931977272034, 0.11946512013673782, -0.022718559950590134, -0.18631719052791595, 0.10912346094846725, -0.4435785114765167, -0.06659775227308273, 0.010270990431308746, -0.23250900208950043, 0.08496308326721191, -0.39882194995880127, 0.06606457382440567, 0.24412280321121216, 0.7613852024078369, 1.027094841003418, 0.4318072497844696, -0.5905322432518005, -0.26144713163375854, 0.13669463992118835, 0.4429372549057007, -0.7434861063957214, -0.4002668261528015, 0.13647262752056122, 0.38455209136009216, -0.3888341188430786, -0.9265326261520386, 0.23336949944496155, 0.41506361961364746, -0.24775925278663635, -0.28475189208984375, -0.18033787608146667, 0.1597352921962738, 1.0392539501190186, -0.005201628897339106, 0.16959092020988464, -0.23430593311786652, -0.09222251921892166, -0.38816890120506287, 0.4318479597568512, -0.4851045608520508, -0.09401652961969376, -0.10158079117536545, -0.8383142948150635, 0.3228321969509125, 0.6958789825439453, 0.8160603046417236, 0.3185129165649414, 0.6023210883140564, -0.3566790521144867, -0.0588885098695755, -0.53825443983078, 0.26900023221969604, 0.17090092599391937, -0.2997764050960541, 0.21030449867248535, -0.30208560824394226, -0.24294599890708923, 0.03763793408870697, -0.3443455398082733, 0.6372763514518738, -0.18952065706253052, -0.5791091918945312, -0.23892518877983093, -0.028220806270837784, -0.10134599357843399, -0.10481011122465134, 0.8522129654884338, -0.28072530031204224, -0.04186442121863365, 0.07496216893196106, 0.4334469139575958, 0.6176811456680298, 0.46373251080513, -0.6944825053215027, 0.5220434665679932, 0.012306065298616886, -0.7781015634536743, 0.41283559799194336, 0.011631869710981846, 0.21438533067703247, -0.17807233333587646, 0.28480860590934753, -0.11621955037117004, 0.46722492575645447, -0.5405094027519226, 0.010889806784689426, 0.836858332157135, 0.1656913012266159, -0.2272872030735016, 0.24632224440574646, -0.20994853973388672, -0.10448182374238968, 0.29373204708099365, 0.27624788880348206, 0.15996183454990387, 0.16594882309436798, -0.04747435450553894, -0.03223046660423279, 0.3045710623264313, -0.27791285514831543, -0.41474634408950806, 0.2715698480606079, 0.5434643030166626, 0.790431022644043, 0.0014875978231430054, 0.00901001412421465, 0.09388993680477142, -0.40507736802101135, -0.03828813508152962, 0.2920302748680115, -0.25662192702293396, -0.058847881853580475, 0.2610154151916504, -0.45010632276535034, 0.08331169933080673, -0.2681829631328583, 0.03403777256608009, -0.25501951575279236, 1.0011532306671143, 0.0659053698182106, 0.2256302535533905, -0.22075562179088593, 0.2805306315422058, -0.39513087272644043, -0.021742967888712883, 0.14517569541931152, -0.13540269434452057, -0.27538564801216125, -0.4944809377193451, 0.5680249333381653, -0.20467886328697205, -0.2539612352848053, 0.10540924966335297, 0.40024110674858093, 0.3610137701034546, 0.6665905714035034, -0.5082478523254395, 0.02804233878850937, -0.2922048270702362, 0.24394553899765015, -0.7554558515548706, 0.2605058550834656, -0.1219242662191391, -0.16911788284778595, 0.6684659719467163, -0.7569368481636047, 0.17852726578712463, -0.0640174001455307, 0.1959068924188614, 1.0117474794387817, 0.9388821125030518, 0.1858665645122528, 0.002085137413814664, -0.10000874102115631, -0.21415576338768005, -0.1875683218240738, -0.9359418749809265, 0.17798040807247162, -0.5000787377357483, -0.1713819056749344, 0.25582075119018555, 0.1662272810935974, 0.08520293980836868, 0.32473281025886536, -0.7355652451515198, 0.10394638776779175, -0.412750244140625, 0.0709475427865982, -0.8436397314071655, 0.20901410281658173, 0.3837110102176666, 0.4155896008014679, 0.022022290155291557, -0.2337484210729599, 0.24199576675891876, -0.013545229099690914, -0.3072465658187866, -0.3293587863445282, -0.0054624336771667, -0.059008486568927765, 0.5010563135147095, 0.05161537230014801, 0.3544449210166931, 0.5582308173179626, -0.35004332661628723, 0.043428461998701096, 0.0020842745434492826, -0.25700968503952026, 0.019733767956495285, 0.24360212683677673, -0.16116979718208313, 0.5155698657035828, -0.5581101775169373, 0.2572954297065735, 0.2773164212703705, 0.3197766840457916, 0.11400830000638962, -0.06272172927856445, -0.165116086602211, 0.13698206841945648, -0.12580640614032745, -0.5771512389183044, 0.3556985855102539, 0.1115715503692627, 0.2692563235759735, -0.9292498230934143, 0.1383310705423355, 0.00700753228738904, 0.11989525705575943, 0.6494659185409546, 0.1739271879196167, 0.12481790781021118, -0.2372787594795227, 0.27893099188804626, 0.003403066424652934, -0.35290849208831787, -0.15672925114631653, -0.40659451484680176, 0.4895988404750824, -0.2684537470340729, 0.008707830682396889, -0.6590311527252197, 0.3225274384021759, 0.5186904072761536, -0.4128483831882477, 0.4938279390335083, -0.3447073996067047, 0.39586836099624634, -0.4160912036895752, 0.038193654268980026, -0.6034703850746155, -0.42523229122161865, 0.001158825820311904 ]
230728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Johnson%2C%201st%20Baronet	Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet	Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet ( – 11 July 1774), was a British Army officer and colonial administration from Ireland. As a young man, Johnson moved to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Royal Navy officer Peter Warren, which was located in territory of the Mohawk, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League, or Haudenosaunee. Johnson learned the Mohawk language and Iroquois customs, and was appointed the British agent to the Iroquois. Because of his success, he was appointed in 1756 as British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for all the northern colonies. Throughout his career as a British official among the Iroquois, Johnson combined personal business with official diplomacy, acquiring tens of thousands of acres of Native land and becoming very wealthy. Johnson commanded Iroquois and colonial militia forces against the French and their allies during the French and Indian War, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War (1754–1763) in Europe. His role in the British victory at the Battle of Lake George in 1755 earned him a baronetcy; his capture of Fort Niagara from the French in 1759 brought him additional renown. Serving as the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district from 1756 until his death in 1774, Johnson worked to keep American Indians attached to the British interest. Johnson's counterpart for the southern colonies was John Stuart. Early life and career William Johnson was born around 1715 in County Meath, in the Kingdom of Ireland. He was the eldest son of Christopher Johnson (1687–1764) of Smithstown, Co. Meath and Anne Warren, daughter of Michael Warren of Warrenstown, Co. Meath and Catherine Aylmer, sister of Admiral Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer. His mother Anne was from an "Old English" Catholic gentry family who had, in previous generations, lost much of their status to Protestant English colonists. Christopher Johnson was descended from the O'Neill of the Fews dynasty of County Armagh. William Johnson's paternal grandfather was originally known as William MacShane, but changed his surname to Johnson, the Anglicization of the Gaelic Mac Seáin. Some early biographers portrayed William Johnson as living in poverty in Ireland, but modern studies reveal that his family lived a comfortable, if modest, lifestyle. Although the Johnson family had a history of Jacobitism, William Johnson's uncle Peter Warren was raised as a Protestant to enable him to pursue a career in the British Royal Navy. He achieved considerable success, gaining wealth along the way. As a Catholic, William Johnson had limited opportunities for advancement in the institutions of the British Empire. Never particularly religious, Johnson converted to Protestantism when offered an opportunity to work for his uncle in British America. Immigration to the colonies Peter Warren had purchased a large tract of undeveloped land along the south side of the Mohawk River in the province of New York. Warren convinced Johnson to lead an effort to establish a settlement there, to be known as Warrensburgh, with the implied understanding that Johnson would inherit much of the land. Johnson arrived in about 1738 with twelve Irish Protestant families and began to clear the land. He purchased enslaved Africans to do the heavy labor of clearance; they were the first of many slaves bought by Johnson. Warren intended Johnson to become involved in trading with American Indians, largely the Mohawk and other of the Six Nations of the Iroquois, tribes who dominated the area west of Albany. Johnson soon discovered that the trade routes were to the north, on the opposite side of the river from Warrensburgh. Acting on his own initiative, in 1739 Johnson bought a house and small farm on the north side of the river, where he built a store and a sawmill. From this location, which he called "Mount Johnson", Johnson was able to cut into Albany's Indian trade. He supplied goods to traders who were headed to Fort Oswego, and bought furs from them when they returned downriver. He dealt directly with New York City merchants, thus avoiding the middlemen at Albany. The Albany merchants were irate, and Warren was not pleased that his nephew was becoming independent. Johnson became closely associated with the Mohawk, the easternmost nation of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League. By the time Johnson arrived, their population had collapsed to 580 persons, due to chronic infectious diseases unwittingly introduced by Europeans and warfare with competing tribes related to the lucrative beaver trade. The Mohawk thought an alliance with Johnson could advance their interests in the British imperial system. Around 1742, they adopted him as an honorary sachem, or civil chief, and gave him the name Warraghiyagey, which he translated as "A Man who undertakes great Things". King George's War In 1744, the War of the Austrian Succession spread to colonial America, where it was known as King George's War. Because of his close relationship with the Mohawk, in 1746 Johnson was appointed by the British colonial government as New York's agent to the Iroquois, replacing the Albany-based Indian commissioners. The newly created "Colonel of the Warriors of the Six Nations" was instructed to enlist and equip colonists and Indians for a campaign against the French. Recruiting Iroquois warriors was difficult: ever since the so-called Grand Settlement of 1701, the Iroquois nations had maintained a policy of neutrality in colonial wars between France and Great Britain. Working with the Mohawk chief Hendrick Theyanoguin, Johnson recruited Mohawk warriors to fight on the side of the British. Johnson organized small raiding parties, which were sent against the settlements of the French and their Indian allies. In accordance with New York's Scalp Act of 1747, Johnson paid bounties for scalps, although he realized this encouraged the scalping of non-combatants of all ages and both sexes. In June 1748, Johnson was appointed as "Colonel of the New York levies", a position that gave him additional responsibility for the colonial militias at Albany. In July 1748, word was received of a peace settlement. The Mohawk had suffered heavy casualties in the war, which lessened Johnson's prestige among them for a while. In 1748, Johnson built a new stone house upriver from Mount Johnson, which became known as Fort Johnson. The home was strongly fortified when the next war approached. In 1755, Johnson shifted the primary meeting place for diplomatic councils between the British and the Iroquois from Albany to Fort Johnson. He also bought houses in Schenectady and Albany to stop at on his business trips to New York Town. After King George's War, Johnson was caught between rival New York political factions. One faction was led by Governor George Clinton, who had appointed Johnson as New York's Indian agent and, in 1750, appointed him to the Governor's Council. Governor Clinton urged the New York Assembly to repay Johnson's outstanding wartime expenses, which amounted to £2,000. Repayment was blocked by Clinton's political rivals, a faction led by Lieutenant Governor James De Lancey, who was connected to the Albany Indian commissioners whom Johnson had supplanted. De Lancey was also the brother-in-law of Admiral Peter Warren, which added to the strain in the relationship between Johnson and Warren. An exasperated Johnson resigned as New York's Indian commissioner in 1751. When Warren died in July 1752, he left nothing to Johnson in his will. Although Warren died a very wealthy man, in his will he required that Johnson repay the expenses incurred while settling Warren's land. French and Indian War In June 1753, Hendrick Theyanoguin and a delegation of Mohawk traveled to New York City, where they announced to Governor Clinton that the Covenant Chain—the diplomatic relationship between the British and the Iroquois—was broken. The British government ordered Clinton to convene the Albany Congress of 1754 to repair the Covenant Chain. At the Congress, the Mohawk insisted that the alliance would be restored only if Johnson were reinstated as their agent. Johnson's reinstatement as Indian agent came the following year, just as the French and Indian War, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War, was escalating. In 1755, Major General Edward Braddock, sent to North America to direct the British war effort, appointed Johnson as his agent to the Iroquois. Although Johnson had little military experience, he was commissioned as a major general and instructed to lead an expedition against the French fort at Crown Point. His troops were provincial soldiers paid for by the colonies, and not regular soldiers of the British Army, which meant that he had to deal with six different colonial governments while organizing the expedition. Johnson initially had nearly 5,000 colonials at his command, but General William Shirley, the governor of Massachusetts commissioned to lead a simultaneous expedition to Fort Niagara, shifted some of Johnson's men and resources to his own campaign against the French post. Tensions escalated as the two generals worked against each other in recruiting Native allies. The dispute was complicated by the unusual command structure: as Braddock's second-in-command, General Shirley was Johnson's superior officer, but when it came to Indian affairs, Johnson was theoretically in charge. In time, Shirley would blame the failure of his expedition on Johnson's refusal to provide him with adequate Indian support. According to the Johnson biographer Milton Hamilton, historians usually portrayed Johnson as acting unreasonably in the controversy with Shirley, but Hamilton argued that Johnson was reacting to Shirley's clumsy Indian diplomacy, which harmed the British relationship with the Six Nations. Crown Point expedition Marching north into French territory, in August 1755 Johnson renamed Lac du Saint-Sacrement to Lake George in honour of his king. On 8 September 1755, Johnson's forces held their ground in the Battle of Lake George. Johnson was wounded by a ball that was to remain in his hip or thigh for the rest of his life. Hendrick Theyanoguin, Johnson's Mohawk ally, was killed in the battle, and Baron Dieskau, the French commander, was captured. Johnson prevented the Mohawk from killing the wounded Dieskau, an act memorialized in later paintings of the event. The battle ended the expedition against Crown Point. Johnson built Fort William Henry at Lake George to strengthen British defences. In December, tired of army life, Johnson resigned his commission as a major general. General Shirley, who had become the commander-in-chief upon Braddock's death, sought to have Johnson's commission as Indian agent modified so that Johnson would be placed under his command. But Shirley was soon replaced both as governor and commander-in-chief, while Johnson's star was on the rise. Although the Battle of Lake George was hardly a decisive victory, the British needed a military hero in a year of major setbacks, and Johnson became that man. Claims that Johnson had been disabled by his wound early in the battle, and thus did not participate in the victory, did not reduce the recognition given to him. As a reward for his services, Parliament voted Johnson £5,000 and King George made him a baronet. "Never was such an insignificant encounter so generously rewarded", wrote the historian Julian Gwyn. In January 1756, the British government made Johnson sole Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern colonies. This position gave him great influence and power, since he would report directly to the government in London and would not be controlled by provincial governments, as the Indian Department was a military one. Of all the Indian nations in the northern colonies, Johnson was most knowledgeable about, and most closely connected to, the Iroquois Six Nations, especially the Mohawk. As superintendent, he would make the Iroquois the focus of British diplomacy, promoting and even exaggerating the power of the Iroquois Confederacy. Johnson also began a long process of trying to control Iroquois diplomacy, attempting "nothing less than the refurbishment of the Iroquois confederacy with himself as to its centre". Capture of Fort Niagara Although Johnson was no longer a British general, he continued to lead Iroquois and frontier militia. In August 1757, after the French began their siege of Fort William Henry, Johnson arrived at Fort Edward with 180 Indians and 1,500 militia. Greatly overestimating the size of the French army, British General Daniel Webb decided against sending a relief force from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. The British were compelled to surrender Fort William Henry, after which many were killed in an infamous massacre. Stories circulated that Johnson was enraged by Webb's decision not to send help, and that he stripped naked in front of Webb to express his disgust. With the war going badly for the British, Johnson found it difficult to enlist the support of the Six Nations, who were not eager to join a losing cause. In July 1758, he managed to raise 450 warriors to take part in a massive expedition led by the new British commander, General James Abercrombie. The campaign ended ingloriously with Abercrombie's disastrous attempt to take Fort Carillon from the French. Johnson and his Indian auxiliaries could do little as British forces stormed the French positions in fruitless frontal assaults. In 1758, with the capture of Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac, and Fort Duquesne, the war's momentum began to shift in favour of the British. Johnson was able to recruit more Iroquois warriors. In the summer of 1759, he led nearly 1,000 Iroquois warriors—practically the entire military strength of the Six Nations—as part of General John Prideaux's expedition to capture Fort Niagara. When Prideaux was killed, Johnson took command. He captured the fort after ambushing and defeating a French relief force at the Battle of La Belle-Famille. Johnson is usually credited with leading or at least planning this ambush, but the historian Francis Jennings argued that Johnson was not present at the battle, and that he exaggerated his role in official dispatches. The conquest of Niagara drove the French line back from the Great Lakes. Once more, Johnson was celebrated as a hero, although some professional soldiers expressed doubts about his military abilities and the value of the Iroquois in the victory. Johnson commanded the "largest Native American force ever assembled under the British flag." Johnson accompanied General Jeffery Amherst in the final North American campaign of the Seven Years' War, the capture of Montreal in 1760. With the fall of New France to the British, Johnson and his deputy George Croghan spent much time negotiating with the former Indian allies of the French. In 1761, Johnson made a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) round trip to Detroit to hold a conference with the regional American Indians. Johnson confronted the assembled chiefs about the anti-British rumours that were circulating among the Natives, and managed, for the time being, to forestall outright resistance to the British military occupation of the West. Normand Macleod met Johnson at this conference and returned with him to New York. Macleod was later appointed as commander of Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario. Postwar development After the French and Indian War, Johnson hoped to concentrate on expanding and improving his land holdings. In December 1760, the Mohawk of Canajoharie gave Johnson a tract of about north of the Mohawk River. This grant proved to be controversial because other land speculators had already obtained licenses to purchase lands that the Mohawk released for sale, but Sir William had not. In 1769, after years of manoeuvring and lobbying, Johnson finally gained royal approval for the grant. This was one of several large tracts of land that Johnson acquired from the Mohawk and Iroquois using his position as a royal Indian agent. By the time of his death, Johnson had accumulated about and was one of the largest land owners in British America, surpassed only by the Penn and van Rensselaer families. According to historian Julian Gwyn: In all this he acted no differently from dozens of other speculators in Indian lands. He was distinguished only by the great advantages he possessed through his office and his long intimacy with the Indians. He was indeed one of their principal exploiters.... In 1762, Johnson founded the city of Johnstown on his grant, about west of Schenectady, New York, north of the Mohawk River. He named the new settlement, originally called John's Town, after his son John. There, at the Crown expense, he established a free school for both white and Mohawk children. Outside the town, in 1763 he built Johnson Hall, where he lived until his death. He recruited numerous Irish immigrant tenant farmers for his extensive lands, and lived essentially as a feudal landlord. He also purchased enslaved Africans to work as labourers, especially in his lumber operations. Johnson had some 60 slaves working for him, making him the largest slaveholder in the county and likely in the province, comparable to major planters in the American South. In 1766, Johnson organised St. Patrick's Lodge, No. 4, a Freemason lodge, at Johnson Hall, and was installed as its master. His nephew Guy Johnson succeeded him as master of this lodge in 1770. Johnson was a strong supporter of the Anglican Church in the colony. To counter the influence of French Catholic missionaries in western New York, in 1769 he paid for the construction of an Anglican church for the Mohawk of Canajoharie, a village the British called the "Upper Castle". The building, later used by European-American congregations and known as Indian Castle Church, still stands near Danube, New York. It is part of the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District, a National Historic Landmark. In 1771, Johnson built St. John's Episcopal Church in Johnstown, but soon complained that it was "small and very ill built." Within five years, he arranged for a larger church of stone to be constructed to accommodate the growing congregation in Johnstown. The historic church is still operating. Pontiac's War and final years In 1763, Pontiac's War resulted from Native American discontent with British policy following the French and Indian War. For several years prior to the uprising, Johnson had advised General Jeffery Amherst to observe Iroquois diplomatic practices, for instance, awarding gifts to Native leaders, a practice they considered an important cultural symbol of respect and significant to maintaining good relations. Amherst, who rejected Johnson's advice, was recalled to London and replaced by General Thomas Gage. Amherst's recall strengthened Johnson's position, because a policy of compromise was required with the Indians, and this was Johnson's domain. Johnson negotiated a treaty with Pontiac in 1766, which finally ended the war. From July to August 1764, Johnson negotiated a treaty at Fort Niagara with about 2,000 American Indians in attendance, primarily Iroquois. Although most Iroquois had stayed out of the war, the Seneca from the Genesee River valley had taken up arms against the British, and Johnson worked to bring them back into the Covenant Chain alliance. Johnson convinced the Iroquois to send a war party against the Seneca involved in the uprising, but otherwise the Iroquois did not contribute to the war effort as much as Johnson had desired. Johnson was a proponent of the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which called for tighter imperial control and restraint of westward colonial expansion. Johnson negotiated the details of the boundary defined in the Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768. Against instructions from London, Johnson pushed the boundary to the west, enabling him and other land speculators to acquire much more land than originally authorised by the British government. Johnson was strongly criticised for exceeding his instructions, but many of the land speculators were well-connected in the government, and the expanded boundary was allowed to stand. During this time he became a member of the American Philosophical Society through his election to membership in 1768. Native American discontent continued to grow in the west in the 1770s. Johnson spent his final years attempting to prevent another uprising like Pontiac's War. Pursuing a policy of divide and rule, he worked to block the emergence of intertribal Native American alliances. His final success was his isolation of the Shawnee before Dunmore's War in 1774. Marriage and family In his lifetime, Johnson gained a reputation as a man who had numerous children with several European and Native American women. At the time, men were not ostracised for having illegitimate children, as long as they could afford it and supported them. One 20th-century scholar estimated that Johnson had perhaps 100 illegitimate children, but the historian Francis Jennings argued that "there is no truth in wild stories that he slept with innumerable Mohawk women." In his will, Johnson acknowledged children by Catherine Weisenberg and Molly Brant, German and Mohawk, respectively, with whom he had long-term relationships. He implicitly acknowledged several other children by unnamed mothers. In 1739, shortly after arriving in America, Johnson began a relationship with Catherine Weisenberg (c. 1723–1759), a German immigrant from the Electorate of the Palatinate. She originally came to the colonies as an indentured servant, but had run away, perhaps with the help of friends or relatives. According to tradition, she was working for another family near Warrensburgh when Johnson purchased the remainder of her indenture contract, perhaps initially to have her serve as his housekeeper. While there is no record that the couple ever formally married, New York did not require civil marriage licenses or certificates to be filed at that time, and Weisenberg was Johnson's common-law wife. The couple had three known children together, including daughters Nancy and Mary (Polly), and a son John, first christened under only under the surname Weisenberg at Fort Hunter. The senior Johnson later arranged for his son John to inherit his title and estates as John Johnson. A grandson of Sir William Johnson was the 3rd Baronet Sir Adam Gordon Johnson who was, through his grandmother Ann Watts, a descendant of the Schuyler , Delancey, and Van Cortlandt families of British North America. At the same time, Johnson had a relationship with Elizabeth Brant, a Mohawk woman by whom he had three known children: Keghneghtago or Brant (born in 1742), Thomas (1744) and Christian (1745); the latter two boys died in infancy. About 1750, Johnson had a son named Tagawirunta, also known as William of Canajoharie, by a Mohawk woman, possibly Margaret Brant, Elizabeth's younger sister. Johnson may have also been intimate with the sisters Susannah and Elizabeth Wormwood, and an Irish woman named Mary McGrath by whom he appeared to have had a daughter named Mary. Mary, Keghneghtago (Brant), and Tagawirunta (William) received inheritances in Johnson's will. In 1759, Johnson began a common-law relationship with Molly Brant, a Mohawk woman who lived with Johnson as his consort at Johnson Hall for the rest of his life. Molly was the older sister of Joseph Brant, who joined the household when he was young. Johnson's relationship with Molly gave him additional influence with the Mohawk. The couple had eight children together, all of whom received land from Johnson by his will. A grandson of William Johnson and Molly Brant was William Johnson Kerr, who married Elizabeth Brant, a daughter of Joseph Brant and granddaughter of George Croghan and their Mohawk wives. Death and legacy Johnson died from a stroke at Johnson Hall on 11 July 1774 during an Indian conference. Guy Johnson, William's nephew and son-in-law Guy Johnson (he had married Mary/Polly), reported that Johnson died when he was "seized of a suffocation." His funeral in Johnstown was attended by more than 2,000 people. His pallbearers included Governor William Franklin of New Jersey and the justices of the New York Supreme Court. He was buried beneath the altar in St. John's Episcopal church, the church he founded in Johnstown. The next day chiefs of the Six Nations performed the condolence ceremony and recognized Guy Johnson as Sir William's successor. During the American Revolution, the rebel New York legislature seized all of Johnson's lands and property, as his heirs were Loyalists. In 1960 Johnson Hall was named a National Historic Landmark. It is a designated State Historic Site and open to the public. Johnson's most important legacy is the comparatively peaceful co-existence of Anglo-Americans and Indians during his tenure as Indian Agent for British North America. As an adopted Mohawk chief and husband of Mohawk Mary Brant, according to Iroquois law, he was a trusted counselor and member of Mohawk nation. Through that affiliation, he was considered a member of the Six Nations of the Iroquois. That position gave him standing not only to lead Iroquois into battle on the side of the English, but also to negotiate two treaties of Fort Stanwix (which developed as modern-day Rome, New York). While the treaties deprived many Indians of land without their knowledge, they gave favorable terms to the Iroquois, and resulted in decades of comparative peace between traditional Indian residents and new settlers. Co-existence was part of Johnson's other major historical legacy: the protection of British sovereignty and Anglo-American settlement as a bulwark against French control of northern New York and the Great Lakes region more generally. Johnson was instrumental in sustaining British-Iroquois alliance through the Covenant Chain, which consolidated both Iroquois and British territorial and commercial interests against the rival Algonquin and French interests in New France before 1763. After Britain assumed control of former French territories east of the Mississippi River, Johnson eventually won a political dispute over Indian policy with Lord Jeffery Amherst. He had disdained the Iroquois alliance which Johnson had so devoted himself to nurturing and defending. It was to Johnson that Pontiac finally surrendered after the eventual failure of the rebellion named for him. Old Fort Johnson, his first home built in 1749, is on the Historic American Buildings Survey. It is now used by the Montgomery County Historical Society, which operates a museum and gift shop here, as well as allowing it to be an event venue. Guy Park Manor, built in 1773, for Sir William's daughter Mary (Polly) and her husband, his nephew Guy Johnson, is also open to the public. In popular culture The Johnstown High School mascot is the "Sir Bill" in Johnson's honor (or "Lady Bill" for all-female teams). The teams' sportswear often depicts Johnson's silhouette, wearing a tricorne hat. Johnson appears as an antagonist in the 2012 video game Assassin's Creed III, and he is killed by the game's protagonist, Connor Kenway. He also makes an appearance in the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed Rogue. He is a prominent character in the book Manituana by Wu Ming. He also features in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel, The Master of Ballantrae (1889). Johnson was portrayed by Pierce Brosnan in the television movie The Broken Chain (1993). Wilderness Empire (1968), by Allan W Eckert, tells Johnson's story through the device of historical fiction. Eckert bases his novel on historical documents but also creates imagined events and dialogs that make it accessible to the average reader. Ancestors References Citations General References Further reading External links Sir William Johnson, 1715-1774 - Papers, 1738-1808 (finding aid) at the New York State Library, accessed May 18, 2016. Johnson Hall State Historic Site Fort Johnson Historic Landmark Sir William Johnson Letters at the Newberry Library References to Sir William Johnson in Haldimand Collection (Papers) Robert Adems's 'Daybok' 1768—1773, recording purchases of daily goods made by Johnson's household between the years 1768–1773. A transcription (by Dr. Michael D. Elliot) of Hamilton's 1962 edition. 1715 births 1774 deaths British Indian Department People of colonial New York People from County Meath 18th-century Irish people Irish soldiers Irish generals Irish slave owners Irish colonial officials Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain British military personnel of the French and Indian War British people of Pontiac's War Colonial American generals Colonial American Indian agents Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies O'Neill dynasty American city founders	[ -1.2693654298782349, 0.06822928041219711, -0.19182707369327545, -0.15778528153896332, 0.22175128757953644, 1.0049829483032227, 0.6208540201187134, 0.26351144909858704, -0.6226350665092468, -0.6260291934013367, -0.889987587928772, -0.07765311002731323, -1.047370433807373, 0.35909122228622437, 0.4107939600944519, 0.6617351770401001, 0.11066422611474991, 0.038830336183309555, -0.4735964834690094, -0.5450775623321533, 0.21693266928195953, 0.06832587718963623, 0.44262585043907166, 0.3500390648841858, 0.14275124669075012, 0.07281520962715149, -0.02012098953127861, -0.1477392166852951, -0.5921459197998047, 0.19840165972709656, 0.06063072383403778, 0.20276875793933868, 0.37440451979637146, -0.3376685678958893, -0.28426268696784973, 0.043155305087566376, -0.8838299512863159, -0.22312375903129578, -0.016736503690481186, 0.802950382232666, 0.10327134281396866, 0.007577523589134216, 0.0015455303946509957, 0.09549931436777115, -0.42258214950561523, -0.4797225594520569, -1.507623553276062, -0.37796422839164734, -0.3187766373157501, -0.40841010212898254, 0.43699073791503906, 0.159315288066864, 0.18753744661808014, -0.01914288103580475, -0.00005356592373573221, 0.13827714323997498, -0.9976165890693665, 0.10075986385345459, 0.8052158951759338, 0.2498420625925064, 0.2622593939304352, -0.012017417699098587, 0.23126254975795746, -0.06005667522549629, -0.028629330918192863, -0.1926179677248001, 0.11895108968019485, 0.5734325647354126, -0.5791295766830444, 0.3620023727416992, 0.1608840823173523, 0.6483702063560486, 0.4921165406703949, 0.5678523182868958, -0.05434918776154518, 0.14431925117969513, 0.011075207032263279, 0.18971581757068634, -0.2075132429599762, 0.30707621574401855, 0.44135186076164246, 0.23972776532173157, 0.673671543598175, 0.5450697541236877, -0.0191708542406559, 0.8327444791793823, -0.3439220190048218, 0.3008759915828705, -0.34691381454467773, 0.16326124966144562, -0.3638717830181122, 0.6645835041999817, -0.037222348153591156, -0.07863151282072067, -0.20220507681369781, 0.2836115062236786, -0.041088949888944626, -0.20549286901950836, -0.02879997342824936, -0.40743526816368103, 0.03556983545422554, 0.11617064476013184, 0.3337324261665344, 0.3201334476470947, -0.7101207971572876, 0.6218512654304504, -0.33668309450149536, -0.15140914916992188, -0.04007936269044876, 0.437458872795105, -0.4588397443294525, 0.4835836589336395, -0.2558078169822693, -0.12522219121456146, 0.36422789096832275, 0.045616038143634796, 0.35449346899986267, -1.0991544723510742, -0.4483930766582489, -0.33000603318214417, 0.27527672052383423, 0.5514172911643982, -0.5083804130554199, 0.9966807961463928, -0.4894503355026245, 0.06206291541457176, 0.6741856336593628, 0.3298266530036926, 0.11587049067020416, 0.5423920154571533, 0.31719785928726196, 1.058193564414978, -0.5420956015586853, 0.025735564529895782, -0.015337825752794743, -0.0036458936519920826, -0.23980176448822021, 0.4771840572357178, -0.07640961557626724, -0.22168771922588348, -0.9999625086784363, 0.24754248559474945, -0.6997142434120178, 0.40336212515830994, -0.0029906199779361486, 0.41367170214653015, -0.12091807276010513, 0.14853866398334503, -0.5544335842132568, 0.5272644758224487, 0.11180108040571213, 0.28156742453575134, 0.26878273487091064, -0.36327484250068665, -0.582027792930603, 0.7007575035095215, 0.3477407693862915, -0.02371859736740589, 0.26464855670928955, 0.2019454389810562, -0.08797208219766617, 0.044198036193847656, 0.07940689474344254, -0.11188405007123947, 0.2090637981891632, -0.08399225771427155, 0.007752174977213144, -0.16837407648563385, -0.5236973762512207, -0.11875896155834198, -0.31537550687789917, -0.17357906699180603, 0.5046129822731018, -0.5282639265060425, -0.6157891750335693, 0.5506102442741394, 0.6418419480323792, 0.4967481195926666, 0.4933805763721466, -0.6772568225860596, -0.879797101020813, -0.06309068948030472, 0.6187681555747986, -0.3909468650817871, 0.28034812211990356, 0.3852124810218811, 0.3106689751148224, -0.5831045508384705, 0.5198544859886169, -0.32467252016067505, 0.31197404861450195, -0.6658666729927063, -0.4624183475971222, -0.6319941282272339, 0.5427658557891846, 0.8219488263130188, -0.22528360784053802, 0.18668271601200104, 0.4588479697704315, 1.563032627105713, 0.4472917914390564, 0.28947603702545166, 0.18785183131694794, -0.4208724796772003, 0.6341031193733215, 0.34622904658317566, -0.06974570453166962, 0.35774707794189453, 0.5787892937660217, 0.6881002187728882, 0.7755216956138611, -0.04532749578356743, 0.19211958348751068, 0.26508206129074097, 0.5047503113746643, -0.8647183179855347, 0.5518612265586853, -1.169978141784668, 0.22236508131027222, -0.2877088487148285, 0.5282027125358582, 0.02674751728773117, -0.23359401524066925, 1.2878774404525757, -0.15631386637687683, 1.1544893980026245, 0.16690196096897125, 0.507420539855957, -0.3017953932285309, -0.8148975968360901, -0.009045125916600227, -0.13476979732513428, 0.5531163215637207, -0.41009825468063354, 0.1385391801595688, -0.4447982609272003, -0.04717947915196419, 0.2478351891040802, -0.13766874372959137, 0.5193421840667725, -0.04712348058819771, 0.8475960493087769, -0.317004919052124, -0.08697870373725891, 0.4521808922290802, 0.43444791436195374, -0.08916962146759033, -0.40848174691200256, 0.03814289718866348, -0.5764477849006653, 0.5832791328430176, -0.01433909684419632, 0.10503869503736496, 0.5655480027198792, 0.1530417650938034, -0.3807275891304016, -0.058656588196754456, -0.1014675423502922, -0.08076132833957672, 0.3662068843841553, -0.2025471329689026, 0.18559694290161133, -0.0511944517493248, 0.11383175104856491, 0.17517809569835663, -0.1658526062965393, 0.12752953171730042, 0.07470714300870895, 0.15355488657951355, -0.02355155535042286, 0.6540903449058533, -0.7563696503639221, -0.3451821208000183, -0.01010827161371708, 0.20774498581886292, -0.1067403107881546, 0.04833914712071419, 0.4022979140281677, -0.7809332609176636, -0.8786937594413757, 0.17600935697555542, 0.4019847512245178, -0.8885663747787476, -0.12672296166419983, 0.0055714924819767475, -0.4910643696784973, -0.0538773275911808, -0.044703345745801926, 0.04704359173774719, -0.05233408883213997, 0.26621878147125244, 0.0004331886302679777, -0.5113769769668579, -0.26632311940193176, 0.144476979970932, 0.5917009115219116, -0.21415407955646515, -0.20977455377578735, -0.23938612639904022, -0.3271312415599823, -0.7268255352973938, 0.31413984298706055, 0.17117862403392792, 0.13301508128643036, 0.42198583483695984, -0.09318291395902634, -0.2506210505962372, -0.08911673724651337, -4.964138507843018, -0.0032610823400318623, 0.19515620172023773, 0.4276241064071655, 0.7935368418693542, -0.6446693539619446, 0.7546929717063904, -0.2310391217470169, 0.1376672387123108, -0.35172197222709656, 0.7361462712287903, -0.2844632863998413, -0.13306444883346558, 0.39828574657440186, 0.6764189600944519, 0.4443792700767517, 1.2768038511276245, 0.6326528191566467, 0.8249257802963257, 0.13147802650928497, -0.08211670815944672, 0.2796063721179962, -0.09293385595083237, -0.5064975619316101, 0.3813239634037018, 0.6722736358642578, 0.14331872761249542, -0.5780744552612305, -1.347688913345337, -0.8144496083259583, -0.5140445828437805, 0.4583856463432312, -0.21233637630939484, -0.2567540109157562, -0.9576448202133179, -0.4362965226173401, 0.05496623367071152, 0.3310142755508423, 0.12988288700580597, -0.09208211302757263, 0.40470293164253235, -0.2630479037761688, -0.7485811114311218, 0.49626868963241577, 0.1317383348941803, -0.5939117670059204, -1.2895255088806152, 0.11573226749897003, 0.05286023020744324, 0.7358436584472656, 0.1601344645023346, 0.6541253328323364, -0.10354496538639069, 0.2309536635875702, 0.056722335517406464, 0.31778985261917114, 0.18181069195270538, 0.20565488934516907, -0.6875346302986145, 0.25825035572052, 0.49822840094566345, -0.6432288885116577, 0.359042227268219, -0.030010506510734558, -0.3509952425956726, 0.05614354461431503, -0.010715002194046974, 0.01726258173584938, 0.5947543382644653, -0.06952932476997375, 0.3908536434173584, 0.7475149035453796, 0.9369048476219177, -0.8286792635917664, -0.3458757996559143, -0.28056907653808594, -0.47891339659690857, 0.25459983944892883, -0.2952100932598114, -0.01222935039550066, -0.081751249730587, -0.004807326942682266, -0.3008749783039093, 0.8494418859481812, 0.06587252765893936, -0.34673944115638733, -0.8068438172340393, 0.15907900035381317, -0.20399822294712067, -0.6047866940498352, -0.41911694407463074, -0.6811371445655823, -0.26879215240478516, 0.9453849196434021, 0.4165446162223816, -0.16639021039009094, -0.36207765340805054, -0.05976070463657379, -0.3723316788673401, -0.051644038408994675, -0.9846458435058594, -0.1042083278298378, -0.4266655147075653, -0.9335789084434509, 0.1576339453458786, -0.3051636815071106, -0.7800737619400024, 0.6957896947860718, 0.016395127400755882, 0.5994074940681458, 0.6449164748191833, -0.16611623764038086, 0.21438530087471008, -0.5610829591751099, -0.03605474531650543, -0.49283546209335327, 0.5119728446006775, 0.3122010827064514, 1.0033166408538818, 0.6265909075737, -0.3723900616168976, 0.3975520133972168, -0.5810774564743042, -0.7535780668258667, -0.5544707179069519, 0.6758531332015991, 0.45867910981178284, -0.5354207158088684, -0.5204252004623413, -0.19871728122234344, 0.1420859545469284, 0.540241539478302, -0.2538881301879883, 0.5236450433731079, 0.025648893788456917, -0.7001024484634399, -0.448196142911911, -0.24407686293125153, 0.39416706562042236, -0.22354274988174438, 0.0766838863492012, -0.3515220582485199, -0.14794915914535522, -0.4184553325176239, -0.43635037541389465, 0.006630951073020697, 0.4952094256877899, 0.5400114059448242, 0.05853605642914772, 0.31760454177856445, -0.4824836254119873, -0.6929463148117065, 0.6220933794975281, -0.30925196409225464, -0.15202194452285767, -0.09452207386493683, -0.4041418135166168, 0.17091840505599976, 0.023149928078055382, -0.8929763436317444, 0.1648164540529251, 0.3362472355365753, -0.6867194175720215, -0.11299196630716324, 0.1928592473268509, 0.26699376106262207, -0.3371162712574005, 0.37214937806129456, -0.9677087068557739, 0.8432807922363281, 0.012151375412940979, -0.6477869153022766, -0.033358193933963776, -0.4589192867279053, 0.3918413519859314, -0.15375365316867828, 0.29879847168922424, 0.247874915599823, 0.023599768057465553, 0.10443010181188583, 0.11506135761737823, 0.17449918389320374, -0.6564478874206543, 0.2352164089679718, 0.6871500611305237, -0.3907608985900879, -0.4296033978462219, -0.6353468298912048, 0.3267707824707031, -0.38189128041267395, -0.4326798617839813, -0.29667049646377563, 0.5389228463172913, 0.3345634341239929, 0.20374594628810883, -0.18882399797439575, 0.2768333852291107, 0.20327474176883698, -0.03397257998585701, -0.39145711064338684, -0.03210189938545227, 0.5062887668609619, 0.06794215738773346, -0.014354520477354527, 0.06648194789886475, -0.9711239337921143, -0.26210448145866394, -0.5615916848182678, -0.11487041413784027, 0.661650538444519, -0.04577389359474182, -0.7242494225502014, -0.16995133459568024, 0.3884722590446472, -0.5588746070861816, -0.07714567333459854, 0.44646623730659485, 0.7459968328475952, 0.07638809084892273, -0.5681130886077881, -0.6325222253799438, -0.8688608407974243, -0.5961698293685913, -0.32786786556243896, -0.024449793621897697, 0.559512197971344, 0.28944912552833557, -0.05678476020693779, 1.066484808921814, -0.5156108140945435, -0.2969318628311157, -0.3496251404285431, -0.2047477811574936, 0.6673868298530579, -0.12998157739639282, 0.08212710171937943, 0.9016966819763184, 0.2380949705839157, -0.6718417406082153, 0.547653317451477, 0.5553306937217712, 1.4230214357376099, 0.6036646962165833, -0.8639847040176392, 0.07154344022274017, 0.22319112718105316, 0.003229516325518489, -0.010995090939104557, -0.2698039412498474, 0.3550334870815277, 0.146452859044075, -0.251539021730423, -0.5685540437698364, -0.1443914771080017, 1.0360006093978882, 0.058722734451293945, 0.20304778218269348, 0.28958627581596375, 0.22055068612098694, 0.027307111769914627, -0.1521303951740265, 0.5029084086418152, -0.44135594367980957, 0.12955428659915924, 0.41014546155929565, 0.1890164315700531, -0.6689878702163696, -0.3648999333381653, 0.3940480351448059, -0.31915631890296936, -1.186386227607727, -0.6320660710334778, -0.6778315901756287, 0.7903445363044739, -0.24423092603683472, 0.09464659541845322, 0.24655887484550476, -0.7543311715126038, 0.7508893609046936, -0.01698479615151882, -0.7965664267539978, -0.3795227110385895, 0.7404093742370605, -0.6130617260932922, -0.2808223366737366, -0.6259468793869019, -0.708106517791748, 0.3459097146987915, -0.022398998960852623, -0.1315777599811554, -0.7836610674858093, 0.15296627581119537, -0.1259716898202896, -0.9353517293930054, -0.16839474439620972, -0.10543002188205719, -0.3898751735687256, 0.15285053849220276, -0.31940630078315735, -0.3531354069709778, -0.5306452512741089, 1.1929078102111816, 0.5070763826370239, 0.17864125967025757, 0.3529747724533081, 0.3635910451412201, -0.5600998997688293, -0.3721455931663513, -0.16771355271339417, -0.04313724488019943, 0.18908561766147614, -0.9680790305137634, 0.16382309794425964, -0.22390073537826538, -0.6808411478996277, -0.6436324715614319, 0.37989160418510437, -0.6496030688285828, -0.2565873861312866, -0.28337377309799194, 0.09021474421024323, -0.3156620264053345, 0.5705256462097168, -0.08170127868652344, 0.2856276333332062, 1.0810014009475708, -0.580987811088562, -0.12750208377838135, -0.06316620111465454, 0.08651255071163177, 0.14090988039970398, -0.3067631423473358, -1.355872392654419, 0.36705467104911804, -0.20936906337738037, 0.077507384121418, -0.07295264303684235, -0.7046700716018677, 0.12171425670385361, 0.3334088623523712, 0.6233123540878296, 1.0642781257629395, -0.6250356435775757, -0.0976526215672493, -0.47756415605545044, 0.17585986852645874, -0.3454970419406891, -0.25812897086143494, 0.3102542459964752, -0.18353675305843353, 0.5506551265716553, 0.18962763249874115, 0.3149791359901428, -0.37542617321014404, 0.317790687084198, 0.6487430930137634, 0.8390015959739685, -0.6121920347213745, -0.41973239183425903, 0.201347216963768, 0.42480912804603577, -0.546392560005188, 0.5278322100639343, 0.583078920841217, -0.3644949197769165, -0.31903308629989624, 0.5363984704017639, -0.3274957239627838, 0.4696657061576843, 0.03663305938243866, -0.027689160779118538, -0.25535526871681213, -0.03081206977367401, -0.04099419340491295, 0.5734859108924866, 0.8845353722572327, 0.12543459236621857, 0.5944898128509521, -0.30175307393074036, 0.6595581769943237, -0.04758138582110405, -0.11305294185876846, -0.030080104246735573, -0.47169098258018494, 0.17780227959156036, -0.1555987447500229, -0.643573522567749, 0.3462924659252167, -0.2574397623538971, -0.020911501720547676, 0.43400710821151733, -0.5960530638694763, -0.22696435451507568, 0.22783295810222626, -0.7080170512199402, 0.3899415135383606, -0.7323969602584839, 0.7988582849502563, 0.7765230536460876, -0.28582456707954407, -0.22061887383460999, -0.1411663144826889, -0.31634190678596497, 0.45266154408454895, -0.38939666748046875, 0.7380928993225098, -0.30584716796875, -0.16837215423583984, -1.016299843788147, 0.5398678779602051, -0.08439593017101288, 0.032268915325403214, -0.5573652386665344, 0.14088347554206848, 0.3744968771934509, -0.1826191395521164, 0.4760747253894806, -0.11892169713973999, -0.2623066008090973, -0.18834634125232697, 0.02301647886633873, 0.09993389248847961, -0.1236487478017807, -0.3118855655193329, 0.14310739934444427, -0.3503955602645874, 0.1533718705177307, -0.19635450839996338, -0.7074217200279236, 0.15345969796180725, 0.029658127576112747, 0.11543266475200653, -0.19016702473163605, -0.1741596758365631, -0.03727861866354942, -0.18256938457489014, 0.422465443611145, 0.6614998579025269, -0.6066548228263855, -0.26561617851257324, -0.13604141771793365, -0.4034561812877655, -0.10439399629831314, -0.24930216372013092, 0.5486415028572083, -0.9093344211578369, 0.11919217556715012, -0.47982484102249146, 0.08111071586608887, 0.31473809480667114, 0.6590850353240967, 0.18028903007507324, 0.31726139783859253, -0.911525547504425, 0.35331615805625916, 0.07734609395265579, -0.6953955888748169, -0.27913323044776917, 0.28838053345680237, -0.020420705899596214 ]
230730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20price	Just price	The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions. With intellectual roots in ancient Greek philosophy, it was advanced by Thomas Aquinas based on an argument against usury, which in his time referred to the making of any rate of interest on loans. It gave rise to the contractual principle of laesio enormis. Unjust price: a kind of fraud The argument against usury was that the lender was receiving income for nothing, since nothing was actually lent, rather the money was exchanged. And, a dollar can only be fairly exchanged for a dollar, so asking for more is unfair. Aquinas later expanded his argument to oppose any unfair earnings made in trade, basing the argument on the Golden Rule. The Christian should "do unto others as you would have them do unto you", meaning he should trade value for value. Aquinas believed that it was specifically immoral to raise prices because a particular buyer had an urgent need for what was being sold and could be persuaded to pay a higher price because of local conditions: If someone would be greatly helped by something belonging to someone else, and the seller not similarly harmed by losing it, the seller must not sell for a higher price: because the usefulness that goes to the buyer comes not from the seller, but from the buyer's needy condition: no one ought to sell something that doesn't belong to him. — Summa Theologiae, 2-2, q. 77, art. 1 Aquinas would therefore condemn practices such as raising the price of building supplies in the wake of a natural disaster. Increased demand caused by the destruction of existing buildings does not add to a seller's costs, so to take advantage of buyers' increased willingness to pay constituted a species of fraud in Aquinas's view. Aquinas believed all gains made in trade must relate to the labour exerted by the merchant, not to the need of the buyer. Hence, he condoned moderate gain as payment even for unnecessary trade, provided the price were regulated and kept within certain bounds: ...there is no reason why gain [from trading] may not be directed to some necessary or even honourable end; and so trading will be rendered lawful; as when a man uses moderate gains acquired in trade for the support of his household, or even to help the needy... Later reinterpretations of the doctrine In Aquinas' time, most products were sold by the immediate producers (i.e. farmers and craftspeople), and wage-labor and banking were still in their infancy. The role of merchants and money-lenders was limited. The later School of Salamanca argued that the just price is determined by common estimation which can be identical with the market price -depending on various circumstances such as relative bargaining power of sellers and buyers- or can be set by public authorities. With the rise of Capitalism, the use of just price theory faded, largely replaced by the microeconomic concept of supply and demand from Locke, Steuart, Ricardo, Ibn Taymiyyah, and especially Adam Smith. In modern economics regarding returns to the means of production, interest is seen as payment for a valuable service, which is the use of the money, though most banking systems still forbid excessive interest rates. Likewise, during the rapid expansion of capitalism over the past several centuries the theory of the just price was used to justify popular action against merchants who raised their prices in years of dearth. The Marxist historian E. P. Thompson emphasized the continuing force of this tradition in his article on the "Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century." Other historians and sociologists have uncovered the same phenomenon in variety of other situations including peasants riots in continental Europe during the nineteenth century and in many developing countries in the twentieth. The political scientist James C. Scott, for example, showed how this ideology could be used as a method of resisting authority in The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Subsistence and Rebellion in Southeast Asia. Laesio enormis Although the Imperial Roman Code, the Corpus Juris Civilis had stated that the parties to an exchange were entitled to try to outwit one another, the view developed that a contract could be unwound if it was significantly detrimental to one party: if there were abnormal harm (laesio enormis). This meant that if an agreement was significantly imbalanced to the detriment of one party, the courts would decline to enforce it, and have jurisdiction to reverse unjust enrichment. Through the 19th century, the codifications in France and Germany declined to adopt the principle while common law jurisdictions attempted to generalise the doctrine of freedom of contract. However, in practice, and increasingly over the 20th century and early 21st century, the law of consumer protection, tenancy contracts, and labour law was regulated by statute to require fairness in exchange. Certain terms would be compulsory, others would be regarded as unfair, and courts could substitute their judgment for what would be just in all the circumstances. Modern law Bundesgerichtshof Entscheidung (24 January 1979), the billiards equipment, NJW 1979, 758 Bundesgerichtshof Entscheidung (12 March 1981), the disproportionate loan, BGHZ 80, 153 Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §138, transactions contrary to public policy; usury Austrian Civil Code §934 French Civil Code articles 1674-5 Vernon v Bethell (1762) 28 ER 838 Consumer Credit Act 1974 ss 140A-B National Minimum Wage Act 1998 Louisiana Civil Code article 2589 See also Catholic social teaching History of economic thought Labor theory of value Price Pricing Supply and demand Notes References H Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1964) ch XI, trans FW Kelsey M Weber, Economy and Society (1978) 578, 583, 589 and 1198 RH Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1922) 40-44, on Aquinas and just price Dawson, 'Economic Duress and Fair Exchange in French and German Law' (1937) 11 Tulane Law Review 345, 365 Holstein, 'Vices of Consent in the Law of Contracts' (1939) 13 Tulane Law Review 560, 569 WJ Ashley, An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory (1920) 126, on just price M Wolf, Rechtsgeschäftliche Entscheidungsfreiheit und vertraglicher Interessenausgleich (1971) AT Mehren and J Gordley, The Civil Law System (1977) 926 J Gordley, 'Equality in Exchange' (1981) 69 Calif LR 138 External links St Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologiae, 2-2, q. 77 on lawful and unlawful gains in trade (Latin) An article discusses the Salamanca school and just price Another article traces the development of Just Price doctrine through the Salamanca school Applied ethics Market failure Preclassical economics Catholic social teaching Thomism	[ 0.249052494764328, -0.09882326424121857, -0.2688367962837219, 0.4710175096988678, -0.3175069987773895, 0.2105867713689804, -0.3853677213191986, 0.10479168593883514, 0.027837391942739487, -0.3233785629272461, -0.06824372708797455, 1.4338144063949585, -0.2837206721305847, 0.15023700892925262, -0.3660329580307007, 0.2159154862165451, 0.26531341671943665, 0.3978610336780548, -0.05981108173727989, -0.42012378573417664, -0.3662363886833191, 0.051026664674282074, -0.10217802971601486, -0.3742750585079193, 0.2567009925842285, 0.23046822845935822, 0.3763585388660431, 0.24724990129470825, -0.36716705560684204, 0.3529108166694641, 0.138414666056633, 0.8504464030265808, -0.6427738666534424, 0.04026541858911514, -0.17775413393974304, 0.03974492475390434, -0.1444287896156311, 0.04631563648581505, -0.3362221419811249, -0.607925295829773, 0.3462768793106079, 0.46110883355140686, 0.2895115911960602, 0.34548598527908325, -0.39412936568260193, -0.011062524281442165, -1.3992868661880493, -0.2441275268793106, -0.6093887686729431, -0.2481260746717453, -0.1310291886329651, 0.23735657334327698, -0.21279999613761902, 0.7979269027709961, 0.046375539153814316, 0.7725398540496826, -0.6077713370323181, 0.007335449568927288, -0.23614603281021118, -0.688606858253479, 0.43374407291412354, 0.28553473949432373, 0.32785433530807495, 0.14790938794612885, 0.44543877243995667, 0.1297135204076767, -0.03883945941925049, 0.25549548864364624, -0.1282898634672165, -0.13886182010173798, -0.39128297567367554, -0.7345647215843201, -0.4458893835544586, 0.589205801486969, -0.9007412791252136, -0.10380296409130096, -0.2717726230621338, -0.15320123732089996, -0.2397698312997818, 0.012027059681713581, -0.18661999702453613, 0.4023844599723816, 0.05518852546811104, -0.3617619574069977, 0.24624449014663696, -0.13684256374835968, 0.15963880717754364, 0.4175437092781067, -0.4358333945274353, 1.0422542095184326, 0.571002721786499, -0.20616550743579865, 0.5496550798416138, -0.5261560082435608, -0.3833872675895691, -0.00505966879427433, 0.6912980675697327, -0.136668860912323, 0.08195333927869797, 0.5169084668159485, -0.34623983502388, -0.33699536323547363, 0.3564210534095764, -0.17129012942314148, 0.048896100372076035, -0.40296146273612976, 0.08008597791194916, -1.0927985906600952, 0.2516881227493286, 0.12641233205795288, -0.20944450795650482, 0.27975326776504517, -0.0876999944448471, 0.5426173210144043, -0.6395664811134338, 0.2662650942802429, -0.32894811034202576, 0.27368444204330444, -0.14796428382396698, 0.36190757155418396, 0.23036186397075653, 0.18613776564598083, 0.16497689485549927, 0.017038587480783463, 0.24127621948719025, -0.1702934354543686, 0.28242039680480957, 0.8495455384254456, -0.2709258198738098, -0.09020030498504639, 0.6215440630912781, 0.7829211950302124, -0.359660267829895, -0.4150639474391937, -0.37904345989227295, -0.04686729609966278, 0.5891649127006531, -0.298880010843277, 0.014285549521446228, -0.2883273661136627, -0.19796378910541534, -0.7292321920394897, -0.3291710317134857, -0.3008427917957306, 0.5692009329795837, -0.2338263988494873, 0.2789367139339447, -0.4841444194316864, -0.023299992084503174, -0.20444776117801666, 0.26929959654808044, 0.6761794686317444, -0.02377307042479515, 0.07631004601716995, 0.26071083545684814, 0.15444302558898926, 0.5767272710800171, -0.09490768611431122, -0.6777454614639282, 0.5882903337478638, -0.3662499487400055, -0.35207274556159973, -0.3573002219200134, -0.870207667350769, 0.22406421601772308, -0.7063233852386475, 0.08222272247076035, 0.7446525692939758, -0.12776538729667664, -0.09533338993787766, -0.2714320719242096, 0.2906104028224945, 0.33988264203071594, -0.20136232674121857, 0.8024705648422241, 0.13951319456100464, 0.07012142986059189, 0.22039757668972015, 0.9771801829338074, 0.3714431822299957, -0.623795211315155, 0.413639634847641, 0.35426151752471924, -0.501994788646698, 0.471914142370224, -0.4068535268306732, 0.37210512161254883, 0.027330512180924416, -0.17581145465373993, -0.05842062085866928, -0.5209975242614746, 0.14006750285625458, 0.45231714844703674, -0.7960541844367981, 0.9404094219207764, 0.02590004727244377, -0.4104370176792145, 0.6928443908691406, 0.005047470331192017, 0.12695512175559998, -0.6172556281089783, 0.03351225331425667, -0.45569130778312683, -0.3981931209564209, -0.8855121731758118, 0.5440020561218262, 0.2749461829662323, -0.12356271594762802, -0.4471268951892853, 0.8726116418838501, -0.012729651294648647, -0.16811010241508484, 0.3043566346168518, -0.7862540483474731, -0.4272957742214203, -0.20172150433063507, -0.10616058856248856, 0.8448007106781006, -0.039369817823171616, -0.06329255551099777, 0.7910891175270081, 0.2009509652853012, 0.4243426024913788, 0.613616943359375, -0.06563381105661392, -0.0101237203925848, 0.8446589112281799, 0.5845807194709778, 0.23050937056541443, -0.4807092249393463, 0.11958134174346924, 0.008367503061890602, 0.45479026436805725, -0.4721721410751343, 0.055296022444963455, -0.10157495737075806, -0.10952319204807281, -0.2689023017883301, 0.18415099382400513, 0.104999840259552, -0.14608830213546753, -0.04699213057756424, -0.5243437886238098, 0.44009771943092346, -0.2502634823322296, 0.1311391144990921, -0.36517220735549927, 0.5037997961044312, -0.8469027280807495, 0.3703746795654297, -0.2923282980918884, 0.4220322072505951, 0.24162928760051727, -0.40585657954216003, -0.31695282459259033, -0.2333412915468216, -0.41775619983673096, 0.34001779556274414, 0.25359153747558594, -0.05367914214730263, -0.004679057281464338, -0.029987523332238197, -0.21401947736740112, -0.3406510651111603, 0.15375180542469025, -0.35762956738471985, -0.4594375789165497, -0.09103076905012131, 0.04577852413058281, 0.5713824033737183, 0.29513129591941833, -0.11763235926628113, -0.7494444251060486, -0.13991966843605042, -0.017647456377744675, -0.6201701760292053, 0.6032319664955139, 0.32784566283226013, -0.4644652009010315, -0.42399266362190247, -0.07795149087905884, 0.36454346776008606, 0.4190150201320648, -0.6544378995895386, 0.13140971958637238, -0.47989901900291443, 0.2124333381652832, -0.8313011527061462, -0.008964925073087215, 0.1626650094985962, -0.3603241443634033, 0.4519113004207611, -0.12222929298877716, -0.4763692617416382, 0.7006062865257263, 0.441607803106308, -0.30900195240974426, -0.10668406635522842, 0.07928203791379929, -0.2147674411535263, 0.1639319360256195, 0.11730018258094788, 0.33275532722473145, -0.009842042811214924, 0.3735305070877075, -0.11462148278951645, -0.07148513197898865, -0.17451566457748413, -5.790888786315918, -0.228634774684906, -0.10858159512281418, 0.16523392498493195, -0.0383845753967762, 0.07066845893859863, 1.3763467073440552, -0.006592207588255405, -0.31477612257003784, 0.17625145614147186, -0.21167311072349548, -0.35456418991088867, 0.15553201735019684, 0.665704071521759, 0.7273207902908325, -0.015298702754080296, 0.5605724453926086, -0.35942980647087097, 0.0042287264950573444, 0.381113201379776, -0.11590069532394409, -0.4407666325569153, -0.05431167781352997, 0.552450954914093, -0.22081248462200165, 0.019368549808859825, 0.08458894491195679, 0.3343179523944855, -0.7698748111724854, -0.17955748736858368, 0.008392374031245708, -0.15241290628910065, -0.34154897928237915, -0.5722552537918091, 0.2385154813528061, -0.4072456955909729, 0.20530202984809875, 0.3104935586452484, 0.045295920222997665, 0.3571503758430481, -0.22620463371276855, 0.6465479135513306, 0.08176608383655548, 0.0323689728975296, 0.3564727008342743, 0.13688412308692932, -0.3582703173160553, -0.09651847928762436, -0.5106902718544006, 0.028355296701192856, -0.0767921507358551, 0.21857090294361115, 0.4415960907936096, -0.38804638385772705, 0.07735341787338257, -0.08081324398517609, 0.8109232783317566, -0.024846872314810753, -0.18873262405395508, 0.1935322880744934, 0.26261016726493835, -0.45686089992523193, 0.2839752435684204, 0.342536062002182, -0.46402740478515625, -0.09027200192213058, -0.028116006404161453, -0.5223587155342102, -0.10566892474889755, 0.22153279185295105, -0.2510216236114502, 0.4479132890701294, 0.17376044392585754, -0.9796277284622192, 0.21009677648544312, -0.22897185385227203, -0.13657881319522858, 0.3037570118904114, 0.6077298521995544, 0.04028342664241791, 0.3099190890789032, -0.7912267446517944, -0.25147318840026855, 0.22846415638923645, 0.17663325369358063, -0.40051454305648804, 0.33694058656692505, 0.6281740665435791, -0.4650413990020752, -0.286628782749176, 0.020692041143774986, 0.06373190879821777, 0.1382860392332077, 0.3175342082977295, -0.22470659017562866, 0.046188805252313614, 0.263488233089447, -0.15123632550239563, 0.02638237550854683, -0.22234706580638885, 0.2698853015899658, -0.31751662492752075, -0.09961973130702972, -0.35447603464126587, -0.06095937639474869, 0.1990065723657608, -0.31567129492759705, 0.4911038875579834, 0.5655480623245239, -0.47659775614738464, 0.042149994522333145, 0.34048882126808167, -0.06969006359577179, 0.11544264853000641, 0.07142927497625351, 0.25280845165252686, -0.5896286964416504, 0.10676244646310806, 0.34124839305877686, 0.5691179037094116, 0.4184686541557312, -0.018565813079476357, -0.4864964187145233, -0.2332274466753006, -0.3056783974170685, -0.3212001919746399, 0.13710206747055054, 0.3809169828891754, -0.3488500118255615, 0.36469799280166626, 0.4326654374599457, 0.3782343566417694, -0.28501835465431213, -0.15405239164829254, 0.241315096616745, 0.04432588070631027, 0.018621139228343964, 0.6501333117485046, 0.008720073848962784, -0.11605944484472275, 0.6346142292022705, 0.11073966324329376, 0.38820427656173706, -0.11250682920217514, 0.5821979641914368, 0.04530741274356842, -0.20083078742027283, -0.33362576365470886, -0.05073860287666321, 0.46830451488494873, -0.24772687256336212, -0.38511988520622253, 0.06384351849555969, -0.36316946148872375, 0.2153005301952362, -0.06051056832075119, -0.09908340126276016, 0.2625369727611542, -0.16674917936325073, -0.23629572987556458, 0.036891501396894455, 0.0467243492603302, -1.275023102760315, -0.3707446753978729, 0.46922585368156433, 0.189011350274086, -0.7209199666976929, -0.3598569333553314, -0.18011924624443054, 0.32136717438697815, 0.4506790041923523, -0.3475111424922943, -0.10169286280870438, -0.5962965488433838, -0.007082977797836065, -0.24776524305343628, 0.44166502356529236, 0.0012058503925800323, -0.20163042843341827, -0.4410955607891083, -0.02274407632648945, -0.05585389584302902, -0.40503376722335815, 0.03504026308655739, 0.28872594237327576, -0.618515133857727, 0.3659975826740265, 0.6902703046798706, -0.23103067278862, -0.09286108613014221, 0.047320656478405, 0.185108944773674, 0.7283494472503662, 0.2817814350128174, -0.13254259526729584, -0.4208153784275055, 0.7348423004150391, 0.06820479780435562, -0.6317100524902344, -0.4433441162109375, 0.1438383013010025, 0.6002972722053528, -0.7782096266746521, 0.1935288906097412, 0.08679581433534622, -0.7554720640182495, -0.0006732596084475517, 0.40875014662742615, -0.4533357620239258, 0.5247215628623962, -1.136997938156128, -0.4152858257293701, -0.6713881492614746, -0.2697916328907013, -0.4045897126197815, -0.435984343290329, 0.3628978431224823, -0.3903774321079254, -0.6006033420562744, -0.056233737617731094, 0.6465449929237366, -0.2456824779510498, -0.6855295896530151, -0.19668841361999512, -0.3644760847091675, -0.31682974100112915, 0.1883237510919571, -0.29168492555618286, 0.14937210083007812, -0.15753480792045593, -0.43305572867393494, -0.4214310646057129, 0.2948470413684845, 0.7028159499168396, -0.19237352907657623, -0.15117423236370087, -0.5313771367073059, 0.804966926574707, -0.6276026368141174, -0.7271322011947632, -0.3658348321914673, 0.6775197386741638, 0.3193210959434509, -0.26100754737854004, 0.132456436753273, 0.47748661041259766, 0.29681310057640076, -0.34434282779693604, -0.651306688785553, 0.016140712425112724, -0.057101260870695114, -0.1779547780752182, -0.5473154187202454, -0.0013501545181497931, 0.2665393054485321, -0.31861281394958496, 0.2428867667913437, -0.35456132888793945, 0.22543425858020782, 0.3344307243824005, 0.03999694809317589, -0.22158072888851166, -0.6689345240592957, -0.24374611675739288, 0.3677794933319092, 0.646335780620575, 0.09785880148410797, -0.5650317668914795, 0.0969899594783783, -0.5312730073928833, 0.991167426109314, -0.2044394314289093, -0.0006489912047982216, 0.4196937382221222, 0.6426200270652771, -0.064671590924263, -0.6240155696868896, -0.1941765397787094, -0.19229327142238617, -0.4258229434490204, 0.10861167311668396, -0.2049832046031952, -0.1450340896844864, -0.875906765460968, 0.061784353107213974, -0.48595327138900757, 0.18601831793785095, 0.026449056342244148, -0.19270963966846466, 0.03732810914516449, -0.8033056855201721, 0.02228374220430851, 0.1409064382314682, 0.4606405794620514, -0.2009410709142685, -0.24086213111877441, 0.1349407583475113, -0.22856034338474274, -0.40999796986579895, 0.07145474851131439, -0.02983732521533966, -0.09199292212724686, 0.02613569051027298, 0.018209269270300865, 0.830209493637085, 0.2662903964519501, -0.1261020302772522, -0.057530179619789124, 0.15484213829040527, -0.028687870129942894, -0.06275417655706406, -0.08670961111783981, 0.09508558362722397, 0.18755227327346802, -0.5134459733963013, -0.09470872581005096, 0.14374113082885742, -0.4503534138202667, 0.5892674326896667, 0.803560733795166, -0.30899250507354736, -0.3537427484989166, 0.5657294988632202, -0.07855232059955597, -0.10055704414844513, 0.19765304028987885, -0.2607603967189789, 0.18947109580039978, -0.020946679636836052, 0.21060746908187866, 0.6901463866233826, 0.7891847491264343, -0.4997235834598541, -0.05299186706542969, -0.1822935789823532, -0.07402532547712326, 0.13048210740089417, -0.9728301167488098, -0.28143057227134705, 0.4712793529033661, 0.7267507314682007, -0.3591650128364563, -0.010744011960923672, 0.23885300755500793, -0.09981334209442139, 0.1747329980134964, 0.49820661544799805, 0.35845768451690674, -0.23261821269989014, 0.7146239280700684, 0.5387042164802551, -0.3856716752052307, 0.6803420782089233, -0.5647265315055847, -0.08047458529472351, -0.36053285002708435, 0.31099221110343933, 0.09797253459692001, -0.1696978062391281, -0.07031520456075668, -0.04305803403258324, 0.34226980805397034, 0.04124806448817253, -0.18435922265052795, 0.2869446873664856, 0.35726770758628845, 0.24665720760822296, 0.11718977987766266, -0.08894579857587814, 0.6841143369674683, -0.24630239605903625, 0.2696419060230255, 0.171786367893219, 0.857688307762146, 0.36552706360816956, -0.28634706139564514, 0.39503994584083557, 0.6385458111763, 0.17651884257793427, 0.17406249046325684, 0.14323727786540985, 0.09306465089321136, -0.20117129385471344, -0.1638697385787964, 0.04259103536605835, 0.2669967710971832, -0.5470913648605347, -0.02378268912434578, -0.6162362098693848, -0.46185103058815, -0.021040622144937515, -0.1595415472984314, -0.1244412511587143, 0.7042219042778015, -0.9390592575073242, -0.27479419112205505, -0.331434041261673, 0.7855325937271118, -0.03508807346224785, -0.33530521392822266, -0.14737364649772644, 0.03844381123781204, -0.2482132464647293, 0.3146735727787018, -0.5239623188972473, -0.10411386936903, -0.7090170979499817, 0.1474534273147583, -0.5284500122070312, -0.1550181359052658, 0.8068380951881409, -0.14578808844089508, 0.0961388647556305, 0.26606786251068115, -0.06720645725727081, -0.01838858053088188, 0.5873847007751465, -0.2804161608219147, 0.3516182005405426, -0.15293189883232117, -0.13466393947601318, -0.2517870366573334, 0.12203218042850494, 0.07076198607683182, 0.0995536595582962, 0.14991545677185059, 0.32367247343063354, 0.19261479377746582, -0.11833883076906204, 0.508446991443634, -0.7526596784591675, -0.10255511105060577, -0.6198193430900574, 0.48611119389533997, 0.3422314524650574, 0.203253373503685, 0.0981670543551445, 0.5690121650695801, 0.3776841163635254, -0.4362154006958008, 0.3605467975139618, 0.07049674540758133, -0.152303546667099, -0.1772480607032776, -1.340446949005127, 0.5755020976066589, -0.022232836112380028, -0.13424649834632874, -0.1289604753255844, 0.9081171751022339, 0.21824821829795837, -0.024698304012417793, -0.061391957104206085, -0.10073796659708023, -0.23765429854393005, 0.01598806492984295, 0.09459487348794937, -0.37464267015457153, 0.13458402454853058, 0.14531920850276947 ]
230731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaji	Tokaji	Tokaji ( ) or Tokay is the name of the wines from the Tokaj wine region (also Tokaj-Hegyalja wine region or Tokaj-Hegyalja) in Hungary or the adjoining Tokaj wine region in Slovakia. This region is noted for its sweet wines made from grapes affected by noble rot, a style of wine which has a long history in this region. The "nectar" coming from the grapes of Tokaj is also mentioned in the national anthem of Hungary. The Slovak wine region of Tokaj may use the Tokajský/-á/-é label ("of Tokaj" in Slovak) if they apply the Hungarian quality control regulation. This area used to be part of the greater Tokaj-Hegyalja region within the Kingdom of Hungary, but was divided between Hungary and Czechoslovakia after the Treaty of Trianon. Cultivation Six grape varieties are officially approved for Tokaji wine production: Furmint Hárslevelű Yellow Muscat (Hungarian: Sárgamuskotály) Zéta (previously called Oremus – a cross of Furmint and Bouvier grapes) Kövérszőlő Kabar (a cross of Hárslevelű and Bouvier grapes) Furmint accounts for 60% of the area and is by far the most important grape in the production of Aszú wines. Hárslevelű stands for further 30%. Nevertheless, an impressive range of different types and styles of wines are produced in the region, ranging from dry whites to the Eszencia, the world's sweetest wine. The area where Tokaji wine is traditionally grown is a small plateau, above sea level, near the Carpathian Mountains. The soil is of volcanic origin, with high concentrations of iron and lime. The location of the region has a unique climate, beneficial to this particular viniculture, due to the protection of the nearby mountains. Winters are bitterly cold and windy; spring tends to be cool and dry, and summers are noticeably hot. Usually, autumn brings rain early on, followed by an extended Indian summer, allowing a very long ripening period. The Furmint grapes begin maturation with thick skins, but as they ripen the skins become thinner, and transparent. This allows the sun to penetrate the grape and evaporate much of the liquid inside, producing a higher concentration of sugar. Other types of grapes mature to the point of bursting, however, unlike most other grapes, Furmint will grow a second skin which seals it from rot. This also has the effect of concentrating the grape's natural sugars. The grapes are left on the vine long enough to develop the "noble rot" (Botrytis cinerea) mold. Grapes then are harvested, sometimes as late as December (and in the case of true Eszencia, occasionally into January). Typical yearly production in the region runs to a relatively small . Types of Tokaji wine Dry Wines: The fine quality dry Tokaji Furmint is a relatively new development in the region. For centuries the main product of the area was the sweet wine, mainly the Botrytised selections. The dry Furmint got into the attention of wine connoisseurs and experts of the world when the Úrágya 2000 single vineyard selection had been introduced by István Szepsy. The wine expressed great minerality, complexity and structure, which has been experienced only in the finest white wines of historic regions like Burgundy or the Mosel before. The aging potential was also promising. In 2003 more producers of Mád village produced single vineyard selected dry Furmint wines with great success. Mád village with its almost 1200 ha had the opportunity to produce high quality dry Furmint wine in significant quantity as a commune level wine, which can express the unique volcanic terroir of the region, this wine is named after its appellation Mad and produced by István Szepsy Jr. in the Szent Tamás Winery. These wines, once referred to as common, ordinárium, are now named after their respective grape varieties: Tokaji Furmint, Tokaji Hárslevelű, Tokaji Sárgamuskotály and Tokaji Kövérszőlő. Szamorodni: This type of wine was initially known as főbor (prime wine), but from the 1820s Polish merchants popularised the name samorodny, (The word stems from Slovak, the Prekmurje dialect of Slovene, and Kajkavian Croatian, which used to be spoken before the hungarization of the Pannonian Basin. The word is an adjective and means "self-grown", "the way it was grown", or "made by itself"). What sets Szamorodni apart from ordinary wines is that it is made from bunches of grapes which contain a high proportion of botrytised grapes. Szamorodni is typically higher in alcohol than ordinary wine. Szamorodni often contains up to 100-120 g of residual sugar and thus is termed édes (sweet). However, when the bunches contain less botrytised grapes, the residual sugar content is much lower, resulting in a száraz (dry) wine. Its alcohol content is typically 14%. Aszú: This is the world-famous sweet, topaz-colored wine known throughout the English-speaking world as Tokay. The original meaning of the Hungarian word aszú was "dried", but the term aszú came to be associated with the type of wine made with botrytised (i.e. "nobly" rotten) grapes. The process of making Aszú wine is as follows: Aszú berries are individually picked, then collected in huge vats and trampled into the consistency of paste (known as aszú dough). Must or wine is poured on the aszú dough and left for 24–48 hours, stirred occasionally. The wine is racked off into wooden casks or vats where fermentation is completed and the aszú wine is left to mature. The casks are stored in a cool environment, and are not tightly closed, so a slow fermentation process continues in the cask, usually for several years. The concentration of aszú was traditionally defined by the number of puttony of dough added to a Gönc cask (136 liter barrel) of must. Nowadays the puttony number is based on the content of sugar and sugar-free extract in the mature wine. Aszú ranges from 3 puttonyos to 6 puttonyos, with a further category called Aszú-Eszencia representing wines above 6 puttonyos. Unlike most other wines, alcohol content of aszú typically runs higher than 14%. Annual production of aszú is less than one percent of the region's total output. Eszencia: Also called nectar, this is often described as one of the most exclusive wines in the world, although technically it cannot even be called a wine because its enormous concentration of sugar means that its alcohol level never rises above 5-6 percent. Eszencia is the juice of aszú berries which runs off naturally from the vats in which they are collected during harvesting. The sugar concentration of eszencia is typically between 500 g and 700 g per litre, although the year 2000 vintage produced eszencia exceeding 900 g per liter. Eszencia is traditionally added to aszú wines, but may be allowed to ferment (a process that takes at least 4 years to complete) and then bottled pure. The resulting wine has a concentration and intensity of flavor that is unequaled, but is so sweet that it can only be drunk in small quantities. Unlike virtually all other wines, Eszencia maintains its quality and drinkability when stored for 200 years or more. Fordítás: (meaning "turning over" in Hungarian), wine made by pouring must on aszú dough which has already been used to make aszú wine. Máslás: (derived from the word "copy" in Hungarian), wine made by pouring must on the lees of aszú. Other sweet wines: In the past few years reductive sweet wines have begun to appear in Tokaj. These are ready for release a year to 18 months after harvest. They typically contain 50-180 g/l of residual sugar and a ratio of botrytised berries comparable to Aszú wines. They are usually labeled as késői szüretelésű (late harvest) wines. Innovative producers have also marketed tokaji wine that does not fit the appellation laws of the above categories but is often of high quality and price, and in many ways comparable to aszú. These wines are often labeled as tokaji cuvée. In 1999, Chateau Pajzos became the first winery to produce a Tokaji ice wine. Imperial Tokay Prior to 1918 (the end of World War I and the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the finest eszencia Tokaji was not sold but was reserved for the Imperial cellars of the Habsburg Monarchy. By the mid 18th century these finest eszencia Tokaji originally held by the Habsburgs were called "Imperial Tokay". Cases, barrels, and bottles of it often passed between European monarchs as gifts. In 2008, a bottle of Imperial Tokay bearing the seal of the wine cellar of the Royal Saxon Court sold at auction at Christie's for £1,955. History It is not known for how long vines have been grown on the volcanic soil of the fork of the rivers Bodrog and Hernád. This predates the settlement of the Magyar tribes to the region. According to legend, the first aszú was made by Laczkó Máté Szepsi in 1630. However, mention of wine made from aszú grapes had already appeared in the Nomenklatura of Fabricius Balázs Sziksai which was completed in 1576. A recently discovered inventory of aszú predates this reference by five years. Tokaji wine became the subject of the world's first appellation control, established several decades before Port wine, and over 120 years before the classification of Bordeaux. Vineyard classification began in 1730 with vineyards being classified into three categories depending on the soil, sun exposure and potential to develop noble rot, botrytis cinerea, first class, second class and third class wines. A royal decree in 1757 established a closed production district in Tokaj. The classification system was completed by the national censuses of 1765 and 1772. In 1920, following the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a small part of the Tokaj wine region (approx. 1.75 km2) became part of Czechoslovakia due to the Treaty of Trianon, while the rest remained part of Hungary. After World War II, when Hungary became a Soviet-influenced state, Tokaji production continued with as many as 6,000 small producers, but the bottling and distribution were monopolized by the state-owned organization. Since the collapse of the communist regimes in 1990, a number of independent wineries have been established in the Tokaj wine region. A state-owned producer continues to exist and handles approximately 20% of the overall production. Famous consumers of Tokaji Voivode Stephen the Great of Moldavia was said to be a very big fan of Tokay wines. He introduced to Moldavia the Kövérszőlő cultivar, that lead to the development of Grasă de Cotnari wine. Tokaji has since the 18th century been known as "Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum" ("Wine of Kings, King of Wines"), an epithet sometimes attributed to King Louis XIV of France. In 1703, Francis Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania, gave Louis XIV some Tokaji wine from his Tokaj estate as a gift. The Tokaji wine was served at the French Royal court at Versailles, where it became known as Tokay. Emperor Franz Josef (who was also King of Hungary) had a tradition of sending Queen Victoria Tokaji Aszú wine, as a gift, every year on her birthday, one bottle for every month she had lived, twelve for each year. On her eighty-first and final birthday (1900), this totaled an impressive 972 bottles. Tokaji wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers including Beethoven, Liszt, Schubert, Goethe, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich von Schiller, Bram Stoker, Johann Strauss II, and Voltaire. The composer Joseph Haydn's favorite wine was Tokaji. Besides Louis XIV, several other European monarchs are known to have been keen consumers of the wine. Louis XV and Frederick the Great tried to outdo one another when they treated guests such as Voltaire with Tokaji. Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French, ordered 30–40 barrels of Tokaji at the French Royal Court every year. Pope Pius IV. (1499–1565) at the Council of Trient in 1562, exclaimed: Summum pontificem talia vina decent! (This is the type of wine that should be on the papal table). Gustav III, King of Sweden, loved Tokaji – it has been said he never had any other wine to drink. In Russia, customers included Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth of Russia. A newspaper account of the 1933 wedding of Polish president Ignacy Mościcki notes that toasts were made with 250-year-old wines, and goes on to say "The wine, if good, could only have been Essence of Tokay, and the centuries-old friendship between Poland and Hungary would seem to support this conclusion." Other uses of the Tokaji appellation Tokaji wines have been famous for a long time, which has resulted in their name being “adopted” by other wines: Historically Tokaji was a white wine from the region of Tokaj in the Kingdom of Hungary. Tokaji wine was mentioned as early as 1635 with reference to the sweet dessert aszú (botrytised) wine. Prior to the phylloxera epidemic in the 1880s, wine was grown in Tokaj from various types of mainly white grape varieties. In English and French the spelling "Tokay" was commonly used. Under Hungary's and Slovakia's accession treaty to the European Union, and an earlier 1993 agreement, the Tokaj name (including other forms of spelling) has been given Protected Designation of Origin status. From March 2007, wine producers in France and Italy have no longer been allowed to use the Tokay or Tocai name for their wines, which were made from two unrelated varieties. The name Tokay came to be used in the Alsace region of France for wines made with the Pinot gris grape, typically as Tokay d'Alsace. Following the 1993 agreement, the name Tokay Pinot gris was adopted as an intermediate step, and by 2007 the use of the Tokay part was no longer allowed nor used. Many Alsace producers switched to the name Pinot gris several years before the deadline. In Italy the name Tocai came to refer to the grape Sauvignon vert from the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, under the designation Tocai Friulano. It is currently known simply as Friulano. In Slovenia, in line with the EU prohibition, the wine of Goriška Brda and Vipava regions was renamed Sauvignonasse. There has also been a long-running dispute between Hungary and Slovakia over the right to use the name Tokaj. Negotiations between the two governments resulted in an agreement being signed in June 2004. Under this agreement, wine produced on 5.65 km2 of land in Slovakia is allowed to use the Tokajský/-á/-é label. However, a number of practical issues remain. Slovakia has pledged to introduce the same standards enshrined in Hungarian wine laws since 1990, but it has not yet been decided who will monitor or enforce those laws. In November 2012, the European Court ruled against Hungary's request to erase the Slovak entry “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” from “E-Bacchus”, an electronic database containing a register of designations of origin and geographical indications protected in the EU. Hungary lodged an appeal against the judgement of the General Court. In February 2013, the EU Court of Justice has turned down the Hungarian appeal against an earlier ruling concerning Slovakia's registration of “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” (Tokaj Wine Region), which contains the name of Hungary's Tokaj region. In its ruling, the court said that Slovakia's registering its “Vinohradnícka oblasť Tokaj” in the European database E-Bachus did not constitute an actionable measure. As a result, under the current EU legislation the wine-growing region of Tokaj is located in both Hungary and Slovakia. The Rutherglen wine region in Australia produces a dessert wine made from Muscadelle grapes that has usually been referred to as Tokay, but which has little resemblance to the grapes or the processes of Hungarian Tokaji. Following a change in regulations in 2007, this variety of dessert wine has been sold under the name "Topaque" by some wineries, but as of 2012 some others continue to label theirs Tokay. Ukraine also produces wines labelled "Tokay," which are generally produced in Transcarpathia. This wine is made from similar cultivars is bottled in similar 500 ml bottles, but does not necessarily adhere to the same standards; this issue is being negotiated. In popular culture In Goethe's Faust, in the scene in the Auerbach's Cellar, Mephistopheles offers the other characters a choice of any one wine each, which he then produces by boring holes in the table with a corkscrew. Frosch wishes for Rhine wine, Brander for Champagne, and Siebel wishes for a sweet wine, after which Mephistopheles chooses Tokay for him. In the first chapter of Alexander Dumas' The Queen's Necklace (1849, 1850), the Marshal of Richelieu's butler makes him wait one hour for lunch, so he can offer a special tokaji wine bottle to the king of Sweden who, under the name Count of Haga, is one of the marshal's guest. In Henrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck (1884), the guests at the party in act 1 drink Tokay. In the scene, the main character, Hjalmar Ekdal, is revealed to be quite ignorant of vintage differences of fine wines. In chapter four of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Sign of the Four (1890), Thaddeus Sholto offers Miss Morstan Chianti or Tokay, as the only two refreshments he had on hand. In Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897), Jonathan Harker is served a bottle of Tokay on his first night in Dracula's castle. In another Sherlock Holmes story, "His Last Bow" (1917), the German spy Von Bork tells a confederate that "Altamont" (Holmes in disguise) had taken, "a fancy to my Tokay". Later, Holmes offers Watson a glass, saying, "A remarkable wine, Watson. Our friend upon the sofa has assured me that it is from Franz Josef’s special cellar at the Schönbrunn Palace". Imperial Tokay is served in Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway. A bottle of "genuine imperial Tokay" plays a prominent part in the Lord Peter Wimsey short story "The Bibulous Business of a Matter of Taste" (1928), which centers on identifying wines by taste. It is described as 'both sweet and coarse' and as 'horribly over-rated'. The occult novel Moonchild, published in 1929 by the notorious Aleister Crowley, features a feast in Chapter IV with several rare wines, including "a Tokay that really was Imperial". In H. Warner Allen's short story "Tokay of the Comet Year" (1930), a rare Tokay features prominently in a complex plot involving spies and a missing treaty. Sniffing the aromatic essence of Tokaji, as well as its sympathetic effect upon being imbibed, serves as an important and amusing plot device in the 1936 novel My Talks with Dean Spanley, by Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany. The device also featured in the 2008 film. In Terry Gilliam's film The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), the Baron and the Sultan make a wager over whether the Baron can obtain, from "the imperial cellars at Vienna," a bottle of Tokaji superior to that proffered by the Sultan. In Philip Pullman's novel Northern Lights (1995, also known as The Golden Compass), there is an attempted poisoning by the Master of Jordan College (the novel and television series) or an official of the Magisterium (the film) of one of the major characters, Lord Asriel, via a decanter of Tokaji (spelt 'Tokay') in the first chapter. Tokaji is said to be Lord Asriel's favorite wine. In the eighth episode "The Hobo Code" (2007) of the American television series Mad Men, Don Draper argues with a beatnik. When the beatnik says advertising "won't bring back those ten dead kids in Biloxi," Don replies that "neither will buying some Tokaj wine and leaning up against a wall in Grand Central pretending you're a vagrant." In the 2008 film Dean Spanley based on Lord Dunsany's 1936 novella My Talks with Dean Spanley, upon taking a drink of Imperial Tokay, the clergyman, Dean Spanley, enters a trance-like state in which he recalls details of a previous life. In Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera, the titular character Erik offers Christine Daae a meal consisting of Tokay during her first visit to his home beneath the Paris Opera House. See also National symbols of Hungary Sweetness of wine Tokaj (Slovakia) References Further reading Lambert-Gócs, Miles. Tokaji Wine: Fame, Fate, Tradition. Board and Bench Publishing, 2010, Alkonyi, Laszló. Tokaj - The Wine of Freedom, Budapest, 2000 Grossman, Harold J. & Lembeck, Harriet. Grossman's Guide to Wines, Beers and Spirits (6th edition). Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1977, p. 172–174. Terra Benedicta - Tokaj and Beyond (Gábor Rohály, Gabriella Mészáros, András Nagymarosy, Budapest 2003) Tim Atkin, MW. masters-of-wine.org Slovak Union of Grape and Wine Producers. pp. 21–23. www.slovakia.travel External links Appellations Dessert wine Hungarian wine Hungarian words and phrases Noble rot wines Tokaj wine region	[ -0.15349361300468445, 0.5103779435157776, -0.572608470916748, -0.5391712188720703, 0.182601660490036, 0.6514368057250977, 0.1625213921070099, 0.5013640522956848, 0.1532343029975891, -0.25079530477523804, -0.13525047898292542, -0.143545001745224, -0.009914134629070759, 0.5175322890281677, -0.7316757440567017, 0.41703087091445923, 0.9411241412162781, 0.14343798160552979, 0.05225279554724693, -0.6468607783317566, 0.34807533025741577, -0.4572829604148865, -0.367481529712677, -0.29261913895606995, 0.3789190948009491, 0.04879746958613396, 0.09875698387622833, 0.5383129715919495, 0.316548228263855, 0.017288604751229286, -0.3335849940776825, 0.6766623258590698, 0.22102390229701996, -0.3422101140022278, 0.044755514711141586, 0.23996935784816742, 0.053402937948703766, -0.4958895444869995, -0.28376781940460205, -0.29688510298728943, 0.1536865383386612, -0.009220723994076252, 0.5051668286323547, 0.802312970161438, 0.2824343740940094, -0.03838377445936203, -1.3250272274017334, 0.5721346139907837, -0.4896756410598755, 0.3917641043663025, 0.1093134880065918, 0.4548986852169037, 0.18205425143241882, -0.34123796224594116, 0.5502473711967468, -0.02418697625398636, -0.479658305644989, 0.05768498405814171, 0.3861342966556549, 0.13975100219249725, 0.11298855394124985, 0.27595582604408264, 0.30775725841522217, -0.3557667136192322, -0.24220870435237885, 0.04614818096160889, 0.142537459731102, 0.1293874830007553, -0.11876498907804489, 0.15448950231075287, -0.2907402813434601, -0.1763293594121933, -0.04631467163562775, -0.32764822244644165, -0.3580392301082611, -0.22498290240764618, -0.9451744556427002, 0.19377492368221283, 0.022606488317251205, 0.21509011089801788, -0.13691332936286926, -0.31494075059890747, 0.5394461750984192, 0.23948445916175842, 0.23715092241764069, 0.5276315808296204, -0.46725916862487793, -0.0065532163716852665, -0.7331074476242065, 0.05084945634007454, -0.2477872520685196, -0.10413724929094315, 0.8839669823646545, -0.13900141417980194, -0.8686837553977966, -0.0161240566521883, -0.06136111170053482, 0.26141300797462463, 0.38214123249053955, 0.575210452079773, -0.1549341082572937, -0.02903059683740139, 0.36231768131256104, 0.0943368449807167, -0.9058243632316589, -0.08988118171691895, -0.6365876197814941, 0.133004829287529, 0.012807885184884071, 0.0031277972739189863, -0.5293530225753784, 0.1402236819267273, 0.5198860168457031, 0.4549961984157562, 0.46458083391189575, 0.09835664927959442, -0.2540370523929596, 0.03379090502858162, -0.6752927899360657, -0.1857829988002777, 0.1677244007587433, 0.758667528629303, 0.02068941667675972, 0.355899453163147, 0.19348277151584625, -0.01802961900830269, 0.4254818856716156, 0.13504576683044434, -0.15668046474456787, -0.1038602963089943, 0.33857202529907227, 0.297667533159256, -0.002971680834889412, 0.17422367632389069, -0.2066081017255783, 0.12562035024166107, -0.007547567132860422, -0.37875261902809143, 0.4733958840370178, 0.23616264760494232, -1.2090859413146973, 0.3972061276435852, -0.5103203654289246, -0.05840299651026726, 0.5725693106651306, 0.24006201326847076, -0.4160579741001129, -0.5397927165031433, 0.04346982389688492, -0.3725990056991577, 0.009837033227086067, 0.08005040884017944, -0.19123230874538422, 0.7180650234222412, -0.4975401759147644, 0.12014783918857574, -0.5505122542381287, -0.3354351818561554, 0.31942418217658997, -0.611419677734375, -0.10556003451347351, 0.2448248267173767, 0.10370274633169174, -0.26705825328826904, 0.031198788434267044, -0.08156829327344894, 0.41347214579582214, 0.4378211200237274, -0.29905205965042114, 0.37724941968917847, 0.022499509155750275, 0.09246202558279037, 0.12626007199287415, -0.14555969834327698, -0.38055142760276794, 0.20631511509418488, 0.2668684422969818, 0.17348022758960724, 0.5554783940315247, 0.3064079284667969, -0.6729975938796997, 0.4522694945335388, 0.15431749820709229, -0.2680273950099945, -0.08679400384426117, -0.017573844641447067, 0.2676059901714325, -0.20792853832244873, 0.2985629141330719, -0.5554081201553345, -0.12814998626708984, -0.329767107963562, -0.03978990018367767, -0.3885822594165802, 0.7381625771522522, -0.20668858289718628, -0.5326092839241028, 0.32064563035964966, -0.33612585067749023, 0.34004902839660645, -0.20600426197052002, -0.21045531332492828, 0.4435034394264221, -0.3640439212322235, -0.15358957648277283, 0.1709548532962799, 0.18948233127593994, -0.23247767984867096, 0.5074654221534729, 0.4488461911678314, -0.1249772384762764, -0.43683961033821106, 0.42087522149086, -0.30949661135673523, 0.2846301198005676, 0.5004013776779175, 0.17272025346755981, 0.39228662848472595, 0.36174994707107544, -0.2649533748626709, 0.8439999222755432, 0.05107206851243973, -0.3904378116130829, 0.03403236344456673, -0.1439732164144516, 0.5840059518814087, 0.20121842622756958, 0.06301505118608475, 0.45042935013771057, -0.2959311008453369, 0.05862374231219292, 0.16159731149673462, 0.17104268074035645, -0.3557187616825104, 0.008570335805416107, -0.4421566128730774, 0.4924527406692505, -0.09263407438993454, -0.030354253947734833, -0.4180055260658264, 0.1118975281715393, 0.21009625494480133, -0.4103895425796509, -0.09637623280286789, 0.8783338069915771, -0.23660661280155182, 0.0029330209363251925, 0.3285958766937256, -0.9262592196464539, -0.5208286046981812, -0.308248370885849, 0.47244760394096375, 0.16602900624275208, -0.3648146390914917, -0.49310916662216187, -0.17869268357753754, 0.19888339936733246, -0.14435969293117523, 0.04651293531060219, 0.32680338621139526, 0.008925302885472775, 0.2682153880596161, 0.28032386302948, 0.04831971600651741, 0.014515090733766556, 0.3971596956253052, 0.0086903041228652, -0.765651285648346, 0.47684982419013977, 0.32322192192077637, -0.001499146455898881, -0.521854043006897, -0.6466356515884399, 0.027675585821270943, -0.6259190440177917, -0.37134334444999695, -0.7391228079795837, 0.07534004747867584, -0.608797550201416, 0.06474550813436508, 0.1683485507965088, 0.3378143012523651, 0.5630627274513245, -0.14717696607112885, -0.24955889582633972, -0.6374704837799072, -0.3122294247150421, -1.0198211669921875, -0.08917650580406189, -0.3568790555000305, -0.02314746007323265, 0.4440695345401764, -0.3981192111968994, -0.3732786476612091, -0.3582308292388916, -0.4162890315055847, 0.03312491998076439, 0.6580619812011719, 0.3827342391014099, -0.6597846150398254, -0.17214596271514893, 0.11154526472091675, 0.45770493149757385, 0.6202322244644165, 0.6287305951118469, 0.7522911429405212, -0.49233847856521606, -0.26151543855667114, -5.692010879516602, 0.07179704308509827, -0.18446631729602814, 0.2109697312116623, 0.48833444714546204, -0.0029925380367785692, 0.48218584060668945, -0.6071445941925049, 0.32264912128448486, -0.1188930869102478, -0.4174397885799408, -0.0076391189359128475, -0.2956985831260681, 0.3729216456413269, -0.28343093395233154, 0.1459650993347168, -0.088642917573452, 0.26747867465019226, 0.4227897524833679, 0.4063524901866913, -0.09595632553100586, 0.16525882482528687, -0.29589834809303284, 0.6658315062522888, 0.08866105228662491, 0.1186591386795044, -0.45886343717575073, -0.010757293552160263, -1.0717926025390625, 0.20605729520320892, -0.616074800491333, -0.2783392667770386, -0.2628963887691498, -0.11985665559768677, -0.2554168999195099, 0.21812593936920166, 0.3421330153942108, 0.37011829018592834, 0.47648394107818604, -0.08301758766174316, 0.1843883991241455, 0.7544310688972473, 0.009908752515912056, -0.5501924157142639, 0.773655891418457, -0.3126169443130493, -0.4833871126174927, 0.05681140720844269, -0.3728129267692566, 0.6390824913978577, 0.556351900100708, -0.253166526556015, 0.5785291790962219, 0.1326715499162674, 0.4894125461578369, 0.09601463377475739, 0.7709562182426453, 0.026827480643987656, 0.7542104125022888, 0.27852752804756165, 0.263327956199646, -0.5552964210510254, -0.39345160126686096, -0.3678397238254547, -0.6465295553207397, -0.32063472270965576, -0.07291509956121445, 0.48186802864074707, 0.2028031200170517, 0.4418478012084961, -0.46748071908950806, -0.3626498878002167, -0.33949726819992065, -0.9480303525924683, 0.5276817083358765, -0.4305039644241333, -0.36913108825683594, -0.00363119482062757, -0.7743145823478699, 0.7193788886070251, -0.04505371302366257, -0.2097572386264801, 0.14021776616573334, -0.18070317804813385, 0.4120641052722931, -0.5566685795783997, 0.32578280568122864, 0.37610697746276855, 0.13102997839450836, 0.021861178800463676, 0.5273005962371826, -0.8039447665214539, 0.3076513707637787, 0.18294364213943481, 0.4602680802345276, 0.49142852425575256, 0.7610654234886169, 0.23823486268520355, 0.08480033278465271, -0.3942769467830658, 0.4276990294456482, -0.19191715121269226, 0.11643009632825851, 0.14340178668498993, 0.12414012849330902, 0.1961122304201126, 0.2678889036178589, 0.3919636905193329, 1.1593995094299316, 0.11581359803676605, -0.09735725820064545, 0.018458576872944832, -0.949834406375885, -0.963875949382782, 0.26192790269851685, 0.19821766018867493, -0.08638225495815277, -0.05936877056956291, 0.03785795718431473, 0.3646644651889801, 0.2291100174188614, -0.06591543555259705, -0.7882219552993774, 0.3160664439201355, 0.2902957797050476, -0.7306385040283203, -0.4096089005470276, 0.5356775522232056, -0.18486464023590088, 0.29040277004241943, -0.4269034266471863, -0.0767567977309227, -0.10647213459014893, 0.5144639611244202, -0.022255584597587585, -0.029994791373610497, -0.24463827908039093, -1.0125789642333984, 0.378903865814209, -0.4582441449165344, -0.06685322523117065, -0.3052807152271271, -0.3135830760002136, -0.16382786631584167, 0.2586755156517029, 0.6367457509040833, -0.8481226563453674, 0.18865731358528137, -0.8298034071922302, 0.09409338235855103, 0.25396716594696045, 0.4520054757595062, -0.08792784065008163, 0.18061409890651703, -0.1148982048034668, -0.4119737148284912, -0.5146639943122864, 0.5470601916313171, 0.3179935812950134, -0.027557002380490303, 0.2837693691253662, -0.6422441601753235, -1.200343370437622, -0.40571877360343933, 0.07677049189805984, -0.3825055658817291, 0.00538330152630806, -0.1379602551460266, -0.21965757012367249, 0.5439972281455994, -0.10061927139759064, -0.6537248492240906, 0.014913361519575119, -0.33473625779151917, -0.009016918949782848, -0.14809082448482513, 0.16836702823638916, 0.3814525306224823, -0.5381884574890137, 0.17562270164489746, -0.05802036076784134, 0.6073093414306641, 0.2638506293296814, 0.43071040511131287, 0.21375223994255066, -0.44286006689071655, -0.2667761743068695, 0.14736294746398926, 0.015620197169482708, -0.059754036366939545, -0.00402051443234086, -0.10602587461471558, 0.6019076108932495, 0.33343058824539185, 0.08416131883859634, -0.6382409334182739, 0.3957682251930237, 0.12141666561365128, -0.48564279079437256, -0.15159280598163605, 0.151646226644516, 0.12102921307086945, -0.5933493375778198, 0.7820606231689453, 0.6502970457077026, 0.05287894606590271, 0.5489248037338257, 0.336357057094574, -0.6262407302856445, -0.548556923866272, -0.060093723237514496, -1.4981403350830078, -0.43868014216423035, 0.5280414819717407, -0.23788239061832428, 0.2615703046321869, -0.11074375361204147, -0.3847566843032837, -0.3236088752746582, -0.07128177583217621, 0.015600998885929585, -0.7795180678367615, -0.24664437770843506, -0.26458975672721863, -0.2798328399658203, 0.6487644910812378, 0.23544941842556, -0.23551584780216217, 0.0982484444975853, -0.4236437976360321, 0.5682361721992493, -0.3382972478866577, -0.13534992933273315, 0.2592238187789917, -0.20922185480594635, 0.03924482688307762, -0.15342576801776886, -0.2571943998336792, 0.47148630023002625, 0.6364064812660217, 0.456741064786911, 1.074310064315796, -0.10161483287811279, -0.5564276576042175, -0.4584340453147888, -0.08007373660802841, -0.0666637122631073, -0.5503928661346436, -0.4280136227607727, 0.6379019618034363, -0.025133488699793816, -0.1604251116514206, -0.025311533361673355, -0.2646540701389313, 0.7344208359718323, -0.5379197597503662, -0.17839282751083374, 0.3254878520965576, -0.2700754702091217, 0.7527541518211365, -0.10723509639501572, 0.02520127221941948, 0.4403693675994873, 0.2254314124584198, -0.21222612261772156, -0.27575600147247314, -0.8417051434516907, -0.3455669581890106, 0.2546188235282898, -0.2758640646934509, -0.2154754102230072, -0.21717187762260437, 0.47872599959373474, 0.04383862391114235, -0.038176294416189194, -0.4123513698577881, -0.31410449743270874, -0.7210438847541809, 0.155130535364151, 0.6901957988739014, -0.5732226967811584, -0.12024972587823868, -0.3813744783401489, 0.21518303453922272, -0.3118673861026764, 0.003066909033805132, -0.12987631559371948, 0.006720774341374636, -0.4871731102466583, 0.059878554195165634, -0.386915385723114, 0.37780091166496277, 0.019281461834907532, 0.13959573209285736, -0.11329289525747299, -0.24755947291851044, 0.791880190372467, 0.21242517232894897, -0.041143402457237244, 0.7412257194519043, -0.07400156557559967, 0.18208393454551697, 0.15434883534908295, 0.04685284569859505, 0.22263042628765106, 0.4468749463558197, -0.15625374019145966, -0.6000054478645325, -0.2925148010253906, -0.2077474147081375, 0.30171167850494385, -0.054283272475004196, 0.26083382964134216, 0.5291880965232849, 0.13351522386074066, 0.24657338857650757, 0.2713514268398285, 0.06134503334760666, 0.011886625550687313, 0.3231216371059418, 0.8664166927337646, -0.024849126115441322, 0.09565278887748718, 0.018488137051463127, 0.06979085505008698, 0.5811121463775635, -0.22079384326934814, -0.6820141077041626, -0.14013870060443878, 0.16405010223388672, 0.7245822548866272, -0.025447040796279907, -0.11157915741205215, 0.12710699439048767, 0.0020542575512081385, 0.21643882989883423, -0.1145167350769043, -0.5622451901435852, -0.14343298971652985, 0.3097515106201172, 0.7311545610427856, 0.24911876022815704, -0.24813909828662872, 0.29631081223487854, 0.6912366151809692, 0.0650935173034668, -0.016836144030094147, -0.779147207736969, 0.36817604303359985, 0.16253037750720978, 0.1341858208179474, 0.46271538734436035, -0.13221648335456848, -0.021215829998254776, 0.0549447163939476, 0.8963621854782104, -0.004424198064953089, -0.34489771723747253, -0.7959429621696472, 0.42859554290771484, 0.002873863559216261, 0.19675852358341217, -0.44861382246017456, -0.13405634462833405, -0.689504086971283, 0.13009870052337646, -0.41098925471305847, -1.1507841348648071, 0.13152837753295898, 0.36860156059265137, 0.08020807057619095, -0.042514506727457047, -0.2965892255306244, -0.06816628575325012, 0.7299172282218933, 0.5226607918739319, -0.0372159443795681, 0.7288956046104431, -0.01010325737297535, 0.6899669170379639, -0.20417815446853638, -0.012770644389092922, -0.2901068329811096, -0.08866292238235474, -0.05269972234964371, 0.06638706475496292, -0.1702171415090561, 0.369082510471344, -0.7847121357917786, 0.12600159645080566, -0.528174638748169, 0.14276212453842163, 0.29376184940338135, 0.2499009668827057, -0.4496541917324066, -0.12493971735239029, -0.3555755317211151, 0.7917637228965759, 0.540695071220398, 0.055294133722782135, -0.3907424807548523, -0.24564632773399353, -0.3066582679748535, 0.10870879143476486, -0.22328650951385498, 0.4832344651222229, -0.38580578565597534, 0.43206578493118286, -0.1876162588596344, 0.4298761188983917, 0.09968705475330353, -0.06811536103487015, -0.08928561210632324, -0.04276460409164429, -0.40563857555389404, 0.17126861214637756, 0.8354306817054749, 0.1963348388671875, 0.4323160648345947, -0.9630399346351624, -0.2060304582118988, -0.5981529355049133, 0.5502525568008423, 0.4309879243373871, -0.1973605751991272, 0.3888110816478729, 0.3862491250038147, 0.07230537384748459, -1.0522514581680298, 0.3898267447948456, 0.13382281363010406, 0.12309916317462921, -0.2280939817428589, 0.2661767601966858, -0.5672874450683594, -0.24609258770942688, 0.35526397824287415, 0.4647221565246582, 0.6654672622680664, -0.43682464957237244, 0.1041920930147171, -0.04066068306565285, -0.2266458123922348, -0.1501065045595169, -0.1779836118221283, 0.12676607072353363, -0.21123351156711578, -0.5280593633651733, -0.686242938041687, 0.38923579454421997, -0.20301775634288788, -0.7414513826370239, -0.11697622388601303, -0.10475149005651474, 0.014645561575889587, -0.25871485471725464, 0.322301983833313, -0.7174863219261169, 0.1687324345111847, -0.5905762910842896 ]
230732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Francis%20Richter	Charles Francis Richter	Charles Francis Richter (); April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist and physicist. Richter is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale, which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes. Inspired by Kiyoo Wadati's 1928 paper on shallow and deep earthquakes, Richter first used the scale in 1935 after developing it in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg; both worked at the California Institute of Technology. The quote "logarithmic plots are a device of the devil" is attributed to Richter. Childhood and education Richter was born in Overpeck, Ohio. Richter had German heritage: his great-grandfather was a Forty-Eighter, coming from Baden-Baden (today in Baden-Württemberg, Germany) in 1848 in the wake of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Richter's parents Frederick William and Lillian Anna (Kinsinger) Richter, were divorced when he was very young. He grew up with his maternal grandfather, who moved the family (including his mother) to Los Angeles in 1909. After graduating from Los Angeles High School he attended Stanford University and received his undergraduate degree in 1920. In 1928, he began work on his PhD in theoretical physics from the California Institute of Technology, but, before he finished it, he was offered a position at the Carnegie Institute of Washington. At this point, he became fascinated with seismology (the study of earthquakes and the waves they produce in the earth). Thereafter, he worked at the new Seismological Laboratory in Pasadena, under the direction of Beno Gutenberg. In 1932, Richter and Gutenberg developed a standard scale to measure the relative sizes of earthquake sources, called the Richter scale. In 1937, he returned to the California Institute of Technology, where he spent the rest of his career, eventually becoming professor of seismology in 1952. Career Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested. The pair designed a seismograph that measured this displacement and developed a logarithmic scale to measure intensity. The name "magnitude" for this measurement came from Richter's childhood interest in astronomy - astronomers measure the intensity of stars in magnitudes. Gutenberg's contribution was substantial, but his aversion to interviews contributed to his name being left off the scale. After the publication of the proposed scale in 1935, seismologists quickly adopted it for use in measuring the intensity of earthquakes. Richter remained at the Carnegie Institution until 1936, when he obtained a post at the California Institute of Technology, where Beno Gutenberg worked. Gutenberg and Richter published Seismicity of the Earth in 1941. Its revised edition, published in 1954, is considered a standard reference in the field. Richter became a full professor at the California Institute of Technology in 1952. In 1958, he published Elementary Seismology based on his undergraduate teaching notes. As Richter seldom published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, that is often considered his most important contribution to seismology. Richter spent 1959 and 1960 in Japan as a Fulbright scholar. Around this time in his career, he became involved in earthquake engineering through development of building codes for earthquake prone areas. The city government of Los Angeles removed many ornaments and cornices from municipal buildings in the 1960s as a result of Richter's awareness campaigns. After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the city cited Richter's warnings as important in preventing many deaths. Richter had retired in 1970. Richter magnitude scale At the time when Richter began a collaboration with Gutenberg, the only way to rate shocks was a scale developed in 1902 by the Italian priest and geologist Giuseppe Mercalli. The Mercalli scale uses Roman numerals and classifies earthquakes from I to XII, depending on how buildings and people responded to the tremor. A shock that set chandeliers swinging might rate as a I or II on this scale, while one that destroyed huge buildings and created panic in a crowded city might count as an X. The obvious problem with the Mercalli scale was that it relied on subjective measures of how well a building had been constructed and how used to these sorts of crises the population was. The Mercalli scale also made it difficult to rate earthquakes that happened in remote, sparsely populated areas. The scale developed by Richter and Gutenberg (which became known by Richter's name only) was instead an absolute measure of an earthquake's intensity. Richter used a seismograph, an instrument generally consisting of a constantly unwinding roll of paper, anchored to a fixed place, and a pendulum or magnet suspended with a marking device above the roll, to record actual earth motion during an earthquake. The scale takes into account the instrument's distance from the epicenter, or the point on the ground that is directly above the earthquake's origin. Richter chose to use the term "magnitude" to describe an earthquake's strength because of his early interest in astronomy; stargazers use the word to describe the brightness of stars. Gutenberg suggested that the scale be logarithmic so an earthquake of magnitude 7 would be ten times stronger than a 6, a hundred times stronger than a 5, and a thousand times stronger than a 4. (The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that shook San Francisco was magnitude 6.9.) The Richter scale was published in 1935 and immediately became the standard measure of earthquake intensity. Richter did not seem concerned that Gutenberg's name was not included at first; but in later years, after Gutenberg was already dead, Richter began to insist for his colleague to be recognized for expanding the scale to apply to earthquakes all over the globe, not just in southern California. Since 1935, several other magnitude scales have been developed. Personal life Richter was an active and avowed naturist. He travelled to many nudist communities with his wife. states Richter was an atheist, but she also quotes a Robert Kaufman's letter to the New York Times which stated that Richter was a member of Kaufman's congregation. At his retirement party, a group of colleagues at Caltech, called the "Quidnuncs," played and sang a ditty titled "Richter Scale," which gave examples of earthquakes in American history, told in ballad style. Richter was initially shy about the song, thinking it demeaned science. However, the author of the song, Kent Clark, stated in a 1989 interview that eventually Richter enjoyed the song. Richter died of congestive heart failure on September 30, 1985, in Pasadena, California. He is buried in Altadena, California's Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum. See also Modified Mercalli intensity scale Seismicity Macroseismic magnitude Works Notes and references External links Charles Richter interview, at USGS Charles Richter Quotations Charles F. Richter Papers, Caltech Archives 1900 births 1985 deaths American atheists American naturists American people of German descent American seismologists California Institute of Technology alumni California Institute of Technology faculty People from Butler County, Ohio Stanford University alumni	[ -0.4876076281070709, 0.3582848310470581, -0.8183239102363586, 0.24198928475379944, 0.07037021964788437, 0.574683427810669, 0.7595128417015076, -0.19984568655490875, -0.237811878323555, 0.1389090120792389, -0.44628995656967163, -0.0912366732954979, -0.1358635276556015, 0.841136634349823, -0.2821865677833557, -0.20605215430259705, -0.328439325094223, -0.5261574387550354, -0.26059332489967346, 0.23194104433059692, -0.3019507825374603, -0.3278730511665344, 0.2667599618434906, -0.043722450733184814, -0.5846530199050903, 0.10384523868560791, -0.1950100064277649, -0.5406778454780579, 0.4972496032714844, 0.022313717752695084, -0.45314446091651917, 0.9044434428215027, 0.24041040241718292, -0.2828357219696045, -0.5279434323310852, 0.28910326957702637, -0.17805306613445282, -0.03420063853263855, 0.016751810908317566, 0.4158395528793335, 0.34144625067710876, 0.16199667751789093, 0.6129916310310364, -0.40083733201026917, -0.28469395637512207, -0.4800252616405487, -2.1628541946411133, -0.12623310089111328, -0.878823459148407, -0.40705111622810364, -0.1689774990081787, 0.4672819972038269, 0.7678719162940979, 0.1091654896736145, 0.02874479442834854, 0.2800402045249939, -0.7213925123214722, 0.0715300515294075, 0.35623228549957275, -0.2213848978281021, 0.626373291015625, -0.15944118797779083, 0.5032074451446533, -0.4046863913536072, 0.4347456693649292, 0.6654454469680786, 0.22941628098487854, 0.13927136361598969, -0.17415939271450043, -0.13588859140872955, 0.0600007101893425, 0.2290867567062378, 0.8066110014915466, -0.1894572675228119, 0.5519944429397583, -0.38157591223716736, 0.33384969830513, 0.02305174618959427, -0.13758695125579834, -0.1712249219417572, -0.15148188173770905, -0.3053649365901947, 0.44703248143196106, 0.31779229640960693, -0.09600108116865158, -0.21443219482898712, -0.6523499488830566, 0.7029550075531006, -0.38020849227905273, 0.4350265860557556, -0.28299465775489807, -0.31067219376564026, 0.4274307191371918, 0.1874879002571106, 0.041543059051036835, -0.037683699280023575, 0.4862699508666992, -0.03685129061341286, -0.5299479365348816, -0.2576677203178406, -0.1007051020860672, -0.20429018139839172, 0.42283961176872253, -0.403242826461792, 0.28521406650543213, 0.046965982764959335, 0.16164609789848328, -0.3684858977794647, -0.5494412779808044, -0.08155122399330139, -1.1208581924438477, -0.15134131908416748, -0.2821713089942932, -0.11948207765817642, -0.23253068327903748, 0.14942209422588348, 0.4111727476119995, -0.8009336590766907, -0.3639393150806427, -0.18718869984149933, -0.021193306893110275, 0.5856940746307373, -0.014653274789452553, -0.23005743324756622, -0.4571787118911743, 0.22924993932247162, 0.5500300526618958, 0.7521963715553284, -0.3310880661010742, 0.37492698431015015, 0.23776142299175262, 0.820956826210022, 0.4927879571914673, -0.2259059101343155, -0.09928610175848007, -0.3793041706085205, 0.39606714248657227, -0.37382784485816956, -0.48245513439178467, 0.7681664824485779, 0.01031451765447855, -0.2871973216533661, -0.7431795001029968, 0.11820001155138016, 0.49058568477630615, 0.1099926084280014, -0.04746316000819206, -0.05014525353908539, -0.04672423377633095, 0.118239626288414, -0.4538573920726776, 0.5393427014350891, -0.29496434330940247, -0.19300000369548798, -0.08458561450242996, 0.43081793189048767, 0.7797329425811768, 0.41200119256973267, 0.37980687618255615, 0.4669562578201294, 0.5730406641960144, -0.2994622588157654, -0.4513587951660156, 0.18748347461223602, 0.5764884948730469, -0.0910952016711235, 0.3596155047416687, -0.046271611005067825, -0.37377655506134033, 0.3810461163520813, -0.12769901752471924, -0.15766088664531708, -0.025962967425584793, 0.4193461835384369, -0.7101343870162964, 0.29841136932373047, 0.6854619979858398, 0.2800918221473694, 0.5067815184593201, -0.4188145101070404, -0.6360524296760559, -0.43597903847694397, 0.009230970405042171, 0.4270514249801636, 0.5344666242599487, 0.2628107964992523, 0.2889972925186157, 0.010884675197303295, 0.6147900819778442, -0.6719560623168945, -0.4219593405723572, -0.14572498202323914, -0.24550826847553253, 0.16464737057685852, 1.2246334552764893, 0.5763294696807861, -0.43061643838882446, 0.5277792811393738, 0.24921546876430511, 0.5437529683113098, -0.32272979617118835, -0.3544241189956665, -0.34252697229385376, -0.012651328928768635, 0.5303925275802612, 0.6349974870681763, 0.6157910823822021, -0.1835421770811081, 0.3316107988357544, 0.02819359488785267, 0.23224301636219025, -0.9070056080818176, 0.4376147985458374, 0.3369510769844055, -0.7912713885307312, -0.606433629989624, -0.9952588677406311, -0.07058296352624893, 0.1721513271331787, -0.7124754786491394, 0.7842387557029724, 0.6813998818397522, -0.07619278132915497, 0.34545204043388367, 0.20058685541152954, 1.144666314125061, 0.007352026179432869, 0.04839828982949257, -0.21183089911937714, -0.32673296332359314, -0.1642092913389206, 0.09078357368707657, 0.21704621613025665, -0.4943104088306427, 0.8832370638847351, 0.04702005907893181, 0.3251117765903473, -0.3435439169406891, 0.3380884528160095, -1.175923228263855, 0.0045433626510202885, 0.4959069788455963, -0.2618904113769531, 0.6103611588478088, -0.3356967270374298, 0.22832563519477844, 0.4592058062553406, -0.44639289379119873, -0.7572650909423828, 0.8009263873100281, -0.3320327699184418, 0.791566789150238, -0.028258981183171272, 0.07094881683588028, -0.13834908604621887, 0.17646166682243347, 0.35279330611228943, -0.06471112370491028, 0.4379130005836487, 0.43624475598335266, 0.9075514674186707, -0.24837948381900787, 0.2193690836429596, -0.1598697304725647, -0.5209835171699524, -0.507828414440155, 0.4594418704509735, -0.6466877460479736, 0.3048628866672516, -0.0893675908446312, 0.42725658416748047, -0.4390257000923157, -0.041893500834703445, 0.807450532913208, -0.14903660118579865, -0.21203169226646423, -0.5574515461921692, 0.2904187738895416, -1.1344681978225708, -0.41091814637184143, 0.5444545745849609, 1.1792385578155518, -0.18842573463916779, 0.2179633229970932, 0.053080230951309204, 0.13049347698688507, 0.11070020496845245, -0.16349941492080688, 0.4826658368110657, -0.21596559882164001, -0.7010891437530518, 0.4246579706668854, -0.30708134174346924, -0.10287585854530334, -0.5683569312095642, 0.8485356569290161, 0.16754648089408875, -1.1622787714004517, 0.0399235375225544, -0.06313502788543701, -1.0882962942123413, 0.1252097487449646, -0.6317803263664246, -0.05370112881064415, -0.04605339467525482, 0.40385472774505615, 0.015451117418706417, -0.24477526545524597, -4.902918815612793, -0.11472472548484802, 0.029486535117030144, -0.579738438129425, -0.22084686160087585, 1.127389907836914, 0.1004766896367073, 0.19638480246067047, -0.22246167063713074, -0.5041090250015259, 0.3772396743297577, -0.5108616352081299, -0.3679865896701813, 0.7615339159965515, 0.8896741271018982, 0.155962735414505, 0.4859068691730499, 0.2522476017475128, 0.11193515360355377, 0.4295380413532257, 0.158319354057312, -0.23457100987434387, 0.06335755437612534, 0.04162090644240379, -0.19456447660923004, -0.23141513764858246, -0.14984183013439178, 0.23952388763427734, -0.931622326374054, -0.5953440070152283, 0.3112509846687317, -0.09769755601882935, -0.7209810614585876, -0.054552726447582245, 0.06799252331256866, 0.021929167211055756, 0.8579498529434204, 0.23547537624835968, 0.589596152305603, 0.25292518734931946, -0.32867133617401123, -0.1925046443939209, -1.0527141094207764, -0.09021477401256561, 0.26969990134239197, -0.24949096143245697, -0.28086066246032715, 0.8695544600486755, -0.43512892723083496, 0.7329655885696411, 0.17710629105567932, 0.291378378868103, 0.5794225931167603, -0.5887221097946167, -0.3033391833305359, 0.20051728188991547, 0.28134021162986755, 0.5120803713798523, -0.9009072780609131, 0.4761882424354553, 0.46722790598869324, -0.19438579678535461, 0.1231449693441391, -0.5357916355133057, -0.8502047657966614, -0.425174742937088, -0.20554496347904205, 0.0055360640399158, 0.326908677816391, -0.7286592125892639, -0.057734858244657516, 0.8745778203010559, 0.4374375343322754, -1.2981117963790894, -0.3316231667995453, -0.5852147936820984, 0.14296139776706696, -0.6112992167472839, -0.8822423815727234, 0.5584961175918579, -0.2468508929014206, -0.9023188352584839, -0.0544872060418129, 0.563517153263092, 0.9755882024765015, 0.48221123218536377, -0.4176633656024933, 0.4140775799751282, -0.5088158845901489, -0.40853258967399597, -0.08902452886104584, -0.17878547310829163, 0.27325040102005005, 0.1735057830810547, -0.04620715603232384, 0.001253420254215598, -0.13285864889621735, 0.20046164095401764, 1.0551426410675049, 0.5991237163543701, -0.8312748074531555, -0.6538870930671692, 0.2855865955352783, -0.45245125889778137, 0.18887580931186676, -0.45029768347740173, -0.10495350509881973, -0.04462157562375069, 0.6710309982299805, 0.20549340546131134, 0.07317548990249634, 0.4770784378051758, -0.08849501609802246, -0.0915229469537735, 0.4143567383289337, -0.22565846145153046, -0.35381466150283813, 0.2344624549150467, 0.004499469418078661, 0.1944955736398697, -0.23015792667865753, -0.07652133703231812, -0.2012147754430771, -0.3085433542728424, 0.3759119510650635, -0.2267390787601471, -0.07565309852361679, -0.08769943565130234, -0.5231671929359436, 0.045007169246673584, -0.6667734980583191, 1.1738266944885254, 0.489719420671463, 0.7286302447319031, 0.026422131806612015, -0.12994150817394257, -0.6702696681022644, -0.1371183693408966, -0.16984455287456512, -0.10934660583734512, 0.5908387899398804, 0.1959853619337082, -0.3764888644218445, 0.385881245136261, 0.30671173334121704, 0.29401540756225586, 0.49067291617393494, -0.08169256150722504, -0.021456394344568253, 0.5887954235076904, 0.23364605009555817, -0.053363218903541565, 0.42316392064094543, -0.19678877294063568, -0.5190476775169373, 0.2707764804363251, -0.38686326146125793, -0.1571771800518036, -0.07166201621294022, 0.05691155418753624, -0.2827630043029785, 0.09801976382732391, -1.1575709581375122, -0.4328448176383972, -0.043276347219944, 0.34277045726776123, -0.6442837119102478, 0.16137602925300598, -0.18436521291732788, 0.19025680422782898, -0.5304451584815979, -0.3866376280784607, 0.18032613396644592, -0.18976138532161713, -0.12957653403282166, 0.796690821647644, 0.09621598571538925, -0.46341273188591003, 0.11764077842235565, -0.4784564673900604, 0.4527953863143921, -0.08497434109449387, -1.1645797491073608, 0.5139369964599609, 0.0026305324863642454, -0.5708195567131042, -0.4871029555797577, -0.31634509563446045, 0.2930055856704712, 0.02755451202392578, 0.3049243092536926, -0.2938123643398285, 0.04900937154889107, 0.5364706516265869, 0.41347622871398926, 0.14516165852546692, 0.37281888723373413, -0.014563926495611668, -0.2828385531902313, -0.26525259017944336, -0.09179623425006866, -0.17598332464694977, -0.04788121581077576, -0.35749033093452454, 0.5173429250717163, -1.6832818984985352, -0.5033105611801147, 0.29726678133010864, -0.05750112235546112, 0.447702020406723, -0.44795992970466614, -0.684629499912262, -0.1856323480606079, 0.20471087098121643, 0.06735318899154663, 0.33868154883384705, 0.526235044002533, 0.2107338011264801, -0.5626027584075928, -0.47099438309669495, -0.34724709391593933, 0.42488184571266174, 0.038691941648721695, -0.7614628076553345, -0.37063896656036377, -0.34266677498817444, -0.3420633375644684, 0.4700169563293457, 0.8318606019020081, -0.3910284638404846, -0.3806964159011841, -0.06063232570886612, -0.24689427018165588, 0.12034567445516586, -0.2603055238723755, -0.17235228419303894, 0.15183553099632263, 0.19102400541305542, -0.4680750370025635, -0.4188535511493683, 0.6180145144462585, 0.8794450759887695, 0.49228888750076294, 0.29779618978500366, -0.31861069798469543, -0.39090365171432495, 1.0291688442230225, -0.21241748332977295, 0.2886437773704529, 0.14055155217647552, 0.3750353157520294, -0.2624889016151428, -1.2146823406219482, -0.4613018333911896, 0.731536865234375, -0.17406615614891052, -0.07241173833608627, -0.2616657614707947, 0.5814005136489868, -0.3092721998691559, -0.18379081785678864, 0.06446873396635056, 0.07167402654886246, 0.098483607172966, -0.3579014241695404, 0.4237370193004608, -0.04937081038951874, 0.12929320335388184, 0.435769647359848, -0.4666057527065277, 0.3755548894405365, -0.34848490357398987, -0.8858681917190552, -0.16578270494937897, -0.7850309014320374, 0.6721957921981812, 0.3649044930934906, -0.2648064196109772, -0.02474638819694519, -0.4744316637516022, -0.8604711890220642, 0.28610339760780334, 0.18566928803920746, -0.5567780137062073, -0.43366798758506775, -0.0553036630153656, -0.09937091171741486, -0.14786288142204285, -0.9042798280715942, 0.0311739481985569, -1.0546132326126099, 0.2815307080745697, -0.30469486117362976, 0.08693724125623703, 0.1777113527059555, -0.42091622948646545, -0.10542020946741104, 1.0925490856170654, -0.1283515989780426, -0.03292765095829964, -0.29276302456855774, 0.23988209664821625, 0.1949279010295868, -0.34498968720436096, 0.3702675700187683, -0.4033786356449127, -0.0170076172798872, -0.18608435988426208, 0.12354027479887009, 0.3906749188899994, 0.54133540391922, -0.045875273644924164, -0.1857592761516571, 0.49344655871391296, -0.8789069652557373, -0.21772845089435577, 0.654637336730957, -0.04863688722252846, -0.17353706061840057, 0.21902528405189514, -0.15478214621543884, 0.1988362818956375, 0.9548819065093994, -0.8801258206367493, -0.47164052724838257, 0.5346079468727112, 0.32319870591163635, 0.06951183825731277, -0.954243540763855, 0.2738502621650696, 0.7792644500732422, -0.47068655490875244, -0.45164018869400024, 0.8302655220031738, -0.034611232578754425, -1.0038865804672241, 0.3207610249519348, -0.028278905898332596, -0.4401928186416626, -0.010192257352173328, -0.3670206069946289, 0.8920313119888306, 0.05162995681166649, 0.42125770449638367, 0.21811319887638092, -0.24926064908504486, -0.29394662380218506, 1.1804026365280151, -0.47946470975875854, -0.6934807896614075, 0.45586487650871277, 0.16059406101703644, 0.451774924993515, -0.6463107466697693, 0.7714894413948059, -0.39749065041542053, 0.8035534620285034, -0.036836717277765274, 0.09734038263559341, 0.2370634377002716, -0.05099761113524437, -0.01850799471139908, 0.8841235041618347, 0.007387096993625164, 0.2271229773759842, -0.652919590473175, -0.23233123123645782, -0.5713547468185425, -0.17028632760047913, -0.09385914355516434, 0.22752796113491058, 0.2069583535194397, -0.3972095847129822, 1.4395025968551636, 0.14048202335834503, 0.1105273887515068, 0.19121630489826202, -0.2196374386548996, -0.0067565832287073135, -0.4024377167224884, -0.603929877281189, 0.12308263778686523, -0.1999249905347824, 0.11713195592164993, 0.35028672218322754, -0.05253126844763756, 0.39390429854393005, 0.6547357439994812, 0.2549612522125244, -0.26262086629867554, 0.7629704475402832, -0.46630385518074036, -0.21398474276065826, 0.4755643606185913, -0.5489749908447266, 0.3010653555393219, -0.38310250639915466, -0.012191589921712875, 0.368794322013855, -0.08922353386878967, 0.06497787684202194, 0.4696456491947174, 0.5686801671981812, -0.3026343286037445, -0.6502453684806824, 0.16419187188148499, -0.020121876150369644, 0.054191410541534424, -1.1216572523117065, 0.7299618721008301, -0.41670307517051697, 0.4151293933391571, -0.4732228219509125, 0.42742156982421875, -0.3088374137878418, 0.10560691356658936, 0.3353903293609619, 0.011957474984228611, -0.33004188537597656, -0.2034742683172226, 0.027234038338065147, -0.46816590428352356, -0.03725288808345795, -0.051132965832948685, 0.1733863353729248, 0.03949732333421707, 0.36129871010780334, -0.19557596743106842, -0.196102574467659, -0.15638704597949982, -0.18361864984035492, -0.21159771084785461, -0.3706609308719635, 0.44360989332199097, -0.031355686485767365, -0.897848904132843, 0.2091187685728073, 0.6445940136909485, 0.5101224780082703, -0.7264808416366577, 0.5612748265266418, 0.3874988853931427, -0.5246472358703613, -0.2782834768295288, 0.5391665697097778, 0.26534023880958557, -0.42578279972076416, -0.6941590309143066, 0.5545378923416138, 0.6564006209373474, -0.3358873724937439, -0.223345085978508, 0.41148531436920166, -1.4669946432113647, 0.26797959208488464, -0.10617876052856445, 0.4839586317539215, 0.25823235511779785, 0.5065645575523376, -0.1973046064376831 ]
230733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20of%20Portugal	Prime Minister of Portugal	The prime minister of Portugal (; ) is the head of government of Portugal. As head of government, the prime minister coordinates the actions of ministers, represents the Government of Portugal to the other bodies of state, is accountable to Parliament and keeps the president informed. The prime minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries. There is no limit to the number of terms a person can serve as prime minister. The prime minister is appointed by the president of the Republic following legislative elections, after having heard the parties represented in the Parliament. Usually, the person named is the leader of the largest party in the previous election, but there have been exceptions over the years. History Since the Middle Ages, some officers of the Portuguese Crown gained precedence over the others, serving as a kind of prime ministers. Over time, the role of principal officer of the Crown fell upon the chanceler-mor (chancellor), the mordomo-mor (mayor of the palace) and the escrivão da puridade (king's private secretary). The first modern prime minister of Portugal was Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquess of Palmela, who was sworn in on 24 September 1834, as Presidente do Conselho de Ministros (President of the Council of Ministers). In 1911, the official title of the prime minister became Presidente do Ministério (President of the Ministry). In 1933, it became again Presidente do Conselho de Ministros. The present title Primeiro-Ministro (Prime Minister), attributed to the head of the Government of Portugal, was officially established by the Constitution of 1976 after the revolution of 25 April 1974 Officeholders The incumbent prime minister of Portugal is António Costa, who took office on 26 November 2015 as the 13th prime minister of the Third Portuguese Republic. The official residence of the prime minister is a mansion next to São Bento Palace, which, in confusion, is also often called "São Bento Palace". Portuguese prime ministers of the Third Portuguese Republic: 1st Mário Soares (two terms); 2nd Alfredo Nobre da Costa; 3rd Carlos Mota Pinto; 4th Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo; 5th Francisco Sá Carneiro; (interim) Diogo Freitas do Amaral – Deputy Prime Minister; 6th Francisco Pinto Balsemão; 1st Mário Soares (third term); 7th Aníbal Cavaco Silva (three terms); 8th António Guterres (two terms); 9th José Manuel Barroso; 10th Pedro Santana Lopes; 11th José Sócrates (two terms); 12th Passos Coelho 13th António Costa (two terms); Graphical timeline (since 1974) Prime minister's residence Just behind the main building of the Assembly of the Republic, there is a mansion that serves as residence and office for the prime minister of Portugal. The mansion, dated from 1877, was built within the garden of the old monastery that held the Portuguese parliament. It has been the prime minister's official residence since 1938, when Salazar moved in. Although it is the official residence of the prime minister, not all incumbents have lived in the mansion during their term in office. António Costa, current prime minister, doesn't live in the residence, but is said to in 2023. List of prime ministers of Portugal Term of office in years Living former prime ministers As of , there are seven living former prime ministers of Portugal, as seen below. The most recent prime minister to die was Diogo Freitas do Amaral (served 1980–1981), on 3 October 2019 aged 78. See also Leader of the Opposition (Portugal) President of Portugal References External links Official Website of the Prime Minister of Portugal Government of Portugal 1834 establishments in Portugal Articles which contain graphical timelines	[ -0.00895235687494278, 0.11514582484960556, 0.19013844430446625, 0.19537405669689178, 0.03739162161946297, -0.04532863572239876, -0.3917526304721832, 0.6054853796958923, -0.5050281286239624, -0.09808555245399475, -0.26508572697639465, 0.5295325517654419, 0.30059120059013367, 0.02801005356013775, -0.5428714752197266, 0.3307510018348694, 0.28280141949653625, 0.8515447378158569, 0.19686730206012726, -0.8571379780769348, -0.5044776201248169, 0.5298157930374146, -0.08030325174331665, -0.22713178396224976, 0.28964149951934814, 0.10566782206296921, 0.32955458760261536, 0.21320439875125885, -0.568580687046051, 0.22007770836353302, -0.3002065122127533, -0.16692298650741577, -0.27772459387779236, 0.2648506760597229, -0.09777004271745682, -0.6001549363136292, 0.622023344039917, -0.6921888589859009, -0.016694001853466034, -0.23463760316371918, -0.1420585960149765, -0.2712779641151428, 0.5466810464859009, 0.13569726049900055, -0.07408584654331207, -0.6224820017814636, -0.646195113658905, 0.3313155174255371, -0.2450013905763626, 0.6227466464042664, -0.5014668703079224, 0.5700768828392029, 0.3958159387111664, 0.1224546879529953, -0.15843816101551056, -0.21168698370456696, -0.780289351940155, -0.08043212443590164, -0.08697657287120819, -0.1809665709733963, 0.10455057770013809, 0.5460512638092041, -0.03659943491220474, 0.1687767207622528, 1.10430908203125, 0.05263704061508179, 0.40371498465538025, 0.13189414143562317, -0.3465940058231354, -0.1739169806241989, -0.5379117727279663, 0.22797520458698273, -0.038532596081495285, -0.3868573009967804, -0.22249095141887665, -0.4116910696029663, -0.3444509208202362, 0.8445797562599182, 0.0550541914999485, -0.1450311243534088, -0.1097857877612114, -0.45575425028800964, 0.7613307237625122, 0.32516592741012573, -0.33097758889198303, 0.31893596053123474, 0.11044996976852417, -0.018972931429743767, -0.4808815121650696, 0.6854931116104126, -0.3081101179122925, 0.07082513719797134, 0.5314458608627319, -0.35506266355514526, -0.4218711853027344, -0.3423613905906677, 0.3698562979698181, -0.21092402935028076, -0.19139541685581207, -0.12845727801322937, 0.16445784270763397, 0.16345420479774475, -0.18925197422504425, -0.39427533745765686, -0.7355762124061584, -0.29887303709983826, -0.8753164410591125, -0.36244460940361023, -0.556318998336792, 0.3549612760543823, -0.39482662081718445, 0.3349556624889374, -0.10519690811634064, 0.6766403317451477, -0.2373344451189041, 0.25658342242240906, 0.17897513508796692, -0.6533237099647522, -0.12340039014816284, -0.20172712206840515, 0.5506969094276428, 0.47259676456451416, 0.23911485075950623, -0.166805237531662, 0.19660775363445282, 0.07271379977464676, 0.5227795243263245, -0.2349029928445816, 0.2895205020904541, 0.0631026178598404, 1.086228847503662, 0.34228435158729553, -0.40545907616615295, 0.005547461565583944, -0.15296781063079834, -0.37061041593551636, 0.18768754601478577, 0.11388718336820602, 0.43614688515663147, 0.4679674208164215, -0.49764034152030945, -0.14553357660770416, -0.04375426471233368, -0.09014623612165451, 0.5078004598617554, -0.26212650537490845, -0.05811712518334389, -0.5006544589996338, -0.36228135228157043, 0.13405737280845642, 0.12213782221078873, -0.2088012397289276, -0.30254146456718445, -0.20450477302074432, -0.40199771523475647, -0.11342392861843109, 0.8443008065223694, -0.7965492606163025, 0.2998928725719452, 0.6692981123924255, 0.44809800386428833, -0.2048562914133072, 0.37629038095474243, -0.13675491511821747, -0.08455999195575714, 0.292704313993454, 0.4250033497810364, 0.4997158348560333, 0.26149120926856995, 0.2582973539829254, -0.6037679314613342, 0.011860612779855728, 0.2354811728000641, -0.580035924911499, -0.3240560293197632, 0.09964831918478012, 0.5112607479095459, -0.3083580434322357, 0.5123915672302246, 0.11322242766618729, -0.43243518471717834, -0.09056473523378372, 0.046014223247766495, 0.30512380599975586, 0.22681529819965363, -0.0689629390835762, 0.2714431881904602, 0.3113280236721039, 0.8385528922080994, -0.572196364402771, -0.39000192284584045, -0.46037405729293823, 0.10759074985980988, -0.4502769112586975, 0.4978528618812561, -0.46562811732292175, -0.3861326575279236, 0.45776718854904175, 0.18527841567993164, 0.5504236221313477, -0.17277836799621582, -0.19169054925441742, 0.24525465071201324, 0.1854003369808197, 0.06009671464562416, 0.4784553647041321, 0.448619544506073, -0.09031164646148682, 0.712152898311615, 0.2754147946834564, -0.06936409324407578, 0.0551411509513855, -0.0725000649690628, -0.1798919439315796, 0.15140415728092194, -0.30823057889938354, -0.2831527590751648, -0.3282717168331146, -0.43579933047294617, 0.370528906583786, 0.8647918105125427, -0.1015612855553627, -0.5188826322555542, 0.6743950843811035, -0.1354956328868866, 0.3816707730293274, -0.3120172619819641, -0.15301474928855896, -0.0602424293756485, 0.2886599004268646, 0.017260141670703888, -0.30581286549568176, 0.24311484396457672, -0.013909479603171349, -0.4846409559249878, 0.3156866431236267, -0.6666628122329712, -0.06692935526371002, 0.14083875715732574, -0.2013809233903885, 0.1675976663827896, 0.49536603689193726, -0.22466517984867096, 0.6495078206062317, 0.03255325183272362, 0.4372587502002716, -0.8988687992095947, 0.14509636163711548, -0.6032160520553589, -0.11181270331144333, -0.0061584217473864555, -0.03648270294070244, 0.4662686288356781, 0.25005871057510376, 0.11687824130058289, -0.9330945611000061, 0.35193967819213867, 0.3512299060821533, 0.06792686134576797, 0.2790973484516144, -0.3307463228702545, -0.2261328250169754, 0.6074244976043701, 0.8989097476005554, -0.06824113428592682, 0.45753392577171326, -0.09247054159641266, -0.31767287850379944, -0.22662147879600525, 0.4934845268726349, -0.11117979139089584, -0.4712333679199219, -0.11449944972991943, -0.09911921620368958, 0.39754152297973633, -0.2840323746204376, -0.40854769945144653, 0.6234431862831116, -0.5708532929420471, -0.8674351572990417, 0.36569467186927795, 0.4935555160045624, -0.29919591546058655, -0.2728654444217682, -0.39740464091300964, -0.30059614777565, 0.3587265908718109, -0.5807300209999084, -0.014496576972305775, 0.23512287437915802, -0.6146482229232788, -0.39794889092445374, 0.0017790051642805338, -0.4172709584236145, -0.6135903000831604, -0.08374005556106567, 0.24618934094905853, -0.16206179559230804, 0.41120976209640503, -0.40994521975517273, -0.28653910756111145, -0.18512378633022308, 0.21834175288677216, 0.0041822162456810474, 0.43879199028015137, -0.3569084107875824, -0.2384965419769287, 0.3516833484172821, -5.643410682678223, 0.10379273444414139, -0.001996448263525963, 0.011668846942484379, 0.4904889166355133, 0.09523603320121765, 0.35702502727508545, -0.21948575973510742, 0.3265523612499237, -0.7125071287155151, 0.2237156629562378, 0.3087569773197174, 0.34954285621643066, 0.7576859593391418, -0.08903458714485168, 0.6020015478134155, 0.3606218695640564, 0.06857000291347504, 0.3269023895263672, 0.15430948138237, 0.04719499498605728, 0.1304665207862854, 0.1934652030467987, 0.1641116887331009, 0.8999629616737366, 0.7432625889778137, -0.6245482563972473, -0.03139558434486389, -0.35762926936149597, -0.19355060160160065, -0.1642439365386963, 0.12821674346923828, 0.02471410110592842, -0.38593658804893494, 0.05194544792175293, -0.21740038692951202, 0.3038797974586487, 0.3670111298561096, 0.0014421475352719426, -0.7065768837928772, 0.05967763438820839, 0.4554782509803772, -0.31549346446990967, 0.22249850630760193, -0.4457255005836487, -0.10083461552858353, -0.061579860746860504, 0.13356336951255798, -0.48540475964546204, 0.38922572135925293, -0.5405184030532837, -0.24267935752868652, 0.13471567630767822, -0.6418508887290955, 0.30394724011421204, 0.19994157552719116, 0.17945806682109833, -0.031813450157642365, -0.5447794198989868, 0.4984775185585022, 0.5615174174308777, -0.32631921768188477, -0.18942183256149292, -0.23665328323841095, 0.11714449524879456, 0.01909160427749157, -0.7296910285949707, 0.20346924662590027, 0.8719397783279419, 0.3020944893360138, -0.28944769501686096, -0.19721467792987823, -0.30794644355773926, -0.7771309018135071, 0.13446630537509918, -0.9284957051277161, -0.22547560930252075, 0.2753274142742157, 0.23737074434757233, -0.3812992572784424, -0.3040725886821747, 0.38761693239212036, -0.49762505292892456, 0.15147212147712708, -0.11735477298498154, -0.1931135505437851, 0.00983621645718813, 0.08982282131910324, -0.08977733552455902, 0.11564750224351883, 0.4731558859348297, -1.2033652067184448, 0.20009413361549377, 0.10381566733121872, -0.14163406193256378, 0.4166468381881714, -0.07979271560907364, 0.15026511251926422, 0.1326303780078888, -0.5956255793571472, 0.23999367654323578, 0.29867294430732727, -0.016860362142324448, -0.3515474200248718, 0.193480983376503, -0.05292699113488197, -0.09596739709377289, 0.5304535627365112, 0.24569804966449738, -0.15761438012123108, -0.12797057628631592, -0.07632282376289368, -0.8308831453323364, -1.052106261253357, -0.005751370918005705, -0.203247532248497, -0.45176926255226135, 0.1618354618549347, 0.27508988976478577, -0.004606566391885281, 0.20827683806419373, -0.23637673258781433, -0.20451892912387848, 0.22848530113697052, -0.7158433794975281, 0.29918017983436584, 0.01482838112860918, -0.306437224149704, 0.27571672201156616, -0.16704851388931274, 0.5093766450881958, 0.4715713560581207, 0.43922534584999084, 0.014157071709632874, 0.7286545038223267, -0.36562204360961914, -0.33604758977890015, -0.4992770552635193, 0.04275355488061905, -0.556127667427063, -0.5132578611373901, -0.0017708905506879091, 0.0743863433599472, -0.5385611653327942, 0.17310567200183868, 0.0671011433005333, -0.4205060303211212, 0.30600443482398987, -0.3605458736419678, 1.041170358657837, 0.5489467978477478, 0.1804806888103485, 0.6285797953605652, -0.40456661581993103, 0.27805227041244507, -0.15555569529533386, -0.3548979163169861, -0.1890941709280014, -0.3652704656124115, -0.3596220314502716, 0.1745835244655609, -0.7663264870643616, -1.0122652053833008, 0.06275627762079239, 0.974751889705658, -0.37388309836387634, -0.6632754802703857, 0.21734553575515747, -0.18890488147735596, 1.1512690782546997, 0.29483866691589355, -0.5675975680351257, -0.5912546515464783, -0.2677016258239746, 0.2357262223958969, -0.5356677174568176, 0.5003345012664795, 1.3138374090194702, 0.32006341218948364, 0.5205458402633667, 0.20596720278263092, 0.3222440183162689, 0.09943055361509323, -0.02090919390320778, 0.11481586843729019, -0.4160682260990143, 0.2869226932525635, -0.3961561918258667, 0.30845004320144653, -0.4573906660079956, 0.3758518099784851, 0.4266527593135834, 0.09448619186878204, 0.12423288077116013, -0.7414264678955078, -0.6713067889213562, -0.3828123211860657, 0.4610248804092407, -0.3710692226886749, -0.252474844455719, 0.3478351831436157, 0.5659500956535339, -0.059653762727975845, -0.16785459220409393, -0.22646723687648773, 0.10037174075841904, 0.3721873462200165, 0.01798773743212223, 0.10461514443159103, 0.7185003757476807, -0.6259791851043701, -0.9590845704078674, -0.1681605875492096, 0.48498156666755676, -0.07730741798877716, -0.7382102608680725, 0.15826795995235443, -0.8208396434783936, -0.3622587323188782, -0.59245765209198, -0.30359989404678345, -0.08057795464992523, -0.47524455189704895, 0.20749406516551971, -0.010891404934227467, 0.1721467226743698, 0.4970940053462982, -0.48133352398872375, 0.6910404562950134, -0.7801377773284912, 0.09846410900354385, 0.12022943794727325, 0.3204596936702728, -0.13081596791744232, -0.6400387287139893, 0.1541978120803833, 0.43196579813957214, -0.10279932618141174, 0.4023993909358978, 0.09189389646053314, 0.26302996277809143, 0.7637540102005005, 0.4907006025314331, -0.5294389724731445, 0.3151465356349945, 0.250426322221756, -0.0065160891972482204, -0.39058971405029297, 0.15646040439605713, 0.43340325355529785, 0.5156156420707703, -0.3727642297744751, -0.10416977852582932, -0.33659595251083374, 0.7027225494384766, -0.8674927353858948, -0.12651604413986206, 0.19685029983520508, -0.021018173545598984, -0.14387378096580505, -0.004265573341399431, -0.1944870501756668, -0.3308643102645874, 0.32190442085266113, 0.5500553250312805, -0.3961072564125061, -0.38583701848983765, 0.2838895320892334, 0.1651739925146103, -0.4991118609905243, -0.6656654477119446, -0.7766546607017517, -0.30284225940704346, 0.005699097644537687, -0.0675848200917244, -0.3499956727027893, -0.22565539181232452, 0.004337380174547434, 0.0936146229505539, 0.3323255777359009, -0.9582115411758423, 0.369579553604126, -0.054198335856199265, -0.22780273854732513, 0.627488374710083, -1.0853991508483887, -0.6027522683143616, 0.4552575349807739, -0.24980780482292175, -0.01762455143034458, -0.2489437311887741, -0.6197171807289124, 0.17453347146511078, 0.3394043445587158, -0.16874626278877258, 0.513538658618927, -0.3283001482486725, 0.3133259415626526, 0.6230124831199646, -0.12734249234199524, -0.5631133913993835, 1.0095714330673218, 0.2700827419757843, 0.0014326934469863772, -0.174937441945076, 0.24737852811813354, -0.15726688504219055, -0.8070223927497864, -0.04249699041247368, -0.1571638584136963, 0.3990813195705414, -0.022481713443994522, 0.24186064302921295, 0.6723154187202454, -0.4636082947254181, 0.07153630256652832, 0.006969450507313013, -0.14651937782764435, -0.24475599825382233, 0.6424034833908081, 0.10400907695293427, -0.6438546776771545, 0.10255375504493713, -0.09258683770895004, 0.30070754885673523, 0.3261060416698456, -0.3626216948032379, 0.3409053087234497, 0.518844723701477, -0.41901835799217224, 0.6428653001785278, 0.8942718505859375, -0.7759473919868469, 0.1293909251689911, -0.8794874548912048, -0.23708476126194, 0.23231056332588196, 0.052624400705099106, 0.3256372809410095, 0.3861781060695648, 0.5862483382225037, 0.4920242428779602, -0.6673398017883301, -0.05468801409006119, 0.33105114102363586, -0.13110142946243286, -0.10242816060781479, -0.06630890816450119, 0.2776368260383606, 0.04597370699048042, 0.501015305519104, -0.44757571816444397, 0.1803550273180008, -0.10689429938793182, -0.1435914784669876, -0.13806331157684326, 0.2488373965024948, 0.3989478051662445, 0.11243532598018646, 0.08595584332942963, -0.23519916832447052, -0.5020654201507568, 0.4348660409450531, 0.6031778454780579, 0.17126819491386414, 0.6694681644439697, 0.5539311170578003, -0.19890205562114716, 0.3343731760978699, -0.16263017058372498, 0.09697438776493073, 0.31803491711616516, -0.5490022301673889, 0.015590482391417027, -0.0994364321231842, 0.21894031763076782, 0.3334949016571045, 0.174661785364151, 0.16056306660175323, -0.04314470663666725, -0.5328982472419739, 0.3874995708465576, 0.04917071759700775, -0.9224053621292114, -0.15302321314811707, 0.6362979412078857, 0.1637403517961502, -0.017730869352817535, 0.2087026834487915, 0.2518105208873749, 0.1298588216304779, -0.21212944388389587, -0.05829460918903351, 0.07295913994312286, -0.07097066938877106, -0.18172067403793335, 0.05640590563416481, 0.6369411945343018, 0.44387513399124146, 0.06337427347898483, 0.0012507486389949918, 0.5984761714935303, 0.15219959616661072, 0.11477749049663544, 0.2657034695148468, -0.449678510427475, -0.4136245548725128, -0.09403751790523529, -0.3189579248428345, 0.1333298683166504, -0.03751661255955696, -0.24153056740760803, -0.004546017851680517, 0.7774446606636047, -0.5524716973304749, 0.06677529215812683, 0.3598449230194092, -0.8047062158584595, 0.31105858087539673, -0.5012248158454895, -0.272330105304718, -0.3300487995147705, 0.4461589455604553, 0.7403916120529175, -0.01573539711534977, -0.6154479384422302, 0.6135987043380737, 0.001247161766514182, -0.8591587543487549, 0.23640769720077515, -1.0663588047027588, 0.01072123646736145, -0.13552919030189514, -0.1872846633195877, -0.2480083405971527, -0.24415719509124756, 0.5789616703987122, 0.2706504166126251, 0.13101501762866974, -0.5182687640190125, -0.6518749594688416, 0.5628276467323303, 0.5289508104324341, 0.38455528020858765, 0.04107372462749481, -0.5502267479896545, -0.399192214012146, -0.111084945499897, -0.574536919593811, -0.0987117663025856, 0.8445653915405273, -0.597359836101532, 1.0189955234527588, -0.3111615478992462, 0.4727001488208771, -0.5828375816345215, 0.7380277514457703, -0.7447872757911682, 0.286211222410202, 0.20969508588314056 ]
230735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-of-production%20theory%20of%20value	Cost-of-production theory of value	In economics, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the resources that went into making it. The cost can comprise any of the factors of production (including labor, capital, or land.) and taxation. The theory makes the most sense under assumptions of constant returns to scale and the existence of just one non-produced factor of production. With these assumptions, minimal price theorem, a dual version of the so-called non-substitution theorem by Paul Samuelson, holds. Under these assumptions, the long-run price of a commodity is equal to the sum of the cost of the inputs into that commodity, including interest charges. Historical development of the theory Historically, the best-known proponent of such theories is probably Adam Smith. Piero Sraffa, in his introduction to the first volume of the "Collected Works of David Ricardo", referred to Smith's "adding-up" theory. Smith contrasted natural prices with market price. Smith theorized that market prices would tend toward natural prices, where outputs would stand at what he characterized as the "level of effectual demand". At this level, Smith's natural prices of commodities are the sum of the natural rates of wages, profits, and rent that must be paid for inputs into production. (Smith is ambiguous about whether rent is price determining or price determined. The latter view is the consensus of later classical economists, with the Ricardo-Malthus-West theory of rent.) David Ricardo mixed this cost-of-production theory of prices with the labor theory of value, as that latter theory was understood by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and others. This is the theory that prices tend toward proportionality to the socially necessary labor embodied in a commodity. Ricardo sets this theory at the start of the first chapter of his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, but contextualizes it as only relating to commodities with elastic supply. Taknaga advances a new interpretation that Ricardo had cost-of-production theory of value from the start and presents a more coherent interpretation based on texts of Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. This alleged refutation leads to what later became known as the transformation problem. Karl Marx later takes up that theory in the first volume of Capital, while indicating that he is quite aware that the theory is untrue at lower levels of abstraction. This has led to all sorts of arguments over what both David Ricardo and Karl Marx "really meant". Nevertheless, it seems undeniable that all the major classical economics and Marx explicitly rejected the labor theory of price(). A somewhat different theory of cost-determined prices is provided by the "neo-Ricardian School" of Piero Sraffa and his followers. Yoshnori Shiozawa presented a modern interpretation of Ricardo's cost-of-production theory of value. The Polish economist Michał Kalecki distinguished between sectors with "cost-determined prices" (such as manufacturing and services) and those with "demand-determined prices" (such as agriculture and raw material extraction). Market price Market price is a familiar economic concept: it is the price that a good or service is offered at, or will fetch, in the marketplace. It is of interest mainly in the study of microeconomics. Market value and market price are equal only under conditions of market efficiency, equilibrium, and rational expectations. In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are related terms that describe what happens as the scale of production increases. They are different, non-interchangeable concepts. Labor theory of value The labor theories of value are economic theories according to which the true values of commodities are related to the labor needed to produce them. There are many accounts of labor value, with the common element that the "value" of an exchangeable good or service is, or ought to be, or tends to be, or can be considered as, equal or proportional to the amount of labor required to produce it (including the labor required to produce the raw materials and machinery used in production). Different labor theories of value prevailed among classical economists through the mid-19th century. This theory is especially associated with Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Since that time, it has been most often associated with Marxian economics, while among modern mainstream economists it is considered to be superseded by the marginal utility approach. Taxes and subsidies Taxes and subsidies change the price of goods and services. A marginal tax on the sellers of a good will shift the supply curve to the left until the vertical distance between the two supply curves is equal to the per unit tax; other things remaining equal, this will increase the price paid by the consumers (which is equal to the new market price) and decrease the price received by the sellers. Marginal subsidies on production will shift the supply curve to the right until the vertical distance between the two supply curves is equal to the per unit subsidy; other things remaining equal, this will decrease price paid by the consumers (which is equal to the new market price) and increase the price received by the producers. See also Outline of industrial organization Outline of production Output (economics) List of economics topics Price Prices of production Pricing strategies Production (economics) Notes Production economics Classical economics Theory of value (economics)	[ 0.05335122346878052, 0.17962971329689026, -0.3389573097229004, 0.353237509727478, -0.08528415858745575, 0.7106840014457703, -0.4206492602825165, 0.1997489631175995, -0.05161941051483154, -0.4580036699771881, -0.2000153809785843, 1.1903096437454224, -0.3490908443927765, 0.8740623593330383, -0.2362714260816574, 0.47180992364883423, 0.5312514901161194, 0.3226528763771057, -0.03324009105563164, -0.27717480063438416, -0.33818069100379944, 0.27438318729400635, 0.18952029943466187, -0.2438940554857254, 0.07111933827400208, -0.3273118734359741, 0.18942879140377045, 0.22002071142196655, -0.1146380752325058, 0.21258904039859772, -0.2294781357049942, 0.6941848397254944, -0.49283355474472046, 0.055881936103105545, -0.3885197639465332, 0.11229751259088516, -0.01455981656908989, -0.1377299726009369, -0.49923980236053467, -0.22598564624786377, 0.1601182520389557, 0.2640182375907898, 0.059112612158060074, 0.714472234249115, -0.5803295969963074, -0.07034016400575638, -1.6287952661514282, -0.37960904836654663, -0.7266546487808228, -0.30104613304138184, -0.22077691555023193, 0.5269187688827515, 0.07499315589666367, 0.6478773355484009, -0.3827877938747406, 0.6847204566001892, -0.5689288377761841, -0.015271086245775223, -0.20117440819740295, -0.8562852144241333, 0.3868434429168701, 0.3598606586456299, 0.23712758719921112, 0.3554716110229492, 0.08701745420694351, -0.17171549797058105, 0.03754343464970589, 0.19684065878391266, -0.4995395839214325, -0.47741299867630005, -0.6691860556602478, -0.45570552349090576, -0.3439488112926483, 0.4278220236301422, -0.9874207377433777, -0.1467047929763794, 0.0112233841791749, -0.05026021599769592, -0.5844571590423584, -0.23715615272521973, -0.5055820941925049, 0.3524170517921448, 0.42763981223106384, -0.37953513860702515, 0.7056064605712891, 0.26054656505584717, -0.10639780759811401, 0.47443726658821106, -0.41498231887817383, 1.1705071926116943, 0.1955089122056961, 0.10750019550323486, 0.632155179977417, -0.25460129976272583, -0.07055335491895676, 0.10627468675374985, 0.7791752219200134, 0.06224350258708, -0.28418609499931335, 0.655950665473938, -0.022292103618383408, -0.190819650888443, 0.6182853579521179, -0.11998413503170013, -0.010381106287240982, -0.5598078370094299, 0.3956848382949829, -0.7431120872497559, 0.0443691723048687, -0.02651331201195717, -0.5986918807029724, 0.2538965344429016, -0.14054858684539795, 0.5605644583702087, -0.3928918242454529, 0.10723446309566498, -0.3127192258834839, 0.2229679524898529, -0.5225781798362732, 0.26002246141433716, 0.22249647974967957, 0.2550119459629059, -0.4084404408931732, -0.20037056505680084, 0.23090112209320068, -0.08779281377792358, 0.4688100218772888, 0.6364551782608032, -0.2026420384645462, -0.13459992408752441, 0.6395883560180664, 0.5604252219200134, -0.3442429304122925, -0.16929039359092712, -0.4274190068244934, 0.010006067343056202, 0.7761790752410889, -0.19449704885482788, -0.022842513397336006, -0.19252462685108185, -0.8270283937454224, -0.6734642386436462, -0.41091814637184143, -0.23803308606147766, 0.9113460183143616, -0.4240025579929352, 0.03343817591667175, -0.23311401903629303, 0.06550287455320358, 0.07985693961381912, 0.006605080328881741, 0.5462194085121155, -0.26820769906044006, -0.05159255117177963, 0.21630139648914337, 0.3246854245662689, 0.5324029922485352, 0.03618953377008438, -0.5287647843360901, 0.5699397921562195, 0.06635939329862595, -0.01656477525830269, -0.18122953176498413, -0.21184499561786652, -0.05586093291640282, -0.5634629726409912, 0.6110071539878845, 0.8330787420272827, 0.01563926786184311, -0.08250582963228226, -0.3154507279396057, -0.21072696149349213, 0.4228484332561493, -0.13878335058689117, -0.03425956889986992, 0.10175379365682602, 0.011255132965743542, 0.21782946586608887, 0.9679725766181946, 0.05319132283329964, -0.5962804555892944, 0.37363532185554504, 0.536929190158844, -0.47035232186317444, 0.5547658205032349, -0.7135193943977356, 0.3320973515510559, -0.1798281967639923, -0.12730932235717773, -0.36158570647239685, -0.6201255917549133, -0.0785529762506485, 0.0732417106628418, -1.2857871055603027, 0.7290663123130798, 0.1662108302116394, -0.5393593907356262, 0.739061176776886, -0.3198743164539337, 0.13753579556941986, -0.3584916889667511, -0.6194357872009277, -0.43217113614082336, -0.19921809434890747, -0.5226472020149231, 0.5222878456115723, 0.1877344250679016, 0.17981943488121033, -0.006886863615363836, 0.5374866724014282, 0.15703491866588593, -0.13945405185222626, 0.2800772488117218, -0.8453861474990845, -0.02281261421740055, -0.18966352939605713, -0.18333686888217926, 0.6638088822364807, -0.013949230313301086, -0.20830008387565613, 0.9384493827819824, -0.021205825731158257, 0.47259896993637085, 0.2319725900888443, -0.5562790632247925, 0.20705066621303558, 0.4419683516025543, 0.3645361363887787, 0.537847638130188, -0.36484476923942566, 0.3489622175693512, 0.37971845269203186, 0.5473787784576416, -0.4477272033691406, -0.24175572395324707, 0.25855764746665955, -0.3246876895427704, -0.14168725907802582, -0.29653313755989075, -0.18962199985980988, 0.08973246812820435, 0.2789328992366791, -0.4666885435581207, 0.29945501685142517, -0.36673811078071594, -0.0019348287023603916, -0.4726494550704956, 0.53305983543396, -0.8706933259963989, 0.1960996687412262, -0.3671973645687103, 0.6293801665306091, 0.5263530611991882, -0.24228450655937195, -0.6168767213821411, -0.10330645740032196, -0.6530322432518005, 0.27930206060409546, 0.3253107964992523, 0.3165200650691986, 0.40715551376342773, 0.10287736356258392, -0.2961411774158478, -0.23824851214885712, -0.00005912465348956175, -0.5134344696998596, -0.3318507671356201, 0.1075407937169075, -0.14285382628440857, 0.930696427822113, 0.6644607186317444, -0.4222026765346527, -0.5588167309761047, 0.16737151145935059, 0.09580381214618683, -0.7116891145706177, 0.49974554777145386, 0.31378573179244995, -0.9491516947746277, -0.3190494477748871, 0.11985031515359879, 0.6267631649971008, 0.41329285502433777, -0.7897599935531616, 0.1839502900838852, -0.5879351496696472, -0.11932626366615295, -0.22226734459400177, 0.48719435930252075, 0.1198822483420372, -0.5981346964836121, 0.1836894154548645, -0.30177754163742065, -0.4831346571445465, 0.14550171792507172, 0.6205124258995056, -0.07033383101224899, 0.010293497703969479, 0.08115707337856293, -0.5313978791236877, -0.4399998188018799, -0.5235387682914734, 0.01859619840979576, -0.043349504470825195, 0.04850062355399132, -0.3460012674331665, 0.3111117482185364, 0.5839409828186035, -5.544872283935547, -0.5836653113365173, -0.13177303969860077, -0.2105664312839508, 0.018561696633696556, -0.1448262482881546, 0.924091637134552, 0.11987067013978958, -0.31537097692489624, 0.06191994994878769, -0.012085871770977974, -0.6111423373222351, -0.21997691690921783, 0.809015154838562, 0.7481594681739807, 0.09297560900449753, 0.8100895285606384, 0.19027313590049744, 0.1810854971408844, 0.46220773458480835, -0.2139279991388321, -0.05879438668489456, -0.3951835334300995, 0.7137719392776489, -0.3601013422012329, 0.4028438925743103, -0.6257030963897705, 0.14470309019088745, -0.6348063349723816, 0.2460632473230362, -0.25116559863090515, -0.5815127491950989, 0.0022146485280245543, -0.655251145362854, 0.43765556812286377, -0.19552987813949585, 0.3180699050426483, 0.465573251247406, 0.08306674659252167, -0.09787560999393463, -0.15193839371204376, 0.8462785482406616, -0.16586171090602875, 0.022438643500208855, 0.2245953232049942, -0.017769185826182365, -0.495637446641922, 0.05801835283637047, -0.5556872487068176, 0.2521047294139862, -0.30283448100090027, 0.18714426457881927, 0.6595924496650696, -0.9447455406188965, 0.2629517912864685, -0.3418469727039337, 0.9030589461326599, -0.133424311876297, -0.23112547397613525, 0.16755841672420502, 0.5495339632034302, -0.6015034317970276, 0.496990829706192, -0.20794735848903656, -0.7144100069999695, 0.005889988038688898, -0.5447582602500916, -0.34420591592788696, 0.1005643680691719, 0.5800014138221741, -0.3850315809249878, 0.4880691170692444, 0.011735093779861927, -0.7099488377571106, 0.12137795239686966, -0.14583776891231537, 0.07721517980098724, 0.39789342880249023, 0.8010262846946716, 0.044858381152153015, 0.13959766924381256, -0.7272910475730896, -0.08915932476520538, -0.01777905598282814, 0.3050000071525574, -0.22638972103595734, 0.022920122370123863, 0.4564029276371002, -1.040991187095642, 0.20661990344524384, -0.18526099622249603, -0.1115543469786644, 0.37989792227745056, 0.07921911776065826, 0.0752662941813469, 0.20335112512111664, 0.3046349585056305, -0.009099684655666351, 0.15681777894496918, -0.25597625970840454, -0.14602836966514587, -0.3449687063694, -0.2623038589954376, -0.17423704266548157, -0.04051322117447853, 0.08425205200910568, -0.359952837228775, 0.6438759565353394, 0.6843801140785217, -0.266769677400589, 0.18629832565784454, 0.7151798605918884, -0.18356670439243317, 0.00765474047511816, 0.145842507481575, 0.4539843201637268, -1.0940172672271729, 0.39892587065696716, 0.1721074879169464, 0.0770668238401413, 0.26415905356407166, -0.3733738660812378, -0.44092902541160583, -0.19658492505550385, -0.3139442503452301, -0.6373704075813293, -0.002842855639755726, 0.47191837430000305, -0.19987107813358307, 0.26684391498565674, 0.3953774571418762, 0.4884798228740692, -0.274176687002182, -0.20050044357776642, 0.23231495916843414, -0.2897685170173645, 0.5344482064247131, 0.4332558512687683, -0.23872274160385132, -0.5866445899009705, 0.7894601225852966, 0.12686927616596222, 0.34475576877593994, -0.3197835683822632, 0.4036387801170349, 0.3544076383113861, -0.09425348788499832, -0.22699296474456787, 0.11134354770183563, 0.2674430310726166, -0.22686447203159332, -0.17512169480323792, 0.008643057197332382, -0.05553998425602913, 0.2762713134288788, -0.5692610740661621, -0.08681607246398926, -0.15018530189990997, -0.016966218128800392, -0.33697351813316345, 0.31545063853263855, -0.049699436873197556, -1.006746530532837, -0.33658483624458313, 0.1724129170179367, 0.032068636268377304, -0.7565810680389404, -0.331376850605011, 0.18298189342021942, 0.7641947269439697, 0.3149823844432831, -0.7221803665161133, -0.4164379835128784, -0.6382825374603271, 0.13336776196956635, -0.5947558879852295, 0.4532141089439392, -0.07691822946071625, -0.11054326593875885, -0.34591084718704224, 0.3300144374370575, -0.38176706433296204, -0.468007892370224, -0.009025797247886658, 0.17953617870807648, -0.2449287325143814, 0.09569758921861649, 0.9100080728530884, -0.5093209147453308, -0.3298865258693695, -0.23374781012535095, 0.1490994244813919, 0.44051897525787354, 0.35509002208709717, -0.001362072303891182, -0.42393243312835693, 0.2096119374036789, 0.23053240776062012, -0.20461854338645935, -0.6185099482536316, 0.3299703896045685, 0.6039110422134399, -0.6617441773414612, 0.08916397392749786, 0.2572038173675537, -0.4117743968963623, 0.03891405463218689, 0.36875343322753906, -0.2482893317937851, 0.2817358374595642, -1.2596516609191895, -0.35727864503860474, -0.5059971809387207, -0.0780697837471962, -0.19445174932479858, -0.4142337441444397, 0.579250693321228, -0.40451356768608093, 0.03547922894358635, -0.31058257818222046, 0.7634819746017456, 0.11269780248403549, -0.8450853824615479, 0.10046477615833282, -0.01810423471033573, -0.08992172032594681, 0.5088546872138977, -0.0917525663971901, 0.3643617630004883, -0.41436082124710083, -0.2948300838470459, -0.5099865794181824, -0.09376761317253113, 0.32242080569267273, 0.07917699962854385, -0.1335407793521881, -0.23309513926506042, 0.675183117389679, -0.3328196108341217, -0.8755385875701904, 0.05198364704847336, 0.6892310380935669, 0.26278388500213623, -0.10632026195526123, 0.43677613139152527, 0.24667952954769135, 0.5510759949684143, -0.7778859734535217, -0.20647908747196198, -0.1419927179813385, -0.07773132622241974, -0.37234771251678467, -0.9370821714401245, 0.2565014660358429, 0.2752021551132202, -0.13172383606433868, -0.16326245665550232, -0.5767523050308228, -0.026525840163230896, 0.41437098383903503, -0.12413251399993896, -0.2927533984184265, -0.2882702350616455, -0.2602783441543579, 0.7447419166564941, 0.6440515518188477, -0.21977412700653076, -0.06453125178813934, 0.1765000969171524, -0.8181010484695435, 0.8277140855789185, -0.21037013828754425, -0.1508343517780304, 0.6936807036399841, 0.9458581805229187, -0.059337250888347626, -0.01768515072762966, -0.1091088354587555, -0.10080765187740326, -0.5282753705978394, 0.2486272007226944, -0.2622027099132538, 0.23013444244861603, -0.7624846696853638, 0.4202967882156372, -0.5516359806060791, 0.6521580219268799, -0.25665608048439026, -0.2881770133972168, 0.09520278126001358, -0.7858549356460571, 0.11360570043325424, 0.07543454319238663, 0.07997388392686844, -0.4407920837402344, 0.03737587481737137, 0.0371750071644783, -0.22865837812423706, 0.06164506822824478, 0.13350580632686615, -0.17766782641410828, 0.20337839424610138, -0.07166657596826553, -0.23222629725933075, 0.9621982574462891, -0.05599904805421829, -0.06507769227027893, -0.09378641843795776, -0.2599305212497711, 0.2060180902481079, 0.32690849900245667, 0.2324019968509674, 0.07260682433843613, 0.31670454144477844, -0.22634784877300262, -0.16614766418933868, 0.44399333000183105, -0.5740309357643127, 0.5380693078041077, 0.5247258543968201, -0.7422318458557129, -0.21071062982082367, 0.5496347546577454, -0.24488116800785065, 0.37628373503685, 0.24396970868110657, -0.3850998878479004, -0.012455310672521591, -0.15556387603282928, 0.01857241801917553, 0.6932851672172546, 0.8112906217575073, -0.4204215407371521, 0.6530425548553467, -0.5274406671524048, -0.1414639949798584, 0.32638242840766907, -0.8787569999694824, 0.2532825767993927, 0.6028335690498352, 0.741328775882721, -0.1729586124420166, 0.2009899914264679, 0.21358130872249603, -0.08987803012132645, 0.13072285056114197, 0.31261226534843445, 0.28623825311660767, -0.47517192363739014, 0.5585154294967651, 0.592405378818512, -0.21291738748550415, 0.5814059972763062, -0.46323028206825256, 0.10668284446001053, -0.19746464490890503, 0.6382713317871094, 0.4307347536087036, -0.1213778406381607, 0.008523230440914631, 0.1437179446220398, 0.7235258221626282, 0.10756068676710129, -0.3341769874095917, 0.6466488242149353, -0.19587400555610657, 0.16468095779418945, -0.11857742816209793, 0.14932411909103394, 0.5703787207603455, 0.07429297268390656, 0.3521731197834015, 0.18267416954040527, 0.6432103514671326, 0.5588619709014893, 0.3316958248615265, 0.5159032940864563, 0.7490043044090271, 0.33320459723472595, -0.013839992694556713, -0.02552872896194458, -0.19254711270332336, 0.06037648767232895, 0.058278635144233704, -0.40902936458587646, -0.09096575528383255, -0.201370507478714, 0.37112730741500854, -0.2504161298274994, 0.0023465186823159456, -0.0060835061594843864, -0.41951602697372437, 0.01302208099514246, 0.33187922835350037, -0.6041479706764221, -0.10287012904882431, -0.6275179386138916, 0.626787543296814, 0.08355973660945892, -0.06450057029724121, -0.3648713231086731, 0.20396274328231812, -0.654874324798584, 0.4347268342971802, -0.16069850325584412, 0.020548878237605095, -0.48536908626556396, 0.30879777669906616, -0.626448392868042, 0.18817472457885742, 0.4002757966518402, -0.8085120916366577, -0.23949362337589264, 0.419544517993927, -0.08607234805822372, 0.49830368161201477, 0.5472381711006165, -0.12847194075584412, 0.29773321747779846, -0.8849652409553528, -0.09656760841608047, -0.09162165224552155, 0.2668168246746063, 0.23883110284805298, -0.16052395105361938, 0.004547341726720333, 0.14589330554008484, -0.07660515606403351, -0.35818716883659363, 0.11472424119710922, -0.44186505675315857, 0.5219677090644836, -0.41048184037208557, 0.4726972281932831, -0.11807207018136978, -0.31300199031829834, 0.25275757908821106, 0.24782158434391022, 0.3248880207538605, -0.9858414530754089, -0.21112489700317383, -0.2454887330532074, 0.04140340909361839, 0.10012482106685638, -1.0016063451766968, 0.45727235078811646, 0.007628810591995716, -0.12238302826881409, -0.2735450863838196, 0.6931584477424622, 0.2822265326976776, -0.3634185492992401, -0.27087923884391785, -0.17878030240535736, -0.8413569927215576, 0.16513560712337494, 0.08166119456291199, -0.5609279870986938, 0.1656021624803543, 0.3093370199203491 ]
230740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian%20epic%20poetry	Serbian epic poetry	Serb epic poetry () is a form of epic poetry created by Serbs originating in today's Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and North Macedonia. The main cycles were composed by unknown Serb authors between the 14th and 19th centuries. They are largely concerned with historical events and personages. The instrument accompanying the epic poetry is the gusle. Serbian epic poetry helped in developing the Serbian national consciousness. The cycles of Prince Marko, the Hajduks and Uskoks inspired the Serbs to restore freedom and their heroic past. The Hajduks in particular, are seen as an integral part of national identity; in stories, the hajduks were heroes: they had played the role of the Serbian elite during Ottoman rule, they had defended the Serbs against Ottoman oppression, and prepared for the national liberation and contributed to it in the Serbian Revolution. History The earliest surviving record of an epic poem related to Serbian epic poetry is a ten verse fragment of a bugarštica song from 1497 in Southern Italy about the imprisonment of Sibinjanin Janko (John Hunyadi) by Đurađ Branković, however the regional origin and ethnic identity of its Slavic performers remains a matter of scholarly dispute. From at least the Ottoman period up until the present day, Serbian epic poetry was sung accompanied by the gusle and there are historical references to Serb performers playing the gusle at the Polish–Lithuanian royal courts in the 16th and 17th centuries, and later on in Ukraine and Hungary. Hungarian historian Sebestyén Tinódi wrote in 1554 that "there are many gusle players here in Hungary, but none is better at the Serbian style than Dimitrije Karaman", and described Karaman's performance to Turkish lord Uluman in 1551 in Lipova: the guslar would hold the gusle between his knees and go into a highly emotional artistic performance with a sad and dedicated expression on his face. Chronicler and poet Maciej Stryjkowski (1547–1582) included a verse mentions the Serbs singing heroic songs about ancestors fighting the Turks in his 1582 chronicle. Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic used the phrase "to sing to the Serbian gusle" in his 1663 idyll Śpiewacy (Singers). In 1824, Vuk Karadžić sent a copy of his folksong collection to Jacob Grimm, who was particularly enthralled by The Building of Skadar. Grimm translated it into German, and described it as "one of the most touching poems of all nations and all times". Many of the epics are about the era of the Ottoman occupation of Serbia and the struggle for the liberation. With the efforts of ethnographer Vuk Karadžić, many of these epics and folk tales were collected and published in books in the first half of the 19th century. Up until that time, these poems and songs had been almost exclusively an oral tradition, transmitted by bards and singers. Among the books Karadžić published were: A Small Simple-Folk Slavonic-Serbian Songbook, 1814; Serbian Folk Song-Book (Vols, I-IV, Leipzig edition, 1823-8133; Vols. I-IV, Vienna edition, 1841-1862) Serbian Folk Tales (1821, with 166 riddles; and 1853) Serbian Folk Proverbs and Other Common Expressions, 1834. "Women's Songs" from Herzegovina (1866) - which was collected by Karadžić's collaborator and assistant Vuk Vrčević These editions appeared in Europe when romanticism was in full bloom and there was much interest in Serbian folk poetry, including from Johann Gottfried Herder, Jacob Grimm, Goethe and Jernej Kopitar. Gusle The gusle () instrumentally accompanies heroic songs (epic poetry) in the Balkans. The instrument is held vertically between the knees, with the left hand fingers on the neck. The strings are never pressed to the neck, giving a harmonic and unique sound. There is no consensus about the origin of the instrument, while some researchers believe it was brought with the Slavs to the Balkans, based on a 6th-century Byzantine source. Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246–1328) wrote that Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228) often entertained the Serbian nobility with musicians with drums and "gusle". Reliable written records about the gusle appear only in the 15th century. 16th-century travel memoirs mention the instrument in Bosnia and Serbia. It is known that Serbs sang to the gusle during the Ottoman period. Notable Serbian performers played at the Polish royal courts in the 16th- and 17th centuries, and later on in Ukraine and in Hungary. There is an old mention in Serbo-Croatian literature that a Serbian guslar was present at the court of Władysław II Jagiełło in 1415. In a poem published in 1612, Kasper Miaskowski wrote that "the Serbian gusle and gaidas will overwhelm Shrove Tuesday". Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic used the phrase "to sing to the Serbian gusle" in his 1663 idyll Śpiewacy ("Singers"). Corpus The corpus of Serbian epic poetry is divided into cycles: Non-historic cycle (Неисторијски циклус/Neistorijski ciklus) - poems about Slavic mythology, characteristically about dragons and nymphs Cycle of Nemanjić (циклус Немањића) Pre-Kosovo cycle (Преткосовски циклус/Pretkosovski ciklus) - poems about events that predate the Battle of Kosovo (1389) Kosovo cycle (Косовски циклус/Kosovski ciklus) - poems about events that happened just before and after the Battle of Kosovo Post-Kosovo cycle (Покосовски циклус/Pokosovski ciklus) - poems about post-Battle events Cycle of Kraljević Marko (циклус Краљевића Марка/ciklus Kraljevića Marka) Cycle of Branković (циклус Бранковића) Cycle of Crnojević (циклус Црнојевића) Cycle of hajduks and uskoks (хајдучки и ускочки циклус, Хајдучке и ускочке песме) – poems about brigands and rebels Poems about the liberation of Serbia and Montenegro (циклус ослобођења Србије, Песме о ослобођењу Србије и Црне Горе) - poems about the 19th-century battles against the Ottomans Poems depict historical events with varying degrees of accuracy. Notable people Benedikt Kuripečič (16th century), diplomat who traveled through Ottoman Bosnia and Serbia in 1530 and recorded that epic songs about Miloš Obilić are popular not only among Serbs in Kosovo but also in Bosnia and Croatia. He also recorded some legends about the Battle of Kosovo. Dimitrije Karaman ( 1551), oldest known Serbian gusle player Avram Miletić (1755–after 1826), merchant and songwriter best known for writing the earliest collection of urban lyric poetry in Serbian. Old Rashko, one of the most important sources of epic poetry recorded by Vuk Karadžić. Filip Višnjić (1767–1834), Serbian guslar dubbed the "Serbian Homer" both for his blindness and poetic gift. Tešan Podrugović (1783–1815), Serb hajduk, storyteller and guslar who participated in the First Serbian Uprising and was one of the most important sources for Serbian epic poetry. Živana Antonijević (d. 1822), known as "Blind Živana", one of the favorite female singers of Vuk Karadžić. Vuk Karadžić (1787—1864) was a Serbian philologist and linguist who was the major reformer of the Serbian language. He deserves, perhaps, for his collections of songs, fairy tales, and riddles to be called the father of the study of Serbian folklore. Vuk Vrčević (1811-1882), collector of lyric poetry Petar Perunović (1880–1952), known as "Perun", famous guslar who performed for Nikola Tesla and the first to record Serbian epic poetry in a studio. Djuro Milutinović the Blind (1774–1844), guslar at Serbian court. Characters Medieval era Tsar Dušan, Emperor Prince Lazar, Prince and legendary Emperor Pavle Orlović, knight Milan Toplica, knight Ivan Kosančić, knight Jugović brothers, including Boško Jugović Beg Kostadin Miloš Vojinović Voivode Prijezda Mali Radojica, hajduk Deli Radivoje "Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk" (Vuk the Fiery Dragon), based on Vuk Grgurević, the Serbian Despot (r. 1471–85) Ailing Dojčin, possibly based on despots John VII Palaiologos and Andronikos Palaiologos Relja the Winged Pop Milo Jovović Bajo Pivljanin Stari Vujadin Alil-Aga Sibinjanin Janko Jug Bogdan Janko od Kotara Starina Novak (partly) Musa Kesedžija, enemy of Kraljević Marko, he is the result of merging several historical people including Musa Çelebi son of Bayezid I and Musa from the Muzaka Albanian noble family while Jovan Tomić believes he is based on the supporter of Jegen Osman Pasha Djemo the Mountaineer, enemy of Kraljević Marko, a member of Muzaka noble family (Gjin Muzaka) or maybe Ottoman military person Jegen Osman Pasha General Vuča, enemy of Kraljević Marko, Tanush Dukagjin, a member of Dukagjini noble family or Prince Eugene of Savoy or Peter Doci Philip the Magyar, enemy of Kraljević Marko, Pipo of Ozora, an Italian condottiero, general, strategist and confidant of King Sigismund of Hungary. Arnaut Osman Hajduk cycle Ognjen Hadzovic, hajduk, main character in Ženidba Hadzovic Ognjena. Srbin Tukelija, hajduk, main character in Boj Arađana s Komadincima. Many other heroes of Serbian epic poetry are also based upon historical persons: Strahinja Banović — Đurađ II Stracimirović Balšić Jug Bogdan — Vratko Nemanjić Beg Kostadin — Constantine Dragaš Sibinjanin Janko — John Hunyadi Petar Dojčin — Petar Doci Maksim Crnojević — Staniša Skenderbeg Crnojević Bajo Pivljanin - Bajo Nikolić Mihajlo Svilojević — Michael Szilágyi Janko od Kotara - Janko Mitrović Manojlo Grčić - Manuel I Komnenos Relja the Winged - Hrelja Grujica Žeravica Some heroes are paired with their horses, such as Prince Marko—Šarac, Vojvoda Momčilo—Jabučilo (a winged horse), Miloš Obilić—Ždralin, Damjan Jugović—Zelenko, Banović Strahinja—Đogin, Hajduk-Veljko—Kušlja, Jovan Kursula—Strina, Srđa Zlopogleđa—Vranac. Excerpts Slavic antithesis: (Kraljević Marko speaks: ) Modern example of Serbian epics as recorded in 1992 by film director Paweł Pawlikowski in a documentary for the BBC Serbian epics; an anonymous gusle singer compares Radovan Karadžić, as he prepares to depart for Geneva for peace talk, to Karađorđe, who had led the First Serbian Uprising against the Turks in 1804: Quotes Jacob Grimm Charles Simic Modern Serbian epic poetry Epic poetry is recorded still today. Some modern songs are published in books or recorded, and under copyright, but some are in public domain, and modified by subsequent authors just like old ones. There are new songs that mimic old epic poetry, but are humorous and not epic in nature; these are also circulating around with no known author. In the latter half of the 19th century, a certain MP would exit the Serbian parliament each day, and tell of the debate over the monetary reform bill in the style of epic poetry. Modern epic heroes include: Radovan Karadžić, Ratko Mladić and Vojislav Šešelj. Topics include: Yugoslav wars, NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and the Hague Tribunal. Popular modern Serbian epic performers, guslari (Guslars) include: Milomir "Miljan" Miljanić, Đoko Koprivica, Boško Vujačić, Vlastimir Barać, Sava Stanišić, Miloš Šegrt, Saša Laketić and Milan Mrdović. See also Gusle Bugarštica Erlangen Manuscript List of national poetries The Building of Skadar Serbian literature References Sources Further reading External links The Battle of Kosovo - Serbian Epic Poems Preface by Charles Simic Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, Athens 1987 Audio Lesson in rhyme Poem for Karadjordje Fate of vizier Mahmud-pasha in the village of Krusa Pit of Korich Part 2 Part 3 Poetry by nation or language Serbian culture Serbian folklore National symbols of Serbia	[ 0.30362603068351746, 0.1246388778090477, -0.4310111403465271, -0.3999797999858856, -0.20973822474479675, 0.5117130279541016, 0.7916423678398132, 0.37424230575561523, -0.4286942183971405, -0.24631372094154358, -0.04284989833831787, -0.017448443919420242, -0.35199880599975586, 0.2377876490354538, -0.44447681307792664, 0.44374075531959534, 0.6355399489402771, 0.3384205996990204, 0.7373778820037842, 0.0013286754256114364, -0.4363376200199127, 0.2154155671596527, 0.35075950622558594, 0.17593728005886078, 0.31624212861061096, -0.023841673508286476, 0.5805972814559937, -0.04212465137243271, -0.37523964047431946, -0.03738812729716301, -0.32378512620925903, 0.8570950627326965, -0.4273701608181, -0.02354862354695797, -0.3651388883590698, -0.15036021173000336, -0.31008172035217285, -0.6390957832336426, -0.20502139627933502, -1.0412856340408325, 0.20830859243869781, -0.3501501977443695, 0.44985300302505493, 0.4750787317752838, 0.16502675414085388, -0.7158931493759155, -0.839705228805542, 0.8008556962013245, -0.7452090382575989, 0.33942854404449463, -0.5761722922325134, 0.45465296506881714, -0.049302928149700165, 0.17397873103618622, -0.08474466949701309, 0.5282464623451233, -0.4545261561870575, 0.10029466450214386, 0.6401214599609375, -0.29139992594718933, 0.4277690052986145, 0.500603199005127, -0.08072944730520248, 0.03327620401978493, 0.6609516143798828, 0.22653351724147797, -0.4216913878917694, 0.0818241760134697, -0.13767005503177643, 0.0350479856133461, -0.4177972376346588, 0.22030799090862274, -0.14615130424499512, 0.030486177653074265, -0.44957661628723145, -0.30419984459877014, 0.009572756476700306, -0.3441465198993683, -0.03836022689938545, 0.21184033155441284, 0.19520185887813568, 0.4687013328075409, 0.3875122666358948, 0.7199986577033997, -0.0015248041599988937, -0.48323607444763184, 0.019055156037211418, -0.4962141811847687, -0.549689531326294, -0.0696621760725975, -0.36018121242523193, -0.26628920435905457, 0.39564573764801025, -0.017468411475419998, -0.2649553120136261, 0.14879439771175385, -0.41021621227264404, 0.6285030841827393, -0.4681435525417328, -0.2107982039451599, -0.39776864647865295, 0.5628352761268616, -0.10586095601320267, -0.18512152135372162, -0.8766098022460938, -0.43578222393989563, -0.5284110903739929, 0.35017725825309753, 0.3421521484851837, 0.25718870759010315, -0.065521240234375, -0.12975721061229706, -0.08679543435573578, 0.3195566236972809, 0.43918970227241516, 0.28128790855407715, -0.11644163727760315, -0.3911876082420349, -0.62065589427948, -0.034904398024082184, -0.42978447675704956, 0.4616766571998596, -0.2673865258693695, 0.303104043006897, -0.06871812045574188, 0.13083255290985107, 0.717365562915802, 0.009576118551194668, -0.5970442891120911, 0.2687503397464752, 0.04602624103426933, 1.1116580963134766, -0.1336022913455963, -0.2967415153980255, -0.059834983199834824, 0.21507304906845093, 0.25608277320861816, -0.03772857412695885, 0.2892778217792511, 0.7672877907752991, -0.47642773389816284, -0.259777307510376, -0.211977019906044, 0.0255139023065567, 0.5342401266098022, -0.36888617277145386, 0.0576849989593029, -0.31697267293930054, -0.3397451639175415, -0.8703415393829346, 0.0036152401007711887, -0.3383541405200958, -0.4106660783290863, 0.33711209893226624, -0.2962062954902649, 0.5094768404960632, 0.4417748749256134, -0.003574380883947015, 0.8741097450256348, 0.15781453251838684, 0.08902748674154282, 0.09908867627382278, 0.3299179971218109, 0.03533018380403519, 0.35816994309425354, -0.3710632026195526, 0.16332191228866577, 0.4712545573711395, -0.13424231112003326, -0.07106970250606537, -0.34851348400115967, 0.013465141877532005, 0.3081512153148651, 0.054168686270713806, -0.3279518187046051, -0.4149773120880127, 0.467788428068161, 0.25342413783073425, -0.2242598533630371, 0.2540539503097534, -0.44832658767700195, 1.149699330329895, -0.2893710732460022, 0.24487772583961487, 0.15858355164527893, 0.1662314534187317, -0.020406758412718773, 0.03402218595147133, 0.0013174088671803474, -0.4617387354373932, -0.24857911467552185, -0.7113970518112183, 0.20470641553401947, -0.16303955018520355, 1.3717495203018188, -0.04546736553311348, -0.20236393809318542, 0.8783272504806519, 0.14774896204471588, 0.5033662915229797, 0.1868080198764801, -0.4284680485725403, 0.21837587654590607, -0.08298473805189133, 0.3787228465080261, -0.05614880844950676, -0.16214071214199066, 0.34555599093437195, 0.6529548168182373, -0.0011764344526454806, 0.5017924308776855, -0.15254025161266327, 0.003645166289061308, -0.16555674374103546, -0.20863991975784302, -0.15309174358844757, 0.025521259754896164, 0.5458829998970032, -0.1780816614627838, -0.22768831253051758, 0.9448936581611633, -0.7094292044639587, -0.14631493389606476, -0.0788259282708168, -0.038005929440259933, -0.1057983934879303, -0.477772057056427, 0.042345110327005386, 0.35084009170532227, -0.12880225479602814, -0.5609986186027527, 0.31815117597579956, -0.08644779026508331, -0.3187287747859955, -0.5965036153793335, -0.26143380999565125, -0.15606148540973663, -0.1806754767894745, 0.4539831280708313, 0.07669634371995926, -0.000937976292334497, 0.5349005460739136, -0.49787893891334534, -0.21727904677391052, 0.05732318386435509, -0.15574392676353455, -0.8397205471992493, -0.062107231467962265, -0.6223723292350769, 0.1576014906167984, 0.07568254321813583, 0.43835338950157166, -0.27295440435409546, -0.15288995206356049, 0.01377562340348959, 0.013117415830492973, 0.3226810395717621, -0.4010030925273895, 0.09975715726613998, -0.5438727140426636, 0.016353029757738113, -0.3822481632232666, 0.047347281128168106, -0.15670542418956757, 0.3177676796913147, -0.10022925585508347, -0.26954615116119385, -0.2673701047897339, 0.4199954867362976, 0.3546198606491089, 0.42497795820236206, -0.01151281874626875, -0.23988758027553558, 0.32386332750320435, 0.04568034037947655, -0.2521757185459137, 0.024139514192938805, -0.7607375383377075, -0.43545401096343994, -0.4187350869178772, -0.3332238495349884, 0.3261074125766754, 0.18059812486171722, -0.816062867641449, -0.28999826312065125, -0.16094674170017242, -0.0003722635447047651, 0.07036946713924408, 0.22836098074913025, 0.09185709804296494, 0.06461185961961746, 0.19626060128211975, -0.055264219641685486, -0.18340536952018738, -0.22100909054279327, 0.2507604956626892, 0.27069127559661865, 0.308521032333374, -0.08646026998758316, -0.2914319336414337, -0.713584303855896, -0.00007206466398201883, -0.2521326243877411, -0.19275061786174774, 0.3613639175891876, 0.6939579248428345, -0.5872127413749695, 0.3786546587944031, -5.770518779754639, 0.09100329130887985, -0.5309916734695435, -0.2264174520969391, -0.1506379246711731, 0.32599231600761414, 0.35718822479248047, -0.18851608037948608, 0.06646846234798431, -0.161324605345726, -0.17082534730434418, 0.03931311145424843, -0.004532285500317812, 0.40027916431427, 0.10099416226148605, -0.15081356465816498, 0.02339806593954563, 0.6432989835739136, 0.22604131698608398, 0.536518394947052, 0.12725940346717834, 0.29908907413482666, -0.29585275053977966, 0.5182178616523743, 0.3616817891597748, 0.342382550239563, -0.13907091319561005, 0.16225075721740723, 0.2608126401901245, 0.26982757449150085, 0.01903744414448738, -0.6531654000282288, 0.6043594479560852, -0.0780232697725296, 0.40408745408058167, 0.2619359493255615, 0.3762513995170593, 0.6266685724258423, 0.595855712890625, -0.11595488339662552, -0.06756628304719925, -0.32689419388771057, -0.10853970050811768, -0.10010723024606705, -0.12112357467412949, -0.18677513301372528, 0.047186434268951416, 0.270965039730072, -0.6976737976074219, 0.9901986122131348, 0.03786400333046913, -0.4448893964290619, 0.5290919542312622, -0.2522072494029999, 0.4654958248138428, 0.1640445590019226, 0.6509462594985962, -0.48559367656707764, -0.20276185870170593, 0.26803067326545715, 0.28641125559806824, -0.35722556710243225, -0.15147732198238373, -0.7238606810569763, 0.18506312370300293, -0.20558825135231018, -0.7772970795631409, -0.6920533776283264, -0.038831960409879684, 0.3526182770729065, -0.38795626163482666, 0.253084659576416, -0.7404717206954956, -0.7797263860702515, 0.05412432923913002, -0.9251446723937988, -0.5152482390403748, 0.24109141528606415, -0.16423843801021576, 0.2527969479560852, -0.7644547820091248, -0.09801599383354187, -0.8224695324897766, 0.5029458403587341, 0.5339534878730774, 0.0941665843129158, -0.18602603673934937, -0.23120909929275513, -0.6108524203300476, -0.051550738513469696, 1.4766342639923096, -0.6504707932472229, 0.01994924061000347, 0.5175637006759644, 0.34025561809539795, 0.5788412094116211, 0.068282850086689, -0.5658965706825256, 0.7516472339630127, -0.5927639007568359, 0.16917386651039124, -0.11913347989320755, 0.09720268100500107, -0.06551448255777359, 0.2953784465789795, -0.22960563004016876, -0.4637093245983124, 0.06456857174634933, 1.0491886138916016, -0.6092732548713684, 0.2653084099292755, -0.13786916434764862, -0.21317782998085022, -0.3671010434627533, 0.44556838274002075, 0.09434419125318527, -0.014006824232637882, 0.6505601406097412, 0.037494342774152756, 0.43862730264663696, 0.6693660020828247, -0.019725479185581207, -0.2919192314147949, 0.5250083208084106, 0.11268377304077148, 0.12036118656396866, -0.34087738394737244, -0.03351565822958946, -0.29541435837745667, -0.4317049980163574, 0.6401534676551819, -0.5991821885108948, 0.03860697150230408, 0.7950664758682251, 0.2281266301870346, 0.639363169670105, -0.5014255046844482, -0.9367353916168213, 0.3008168041706085, -0.9237563610076904, -0.2058662474155426, -0.6105886697769165, 0.12006077170372009, 0.08819716423749924, 1.059114933013916, 0.22321078181266785, -0.0786949098110199, -0.12403202056884766, -0.7325727939605713, 0.23808765411376953, 0.06211934611201286, 0.4627933204174042, 0.1858275681734085, -0.3824986517429352, -0.9050512909889221, -0.05341925099492073, 0.05566247180104256, 0.5519386529922485, -0.002885784488171339, 0.1141471415758133, -0.11981672048568726, -0.856241762638092, -0.28450390696525574, -0.17746523022651672, -0.3682525157928467, -0.9703992009162903, -0.9160400032997131, 0.13068771362304688, -0.16058380901813507, 0.4289889931678772, 0.3597136437892914, -0.4299575984477997, -0.36624860763549805, -0.17218737304210663, 0.225728377699852, -0.5756756663322449, 0.0014106634771451354, 0.35464709997177124, -0.18660147488117218, 0.2595818042755127, 0.07258420437574387, -0.06695657968521118, -0.3806956112384796, 0.30077889561653137, 0.5322741270065308, -0.09555713087320328, -0.06926509737968445, 0.36231479048728943, -0.37902218103408813, 0.2198486477136612, 0.16603723168373108, 0.0013287968467921019, 0.7218584418296814, -0.35871604084968567, -0.2794015407562256, -0.5833770036697388, -0.078279048204422, 0.011065453290939331, 0.018426287919282913, -0.515036940574646, 0.7570544481277466, -0.04410739243030548, -0.4791026711463928, 0.02061372436583042, -0.36160436272621155, -0.3089717924594879, 0.7475602030754089, -0.23729781806468964, -0.6268934011459351, -0.24471154808998108, 0.09386767446994781, -1.0657706260681152, -0.3005257844924927, 0.5871055126190186, -0.28767091035842896, 0.00876784510910511, 0.23306012153625488, -0.5139496922492981, -0.411738783121109, -0.826405942440033, 0.19003090262413025, -0.14783160388469696, -0.39441412687301636, 0.2259390503168106, -0.10276059061288834, 0.05905650928616524, -0.3663712739944458, -0.4208981990814209, -0.1727355718612671, -0.2811964154243469, 0.6450694799423218, -0.11543681472539902, 0.2909484803676605, -0.14014773070812225, -0.048613108694553375, -0.33106884360313416, -0.17859530448913574, 0.08925250917673111, 0.08604294806718826, 0.6367861032485962, 0.42290666699409485, 1.0070208311080933, 0.24999801814556122, -0.12344901263713837, 0.06902286410331726, 0.46630701422691345, 0.22215604782104492, -0.18425926566123962, -0.40272751450538635, 0.08279546350240707, 0.5936895608901978, -0.0671040490269661, -0.7698590159416199, -0.41045117378234863, 0.7266407012939453, -0.14638827741146088, -0.3240066170692444, 0.03939633443951607, -0.21167223155498505, 0.4728853702545166, 0.36174869537353516, -0.21452771127223969, -0.032858580350875854, 0.04314696043729782, 0.17332720756530762, 0.16941343247890472, -0.11394541710615158, 0.19721464812755585, 0.17522917687892914, -0.1406339555978775, 0.009236193262040615, -0.6444815397262573, 0.44320061802864075, -0.10296379774808884, -0.4139980971813202, -0.0035270077642053366, -0.22478123009204865, -0.10861975699663162, 0.37734588980674744, 0.5618917942047119, -0.2946767807006836, -0.13023334741592407, -0.460359662771225, 0.38570502400398254, -0.037376899272203445, -0.5215481519699097, 0.10949842631816864, -0.05977553874254227, -0.03468114882707596, 0.15247899293899536, -0.49925696849823, -0.1545724868774414, 0.30188459157943726, 0.7050379514694214, 0.25428128242492676, -0.08364585041999817, 0.3792153596878052, 0.2907450497150421, -0.33539390563964844, 0.5009468793869019, -0.7343727946281433, 0.3059435188770294, 0.22395440936088562, -0.37432706356048584, 0.3852800130844116, 0.5325547456741333, 0.15856069326400757, -0.3766500651836395, 0.1918915957212448, 0.15303368866443634, 0.38216134905815125, 0.10868530720472336, 0.8420884013175964, 0.5501201748847961, -0.30560246109962463, -0.05332435294985771, 0.5844525694847107, -0.05197069048881531, 0.519303023815155, 0.2008625566959381, 0.5594651103019714, -0.49152109026908875, 0.4061896800994873, -0.34855133295059204, 0.23149432241916656, 0.2350699007511139, -0.6707035303115845, -0.4379081428050995, 0.10477540642023087, 0.4196276068687439, 0.5625044107437134, -0.23814421892166138, -0.3306402862071991, -0.5007123947143555, -0.2101174294948578, -0.3180527985095978, -0.03813808038830757, -0.015832465142011642, -0.42555737495422363, 0.6589738726615906, 0.5122665762901306, -0.5552453994750977, -0.39502596855163574, 0.6581921577453613, 0.06337406486272812, 0.07920803874731064, 0.4174270033836365, 0.07921217381954193, 0.5658342838287354, -0.2998540699481964, 0.38555532693862915, 0.2811202108860016, 0.3284093737602234, 0.09730388224124908, 0.3527701497077942, -0.26331645250320435, 0.1262417435646057, 0.26528868079185486, 0.1097521185874939, 0.14376802742481232, -0.019443241879343987, 0.24463661015033722, 0.2777270972728729, -0.1701589822769165, 0.2164086550474167, 0.42830801010131836, 0.5538954734802246, -0.4355447590351105, -0.25979942083358765, -0.4079332649707794, 0.27059730887413025, 0.22258317470550537, -0.37822943925857544, 0.23338815569877625, 0.08172817528247833, -0.19275273382663727, 0.6390739679336548, 0.3453378975391388, 0.14528939127922058, -0.07352150231599808, -0.03636002168059349, 0.2391689121723175, 0.04578309506177902, -0.6493046879768372, 0.21245598793029785, -0.08108001947402954, 0.1410687118768692, -0.2009419947862625, -0.15741901099681854, -0.14690127968788147, -0.35159990191459656, -0.3917955160140991, 0.09395597875118256, 0.07520189136266708, -0.2596863806247711, -0.28905144333839417, -0.15585002303123474, 1.0314323902130127, 0.17486214637756348, 0.2792508900165558, 0.278380811214447, 0.22406701743602753, -0.13090740144252777, 0.24733026325702667, -0.803695559501648, 0.3055359423160553, -0.5967761278152466, -0.06129029765725136, -0.2992383539676666, 0.3386608064174652, 0.2036895751953125, 0.1720297634601593, 0.5367457270622253, 0.009551610797643661, -0.5629777908325195, 0.3392105996608734, 0.4016813635826111, -0.722795307636261, 0.2579931914806366, -0.7822388410568237, 0.04531090334057808, -0.6205945014953613, 0.10752003639936447, -0.027469025924801826, -0.32178789377212524, -0.053313352167606354, 0.4332559108734131, 0.5123859643936157, -0.7315957546234131, -0.004057516343891621, -0.5559964179992676, 0.14075325429439545, -0.18580512702465057, 0.37504878640174866, -0.6679887175559998, 0.3555484116077423, 0.1930922269821167, -0.07895363122224808, -0.24352099001407623, -0.6503594517707825, 0.7020875811576843, -0.2883042097091675, 0.2133159041404724, 0.2144089788198471, -0.007741774432361126, -0.23405443131923676, -0.45823773741722107, 0.2482815831899643, -0.8943352103233337, -0.20786699652671814, 0.16102702915668488, 0.0036792405880987644, 0.5260612368583679, -0.32048776745796204, 0.3974164128303528, -0.3330117464065552, 0.09531990438699722, -0.6091196537017822, 0.19319282472133636, -0.30008095502853394 ]
230742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Johnson	William Johnson	William Johnson may refer to: Entertainment Bunk Johnson (William Gary Johnson, 1879–1949), American jazz musician William Johnson (artist) (1901–1970), African-American painter of the Harlem Renaissance William Johnson (actor) (1916–1957), American actor William Jonathan Johnson, English-born organist, composer and organ builder in Sydney, Australia William Manuel Johnson (1872–1972), American jazz musician William L. Johnson, American actor and musician William Allen Johnson (1816–1901), American organ builder, founder of Johnson Organs Zip the Pinhead (William Henry Johnson, 1842–1926), American circus entertainer Law William Johnson (judge) (1771–1834), Justice of the United States Supreme Court SS William Johnson, a Liberty ship William Moore Johnson (1828–1918), Irish barrister and judge William Paul Johnson (born 1959), U.S. federal judge Military Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (1715–1774), Anglo–Irish major general and British Indian agent Sir William Johnson, 4th Baronet (1830–1908), English soldier and aristocrat William Henry Johnson (VC) (1890–1945), English recipient of the Victoria Cross Henry Johnson (World War I soldier) (William Henry Johnson, 1892–1929), American recipient of the Purple Heart and Medal of Honor William Johnson (Medal of Honor) (1855–1903), American recipient of the Medal of Honor William Johnson (Royal Navy officer) (1784–1851), Scottish naval captain Politics United States William Johnson (educator) (1895–1981), educator who served as Superintendent of Chicago Public Schools William A. Johnson Jr. (born 1942), mayor of Rochester, New York William Cost Johnson (1806–1860), Maryland congressman William Daniel Johnson (born 1954), white nationalist, attorney, and perennial candidate William E. Johnson (Nebraska politician) (1906–1976), lieutenant governor of Nebraska William E. Johnson (prohibitionist) (1862–1945), temperance movement leader William Elting Johnson (1837–1912), New York politician William F. Johnson (1819–?), mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts William H. Johnson, Wisconsin politician William Johnson (Seneca County, NY) (1821–1875), New York State Senator and Civil War colonel William M. Johnson (1847–1928), New Jersey state senator William Richard Johnson (1875–1938), Illinois congressman William Samuel Johnson (1727–1819), United States Founding Father William Wallace Johnson (1813–1900), Wisconsin State Assemblyman William Ward Johnson (1892–1963), U.S. Representative from California William Wartenbee Johnson (1826–1887), Ohio politician and judge United Kingdom William Johnson (MP for Kingston-upon-Hull) (by 1523 – 1553 or later), MP for Kingston–upon–Hull William Johnson (MP for Aldeburgh) (c. 1660–1718), MP for Aldeburgh, and for Orford William Augustus Johnson (1777–1863), English soldier and MP William Cowlishaw Johnson (1862–1943), member of London County Council William Johnson (Liberal-Labour politician) (1849–1919), English coal miner, trade unionist and Liberal–Labour politician William Johnson (trade unionist) (1866–?), English trade union leader and socialist activist William Johnson (MP for Bedford) (by 1513–1558), MP for Bedford and New Woodstock Other countries William Dartnell Johnson (1870–1948), Labor politician from Western Australia William Johnson (Australian politician) (1871–1916), Australian politician Elliot Johnson (politician) (William Elliot Johnson, 1862–1932), Australian politician William James Johnson (Canadian politician) (1881–1949), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia William Granger Johnson, Fijian businessman and politician Sir William Gillilan Johnson, Irish politician and barrister William Johnson (Irish politician) (1760–1845), Irish politician, law officer and judge Religion William Johnson (bishop) (1889–1960), Anglican Bishop of Ballarat, Australia William Bullein Johnson (1782–1862), American baptist minister, first president of the Southern Baptist Convention William Percival Johnson (1854–1928), Anglican missionary, translator of the Bible into Chinyanja William Robert Johnson (1918–1986), American Roman Catholic Bishop of Orange William Johnson (archdeacon) (1642–1698), Anglican priest William R. Johnson (minister), American minister of the United Church of Christ, first openly gay minister to be ordained in a historic protestant denomination Science William Johnson (surveyor) (died 1883), British surveyor in India and governor of Ladakh William Arthur Johnson (1816–1880), amateur biologist and clergyman in Canada William Frederick Johnson (1852–1934), Irish naturalist William B. Johnson (mathematician) (born 1944), American mathematician William Brooks Johnson (1763–1830), English physician and botanist William Summer Johnson (1913–1995), American chemist Mike Johnson (technologist) (William Michael Johnson), American pioneer in superscalar microprocessor design Sports William Johnson (baseball) (1848–2013), American baseball player William Johnson (cricketer, born 1884) (1884–1941), Australian cricketer William Johnson (cricketer, born 1962), English cricketer William Johnson (handballer) (born 1953), American Olympic handball player William Johnson (rugby league) (1916–1997), rugby league footballer of the 1930s for Wales, and Huddersfield William Johnson (swimmer) (1947–2005), American freestyle swimmer at the 1968 Summer Olympics William Johnson (wrestler) (1901–1928), American wrestler William "Hootie" Johnson (1931–2017), American golfer C. William Johnson (1917–1993), American skeleton racer Judy Johnson (William Julius Johnson, 1899–1989), American baseball player Skinny Johnson (William C. Johnson, 1911–1980), American basketball player Other professions William Johnson (Canadian author) (1931–2020), Canadian journalist and author William Johnson (barber) (1809–1851), free African American barber and businessman William Johnson (historian) (1909–1992), American journalist, sometimes credited William W. Johnson William Johnson (police officer), English police officer William D. Johnson (CEO) (born 1954), American chairman and CEO of Progress Energy William D. Johnson (journalist), American journalist and labor activist William Ernest Johnson (1858–1931), British logician William Henry Johnson (valet) (died 1864), President Abraham Lincoln's barber and valet William Johnson Cory (1823–1892), English educator and Uranian poet William R. Johnson (born 1949), chairman, president, and chief executive officer of the H. J. Heinz Company William Templeton Johnson (1877–1957), San Diego architect William Woolsey Johnson (1841–1927), American mathematician See also Johnson (disambiguation) William R. Johnson Coliseum, an arena in Nacogdoches, Texas With middle names William B. Johnson (disambiguation) William Henry Johnson (disambiguation) William S. Johnson (disambiguation) First name variations Billy Johnson (disambiguation) Bill Johnson (disambiguation) Will Johnson (disambiguation) Willie Johnson (disambiguation) Surname variations William Johnston (disambiguation) William Johnstone (disambiguation) William Jonsson, Canadian politician activist	[ 0.35137611627578735, 0.3107099235057831, -0.6676937937736511, -0.3767867684364319, 0.22543449699878693, 0.7666941285133362, 0.5277068018913269, 0.12243252992630005, -0.7524855136871338, -0.6111791729927063, -0.6686698794364929, 0.4353450834751129, -0.3934987485408783, 0.4757485091686249, -0.39883145689964294, 0.5533612966537476, 0.24985308945178986, 0.09008719772100449, -0.24771469831466675, -0.48432138562202454, -0.7953453660011292, -0.08024971932172775, 0.32124531269073486, 0.17645862698554993, -0.028169676661491394, -0.20949585735797882, -0.46810975670814514, -0.15116530656814575, 0.12364476919174194, 0.767913281917572, 0.06813669204711914, 0.19448737800121307, 0.6221524477005005, -0.29033163189888, -0.30213019251823425, 0.0071866754442453384, -0.18085001409053802, 0.13857725262641907, 0.08723229169845581, 0.03614509478211403, 0.0657990425825119, -0.04108763113617897, 0.6277391314506531, -0.030823251232504845, -0.33724331855773926, -0.3601395785808563, -2.0269570350646973, 0.13120953738689423, -0.6207992434501648, -0.04269057884812355, 0.5059476494789124, 0.3483772277832031, 0.21898911893367767, 0.3988852798938751, 0.30223503708839417, 0.19846881926059723, -0.2823236584663391, 0.12312917411327362, 0.6236024498939514, -0.38649481534957886, 0.5046104788780212, 0.35472172498703003, 0.6380375623703003, 0.04313141107559204, -0.2787831723690033, 0.02909010834991932, 0.2837410569190979, 0.4895828068256378, 0.0608750581741333, -0.2852780520915985, 0.32130831480026245, 0.8485918045043945, 0.1346036195755005, -0.18724261224269867, 0.1680404543876648, -0.5285972952842712, 0.01112336665391922, -0.15310925245285034, -0.2382029891014099, 0.249558687210083, -0.1824609637260437, -0.28792548179626465, 0.6012296676635742, 0.5261195302009583, 0.07773315906524658, -0.2533734142780304, -0.6049049496650696, -0.16645585000514984, -0.2981736660003662, -0.5874398350715637, -0.29266878962516785, 0.22318758070468903, -0.2530231773853302, 0.26316848397254944, -0.8637504577636719, 0.5779140591621399, 0.2790542244911194, 0.1157834455370903, 0.42479029297828674, 0.25530147552490234, -0.06930512934923172, -0.3630714416503906, 0.21546490490436554, -0.18607351183891296, -0.6395859718322754, 0.30748218297958374, 0.2542436420917511, -0.14454351365566254, -0.06125638633966446, -0.006371487397700548, -0.33814188838005066, -0.04367101192474365, 0.38934487104415894, -0.5087293386459351, 0.13891132175922394, -0.08231454342603683, -0.08874385058879852, -0.3705567717552185, -0.4904179871082306, -0.0008838449139147997, -0.2688446044921875, 0.09627606719732285, -0.22102303802967072, 0.6593437194824219, -0.8854411840438843, 0.043486397713422775, 0.11769765615463257, 0.6187213063240051, -0.006463187281042337, -0.011406328529119492, 0.5232342481613159, 0.5000127553939819, -0.0711771622300148, 0.12557093799114227, -0.003355487948283553, 0.14113761484622955, -0.11064892262220383, 0.1223997250199318, -0.3886367082595825, -0.38737040758132935, -0.44194427132606506, -0.1340729147195816, -0.6231374144554138, -0.023904981091618538, -0.05873296782374382, -0.4722736179828644, -0.12168390303850174, -0.10135277360677719, 0.019769487902522087, -0.031853556632995605, 0.034821368753910065, 0.044423311948776245, 0.16673877835273743, -0.22032654285430908, -0.6095420718193054, 0.21667972207069397, 0.22243569791316986, -0.5189523100852966, 0.4046259820461273, 0.1507851928472519, -0.14051194489002228, 0.4392412006855011, -0.3433319926261902, -0.05410651117563248, 0.0646451786160469, 0.014001280069351196, -0.43981704115867615, -0.450689435005188, -0.9535582661628723, 0.16886019706726074, -0.1813606172800064, 0.27202171087265015, -0.05917402356863022, 0.12949742376804352, -0.6822443008422852, 0.2609117329120636, 0.37127646803855896, 0.6094589829444885, 0.10146696865558624, -0.2329382449388504, -0.5640429258346558, -0.5293154120445251, 0.3281116187572479, -0.36583569645881653, 0.168550506234169, 0.29989105463027954, 0.3631071150302887, -0.25855541229248047, 0.1729271411895752, -0.6334362626075745, -0.27827855944633484, -0.7657189965248108, -0.14409734308719635, -0.3828042149543762, 0.6493974328041077, 0.3164823353290558, -0.40906035900115967, 0.45405593514442444, 0.34720274806022644, 0.2667234241962433, 0.33596479892730713, -0.25840502977371216, 0.40565207600593567, -0.13858240842819214, -0.39138633012771606, 0.28532126545906067, 0.605667233467102, 0.28135281801223755, 0.3699229955673218, 0.5215486288070679, 0.6392315626144409, -0.5181190967559814, 0.06284027546644211, 0.056396324187517166, 0.4950137138366699, -0.7245548963546753, -0.43375012278556824, -0.38258588314056396, 0.2360304445028305, -0.3684549033641815, 0.6691657900810242, 0.035260677337646484, 0.10943391919136047, 0.09208108484745026, -0.1784619837999344, 0.7803705930709839, -0.21282048523426056, -0.19164125621318817, 0.12321615219116211, 0.18671903014183044, 0.03939906507730484, 0.09479685127735138, -0.20566757023334503, -0.4791003465652466, 0.24253349006175995, 0.28859370946884155, 0.49856916069984436, -0.04714960232377052, -0.4062635600566864, 0.025436367839574814, 0.4596632421016693, -0.20353487133979797, -0.5004285573959351, -0.013766403310000896, 0.3629213869571686, 0.2139894962310791, -0.2815955877304077, -0.23839616775512695, 0.0257528405636549, -0.14336365461349487, 0.5767707228660583, 0.5312415361404419, 0.7215555906295776, 0.22249265015125275, 0.1281987428665161, 0.019308404996991158, 0.11768658459186554, -0.4605257213115692, -0.03562789410352707, -0.06703078001737595, -0.17109720408916473, -0.13550768792629242, -0.009801074862480164, -0.13879971206188202, 0.03208428621292114, -0.2928057610988617, -0.07898898422718048, -0.5153687000274658, -0.09738082438707352, 0.30642005801200867, 0.941669762134552, 0.37093019485473633, -0.33379530906677246, 0.368399441242218, 0.32829469442367554, 0.3614271283149719, 0.21484375, -0.13120435178279877, -0.6393553614616394, -0.763725757598877, 0.31222131848335266, 0.5732640624046326, 0.059437744319438934, -0.36810559034347534, 0.05350631847977638, 0.38077810406684875, -0.4057486057281494, 0.3161891996860504, -0.21287153661251068, -0.363572359085083, 0.040715403854846954, 0.5388309359550476, -0.7138670086860657, 0.10328903049230576, -0.03384804725646973, 0.4581974148750305, -0.002800807124003768, -0.11426898837089539, -0.33184751868247986, -0.03111419826745987, -0.2700589597225189, 0.4177599251270294, -0.01352222915738821, 0.04710826277732849, 0.4443771243095398, -0.2712281346321106, -0.0989677906036377, -0.34611836075782776, -6.022441387176514, 0.0010563922114670277, -0.3263987600803375, -0.15702421963214874, 0.42662864923477173, -0.44072431325912476, 0.3561818301677704, -0.23050081729888916, 0.1849449723958969, -0.2683049738407135, -0.018288729712367058, -0.10362576693296432, -0.29082849621772766, 0.21284076571464539, 0.42677465081214905, 0.21768376231193542, 0.2297183722257614, 0.26412254571914673, 0.16151057183742523, 0.2439701408147812, 0.0774431824684143, -0.2904477119445801, -0.10328226536512375, 0.5164433121681213, 0.29403629899024963, 0.11069350689649582, -0.45624199509620667, 0.2138192355632782, -0.6269434690475464, -0.8006428480148315, -0.45609840750694275, 0.3159264028072357, -0.11141947656869888, -0.306912899017334, -0.2439649999141693, -0.21974001824855804, 0.04781138896942139, -0.020306264981627464, 0.13486792147159576, -0.523405909538269, -0.21611328423023224, 0.4275207817554474, -1.1003843545913696, -0.29700106382369995, 0.2564045786857605, -0.16876031458377838, -0.6305931806564331, 0.08705244213342667, -0.12945859134197235, 0.5257540941238403, 0.4954568147659302, -0.07056454569101334, 0.16623684763908386, 0.35194653272628784, 0.357171893119812, -0.6263889670372009, 0.18303745985031128, 0.33887481689453125, 0.14939740300178528, 0.2029072493314743, 0.31565985083580017, -0.471263587474823, 0.008014283142983913, -0.3040609359741211, -0.5395467877388, -0.2368198037147522, 0.15375781059265137, 0.3699713945388794, 0.653904378414154, 0.08030273765325546, 0.35459208488464355, 0.1667233258485794, 0.7669389843940735, -1.046862006187439, 0.12083218991756439, 0.22566507756710052, -0.09230627864599228, -0.33684298396110535, -0.3675874173641205, 0.1977822184562683, 0.14398148655891418, -0.17680838704109192, 0.2514268755912781, 0.40898364782333374, 0.06067749112844467, -0.3342479467391968, -0.22453582286834717, 0.2876996397972107, -0.5874033570289612, -0.6972894072532654, -0.45623645186424255, -0.23143890500068665, 0.04986917972564697, 0.6709627509117126, 0.16339369118213654, 0.23429223895072937, -0.23006656765937805, 0.46166133880615234, 0.050200894474983215, 0.01462608389556408, -0.04377288743853569, -0.7990081310272217, -0.06846410036087036, -0.30574876070022583, 0.592332661151886, -0.1253894567489624, 0.15074113011360168, -0.046688470989465714, 0.3821204900741577, 0.06522846966981888, 0.3032650053501129, 0.3606797754764557, -0.44850924611091614, -0.38080117106437683, 0.4840319752693176, -0.7346601486206055, -0.12166032195091248, 0.2787367105484009, 0.20423750579357147, 0.29933416843414307, 0.3939250409603119, 0.3017163872718811, 0.09681206941604614, 0.21152745187282562, -0.22744889557361603, 0.24617919325828552, 0.19965675473213196, -0.30394527316093445, -0.3140479028224945, 0.10932561755180359, -0.028969276696443558, 0.6787614226341248, 0.06644526869058609, 0.21182073652744293, -0.010699838399887085, 0.04150860011577606, -0.3441048860549927, -0.39121660590171814, 0.2819758653640747, -0.15464141964912415, 0.4684699475765228, -0.015909969806671143, -0.3767435550689697, 0.06432420760393143, -0.3188614845275879, 0.5583508014678955, -0.20015059411525726, -0.09895370155572891, -0.29118314385414124, 0.23329967260360718, -0.2541235685348511, -0.23466284573078156, 0.5019487738609314, -0.22825920581817627, -0.4263806939125061, -0.5218479633331299, -0.44673874974250793, -0.315998911857605, 0.12950728833675385, -0.2796550989151001, 0.010609686374664307, -0.134648397564888, -1.218366026878357, 0.22401195764541626, -0.09164617210626602, -0.19903385639190674, -0.3311452865600586, 0.045133497565984726, -0.10889092832803726, 0.3886009156703949, -0.006774901412427425, -0.35113224387168884, -0.13661830127239227, 0.15157702565193176, 0.5993906259536743, 0.040584858506917953, -0.09444819390773773, -0.2901711165904999, 0.44034382700920105, 0.024416889995336533, 0.3222271203994751, 0.18261320888996124, -0.7191111445426941, -0.03133738040924072, 0.4111804664134979, -0.32331711053848267, -0.3323467969894409, -0.5840463638305664, -0.17623372375965118, 0.16944773495197296, -0.17820580303668976, 0.03418625518679619, 0.3144589364528656, 0.9627923965454102, 0.012568254955112934, 0.16034623980522156, 0.33034947514533997, 0.1020030826330185, 0.32052356004714966, -0.2893120050430298, 0.05323023721575737, 0.15401095151901245, -0.42774540185928345, -0.2223217636346817, 0.18125636875629425, -0.7513691782951355, 0.20856203138828278, -0.23141257464885712, -0.28770771622657776, 0.04385717958211899, 0.06248169392347336, 0.0027963314205408096, 0.16624824702739716, 0.11131120473146439, -0.43866679072380066, -0.10673017054796219, 0.7211210131645203, 0.0934411808848381, -0.1181621104478836, -0.46453604102134705, -0.04200408607721329, -0.7357223033905029, -0.4996998608112335, 0.08516993373632431, -0.6914628744125366, 0.6233718395233154, -0.14135494828224182, -0.7024936676025391, 0.41086265444755554, -0.4091026484966278, -0.017370454967021942, 0.09472407400608063, 0.08659271895885468, 0.8134605884552002, -0.4666725993156433, 0.2452065646648407, 0.1395103931427002, -0.3261737823486328, -0.05135350301861763, 0.01671859435737133, 0.6687448024749756, 0.9455385208129883, -0.07639437913894653, -0.3374926447868347, -0.12284327298402786, -0.003168209223076701, 0.7351663708686829, 0.04282261058688164, 0.1732163429260254, -0.1796533614397049, 0.5894195437431335, -0.5653960704803467, -0.3270626962184906, -0.08598552644252777, 0.7476055026054382, -0.4509878158569336, 0.12146037071943283, 0.35023507475852966, 0.02786494791507721, 0.3074330985546112, 0.26155415177345276, 0.14757193624973297, -0.5183958411216736, 0.06158880889415741, -0.07255974411964417, 0.3798495829105377, -0.16739487648010254, -0.20690147578716278, 0.40763208270072937, -0.39647167921066284, -0.46700701117515564, 0.4356335997581482, -0.11413130164146423, 0.8427475690841675, 0.3582819998264313, 0.19322417676448822, 0.07241836935281754, -0.6418443918228149, 0.04343000799417496, -0.2963789999485016, -0.4688258171081543, -0.14848706126213074, -0.07561378926038742, -0.7592805027961731, 0.14192678034305573, -0.6053448915481567, -0.1219768151640892, -0.21156805753707886, -0.303512305021286, -0.1096658781170845, -0.27436479926109314, 0.27561306953430176, 0.11223962903022766, 0.018924647942185402, -0.49444717168807983, 0.02972586266696453, 0.18485301733016968, -0.016782157123088837, 0.2053157240152359, 0.0075887879356741905, -0.6766416430473328, 0.2927802801132202, -0.15814393758773804, 0.1331072449684143, 0.8516839146614075, -0.18316605687141418, -0.05767503008246422, -0.4594551622867584, -0.617120087146759, -0.06980549544095993, 0.5579755306243896, -0.5631353855133057, 0.395041823387146, 0.25812938809394836, -0.18311485648155212, 0.09655789285898209, 0.8222981691360474, -0.3681938052177429, 0.06527982652187347, -0.2519852817058563, -0.2724543511867523, -0.020468052476644516, 0.48544153571128845, 0.4297548234462738, 0.18897025287151337, 0.41655024886131287, 0.2328232377767563, 0.3455139100551605, 0.3762187361717224, -0.29341864585876465, 0.04909471422433853, -0.2857316732406616, -0.3380960524082184, 0.7090649604797363, 0.2093188464641571, 0.12435667961835861, 0.032685037702322006, -0.12655994296073914, -0.3121320307254791, 0.3491460978984833, 0.07888191938400269, 0.41207486391067505, -0.2370086908340454, 0.32483357191085815, 0.22496256232261658, -0.12192382663488388, 0.09820648282766342, 0.08467622846364975, -0.4756709933280945, -0.44770896434783936, 0.1350986808538437, 0.0447886623442173, 0.19353748857975006, -0.46864959597587585, 0.44100382924079895, 0.17270521819591522, 0.08768215775489807, -0.496925413608551, -0.07859973609447479, 0.3251732289791107, 0.14585387706756592, -0.19346286356449127, 1.1418720483779907, -0.4503888487815857, -0.2136697620153427, -0.24226485192775726, -0.3469732701778412, -0.6085181832313538, -0.11538592725992203, 0.3003224730491638, 0.061398282647132874, 0.12678495049476624, -0.4746203124523163, 0.227459117770195, 0.24658074975013733, 0.38620346784591675, 0.9212765693664551, 0.08216915279626846, 0.40444761514663696, 0.29940810799598694, 0.3194265365600586, -0.04377753660082817, -0.27839183807373047, -0.3966214954853058, 0.25689640641212463, 0.15820105373859406, 0.073661670088768, 0.2219434529542923, -0.24724458158016205, -0.29888972640037537, 0.5805811285972595, -0.600520133972168, 0.37970349192619324, 0.3193241357803345, -0.09656088054180145, 0.31324276328086853, -0.7787853479385376, 0.5091958045959473, 0.37967655062675476, -0.28530293703079224, 0.24861589074134827, 0.3087899088859558, 0.0859275758266449, -0.08699347078800201, -0.23859529197216034, 0.16510584950447083, -0.673374593257904, -0.17662659287452698, -0.5728196501731873, 0.7856012582778931, -0.0632748231291771, 0.22692899405956268, -0.18607470393180847, 0.06351938843727112, 0.1338675171136856, 0.12136343121528625, 0.46209001541137695, 0.06716470420360565, -0.35765424370765686, -0.159727543592453, 0.08674847334623337, 0.18331925570964813, 0.17773529887199402, 0.13640360534191132, -0.439694881439209, -0.11934679001569748, -0.3418964445590973, -0.11482779681682587, 0.044447898864746094, 0.479371041059494, -0.007098296657204628, 0.044390659779310226, -0.4661262035369873, -0.05289716273546219, -0.5256108045578003, 0.33860766887664795, 0.12217790633440018, 0.8774879574775696, 0.5293430685997009, -0.7365549206733704, 0.308773398399353, 0.13501888513565063, 0.2563551366329193, -0.09907172620296478, 0.021442195400595665, -0.0004229978076182306, 0.35266801714897156, -0.30580881237983704, 0.13999618589878082, 0.6059250235557556, -0.19237294793128967, -0.5834367275238037, -0.046616580337285995, -0.05216633155941963, 0.189411461353302, -0.1996249109506607, -0.02449272945523262, -0.12813562154769897, 0.24740257859230042, -0.597245991230011 ]
230744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux	Saulteaux	The Saulteaux (pronounced , or in imitation of the French pronunciation , also written Salteaux, Saulteau and other variants), otherwise known as the Plains Ojibwe, are a First Nations band government in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. They are a branch of the Ojibwe who pushed west. They formed a mixed culture of woodlands and plains Indigenous customs and traditions. Ethnic classification The Saulteaux are a branch of the Ojibwe Nations within Canada. They are sometimes called the Anihšināpē (Anishinaabe). Saulteaux is a French term meaning "people of the rapids," referring to their former location in the area of Sault Ste. Marie. They are primarily hunters and fishers,and when still the primary dwellers of their sovereign land, they had extensive trading relations with the French, British and later Americans at that post. Location The Saulteaux historically were settled around Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg, principally in the areas of present-day Sault Ste. Marie and northern Michigan. Pressure from European Canadians and Americans gradually pushed the tribe westward to Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, with one community in British Columbia. Today most of the Saulteaux live in the Interlake District; Swan River, Duck Bay, Camperville, the southern part of Manitoba, and in Saskatchewan (Kamsack and surrounding areas). Because they were forced to move to land ill-suited for European crops, they were lucky to escape European-Canadian competition for their lands and have kept much of that assigned territory in reserves. Generally, the Saulteaux have three major divisions. Ontario Saulteaux The Eastern Saulteaux, better known as the Ontario Saulteaux, are located around Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods in Northwestern Ontario and southeastern Manitoba. Many of the Ontario Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to Treaty 3. Their form of Anishinaabemowin (Anishinaabe language) is sometimes called Northwestern Ojibwa language (ISO 639-3: OJB), or simply Ojibwemowin (Ojibwe). Today English is the first language of many members. The Ontario Saulteaux culture is descended from the Eastern Woodlands culture. Manitoba Saulteaux The Central Saulteaux, better known as Manitoba Saulteaux, are found primarily in eastern and southern Manitoba, extending west into southern Saskatchewan. During the late 18th century and early 19th century, as partners with the Cree in the fur trade, the Saulteaux migrated northwest into the Swan River and Cumberland districts of west-central Manitoba, and into Saskatchewan along the Assiniboine River, as far its confluence with the Souris (Mouse) River. Once established in the area, the Saulteaux adapted some of the cultural traits of their allies, the Plains Cree and Assiniboine. Consequently, together with the Western Saulteaux, the Manitoba Saulteaux are sometimes called Plains Ojibwe. Many of the Manitoba Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to Treaty 1 and Treaty 2. The Manitoba Saulteaux culture is a transitional one from the Eastern Woodlands culture of their Ontario Saulteaux neighbours and Plains culture of the Western Saulteaux neighbours. Often, the term Bungi or Bungee (from bangii, meaning "a little bit") has been used to refer to either the Manitoba Saulteaux (who resemble the Cree in culture) or their Métis population (who are a little bit Anishinaabe). The language of their Métis population is described as the Bungi language. Western Saulteaux The Western Saulteaux are found primarily in central Saskatchewan, but extend east into southwestern Manitoba and west into central Alberta and eastern British Columbia. They call themselves ()—an autonym that is a general term for the Saulteaux. The neighbouring Plains Cree call them the (), a word of related etymology. Their form of (Anishinaabe language), known as () or Western Ojibwa language (ISO 639-3: OJW), is also an Algonquian language. Like most First Nations, most members use English as the first language. Many of the Western Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to Treaty 4 and Treaty 6; Saulteau First Nations in North Eastern British Columbia are a signatory to Treaty 8. The Western Saulteaux culture is that of the Plains culture. Communities Population figures are as of May 2013, unless noted otherwise. Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation (formerly: Grassy Narrows First Nation)(population 1,326) Berens River First Nation, Berens River, MB (population 1851 on-reserve) Buffalo Point First Nation, Buffalo Point, MB (population 110) Cote First Nation, Kamsack, SK (population 3,059) Cowessess First Nation, Cowessess, SK (population 3,570) (part Cree) Eagle Lake First Nation, Migisi Sahgaigan, ON (population 458 in 2006) Ebb and Flow First Nation, Ebb and Flow, MB (population 2,467) Foothills Ojibway Society (Non-status FN), Hinton, AB Gordon First Nation, Punnichy, SK (population 3,065) Iskatewizaagegan 39 Independent First Nation, Kejick, ON (population 568) Keeseekoose First Nation, Kamsack, SK (population 2,145) Key First Nation, Norquay, SK (population 1,114) Lac des Bois Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Big Grassy First Nation, Morson, ON (population 660) Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing First Nation (Big Island), Morson, ON (population 360) Northwest Angle 33 First Nation (population 454) Northwest Angle 37 First Nation (population 338) Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation, Kenora, ON Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation (population 706) Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum First Nation, Kenora, ON (population 622) Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation (population 522) Muscowpetung First Nation, Fort Qu'Appelle SK (population 1,183) Muskowekwan First Nation Lestock, SK (population 1,524) Naotkamegwanning First Nation (formerly: Whitefish Bay First Nation), Pawitik, ON (population 1,109) Obashkaandagaang Bay First Nation (population 280) O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi First Nation (population 600) O'Chiese First Nation, Rocky Mountain House, AB (population 963) Pasqua First Nation, Fort Qu'Appelle, SK (population 1,775) (part Cree) Pauingassi First Nation, Pauingass, MB (population 575) Pinaymootang First Nation, Fairford, MB (population 2500+) Pine Creek First Nation, Pine Creek MB (population 2,730) Poorman's Band of Cree (historical)—primarily Cree but historically part Saulteaux Kawacatoose First Nation, Raymore, SK (population 2,748) Muskowekwan First Nation Poplar River First Nation, Poplar River, MB (population 1,439) Portage Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Long Plain First Nation, Portage la Prairie, MB (population 3,388 in 2006) Sandy Bay First Nation (formerly: White Mud Band of Saulteaux), Marius, MB (population 5,521) Swan Lake First Nation, Swan Lake, MB (population 1,206) Rainy Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Couchiching First Nation, Fort Frances, ON (population 1,989) Naicatchewenin First Nation, Devlin, ON (population 370) Nigigoonsiminikaaning (Nicickousemenecaning) First Nation, Fort Frances, ON (population 293) Stanjikoming First Nation, Fort Frances, ON (population 142) Rainy River Bands of Saulteaux (Historical) Lac La Croix First Nation, Fort Frances, ON (population 397) Lac La Croix Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)—on Lac La Croix Indian Reserve 25D (now known as Neguagon Lake Indian Reserve 25D) Sturgeon Lake Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)— as on Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve 24C until the Reserve was delisted by the Ontario Provincial Park Act in 1950, took this Indian Reserve and made it part of Quetico Provincial Park. Rainy River First Nations, Manitou Rapids, ON (population 767 in 2006) Hungry Hall 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical) Hungry Hall 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical) Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)[Canada]— Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)[United States], the southern half of the former, became part of Bois Forte Band of Chippewa. Long Sault 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical) Long Sault 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical) Manitou Rapids 1 of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical) Manitou Rapids 2 of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical) Seine River First Nation, Mine Centre, ON (population 697) Sagkeeng First Nation (formerly Fort Alexander First Nation), Fort Alexander, MB (population 6,844) St. Peter's Band of Cree and Saulteaux (Historical)—primarily Cree but historically part Saulteaux Muskoday First Nation (formerly: John Smith First Nation), Muskoday, SK (population 1,579) Peguis First Nation, Peguis, MB (population 8,410) Saulteau First Nations, Moberly Lake, BC (population 792 in 2006) Saulteaux First Nation, Cochin, SK (population 1,157) Shoal Lake 40 First Nation, Shoal Lake, ON (population 542) Skownan First Nation (formerly: Waterhen River Band of Saulteaux), Skownan, MB (population 1,246) Wabaseemoong Independent Nations (formerly: Islington Band of Saulteaux), Whitedog, ON (1,716) One Man Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Swan Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Whitedog Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Wabauskang First Nation (population 257) Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation (population 541) White Bear First Nations, Carlyle, SK—Multitribal band of Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Nakota and Dakota First Nations (population 2805) Yellow-quill Band of Saulteaux (Historical) Fishing Lake First Nation Kinistin Saulteaux Nation Yellow Quill First Nation (formerly: Nut Lake Band of Saulteaux) Zagime Anishinabek, Grenfell, SK (population 1,404) (formerly Sakimay First Nation, part Cree) Notable Saulteaux Adam Beach, actor known for his work in Flags of Our Fathers, Windtalkers and Arctic Air. Phil Fontaine, Former National Chief, Assembly of First Nations Robert Houle, artist, critic, and curator Al Hunter, Anishinaabe writer and poet Wilma Pelly, actor Jennifer Podemski, actor Tommy Prince, one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers Henry Boucha, Former NHL player and Olympian References External links information, via Minnesota State University Our Languages: Nakawē (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre) First Nations in Ontario First Nations in Manitoba First Nations in Saskatchewan First Nations in Alberta First Nations in British Columbia	[ 0.12868571281433105, 0.779349148273468, -0.11264541000127792, -0.20075035095214844, 0.39618104696273804, 0.7603147625923157, 0.7044711112976074, 0.8919140696525574, 0.16442564129829407, -1.170920968055725, -0.23564353585243225, 0.3932912349700928, 0.2729557752609253, -0.028398817405104637, -0.4234920144081116, 0.8446683883666992, -0.26149675250053406, 0.5416228771209717, 0.4736035466194153, -0.25147533416748047, -0.03343769535422325, 0.021371878683567047, 0.5579741597175598, 0.4511434733867645, 0.25791501998901367, 0.7055336236953735, 0.8170309066772461, 0.24716703593730927, -0.4615790545940399, 0.32421791553497314, 0.24874214828014374, 0.5905917286872864, 0.42149680852890015, -0.5252607464790344, 0.10548359155654907, -0.04380815848708153, 0.048285309225320816, -0.5597612857818604, -0.1313592940568924, -0.29280486702919006, -0.06690918654203415, -0.7147096991539001, 0.1955622434616089, 0.1346813142299652, 0.06040405482053757, 0.2119990885257721, -1.3068851232528687, 0.47980988025665283, -0.5652104020118713, 0.09180878102779388, -0.7395769357681274, 0.2599954903125763, 0.34204337000846863, 0.14569425582885742, 0.1012355238199234, 0.09914962947368622, -0.4810416102409363, 0.015398949384689331, 0.3909468948841095, -0.04955547675490379, 0.3726104199886322, 0.6655892729759216, 0.24640046060085297, 0.2922666668891907, -0.16576483845710754, -0.02757774479687214, 0.26797595620155334, -0.08104795962572098, 0.12004915624856949, -0.17894114553928375, 0.35750308632850647, 0.385494589805603, -0.4393383264541626, 0.5013706684112549, 0.3455297350883484, -0.27998611330986023, -0.11029165238142014, -0.10365895926952362, 0.2571008503437042, 0.7133045196533203, -0.5457759499549866, 0.2581303119659424, 0.25654906034469604, 0.13200202584266663, -0.14485301077365875, 0.5849224925041199, -0.16181962192058563, 0.22732815146446228, -0.5230957865715027, -0.04345789551734924, -1.2384852170944214, -0.2562527060508728, 0.20322616398334503, -0.550571084022522, -0.09334257990121841, -0.31345659494400024, 0.6935451030731201, -0.20798419415950775, 0.2825130820274353, 0.1317349225282669, -0.4322689175605774, -0.47255995869636536, 0.8165885210037231, 0.26548653841018677, -0.8044540882110596, -0.0962459146976471, -0.45436161756515503, -0.11952628195285797, -0.350475937128067, -0.13302186131477356, 0.19906914234161377, -0.04645036160945892, 0.2507161498069763, 0.15740565955638885, 0.6107506155967712, 0.1888042688369751, -0.22923114895820618, -0.230417862534523, -0.432523638010025, -0.3133684992790222, 0.2614203095436096, -0.173669695854187, 0.086429163813591, -0.2441377192735672, -0.39364901185035706, -0.15707449615001678, 0.05245860293507576, -1.1293129920959473, -0.20899724960327148, -0.06496333330869675, 0.41839510202407837, 0.4957355558872223, -0.1384231299161911, -0.43003448843955994, -0.3925563395023346, -0.20532284677028656, -0.1405097395181656, -0.3565427362918854, 0.17022359371185303, 0.06175067275762558, -1.153473973274231, -0.21197611093521118, -0.09442152827978134, -0.5082854628562927, 0.4831799566745758, 0.13818047940731049, -0.2417793571949005, 0.054458729922771454, -0.17357169091701508, -0.6926482319831848, -0.11842341721057892, -0.10179882496595383, 0.38440147042274475, -0.27835550904273987, 0.10997159034013748, 0.19657941162586212, 0.5012195110321045, 0.25121989846229553, 0.07386351376771927, 0.03744234889745712, 0.3343489468097687, 0.4230020046234131, 0.8898952603340149, -0.5916316509246826, 0.5038933753967285, -0.08249007165431976, -0.15497709810733795, -0.2792871296405792, 0.21823549270629883, 0.35635849833488464, 0.2644349932670593, -0.27674075961112976, 0.48763102293014526, -0.7305351495742798, -0.1627456247806549, -0.042600974440574646, 0.2643108069896698, 0.3325202167034149, 0.30912575125694275, 0.13190148770809174, -0.6975391507148743, 0.38135698437690735, 0.5319230556488037, 0.1654794067144394, -0.6939111948013306, -0.28102344274520874, 0.004006523638963699, -0.247134730219841, 0.10685668140649796, 0.5448230504989624, -0.17541617155075073, -0.732453465461731, 1.1462482213974, -0.5489441156387329, 0.9385380744934082, 0.286477655172348, -0.45601099729537964, 1.0446261167526245, -0.14290973544120789, 0.22282545268535614, -0.5779665112495422, 0.015410319902002811, 1.2025554180145264, -0.13659583032131195, -0.6960835456848145, 0.34292539954185486, -0.5104439854621887, -0.07615062594413757, 0.43304213881492615, 0.08832409977912903, 0.05893884226679802, -0.6561996936798096, 0.010546019300818443, 0.9445764422416687, -0.25337350368499756, -0.6540256142616272, -0.14372201263904572, -0.03234732151031494, 0.11261989176273346, -0.4112611413002014, 0.6906247735023499, -0.19807440042495728, -0.0005155953112989664, -0.08495281636714935, -0.11450071632862091, 0.4085529148578644, 0.6259132027626038, 0.24281997978687286, 0.5090317726135254, 0.15683096647262573, 0.11770510673522949, 0.24113455414772034, 0.5963334441184998, -0.7478113174438477, -0.09454821795225143, -0.6570814847946167, 0.5356724262237549, 0.26085972785949707, 0.7058431506156921, 0.08679186552762985, -0.18392156064510345, 0.015902191400527954, -0.7040026783943176, -0.949891209602356, 0.2588851749897003, -0.15665940940380096, 0.0319877490401268, 0.011927739717066288, 0.8342922925949097, -0.2436036318540573, -0.1158432736992836, 0.13331173360347748, 0.05040906369686127, 0.37678176164627075, 0.6570849418640137, 0.36551791429519653, 0.745246171951294, 0.07636233419179916, 0.11357861012220383, -0.08832286298274994, -0.5948866009712219, 0.022836580872535706, -0.8397310972213745, 0.3426748216152191, 0.19462794065475464, -0.8086575269699097, 0.11039344221353531, 0.4252048134803772, -0.4343454837799072, 0.6267195343971252, 0.3380773067474365, 0.027770621702075005, 0.004291752818971872, -0.3734388053417206, 0.5376611351966858, -0.0018176137236878276, 0.02096724696457386, 0.28806620836257935, -0.1873936653137207, -0.552068293094635, 0.14102163910865784, 0.5002135634422302, 0.2156628519296646, -0.6761276721954346, 0.058347854763269424, -0.04730905964970589, 0.0392029769718647, -0.3201591968536377, -0.26742544770240784, 0.5390709042549133, -0.4108595848083496, 0.06723885983228683, -0.39069437980651855, -0.2464868277311325, -0.07060373574495316, -0.47863781452178955, -0.05336781218647957, -0.3590705692768097, 0.5541145205497742, -0.2873803377151489, -0.2656172811985016, -0.10015495866537094, 0.2551848590373993, 0.18972736597061157, 0.19494718313217163, -0.22145125269889832, -0.2815839946269989, -0.020510869100689888, -5.673948287963867, -0.2898041903972626, -0.35563284158706665, -0.2719350755214691, 0.4593423306941986, -0.6418395638465881, 0.08808338642120361, -0.26560142636299133, 0.12023139744997025, -0.13302165269851685, 0.4914604723453522, -0.14496184885501862, -0.17026665806770325, -0.38310664892196655, 0.05655227228999138, 0.1849038153886795, 0.021991707384586334, -0.2904391586780548, 0.2884403169155121, 0.2089383453130722, 0.2599366307258606, -0.21238058805465698, 0.15440697968006134, -0.032618965953588486, 0.18288317322731018, 0.2803665101528168, -0.20985756814479828, -0.03744390979409218, -0.5778394937515259, -0.9798945188522339, -0.22438719868659973, 0.09841929376125336, 0.6602298021316528, -0.47065162658691406, -0.3262219727039337, -0.5884248614311218, 0.20257380604743958, 0.34477460384368896, 0.4906027317047119, -0.5263808965682983, 0.12713153660297394, -0.012845193967223167, 0.15586857497692108, -0.45850124955177307, 0.15700027346611023, 0.06432441622018814, -0.7018508911132812, 0.3870752453804016, 0.06247865408658981, 0.7377487421035767, 0.1335589736700058, 0.14687782526016235, -0.06180848553776741, 0.17908354103565216, 0.12891030311584473, -0.41089868545532227, 0.23516462743282318, -0.2107226401567459, -0.0424429252743721, 0.5257999897003174, 0.4626908004283905, -0.15923801064491272, -0.3927740454673767, -0.38165169954299927, 0.16745497286319733, -0.5025833249092102, -0.1207258403301239, 0.4411570429801941, 0.2976015508174896, -0.2500626742839813, 0.014696174301207066, -0.07172680646181107, -0.585197389125824, -1.0004886388778687, -0.465699166059494, -0.3807843029499054, -0.009987596422433853, 0.3567359447479248, 0.2819177806377411, 0.08057243376970291, -0.009505712427198887, 0.4113263785839081, -0.3025517761707306, -0.15562431514263153, 0.1355198621749878, -0.20355527102947235, -0.6334174275398254, 0.6702094078063965, -0.12275367975234985, -0.3774501085281372, 0.3487032353878021, -0.15471073985099792, 0.5487116575241089, -0.0975547507405281, 0.3840188682079315, -0.8201743960380554, 0.5680817365646362, 0.1328064650297165, -0.790071964263916, -0.40362194180488586, 0.4248448610305786, 0.003438957966864109, 0.25635915994644165, -0.4221772849559784, -0.43031740188598633, -0.014756071381270885, -0.6746124029159546, -0.13146378099918365, 0.6995286345481873, -0.11003618687391281, -0.328336238861084, -0.34194689989089966, -0.08193325996398926, 0.17788994312286377, 0.1602490097284317, 0.033459749072790146, -0.4263601303100586, 0.028788568452000618, 0.9054031372070312, 0.09907950460910797, -0.3038330376148224, -0.12454773485660553, -0.3027201294898987, 0.872562825679779, 0.6175168752670288, 0.15651164948940277, 0.039374902844429016, 0.17036420106887817, -0.33612221479415894, 0.2717496156692505, 0.23290522396564484, -0.7733789086341858, 0.226239413022995, 0.08548779785633087, -0.05454606935381889, -0.052586473524570465, -0.42590096592903137, -0.07097188383340836, 0.09255548566579819, -0.4922308921813965, -0.39895832538604736, -0.06052791327238083, -0.17819510400295258, 0.7362667918205261, 0.17248836159706116, 0.41917484998703003, -0.05554196611046791, -0.315864622592926, 0.11641029268503189, 0.75373375415802, 0.5064006447792053, 0.08088213205337524, 0.31191328167915344, -0.41755613684654236, 0.2137281447649002, 0.0646313950419426, 0.03742854297161102, 0.18689219653606415, -0.003216245211660862, -0.10095428675413132, 0.6528521180152893, 0.06616022437810898, -0.2518090605735779, 0.23706279695034027, 0.2785841226577759, -0.49644148349761963, -0.5693715214729309, -0.4288429915904999, -0.4198397397994995, -0.030344480648636818, 0.24741095304489136, -0.6121243834495544, -0.1864508092403412, 0.19121238589286804, 0.5006995797157288, -0.7121395468711853, -0.3781507909297943, 0.22495591640472412, 0.10078495740890503, 0.33383724093437195, -0.051604025065898895, -0.4581141471862793, -0.38822901248931885, 0.527474045753479, 0.11646927893161774, -0.7550855278968811, -0.20011453330516815, -0.015549293719232082, 0.6848725080490112, 0.2538316249847412, 0.45071887969970703, -0.5312179923057556, -0.2187315672636032, 0.263353168964386, -0.3077082335948944, -0.11596992611885071, 0.6031141877174377, -0.41199153661727905, -0.3550361096858978, -0.11054960638284683, 0.24970728158950806, 0.1700088232755661, -0.10291316360235214, 0.6014612317085266, 0.2574020028114319, -0.19595494866371155, 0.42702728509902954, -0.2539561092853546, -0.7636759877204895, 0.0309735294431448, -0.3305377960205078, -0.05048027262091637, 0.30074259638786316, 0.3552781343460083, -0.32181650400161743, -0.5312729477882385, 0.0834164023399353, 0.20547689497470856, -0.4826565980911255, -0.332187682390213, -0.18427777290344238, -0.17740008234977722, 0.0005959145491942763, -0.3959974944591522, -0.45931276679039, 0.847531795501709, 0.4322096109390259, -0.22924193739891052, 0.035050977021455765, -0.4064503312110901, 0.12578485906124115, -0.15643779933452606, -0.11668573319911957, 0.04079084098339081, 0.16851526498794556, 0.52350252866745, -0.42777419090270996, 0.17087742686271667, 0.4119778871536255, 0.3448895812034607, 0.6446864008903503, 1.0988385677337646, 0.6708388924598694, -1.0151530504226685, -0.13859832286834717, 0.05440569296479225, 0.2285730093717575, -0.5847476720809937, -0.44315409660339355, 0.3496318757534027, 0.12956959009170532, -0.6778725385665894, -0.16195842623710632, -0.4660874605178833, 0.750889003276825, 0.031030014157295227, 0.13516175746917725, 0.31434062123298645, -0.500101625919342, 0.35706809163093567, -0.03452617675065994, -0.09925158321857452, 0.41200459003448486, 0.4715820252895355, -0.3044593334197998, -0.3333524167537689, -0.47986268997192383, -0.35810115933418274, 0.3504805564880371, -0.4095926582813263, -0.14364568889141083, -0.7497199773788452, 0.1573340743780136, -0.0804552212357521, -0.11783865094184875, -0.36741262674331665, 0.23210065066814423, 0.1106823980808258, 0.34969520568847656, -0.5536832809448242, -0.36412593722343445, 0.1802183985710144, -0.01860196888446808, -0.0781259685754776, 0.8151600360870361, -0.8003315329551697, -0.33908727765083313, 0.3427918255329132, -0.25044941902160645, 0.2574860453605652, -0.3517305850982666, -0.14705784618854523, 0.2585239112377167, 0.24425087869167328, -0.2897343337535858, -0.1601596474647522, 0.29286128282546997, 0.46765926480293274, 0.04516778886318207, 0.6358502507209778, -0.6701816320419312, 0.5835362076759338, 0.13623885810375214, -0.07692724466323853, -0.010892443358898163, 0.1621667444705963, -0.38799604773521423, -0.23052892088890076, 0.03121323324739933, -0.11757327616214752, 0.6713656783103943, 0.18216253817081451, 0.17645078897476196, 0.260343074798584, -0.5106365084648132, 0.2812720239162445, -0.11139217019081116, -0.7515899538993835, -0.3638603985309601, -0.13124732673168182, -0.17441697418689728, 0.40278342366218567, 0.3361741602420807, 0.48941513895988464, 0.6215652227401733, 0.8654837608337402, 0.011397569440305233, -0.3611350953578949, -0.011686314828693867, 0.5483832955360413, 0.17297440767288208, 0.22834783792495728, -0.6537607312202454, -0.2117089480161667, -0.7677335739135742, -0.19200314581394196, 0.07444882392883301, -0.08009213209152222, -0.01965644396841526, 0.2702994644641876, 0.14908406138420105, -0.2618865668773651, -0.7288072109222412, -0.3351826071739197, 0.3547208607196808, 0.4764328598976135, 0.7897241711616516, 0.10538222640752792, 0.4447503685951233, 0.06387066841125488, 0.24378053843975067, -0.6875180006027222, 0.01687963679432869, 0.2950134873390198, -0.24833881855010986, 0.3863376975059509, 0.21346759796142578, -0.35430851578712463, 0.22200924158096313, 0.21681654453277588, -0.20000876486301422, -1.0073891878128052, 0.5620225667953491, 0.1301153600215912, -0.06173177435994148, -0.4276525676250458, 0.14305005967617035, -1.2390003204345703, 0.04581693932414055, -0.12488967925310135, -0.1600867658853531, 0.23218496143817902, -0.16934926807880402, -0.1643233299255371, 0.2579987049102783, 0.4431344270706177, -0.3412667512893677, 0.4846753478050232, 0.1950221210718155, 0.18930742144584656, -0.05768447369337082, 0.05256200209259987, -0.08948128670454025, -0.40384912490844727, 0.3821240961551666, -0.02454657107591629, -0.35940954089164734, 0.30653849244117737, -0.7385310530662537, -0.04664615914225578, -0.05796690285205841, -0.7155333161354065, -0.07092086225748062, -0.14215953648090363, 0.09315888583660126, -0.05232906714081764, -0.4822792410850525, 0.47256630659103394, 0.30469760298728943, 0.5873931646347046, 0.3276256024837494, 0.5673978924751282, 0.8721818327903748, -0.2337590903043747, 0.07899763435125351, 0.18909652531147003, -0.15833109617233276, -0.21871858835220337, -0.6656385660171509, -0.18638727068901062, -0.21483077108860016, 0.14655986428260803, -0.333282470703125, 0.2795110046863556, -0.16462071239948273, 0.1393032968044281, 0.5889186263084412, -0.02986959181725979, 0.21954163908958435, -0.14077071845531464, 0.2931848168373108, -0.950524091720581, 0.5342692136764526, 0.15388602018356323, -0.3488195240497589, -0.6423546671867371, -0.25599536299705505, 0.4490513205528259, -0.5675361752510071, 1.0334093570709229, 0.258303165435791, -0.4364311397075653, -0.30419328808784485, 0.33385977149009705, -0.1682053506374359, -0.7471064329147339, -0.030831389129161835, 0.4708572030067444, 0.02600189670920372, -0.6802937984466553, 0.3451230525970459, -0.24707147479057312, 0.12552332878112793, -0.08401770144701004, 0.010868034325540066, 0.05685854330658913, -0.06137832999229431, -0.5325199365615845, -0.8728984594345093, 0.3748849034309387, 0.3367699384689331, -0.19516336917877197, -0.1871354579925537, -0.3334742486476898, 0.061507921665906906, 0.10762202739715576, 0.6327518224716187, -0.10541568696498871, 0.12350646406412125, -0.4233841598033905 ]
230751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard%20Reve	Gerard Reve	Gerard Kornelis van het Reve (14 December 1923 – 8 April 2006) was a Dutch writer. He started writing as Simon Gerard van het Reve and adopted the shorter Gerard Reve in 1973. Together with Willem Frederik Hermans and Harry Mulisch, he is considered one of the "Great Three" (De Grote Drie) of Dutch post-war literature. His 1981 novel De vierde man (The Fourth Man) was the basis for Paul Verhoeven's 1983 film. Reve was one of the first homosexual authors to come out in the Netherlands. He often wrote explicitly about erotic attraction, sexual relations and intercourse between men, which many readers considered shocking. However, he did this in an ironic, humorous and recognizable way, which contributed to making homosexuality acceptable for many of his readers. Another main theme, often in combination with eroticism, was religion. Reve himself declared that the primary message in all of his work was salvation from the material world we live in. Gerard Reve was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and was the brother of the Slavicist and essayist Karel van het Reve, who became a staunch anti-communist in his own way; the personal rapport between the brothers was not good. They broke off relations altogether in the 1980s. Themes He often insisted that homosexuality was merely a motif (providing idiom – as Roman Catholicism based phrases would differ from e.g. Buddhist wording – and, over time, idiosyncratic Reve-slang) in his work, the deeper theme being the inadequacy of human love (as opposed to divine love). Since the publication of Op weg naar het einde (Towards the end) (1963) and Nader tot U (Nearer to Thee) (1966), marking his breakthrough to a large audience, he articulated his views on God's creation and human fate, especially in the many collections of letters that he published. These writings stress a symbolic, rather than ("...only the blind...") literal, understanding of religious texts as the only intellectually acceptable one, and the irrelevance of the Gospel's historical truth. Religion, according to Reve, has nothing to do with the literal, the factual, the moral or the political. It has no quarrel with modern science, because religious truths and empirical facts are in different realms. The observable world has no meaning beyond comparing facts, and, while revelation may not make sense, it has meaning, and it is this meaning that Reve was after in everything he wrote. Philosophically, Reve was influenced by Arthur Schopenhauer, whose works he re-read every winter, and even more so by Carl Jung, according to a Dutch painter who spent some time with the author in France to paint several portraits of him. Reve's erotic prose deals partly with his own sexuality, but aims at something more universal. Reve's work often depicts sexuality as ritual. Many scenes bear a sado-masochistic character, but this is never meant as an end in itself. 'Revism', a term coined by him, can roughly be described as consecrating sexual acts of punishment, dedicating these acts to revered others, and, ultimately, to higher entities (God). This is again a quest for higher significance in a human act (sex) that is devoid of meaning in its material form. Style His style combines the formal (in the kind of language one would find in a seventeenth-century Bible) with the colloquial, in a highly recognisable way. Similarly, his humour and often paradoxical view of the world relies on the contrast between exalted mysticism and common sense. The irony that pervades his work and his tendency towards extreme statements has caused confusion among readers. Many doubted the sincerity of his conversion to Catholicism, although Reve remained adamant about the truthfulness of his faith, claiming his right to individual notions about religion and his personal experience of it. International reception The year 2016 saw Sam Garret's translation of Reve's debut, The Evenings. Although Reve was long thought to be untranslatable because of his stylistic brilliance, the work received critical acclaim throughout the English speaking world. Writing for The Guardian, Tim Parks opened his review as follows:It is so rare, as a reviewer, to come across a novel that is not only a masterpiece but a cornerstone manque of modern European literature, that I hesitate before setting down a response: what can I say, in a world of hype, that will put this book where it belongs, in readers’ hands and minds? Controversies Reve's literary career was marked by many controversies. Early on, the Dutch ministry of culture intervened when Reve was to receive a grant, citing the obscene nature of his work. A member of the Dutch senate, the Calvinist senator Hendrik Algra, spoke on the same subject in a plenary debate. Reve sometimes welcomed the publicity, but also complained about his continual struggle with the authorities, public opinion and the press. Reve was prosecuted in 1966 for allegedly breaking a law against blasphemy. In Nader tot U he describes the narrator's love-making to God, a visitor to his house incarnated in a one-year-old mouse-grey donkey. In April 1968 he was acquitted by the Supreme Court. Although it would take decades for the Netherlands to decriminalize blasphemy, in 2013 the law was abolished, the outcome of this case — known as the “Donkey Trial” — rendered the existing law virtually obsolete Reve came from a communist and atheistic family, but converted to Roman Catholicism. Although liturgically traditional, he took a liberal stance on Roman Catholic ethics. His ridiculing of some aspects of Catholicism led to tensions in the Dutch Roman Catholic community in the 1960s. Nevertheless, he contributed as a literary advisor to the translation of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans within the larger context of the Dutch 'Willibrord Translation' of the Bible. One of Reve's main themes, along with religion and love, is his intense hatred of communism, its regimes and the tolerance toward it in leftist circles in the western world. In 1975, he appeared at a Dutch poetry festival, wearing (among other things, a crucifix and peace symbol) a swastika as well as a hammer and sickle on his clothes, and read a poem that spoke of immigration in racist terms, though stressing cultural differences and using zwart (black) rather than neger/nikker (negro/nigger), in a solemn language that insulted many people, especially Afro-Surinamese, many of whom had arrived recently on the eve of the decolonization of Surinam that was to take place in November 1975. This event led to much controversy, and many people have since wondered whether Reve had lost his mind, or had been alluding to something else. In the face of a wave of criticism Reve did not move an inch, and his claims of being 'too intelligent to be a racist' and never wanting to inflict any harm on any racial grounds partly got lost in the confusion generated by his ever-present irony. Like WF Hermans, he invited controversy by visiting South Africa in 1984 in defiance of a cultural boycott that was declared on that country because of its apartheid policy. In 2001, he was awarded the Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren, the most prestigious prize for Dutch-language authors, but King Albert II of Belgium refused to present it to him because his partner had been accused of pedophilia. The money was awarded by bank transfer and the certificate delivered. During the last years of his life, he began to suffer from Alzheimer's disease, and he died of it, in Zulte, Belgium, on 8 April 2006 at the age of 82. Reve was buried on April 15 in the centre of the cemetery "Nieuwe Begraafplaats" in Machelen-aan-de-Leie. Honors 1947: Reina Prinsen Geerligs Award 2001: Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren Bibliography De Avonden (The evenings, 1947) Werther Nieland (1949) De ondergang van de familie Boslowits (The fall of the Boslowits family, 1950) Tien vrolijke verhalen (Ten happy stories, 1961) Vier Wintervertellingen (Four Winter Tales, 1963) Op weg naar het einde (Approaching the end, 1963) Nader tot U (Nearer to Thee, 1966) De taal der liefde (The language of love, 1972) Lieve jongens (Dear boys, 1973) Een circusjongen (A circus boy, 1975) Brieven aan kandidaat katholiek A. 1962–1969 (Letters to candidate Catholic A. 1962–1969, 1976) Oud en eenzaam (Old and lonely, 1978) Brieven aan Wimie (Letters to Wimie, 1980) Moeder en zoon (Mother and son, 1980) Brieven aan Bernard S. (Letters to Bernard S., 1981) De vierde man (The Fourth Man, 1981) Brieven aan Josine M. (Letters to Josine M., 1981) Brieven aan Simon C. 1971–1975 (Letters to Simon C. 1971–1975, 1982) Brieven aan Wim B. 1968–1975 (Letters to Wim B. 1968–1975, 1983) Brieven aan Frans P. 1965-1969 (Letters to Frans P. 1965–1969, 1984) De stille vriend (The silent friend, 1984) Brieven aan geschoolde arbeiders (Letters to educated workers, 1985) Zelf schrijver worden (Becoming a writer yourself, 1985) Brieven aan Ludo P. 1962-1980 (Letters to Ludo P. 1962-1980, 1986) Bezorgde ouders (Parents Worry, 1988) Brieven aan mijn lijfarts 1963–1980 (Letters to my personal physician 1963–1980, 1991) Brieven van een aardappeleter (Letters from a potato eater, 1993) Op zoek (Searching, 1995) Het boek van violet en dood (The book of violet and death, 1996) Ik bak ze bruiner (I bake them browner, 1996) Brieven aan Matroos Vosch (Letters to Matroos Vosch, 1997) Het hijgend hert (The panting deer, 1998) Graphic novel In 2003 and 2004 the novel De avonden (The evenings, 1947) was made into a graphic novel (in 4 parts) by Dick Matena. In English The Acrobat (written in English, 1956). Amsterdam/ London, G.A. van Oorschot Publisher, 1956; 2nd ed. Amsterdam, Manteau, 1985. Parents Worry (Bezorgde ouders, 1990). Translated by Richard Huijing. London, Minerva, 1991 The Evenings (De avonden, 1947). Translated by Sam Garrett. London, Pushkin Press, 2016 Childhood. Two Novellas (Werther Nieland, 1949, and De ondergang van de familie Boslowits, 1950). Translated by Sam Garrett. London, Pushkin Press, 2018 Film adaptation In 1980, Paul de Lussanet released the film Dear Boys (Lieve jongens), a comedy-drama starring Hugo Metsers, Hans Dagelet and Bill van Dijk. It explores gay desire, with an aging gay writer who becomes more demanding of the young men he has affairs with and their own relationship. It was based on several of Reve's novels. See also NRC's Best Dutch novels References External links NaderTotReve.nl Three translated chapters of A circus boy (Een circusjongen, 1975) KlaasKoppe.nl (Photos) 1923 births 2006 deaths Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism Neurological disease deaths in Belgium Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Belgian male novelists Dutch Roman Catholics Dutch anti-communists Dutch gay writers LGBT Roman Catholics LGBT rights activists from the Netherlands LGBT history in the Netherlands Writers from Amsterdam P. C. Hooft Award winners Prijs der Nederlandse Letteren winners 20th-century Dutch novelists 20th-century Dutch male writers Dutch male novelists Controversies in the Netherlands Religious controversies in literature Obscenity controversies in literature 20th-century LGBT people	[ -0.44726425409317017, 0.4609455466270447, -0.4881519377231598, 0.01065045315772295, -0.38194799423217773, 0.7512794137001038, 0.6580216288566589, -0.07218702137470245, -0.40989547967910767, -0.5469835996627808, 0.1833638995885849, 0.5933775305747986, 0.10566172003746033, -0.13268648087978363, -0.02318679727613926, -0.09436850249767303, -0.17141006886959076, -0.5321044325828552, -0.5133872628211975, -0.538411557674408, -0.5626978874206543, -0.5282143950462341, -0.012317419983446598, 0.1726347655057907, -0.1776210218667984, 0.025098616257309914, -0.04267890006303787, 0.27061519026756287, 0.5295541286468506, -0.23586195707321167, -0.1446017175912857, 0.5461245179176331, 0.09873107820749283, 0.08022886514663696, -0.7097039818763733, 0.17606614530086517, -0.5075153708457947, 0.04869209975004196, 0.22839845716953278, 0.566493570804596, -0.27435871958732605, 0.5965511202812195, -0.6364362835884094, 0.011914655566215515, 0.06886362284421921, -0.3156426250934601, -2.071235179901123, -0.09443505108356476, -0.47015082836151123, -0.3186553418636322, 0.3203403353691101, 0.11156917363405228, 0.8250597715377808, 1.0323938131332397, 0.06120571866631508, -0.1947641372680664, -0.7357571721076965, 0.12909145653247833, -0.4387098550796509, -0.224024698138237, -0.0652785450220108, -0.11552723497152328, -0.051055870950222015, 0.3640401363372803, 0.40206074714660645, 0.06577262282371521, -0.25532665848731995, -0.03518613055348396, 0.4118784964084625, 0.15767808258533478, 0.06905123591423035, 0.5044122934341431, 0.5155367255210876, -0.30772730708122253, 0.4232591390609741, -0.4252814054489136, 0.36485645174980164, -0.4112837314605713, -0.497938334941864, 0.21980735659599304, -0.3356878459453583, -0.34478524327278137, 0.7772207260131836, -0.11451981961727142, 0.13704237341880798, 0.2052004337310791, 0.300279438495636, 0.12046033143997192, -0.24659839272499084, -0.3231762945652008, -0.517000138759613, -0.5765743851661682, -0.28138652443885803, 0.31256598234176636, 0.29749011993408203, 0.2776936888694763, -0.05507645756006241, 0.9659519195556641, 0.0993846133351326, 0.365670382976532, 0.029091082513332367, 0.010400038212537766, 0.163009911775589, -0.15908968448638916, -0.548599362373352, -0.20552292466163635, 0.19166921079158783, -0.7119873762130737, 0.09673115611076355, -2.061199903488159, -0.2586164176464081, 0.32488274574279785, -0.23554523289203644, -0.13070809841156006, 0.3678387999534607, 0.45589035749435425, -0.11786535382270813, -0.12060602009296417, -0.7241305708885193, 0.3660007417201996, -0.34551137685775757, 0.3257424533367157, 0.13075457513332367, -0.2729896306991577, -0.4900665283203125, -0.10038290917873383, -0.25863006711006165, 0.23249100148677826, -0.01795816794037819, 0.27655866742134094, 0.8278144001960754, 1.069949984550476, -0.768731951713562, -0.20699568092823029, -0.6558551788330078, 0.3300152122974396, 0.33045512437820435, 0.5510366559028625, -0.15489260852336884, 0.24101431667804718, -0.3661768138408661, 0.2485038936138153, -2.67577862739563, -0.022298509255051613, -0.2951444089412689, 0.2240152359008789, -0.16410768032073975, -0.06014329567551613, 0.49816107749938965, -0.05573146417737007, -0.3158477246761322, 0.016286060214042664, 0.3442935645580292, -0.05772088095545769, -0.6214497089385986, 0.41396015882492065, 0.18691805005073547, 0.604641854763031, -0.0005763934459537268, -0.12749674916267395, 0.32783031463623047, -0.06163981556892395, -0.27372032403945923, 0.2913154065608978, 0.3048058748245239, -0.1347387731075287, -0.08868962526321411, 0.1344141960144043, 0.4893808960914612, 0.23589366674423218, -0.3557095527648926, -0.21279165148735046, 0.245809406042099, 0.06963969022035599, 0.26327019929885864, 0.07586238533258438, 0.41157957911491394, 0.401251882314682, 0.015860114246606827, 0.1200517863035202, -0.6976206302642822, 0.10326703637838364, -0.42313429713249207, -0.2607497572898865, 0.38200104236602783, 0.35201549530029297, 0.5268440246582031, -0.04509277269244194, 0.5917078852653503, 0.11839410662651062, -0.3192802965641022, -0.20689357817173004, 0.3869551122188568, -0.13268476724624634, 1.0976754426956177, 0.15635685622692108, -0.36135104298591614, 0.7419136762619019, 0.27883341908454895, 0.20313416421413422, -0.4372703731060028, -0.26245737075805664, 0.3378511667251587, -0.26017022132873535, 0.20910702645778656, 2.8399229049682617, 0.13951937854290009, 0.17425522208213806, -0.0202508345246315, 0.7682169675827026, 0.21656417846679688, -0.23784159123897552, -0.20521926879882812, 0.42635679244995117, -0.24401196837425232, -0.6174697279930115, 0.10003705322742462, -0.30532315373420715, 0.36193951964378357, -0.34350308775901794, 0.49640488624572754, 0.03904987499117851, 0.08380270004272461, 0.8930761814117432, 0.16328758001327515, 0.9435082674026489, 0.44794097542762756, 0.1931905597448349, 0.36409810185432434, -0.7903301119804382, -0.25567740201950073, 0.40274202823638916, 0.3008861541748047, -0.35816919803619385, 0.41817188262939453, 0.349313348531723, 0.3976759910583496, -0.23916248977184296, 0.2793123424053192, -0.2286626249551773, 0.24361571669578552, 0.3802066147327423, -0.05734330043196678, 0.3179554343223572, 0.15274307131767273, 0.7288816571235657, -0.21350252628326416, 0.24786429107189178, -0.1760559380054474, -0.24192766845226288, 0.10507632046937943, 0.8017385005950928, -0.27071765065193176, -0.03448951616883278, -0.5171238780021667, -0.06942161172628403, 0.08315768092870712, 0.1943979114294052, 0.5539429783821106, 0.22494670748710632, 0.22233016788959503, -0.3370504677295685, 0.09528828412294388, 0.2995509207248688, 0.2926939129829407, -0.2288948893547058, -0.053706660866737366, -0.5484484434127808, 0.1158512532711029, 0.059393227100372314, -0.09388319402933121, -0.19310620427131653, -0.15571045875549316, -2.936401844024658, 0.24746757745742798, 0.0347423292696476, -0.7725893259048462, 0.21174001693725586, -0.21258969604969025, 0.12626957893371582, -0.09600154310464859, 0.8170074820518494, -0.14671467244625092, 0.28333359956741333, 0.5496878623962402, 0.2715369760990143, -0.40314921736717224, -0.3554627597332001, 0.5680675506591797, -0.1824674904346466, -0.19760845601558685, 0.25749412178993225, -0.08071225136518478, -0.0844995453953743, -0.15323962271213531, -0.23943336308002472, -0.698345422744751, -0.7428054213523865, 0.0022570632863789797, -0.09443064033985138, 0.011748085729777813, 0.294031023979187, 0.02759336307644844, 0.42054033279418945, 0.5155687928199768, 0.23114453256130219, -0.20159876346588135, 0.32342538237571716, -4.037357807159424, -0.19842860102653503, 0.4914313852787018, -0.09186922758817673, -0.09243462234735489, 0.04210716113448143, 0.26793062686920166, -0.06891435384750366, -0.0917687937617302, -0.2666126489639282, 0.07721312344074249, -0.07561363279819489, 0.24403664469718933, 0.5398760437965393, 0.724953293800354, 0.22339193522930145, 0.3393854796886444, -0.08925687521696091, 0.1845259666442871, 0.2575698494911194, 0.283733993768692, 0.19897805154323578, -0.22924558818340302, -0.23630937933921814, -0.10631735622882843, -0.17259490489959717, -0.08350270241498947, 0.10588718950748444, -0.8420143723487854, -0.20048634707927704, 0.19923022389411926, -0.24305789172649384, -0.11246977001428604, 0.20482537150382996, 0.1444331556558609, -0.5343853831291199, 0.30677667260169983, 1.0604089498519897, -0.571026086807251, -0.052991218864917755, -0.10120030492544174, 0.3252812922000885, -0.3372720777988434, 0.06381723284721375, -0.3448270559310913, 0.20151638984680176, -0.46942266821861267, -0.05092198774218559, -0.03884429112076759, 0.4534357786178589, -0.07894157618284225, -0.43902769684791565, 1.0077049732208252, 0.4731255769729614, 0.7193307280540466, -0.3396802842617035, 0.16953836381435394, -0.43448156118392944, -0.5458673238754272, 0.451572984457016, 0.37297728657722473, -0.2442050725221634, 0.10012547671794891, -0.7064842581748962, -0.1543978452682495, -0.17361478507518768, 0.48675400018692017, -0.1838623285293579, 0.22321833670139313, -0.7728682160377502, -0.2749873399734497, 0.5835044384002686, 0.06403390318155289, -1.078837275505066, -0.34727776050567627, -0.07519713044166565, -0.22760529816150665, -0.46031153202056885, -0.4712139666080475, -0.4768497347831726, 0.23048703372478485, -0.29732996225357056, -0.49363136291503906, 0.4250783324241638, 0.6418759822845459, 0.1967657208442688, -0.41089707612991333, 0.3724551498889923, -0.5005629658699036, -0.06358317285776138, -0.009011085145175457, 0.0779164656996727, 0.38332921266555786, 0.19236381351947784, 0.28792858123779297, 0.1143803596496582, 0.10024620592594147, -0.8098286986351013, 0.2664031982421875, -0.4198249578475952, -0.8442686200141907, -0.05773249641060829, 0.1301020085811615, -0.17606060206890106, 0.014632786624133587, -0.17954784631729126, -0.3850540220737457, 0.11894021928310394, 0.47654592990875244, 0.21483668684959412, 0.14649643003940582, 0.8964589238166809, -0.27544257044792175, -0.27361443638801575, 0.6475825309753418, -0.040346551686525345, 0.18819591403007507, -0.0008686609799042344, 0.36610063910484314, 0.2142733335494995, -0.11414781212806702, 0.6509478688240051, -0.11332238465547562, -0.088496133685112, 0.7160946130752563, 0.06443272531032562, -0.3295240104198456, -0.35958006978034973, -0.469088077545166, 0.0882725864648819, -0.512117326259613, 0.5708149671554565, 0.09472707659006119, -0.27148690819740295, 0.08445630222558975, -0.5843716859817505, -0.08012983947992325, 0.11557871103286743, -0.047925543040037155, -0.055740609765052795, 0.34137600660324097, -0.33661437034606934, -0.018073109909892082, 0.32964345812797546, 0.10890493541955948, 0.00724280858412385, 0.0694395899772644, -0.017281990498304367, -0.24397489428520203, 0.20255286991596222, 0.12736506760120392, -0.010467072017490864, 0.4415571987628937, -0.10099954158067703, -0.0812838077545166, 0.5002240538597107, -0.6120113730430603, 0.2518952190876007, 0.12250765413045883, -0.13469505310058594, -0.015425451099872589, -0.43438833951950073, -1.039536714553833, 0.1886284053325653, -0.12387114018201828, 0.1109694093465805, -0.2841300666332245, -0.04733758792281151, -0.45173826813697815, 0.4043790102005005, -0.0639798566699028, -0.30629274249076843, -0.47540128231048584, -0.391743540763855, 0.12581360340118408, -0.26679369807243347, 0.04634297639131546, 0.33043918013572693, -0.18855836987495422, -0.21333101391792297, 0.0009875516407191753, 0.5871900320053101, -0.4913189113140106, 0.4127900302410126, 0.4761207699775696, -0.5661441683769226, 0.043191246688365936, -0.5807270407676697, -0.41359516978263855, -0.016145875677466393, 0.49597352743148804, -0.0003826363245025277, 0.28456664085388184, 0.4422772228717804, -0.04090258479118347, -0.3635317385196686, -0.10862238705158234, -0.3193196654319763, -0.23665481805801392, 0.029991813004016876, 0.17329712212085724, -0.010706092230975628, 0.03183181956410408, 0.008481139317154884, 0.0784955620765686, -1.0854802131652832, -0.012491744942963123, -0.23553867638111115, -0.10687848180532455, 0.4300316870212555, -0.48913857340812683, -0.22068391740322113, -0.19591374695301056, 0.5488061308860779, -0.28118064999580383, 0.2706948220729828, 0.4026673138141632, 0.08409744501113892, -0.5445899367332458, -0.4333554804325104, -0.27844998240470886, -0.19929488003253937, -0.5392796397209167, 0.10429985821247101, -0.06168155372142792, -0.035228800028562546, 0.11587236076593399, -0.42198681831359863, 0.3728598654270172, 0.5077580809593201, 0.08225269615650177, -0.51955246925354, -0.039738353341817856, -0.4841603636741638, -0.10688584297895432, -0.4365558922290802, 0.5190621614456177, 0.35490527749061584, -0.21240022778511047, -0.14433255791664124, 0.37258848547935486, 0.45340496301651, 0.1626780480146408, -0.26322323083877563, -0.08360683917999268, 0.18584129214286804, 0.21994540095329285, -0.08054952323436737, -0.22877520322799683, 0.15331481397151947, 0.05727440491318703, 0.04389343038201332, -0.4655444622039795, -0.24998047947883606, 0.9238390326499939, 0.39892855286598206, -0.18273814022541046, 0.3191228210926056, 0.6493452191352844, 0.11014042794704437, 0.19443492591381073, -0.3034477233886719, 0.3330228328704834, 0.08688302338123322, 0.12283480912446976, 0.3726782500743866, -0.19302764534950256, 0.06297039985656738, -0.21287396550178528, -0.05272393301129341, -0.39351654052734375, -0.2564777731895447, -0.9481607675552368, 0.7037227153778076, 0.11825983971357346, -0.22796618938446045, 0.11687575280666351, -0.36106932163238525, 0.41276928782463074, -0.005992263555526733, 1.3958073854446411, -0.13138175010681152, -0.15174640715122223, 0.06489657610654831, -0.7600125670433044, -0.10184600949287415, -0.04531634971499443, 0.11902154237031937, -0.43331560492515564, 0.4434273838996887, -0.23540741205215454, 0.02650996670126915, 0.022031787782907486, 0.3996160328388214, 0.5072606801986694, 0.07690920680761337, -0.48275747895240784, 0.9056334495544434, -0.44965866208076477, -0.0720197781920433, -0.3738860785961151, 0.16848589479923248, 0.7017330527305603, 0.23028135299682617, 0.7123505473136902, 0.17561909556388855, -0.30186203122138977, 0.2009129524230957, -0.14537413418293, 0.09509468078613281, 0.3879346251487732, 0.10931571573019028, -0.0002839587104972452, 0.03524632006883621, -0.2310822457075119, -0.03537705913186073, 0.4607020318508148, -0.729782223701477, -0.6661553382873535, -0.37527570128440857, 0.5883362889289856, -0.003742586588487029, 0.38362354040145874, -0.5460015535354614, 0.11393172293901443, 0.9645097255706787, 0.22804377973079681, -0.4038178622722626, -0.19385117292404175, -0.5081325769424438, 0.20525221526622772, -0.2596520781517029, -0.3738861680030823, -0.06763670593500137, 0.23176831007003784, -0.12258803844451904, -0.14633296430110931, -0.13067315518856049, 0.3836209774017334, -0.13341549038887024, -0.042509645223617554, 1.06691575050354, -0.004561260808259249, 0.28369641304016113, 0.16884778439998627, -0.04643896594643593, 0.07399123162031174, 0.5855950117111206, -0.20965945720672607, -0.5576342940330505, 0.48182129859924316, -0.18580973148345947, -0.023409413173794746, -0.6756401062011719, 0.015244891867041588, 0.08328957110643387, 0.46387979388237, -0.3905419409275055, 0.20893344283103943, -1.7535141706466675, -0.024881893768906593, -0.07490598410367966, 0.5368040800094604, 0.09653667360544205, 0.19090507924556732, -0.11782606691122055, 0.07905848324298859, 0.318356990814209, 0.16767719388008118, 0.5561544895172119, -0.1292991042137146, -0.20102541148662567, 0.08209458738565445, 0.12826257944107056, 0.31062471866607666, 0.06522142142057419, 0.3476330041885376, -0.4424143433570862, -0.41986504197120667, 0.25650134682655334, 0.06429954618215561, 0.08160053938627243, 0.16038639843463898, 0.36014723777770996, 0.27071866393089294, 0.054066043347120285, -0.19809964299201965, 0.07661645114421844, 0.0770559012889862, -0.23027947545051575, 0.3412455916404724, -0.7423354983329773, 0.02865493856370449, 0.38356393575668335, -0.7269355058670044, 0.4138762652873993, -0.42064765095710754, 0.8652278184890747, 0.21701426804065704, -0.4867790937423706, -0.6242400407791138, 0.27278414368629456, -0.4602617025375366, -0.23144866526126862, -0.24961352348327637, 0.1157081127166748, -0.006110391113907099, 0.5682145953178406, -0.7637978792190552, 0.3302060067653656, 0.4519222676753998, 0.1509930044412613, -0.15808223187923431, 0.3174546957015991, -0.1883232742547989, -0.015531246550381184, -0.13448649644851685, 0.17044565081596375, -0.2793744206428528, 0.5303534865379333, 0.11004671454429626, 0.048331018537282944, 0.11833710223436356, -0.20863381028175354, 0.0027641067281365395, -0.083132304251194, -0.026295863091945648, 0.18191716074943542, 0.4224742650985718, -0.172554150223732, 0.04308241605758667, -0.18861350417137146, -0.603818953037262, 0.10102251172065735, -0.1436184197664261, 0.18873539566993713, 0.8093286752700806, 0.5029511451721191, -0.09720145910978317, -0.11480557173490524, 0.030269481241703033, 0.10180852562189102, -0.04967981204390526, -0.19274359941482544, -6.1997456550598145, 0.13362762331962585, 0.015327535569667816, 0.11351525783538818, -0.1552548110485077, -0.17790518701076508, 0.03163104131817818, -0.5332300066947937, 0.26591989398002625, -0.9363603591918945, 0.10659869760274887, 0.21714156866073608, -0.6826169490814209, -0.0036415732465684414, 0.6272619366645813, 0.19529390335083008 ]
230752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragraph	Paragraph	A paragraph () is a self-contained unit of discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences. Though not required by the syntax of any language, paragraphs are usually an expected part of formal writing, used to organize longer prose. History The oldest classical Greek and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original , similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group. The Greek evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way. In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly. Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space. A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format. Typographical considerations Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page. Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left." Bringhurst explains as follows: The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted. The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first, noting that that is the "practical minimum". An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent. Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average. When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol may be used: "See § Background". In computing In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style. How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text. A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done kip l;a 000 in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address. Numbering Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere. Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951. Section breaks Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat. Style advice The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks. A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs. English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落). See also Inverted pyramid (journalism) Notes References The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673. Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. (10). (13). External links Typography Writing	[ 0.05103006586432457, 0.3062441945075989, -0.3050743043422699, 0.24449200928211212, -0.4330314099788666, -0.07528634369373322, 0.3499820828437805, 0.31399622559547424, -0.3148745000362396, -0.5517242550849915, -0.6661377549171448, -0.1371983140707016, 0.16112709045410156, 0.45640888810157776, 0.277156263589859, -0.029462413862347603, 0.6291256546974182, 0.24016888439655304, 0.17577338218688965, -0.1271839588880539, -0.36160460114479065, 0.3851092457771301, -0.032977961003780365, -0.7208691239356995, 0.704174816608429, -0.4107428193092346, 0.3689536452293396, 0.0605919323861599, -0.2505185306072235, -0.1698908507823944, -0.20127946138381958, 0.2919234335422516, 0.09762772917747498, 0.11342518776655197, 0.2553360164165497, -0.4577030837535858, 0.007021582685410976, 0.040435291826725006, -0.11898116767406464, -0.6901220083236694, -0.18179230391979218, 0.2594074010848999, 0.5306405425071716, 0.023242594674229622, -0.4226619303226471, -0.5709114074707031, -1.3206583261489868, 0.08473432809114456, -0.8292145729064941, 0.42156174778938293, -0.6935479044914246, 0.019433563575148582, 0.7949114441871643, 0.25947508215904236, -0.5692539811134338, 0.7624346613883972, -0.4382086396217346, 0.07287410646677017, 0.314801424741745, -0.542069673538208, 0.4062049090862274, -0.18037697672843933, 0.0113655561581254, 0.2460322082042694, 0.6208670735359192, 0.2519852817058563, -0.4384077787399292, -0.2540596127510071, -0.41806477308273315, -0.11318672448396683, -0.23618578910827637, -0.5417606234550476, -0.3323613107204437, 0.8584553599357605, -0.23520736396312714, 0.013436095789074898, 0.42860502004623413, -0.055887702852487564, -0.5266050100326538, -0.2373436987400055, -0.9543931484222412, 1.1947996616363525, 0.10421065986156464, -0.1396908313035965, -0.012750350870192051, 0.028797267004847527, -0.5555317997932434, 0.20388072729110718, -0.08163671940565109, 0.5318013429641724, 0.7226698398590088, -0.1478825956583023, -0.06709949672222137, -0.29820331931114197, 0.4705389440059662, -0.07669670879840851, 0.29126906394958496, 0.28294870257377625, -0.11047397553920746, 0.104758620262146, -0.38083240389823914, -0.1900264024734497, 1.2943062782287598, -0.15846732258796692, -0.6224291920661926, 0.3908199071884155, 0.2596111297607422, -0.6292712092399597, 0.6426600217819214, -0.6085470914840698, 0.10571923106908798, 0.4158778190612793, -0.20330139994621277, -0.07262199372053146, -0.7602564096450806, 0.331369012594223, 0.055988702923059464, 0.05781881883740425, -0.26275384426116943, -0.5069290399551392, -0.14090760052204132, 0.35038015246391296, 0.6400254368782043, -0.2770625650882721, 0.06660749018192291, -0.4249695837497711, 0.37744060158729553, 0.42650294303894043, -0.5755082368850708, -0.04486209899187088, -0.001957848435267806, 0.7498758435249329, -0.0128219248726964, -0.06842430680990219, -0.39464011788368225, 0.09718121588230133, 0.31070682406425476, 0.06695783883333206, 0.18921518325805664, 0.07136537879705429, -0.5116478800773621, -0.07895030081272125, -1.5003758668899536, -0.42849215865135193, 0.31577029824256897, -0.43122732639312744, 0.09145443886518478, -0.543645977973938, -0.5949113368988037, -0.30564630031585693, 0.017817342653870583, -0.16445720195770264, -0.07136698067188263, -0.11535564810037613, 0.053662292659282684, 0.34520718455314636, 0.5843547582626343, 0.1591164469718933, -0.050148122012615204, 0.11031083762645721, 0.148439422249794, 0.1534227728843689, -0.5596921443939209, -0.12288572639226913, -0.16601593792438507, -0.2899782657623291, 0.4037138819694519, 0.03379712626338005, -0.023381633684039116, -0.03280065953731537, 0.16096878051757812, -0.360186368227005, 0.19201211631298065, 0.05933123454451561, -0.2543666660785675, 0.1167202964425087, 0.4090723693370819, 0.070998415350914, 0.7844535112380981, -0.1207558661699295, -0.5472959280014038, 0.40791812539100647, 0.19567044079303741, -0.4090484082698822, 0.1202683374285698, -0.3953598737716675, 0.20049452781677246, 0.1323431432247162, -0.09874390065670013, -0.2650875449180603, -0.5612568855285645, -0.3632076382637024, -0.2412060648202896, -0.7620893120765686, 1.252989649772644, -0.08137113600969315, -0.46096742153167725, 1.4362070560455322, 0.10037658363580704, 0.616325855255127, -0.06633799523115158, 0.2121105194091797, 0.29267066717147827, -0.45491912961006165, -0.5270211100578308, 1.1519802808761597, 0.4405551552772522, 0.6211692094802856, -0.6491687893867493, 0.38922226428985596, 0.020254289731383324, 0.13693663477897644, 0.49696114659309387, -0.7052723169326782, -0.23141147196292877, -0.10789135843515396, -0.35947880148887634, 0.24709616601467133, -0.25916945934295654, -0.35788118839263916, 0.8647043704986572, -0.45034387707710266, -0.009972859174013138, 0.5053769946098328, -0.6762565970420837, 0.10027894377708435, 0.28753143548965454, 0.3345717191696167, 0.09483104199171066, -1.184488296508789, 0.19485314190387726, -0.4484442174434662, 0.4879703223705292, -0.18855679035186768, -0.38482147455215454, 0.22950971126556396, 0.45851805806159973, 0.306104838848114, 0.5946074724197388, -0.32477128505706787, 0.2579575777053833, -0.3712489604949951, 0.08105334639549255, 0.006928995717316866, 0.4875240921974182, 0.07483485341072083, 0.03836025670170784, 0.1398610919713974, -0.16722415387630463, 0.08604772388935089, 0.1616498827934265, 0.3043179214000702, 0.16949422657489777, -0.27317118644714355, -0.42042624950408936, -0.14749282598495483, 0.006015420891344547, -0.08152352273464203, 0.6004288792610168, 0.45941048860549927, -0.5053152441978455, 0.3999421298503876, 0.020296158269047737, 0.00553157040849328, -0.37626728415489197, -0.03061380237340927, -0.09973778575658798, -0.3682376742362976, -0.04781326651573181, 0.8784334063529968, 0.44120511412620544, -0.032117221504449844, -0.6454947590827942, -1.0031064748764038, 0.03743850067257881, -0.7208150625228882, 0.8532098531723022, -0.31740623712539673, -0.4723590910434723, -0.5102651119232178, -0.454379141330719, -0.17837074398994446, 0.724875807762146, -0.4889536201953888, 0.2051880955696106, -0.8832129836082458, 0.3971613049507141, -0.13834789395332336, 0.14005345106124878, 0.16231516003608704, -0.40852048993110657, 0.18432970345020294, 0.015697799623012543, 0.010855782777071, 0.9974989891052246, 0.26321861147880554, -0.032161083072423935, -0.2401534914970398, 0.010761527344584465, -0.5041437745094299, -0.3909175395965576, 0.04678899422287941, -0.13249053061008453, -0.10684950649738312, -0.08252111077308655, 0.25405219197273254, 0.26282957196235657, 0.3750635087490082, -5.508151054382324, -0.21018865704536438, -0.7320665717124939, -0.7226235866546631, -0.508858859539032, 0.01683671399950981, 0.38741666078567505, -0.19440174102783203, -0.3079735040664673, 0.020875170826911926, -0.4167245924472809, -0.039339128881692886, 0.4318213164806366, 0.5198801159858704, 0.5884261131286621, -0.14313918352127075, 0.25930720567703247, 0.1096067875623703, -0.24072134494781494, 0.6421545743942261, 0.11633103340864182, 0.3442213535308838, 0.35782450437545776, 0.3000466525554657, 0.38461023569107056, -0.5268443822860718, -0.5006154775619507, 0.23186816275119781, 0.16511428356170654, -0.19130441546440125, 0.37106356024742126, -0.010622752830386162, 0.3644251227378845, -0.38224148750305176, -0.15868616104125977, -0.2642284631729126, 0.5573452115058899, 0.31157201528549194, 0.07378316670656204, -0.1376326084136963, -0.05358684062957764, 0.6286065578460693, 0.7528495192527771, -0.23004041612148285, 0.15447290241718292, 0.34571439027786255, -0.4178723096847534, -0.6181909441947937, -0.38080576062202454, 0.45377102494239807, -0.3243158459663391, 0.3409484028816223, 0.48149386048316956, -0.1496335119009018, 0.33697938919067383, 0.02012026496231556, 0.6525651812553406, -0.44200399518013, -0.8295719623565674, -0.374654620885849, 0.4972749352455139, -0.7513412237167358, 0.29922935366630554, -0.8406248688697815, -0.16823279857635498, -0.32024523615837097, -0.8131287693977356, 0.11663186550140381, 0.5963798761367798, 0.41448235511779785, -0.421143501996994, 0.30215904116630554, 0.24405500292778015, -0.6463516354560852, 0.1493765115737915, -0.4174790680408478, -0.2073230892419815, 0.11474098265171051, 0.18983301520347595, 0.07162556797266006, -0.2934606373310089, 0.0298992320895195, -0.4839235246181488, -0.01169958058744669, 0.18072716891765594, -0.1977234184741974, 0.03466697409749031, -0.18090206384658813, -0.467957079410553, -0.33903658390045166, 0.8922186493873596, -0.03365973010659218, 0.23616956174373627, 0.1892726719379425, 0.13693904876708984, -0.10473416745662689, 0.32246655225753784, -0.14480581879615784, 0.521969735622406, -0.6446084976196289, 0.44952094554901123, 0.025142164900898933, -0.11058824509382248, -0.2318332940340042, -0.34986791014671326, 0.24161244928836823, -1.0620837211608887, 0.4811103045940399, 0.6927465796470642, -0.244669109582901, 0.034360140562057495, 0.33115053176879883, -0.1242847591638565, 0.03758717328310013, 0.2897680103778839, 0.5035277605056763, -0.7226902842521667, 0.4064343571662903, 0.06578965485095978, -0.2202278971672058, 0.16589269042015076, 0.07762744277715683, -0.1625947505235672, -0.0022819084115326405, -0.6512261629104614, -0.05908923223614693, -0.06928889453411102, -0.17844246327877045, -0.2123367339372635, -0.05963638424873352, 0.6836255192756653, -0.0463184230029583, 0.24378818273544312, -0.46969398856163025, 0.15812624990940094, -0.7269935011863708, 0.17904169857501984, 0.47402697801589966, -0.1211022436618805, -0.4586503207683563, 0.49392980337142944, 0.03216540440917015, 0.22855381667613983, 0.06530977040529251, 0.8681952357292175, 0.17283451557159424, -0.5863801836967468, 0.1781550496816635, -0.46984392404556274, 0.5984508395195007, -0.16037267446517944, -0.37971028685569763, 0.03562229499220848, -0.5176731944084167, 0.04177137091755867, 0.06286869943141937, -0.12367066740989685, 0.23862367868423462, -0.16899380087852478, -0.11774984747171402, 0.2595590054988861, -0.1783066987991333, -0.6823974847793579, -0.3651552200317383, 0.0028378977440297604, -0.21446622908115387, -0.8116471767425537, 0.44328656792640686, 0.037864092737436295, 0.38055896759033203, -0.0018256324110552669, 0.13048671185970306, -0.13657288253307343, -0.42037269473075867, 0.20752033591270447, 0.6672541499137878, 0.23396490514278412, 0.564085841178894, 0.11399993300437927, 0.3787561357021332, 0.1065010130405426, -0.5512722134590149, 0.2725474238395691, 0.7835984826087952, 0.49899929761886597, 0.0858820304274559, 0.06544816493988037, 0.6561495065689087, -0.7228990197181702, -0.2584783434867859, 0.11280433088541031, -0.2983289062976837, 0.37944352626800537, -0.41912317276000977, -0.3397591710090637, -0.18502572178840637, 0.038011692464351654, -0.09985494613647461, -0.2964000105857849, -0.4737899601459503, 0.10010778903961182, 0.546562910079956, -0.6055527925491333, 0.131846621632576, 0.36790037155151367, -0.8878165483474731, 0.507881224155426, -0.2436717301607132, -0.3281559944152832, 0.538607120513916, -0.20593087375164032, -0.26699119806289673, -0.4794939458370209, -0.21787047386169434, 0.09194202721118927, -0.040922995656728745, 0.029406556859612465, -0.4671314060688019, 0.04946019500494003, -0.46510201692581177, 1.2317728996276855, -0.03951440006494522, -0.45097869634628296, -0.000045431886974256486, 0.005551399663090706, 0.2911761403083801, 0.060719359666109085, -0.27450355887413025, 0.7084906101226807, -0.3106999397277832, -0.05219820514321327, -0.04931465908885002, 0.30300042033195496, 0.022012438625097275, 0.00462802778929472, -0.98782879114151, -0.25319620966911316, -0.05611070618033409, 0.2606573700904846, 0.1547088921070099, 0.2968739867210388, 1.2332655191421509, -0.09100281447172165, -0.5279787182807922, -0.011107591912150383, 0.3882180452346802, 0.37478339672088623, -0.5806487798690796, -0.648440957069397, 0.44032278656959534, 0.5342603921890259, -0.4969545602798462, -0.4711042642593384, -0.42991945147514343, 0.8058435320854187, 0.5569155812263489, -0.5208329558372498, -0.01005195826292038, -0.14954154193401337, 0.36038631200790405, 0.43082115054130554, -0.5340253114700317, -0.5320820808410645, 0.3698064684867859, 0.6856363415718079, 0.004826794378459454, -0.1954340636730194, 0.6227441430091858, 0.207400381565094, -0.44622838497161865, 0.1585722118616104, -0.33098363876342773, -0.33936089277267456, 0.02782266214489937, 0.7199739813804626, 0.04548279941082001, -0.4433060884475708, -0.06285848468542099, 0.11268439143896103, -0.051468376070261, 0.4888251721858978, -0.08614471554756165, -0.13272681832313538, -0.15085415542125702, 0.24332691729068756, 0.024645555764436722, 0.6710411906242371, 0.409149169921875, -0.4790533185005188, 0.08137599378824234, -0.7431060075759888, 0.022737232968211174, -0.0030753544997423887, 0.8152709603309631, -0.25072696805000305, -0.20178177952766418, 0.4449300169944763, 0.3811039328575134, -0.23128364980220795, 0.16402842104434967, -0.03712628781795502, -0.16166667640209198, 0.4527134597301483, -1.007994532585144, 0.5483261346817017, -0.1942354440689087, -0.3294264078140259, -0.8074354529380798, 0.19195158779621124, 0.003448079340159893, 0.2740766406059265, 0.5949270129203796, 0.5033712983131409, -0.09059194475412369, 0.04830535873770714, -0.4812590777873993, 0.16480708122253418, -0.2045985758304596, 0.37380197644233704, -0.20110511779785156, 0.21358704566955566, -0.2283371388912201, 0.36367788910865784, -0.2438587248325348, -0.6036872863769531, 0.34467464685440063, 0.16076023876667023, -0.20458568632602692, -0.36858996748924255, 0.3039334714412689, 0.6663532853126526, 0.6622664332389832, -0.15136392414569855, -0.04130611568689346, -0.6091736555099487, -0.9218461513519287, -0.001054956577718258, 0.03279462456703186, -0.11641982942819595, 0.35607394576072693, 0.8301960229873657, 0.14750809967517853, 0.013530928641557693, 0.5030300617218018, -0.020461881533265114, -0.17655858397483826, 0.546912431716919, 0.8532386422157288, -0.150162473320961, 0.46973562240600586, 0.36398857831954956, 0.2936529815196991, 1.164768934249878, -0.2006617933511734, 0.045604974031448364, -0.5225469470024109, 0.23303687572479248, -0.17172366380691528, 0.1369766741991043, -0.47836217284202576, -0.5695489048957825, 0.6860455870628357, -0.21051324903964996, -0.23820865154266357, 0.6042011380195618, -0.07862474024295807, 0.13683460652828217, 0.17994223535060883, 0.15647897124290466, -0.016751911491155624, 0.34212160110473633, 0.8393275141716003, -0.6742731928825378, 0.11881016939878464, -0.3708544373512268, 0.00950347539037466, 0.20989832282066345, 0.29346150159835815, 0.3308286666870117, -0.10325522720813751, -0.01954965852200985, 0.11492942273616791, -0.21169450879096985, -0.10372710227966309, -0.12035130709409714, 0.3655925989151001, 0.18194983899593353, 0.45335784554481506, -0.20016664266586304, 0.03333102911710739, -0.3608936667442322, -0.6397839188575745, -0.17469048500061035, -0.21024452149868011, -0.42866864800453186, 0.5855618715286255, -0.3099821209907532, 1.0887491703033447, 0.0816703662276268, -0.12447039783000946, -0.4770132601261139, -0.2507166564464569, 0.35008561611175537, -0.027260564267635345, -0.37199556827545166, 0.41557714343070984, -0.11419389396905899, -0.3047028183937073, -0.706790566444397, 0.36634010076522827, 0.6840563416481018, -0.3685932457447052, -0.18816927075386047, 0.6955715417861938, 0.04468590393662453, 0.24381990730762482, 0.13202349841594696, -0.6983212232589722, 0.373961478471756, -0.22871512174606323, -0.34457719326019287, 0.3895588517189026, 0.18987758457660675, -0.15167391300201416, 0.1552407592535019, 0.2811826467514038, -0.03243114799261093, 0.6787101626396179, -0.27869611978530884, -0.23794172704219818, -0.39013034105300903, 0.031085269525647163, -0.2501929700374603, 0.4427383542060852, 0.03702928498387337, 0.24902044236660004, 0.05747351050376892, 0.23446977138519287, 0.3365410566329956, -0.4001985192298889, -0.5128953456878662, -0.25806108117103577, -0.36858850717544556, -0.010622403584420681, -2.226309299468994, 0.5173521041870117, -0.11364194750785828, -0.20818284153938293, -0.7443894743919373, 0.07531728595495224, 0.4328068196773529, -0.29888173937797546, 0.15398697555065155, -0.31067878007888794, -0.045769453048706055, 0.2810806930065155, 0.2824438214302063, -0.6169806718826294, -0.18219830095767975, 0.39915212988853455 ]
230753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Johnson%20%28judge%29	William Johnson (judge)	William Johnson Jr. (December 27, 1771 – August 4, 1834) was an American attorney, state legislator, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1804 to 1834. When he was 32 years old, Johnson was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Thomas Jefferson. He was the first Jeffersonian Republican member of the Court as well as the second Justice from the state of South Carolina. During his tenure, Johnson restored the act of delivering seriatim opinions. He wrote about half of the dissents during the Marshall Court, leading historians to nickname him the "first dissenter". Johnson wrote the majority opinion for two major cases (including United States v. Hudson) and hundreds of majority opinions in minor admiralty, land, and insurance cases. He supported a strong federal government in economic matters, leading him to join the majority in cases such as McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Fletcher v. Peck to the dismay of Thomas Jefferson and other Republicans. Johnson's strong federalist opinions while sitting as a circuit justice for the District of South Carolina made him a social pariah in his home state. In 1834, he moved to Brooklyn, New York, where he died later that year from surgery complications. Like most justices on the Marshall Court, Johnson's contributions to the law were overshadowed by Chief Justice John Marshall. However, beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, Johnson's jurisprudence became a topic of limited scholarship. Early life Johnson was born in St. James Goose Creek Parish (now part of Berkeley County, South Carolina) to William Johnson Sr., a blacksmith who moved to South Carolina from New York, and Sarah Johnson, née Nightingale. Both of his parents were supporters of the American Revolution. During the Revolution, Johnson Sr. was considered by British authorities to be "one of the most dangerous and important of the rebels." He led Charleston revolutionaries alongside Christopher Gadsden and was the originator of Charleston's Liberty Tree. Following the siege of Charleston, both Johnson Sr. and Gadsden were imprisoned in St. Augustine, Florida by British commander Sir Henry Clinton. Johnson Jr., alongside his brother and mother (who was also a revolutionary), subsequently fled to New York City, where they lived for the remainder of the Revolution. Following the war, Johnson Sr. was a representative for Charleston in the South Carolina General Assembly. Johnson was fourteen in the summer of 1787 when delegates met at the Constitutional Convention. According to one Supreme Court historian, "nothing shaped Johnson’s habits of mind more powerfully than the experience of revolution." In 1790, William Johnson graduated from Princeton University first in his class. Three years later, he passed the bar after tutelage under Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Johnson was an adherent of the Democratic-Republican Party, and he represented Charleston in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1794 to 1800. In his last term, from 1798 to 1800, he served as Speaker of the House. In 1799, Johnson helped pass a bill to reorganize the state judiciary. Later that year, he was also appointed an associate justice of the state Court of General Sessions and Common Pleas, a position created by Johnson's reorganization. The service on that court also included a position on the state Constitutional Court, the highest court in the state at the time. In 1794, he married Sarah Bennett, the sister of Thomas Bennett Jr., who later served as Governor of South Carolina. Johnson and Bennett were close friends. Johnson and his wife named their son Thomas Bennett in honor of him. The couple had eight children together, six of whom survived. They also adopted two refugees from Santo Domingo. In 1808, Johnson constructed a 2½-story Charleston single house home on Rutledge Avenue. While on the Supreme Court, Johnson owned slaves. Supreme Court career On March 22, 1804, President Thomas Jefferson nominated Johnson to be an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, as the successor of Alfred Moore. He was confirmed by the United States Senate by voice vote on March 24, 1804, and was sworn into office on May 7, 1804. Jefferson nominated the 32-year-old Johnson because he was from a similar geographic region as Moore, because Johnson's health would allow him to travel regularly (a requirement of the position at the time), and because Johnson adhered to republican principles. He was the first member of the Court who was not a Federalist. In his years on the Court, Johnson developed a reputation as a frequent and articulate dissenter from the Federalist majority. While Chief Justice John Marshall was frequently able to steer the opinions of most of the justices, Johnson demonstrated an independent streak. Johnson restored the practice of delivering seriatim opinions (a separate opinion from the opinion of the Court) and from 1805 through 1833, he wrote nearly half of the Supreme Court's dissenting opinions. For this reason, he has been nicknamed the "first dissenter." During his tenure, Johnson wrote the majority opinion for only two major cases: United States v. Hudson and Goodwin in 1812, and Mechanics' Bank of Alexandria v. Bank of Columbia in 1820. In U.S. v. Hudson, the Court held that federal courts lacked the power to develop common law crimes, a decision which was celebrated by Jeffersonians. However, in Mechanics' Bank, the Court established federal common law precedent that a federal judge could hear parol evidence to explain a written contractual agreement if the agreement's meaning was ambiguous. Johnson also wrote over a hundred majority opinions for "arcane land, admiralty, and insurance cases" as well as numerous concurrences. Following 1820, Johnson wrote fewer majority opinions and more dissents. The increase in dissents from Johnson may have been due to influence from Jefferson, who praised the practice and urged Johnson to publish more. Ultimately, Johnson wrote about half of the dissents during the Marshall Court. Gilchrist v. Collector of Charleston (1808) Following the Chesapeake–Leopard affair in 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed the Embargo Act, which "expressly granted discretion to the state port collectors to detain any ship that appeared to be violating, or attempting to violate, the embargo." In 1808, shipowner Adam Gilchrist filed a mandamus action with the circuit court after his ship was detained following the direction of Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin. In Gilchrist v. Collector of Charleston (1808), Johnson, presiding over the court, ruled that "the collector’s actions would not be justified by Gallatin’s letter because in the embargo act Congress did not sanction the President (or the Department of Treasury) with the discretion to detain ships." The case resulted in immediate backlash. While the Federalist press celebrated the decision, it remained unpopular with the majority of citizens. Between July and October 1808, Johnson publicly debated the decision with Attorney General Caesar Augustus Rodney in a series of letters published in Charleston newspapers. Ultimately, the Jefferson administration believed that the circuit court did not have the right to enforce a writ of mandamus. However, the case remains an important yet often forgotten judicial landmark that helped establish judicial independence. The decision, Johnson's first major act of independence, was not appreciated by Jefferson. The two men stopped corresponding for a number of years after Gilchrist, and their friendship did not rekindle until Johnson restored their correspondence by offering "rare botanical seeds" to Jefferson. Johnson was nominated for Collector of the Port of Charleston on January 23, 1819, but chose to remain on the Court. Contract Clause jurisprudence In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), Johnson joined the majority of the Court to hold that a Georgia law voiding land grants given by the state the year prior was unconstitutional. It was the first time the Supreme Court ruled a state law as such. Johnson wrote a concurrence in Fletcher. He did not disagree with the Court's overall holding, but he feared the case may have been "feigned" due to possible collusion between the parties in order to establish precedent. He also disagreed with Marshall's reasoning that the Georgia law violated the Contract Clause. He believed Marshall's interpretation of the Contract Clause, that impairments to contract obligations violated it, as overly broad and unnecessarily restrictive of state powers in favor of private rights. Instead, he believed the law violated the general principle of law that one could not revoke ownership in something one no longer owned. In 1819, Johnson joined the majority in Dartmouth College v. Woodward. In Dartmouth, the Court held the Contract Clause applied to private corporations, that a private charter constituted a contract between parties, and that states could not interfere with that contract. Uncharacteristically, Johnson did not write a separate opinion in the case. However, when the Supreme Court decided the 1823 case of Green v. Biddle, Johnson wrote a separate opinion. In Green, Johnson wrote an opinion that was part dissent, part concurrence. He concurred with the majority opinion that Kentucky's legislative act to restrict the rights of titleholders to their land was illegal but once again, as in Fletcher (1810), Johnson believed that the illegality of the act was due to its violation of general principles of law, and not due to it violating the Contract Clause. He forwent analyzing the Contract Clause as he felt it was unnecessary to the legal question in the case. Green v. Biddle was one of the Court's most important Contract Clause cases of the era, further expanding the clause to include public agreements such as the Virginia-Kentucky compact of 1792. In 1827, Johnson joined Justice Bushrod Washington's majority opinion in Ogden v. Saunders (1827). The opinion held that the Contract Clause barred only retrospective laws affecting contracts, not prospective laws affecting contracts not yet signed. It was the only constitutional case that Chief Justice Marshall ever dissented in. Federalism jurisprudence In 1813, the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the state's highest court at the time, refused to follow the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Fairfax v. Hunter's Lessee (a case that Johnson had dissented in), arguing that the Supreme Court's appellate power did not extend to their court. In that case, the Supreme Court, using powers bestowed to it in the Judiciary Act of 1789, held that Virginia had improperly divested a family of title and reversed the state court. In 1816, the Supreme Court answered the defiance of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee. In Martin, Justice Joseph Story wrote for a unanimous court that "the appellate power of the United States does extend to cases pending in the State courts, and that the 25th section of the judiciary act, which authorizes the exercise of this jurisdiction in the specified cases by a writ of error, is supported by the letter and spirit of the Constitution." The opinion written by Story frustrated Johnson's wish for a more "forceful assertion of Federal authority". In a concurring opinion, Johnson wrote that the Supreme Court was "constituted by the voice of the union, and when decisions take place which nothing but a spirit to give ground and harmonize can reconcile, [the Supreme Court's voice] is the superior claim upon the comity of the state tribunals." Johnson further expanded on federalism, stating that: Johnson also joined two other landmark decisions on federalism. In 1819, he joined a unanimous Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, a case that struck down an attempt by the Maryland General Assembly to tax the Second Bank of the United States. McCulloch established that states could not interfere with the federal government's execution of constitutional powers and that the Necessary and Proper Clause gives Congress implied powers that are not enumerated in the U.S. Constitution. Two years later, in 1821, Johnson joined the unanimous opinion written by Chief Justice Marshall in Cohens v. Virginia, which held that the Supreme Court had the ability to review state criminal proceedings. Denmark Vesey trial and Elkison v. Deliesseline (1822) In 1822, Denmark Vesey, a free man of color, and several others were charged with allegedly planning a slave revolt in Charleston. City officials believed Vesey and his followers were planning on overrunning and killing the city's white slave owners and then fleeing to Haiti. The alleged Vesey conspiracy was a watershed moment in the lives of many white South Carolinians. But Johnson doubted the alleged threat and magnitude of the plot, putting him at odds with the beliefs of most white citizens, including his own daughter. Johnson openly questioned the fairness of the resulting trial. He wrote a letter to the Charleston Courier in June 1822 detailing an account of another previously purported slave rebellion along the border of Georgia and South Carolina. The rebellion Johnson cited had turned out to be only hearsay and resulted in the murder of an innocent man. Johnson claimed he believed the story "contained an useful moral, and might check the causes of agitation which were then operating upon the public mind" in Charleston. Johnson was not alone in his criticism. Governor Thomas Bennett criticized the proceedings for being unfair due to the fact that the trials were held privately and the accused were not present when witnesses testified. The criticism from both Governor Bennett and Justice Johnson outraged members of the court trying the alleged plotters. In July 1822, the members published a rebuttal in the Charleston Courier and the arrests and executions more than doubled. Following Denmark Vesey's arrest and trial, the South Carolina legislature amended the Negro Seaman's Act of 1820 to remove the exception for "free negro or mulatto seamen" from being temporarily arrested and imprisoned while their ship ported. Johnson feared that the case would lead to creditor-ship owners leaving free seamen in jails to avoid paying wages as well as lead to other bans based on racial classification. In the case of Elkison v. Deliesseline (1822), Johnson, presiding over his duties on the Circuit Court for the District of South Carolina, found that "the transfer of commerce and treaty powers to the national government eliminated state authority to enact conflicting legislation" and therefore invalidated the statute. It was the first time since 1789 that a federal court invalidated state legislation because of its conflict with the Commerce Clause. The ruling enraged the white populations of the slave-holding states. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) In 1824, the Marshall Court unanimously held in Gibbons v. Ogden that the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution gave the federal government the right to regulate instrumentalities of commerce. In the majority opinion, Marshall held that a federal licensing law expressed Congress's intent to regulate steamboat commerce and that it invalidated a New York law creating a steamboat monopoly. In contrast, in Johnson's concurring opinion, he uncompromisingly argued that it was the federal government's exclusive power regardless of federal licensing laws. He further stated that because "[c]ommerce, in its simplest signification, means an exchange of goods", societal advances would lead to various mediums of exchange (such as labor and intelligence) entering into commerce, and therefore becoming "the objects of [federal] commercial regulation." Johnson's concurrence was unexpectedly nationalist. He had been appointed to be a check on the nationalist Marshall, but instead he "outmarshalled Marshall." The opinion foreshadowed future constitutional debates regarding the Commerce Clause. In 2018, Justice Anthony Kennedy cited the concurrence in his majority opinion for South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc. and wrote that had Johnson's view "prevailed and States been denied the power of concurrent regulation, history might have seen sweeping federal regulations at an early date that foreclosed the States from experimentation with laws and policies of their own..." Native American jurisprudence The Georgia Gold Rush in the early 1830s led to two important cases regarding Native American sovereignty that Johnson heard on the bench. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), the Cherokee Nation sought an injunction preventing Georgia from utilizing a series of laws to strip them of their rights and their land, asserting the laws violated treaties that the Nation had signed with the United States. The Court held that it did not have jurisdiction because "an Indian tribe or nation within the United States is not a foreign state in the sense of the constitution, and cannot maintain an action in the courts of the United States". In Johnson's concurrence, he stated that Indian tribes were "nothing more than wandering hordes, held together only by ties of blood and habit, and having neither rules nor government beyond what is required in a savage state." The next year, Johnson again joined the majority in Worcester v. Georgia (1832), a landmark decision that held that the "Cherokee nation ... is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force." Judicial philosophy Johnson was a pioneer of judicial restraint and believed that the legislature and executive branch had a "superior competency and fitness" to deal with evolving problems. His jurisprudence relied on the idea of personal sovereignty enforced by legislation. While he believed an independent judiciary was important, he also believed that the legislature had the right to control the courts in order to protect its own sovereignty. His view of the judicial function differed significantly from the view of Chief Justice Marshall (as well as Justice Washington and Justice Story). Johnson's view on expanding federal jurisdiction, as seen in his lone dissent in Osborn v. Bank of the United States (1824), also differed from the Chief Justice's. In 1807, Chief Justice Marshall, writing for the majority of the Court, granted two men who were implicated in the Burr conspiracy a writ of habeas corpus in Ex parte Bollman. Johnson dissented from the Marshall opinion, stating that the Supreme Court lacked both original and appellate jurisdiction and that the Judiciary Act did not give the Court the ability to issue the writ. According to one historian, Johnson "valued commonsense argument, factual and doctrinal accuracy, solid annotation, and full disclosure of the circumstances of the case." Like Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (who Johnson is theorized to have influenced), Johnson rarely cited cases. Career as author In 1822, Johnson authored the two-volume Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene, a comprehensive work about Major General Nathanael Greene, who played a vital role in the defeat of the British during the American Revolution. The volume was ultimately a financial and critical failure at the time. One contemporary critic ridiculed it by stating that the book had a "poor developed arraignment of topics, an improper use of obscene sentences, and a dismal failure in its use of affected language." However, the historian Craig Newton in 1964 identified Johnson's volumes as a part of the historiography of South Carolina and stated that Johnson "spoke not only for the more competent biographers and historians but also for all others diligent in the preservation of the sources of the Revolution..." Several other historians have theorized that Johnson's political attachment to Jefferson was due in part to the power of Jefferson's recommendation and introduction to publishers. In the only surviving note in Andrew Jackson's correspondence which mentions Justice William Johnson, Jackson suggests Johnson was "interested mainly in literary fame and so could not be trusted to write a friend’s biography." Death and historic appraisal Illness and death Johnson became a social pariah in South Carolina following the nullification crisis in 1832 and 1833 because the state "was captured by a party with whose principles he unalterably opposed." In 1834, he became "fatally ill", and chose to move his residence to Brooklyn, New York. On August 4, 1834, following particularly painful surgery on his jaw to heal an infection, he died. Johnson had been told the surgery would likely kill him beforehand; however, he opted to proceed with the procedure, which may have been "botched". It has often been reported that he was buried in the churchyard of St. Philip's Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, where a large statue of him remains. However, the church does not have record of him ever being interred there. Historic appraisal Like most other Justices on the Marshall Court, Johnson's contributions to the Supreme Court were eclipsed by the Chief Justice. His views on the Constitution are considered "on the losing side" of historic constitutional debate. Historian Sandra Vanburkleo stated that Johnson fell "short of greatness" and that when "reputation depends on permanent contributions to doctrine, too much about Johnson was oppositionist or dyspeptic, and too little survived as precedent." Historian Fred Rodell, by contrast, named him as "the most underrated of all justices." Until the 1950s and 1960s, scholarship on Justice Johnson was almost nonexistent. A biography on Johnson by Donald G. Morgan (the only book-length biography on Johnson thus far) published in 1954 spurred scholarship focusing on Johnson's dissents, republicanism, and independence. However, further research on Johnson has been inhibited by limited access to historical documents as families from South Carolina rarely preserved family papers. See also United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court References Further reading External links Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene Letter from President Jefferson to William Johnson, 1822. Letter from President Jefferson to William Johnson, 1823 \|- 1771 births 1834 deaths 19th-century American judges American Episcopalians Burials in South Carolina Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina Princeton University alumni South Carolina Democratic-Republicans South Carolina lawyers South Carolina state court judges Speakers of the South Carolina House of Representatives United States federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States American slave owners	[ -0.8777728080749512, 0.6172538995742798, -0.6036249995231628, -0.11990906298160553, 0.07800040394067764, 0.5664917230606079, 1.1928759813308716, 0.3720076382160187, -0.8740972876548767, -0.4041271209716797, -0.020347032696008682, 0.13460034132003784, -0.4370225667953491, 0.9352356791496277, 0.003062552772462368, 0.747006356716156, -0.09333836287260056, 0.344075471162796, 0.36782991886138916, -0.7955209016799927, 0.3935362994670868, -0.24923714995384216, 0.2244933545589447, -0.19128067791461945, 0.29992595314979553, 0.15652313828468323, -0.499675989151001, 0.24141471087932587, 0.05972513183951378, 0.3275112211704254, -0.13453173637390137, 0.47457554936408997, 0.024259930476546288, -0.10436678677797318, -0.42084041237831116, -0.3139950931072235, 0.2657715976238251, -0.11959029734134674, 0.2103952020406723, 0.19576679170131683, -0.2690475285053253, 0.4305514395236969, 0.1437283158302307, -0.16281092166900635, 0.003997002728283405, -0.3257594406604767, -1.9532753229141235, -0.6587181687355042, -0.14146186411380768, -0.29769185185432434, 0.497018039226532, 0.0311267226934433, 0.3674938380718231, 0.779343843460083, -0.09302269667387009, 0.2881459593772888, -0.6110685467720032, 0.4121879041194916, 0.6110146045684814, 0.43047553300857544, 0.4350166916847229, 0.770006537437439, 0.19723093509674072, -0.339307576417923, -0.302932471036911, 0.40686002373695374, -0.07142873853445053, 0.7063825130462646, -0.22723345458507538, 0.6174440979957581, -0.14647765457630157, -0.2282956838607788, 0.6159856915473938, 0.6941934823989868, 0.1581290364265442, -0.027018047869205475, 0.19572333991527557, 0.17202228307724, -0.3273079991340637, 0.06898371130228043, 0.23363763093948364, -0.26313531398773193, 0.7704776525497437, 0.2718055546283722, 0.0505688339471817, 0.4337232708930969, -0.5394397377967834, -0.36787155270576477, 0.46604424715042114, 0.12907005846500397, -0.6109827160835266, 0.6874561309814453, -0.32242831587791443, 0.36590707302093506, 0.004081113263964653, -0.016529621556401253, 0.07481347024440765, 0.26508310437202454, 0.20290304720401764, 0.27420875430107117, 0.14384226500988007, 0.08759962767362595, 0.7330412268638611, 0.025288648903369904, 0.22056977450847626, 0.0555240660905838, -0.03347201272845268, -0.28703927993774414, 0.2075788676738739, -1.7404630184173584, -0.42629608511924744, 0.24558040499687195, 0.07614681124687195, -0.37893107533454895, -0.7050756216049194, 0.5791407823562622, 0.8414136171340942, -0.3960016965866089, -0.25819069147109985, 0.10918078571557999, -0.14422105252742767, 0.4432614743709564, -0.5778740644454956, 0.6601378321647644, -0.70685213804245, 0.2568090558052063, 0.6628336906433105, 0.08335355669260025, 0.5894683599472046, 0.9584032893180847, 0.1565256118774414, 0.854226291179657, 0.22116205096244812, -0.0772460401058197, -0.34343382716178894, -0.29551172256469727, 0.4081116020679474, 0.5219922065734863, -0.03477514535188675, 0.1121840849518776, -0.6360973715782166, -0.6877256035804749, -2.6606507301330566, 0.03026125766336918, 0.32646965980529785, 0.23548436164855957, -0.18997134268283844, 0.7701025605201721, -0.03881286084651947, 0.5697333812713623, -0.03888632729649544, 0.22831054031848907, 0.23509842157363892, 0.13930264115333557, -0.19475412368774414, 0.34690606594085693, 0.13348782062530518, -0.7178959846496582, 0.32724177837371826, 0.8139355182647705, -0.5738599896430969, -0.06301043927669525, 0.233576700091362, 0.06465764343738556, 0.008273045532405376, 0.5937390923500061, 0.22078290581703186, -0.8550392389297485, -0.20664682984352112, 0.45032799243927, -0.5441188216209412, -0.19277408719062805, -0.10072199255228043, -0.4360208213329315, -0.1756829470396042, -0.2259780913591385, 1.3170627355575562, 0.3834961950778961, 0.1159350574016571, -0.8205397129058838, -0.3975590765476227, -0.5026612281799316, 0.3201483488082886, -0.149667888879776, 0.056176044046878815, 0.03094298020005226, 0.9876917004585266, -0.04174748808145523, -0.004453102592378855, -0.09596101194620132, 0.0009995702421292663, -0.2006528079509735, 0.08901191502809525, -0.07753095030784607, 0.8307515978813171, 0.37622129917144775, -0.1813242882490158, 0.3080894351005554, 0.013531499542295933, 0.7059847712516785, 0.5086292624473572, -0.08749207109212875, 0.11784346401691437, -0.09800319373607635, -0.5233640074729919, 2.4398856163024902, 0.004023307468742132, -0.25046321749687195, 0.5042881369590759, 0.9807707071304321, 0.023020008578896523, -0.3265668749809265, -0.8536517024040222, 0.0018324590055271983, -0.16160951554775238, -0.45072078704833984, 0.19226065278053284, -0.7827569842338562, 0.27985167503356934, -0.5484524965286255, 0.3695339858531952, 0.4419299364089966, 0.12335455417633057, 0.5010093450546265, -0.7367868423461914, 0.6106358766555786, -0.28850841522216797, 0.5120800137519836, -0.5170521140098572, -0.7595189809799194, 0.1372886449098587, -0.1873711496591568, 0.051367104053497314, -0.4381655752658844, 0.18141010403633118, -0.33937588334083557, -0.4513970613479614, -0.6119801998138428, 0.3450334072113037, 0.14583781361579895, 0.602480947971344, -0.14289842545986176, -0.29537156224250793, 0.16095441579818726, -0.15127937495708466, 0.3276251256465912, -0.3280915319919586, -0.44110292196273804, -0.06891907751560211, -0.5465764999389648, 0.7777904868125916, -0.2237035036087036, 0.4663463532924652, -0.42054635286331177, 0.22615429759025574, 0.2742224335670471, -0.021568939089775085, -0.0348375029861927, -0.38119834661483765, 0.12570564448833466, -0.256020724773407, -0.008851210586726665, -0.05499362200498581, -0.3848099708557129, -0.644058108329773, -0.592865526676178, -0.6259984970092773, -0.12808598577976227, 0.08285272121429443, 0.16469955444335938, 0.5466569662094116, -0.6490883827209473, 0.3068338632583618, -3.075336217880249, 0.6839709877967834, 0.26226720213890076, 0.19566848874092102, 0.10600273311138153, -0.6663460731506348, -0.02727827988564968, 0.4780535399913788, 0.6501405239105225, -0.05252089351415634, 0.25562143325805664, -0.28296539187431335, 0.017613982781767845, 0.23735204339027405, -0.32006824016571045, 0.24002021551132202, 0.04938402771949768, -0.2898508608341217, 0.2824805974960327, -0.40799614787101746, 0.2960502505302429, 0.5695989727973938, 0.30381056666374207, 0.21746642887592316, -0.21269966661930084, 0.0010577759239822626, -0.40974849462509155, -0.5274611115455627, -0.02972804196178913, 0.014321197755634785, 0.08922816812992096, 0.1484886109828949, -0.3752872943878174, 0.07804347574710846, 0.11601138114929199, -3.3294670581817627, -0.2938739061355591, -0.19555431604385376, 0.04962621629238129, 0.2531442642211914, -0.3435344398021698, 0.7892308235168457, 0.1906270533800125, -0.0952359065413475, 0.1845012754201889, 0.6415427327156067, -0.0781656876206398, 0.18107371032238007, 0.525094211101532, 0.3788985311985016, 0.7888224124908447, 0.9445132613182068, 0.031878553330898285, 0.6947868466377258, 0.09559343010187149, 0.5275715589523315, -0.3036336600780487, -0.33761176466941833, -0.8100824952125549, 0.3875741958618164, 0.8048301935195923, -0.036994121968746185, 0.17143423855304718, -0.5814103484153748, -0.21911729872226715, -0.5598320960998535, 0.4037647247314453, -0.3106359541416168, -1.026054859161377, -0.7848640084266663, -0.27733439207077026, -0.05995174124836922, 0.4666956961154938, 0.3977344334125519, -0.07322456687688828, -0.14350618422031403, 0.13990500569343567, -1.0696556568145752, 0.5786031484603882, 0.2179790735244751, -0.16499505937099457, -0.8722214102745056, 0.04222918301820755, -0.1635628640651703, 0.5727055072784424, 0.1653682440519333, 0.01775747537612915, 1.1494108438491821, 0.3191339075565338, 0.29095929861068726, -0.23480689525604248, 0.5580403208732605, 0.2628064453601837, -0.3961547911167145, 0.13848039507865906, 0.9709337949752808, -0.8319681286811829, -0.09309913963079453, -0.3141172230243683, 0.15327252447605133, -0.8226248025894165, 0.03875553235411644, -0.0479242317378521, 0.16699987649917603, -0.018925340846180916, 0.28178495168685913, 0.9222826361656189, 0.359072744846344, -0.6649815440177917, 0.47984522581100464, 0.2601306736469269, -0.4167417883872986, 0.014780139550566673, -0.13160526752471924, -0.16609500348567963, 0.3959369659423828, 0.05743665620684624, -0.04525857791304588, 0.7941444516181946, 0.11292362213134766, 0.35015803575515747, -0.5196086168289185, 0.4937877655029297, -0.4628005623817444, -0.506996750831604, -0.7315924763679504, -0.14982350170612335, -0.08513747900724411, 0.9940512180328369, 0.1720028519630432, -0.2757340967655182, 0.5797607898712158, -1.1853975057601929, -0.12176243960857391, -0.40457576513290405, -0.5514683127403259, -0.42497819662094116, -0.13081954419612885, -0.5939037799835205, 0.04669491574168205, -0.5603863596916199, -0.5741159915924072, 0.779914140701294, -0.1893167942762375, 0.41126617789268494, 0.2492040991783142, -0.14949171245098114, -0.1370033174753189, 0.21221180260181427, 0.7592940926551819, -0.259280264377594, -0.02069476991891861, 0.32589611411094666, 0.5183284282684326, 0.3824276328086853, 0.42843300104141235, 0.2958546578884125, 0.16862143576145172, -0.15304723381996155, -0.26604869961738586, -0.032771944999694824, 0.4718208909034729, -0.1298806220293045, -0.46370288729667664, -0.16751040518283844, -0.1356763243675232, 0.4858851730823517, -0.7091495990753174, -0.19894443452358246, -0.09435269236564636, -0.6377071738243103, 0.18224400281906128, -0.23320621252059937, 0.458047479391098, -0.15446895360946655, 0.6099207997322083, -0.48922067880630493, -0.44916000962257385, 0.16896522045135498, -0.17560717463493347, 0.6657097935676575, 0.5858622789382935, -0.16058991849422455, -0.2562427520751953, 0.1518162488937378, -0.8135237097740173, -0.9745696187019348, 0.5499981045722961, -0.45587822794914246, -0.11843211948871613, -0.2137971669435501, -0.1975528597831726, 0.36544322967529297, 0.2591570317745209, 0.19629132747650146, 0.03762359544634819, 0.5575414299964905, -0.8438946604728699, -0.06644157320261002, 0.13378837704658508, -0.35442274808883667, 0.06483045965433121, 0.2037493884563446, -0.40966886281967163, 0.7447142004966736, -0.117652028799057, -0.06753755360841751, -0.5776882767677307, -0.09105749428272247, 0.4121805727481842, -0.20558775961399078, 0.3447364866733551, 0.3528837561607361, 0.04118086025118828, 0.08815044909715652, -0.17051054537296295, -0.2695731222629547, -0.4509478509426117, 0.1571163535118103, 0.2079644352197647, -0.5547119379043579, -0.31124499440193176, -0.03264941647648811, 0.14131993055343628, -0.1989353746175766, -0.5198609828948975, -0.02359854429960251, 0.5499598383903503, 0.30275842547416687, -0.21166187524795532, -0.6537028551101685, 0.6676314473152161, -0.3902015686035156, 0.1567080318927765, -0.5053921341896057, 0.23997925221920013, 0.5801247954368591, 0.10748361051082611, 0.6743797063827515, -0.30016961693763733, -0.783566951751709, -0.09016484022140503, 0.2589554488658905, -0.18803729116916656, 0.8093265891075134, 0.5248578786849976, -0.60866779088974, 0.02871672436594963, 0.3305710554122925, -0.19823028147220612, -0.5391010046005249, 1.1837223768234253, 0.584018886089325, -0.17337805032730103, -0.7579596042633057, -0.3323368728160858, -0.8176826238632202, -0.07314898818731308, -0.377562552690506, -0.3970738351345062, 0.458633154630661, -0.07936054468154907, -0.5915845036506653, 0.9350963234901428, -0.22958911955356598, -0.818636953830719, -0.07807856053113937, 0.1901661604642868, 0.6342150568962097, -0.15724460780620575, 0.09744154661893845, -0.2427273839712143, 0.2776242792606354, -0.20219454169273376, 0.23319752514362335, 0.6322391629219055, 0.7905094623565674, 0.6028990149497986, -0.5005863904953003, -0.26099300384521484, 0.1405942589044571, -0.33869481086730957, 0.0645621046423912, -0.36235207319259644, 0.044906195253133774, 0.01401389017701149, -0.2887284755706787, -0.695985734462738, -0.4509236216545105, 1.0326660871505737, 0.12129871547222137, 0.25480344891548157, 0.28705504536628723, 0.14828169345855713, -0.02594555914402008, -0.2244446873664856, 0.22995637357234955, -0.3456471860408783, 0.12477336078882217, 0.6238680481910706, 0.11989118903875351, 0.16064733266830444, -0.09934002161026001, 0.8678706288337708, -0.599256157875061, -1.2851109504699707, -0.7784973382949829, -0.37747034430503845, 0.3707415461540222, 0.267338365316391, -0.09463652968406677, -0.021824274212121964, -0.43218547105789185, -0.004210750572383404, -0.15422411262989044, 1.0656715631484985, 0.050060056149959564, 0.31839826703071594, -0.263973206281662, 0.37140342593193054, -0.3577592968940735, -0.6786849498748779, -0.005951297003775835, -0.5015226602554321, -0.2841922640800476, -0.17055080831050873, 0.17311102151870728, -0.10166914016008377, -0.2533952295780182, -0.4755001664161682, 0.11408999562263489, -0.4596653878688812, 0.08552388846874237, -0.27833104133605957, 0.07320833206176758, -1.0672979354858398, 1.0954419374465942, 0.02960686944425106, -0.22310815751552582, 0.3105814456939697, -0.09363410621881485, -0.25338566303253174, -0.45216310024261475, -0.10719941556453705, 0.12134670466184616, 0.1119878962635994, -0.01903710886836052, 0.3488333523273468, 0.06361546367406845, -0.22979998588562012, -0.445927232503891, 0.5473447442054749, -0.7173589468002319, -0.34789276123046875, -0.07526617497205734, -0.32720932364463806, -0.4345358610153198, 0.6412376165390015, 0.059811752289533615, 0.10636156052350998, 0.737400472164154, -0.32568463683128357, -0.4576869606971741, 0.19838179647922516, -0.5826405882835388, 0.15640754997730255, 0.14626885950565338, -0.9841777086257935, 0.307998389005661, -0.4837564527988434, -0.053186751902103424, -0.18079666793346405, -0.4403262734413147, 0.04383835941553116, 0.5845064520835876, -0.21195267140865326, 0.7470535635948181, -0.42347705364227295, -0.143486887216568, 0.024539100006222725, 0.143007293343544, -0.6875492334365845, 0.1124977245926857, 0.42571181058883667, -0.28174638748168945, 0.022916050627827644, 0.6069651246070862, 0.4492957890033722, -0.1271526962518692, -0.14126117527484894, -0.06411180645227432, 0.2646794617176056, -0.41565489768981934, -0.3971624970436096, -2.6104156970977783, -0.12074815481901169, -0.6425771117210388, 1.016978144645691, 0.10478363931179047, -0.00455467076972127, -0.17465464770793915, 0.06093724071979523, -0.058652300387620926, -0.029704121872782707, 0.4195317029953003, 0.6752268075942993, -0.4863266348838806, 0.23827920854091644, 0.05305275321006775, 0.8912367820739746, 0.426548570394516, 0.10860326886177063, -0.5898765921592712, 0.016727672889828682, -0.2036251276731491, 0.5486348867416382, -0.20063339173793793, -0.2866065204143524, -0.36416009068489075, 0.35460764169692993, 0.10937628149986267, -0.23484215140342712, 0.3456924855709076, 0.14687345921993256, -0.1879589706659317, 0.035371650010347366, -0.08740320056676865, 0.3404442369937897, 0.7161219120025635, -0.4938868582248688, 0.604062557220459, 0.09938041120767593, 0.08853252232074738, -0.04581005126237869, -0.08473504334688187, 0.12315265834331512, 0.5507627129554749, -0.23412500321865082, -0.024996567517518997, -0.23492632806301117, 0.6137180924415588, -0.6779304146766663, 0.5590324997901917, -0.5460990071296692, 0.8063794374465942, -0.32272157073020935, 0.24550551176071167, -0.30118831992149353, 0.5502355694770813, 0.0939570888876915, 0.1921541839838028, 0.35592299699783325, -0.08912283182144165, -0.318867027759552, -0.12786756455898285, 0.10402149707078934, -0.03816324472427368, 0.2556152045726776, 0.2549472451210022, -0.3010662794113159, -0.6306224465370178, 0.24746347963809967, -0.4647273123264313, 0.5528854131698608, 0.2163267284631729, 0.12172465771436691, -0.26450949907302856, 0.08063908666372299, -0.6536521315574646, 0.27370405197143555, 0.30821526050567627, 0.13015766441822052, 0.5823215842247009, -0.004351118113845587, -0.17267145216464996, -0.47060486674308777, -0.25925949215888977, 0.08055516332387924, 0.17558921873569489, -5.880976676940918, -0.6458353996276855, -0.3404634892940521, -1.0915123224258423, 0.4399910867214203, 0.11330325156450272, 0.07427313178777695, -0.13875265419483185, -0.28484421968460083, -0.7049975395202637, 0.620678186416626, 0.2272033393383026, -0.07235728204250336, -0.5262221097946167, 0.4659566879272461, -0.024643732234835625 ]
230757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibor%20extermination%20camp	Sobibor extermination camp	Sobibor (, Polish: ) was an extermination camp built and operated by Nazi Germany as part of Operation Reinhard. It was located in the forest near the village of Sobibór in the General Government region of German-occupied Poland. As an extermination camp rather than a concentration camp, Sobibor existed for the sole purpose of murdering Jews. The vast majority of prisoners were gassed within hours of arrival. Those not killed immediately were forced to assist in the operation of the camp, and few survived more than a few months. In total, some 170,000 to 250,000 people were murdered at Sobibor, making it the fourth-deadliest Nazi camp after Belzec, Treblinka, and Auschwitz. The camp ceased operations after a prisoner revolt which took place on 14 October 1943. The plan for the revolt involved two phases. In the first phase, teams of prisoners were to discreetly assassinate each of the SS officers. In the second phase, all 600 prisoners would assemble for evening roll call and walk to freedom out the front gate. However, the plan was disrupted after only 11 of the SS officers had been killed. The prisoners had to escape by climbing over barbed wire fences and running through a mine field under heavy machine gun fire. About 300 prisoners made it out of the camp, of whom 58 are known to have survived the war. After the revolt, the Nazis demolished the camp and planted it over with pine trees. The site was neglected in the first decades after World War II, and the camp had little presence in either popular or scholarly accounts of the Holocaust. It became better known after it was portrayed in the TV miniseries Holocaust (1978) and the film Escape from Sobibor (1987). The Sobibor Museum now stands at the site, which continues to be investigated by archaeologists. Photographs of the camp in operation were published in 2020 as part of the Sobibor perpetrator album. Background Operation Reinhard Sobibor was one of four extermination camps established as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Holocaust. The extermination of Europe's Jews did not originate as a single top-down decision, but was rather a patchwork of decisions made regarding particular occupied areas. Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Germans began implementing the Nisko Plan in which Jews were deported from ghettos across Europe to the forced labour camps which comprised the Lublin Reservation. Lublin District region was chosen in particular for its inhospitable conditions. The Nisko Plan was abandoned in 1940, but many forced labour camps continued operations in the area, including Trawniki, Lipowa 7, and Dorohucza. In 1941, the Nazis began experimenting with gassing Jews. In December 1941, SS officials at Chełmno conducted experiments using gas vans and the first mass gassings were conducted at Auschwitz concentration camp in January. At the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich announced a plan for systematically murdering the Jews through a network of extermination camps. This plan was realized as Operation Reinhard. Nothing is known for certain about the early planning for Sobibor in particular. Some historians have speculated that planning may have begun as early as 1940, on the basis of a railway map from that year which omits several major cities but includes Sobibór and Bełżec. The earliest hard evidence for Nazi interest in the site comes from the testimony of local Poles, who noticed in Autumn 1941 that SS officers were surveying the land opposite the train station. When a worker at the station cafeteria asked one of the SS men what was being built, he replied that she would soon see and that it would be "a good laugh." Camp construction In March 1942 SS-Hauptsturmführer Richard Thomalla took over construction work at Sobibor, which had begun at an unknown earlier date. Thomalla was a former building contractor and committed Nazi whose service as an auxiliary police commander and adviser on Jewish forced labour had earned him a high-ranking position in Odilo Globočnik's construction department. Having previously overseen the construction of Bełżec extermination camp, he applied lessons learned there to Sobibor. Thomalla allotted a much larger area for Sobibor than he had for Bełżec, allowing more room to maneuver as well as providing space for all of the camp's facilities to be constructed within its perimeter. The camp incorporated several pre-war buildings including a post office, a forester's lodge, a forestry tower, and a chapel. The forester's lodge became the camp administration building, while the post office was used as lodging for the SS (though not, as commonly reported, for the commandant). The former post office, located near the railroad tracks, still stands today. The SS adapted the preexisting railroad infrastructure, adding an 800-meter railroad spur that ended inside the camp. This third set of tracks allowed regular rail traffic to continue uninterrupted while the camp unloaded transports of new prisoners. Some building materials were supplied by the SS Central Construction Office in Lublin, while others were procured from local sawmills and brickworks, as well as from the remains of demolished houses of Jews. The first group of workers who built the camp were primarily locals from neighbouring villages and towns. It is unknown to what extent these were Polish or Jewish forced labourers. After Thomalla's arrival, the Jewish council in nearby Włodawa was ordered to send 150 Jews to assist in the construction of the camp. These workers were constantly harassed as they worked, and were shot if they showed signs of exhaustion. Most were murdered upon completion of construction, but two escaped back to Włodawa, where they attempted to warn the Jewish council about the camp and its purpose. Their warnings were met with disbelief. The first gas chambers at Sobibor were built following the model of those at Belzec, but without any furnaces. To provide the carbon monoxide gas, SS-Scharführer Erich Fuchs acquired a heavy gasoline engine in Lemberg, disassembled from an armoured vehicle or a tractor. Fuchs installed the engine on a cement base at Sobibor in the presence of SS officers Floss, Bauer, Stangl, and Barbl, and connected the engine exhaust manifold to pipes leading to the gas chamber. In mid-April 1942, the Nazis conducted experimental gassings in the nearly finished camp. Christian Wirth, the commander of Bełżec and Inspector of Operation Reinhard, visited Sobibor to witness one of these gassings, which murdered thirty to forty Jewish women brought from the labour camp at Krychów. The initial construction of Sobibor was finished by summer 1942, and a steady stream of prisoners began thereafter. However, the SS camp was continuously expanded and renovated throughout its existence. After only a few months of operation, the wooden walls of the gas chambers had absorbed too much sweat, urine, blood, and excrement to be cleanable. Thus, the gas chambers were demolished in the summer of 1942, and new larger ones were built made out of brick. Later that summer, the SS also embarked on a beautification project, instituting a more regular cleaning schedule for the barracks and stables, and expanding and landscaping the Vorlager to give it the appearance of a "Tyrolean village" much noted by later prisoners. When Sobibor ceased operations in mid-1943, the SS were part way through the construction of a munitions depot known as Lager IV. Layout Sobibor was surrounded by double barbed wire fences which were thatched with pine branches in order to block the view inside. At its southeast corner, it had two side-by-side gates; one for trains and another for foot traffic and vehicles. The site was divided into five compounds: the Vorlager and four Lagers numbered I-IV. The Vorlager (front compound) contained living quarters and recreational buildings for the camp personnel. The SS officers lived in cottages with colorful names such as Lustiger Floh (the Merry Flea), Schwalbennest (the Swallow's Nest), and Gottes Heimat (God's Own Home). They also had a canteen, a bowling alley, a hairdresser, and a dentist, all staffed by Jewish prisoners. The watchmen, drawn from Soviet POWs, had separate barracks, and their own separate recreational buildings, including a hair salon and a canteen. The Nazis paid great attention to the appearance of the Vorlager. It was neatly landscaped, with lawns and gardens, outdoor terraces, gravel-lined paths, and professionally painted signs. This idyllic appearance helped hide the nature of the camp from prisoners, who would arrive on the adjacent ramp. Survivor Jules Schelvis recalled feeling reassured upon arrival by the Vorlager's "Tyrolean cottage-like barracks with their bright little curtains and geraniums on the windowsills". Lager I contained barracks and workshops for the prisoners. These workshops included a tailor's shop, a carpenter's shop, a mechanic's shop, a sign-painter's shop, and a bakery. Lager I was accessible only through the adjacent Vorlager, and its western boundary was made escape-proof with a water-filled trench. Lager II was a larger multi-purpose compound. One subsection called the "Erbhof" contained the administration building, as well as a small farm. The administration building was a pre-war structure previously used by the local Polish forestry service. As part of the camp, this building was adapted to provide accommodation for some SS officers, storage for goods stolen from victims' luggage, as well as a pharmacy, whose contents were also taken from victims' luggage. On the farm, Jewish prisoners raised chickens, pigs, geese, fruits and vegetables for consumption by the SS men. Outside the Erbhof, Lager II contained facilities where new arrivals were prepared before being murdered. It contained the sorting barracks and other buildings used for storing items taken from the victims, including clothes, food, hair, gold, and other valuables. At the east end was a yard where new arrivals had their luggage taken from them and were forced to undress. This area was beautified with flower beds to hide the camp's purpose from newcomers. This yard led into the narrow enclosed path called the Himmelstrasse (road to heaven) or the Schlauch (tube), which led straight to the gas chambers in Lager III. The Himmelstrasse was covered on both sides by fences woven with pine branches. Lager III was the extermination area. It was isolated from the rest of the camp, set back in a clearing in the forest and surrounded by its own thatched fence. Prisoners from Lager I were not allowed near it, and were killed if they were suspected of having seen inside. Due to a lack of eyewitness testimony, little is known about Lager III beyond the fact that it contained gas chambers, mass graves, and special separate housing for the Sonderkommando prisoners who worked there. Lager IV (also called the Nordlager) was added in July 1943, and was still under construction at the time of the revolt. Located in a heavily wooded area to the north of the other camps, it was being developed as a munitions depot for processing arms taken from Red Army soldiers. Life in the camp Prisoner life Because Sobibor was an extermination camp, the only prisoners who lived there were the roughly 600 slave labourers forced to assist in the operation of the camp. While survivors of Auschwitz use the term "selected" to mean being selected for murder, at Sobibor being "selected" meant being selected to live, at least temporarily. The harsh conditions in the camp took the lives of most new arrivals within a few months. Work Prisoners worked from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, with a short lunch break in the middle. Sundays were designated as half days, but this policy was not always observed. The prisoner population included many labourers with specialized skills such as goldsmithing, painting, gardening, or tailoring. While such prisoners were officially spared death only to support the camp's primary operations, much of their labour was in fact diverted for the SS officers' personal enrichment. Renowned Dutch Jewish painter Max van Dam was nominally kept as a sign painter, but the SS also forced him to paint landscapes, portraits, and hagiographic images of Hitler. Similarly, Shlomo Szmajzner was placed in charge of the machine shop in order to conceal his work making gold jewelry for SS officers. Prisoners with specialized skills were considered especially valuable and were afforded privileges not available to others. Those without specialized skills performed a variety of other jobs. Many worked in the Lager II sorting barracks, where they were forced to comb through luggage left behind by gas chamber victims, repackaging valuable items as "charity gifts" for German civilians. These workers could also be called on to serve in the railway brigade which greeted new prisoners. The railway brigade was considered a relatively appealing job, since it gave famished workers access to luggage which often contained food. Younger prisoners commonly worked as putzers, cleaning for the Nazis and the watchmen and attending to their needs. A particularly horrifying job was that of the "barbers" who cut the hair of women on their way to the gas chamber. This job was often forced upon young male prisoners in an attempt to humiliate both them and the naked women whose hair they were cutting. Armed watchmen supervised the process in order to ensure that barbers did not respond to victims' questions or pleas. In Lager III, a special unit of Jewish prisoners was forced to assist in the extermination process. Its tasks included removing bodies, searching cavities for valuables, scrubbing blood and excrement from the gas chambers, and cremating the corpses. Because the prisoners who belonged to this unit were direct witnesses to genocide, they were strictly isolated from other prisoners and the SS would periodically liquidate those unit members who had not already succumbed to the work's physical and psychological toll. Since no workers from Lager III survived, nothing is known about their lives or experiences. When construction of Lager IV began in the summer of 1943, the Nazis assembled a forest commando who worked there cutting timber for heat, cooking, as well as cremation pyres. Prisoners struggled with the fact that their labour made them complicit in mass murder, albeit indirectly and unwillingly. Many committed suicide. Others endured, finding ways to resist, if only symbolically. Common symbolic forms of resistance included praying for the dead, observing Jewish religious rites, and singing songs of resistance. However, some prisoners found small ways of materially fighting back. While working in the sorting shed, Saartje Wijnberg would surreptitiously damage fine items of clothing to prevent them from being sent to Germany. After the war, Esther Terner recounted what she and Zelda Metz did when they found an unattended pot of soup in the Nazis' canteen: "We spit in it and washed our hands in it... Don't ask me what else we did to that soup... And they ate it." Social relations Prisoners found it difficult to forge personal relationships. This was in part due to the constant turnover in the camp population, but also to an atmosphere of mutual distrust which was often exacerbated by national or linguistic divisions. Dutch Jews were particularly subject to derision and suspicion because of their assimilated manners and limited Yiddish. German Jews faced the same suspicion as the Dutch, with the added implication that they might identify more with their captors than with their fellow prisoners. When social groups did form, they were generally based on family ties or shared nationality, and were completely closed off to outsiders. Chaim Engel even found himself shunned by fellow Polish Jews after he began a romantic relationship with Dutch-born Saartje Wijnberg. These divisions had dire consequences for many prisoners from Western Europe, who were not trusted with crucial information about goings-on in the camp. Because of the expectation of imminent death, prisoners adopted a day-at-a-time outlook. Crying was rare and evenings were often spent enjoying whatever of life was left. As revolt organizer Leon Feldhendler recounted after the war, “The Jews only had one goal: carpe diem, and in this they simply went wild.” Prisoners sang and danced in the evenings and sexual or romantic relations were frequent. Some of these affairs were likely transactional or coerced, especially those between female prisoners and kapos, but others were driven by genuine bonds. Two couples that met in Sobibor were married after the war.) The Nazis allowed and even encouraged an atmosphere of merriment, going so far as to recruit prisoners for a choir at gunpoint. Many prisoners interpreted these efforts as attempts by the Nazis to keep the prisoners docile and to prevent them from thinking about escape. Prisoners had a pecking order largely determined by one's usefulness to the Germans. As survivor Toivi Blatt observed, there were three categories of prisoners: the expendable "drones" whose lives were entirely at the mercy of the SS, the privileged workers whose special jobs provided some relative comforts, and finally the artisans whose specialized knowledge made them indispensable and earned them preferential treatment. Moreover, as at other camps, the Nazis appointed kapos to keep their fellow prisoners in line. Kapos carried out a variety of supervisory duties and enforced their commands with whips. Kapos were involuntary appointees, and they varied widely in how they responded to the psychological pressures of their position. Oberkapo Moses Sturm was nicknamed "Mad Moisz" for his mercurial temperament. He would beat prisoners horrifically without provocation and then later apologize hysterically. He talked constantly of escape, sometimes merely berating the other prisoners for their passivity, other times attempting to formulate actionable plans. Sturm was executed after being betrayed by a lower ranking kapo named Herbert Naftaniel. Naftaniel, nicknamed "Berliner", was promoted to Oberkapo and became a notorious figure in the camp. He viewed himself as German rather than Jewish, and began a reign of terror which came to an end shortly before the revolt, when a group of prisoners beat him to death with SS-Oberscharfuhrer Karl Frenzel's permission. Despite these divisions in the camp, prisoners found ways to support each other. Sick and injured prisoners were given clandestine food as well as medicine and sanitary supplies stolen from the camp pharmacy. Healthy prisoners were expected to cover for sick prisoners who would otherwise be killed. The camp nurse Kurt Ticho developed a method of falsifying his records so that sick prisoners could take more than the allotted three day recovery period. Members of the railway brigade attempted to warn new arrivals of their impending murder but were met with incredulity. The most successful act of solidarity in the camp was the revolt on 14 October 1943, which was expressly planned so that all of the prisoners in the camp would have at least some chance of escape. Health and living conditions Prisoners suffered from sleep deprivation, malnourishment, and the physical and emotional toll of grueling labour and constant beatings. Lice, skin infections, and respiratory infections were common, and typhoid swept the camp on occasion. When Sobibor first opened, prisoners were regarded as expendable and shot at the first sign of illness or injury. After a few months, the SS grew concerned that the enormous death rate was limiting the camp's efficiency. In order to increase the continuity of its labour force and alleviate the need to constantly train new workers, the SS instituted a new policy allowing incapacitated prisoners three days to recover. Those still unable to work after three days were shot. Food in the camp was extremely limited. As at other Lublin district camps, prisoners were given about 200 grams of bread for breakfast along with Ersatz coffee. Lunch was typically a thin soup sometimes with some potatoes or horse meat. Dinner could be once again simply coffee. Prisoners forced to live on these rations found their personalities changing due to hunger. Others supplemented these rations surreptitiously, for instance by helping themselves to food from victims' luggage while working in the sorting barracks or in the railway brigade. A barter system developed in the camp, which included not only prisoners but also the watchmen, who would serve as intermediaries between the Jews and local peasants, exchanging jewels and cash from the sorting barracks for food and liquor in exchange for a large cut. Most prisoners had little or no access to hygiene and sanitation. There were no showers in Lager I and clean water was scarce. Although clothing could be washed or replaced from the sorting barracks, the camp was so thoroughly infested that there was little point. However, some prisoners worked in areas of the camp such as the laundry which gave them occasional access to better hygiene. Camp personnel The personnel at Sobibor included a small cadre of German and Austrian SS officers, and a much larger group of watchmen, generally of Soviet origin. SS garrison Sobibor was staffed by a rotating group of eighteen to twenty-two German and Austrian SS officers. The SS officers were generally from lower-middle-class backgrounds, having previously worked as merchants, artisans, farmhands, nurses, and policemen. Almost all the Sobibor SS officers had previously served in Aktion T4, the Nazi forced euthanasia program. In particular, a large contingent had previously served together at Hartheim Euthanasia Centre. Many practices developed at Hartheim were continued at Sobibor, including methods for deceiving victims on the way to the gas chambers. Before beginning work at Sobibor, they had met with Odilo Globočnik in Lublin and signed a confidentiality agreement. Over the course of its operation, roughly 100 SS officers served at Sobibor. When Sobibor first opened, its commandant was SS-Obersturmführer Franz Stangl, a meticulous organizer who worked to increase the efficiency of the extermination process. Stangl had little interaction with the prisoners, with the exception of Shlomo Szmajzner who recalled Stangl as a vain man who stood out for "his obvious pleasure in his work and his situation. None of the others—although they were, in different ways, so much worse than he—showed this to such an extent. He had this perpetual smile on his face." Stangl was transferred to Treblinka in August 1942, and his job at Sobibor was filled by SS-Obersturmführer Franz Reichleitner. Reichleitner was an alcoholic and a determined anti-semite who took little interest in what went on in the camp aside from the extermination process. SS-Untersturmführer Johann Niemann served as the camp's deputy commandant. Day-to-day operations were generally handled by SS-Oberscharfuhrer Gustav Wagner, the most feared and hated man in Sobibor. Prisoners regarded him as brutal, demanding, unpredictable, observant, and sadistic. They referred to him as "The Beast" and "Wolf". Reporting to Wagner was SS-Oberscharfuhrer Karl Frenzel, who oversaw Lager I and acted as the camp's "judicial authority". Kurt Bolender and :de:Hubert Gomerski oversaw Lager III, the extermination area, while SS-Oberscharfuhrer Erich Bauer and SS-Scharführer Josef Vallaster typically directed the gassing procedure itself. The SS men considered their job appealing. At Sobibor, they could enjoy creature comforts not available to soldiers fighting on the Eastern Front. The officer's compound in the camp had a canteen, a bowling alley, and a barber shop. The "officers' country club" was a short distance away, on nearby Perepsza Lake. Each SS man was allowed three weeks of leave every three months, which they could spend at Haus Schoberstein, an SS-owned resort in the Austrian town of Weissenbach on Lake Attersee. Moreover, the job could be lucrative: each officer received base pay of 58 Reichmarks per month, plus a daily allowance of 18 marks, and special bonuses including a Judenmordzulage (Jew murder supplement). In all, an officer at Sobibor could earn 600 marks per month in pay. In addition to the official compensation, a job at Sobibor offered endless opportunities for the SS officers to covertly enrich themselves by exploiting the labour and stealing the possessions of their victims. In one case, the SS officers enslaved a 15-year-old goldsmith prodigy named Shlomo Szmajzner, who made them rings and monograms from gold extracted from the teeth of gas chamber victims. During post-war trials, SS officers from all of the Operation Reinhard camps claimed that they would have been executed if they had not participated in the murders. However, the judges in the Treblinka trial could not find any evidence of SS officers being executed for desertion, and at least one Sobibor officer (Alfred Ittner) successfully got himself transferred. Watchmen Sobibor was guarded by approximately 400 watchmen. Survivors often refer to them as blackies, Askaris, or Ukrainians (even though many were not Ukrainian). They were captured Soviet prisoners of war who had volunteered for the SS in order to escape the abominable conditions in Nazi POW camps. Watchmen were nominally guards, but they were also expected to supervise work details and perform manual labour including punishments and executions. They also took an active part in the extermination process, unloading transports and escorting the victims into the gas chambers. Watchmen dressed in mixed-and-matched pieces of Nazi, Soviet, and Polish uniforms, often dyed black (giving rise to the term "blackies"). They received pay and rations similar to those of Waffen-SS, as well as a family allowance and holiday leave. Although the watchmen inspired terror among the prisoners, their loyalty to the SS was not unwavering. They played an active role in Sobibor's underground barter economy, and drank copiously despite being prohibited from doing so. The SS officers were wary of the watchmen, and limited their access to ammunition. Watchmen were also transferred frequently between different camps in order to prevent them from building up local contacts or knowledge of the surrounding area. After the prisoner uprising, the SS feared that the watchmen would themselves revolt, and sent them all back to Trawniki under armed guard. Their fears proved correct, as the watchmen killed their SS escort and fled. Interactions between prisoners and perpetrators Prisoners lived in constant fear of their captors. They were punished for transgressions as inconsequential as smoking a cigarette, resting while working, and showing insufficient enthusiasm when forced to sing. Punishment was used not only to enforce the official camp rules, but also the guards' personal whims. The most common punishment was flogging. SS officers carried 80 centimeter whips which had been specially made by slave labour prisoners using leather taken from the luggage of gas chamber victims. Even when flogging was not in itself lethal, it would prove a death sentence if it left the recipient too injured to work. Many survivors remember an unusually large and aggressive St. Bernard named Barry that Kurt Bolender and Paul Groth would sic on prisoners. In the summer of 1943, SS-Oberscharfuhrer Gustav Wagner and SS-Oberscharfuhrer Hubert Gomerski formed a penal brigade, consisting of prisoners who were forced to work while running. Prisoners were assigned to the penal brigade for a period of three days, but most died before their time was up. The SS exercised absolute authority over the prisoners and treated them as a source of entertainment. They forced prisoners to sing while working, while marching, and even during public executions. Some survivor testimonies recount prisoners performing mock cockfights for the SS, with their arms tied behind their backs. Others recount being forced to sing demeaning songs such as "I am a Jew with a big nose". Female prisoners were sexually abused on several occasions. For instance, at a postwar trial, Erich Bauer testified that two Austrian Jewish actresses, named Ruth and Gisela, were confined in an SS barracks and gang raped by SS-Oberscharfuhrer Kurt Bolender and SS-Oberscharfuhrer Gustav Wagner, among others. Unique among the SS officers, Unterscharführer Johann Klier was known to be relatively humane, and several survivors testified on his behalf at his trial. In an interview with Richard Rashke, Esther Terner commented "I don't even know why he was in Sobibor ... even the other Nazis picked on him." Prisoners regarded the watchmen as the most dangerous among the Sobibor staff, their cruelty surpassing that of the SS officers. In the words of historian Marek Bem, "It can be said that the Ukrainian guards' cynicism was in no way inferior to the SS men's premeditation." However, some individual watchmen were sympathetic to the Jews, doing the minimum possible while on duty and even assisting with prisoners' escape attempts. In one documented instance, two watchmen named Victor Kisiljow and Wasyl Zischer escaped with six Jewish prisoners, but were betrayed and killed. Prisoners developed complex relationships with their tormenters. In order to avoid the most extreme cruelties, many tried to ingratiate themselves with the SS officers, for instance by choosing maudlin German folk songs when ordered to sing. In other cases, prisoners found themselves unwillingly favored. SS-Oberscharfuhrer Karl Frenzel took a liking to Saartje Wijnberg, constantly smiling at her and teasingly referring to her and Chaim Engel as "bride and groom". He was protective towards her, excusing her from torturous work inflicted on other Dutch prisoners and sparing her when he liquidated the sick barracks on 11 October 1943. She struggled with this attention and felt angry at herself when she noticed herself feeling grateful to him. At his trial, Frenzel declared "I actually do believe the Jews even liked me!" though both prisoners and other SS officers regarded him as exceptionally cruel and brutal. Similarly, camp commandant SS-Obersturmführer Franz Stangl "made a pet" of the 14 year old goldsmith Shlomo Szmajzner and regarded his post-war trial testimony as a personal betrayal. Stangl particularly objected to the implication that his habit of bringing Smajzner sausages on the sabbath had been a deliberate attempt to torment the starving teenager. Szmajzner himself was not sure of Stangl's intentions: "it's perfectly true that he seemed to like me... still, it was funny, wasn't it, that he always brought it on a Friday evening?" Extermination Killing process On either 16 or 18 May 1942, Sobibor became fully operational and began mass gassings. Trains entered the railway siding with the unloading platform, and the Jews on board were told they were in a transit camp. They were forced to hand over their valuables, were separated by sex and told to undress. The nude women and girls, recoiling in shame, were met by the Jewish workers who cut off their hair in a mere half a minute. Among the Friseur (barbers) was Toivi Blatt (age 15). The condemned prisoners, formed into groups, were led along the long "Road to Heaven" (Himmelstrasse) to the gas chambers, where they were murdered using carbon monoxide released from the exhaust pipes of a tank engine. During his trial, SS-Oberscharführer Kurt Bolender described the killing operations as follows: Local Jews were delivered in absolute terror, many amongst them screaming and pounding. Foreign Jews, on the other hand were treated with deceitful politeness. Passengers from Westerbork, Netherlands, had a comfortable journey. There were Jewish doctors and nurses attending them and no shortage of food or medical supplies on the train. To them, Sobibor did not seem like a genuine threat. The non-Polish victims included 18-year-old Helga Deen from the Netherlands, whose diary was discovered in 2004; the writer Else Feldmann from Austria; Dutch Olympic gold medalist gymnasts Helena Nordheim, Ans Polak, and Jud Simons; gym coach Gerrit Kleerekoper; and magician Michel Velleman. After the killing in the gas chambers, the corpses were collected by Sonderkommandos and taken to mass graves or cremated in the open air. The burial pits were long, wide, and deep, with sloping sandy walls in order to facilitate the burying of corpses. Death toll Between 170,000 and 250,000 Jews were murdered at Sobibor. The precise death toll is unknown, since no complete record survives. The most commonly cited figure of 250,000 was first proposed in 1947 by a Polish judge named Zbigniew Łukaszewicz, who interviewed survivors, railwaymen, and external witnesses to estimate of the frequency and capacity of the transports. Later research has reached the same figure drawing on more specific documentation, although other recent studies have given lower estimates such as Jules Schelvis's figure of 170,165. According to historian Marek Bem, "The range of scientific research into this question shows how rudimentary our current knowledge is of the number of victims of this extermination camp." One major source which can be used to estimate the death toll is the Höfle Telegram, a collection of SS cables which give precise numbers of "recorded arrivals" at each of the Operation Reinhard camps prior to 31 December 1942. Identical numbers are found in the Korherr Report, another surviving Nazi document. These sources both report 101,370 arrivals at Sobibor during the year 1942, but the meaning of this figure is open to interpretation. Some scholars, such as Bem, suggest that it refers only to Jews arriving from within the General Government. However, others such as Jules Schelvis take it as a record of the total arrivals during that year and thus combine it with an estimate of the killings in 1943 to reach a total estimate. Other key sources of information include records of particular transports sent to Sobibor. In some cases, this information is detailed and systematic. For instance, the Dutch Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies archive contains precise records of each transport sent to Sobibor from the Netherlands, totaling 34,313 individuals. In other cases, transports are only known through incidental evidence, such as when one of its passengers was among the survivors. Many of the difficulties in reaching a firm death toll arise from the incompleteness of surviving evidence. Records of deportations are more likely to exist when they took place by train, meaning that estimates likely undercount the number of prisoners brought on trucks, horse-drawn carts, or by foot. Moreover, even records of trains appear to contain gaps. For example, while a letter from Albert Ganzenmüller to Karl Wolff mentions past trains from Warsaw to Sobibor, no itineraries survive. On the other hand, estimates may count small numbers of individuals as Sobibor victims who in fact died elsewhere, or conceivably even survived. This is because small groups of new arrivals were occasionally selected to work in one of the nearby labour camps, rather than being gassed immediately as was the norm. For instance, when Jules Schelvis was deported to Sobibor on a transport carrying 3,005 Dutch Jews, he was one of 81 men selected to work in Dorohucza, and the only one to survive. Although these instances were rare and some are documented well enough to be accounted for, they could still have a small cumulative effect on estimates of the death toll. Other figures have been given which differ from what is indicated by reliable historical evidence. Numbers as high as 3 million appear in reports requested immediately after the war by the Central Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. During the Sobibor trials in the 1960s, the judges adopted a figure of 152,000 victims, though they stressed that this was not a complete estimate but rather a minimum limited by the procedural rules concerning evidence. Survivors have suggested numbers of victims significantly higher than what historians accept. Many recall a camp rumour that Heinrich Himmler's visit in February 1943 was intended to celebrate the millionth victim, and others suggest figures even higher. Bem suggests that survivors' estimates disagree with the record because they reflect "the state of their emotions back then, as well as the drama and the scale of tragedy which happened in Sobibor". Another high figure comes from one of the perpetrators, SS-Oberscharfuhrer Erich Bauer, who recalled his colleagues expressing regret that Sobibor "came last" in the competition among the Operation Reinhard camps, having claimed only 350,000 lives. Uprising On the afternoon of 14 October 1943, members of the Sobibor underground covertly killed 11 of the on-duty SS officers and then led roughly 300 prisoners to freedom. This revolt was one of three uprisings by Jewish prisoners in extermination camps, the others being those at Treblinka extermination camp on 2 August 1943 and at Auschwitz-Birkenau on 7 October 1944. Lead up In the summer of 1943, rumors began to circulate that Sobibor would soon cease operations. The prisoners understood that this would mean certain death for them all, since the final cohort of Bełżec prisoners had been murdered at Sobibor after dismantling their own camp. The Sobibor prisoners knew this since the Bełżec prisoners had sewn messages into their clothing: We worked at Bełżec for one year and did not know where we would be sent next. They said it would be Germany... Now we are in Sobibór and know what to expect. Be aware that you will be killed also! Avenge us! An escape committee formed in response to these rumors. Their leader was Leon Feldhendler, a former member of the judenrat in Żółkiewka. His job in the sorting barracks gave him access to additional food, sparing him from the hunger which robbed other workers of their mental acuity. However, the escape committee made little progress that summer. In light of previous betrayals and the ever-looming threat of collective punishment, they needed to keep their discussions limited to roughly seven Polish Jews, but this insularity severely limited their capacity to form a plan, since none of their members had the military or strategic experience necessary to carry out a mass escape. By late September, their discussions had stalled. On 22 September, the situation changed dramatically when roughly twenty Jewish Red Army POWs arrived at Sobibor on a transport from the Minsk Ghetto and were selected for labour. Among them was Alexander Pechersky, an actor, songwriter, and political commissar who would go on to lead the revolt. The members of the escape committee approached the newly-arrived Russians with excitement, but also caution. On one hand, the Russians were soldiers and thus had the expertise to pull off an escape. But on the other hand, it was not clear whether there was sufficient mutual trust. Feldhendler introduced himself to Pechersky using the alias "Baruch" and kept an eye on him for his first several days in the camp. In those days, Pechersky distinguished himself by not only standing up to the SS officers, but by showing discretion in how he did so. Feldhendler invited Pechersky to share news from outside the camp at a meeting in the women's barracks. Feldhendler was initially shocked to discover Pechersky's limited ability to speak Yiddish, the common language of Eastern European Jews. However, the two were able to communicate in Russian, and Pechersky agreed to attend. At the meeting, Pechersky gave a speech and took questions while his friend Solomon Leitman translated into Yiddish. (Leitman was a Polish Jew who had befriended Pechersky in the Minsk Ghetto.) Feldhendler and the other members of the escape committee were concerned about Pechersky's blatant communist propaganda, but were nonetheless impressed by him. They were particularly struck by Pechersky's response to a question about whether Soviet partisans would liberate the camp: "No one can do our work for us." Over the next few weeks, Pechersky met regularly with the escape committee. These meetings were held in the women's barracks under the pretext of him having an affair with a woman known as "Luka". Pechersky and Feldhendler agreed that the revolt would allow all 600 prisoners at least some chance of escape, though they later concluded that they would not be able to include the over fifty sonderkommando workers who were kept under strict isolation in Lager III. At first, Pechersky and Leitman discussed a plan to dig a tunnel from the carpenter's workshop in Lager I, which was close to the south fence. This idea was abandoned as too difficult. If the tunnel was too deep, it would hit the high water table and flood. Too shallow, and it would detonate one of the mines surrounding the camp. Furthermore, the organizers doubted that they could get all 600 prisoners through the tunnel without getting caught. The ultimate idea for the revolt came to Pechersky while he was assigned to the forest brigade, chopping wood near Lager III. While working, he heard the sound of a child in the gas chamber screaming "Mama! Mama!". Overcome with his feeling of powerlessness and reminded of his own daughter Elsa, he decided that the plan could not be a mere escape. Rather, it would have to be a revolt. Over the next week, Pechersky and Leitman developed what became the ultimate plan. Revolt The revolt began late in the afternoon on 14 October 1943. The plan consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the prisoners would lure the SS officers to secluded locations around the camp and kill them. These covert killings would take place in the hour before evening roll call. The second phase would begin at evening roll call, after all the prisoners had assembled in the Lager I roll call yard. The kapos would announce that the SS had ordered a special work detail in the forest outside the camp, and the entire group would calmly march to freedom out the front gate. If the watchmen found this unusual, they would not be able to confirm their suspicions or coordinate a response since the SS men would be dead. Covert killings At 4:00 pm, Deputy Commandant SS-Untersturmführer Johann Niemann rode up to the Lager I tailor's barracks on his horse. Earlier in the day, the head tailor had scheduled an appointment with him to be fitted for a leather jacket taken from a murdered Jew. The conspirators had prioritized Niemann's execution, since he was acting commandant while Commandant Reichleitner was on leave. Even if the rest of the plan failed, they anticipated that Niemann's death alone would cause enough chaos to allow some chance of escape. While admiring the jacket, Niemann spotted one of the Russian prisoners standing by with an axe. Niemann asked what he was doing there, but was satisfied with the head tailor's explanation that he was simply there to repair a table. At the tailor's request, Niemann removed his pistol holster and put on the jacket. The tailor asked Niemann to turn around, ostensibly to check if any alterations were needed in the back. When Niemann complied, two prisoners crept up behind him with axes and split his head open. Niemann's body was shoved under a table and his blood was covered up with sawdust. Over the next hour, one SS officer was killed roughly every six minutes. Other than Niemann, those killed in Lager I included SS-Unterscharführer Josef Vallaster, SS-Oberscharführer Siegfried Graetschus, Sturmführer Ivan Klatt, SS-Unterscharführer Friedrich Gaulstich, and Fritz Konrad (rank unknown). Those killed in Lager II included SS-Scharführer Josef Wolf and SS-Oberscharführer Rudolf Beckmann. Unterscharführer Walter Ryba was killed in the Vorlager. Other officers killed include Max Bree, Anton Nowak, Thomas Steffl, Ernst Stengelin. The details of many of these killings are unknown. The conspirators had originally planned to kill SS-Oberscharführer Rudolf Beckmann in a Lager II storage barracks, but on his way to the appointment, Beckmann had suddenly turned around and headed back to the administration building. Chaim Engel volunteered to kill Beckmann in his office, after overhearing Feldhendler discussing the situation with Kapo Hersh Pozyczki, the younger brother of Oberkapo Pozyczki. Engel and the younger Pozyczki went together to the administration building, and Engel stabbed Beckmann while Pozyczki restrained him. When Engel stabbed Beckmann, he shouted "For my father! For my brother! For all the Jews!" Beckmann struggled as Engel stabbed him, causing Engel's knife to slip and cut his own hand. Once Beckmann was dead, the two prisoners pushed his body under the desk, not having time to better hide him or clean up. While the killings proceeded, Szlomo Szmajzner went to the Vorlager to acquire additional guns from the watchmens' barracks. During the last organizational meeting, on 12 October, he had offered to do so himself. As the camp machinist, Smajzner was often called to the Vorlager to clean and repair the stoves there, so he was able to enter the barracks carrying a replacement stovepipe over his shoulder. He entered the watchmens' barracks and helped himself to six rifles and ammunition. However, he could only fit two of the rifles inside the stovepipe, so he wrapped the others in a blanket. Once he was ready to go, he decided that it might be safer to hunker down in the Vorlager and not return to Lager I until the bugle call. That way, it would seem like he had been acting alone if he was caught. Just before the bugle at 5:00 pm, he found two child prisoners and ordered them to carry the blanket with the rifles. They were scared, so he forced them to do it at knifepoint. After the bugle call, he delivered the rifles to the Russians, but demanded that they let him keep one for himself. Breakout As roll call drew closer, Pechersky became increasingly concerned that the revolt would soon be discovered. He was surprised that the plan had succeeded so far, but nonetheless several killings had not gone as intended. In particular, while his plan had required that the SS men be killed discreetly, an impulsive prisoner had killed Unterscharführer Walter Ryba in the outdoor Vorlager garage. Pechersky considered beginning the breakout early, but was reluctant to do so while SS-Oberscharführer Karl Frenzel was still alive. Frenzel, regarded as one of the most dangerous officers in the camp, had dallied in the shower and was late for his appointment in the carpenter's shop. Close to 5:00 pm, Pechersky and Leitman finally decided to give up on Frenzel and sent the bugler Judah to climb the forester's tower and blow the bugle announcing the end of the workday. At this point, many prisoners in Lager I had already left their jobs and were standing around in the roll call yard or hiding in the adjacent buildings. In Lager II, the prisoners were confused by the early bugle call and gathered haphazardly for the march back to Lager I. Feldhendler was concerned that their unusual and disorderly lineup would attract attention from the guards, so he decided to lead the march on his own. He lined them up and they marched, singing the German sentimental tune "Es war ein Edelweiss". As the prisoners gathered in the roll call yard, rumours about the revolt began to spread among them. When a watchman prodded them to line up faster, a group of prisoners shouted "don't you know the war is over" and killed him out in the open, to the shock of many others. Realizing that the yard had become a powder keg, Pechersky attempted to inform the group of what was going on. Blatt recalled Pechersky's speech as follows: As the prisoners began to disperse, they heard shots from Lager II. These shots were fired by SS-Oberscharführer Erich Bauer, who had returned from Chełm with a truck full of vodka. Just before the bugle sounded, Bauer had ordered two child prisoners to unload the vodka and carry it into the storeroom in the administration building where Beckmann had been killed. At approximately the moment when Pechersky was making his speech in Lager I, a watchman ran over to Bauer shouting "Ein deutsch kaput!" Thinking that the children were responsible, Bauer fired his pistol, killing one of the children but missing the other. When the prisoners in Lager I heard these shots, they ran in every direction. A group of them dragged a watchman off his bicycle and killed him. Many prisoners had to make a split-second decision without knowing exactly what was going on. The plan had been kept on a need-to-know basis, so even those who were aware of the revolt knew few details. Pechersky and Feldhendler ran around the yard trying to shepherd prisoners out, but around 175 nonetheless stayed back. As the crowd surged forward, there was a moment of confusion in which the watchmen in the towers did not react. Itzhak Lichtman reported seeing some of the remaining SS men hiding, perhaps thinking that the camp was being attacked by partisans. After a moment, the watchmen began shooting into the crowd, and some of the prisoners shot with the rifles procured by Szmajzner and with pistols taken from dead SS officers. Szmajzner hit a watchman in a tower, later recalling "I did not do that; God did." One group of prisoners ran behind the carpenters shop. The carpenters had left ladders, pliers, and axes lying in the weeds next to the south fence, as a backup plan in case the main gate in the Vorlager proved inaccessible. These prisoners scaled the fence, traversed the ditch, and began running through the minefield towards the forest. As they ran, the mines exploded, killing some of the escapees and attracting the attention of the watchmen in the towers who began shooting. Esther Raab felt a bullet graze her head above her right ear. She kept running, but felt herself losing strength. She reached out to hold onto a woman running next to her, but the woman pushed her off and shouted "leave me alone!" A larger group of prisoners headed for the Vorlager. These prisoners tried to escape through the main gate or over the south fence, while a group of Soviet prisoners attempted to raid the armoury. There, they were met with Frenzel, who at this point had gotten out of the shower and was getting himself a pre-roll call drink in the canteen. Attracted by the commotion, Frenzel had grabbed a machine gun and run outside. Seeing the crowd of prisoners heading to the main gate, he opened fire, spraying the crowd of prisoners. Pechersky fired at Frenzel using Vallaster's pistol but missed. A group of prisoners attempted to rush the main gate, but were met with another SS officer there shooting into the crowd. Some scattered, but others were pushed forward by the force of those behind them. They trampled the main gate and flooded out. Others in the Vorlager tried to escape over the barbed wire behind the SS officers' barracks, correctly guessing that there would be fewer mines there. Many prisoners who attempted to get out this way got stuck on the barbed wire. Among these prisoners was Thomas Blatt, who survived because the fence collapsed on top of him. As he lay on the ground, he saw the prisoners in front of him blown up as they crossed the minefield. Blatt freed himself by slipping out of his coat which was stuck on the barbed wire and running across the exploded mines and into the forest. Roughly 300 prisoners escaped to the forest. Aftermath Immediately after the escape, in the forest, a group of fifty prisoners followed Pechersky. After a few days, Pechersky and seven other Russian POWs left, claiming that they would return with food. However, they instead left to cross the Bug River and make contact with the partisans. After Pechersky did not return, the remaining prisoners split into smaller groups and sought separate ways. In 1980, Blatt asked Pechersky why he abandoned the other survivors. Pechersky answered, Dutch historian and Sobibor survivor Jules Schelvis estimates that 158 inmates perished in the Sobibor revolt, killed by the guards or in the minefield surrounding the camp. A further 107 were killed either by the SS, Wehrmacht, or Orpo police units pursuing them. Some 53 insurgents died of other causes between the day of the revolt and 8 May 1945. There were 58 known survivors, 48 male and 10 female, from among the Arbeitshäftlinge prisoners performing slave-labour for the daily operation of Sobibor. Their time in the camp ranged from several weeks to almost two years. Liquidation and demolition Once the shooting stopped, the surviving SS secured the camp. They held the remaining prisoners in Lager I at gunpoint and executed those found hiding in other areas of the camp. They searched for Niemann, who had been left in charge of the camp while Commandant Reichleitner was on holiday. After the sun set, the search continued in the dark, since the prisoners had cut the powerlines. Around 8:00 pm, Niemann's corpse was found in the tailor's barracks and Frenzel assumed command. His first undertaking was to summon reinforcements, thinking that the remaining prisoners would resist and worried that the escapees might launch a second attack. After discovering that the prisoners had cut the phone lines, he went to use the phone at the Sobibór train station, located a few metres outside the camp. He called multiple SS outposts in Lublin and Chełm, as well as a nearby battalion of Wehrmacht soldiers. Reinforcements were delayed by bureaucratic confusion as well as the railway lines having been blown up by partisans. However, a group of SS officials arrived later that night, including Gottlieb Hering and Christian Wirth. Wirth ordered Erich Bauer to go to summon the Sicherheitspolizei from Chełm in person, since Frenzel had been unable to reach them by phone. Bauer balked, afraid that he would be attacked on the way. During the night, the SS combed the camp for hiding prisoners. Many were armed and fought back. Jakub Biskubicz, the putzer who Bauer had shot at during the revolt, witnessed this part of the search before escaping: Until midnight I lay on the earth. I could hear shouts and screams from all directions. At midnight, I heard shooting close to me and the voices of Germans say: "Nobody is here." They left... I reached [Lager] IV. I saw the open door of a watchtower. Nobody was around. I climbed the ladder of the tower and jumped outside over the fences and mines. I fell on the railway and escaped to the forest. Early the next day, 15 October, the Sobibor SS were joined by numerous SS including Hermann Höfle, as well as eighty Wehrmacht soldiers. They marched the remaining 159 prisoners to Lager III and shot them. The Nazis launched a manhunt, worried that the advancing Red Army would find the Polish countryside scattered with witnesses to their crimes. SS officers, Wehrmacht soldiers, and Luftwaffe airplanes swept the surrounding area, while locals were offered bounties for assisting. Several SS officers involved in the manhunt were put up for medals for their "incisive action". Surviving German documents show that 59 escapees were caught in the nearby villages of Sobibór and Różanka on 17 and 18 October. The Germans recovered weapons from them, including a hand grenade. A few days later, on 21 October, another ﬁve Jews were killed by Wehrmacht soldiers near Adampol and an additional eight in Sawin. In all, records indicate that at least 107 escapees were killed specifically by the Germans, while another 23 are known to have been killed by non-Germans. Jules Schelvis estimates that roughly 30 died in other ways before the end of the war. On 19 October, SS chief Himmler ordered that the camp be closed. Jewish slave labourers were sent to Sobibor from Treblinka in order to dismantle the camp. They demolished the gas chambers and most of the camp buildings, but left behind several barracks for future use by Baudienst. The work was finished by the end of the October, and all of the Jews brought from Treblinka were shot between 1 November and 10 November. Aftermath Survivors Several thousand deportees to Sobibor were spared the gas chambers because they were transferred to slave-labour camps in the Lublin reservation, upon arriving at Sobibor. These people spent several hours at Sobibor and were transferred almost immediately to slave-labour projects including Majdanek and the Lublin airfield camp, where materials looted from the gassed victims were prepared for shipment to Germany. Other forced labour camps included Krychów, Dorohucza, and Trawniki. Most of these prisoners were murdered in the November 1943 massacre Operation Harvest Festival, or perished in other ways before the end of the war. Of the 34,313 Jews deported to Sobibor from the Netherlands according to train schedules, 18 are known to have survived the war. In June 2019 the last known survivor of the revolt, Simjon Rosenfeld, who was born in Ukraine, died at a retirement home near Tel Aviv, Israel, aged 96. Trials Most perpetrators of Operation Reinhard were never brought to trial. However, there were several Sobibor trials after the war. SS-Oberscharführer Erich Bauer was the first SS officer from Sobibor to be tried. Bauer was arrested in 1946 when two former Jewish prisoners from Sobibor, Samuel Lerer and Esther Terner, recognized him at a fairground in the Kreuzberg neighborhood of Berlin. On 8 May 1950, Bauer was sentenced to death for crimes against humanity, though his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Terner testified against Bauer, and later recalled thinking "This nothing had such power?" The second Sobibor trials occurred shortly after, against Hubert Gomerski and Johann Klier. Gomerski was given a life sentence while Johann Klier was acquitted, in part due to favorable testimony from Terner. The third Sobibor trials were the Hagen Trials, which took place in West Germany. The twelve defendants included Karl Frenzel and Kurt Bolender. Frenzel was sentenced to life imprisonment for personally killing 6 Jews and participating in the mass murder of an additional 150,000. Bolender committed suicide before sentencing. Five other defendants were given sentences of less than eight years, and the rest were acquitted. In the 1970s and 1980s, several SS men were retried. Gomerski was ultimately freed on procedural grounds since he was deemed too ill to participate in the proceedings. Subsequently, Frenzel's life sentence was upheld after a retrial in which Gomerski testified. In the Soviet Union, there were several rounds of trials against Soviet citizens who had served at Sobibor as watchmen. In April 1963, a court in Kiev convicted eleven former watchmen, sentencing ten to death and one to 15 years in prison. In June 1965, more watchmen from Sobibor were convicted in Kiev. Another six were put to death in Krasnodar. In May 2011, John Demjanjuk was convicted for being an accessory to the murder of 28,060 Jews while serving as a watchman at Sobibor. He was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released pending appeal. He died in a German nursing home on 17 March 2012, aged 91, while awaiting the hearing. The site The Germans were driven out of the area in July 1944. In August, Lieutenant Colonel Semion Volsky of the Red Army photographed the site and prepared a report which is on file in the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defence. After the end of the German occupation, the camp's remaining barracks were briefly used to house Ukrainian civilians waiting to be resettled. These deportees dismantled several remaining buildings for use as firewood. Parts of the Vorlager were subsequently sold to private individuals, though most of the camp site was returned to the Polish forestry administration. A September 1945 report by Polish authorities noted that locals had dismantled most of the remaining camp buildings, reusing parts of them in their own houses. This report was corroborated in 2010 when a resident of nearby Żłobek Duży discovered unusual woodwork during a renovation project. Knowing that the previous owner of the house had worked near the camp, they alerted researchers from the Sobibor Museum who concluded that the woodwork was taken from the exterior of a camp barracks. The site was also a target for grave-diggers, who scoured the site for valuables left by the camp's victims. When the Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation studied the site in 1945, they found trenches dug by treasure-seekers, who had left the surface strewn with ashes and human remains. Grave-digging continued in the area, despite several prosecutions in the 1960s. In the first twenty years after the war, the site of the camp was practically deserted. A journalist visiting the site in the early 1950s reported "there is nothing left in Sobibor". When Gitta Sereny visited the site in March 1972, she initially drove past it without realizing. She later commented that she was struck by "the quiet, the loneliness, above all the vastness of the place, which left everything to the imagination" The first monuments to Sobibor victims were erected on the site in 1965. Installed by the Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites, these consisted of a memorial wall, an obelisk symbolizing the gas chambers, a sculpture of a mother and her child, and a mausoleum called the "Memory Mound". The memorial wall originally listed Jews as just one of the groups persecuted at Sobibor, but the plaque was revised in 1993 to reflect the general historical consensus that all or nearly all victims of Sobibor were Jews. In 1993, the Włodawa Museum took over the memorial from the forestry administration. They established the Sobibór Museum which opened on 14 October 1993, the 50th anniversary of the revolt. The museum was housed in a post-war building within the former site of Lager II, which had previously served as a kindergarten. In 2012, the memorial changed hands once again, this time falling under the control of the Majdanek State Museum, who held a design competition sponsored by the governments of Poland, Israel, the Netherlands and Slovakia. In 2018, the mass graves in the former area of Lager III were covered with white stones, and construction began on a new museum building. However, most of the area of the site is still either privately owned or under the control of the forestry administration, and the camp's arrival ramp was used for loading lumber as recently as 2015. Since the forestry tower was demolished in 2004 (after decaying nearly to the point of collapse), the only remaining building from the camp is the green post office. This building is privately owned. Research In the immediate aftermath of the war, several investigations were carried out. Starting in 1945, the Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation and Central Committee of Polish Jews investigated Sobibor, interviewing witnesses and surveying the site. In 1946, Nachman Blumental published a study entitled "The Death Camp – Sobibór" in 1946, which drew on work by the other investigations, and information about Sobibor was gathered for The Black Book of Polish Jewry. Until the 1990s, little was known about the physical site of the camp beyond what survivors and perpetrators could recall. Archaeological investigations at Sobibor began in the 1990s. In 2001, a team led by Andrzej Kola from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń investigated the former area of Lager III, finding seven pits with a total volume of roughly 19,000 cubic meters. While some of these pits appear to have been mass graves, others may have been used for open air cremation. The team also found pieces of barbed wire embedded in trees, which they identified as remnants of the camp's perimeter fence. Thus, they were able to partially map out the perimeter of the former camp site, which had not previously been known. In 2007, two archaeologists named Wojciech Mazurek and Yoram Haimi began to conduct small-scale investigations. Since 2013, the camp has been excavated by a joint team of Polish, Israeli, Slovak, and Dutch archeologists led by Mazurek, Haimi, and Ivar Schute. In accordance with Jewish law, these excavations avoided mass graves and were supervised by Polish rabbis. Their discovery of the foundations of the gas chambers, in 2014, attracted worldwide media attention. Between 2011 and 2015, thousands of personal items belonging to victims were uncovered by the teams. At the ramp, large dumps of household items, including "glasses, combs, cutlery, plates, watches, coins, razors, thimbles, scissors, toothpaste" were found, but few valuables; Schute suggests that these items are indicative of victims' hopes to survive as forced labourers. In Lager III, the extermination area, household items were not found but "gold fillings, dentures, pendants, earrings, and a gold ring" were. Schute notes that such objects could have been concealed by naked individuals, and argues that it is evidence for the "processing" of bodies at this location. In 2020, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum acquired a collection of photographs and documents from the descendants of Johann Niemann. These photos show daily life amongst the camp staff. Many show the perpetrators drinking, playing music, and playing chess with one another. These photos are significant because there had previously only been two known photographs of Sobibor during its operation. These materials have been published in a German language book and ebook by Metropol Verlag entitled Fotos aus Sobibor. The photos received voluminous press coverage because two of them appear to show John Demjanjuk in the camp. Dramatisations The mechanics of Sobibor death camp were the subject of interviews filmed on location for the 1985 documentary film Shoah by Claude Lanzmann. In 2001, Lanzmann combined unused interviews with survivor Yehuda Lerner shot during the making of Shoah, along with new footage of Lerner, to tell the story of the revolt and escape in his followup documentary Sobibor, October 14, 1943, 4 p.m. A highly fictionalized version of the Sobibor revolt was depicted in the 1978 American TV miniseries Holocaust. The revolt was dramatized in the 1987 British TV film Escape from Sobibor, directed by Jack Gold and adapted from the book by Richard Rashke. The film's consultants included survivors Thomas Blatt, Shlomo Szmajzner, and Esther Raab. More recently, the revolt was depicted in the 2018 Russian movie Sobibor, directed by Konstantin Khabensky. The movie presents Sasha Pechersky as a Russian patriotic figure, a depiction criticized by Garry Kasparov among others. Notes References Further reading External links Stichting Sobibor, the Dutch Sobibor Foundation Collection of interviews, from NIOD Sobibor Museum Nooit Voltooid Verleden Archaeological and testimonial documents Sobibor entry at the Holocaust Research Project Kurt Ticho testimony Toivi Blatt testimony Esther Raab testimony Buildings and structures completed in 1943 1942 in Poland 1943 in Poland 1943 disestablishments Jewish resistance during the Holocaust Prison uprisings German extermination camps in Poland Nazi war crimes in Poland Registered museums in Poland The Holocaust World War II sites in Poland World War II sites of Nazi Germany The Holocaust in Poland Jewish Nazi German history Mass murder in 1943 1943 in Judaism	[ -0.011206451803445816, 0.1799178272485733, -1.0360151529312134, -0.5252943634986877, -0.7169668078422546, 0.5972740650177002, 1.6193723678588867, 0.15961551666259766, -0.12601642310619354, -0.20154230296611786, -0.31992068886756897, -0.6652125716209412, -0.2976653575897217, 0.7392104864120483, -0.11050940304994583, 0.43934985995292664, 0.6083772778511047, 0.1845005750656128, 0.12024445831775665, -0.5129390358924866, 0.3224480152130127, -0.22942990064620972, 0.14163824915885925, 0.42452165484428406, -0.3417200744152069, -0.04833529517054558, 0.07587352395057678, -0.06780783832073212, -0.6840810775756836, 0.2033214569091797, -0.39598599076271057, 0.12636114656925201, -0.09806012362241745, -0.21307776868343353, 0.3522668182849884, 0.33959075808525085, -0.4658336043357849, -0.6638815402984619, -0.20168735086917877, -0.5567482113838196, -0.07513308525085449, 0.7450949549674988, 0.31374865770339966, 0.25448864698410034, 0.026309333741664886, -0.46756455302238464, -0.7557029128074646, -0.12940669059753418, -0.9078397154808044, -0.3222500681877136, -0.12781061232089996, 0.24288444221019745, 0.6309505701065063, 0.030052265152335167, -0.4025581479072571, 0.49082282185554504, -0.5094588994979858, 0.09480635076761246, 0.8262645602226257, -0.2781117260456085, 0.2763896882534027, 0.2701968550682068, 0.19752137362957, 0.07740132510662079, 0.3281010687351227, -0.27664580941200256, 0.18850502371788025, 0.7674011588096619, 0.03304826468229294, -0.9464224576950073, -0.35814404487609863, 0.06605010479688644, 0.2216825634241104, -0.18499423563480377, -0.2467559576034546, -1.1272674798965454, -0.047463592141866684, -0.38140547275543213, -0.08109169453382492, 0.31985795497894287, -0.058239758014678955, 0.18342439830303192, 0.5712864995002747, -0.43005868792533875, 0.8473637104034424, 0.4071383774280548, -1.1249264478683472, -0.03351075202226639, -0.7056686878204346, -0.03438357636332512, 0.04123682528734207, 0.005505294073373079, 0.0012305319542065263, 0.025419283658266068, 0.08845807611942291, 0.1458469033241272, 0.4057292640209198, 0.6054590940475464, -0.20303945243358612, 0.25333350896835327, -0.06979640573263168, 0.0917452722787857, 0.11386419087648392, -0.0877348855137825, -0.274660587310791, -0.8195499181747437, 0.1163347065448761, -0.2710854709148407, 0.3223855197429657, -0.01554691419005394, -0.39771878719329834, -0.42339587211608887, -0.767610490322113, -0.10113998502492905, -0.4716491997241974, 0.2955886721611023, 0.3146771490573883, -0.8314650058746338, -0.3694009482860565, 0.27766191959381104, -0.2924385666847229, 0.7981654405593872, -0.5611603856086731, 0.7758946418762207, -0.7020174264907837, -0.1287572979927063, 0.22816751897335052, 0.14471536874771118, -0.19347834587097168, 1.1438288688659668, 0.450691819190979, 1.058459997177124, 0.6368237733840942, 0.009739231318235397, 0.21841976046562195, 0.17323632538318634, -0.0837869793176651, 0.04550383239984512, -0.5808301568031311, -0.13720832765102386, -1.2136359214782715, 0.0022416464053094387, -0.4663965106010437, 0.6279637813568115, 0.29288020730018616, -0.4550534784793854, -0.7057263255119324, -0.3959576189517975, -0.18178601562976837, -0.5738604664802551, 0.36418765783309937, -0.05129522830247879, -0.5814110040664673, -0.3355105221271515, -0.6641722321510315, 0.603175163269043, 0.03472200036048889, -0.39728212356567383, 0.6014922261238098, 0.19642382860183716, 0.3930266201496124, 0.37242865562438965, -0.03515537455677986, 0.5586932301521301, -0.4153231382369995, 0.23509451746940613, 0.22722284495830536, -0.01852676272392273, 0.19111788272857666, 0.23601138591766357, -0.3356611430644989, -0.01709005795419216, 0.14235319197177887, -0.4562962055206299, 0.4151851534843445, 0.4375995397567749, 1.4130198955535889, 0.21609145402908325, 0.1951790750026703, -0.14617770910263062, -0.5460445880889893, 0.24984611570835114, -0.2829655408859253, 0.08378395438194275, 0.784659743309021, 0.4313402473926544, 0.3436821699142456, 0.05725198984146118, -0.6083691120147705, 0.36002346873283386, -0.992789089679718, -1.0717262029647827, 0.5249344706535339, -0.38965490460395813, 1.6446542739868164, -0.11708193272352219, -0.4296486973762512, 0.0377436988055706, -0.04745858162641525, 0.5756805539131165, -0.6826845407485962, -0.5266343355178833, -0.05684973672032356, 0.07643281668424606, -0.41204962134361267, 0.33244001865386963, -0.12514394521713257, -0.013138938695192337, 0.2805890440940857, 0.6292613744735718, 0.5460379123687744, -0.5770305395126343, -0.12106487154960632, -0.6517244577407837, 0.17056331038475037, -0.36258000135421753, -0.6985151171684265, -0.10058863461017609, 0.17399436235427856, -0.5312572121620178, 0.39547351002693176, -0.47977688908576965, -0.0202769972383976, -0.4999748468399048, 0.17583739757537842, -0.25246596336364746, -0.32011982798576355, 0.21562816202640533, 0.019456323236227036, -0.6688621044158936, 0.31377920508384705, 0.5856907963752747, 0.1391085982322693, -0.1519974172115326, -0.35782143473625183, 0.4281189441680908, -0.23474709689617157, -0.35531336069107056, 0.2620079517364502, 0.014605225995182991, 0.05330031365156174, 0.2841544449329376, 0.3049742877483368, -0.27758529782295227, 0.6238374710083008, 0.2963278889656067, 0.24976858496665955, 0.42238518595695496, -0.3388722836971283, -0.04306051880121231, -0.2829197943210602, 0.40089312195777893, -0.2844543159008026, -0.6340419054031372, 0.6792237162590027, -0.017771154642105103, -0.1616595834493637, -0.16558079421520233, -0.0648127943277359, -0.020462192595005035, 0.049738068133592606, 0.015523670241236687, -0.15112870931625366, 0.5299894213676453, 0.29028305411338806, -0.1874469667673111, -0.3414298892021179, -0.08048128336668015, 0.7643581628799438, -0.1089373528957367, 0.23580174148082733, -0.8090109825134277, -0.027216436341404915, -0.06409595161676407, 0.3195774555206299, -0.17674662172794342, 0.005478711798787117, 0.5702322125434875, -0.32281550765037537, 0.23631726205348969, 0.37178197503089905, 0.3588850200176239, 0.10993136465549469, -0.5651770830154419, 0.23928135633468628, 0.262754887342453, 0.34941989183425903, -0.25175124406814575, -0.4554874300956726, -0.14941856265068054, -0.4859365224838257, 0.3882368803024292, -0.8243483304977417, 0.6953881978988647, -0.1302567571401596, 0.6640878915786743, -0.30921629071235657, -0.07060916721820831, 0.2539803683757782, -0.14738133549690247, -0.8966672420501709, 0.1324920952320099, -1.0144120454788208, 0.20677818357944489, -0.19799859821796417, -0.03135911002755165, -0.06468230485916138, -0.23363643884658813, -5.192355632781982, 0.5977640151977539, -1.0677294731140137, -0.5031670928001404, 0.03661898523569107, 0.02555203065276146, 0.6511372327804565, -0.11893477290868759, -0.29857152700424194, -0.038278304040431976, 0.1292295753955841, -0.16708388924598694, 0.3265838027000427, 0.5428056716918945, 0.36622217297554016, 0.3961840271949768, 0.5541360974311829, -0.3966955840587616, 0.08201181143522263, -0.1964709311723709, 0.143832728266716, 0.05646630749106407, -0.4770892858505249, -0.2682865262031555, 0.40561994910240173, 0.6695491075515747, -0.27213379740715027, 0.670393168926239, -1.411687970161438, -0.6961681842803955, 0.09510435909032822, -0.8048900365829468, 0.299387127161026, -0.7616629004478455, -0.107693150639534, 0.15534630417823792, 0.270669549703598, 0.7562729716300964, 0.30325040221214294, -0.24446067214012146, -0.13397011160850525, -0.03985719010233879, -0.8246193528175354, 0.2702013850212097, 0.8070853352546692, -0.0933213010430336, -0.7449272274971008, 0.0437125638127327, -0.1529829502105713, 0.5244949460029602, 0.23716077208518982, 0.2098662555217743, -0.0014285611687228084, 0.6809369325637817, 0.08697908371686935, -0.7215227484703064, -0.25565117597579956, 0.025540068745613098, -0.11672789603471756, 0.3816269338130951, 0.31720471382141113, -0.20418547093868256, -0.04893025383353233, -0.8751006722450256, 0.3150798976421356, 0.035200364887714386, 0.02557438425719738, -0.3385087251663208, 0.09637457132339478, 0.029766345396637917, 0.5515277981758118, 0.7059803605079651, -0.2822640836238861, -1.0921517610549927, -0.1294710338115692, -0.31544309854507446, -0.5493350625038147, -0.6168295741081238, -0.1465931534767151, 0.38683170080184937, 0.20097258687019348, -0.7632687091827393, -0.6285400390625, 0.0930425226688385, 0.8981220722198486, 0.2699991464614868, 0.02994295209646225, 0.3730091452598572, -0.5303823947906494, -0.4667615294456482, 0.44588354229927063, -0.5688208937644958, -0.13876613974571228, 0.1588071882724762, -0.15307040512561798, 0.44941970705986023, -0.01863120123744011, -0.08218167722225189, 0.19046828150749207, -0.14888212084770203, -0.15102465450763702, -0.47337397933006287, 0.39919382333755493, -0.7579988837242126, 0.6902622580528259, -0.2044597864151001, -0.41603589057922363, 0.7573093771934509, 0.6335713863372803, 0.08091296255588531, 0.20482192933559418, 0.4922986328601837, 0.02465466782450676, -0.49886971712112427, 0.8715096116065979, -0.45662859082221985, 0.12236621975898743, 1.1011571884155273, 0.251963347196579, 0.4213829040527344, 0.11202402412891388, -0.019859572872519493, 0.2772451341152191, 0.15512865781784058, -0.0815751925110817, -0.14797194302082062, 0.21978859603405, 0.6768681406974792, -0.5008808970451355, -0.12264407426118851, 0.06684452295303345, 0.8390040993690491, -0.424302339553833, 0.023553477600216866, 0.0968182384967804, -0.6334986686706543, -0.9096603989601135, -0.809376060962677, 0.6857566237449646, 0.04913686588406563, 0.22698776423931122, 0.09239614754915237, 0.06259121000766754, 0.04247545823454857, -0.28594517707824707, 0.8435872793197632, 0.3549294173717499, -0.7633476853370667, -0.5615002512931824, -0.27729737758636475, -0.7401937246322632, 0.18359678983688354, 0.13954879343509674, -0.08200012892484665, 0.019695982336997986, 0.13661932945251465, 0.25126224756240845, 0.5412418842315674, 0.09184566140174866, -0.1325809806585312, 0.2513635754585266, -0.4159059524536133, -1.0174059867858887, 0.03246346116065979, -0.06578495353460312, -0.5535419583320618, -0.22687990963459015, -0.6022177934646606, -0.2643709182739258, 0.6245090365409851, -0.14985647797584534, -0.21300041675567627, -0.46839645504951477, 0.2741695046424866, 0.09812472015619278, -0.12764744460582733, -0.1416340172290802, -0.1287631392478943, -0.1163698062300682, -0.41059863567352295, -0.16923131048679352, 0.5612177848815918, -0.4743557274341583, 0.7122469544410706, -0.03149477764964104, -0.055320728570222855, -0.1980668157339096, 0.23309047520160675, -0.14020974934101105, -0.6628524661064148, -0.04148012399673462, -0.6855129599571228, 0.20313100516796112, 0.22490043938159943, -0.2116939127445221, -0.9023004770278931, -0.25769492983818054, 0.42102310061454773, -0.5006957054138184, 0.3273642957210541, -0.32559797167778015, 0.07620902359485626, -0.46626847982406616, 0.33415693044662476, 0.48233944177627563, -0.640043318271637, 0.4073055684566498, 0.9000048637390137, -0.5742821097373962, 0.5486943125724792, -0.43911731243133545, -0.6778721213340759, -0.5526905655860901, 1.0377174615859985, -0.41667506098747253, -0.24262364208698273, 0.24960774183273315, -0.3025765120983124, -0.4883296489715576, -0.40629154443740845, -0.32252228260040283, -0.00356596102938056, -0.5112147331237793, -0.4058127999305725, -1.2949817180633545, 0.7718222737312317, -0.17728596925735474, -0.5203332901000977, 0.17081671953201294, -0.19261282682418823, 0.29620060324668884, 0.4038122892379761, 0.5224251747131348, 0.04431814327836037, 0.08249933272600174, -0.02453581988811493, 0.5089213848114014, -0.2981213331222534, 0.35869938135147095, 0.48081713914871216, 1.041547417640686, 0.4817923903465271, 0.5734621286392212, -0.6529268622398376, 0.840743362903595, 0.047862838953733444, 0.012603221461176872, 0.12612925469875336, -0.16763493418693542, 0.509930431842804, -0.4547688066959381, -0.10309311002492905, -1.0348364114761353, -0.444330632686615, 1.1178014278411865, 0.10143677890300751, -0.11885715276002884, 0.23623767495155334, 0.009719221852719784, 0.4161830246448517, 0.11197170615196228, 0.5140256881713867, -0.22670985758304596, 0.6992878317832947, 0.2174115926027298, 0.3644154369831085, -0.08533234894275665, 0.29210206866264343, -0.24018993973731995, -1.1658519506454468, -0.34246402978897095, 0.09498769044876099, 0.2813151776790619, 0.29704296588897705, 0.17915873229503632, 0.21727515757083893, 0.2890560030937195, -0.33301156759262085, 0.11579321324825287, -0.5680886507034302, -0.7212297916412354, -0.19652053713798523, 0.2103489190340042, -0.3198765814304352, 0.4767734110355377, -0.8688626885414124, 0.01430557481944561, -0.10479055345058441, -0.32218894362449646, 0.7015999555587769, -0.9854581356048584, -0.14580179750919342, -0.289010614156723, 0.5481541156768799, 0.1360887885093689, 0.12391870468854904, 0.12540830671787262, -0.021227015182375908, -0.12879778444766998, -0.1731880158185959, -0.8217860460281372, 1.0617932081222534, -0.3272731602191925, -0.2635153532028198, 0.24710284173488617, -0.0008765519596636295, -0.019568653777241707, 0.2981514036655426, 0.1263282746076584, 0.3264240622520447, 0.38191062211990356, -0.3279416561126709, -0.22387981414794922, 0.3187422752380371, -0.4679580628871918, -0.3017839789390564, 0.6371060013771057, 0.2974942922592163, -0.08949650824069977, -0.3623379170894623, 0.19291307032108307, -0.15979675948619843, 0.8823558688163757, 0.20506651699543, -0.21397672593593597, 0.8795483708381653, -0.0024786321446299553, -0.14049427211284637, 0.14137513935565948, 0.23452575504779816, 0.4964999556541443, 0.09409463405609131, -0.3547663688659668, 0.5306455492973328, -0.4162297546863556, 0.03934749215841293, 0.07922138273715973, -0.27282845973968506, 0.1724899411201477, 0.45059072971343994, 0.11449836194515228, 0.35611850023269653, -0.2610446810722351, 0.3730452358722687, 0.021073032170534134, 0.4156928062438965, 0.035706792026758194, -0.14209705591201782, 0.7803779244422913, -0.12371283024549484, 0.42204561829566956, 0.12312864512205124, 0.06506828963756561, -0.24310584366321564, 0.25412681698799133, 0.17334413528442383, 0.3532904386520386, -0.35239359736442566, -0.3053358197212219, 0.2080836296081543, -0.01611357182264328, -0.4816617965698242, 0.4113188683986664, 0.5405776500701904, 0.07500234246253967, -0.019706614315509796, -0.3137338161468506, -0.4626426100730896, 0.5144718289375305, -0.053644075989723206, 0.8176498413085938, -0.20749305188655853, -0.32544761896133423, -0.4475032091140747, 0.5720351934432983, 0.4290546774864197, 0.3766101002693176, 0.2019888162612915, 0.4483419358730316, 0.2190157026052475, 0.32312333583831787, 0.6907561421394348, -0.19341953098773956, -0.10694016516208649, 0.40588319301605225, -0.5068411231040955, 0.07416483014822006, -0.0262893158942461, 0.23853617906570435, -0.6969852447509766, -0.3116540312767029, -0.3928280174732208, 0.08439420163631439, -0.37195226550102234, -0.42972055077552795, -0.0044497959315776825, -0.12621279060840607, 0.44499120116233826, -0.009465515613555908, 0.2830069363117218, -0.2743384838104248, 0.4113626778125763, -0.5513985753059387, 0.5001866817474365, -0.7752967476844788, 0.9952235221862793, -0.6541057825088501, -0.32958605885505676, -0.3215721845626831, 0.9621827006340027, 0.46412280201911926, 0.175273135304451, -0.0917799174785614, 0.31730300188064575, 0.02990911900997162, 0.414316326379776, 0.11082211136817932, -0.5532088279724121, -0.21074357628822327, 0.00629088981077075, 0.2750653922557831, -0.64017653465271, 0.011321538127958775, 0.02299599163234234, -0.2064128816127777, -0.33092254400253296, 0.5180990099906921, -0.5492992997169495, 0.23182067275047302, 0.10125590860843658, -0.18623089790344238, 0.039418626576662064, -0.30828067660331726, -0.24286143481731415, -0.7205567359924316, 0.636690080165863, 0.49769121408462524, 0.8660280108451843, 0.6795243620872498, -0.9877251386642456, 0.24640601873397827, -0.25147926807403564, 0.1308635175228119, 0.6262087821960449, 0.6406166553497314, 0.4141944944858551, -0.5226984620094299, -0.7511265277862549, -0.4268495738506317, 0.575326681137085, 0.2971888482570648, 0.07235579192638397, 0.0462573878467083, -0.36342015862464905, 0.38205474615097046, -0.0946669802069664, -0.04380934685468674, -0.17597518861293793, 0.16500844061374664, -0.35372376441955566 ]
230758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Intelligence%20and%20Security%20Service	General Intelligence and Security Service	The General Intelligence and Security Service (, AIVD; ) is the intelligence and security agency of the Netherlands, tasked with domestic, foreign and signals intelligence and protecting national security. History The history of Dutch intelligence can trace itself back to 1914 with the creation of the Generale Staf III (GS III) during the outbreak of World War I. The year following the end of the war, GS III was replaced by the Centrale Inlichtingendienst (CI) in 1919. After Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands, the Dutch government-in-exile deemed the CI to be inadequate for their war efforts and so created the Bureau Inlichtingen (BI) in 1942. After the war, in 1945, Netherlands replaced the Bureau of National Security (Bureau voor Nationale Veiligheid) and in 1947, was later known as the Domestic Security Service (Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst) (BVD) which would be the predecessor of the AIVD. For the gathering of intelligence abroad, the Foreign Intelligence Service — Buitenlandse Inlichtingendienst (BID), renamed to Inlichtingendienst Buitenland (IDB) in 1972 — had existed since 1946. This service was located in Villa Maarheeze in Wassenaar, just north of The Hague. IDB was dissolved in 1994 after heavy internal turmoil. The foreign intelligence task was eventually handed over to the BVD, which in doing so turned into a combined intelligence and security service. For this reason, it was rebranded Algemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD) on 29 May 2002. Mission The AIVD focuses mostly on domestic non-military threats to Dutch national security, whereas the Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) focuses on international threats, specifically military and government-sponsored threats such as espionage. The AIVD is charged with collecting intelligence and assisting in combating domestic and foreign threats to national security. List of directors-general Oversight and accountability The Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations is politically responsible for the AIVD's actions. Oversight is provided by three bodies: A review board for the use of special powers by intelligence and security services (Dutch: Toetsingscommissie Inzet Bevoegdheden, TIB) appointed by the Second Chamber of the States General. An oversight committee (Dutch: Commissie van Toezicht op de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten, CTIVD) also appointed by the Second Chamber of the States General. The Committee for the Intelligence and Security Services (Dutch: Commissie voor de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten, CIVD), comprising the leaders of all political parties represented in the Second Chamber of the States General, although until 2009 the Socialist Party (SP) was not and did not want to be part of this committee. The AIVD publishes an annual report which includes its budget. The published version contains redactions where information is deemed sensitive. The AIVD can be forced by the courts to publish any records held on a private citizen, but it may keep secret information that is relevant to current cases. No information that is less than five years old will be provided under any circumstance to private citizens about their records. Activities Its main activities include: monitoring specific people and groups of people, such as political extremists and religious extremists sourcing intelligence to and from foreign and domestic intelligence services performing background checks on individuals employed in "positions of trust," specifically public office and higher-up or privileged positions in industry (such as telecommunications, banks, and the largest companies)this ironically includes members of parliamentary oversight committees investigating incidents such as terrorist bombings and threats giving advice and warning about risks to national security, including advising on the protection of national leadership Netherlands National Communications Security Agency, advising on communication security for government users Methods and authorities Its methods and authorities include: telephone and internet taps authorized by the minister of internal affairs (as opposed to a court order) infiltration (rarely by employees of the service, but rather by outsiders who would have easy access to a particular group) the use of informants (existing members of groups that are recruited) open sources intelligence unfettered access to police intelligence the use of foreign intelligence service liaisons who reside in the Netherlands under a diplomatic status (including full diplomatic immunity) to collect intelligence in excess of the AIVD's authority The latter is technically the same as sourcing intelligence from a foreign intelligence service; this method has not been confirmed. The AIVD operates in tight concert with the Regional Intelligence Service (Regionale Inlichtingen Dienst, RID), to which members of the police are appointed in every police district. It also co-operates with over one hundred intelligence services. Criticism The service has been criticized for: Soon after the arrest of the Dutch businessman Frans van Anraat, who has been convicted of complicity in war crimes for selling raw materials for the production of chemical weapons to Iraq during the reign of Saddam Hussein, Dutch newspapers reported that van Anraat had been an informer of the Dutch secret service AIVD and has enjoyed AIVD's protection. letting go of Abdul Qadeer Khan, who stole Dutch nuclear knowledge and used it for Pakistan to produce its nuclear bomb. However, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands Ruud Lubbers claimed in 2005 that this was done on a foreign request. not having enough focus and intelligence on Islamist groups, particularly following the September 11, 2001, attacks and the murder of Theo van Gogh by Mohammed Bouyeri, a member of the Hofstad Network of Islamist terrorism not having enough focus and intelligence on political violence or environmental groups, particularly following the murder of Pim Fortuyn by an environmental radical delivering hand grenades to members of the Hofstadgroep through alleged informer Saleh Bouali investigating family members of the Queen that had had a family rift (Princess Margarita and ), though this was not ordered by the minister of internal affairs, but rather by the Queen's office losing a laptop and a floppy disk with classified information from a regional office of the AIVD. The disk was found by an employee of a car rental agency, and subsequently given to Dutch crime-journalist Peter R. de Vries. Information on the disks indicated that the service collected information on Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn and members of his party, as well as on left-wing activists. Among other things, the documents accuse Pim Fortuyn of having sex with underage Moroccan boys. During the Cold War the BVD had a reputation for interviewing potential employers of persons they deemed suspicious for any reason, thereby worrying corporations about the employment of these persons. Reasons for being suspect included leftist ideals, membership of the Communist Party, or a spotty military record (such as being a conscientious objector with regard to conscription), although no evidence of the latter has ever been produced. Cozy Bear On January 25, 2018 Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant and TV program Nieuwsuur reported that in 2014 the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) successfully infiltrated the computers of Cozy Bear and observed the hacking of the head office of the Democratic National Committee and subsequently The White House and were the first to alert the National Security Agency (NSA) about the cyber-intrusion. In popular culture In the Lair of the Cozy Bear is a translation of the Dutch novel In het hol van de Cozy Bear that relates the story of the infiltration of Cozy Bear told from the perspective of an American liaison officer attached to the AIVD. References External links 2002 establishments in the Netherlands Government agencies established in 2002 Dutch intelligence agencies Domestic intelligence agencies National cyber security centres Cyberwarfare Non-military counter-terrorist organizations Cold War military history of the Netherlands Organizations associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Organisations based in South Holland Zoetermeer	[ 0.595166802406311, 0.04598104953765869, 0.19273538887500763, -0.1890534907579422, 0.24104082584381104, 0.010442681610584259, 0.34723538160324097, -0.08673138171434402, -0.4174541234970093, 0.061447735875844955, -0.46495115756988525, 0.6491922736167908, 0.2525419592857361, -0.19588226079940796, -0.5158804655075073, 0.1492326557636261, 0.4511287808418274, 0.5308171510696411, 0.48953115940093994, -0.3169182538986206, -0.6000733375549316, -0.10381332784891129, -0.025639118626713753, -0.12582170963287354, 0.17503489553928375, -0.346079558134079, 0.44003480672836304, 0.3991025984287262, 0.15509141981601715, -0.20045633614063263, 0.1614149659872055, -0.01236338447779417, -0.3380124270915985, -0.3740881085395813, -0.26216447353363037, 0.12115205824375153, -0.22685518860816956, -0.33747974038124084, -0.3646714389324188, -0.02896425500512123, -0.05120091885328293, -0.14282765984535217, -0.26263442635536194, 0.012316709384322166, -0.546222448348999, -1.091353416442871, -0.8413525819778442, 0.4403657615184784, -0.15527887642383575, 0.3014031648635864, -0.4145025312900543, 0.16919729113578796, -0.1086893156170845, 0.3300022780895233, 0.16042938828468323, -0.032363809645175934, -0.729659378528595, -0.49713921546936035, 0.10421764850616455, -0.03492479771375656, 0.1571674346923828, -0.42690446972846985, 0.09922107309103012, 0.2515820562839508, 0.588493287563324, 0.2065533995628357, 0.0862526148557663, 0.08432360738515854, -0.06013747304677963, -0.24514392018318176, 0.023156141862273216, -0.03134264051914215, -0.14028140902519226, -0.13974930346012115, -0.599462628364563, -0.6320000290870667, 0.41927462816238403, -0.36942142248153687, -0.3445841372013092, 0.17200210690498352, -0.09463705867528915, -0.03369198366999626, 0.6444032788276672, -0.6390200257301331, 0.41940319538116455, 0.23337936401367188, 0.0016696909442543983, -0.25595349073410034, -0.4883915185928345, -0.0217268206179142, 0.25760161876678467, -0.11330438405275345, 0.5778681039810181, -0.158742293715477, -0.26530078053474426, 0.10130363702774048, 0.3389197885990143, 0.23274019360542297, 0.4430128037929535, 0.1944054663181305, -0.042430855333805084, 0.622093677520752, -0.12934663891792297, -0.4250560700893402, -0.506336510181427, -0.3507705628871918, 0.18921074271202087, -0.8555965423583984, -0.6238402724266052, 0.22397367656230927, -0.1947447657585144, -0.17915041744709015, 0.0332086905837059, 0.06306382268667221, -0.3533365726470947, 0.9180992245674133, 0.38833945989608765, -0.31925249099731445, 0.11189007014036179, 0.642293393611908, 0.40198981761932373, 0.691339373588562, 0.2881339192390442, -0.24898269772529602, 0.14428375661373138, -0.22007586061954498, 0.5664695501327515, 0.11910730600357056, -0.14396177232265472, 0.23448218405246735, -0.012797149829566479, 0.7827852964401245, -0.5051900148391724, 0.3541375398635864, -0.4172165095806122, -0.520767331123352, 0.13090230524539948, 0.3927887976169586, 0.253555029630661, 0.46910983324050903, -0.6118615865707397, -0.32059445977211, 0.03856930881738663, -0.1329914927482605, -0.14506502449512482, -0.5667846202850342, -0.24772396683692932, -0.43616607785224915, -0.14731824398040771, 0.2217915654182434, 0.1566401869058609, -0.18720866739749908, -0.3680776357650757, -0.00044184422586113214, -0.2650493383407593, 0.07376853376626968, 0.931519091129303, 0.28728872537612915, 0.19051113724708557, 0.381860613822937, 0.34074658155441284, -0.13871106505393982, -0.15361328423023224, 0.10152435302734375, -0.029492612928152084, -0.10998058319091797, -0.05647929385304451, 0.7550798058509827, 0.5561981797218323, 0.07754544913768768, -0.4832099676132202, -0.1609724462032318, 0.46300414204597473, 0.21222612261772156, 0.16216351091861725, 0.38563036918640137, 0.12035102397203445, -0.18842285871505737, 0.2326323390007019, -0.15282295644283295, -0.485930860042572, 0.004654389340430498, -0.12597671151161194, 0.03187974914908409, 0.40701746940612793, 0.26391249895095825, 0.25500786304473877, -0.17853718996047974, -0.14722996950149536, -0.18018923699855804, -0.34372448921203613, -0.8130769729614258, 0.45038270950317383, -0.2958969473838806, 0.6520569324493408, -0.4615202248096466, -0.09568207710981369, 1.0097429752349854, -0.3793342411518097, 0.2855355441570282, 0.11535294353961945, -0.5163378715515137, 0.5928638577461243, 0.07701924443244934, -0.20777615904808044, 0.16872872412204742, 0.1536213755607605, -0.06424269080162048, 0.37967583537101746, 0.25958186388015747, 0.30950090289115906, -0.5853531360626221, -0.12339600920677185, -0.38223907351493835, 0.43889543414115906, -0.106838658452034, -0.3908255398273468, 0.3529876470565796, 0.04112246632575989, -0.3462006151676178, 0.627404510974884, -0.1722816377878189, -0.29011133313179016, 1.316681981086731, -0.043256353586912155, -0.2328239530324936, 0.1310742199420929, 0.23445002734661102, 0.3020991086959839, -0.7445140480995178, 0.35170978307724, -0.4843810200691223, 0.3041810989379883, -0.23994846642017365, -0.3792496919631958, 0.22151705622673035, -0.39417168498039246, -0.11314240097999573, 0.40178847312927246, -0.5403493642807007, 0.06098862364888191, 0.1448407918214798, -0.2529474198818207, 0.563378632068634, 0.21537014842033386, 0.26403483748435974, -0.1911085695028305, -0.23660193383693695, -0.03361103683710098, -0.04419337585568428, -0.0052395653910934925, -0.06218613684177399, 0.35047200322151184, -0.670500636100769, 0.03543069586157799, -0.6164202094078064, 0.338628888130188, 0.28252747654914856, 0.6646193265914917, 0.2559005916118622, -0.43335607647895813, -0.17494818568229675, 0.11691255867481232, 0.7913756370544434, 0.30699971318244934, -0.17870134115219116, -0.4330180287361145, -0.5719650983810425, 0.13359130918979645, 0.5254236459732056, 0.2235914170742035, -0.04146038740873337, -0.18199574947357178, -0.13736370205879211, 0.23073992133140564, -0.7318503260612488, 0.04587088152766228, 0.2610134184360504, -0.24702125787734985, -0.30523374676704407, 0.17346246540546417, 0.4870505630970001, 0.4173707664012909, -0.3782081604003906, 0.14177162945270538, -0.3870849311351776, 0.14262069761753082, -0.34162816405296326, -0.4362320899963379, 0.6065879464149475, -0.25187948346138, -0.08588288724422455, -0.13337673246860504, -0.21528950333595276, -0.22790780663490295, -0.08382298052310944, -0.1588228940963745, -0.08296141028404236, 0.25425198674201965, -0.24925541877746582, -0.3957259953022003, 0.3695674240589142, -0.3622809946537018, 0.21310709416866302, 0.12722593545913696, -0.3546622395515442, -0.3629414439201355, 0.24297203123569489, -5.9688520431518555, -0.19379539787769318, -0.15256328880786896, -0.1788640320301056, -0.2796452045440674, 0.23242317140102386, 0.5461993217468262, -0.2855987548828125, 0.11461710184812546, -0.04002581909298897, 0.11287926882505417, -0.2666813135147095, 0.670778214931488, 0.7208167314529419, 0.31219348311424255, 0.23717321455478668, 0.10006268322467804, -0.060759712010622025, 0.5730624794960022, 0.2613380551338196, -0.12407707422971725, -0.3441413938999176, 0.4234931468963623, 0.0884869396686554, 0.5887733101844788, 0.0034109530970454216, -0.5541381239891052, -0.020690925419330597, -0.39804530143737793, -0.4435480833053589, 0.10794384777545929, -0.4102421700954437, 0.12765605747699738, 0.24932734668254852, -0.17203886806964874, -0.5948653221130371, 0.5168517827987671, 0.32943832874298096, 0.17489862442016602, -0.9898844361305237, 0.295146644115448, 0.6126289367675781, 0.2061605155467987, 0.22242407500743866, -0.04503241181373596, -0.42321789264678955, -0.47610047459602356, 0.15818142890930176, -0.36261940002441406, 0.6562750339508057, -0.36976945400238037, -0.08309024572372437, -0.03452492132782936, -0.08565569669008255, -0.575215220451355, -0.36578232049942017, 0.39087051153182983, -0.022854214534163475, -0.540050208568573, 0.29216137528419495, 0.5032084584236145, -0.41771426796913147, 0.0685599073767662, -0.09376354515552521, -0.3648419678211212, 0.047467757016420364, -0.43970686197280884, -0.8462904691696167, 0.6812868714332581, -0.15443460643291473, -0.03171958774328232, -0.29180648922920227, 0.24202992022037506, -1.005246639251709, 0.18482279777526855, -0.4945946931838989, 0.30094972252845764, -0.34323397278785706, 0.5544872283935547, -0.12621130049228668, -0.06336889415979385, -0.14501291513442993, 0.17134837806224823, 0.41838547587394714, 0.28216543793678284, -0.4974021315574646, -0.11692697554826736, 0.14626269042491913, 0.007119459565728903, -0.6231669783592224, 0.9525297284126282, -0.5716196298599243, 0.7820119857788086, -0.07853849232196808, -0.23348841071128845, 0.8432258367538452, 0.04024280980229378, 0.39063313603401184, 0.1695350706577301, -0.510773241519928, 0.5943843722343445, 0.22293704748153687, -0.0287973340600729, -0.9219421744346619, 0.19217731058597565, -0.1677834391593933, 0.20001396536827087, 0.3224736750125885, 0.6584370732307434, -0.22721844911575317, -0.3614012598991394, -0.17177003622055054, -0.0570518784224987, -0.4818997383117676, -0.06529293209314346, -0.22220738232135773, -0.30779075622558594, 0.4562791883945465, 0.4189061224460602, -0.1765090525150299, -0.27287858724594116, 0.3602685332298279, 0.4746108651161194, 0.2057284414768219, -0.37175098061561584, -0.5432047843933105, -0.3798774182796478, -0.017984503880143166, 0.08404456824064255, -0.27983027696609497, 0.4937748610973358, 0.5186867117881775, 0.09660413861274719, -0.2009924054145813, 0.7940455675125122, -0.4044892489910126, 0.07478243857622147, -0.1329064518213272, 0.16632074117660522, -0.14415916800498962, 0.3123501241207123, -0.10733423382043839, 0.2227371484041214, 0.6013153195381165, -0.018948189914226532, -0.09601020067930222, -0.07205652445554733, -0.2520735561847687, -0.1929399073123932, 0.06785670667886734, 0.0031587735284119844, -0.08685371279716492, 0.5663857460021973, -0.12288001924753189, -0.33466774225234985, -0.5468026995658875, 0.16796788573265076, 0.3232165575027466, -0.2657053470611572, -0.41131651401519775, -0.09937204420566559, -0.25964832305908203, -0.8588607907295227, 0.09392544627189636, 0.7745552659034729, -0.23507417738437653, -0.8102744221687317, -0.5084044337272644, -0.18226374685764313, 0.5842460989952087, -0.19444631040096283, -0.5982149243354797, -0.49638110399246216, -0.11461397260427475, -0.01331834401935339, 0.3440677225589752, -0.0900239422917366, 0.4735299050807953, -0.23906460404396057, 0.0046225241385400295, 0.27210181951522827, 0.1528916358947754, -0.4119471609592438, 0.5236318111419678, 0.46498507261276245, -0.07871796935796738, 0.2554014027118683, -0.2756585478782654, 0.13166505098342896, -0.11673757433891296, 0.365323930978775, 0.09276308864355087, 0.209415465593338, 0.14668235182762146, -0.41426554322242737, -0.5252256393432617, -0.3695269227027893, 0.33833450078964233, -0.04224099963903427, -0.3704150319099426, 0.37328964471817017, 0.4006824791431427, -0.29429712891578674, -0.012793835252523422, -0.2746674120426178, -0.2685154974460602, 0.6714035868644714, -0.062440529465675354, 0.4611609876155853, 0.15491217374801636, -0.8618766665458679, -0.3402566611766815, -0.20946361124515533, 0.5974948406219482, -0.7593056559562683, -0.21567407250404358, 0.05206093192100525, -0.5300462245941162, -0.3225308060646057, -0.4128449857234955, -0.05405068024992943, -0.021372025832533836, -0.29519107937812805, 0.267485111951828, -0.1929713487625122, 0.38550740480422974, 0.6692847609519958, -0.8803267478942871, 0.3339945077896118, 0.1361483931541443, 0.17042967677116394, 0.1426653414964676, 0.45532551407814026, 0.25945958495140076, -0.7251530289649963, -0.15687283873558044, -0.20123717188835144, 0.38871726393699646, 0.23964039981365204, 0.5687981843948364, -0.19235849380493164, 0.5498794317245483, 0.17403264343738556, -0.8260379433631897, -0.04633346199989319, 0.6412650346755981, 0.646289587020874, -0.6548771858215332, -0.28237175941467285, 0.2401353120803833, 0.10209080576896667, -0.2082061767578125, -0.36012572050094604, -0.11897559463977814, 0.8843604922294617, -0.07542644441127777, -0.09770037233829498, 0.19059211015701294, -0.01756204664707184, -0.1571957767009735, -0.38476237654685974, -0.7976014018058777, -0.12896063923835754, 0.1753748506307602, 0.3398387134075165, -0.6983969211578369, -0.7663137912750244, -0.20217584073543549, 0.16016939282417297, -0.22624129056930542, -0.24698755145072937, -0.4762485921382904, 0.4222393035888672, 0.4066723883152008, 0.3792094588279724, -0.3528273403644562, 0.3556900918483734, -0.06453540176153183, -0.10350408405065536, -0.10509949177503586, -0.40490496158599854, 0.15907056629657745, -0.14430491626262665, -0.37529173493385315, 0.2799204885959625, -1.0925852060317993, 0.06549432873725891, 0.17402124404907227, -0.2165752649307251, 0.3080405294895172, -0.16139036417007446, -0.39770177006721497, -0.4467964470386505, 0.5263012647628784, -0.5585217475891113, 0.3332846462726593, -0.24476748704910278, 0.3664851784706116, 0.577276349067688, 0.04265879467129707, -0.27745941281318665, 0.16411641240119934, 0.20514091849327087, 0.039227381348609924, 0.25994881987571716, 0.624083936214447, 0.20539483428001404, -0.13397638499736786, 0.08858198672533035, 0.12506890296936035, -0.11003000289201736, -0.1179891899228096, 0.2134605497121811, 0.49566519260406494, -0.17513415217399597, 0.09404625743627548, 0.3582197427749634, -0.7676902413368225, 0.3346429765224457, 0.059727806597948074, -0.23767809569835663, -0.22864554822444916, -0.03387392312288284, 0.15062864124774933, -0.3668435215950012, 1.1981205940246582, 0.24176032841205597, 0.27140456438064575, 0.7279464602470398, -0.45447251200675964, 0.360189825296402, 0.21865274012088776, -0.3280753493309021, 0.11411935091018677, -0.28168660402297974, -0.18037734925746918, 0.46431317925453186, -0.3727570176124573, -0.10554574429988861, 0.6101208925247192, 0.48033061623573303, 0.7846076488494873, -0.03911544010043144, -0.20948491990566254, -0.5623130798339844, 0.5962471961975098, 0.7651610970497131, 0.184384286403656, 0.03023148514330387, 0.40342220664024353, 0.0721144825220108, -0.241424560546875, 0.20367062091827393, -0.11978073418140411, -0.24155810475349426, -0.5038166046142578, -0.41302332282066345, 0.014630679972469807, 0.21254529058933258, -0.3441070020198822, -0.08577558398246765, 0.3519023656845093, 0.27460047602653503, 0.31856444478034973, 0.11080661416053772, 0.039284463971853256, 0.5476363897323608, -0.414691299200058, 0.5943678021430969, 0.2391027808189392, -0.2148173600435257, 0.32205525040626526, -0.28708788752555847, -0.2972014844417572, -0.5143004059791565, -0.2214924395084381, 0.48424461483955383, -0.02152125909924507, 0.1134563758969307, -0.23046644032001495, -0.06421053409576416, 0.3873653709888458, 0.06458070874214172, -0.7090128660202026, -0.049080073833465576, 0.21144327521324158, -0.3446296751499176, -0.23377926647663116, -0.228143110871315, 0.05228615924715996, 0.1540515124797821, -0.5164094567298889, 0.20664207637310028, 0.13192971050739288, 0.21907097101211548, 0.22705696523189545, 0.18096818029880524, 0.9231464266777039, 0.4267607033252716, -0.40989354252815247, -0.16168221831321716, 0.6198433637619019, 0.09750983864068985, -0.39628785848617554, -0.044192537665367126, -0.043137870728969574, -0.39284685254096985, -0.14625608921051025, -0.2975396513938904, -0.1402897983789444, 0.34594467282295227, -0.16142156720161438, -0.0887473076581955, 0.331412672996521, -0.13218273222446442, 0.1437392234802246, 0.5141561031341553, -0.47867855429649353, -0.10025997459888458, -0.20193788409233093, 0.06505796313285828, -0.1302386075258255, 0.21274951100349426, 0.20654599368572235, -0.3280769884586334, -0.40737104415893555, 0.6941783428192139, 0.4254211187362671, -0.18612568080425262, 0.48612335324287415, -0.05917990952730179, -0.583015501499176, -0.43736711144447327, 0.2256413847208023, -0.5227749943733215, 0.011184546165168285, 0.4996841847896576, 0.753474771976471, 0.44357791543006897, -0.5485817790031433, -0.12238835543394089, 0.08771597594022751, 0.8338479399681091, 0.3136199712753296, -0.23051272332668304, -0.18733757734298706, -0.30874618887901306, -0.1390807032585144, -0.9601560235023499, 0.5161344408988953, 0.1654786914587021, -0.5899522304534912, 0.8679286241531372, -0.39395672082901, -0.08626944571733475, -0.1933581531047821, 0.34290656447410583, -0.28726035356521606, -0.0049788858741521835, 0.0653066486120224 ]
230760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine%20Gap	Pine Gap	Pine Gap is the commonly used name for a joint US-Australian satellite surveillance base and Australian Earth station approximately south-west of the town of Alice Springs, Northern Territory in the centre of Australia which is jointly operated by Australia and the United States. Since 1988, it has been officially called the Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap (JDFPG); previously, it was known as Joint Defence Space Research Facility. The station is partly run by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), US National Security Agency (NSA), and US National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and is a key contributor to the NSA's global interception effort, which included the ECHELON program. The classified NRO name of the Pine Gap base is Australian Mission Ground Station (AMGS), while the unclassified cover term for the NSA function of the facility is RAINFALL. The base The facilities at the base consist of a massive computer complex with 38 radomes protecting radio dishes and has over 800 employees. NSA employee David Rosenberg indicated that the chief of the facility was a senior CIA officer at the time of his service there. The location is strategically significant because it controls United States spy satellites as they pass over one-third of the globe, including China, the Asian parts of Russia, and the Middle East. Central Australia was chosen because it was too remote for spy ships passing in international waters to intercept the signal. The facility has become a key part of the local economy. Operational history In late 1966, in the throes of the Cold War, a joint US–Australian treaty called for the creation of a US satellite surveillance base in Australia, to be titled the "Joint Defence Space Research Facility". The purpose of the facility was initially referred to in public as "space research". Operations started in 1970 when about 400 American families moved to Central Australia. Since the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the rise of the War on Terror in 2001, the base has seen a refocusing away from mere nuclear treaty monitoring and missile launch detection, to become a vital warfighting base for US military forces. In 1999, with the Australian Government refusing to give details to an Australian Senate committee about the relevant treaties, intelligence expert Professor Des Ball from the Australian National University was called to give an outline of Pine Gap. According to Professor Ball, since 9 December 1966 when the Australian and United States governments signed the Pine Gap treaty, Pine Gap had grown from the original two antennas to about 18 in 1999, and 38 by 2017. The number of staff had increased from around 400 in the early 1980s to 600 in the early 1990s and then to 800 in 2017, the biggest expansion since the end of the Cold War. Ball described the facility as the ground control and processing station for geosynchronous satellites engaged in signals intelligence collection, outlining four categories of signals collected: telemetry from advanced weapons development, such as ballistic missiles, used for arms control verification; signals from anti-missile and anti-aircraft radars; transmissions intended for communications satellites; and microwave emissions, such as long-distance telephone calls. Ball described the operational area as containing three sections: Satellite Station Keeping Section, Signals Processing Station and the Signals Analysis Section, from which Australians were barred until 1980. Australians are now officially barred only from the National Cryptographic Room (similarly, Americans are barred from the Australian Cryptographic Room). Each morning the Joint Reconnaissance Schedule Committee meets to determine what the satellites will monitor over the next 24 hours. With the closing of the Nurrungar base in 1999, an area in Pine Gap was set aside for the United States Air Force's control station for Defense Support Program satellites that monitor heat emissions from missiles, giving first warning of ballistic missile launches. In 2004, the base began operating a new satellite system known as the Space-Based Infrared System, which is a vital element of US missile defense. Since the end of the Cold War, the station has mainly been employed to intercept and record weapons and communications signals from countries in Asia, such as China and North Korea. The station was active in supporting the wars in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq and every US war since the September 11 attacks. The Menwith Hill Station (MHS) in the UK is operated by the NSA and also serves as ground station for these satellite missions. One of Pine Gap's primary functions is to locate radio signals in the Eastern Hemisphere, with the collected information fed into the US drone program. This was confirmed by an NSA document from 2013, which says that Pine Gap plays a key role in providing geolocation data for intelligence purposes, as well as for military operations, including air strikes. On 11 July 2013, documents revealed through former NSA analyst Edward Snowden showed that Pine Gap, amongst three other locations in Australia and one in New Zealand, contributed to the NSA's global interception and collection of internet and telephone communications, which involves systems like XKEYSCORE. Journalist Brian Toohey states that Pine Gap intercepts electronic communications from Australian citizens including phone calls, emails and faxes as a consequence of the technology it uses. According to documents published in August 2017, Pine Gap is used as a ground station for spy satellites on two secret missions: Mission 7600 with 2 geosynchronous satellites to cover Eurasia and Africa Mission 8300 with 4 geosynchronous satellites that covered the former Soviet Union, China, South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and countries on the Atlantic Ocean Controversies Whitlam dismissal Gough Whitlam, the 21st Prime Minister of Australia (between 1972 and 1975), reportedly considered closing the base. Victor Marchetti, a CIA officer who had helped run the facility, who was also a proponent of the JFK Assassination by the CIA conspiracy theory, said that this consideration "caused apoplexy in the White House, [and] a kind of Chile [coup] was set in motion", with the CIA and MI6 working together to get rid of the Prime Minister. On 11 November 1975, the day Whitlam was scheduled to brief the Australian Parliament on the secret CIA presence in Australia, as well as it being "the last day of action if an election of any kind was to be held before Christmas", he was dismissed from office by Governor-General John Kerr using reserve powers, described as 'archaic' by critics of the decision. In 2020, previously confidential private correspondences between the Palace and the Governor-General were released, in one of the letters, John Kerr describes his alleged CIA connections as 'Nonsense of course', and assured the Queen of his continued loyalty. Protests On 11 November 1983, Aboriginal women led 700 women to the Pine Gap gates where they fell silent for 11 minutes to commemorate Remembrance Day and the Greenham Common protest in Britain. This was the beginning of a two-week, women-only peace camp, organised under the auspices of "Women For Survival". The gathering was non-violent and several women trespassed onto the military base and on one day 111 were arrested and gave their names as Karen Silkwood, an American nuclear worker who died after campaigning for nuclear safety. There were allegations of police brutality and a Human Rights Commission inquiry ensued. On 5–7 October 2002 a number of groups (including Quakers and the National Union of Students) gathered at the gates of Pine Gap to protest against the use of the base in the then-impending Iraq war and missile defence. In December 2005 six members of the Christians Against All Terrorism group staged a protest outside Pine Gap. Four of them later broke into the facility and were arrested. Their trial began on 3 October 2006 and was the first time that Australia's Defence (Special Undertakings) Act 1952 was used. The Pine Gap Four cross-appealed to have their convictions quashed. In February 2008 the four members successfully appealed their convictions and were acquitted. In popular culture Peter "Turbo" Teatoff is seen delivering heavy machinery to JDFPG in season 4's 11th episode of series Outback Truckers. Pine Gap is featured in the 2018 Australian television series of the same name. The series is a political thriller, portraying the lives of the members of the joint American–Australian intelligence team. In The Secret History of Twin Peaks by Mark Frost, President Richard Nixon claims that Pine Gap is actually the site of an underground facility constructed by extraterrestrials. See also GCSB Waihopai RAF Menwith Hill Misawa Air Base 1975 Australian constitutional crisis References Citations Sources General sources 1999 Joint Standing Committee on Treaties. An Agreement to extend the period of operation of the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap. Report 26. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, October 1999. 2002 Craig Skehan, "Pine Gap gears for war with eye on Iraq". Sydney Morning Herald, 30 September 2002. 2003 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Pine Gap. Retranscription of program broadcast on 4 August 2003. 2007 Pine Gap 6 2007 "Judge rejects Pine Gap house arrest bid" The Australian, 29 May. 2007 "Aussies eye BMD role" United Press International, 11 Jun. 2007 "Pine Gap protest linked to Iraq war, pacifists tell court" ABC, Australia, 5 Jun. 2007 Protesters get a wrist slap External links Pine Gap's wider missile role, The Age, 21 September 2007 Pine Gap protests–historical at Nautilus Institute, April 2008 The Base: Pine Gap's Role in US Warfighting, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August 2017 NSA Documents on Pine Gap, from archive of Edward Snowden, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August 2017 The U.S. Spy Hub in the Heart of Australia, The Intercept, 20 August 2017 UKUSA listening stations Protests in Australia Earth stations in Australia Buildings and structures in Alice Springs Earth stations in the Northern Territory Australia–United States military relations Military installations of the United States in Australia 1970 establishments in Australia Australian intelligence agencies Australian Defence Force Military installations in the Northern Territory	[ 0.4888952672481537, 0.6644874215126038, -0.18622182309627533, -0.00013494989252649248, 0.7992746233940125, 0.13049934804439545, 0.803810715675354, 0.28950440883636475, -0.1842634081840515, 0.09360187500715256, -0.9846307039260864, 0.05621333047747612, -0.5092569589614868, 0.8325413465499878, -0.19840124249458313, 0.49281439185142517, 0.5627683401107788, 0.45485082268714905, 0.4633867144584656, -0.732399046421051, -0.01576009951531887, -0.5082734227180481, 0.06569252163171768, -0.21666079759597778, 0.4280701279640198, 0.25519686937332153, 0.2746581733226776, 0.36222660541534424, 0.5155670642852783, 0.5985608100891113, 0.2366744428873062, 0.1820368617773056, -0.3735935091972351, -0.0754108875989914, 0.2607785761356354, 0.6723332405090332, 0.04351203143596649, 0.41116416454315186, 0.13863004744052887, -0.17743508517742157, 0.5305333137512207, -0.24343925714492798, 0.07729189842939377, 0.03553057089447975, 0.1728501319885254, 0.12439306825399399, -1.2401096820831299, 0.2347918003797531, 0.10952651500701904, -0.10366523265838623, -0.8129757046699524, 0.6860681772232056, 0.3939816951751709, -0.051889244467020035, 0.43017062544822693, 0.09201233088970184, -0.08557520806789398, 0.032083660364151, 0.2289784997701645, -0.4430651366710663, -0.3658091425895691, 0.3456665575504303, 0.003704651026055217, -0.004213778767734766, -0.06896892935037613, -0.17624717950820923, 0.39566105604171753, 0.4178098440170288, 0.5979164242744446, 0.1629219651222229, -0.034076519310474396, 0.08463532477617264, -0.4099677801132202, 0.05565618723630905, -0.3536006510257721, 0.5803990364074707, -0.044605448842048645, 0.5014619827270508, 0.16242873668670654, 0.6018067002296448, 0.23457834124565125, 0.4432002604007721, 0.1460491567850113, -0.5527325868606567, 0.006496280897408724, 0.2796233892440796, -0.25154909491539, 0.06916602700948715, -0.5386085510253906, -0.04031040892004967, -0.41552919149398804, -0.11811022460460663, -0.07553562521934509, 0.2914462387561798, 0.24491167068481445, -0.7575975656509399, 0.22810104489326477, 0.2701306641101837, -0.004643281456083059, 0.48541098833084106, -0.3261065185070038, 0.011603805236518383, 0.69659024477005, -0.2394213080406189, -0.5143771767616272, -0.5249612927436829, -0.02559329941868782, -0.6012588143348694, -0.4607595205307007, -0.12142450362443924, -0.5406723618507385, 0.022186482325196266, -0.030866816639900208, -0.008665896020829678, -0.4581272304058075, 0.13252492249011993, 0.30172282457351685, -0.5606999397277832, 0.26597440242767334, 0.17211395502090454, 0.5223667025566101, 1.0615284442901611, -0.8341174721717834, 0.09516007453203201, -0.07928964495658875, -0.21000675857067108, 0.371011346578598, 0.057055629789829254, -0.7788730263710022, 0.5619143843650818, -0.7819440364837646, 0.4280942976474762, 0.2907119393348694, 0.41189518570899963, 0.43912482261657715, -0.4739978015422821, -0.3897281587123871, 0.07360239326953888, 0.30449149012565613, 0.4358923137187958, -0.6699478626251221, -0.0441257506608963, -0.5548276305198669, -0.49167048931121826, 0.4183512032032013, 0.5299522876739502, -0.35548877716064453, -0.502811074256897, 0.009556456468999386, -0.031985703855752945, 0.00761000020429492, -0.05064975097775459, -0.1963377296924591, -0.307074636220932, -0.699302613735199, 0.012053157202899456, 0.21308793127536774, -0.06681398302316666, 0.000469900289317593, 0.04430723562836647, 0.18565164506435394, 0.11352840065956116, -0.0077872625552117825, 0.4162634611129761, 0.198489710688591, 0.08406969904899597, 0.7178406119346619, 0.10529626160860062, 0.22863709926605225, 0.3732474148273468, 0.23312808573246002, 0.33404645323753357, 0.357084184885025, -0.3998816907405853, 0.09527275711297989, 0.016677554696798325, 0.18824627995491028, 0.5067663788795471, 0.053950659930706024, -0.20942296087741852, -0.5455783605575562, 0.20496536791324615, 0.05935675650835037, -0.17830868065357208, -0.42357873916625977, 0.45208457112312317, 0.5847156047821045, 0.02680043876171112, -0.11649801582098007, -0.255461186170578, -0.570844829082489, -0.6688212752342224, 0.24619275331497192, -0.3389511704444885, 0.982239842414856, -0.2033071517944336, -0.014611447229981422, 0.441803902387619, 0.3761056363582611, 0.5745717883110046, 0.4464825391769409, -0.46003520488739014, 0.35087475180625916, -0.37450525164604187, -1.0141388177871704, 0.3944909870624542, 0.42695382237434387, -0.07396530359983444, 0.22522787749767303, -0.06949706375598907, -0.09235621988773346, -0.41909894347190857, 0.22667473554611206, 0.3310031294822693, 0.06613971292972565, 0.1842803657054901, -0.47995585203170776, -0.40463387966156006, 0.30286452174186707, -0.4598596394062042, 0.1686827391386032, 0.018949970602989197, 0.08622325211763382, -0.3045116066932678, -0.6271609663963318, 0.4941248595714569, 0.24220682680606842, 0.26462605595588684, 0.2432614415884018, -0.7100349068641663, 0.18407204747200012, -0.3250510096549988, -0.2129242867231369, -0.5069900155067444, 0.4671740233898163, -0.3154606521129608, -0.04183998331427574, -0.45097777247428894, 0.3879052698612213, -0.10906708985567093, 0.059930622577667236, -0.11542120575904846, -0.429733008146286, 0.38512980937957764, 0.0647246390581131, -0.2039651721715927, 0.18166173994541168, 0.26132631301879883, 0.20584407448768616, 0.3738501965999603, -0.13198596239089966, -0.1463380753993988, 0.18618883192539215, -0.005540902726352215, 0.00504646822810173, -0.5770759582519531, -0.3423820436000824, -0.341968834400177, 0.4299832880496979, -0.8162523508071899, -0.147668719291687, 0.2856854200363159, -0.8143817186355591, 0.2183537483215332, 0.447602242231369, -0.9764221906661987, -0.14710168540477753, -0.606837809085846, 0.2287735790014267, 0.14137685298919678, 0.32420438528060913, -0.25288936495780945, 0.23003286123275757, -0.2522572875022888, 0.13090385496616364, -0.08109140396118164, -0.129911869764328, 0.06537683308124542, -0.3985179364681244, -0.41283324360847473, 1.155547022819519, -0.14983776211738586, -0.019253063946962357, -0.40628302097320557, -0.7296373248100281, -0.17830902338027954, 0.07479783147573471, -0.06942083686590195, -0.5612888336181641, -0.07829609513282776, -0.22609302401542664, -0.20747815072536469, 0.0506509393453598, 0.8103745579719543, -0.3546418845653534, 0.8011914491653442, 0.12565936148166656, 0.0659923329949379, 0.5171524882316589, -0.29534515738487244, -0.012156167067587376, 0.11864013969898224, -0.8680995106697083, 0.06604880094528198, 0.029395034536719322, 0.16335588693618774, -0.19534353911876678, -0.5834356546401978, -5.61203670501709, 0.8149418234825134, -0.6997048258781433, -0.526056170463562, 0.34284937381744385, 0.21303124725818634, 0.5941769480705261, -0.47363075613975525, 0.4819061756134033, 0.13751058280467987, -0.18600259721279144, 0.2723464369773865, 0.5871044993400574, -0.21254496276378632, 0.5329890251159668, 0.057680170983076096, 0.5743336081504822, -0.40333259105682373, 0.7640430331230164, 0.3542739748954773, -0.0029581503476947546, 0.2207528054714203, 0.17451727390289307, -0.5350052714347839, 0.5707029104232788, 0.5925324559211731, -0.8617638945579529, -0.22328537702560425, -0.03911329060792923, -0.13118252158164978, 0.0817410796880722, -0.7662023901939392, -0.2977517545223236, 0.21807432174682617, -0.42663779854774475, 0.11139891296625137, 0.1926794946193695, 0.17189447581768036, 0.16102927923202515, -0.15842851996421814, -0.15591196715831757, 0.24701134860515594, 0.5152029991149902, 0.25030484795570374, 0.24199485778808594, -0.1241418868303299, -0.2861199676990509, -0.5522825717926025, 0.44571784138679504, 0.636644184589386, -0.10124814510345459, 0.6397463083267212, 0.4583699405193329, -0.1659083068370819, -0.0773526281118393, -0.04136849194765091, 0.4599018692970276, -0.3572734296321869, -0.39197278022766113, 0.2935390770435333, 0.1327611207962036, -0.48800188302993774, 0.12967060506343842, -0.8548227548599243, 0.08565004169940948, 0.07221231609582901, -0.1029474064707756, 0.4516851603984833, -0.13278840482234955, 0.041851405054330826, 0.0856424942612648, 0.1206495389342308, -0.30126383900642395, -0.8919668197631836, 0.23224619030952454, -0.8763645887374878, -0.173630028963089, 0.24780066311359406, -0.4441840350627899, 0.09666882455348969, -0.41490036249160767, 0.07544615119695663, 0.544335663318634, 0.1256517469882965, 0.6277169585227966, -0.2730201482772827, -0.5052334666252136, -0.11856675148010254, 0.42519089579582214, -0.7956491708755493, 0.30109089612960815, -0.43120864033699036, 0.3687437176704407, 0.01366066187620163, 0.016926439478993416, 0.8410806655883789, 0.024970972910523415, 0.6931848526000977, 0.9072161912918091, 0.30859705805778503, 0.29774460196495056, -0.3825569748878479, 0.5482343435287476, -0.5133764147758484, -0.24329322576522827, -0.31941887736320496, 0.5307601690292358, 0.10276499390602112, 0.321100652217865, 0.1741539090871811, 0.018613336607813835, 0.48066121339797974, 0.13314607739448547, 0.21508942544460297, -0.031422726809978485, 0.25076720118522644, -0.23977673053741455, 0.2632525861263275, 0.770883321762085, -0.11568579822778702, -0.19307269155979156, -0.10136942565441132, 0.2029673159122467, 0.0916069820523262, -0.09580063074827194, -0.6097989082336426, -0.48145318031311035, -0.1866292804479599, -0.32336461544036865, -0.041964318603277206, 0.017067909240722656, 0.28145071864128113, 0.5005006790161133, -0.2932179272174835, -0.2679215371608734, -0.5062522292137146, -0.19933941960334778, -0.5272166728973389, 0.6087285280227661, 0.43226104974746704, 0.20937596261501312, 0.13576640188694, -0.8264431357383728, 0.22966180741786957, -0.01702130027115345, 0.3659655749797821, -0.3906500041484833, -0.3122532069683075, -0.4294165074825287, -0.1107807382941246, -0.7797535061836243, -0.9857097864151001, -0.23209194839000702, -0.5363830924034119, 0.25741124153137207, -0.10713675618171692, 0.056235186755657196, -0.16567686200141907, 0.4727570712566376, 0.022783847525715828, 0.1882922500371933, -0.3932343125343323, -0.8730807304382324, 0.35767725110054016, 0.31678351759910583, -0.03832361474633217, 0.2233838140964508, -0.4071088135242462, -0.5399976372718811, 0.3201354146003723, 0.2211758941411972, -0.45581451058387756, -0.41117575764656067, 0.3303622305393219, 0.033150941133499146, 0.5922039151191711, -0.1065584048628807, -0.22280612587928772, 0.0299880001693964, 0.02060049958527088, -0.14647014439105988, 0.20875005424022675, -0.46900463104248047, 0.5343421697616577, -0.10544563829898834, -0.7026539444923401, -0.5418896675109863, 0.25190794467926025, -0.0018646634416654706, 0.24371597170829773, 0.19881299138069153, 0.09583090245723724, 0.021843545138835907, 0.07442396134138107, -0.4251261055469513, -0.07382455468177795, -0.37221667170524597, -0.0759422704577446, -0.06175008788704872, -0.4717103838920593, -0.38478779792785645, 0.3724772036075592, -0.7511669993400574, 0.5610429644584656, 0.18897630274295807, -0.5714035034179688, 0.24357359111309052, 0.3417567312717438, -0.5095041394233704, -0.10295401513576508, -0.3994933068752289, -0.4747011065483093, -0.23677334189414978, 0.8743882775306702, -0.2947613000869751, -0.03009168617427349, -0.01610197126865387, 0.4205078184604645, -0.35946622490882874, -0.32349255681037903, -0.14871937036514282, -0.2423391491174698, 0.28166383504867554, -0.062764011323452, 0.00804994348436594, 0.725290060043335, 0.4663476347923279, -0.7197537422180176, 0.225044384598732, 0.08626270294189453, -0.5628337860107422, -0.4404454529285431, 0.3497304320335388, 0.6126821637153625, -0.1312020719051361, 0.505664587020874, -0.25907182693481445, -0.3241437077522278, 0.5527315735816956, 0.4579331576824188, 0.28115808963775635, 1.0865764617919922, 0.09450950473546982, -0.4400743842124939, -0.7430070638656616, 0.12971965968608856, 0.5514898300170898, -0.8279195427894592, -0.8902992010116577, 0.009091331623494625, -0.1942746490240097, -0.33566513657569885, -0.05133987218141556, 0.31319668889045715, 1.0383632183074951, 0.13531292974948883, -0.22830075025558472, -0.41558682918548584, -0.18979255855083466, -0.04775787517428398, 0.15201112627983093, -0.5769814252853394, -0.48982104659080505, 0.5988489985466003, 0.2945494055747986, -0.5061038732528687, -0.5969909429550171, -0.7459306120872498, -0.12222184985876083, -0.6294875144958496, 0.23921558260917664, 0.23591339588165283, 0.46142610907554626, 0.5076308250427246, 0.085508793592453, 0.17763619124889374, 0.5594289898872375, -0.0869065597653389, -0.274874746799469, -0.14785321056842804, -0.2404259741306305, 0.3133489191532135, 0.11557445675134659, -0.6752501130104065, 0.0614614374935627, -0.8933005332946777, 0.24970276653766632, 0.00036650136462412775, -0.2187483310699463, -0.23468761146068573, -0.3784889578819275, -0.20140495896339417, 0.058581091463565826, -0.48645544052124023, -0.10770638287067413, 0.17433075606822968, -0.35413503646850586, -0.05566180869936943, 0.08331387490034103, -0.14550411701202393, -0.9035679697990417, 0.642358660697937, -0.01574096642434597, -0.366135835647583, 0.6075953841209412, -0.6692972183227539, 0.08554686605930328, -0.4345909357070923, 0.22344328463077545, -0.21623508632183075, 0.5369516611099243, 0.24552838504314423, 0.09823505580425262, 0.6168290972709656, -0.356255441904068, -0.02552865445613861, 0.7897545695304871, -0.01870366372168064, 0.4002983272075653, 0.3502839505672455, -0.29022717475891113, -0.08224698156118393, 0.3552422821521759, 0.36971035599708557, -0.2590087354183197, 1.2464996576309204, -0.09390530735254288, 0.43582525849342346, 0.35205018520355225, 0.28983914852142334, -0.3070704936981201, -0.8800235390663147, 0.15386348962783813, 0.831526517868042, -0.5060861110687256, -0.6274888515472412, -0.5012761950492859, -0.5520936846733093, -0.5988480448722839, 0.4700116217136383, -0.4382835030555725, 0.7032389044761658, 0.28148773312568665, 0.1726285070180893, -0.41762375831604004, 0.3420117199420929, 0.06488192081451416, 0.21779626607894897, 0.32594820857048035, 0.22205840051174164, -0.16138045489788055, -0.08919733017683029, -0.18268117308616638, -0.12813764810562134, -0.18667903542518616, -0.16968554258346558, 0.43964675068855286, -0.19992327690124512, -0.8489436507225037, -0.20721961557865143, -0.2848784327507019, 0.09395289421081543, -0.08776424080133438, 0.12415754795074463, 0.03733861818909645, -0.5753587484359741, 0.42691272497177124, -0.4932437837123871, 0.3561221659183502, -0.19458486139774323, 0.63094562292099, 0.3196197748184204, -0.40876108407974243, 0.16170457005500793, -0.039525263011455536, 0.16583457589149475, 0.23855742812156677, 0.36349958181381226, 0.21782509982585907, -0.04692523926496506, 0.7253596186637878, 0.32569047808647156, 0.3338046669960022, -0.8316726684570312, 0.44270461797714233, -0.4720969796180725, 0.0030803014524281025, 0.671018660068512, -0.09711779654026031, 0.08440716564655304, 0.3809930980205536, -0.35680609941482544, -0.33812734484672546, -0.43707796931266785, 0.3375282287597656, 0.06912008672952652, 0.4225023090839386, 0.8180996179580688, 0.13456393778324127, -0.19222865998744965, 0.06347043812274933, -0.23706503212451935, 0.21790781617164612, 0.09102281183004379, -0.033908385783433914, 0.3599880337715149, -0.3392622172832489, 0.09518783539533615, -0.1601126492023468, 0.20952770113945007, 0.7193136215209961, 0.2563104033470154, 0.23188477754592896, 0.13240136206150055, -0.09150391072034836, 0.06621701270341873, 0.9363457560539246, -0.038849856704473495, 0.13260281085968018, -0.38401100039482117, 0.13913947343826294, -0.4816862940788269, -0.18401001393795013, 0.1286771148443222, -0.25880879163742065, -0.29104018211364746, 0.7065317034721375, 0.017412234097719193, -0.577022135257721, 0.7171521782875061, 0.737902820110321, -0.7251153588294983, -0.3832117021083832, 0.17146430909633636, -0.46323516964912415, -1.3942556381225586, -0.2924201786518097, 1.1750292778015137, 0.394216388463974, -0.6659296751022339, -0.2125243842601776, 0.005729895085096359, -0.3454188406467438, -0.5902725458145142, 0.07245638221502304, -0.021017566323280334, -0.3093896806240082, -0.9484285712242126, -0.775148332118988, 0.8055314421653748, -0.3502976894378662, -0.17510852217674255, -0.32096168398857117, -0.9599123001098633, -0.4190976917743683, -0.16647084057331085, 0.5103484392166138, 0.10048100352287292, 0.08402062207460403, -0.2061109095811844 ]
230761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian%20Institute%20of%20Comparative%20Vandalism	Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism	The Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism () is a non-profit cultural institute based in Denmark. It was founded in 1961 by the Danish artist Asger Jorn, Peter Glob and Werner Jacobsen from the National Museum of Denmark and Holger Arbman of the University of Lund, Sweden. Jorn had recently left the Situationist International, although he continued to support them financially. The stated purpose of the institute was to throw new light upon the Scandinavian culture in the age of migrations and Vikings. For several years, Jorn toured around Scandinavia and Europe with photographer Gérard Franceschi, former photographer for French writer and onetime culture minister André Malraux on his Musée imaginaire project, photographing ancient, Romanesque, Scandinavian, and Gothic figurative and decorative motifs in order to trace the connections between Scandinavian and European motifs. Jacqueline de Jong was also involved in several of these excursions. In 1965, the Silkeborg municipal government provided a building to store over 20,000 photographs taken by Jorn, Gerard Franceschi and Ulrik Ross. Jorn was working with the publisher Skandinavisk Forlag in Odense to publish a series of books based on his research and documentation called 10,000 Years of Nordic Folk Art (10 000 års nordisk folkekunst). Jorn gave up the project that year, however, when the press Skandinavisk Forlag refused to proceed unless the project was run by a committee of scholars, with Jorn having only one vote. He wanted total control of the subject of each volume. The Institute remained as a sort of imaginary museum, now housed in the Silkeborg Kunstmuseum, home of Jorn's art collection and archives. Jorn continued to publish articles and books on the subject of Nordic art as a tradition independent of what he called the "Classical-Latin" tradition. A publication series of theoretical texts (without illustration) in the name of the institute (Meddelelse fra Skandinavisk institut for sammenlignende vandalisme) encompasses four books, all by Jorn Naturens Orden (1962) Værdi og økonomi (1962) Held og Hasard (1963) Alfa og Omega (1980 posthumous) References Notes Comparative Vandalism: Asger Jorn and the artistic attitude to life by Peter Shield, Borgen/Ashgate (1998) The Natural Order and Other Texts by Asger Jorn (Translated by Peter Shield), Ashgate (2002) Danish art Cultural organizations based in Denmark Organizations established in 1961 1961 establishments in Denmark	[ 0.24710595607757568, 0.8340350389480591, -0.20336732268333435, -0.3547520935535431, -0.4730721414089203, -0.043195340782403946, 0.8399073481559753, 0.27857086062431335, -0.44150030612945557, 0.29730382561683655, -0.036709751933813095, 0.08129293471574783, -0.14902132749557495, 0.22602379322052002, -0.1678563505411148, 0.35893261432647705, 0.23343981802463531, 0.3379400372505188, 0.2252577692270279, -0.08752372115850449, -0.30853086709976196, -0.7013077735900879, 0.5682963728904724, -0.47153007984161377, 0.11440207064151764, -0.10909561067819595, 0.7801098823547363, 0.6716176867485046, -0.022645579650998116, -0.3879247307777405, 0.14730104804039001, 0.5554355978965759, -0.3698340356349945, -0.48516473174095154, -0.14818182587623596, 0.21493777632713318, 0.2987184226512909, -0.41889074444770813, 0.26115337014198303, -0.005740714259445667, 0.3749018907546997, 0.12279581278562546, -0.502410888671875, 0.2898879051208496, 0.36411893367767334, -0.8059617280960083, -1.3632327318191528, 0.2401333749294281, -0.550426185131073, 0.10485139489173889, -0.25603458285331726, 0.10579084604978561, 0.2660427689552307, 0.27559179067611694, 0.2738496959209442, 0.4896237552165985, -1.1307424306869507, -0.23276998102664948, 0.031989291310310364, 0.16168811917304993, -0.10838992148637772, 0.346508264541626, -0.15291164815425873, -0.15020474791526794, 0.16708187758922577, 0.7165114879608154, 0.05337151139974594, 0.5105414390563965, -0.007240419741719961, -1.062646746635437, -0.18568257987499237, -0.15322978794574738, 0.29353445768356323, 0.5441268682479858, 0.06990961730480194, -0.6411276459693909, 0.3589054048061371, -0.27529820799827576, 0.15233460068702698, -0.21194127202033997, 0.5977717638015747, 0.1392139047384262, 0.8172946572303772, -0.07968214899301529, 0.9087265133857727, 0.35720735788345337, -0.7312554717063904, -0.15405261516571045, -1.041043996810913, 0.16174384951591492, 0.20615260303020477, -0.17808352410793304, 0.5057504177093506, 0.6707640886306763, 0.5699285864830017, 0.38700586557388306, 0.2587558329105377, 0.8050443530082703, 0.1468161642551422, 0.9113593697547913, -0.22911085188388824, 1.1845929622650146, -0.15068429708480835, 0.31143659353256226, 0.08222979307174683, -0.4860698878765106, -0.33117619156837463, -0.30318117141723633, -0.716086745262146, -0.7903679609298706, -0.637582004070282, 0.29181089997291565, -0.23412397503852844, -0.14326106011867523, 0.321130633354187, 0.5684274435043335, 0.5081781148910522, -0.8145540356636047, -0.4286240339279175, 0.38153859972953796, 0.03419409319758415, 1.115055799484253, -0.7226377725601196, 0.2265036702156067, -0.42090168595314026, 0.5008965134620667, 0.30730655789375305, 0.9584833979606628, -0.030588269233703613, 0.19934214651584625, 0.2505909502506256, 0.6724955439567566, -0.28785455226898193, -0.06737113744020462, 0.19237194955348969, -0.33218058943748474, 0.728775680065155, 0.16936327517032623, 0.0658211037516594, 0.7034887075424194, -0.7150115370750427, -0.7158498167991638, -1.1492747068405151, -0.4083062410354614, 0.2297590672969818, -0.308381587266922, -0.19034069776535034, -0.11786192655563354, -0.169826477766037, 0.11923906207084656, 0.6898562908172607, 0.44798794388771057, -0.34270474314689636, 0.2802068889141083, -0.5084502696990967, 0.5723707675933838, 0.6280693411827087, -0.3177908957004547, 0.7513343691825867, 0.7362386584281921, -0.08061394840478897, -0.034077245742082596, -0.7745036482810974, 0.1576313078403473, 0.07308609783649445, -0.1372348517179489, 0.1337416172027588, 0.6300920248031616, 0.051939789205789566, -0.1612258106470108, -0.7741434574127197, 0.24083630740642548, 0.32646527886390686, -0.16559192538261414, 0.6442201137542725, -0.030119268223643303, 0.47257333993911743, 0.128966823220253, -0.04389426112174988, -0.09581557661294937, -0.8238338828086853, 0.2803528308868408, 0.3840150535106659, -0.21271653473377228, 0.3697131872177124, -0.005727030802518129, 0.31614336371421814, 0.033822622150182724, -0.4199832081794739, 0.03883066028356552, -0.34703606367111206, -0.5969095826148987, 1.055086612701416, -0.24352717399597168, 1.4851446151733398, 0.381510853767395, -0.46319130063056946, 0.5828131437301636, -0.12413503974676132, 0.9232267737388611, -0.25091174244880676, -0.2889048755168915, 0.09291829913854599, -0.13447336852550507, -0.2175496369600296, 0.6098396182060242, 0.18184083700180054, -0.26388007402420044, 0.06639779359102249, 0.6013878583908081, 0.4830290377140045, -0.6371596455574036, 0.4569193422794342, 0.13208125531673431, -0.1460830122232437, -0.1442326158285141, -0.1590176671743393, 0.7055063843727112, 0.3392218053340912, -0.42155930399894714, 1.163522720336914, -0.6126576662063599, -0.21975138783454895, 0.7206006050109863, -0.10179983079433441, 0.44874414801597595, 0.3785032331943512, 0.7189314961433411, 0.5104652047157288, -1.0075660943984985, 0.584266722202301, 0.4655555784702301, 0.25055310130119324, -0.843445897102356, -0.4901602864265442, -0.1550619751214981, -0.5553873181343079, -0.19261211156845093, 0.47796860337257385, -0.27484166622161865, 0.19255410134792328, 0.386249303817749, -0.7263534665107727, 0.6686379909515381, 0.06909087300300598, 0.4135777950286865, -0.2946937084197998, 0.17409075796604156, -0.6015381217002869, -0.1790032982826233, 0.41989606618881226, 0.16591134667396545, -0.3853391706943512, -0.9824607968330383, -0.03468172997236252, 0.24890223145484924, 0.13138435781002045, -0.40117743611335754, 0.28322938084602356, -0.35737520456314087, -0.138570174574852, -0.13916678726673126, 0.16423256695270538, 0.24626988172531128, 0.22182908654212952, -0.3953191339969635, -0.10011167079210281, -0.5724990367889404, 0.3501202166080475, -0.006938088219612837, 0.2871169149875641, 0.06263674795627594, -0.31018343567848206, -0.30631592869758606, -0.7779200673103333, -0.1248231753706932, -0.41212165355682373, 0.01913653127849102, -0.8269702196121216, -0.16983817517757416, -0.27314257621765137, 0.35361093282699585, 0.07500065863132477, -0.440600723028183, -0.4499138593673706, -0.29697033762931824, 0.0011909761233255267, -0.5660532712936401, -0.05352840572595596, -0.3016928434371948, -0.042936354875564575, 0.17566116154193878, -0.2208629846572876, 0.1842353492975235, -0.5220527648925781, 0.1098092645406723, -0.3156299889087677, -0.05830764397978783, 0.8361119031906128, -0.18176648020744324, -0.638217568397522, 0.43375101685523987, -0.8752322196960449, 0.11536803096532822, -0.23955398797988892, -0.35804474353790283, -0.7154967188835144, -0.5185680389404297, -5.036955833435059, -0.11580993980169296, -0.34778347611427307, 0.3032972514629364, -0.06897211819887161, 0.13352541625499725, 0.952086865901947, -0.7972127795219421, -0.10395558923482895, 0.1635790765285492, -0.002116612857207656, 0.14746758341789246, 0.2585456371307373, 0.9962036609649658, 0.6258276700973511, 0.4860798120498657, 0.16124041378498077, 0.07598880678415298, 0.2028738558292389, -0.09031683206558228, 0.09876474738121033, -0.04684298112988472, -0.0747339129447937, 0.5973779559135437, 0.6564556956291199, 1.1232752799987793, -0.6003928184509277, 0.26001325249671936, -0.41869056224823, 0.0428493395447731, 0.5498756766319275, -0.2873937487602234, 0.1610736846923828, -0.2032124549150467, -0.20044393837451935, 0.3786921203136444, 0.46053749322891235, 0.6902439594268799, -0.14882832765579224, -0.7741353511810303, 0.21219153702259064, 0.5664889812469482, 0.09339092671871185, -0.08108428865671158, 0.7985373139381409, -0.32423362135887146, -0.43036597967147827, -0.10710573196411133, -1.0535513162612915, 1.1460040807724, -0.48585423827171326, -0.1879509836435318, 0.40884241461753845, 0.703555703163147, -0.5456150770187378, -0.8077988028526306, 0.5636864900588989, -0.4544351398944855, 0.08255093544721603, -0.20119698345661163, 0.4719715118408203, -0.5746328234672546, 0.08913080394268036, -0.47067025303840637, -0.5048415660858154, -0.34321290254592896, -0.1617378443479538, -0.29272404313087463, 0.05640985444188118, -0.47032931447029114, -0.37700966000556946, 0.5522003769874573, -0.2428775131702423, -0.8294307589530945, 0.33411985635757446, -0.5140904188156128, -0.20765119791030884, -0.17077891528606415, 0.3813304305076599, 0.5284620523452759, 0.268151193857193, -0.2514112889766693, -0.443112313747406, 0.8187291622161865, 0.23657959699630737, -0.7023540139198303, 0.5080894231796265, 0.027440177276730537, -0.38411399722099304, -0.7422856092453003, 0.31146225333213806, -0.36729103326797485, -0.3033788800239563, 0.2431744635105133, -0.519372284412384, 0.978108823299408, 0.22230060398578644, -0.24083702266216278, 0.27819088101387024, -0.4325154721736908, 0.8154338598251343, -0.7149123549461365, -0.5153256058692932, -0.12647099792957306, 0.2668943703174591, -0.22805814445018768, 0.11901929974555969, -0.15315061807632446, 0.7431050539016724, -0.03246167302131653, 0.30691710114479065, -0.44732701778411865, -0.273730605840683, 0.15010865032672882, 0.466380774974823, -0.35063377022743225, -0.33289191126823425, 0.832965612411499, -0.06542743742465973, 0.046116843819618225, -0.07545078545808792, -0.09140779078006744, 0.28702467679977417, 0.20326827466487885, -0.35959646105766296, -0.6720442175865173, 0.13515424728393555, 0.436445415019989, -0.5099269151687622, 0.12952856719493866, -0.2669084668159485, 0.30777785181999207, -0.24720364809036255, -0.3067373037338257, 0.27228474617004395, -0.27469855546951294, -0.5560771822929382, 0.014526274986565113, 0.3774101734161377, -0.20062769949436188, 0.45896783471107483, -0.49585479497909546, -0.21125097572803497, 0.20121979713439941, 0.19654276967048645, 0.45755308866500854, 0.2891690731048584, -0.044613081961870193, -0.6808589696884155, 0.0710606724023819, -0.6938108205795288, 0.041769929230213165, 0.4376201927661896, -0.6136053204536438, 0.5251489281654358, 0.09304860234260559, 0.26554474234580994, 0.5958572030067444, -0.6940630078315735, -0.26662126183509827, 0.0008756816969253123, 0.06625334173440933, -0.9386155605316162, -0.0956965759396553, 0.6547286510467529, -0.7548650503158569, -0.6462772488594055, -0.18609270453453064, -0.5008181929588318, 0.36777400970458984, -0.0007441751076839864, -0.01725980080664158, -0.4364171028137207, -0.2001396268606186, 0.28817811608314514, -0.4329002797603607, -0.010520565323531628, 0.10223045945167542, -0.2762240171432495, -0.07041677832603455, -0.20613303780555725, 0.019930681213736534, -0.21464794874191284, 0.48677539825439453, 0.879081666469574, -0.15986689925193787, -0.16884222626686096, -0.5083134770393372, -0.29829928278923035, -0.07550113648176193, 0.38666167855262756, 0.3543984591960907, 0.8272870182991028, 0.138911634683609, -0.408319890499115, -1.2961344718933105, -0.4872201085090637, -0.116167351603508, 0.08179260045289993, -0.9573794007301331, 0.8388451933860779, 0.907684326171875, -0.2702033221721649, 1.0392076969146729, -0.07597963511943817, -0.9240932464599609, 0.5690832138061523, -0.04809170588850975, -0.3472064435482025, 0.5699169039726257, -0.9980797171592712, -0.7544131278991699, -0.35962873697280884, 0.7230161428451538, -0.9925963282585144, -0.4496747851371765, 0.46652960777282715, -0.47280511260032654, -0.47664204239845276, 0.38247039914131165, -0.40217986702919006, -0.505436897277832, -0.7102310061454773, -0.07762227952480316, -1.435320258140564, 0.2983870804309845, 0.46816307306289673, -0.6963834166526794, 0.5443054437637329, -0.29388317465782166, 0.7495048642158508, 0.10457909107208252, 0.42643868923187256, 0.1084454134106636, -0.2592982053756714, 0.15470729768276215, -0.3004811704158783, 0.6592602729797363, 0.15838022530078888, 0.4629049599170685, 0.11601413786411285, 0.6156484484672546, 0.24306483566761017, -0.8853229880332947, -0.18177998065948486, 0.10985834151506424, 0.560602605342865, -0.17547637224197388, -0.48171988129615784, -0.22848013043403625, -0.22736234962940216, -0.6195509433746338, -0.11912375688552856, -0.6173096299171448, 1.3183698654174805, -0.42980659008026123, -0.06496352702379227, -0.07182374596595764, 0.5105995535850525, -0.25630611181259155, -0.2223432958126068, -0.6101458668708801, -0.5540982484817505, 0.7401127815246582, -0.02461177110671997, -0.04770020768046379, -0.2233554571866989, -0.7511439919471741, 0.20325984060764313, -0.19780272245407104, -0.7293410897254944, -0.5221768617630005, 0.813136637210846, 0.16781604290008545, -0.6675248742103577, -0.5630547404289246, 0.24551671743392944, -0.5527006983757019, 0.2580544054508209, 0.2324257791042328, 0.4570275843143463, -0.00008612308738520369, 0.2702989876270294, -0.7550768852233887, -0.08219511806964874, -1.0319851636886597, -0.20857574045658112, -0.06447727233171463, -0.5254695415496826, 0.058924779295921326, -0.010216924361884594, -0.20325258374214172, 0.038979560136795044, 0.7511519193649292, 0.24652278423309326, 0.3340754508972168, -0.14993591606616974, 0.09963734447956085, 0.36526399850845337, -0.26182836294174194, -0.7218859195709229, 0.2606992721557617, -0.21752282977104187, -0.6894045472145081, 0.6213585734367371, 0.21810437738895416, -0.23614323139190674, 0.08248584717512131, 0.19413220882415771, 0.5728954076766968, -0.0194240752607584, 0.08816059678792953, 0.30604204535484314, 0.748786211013794, -0.17592810094356537, 0.0737849622964859, 0.31207942962646484, -0.8600577712059021, 0.09129274636507034, 0.5707066655158997, -0.1858823150396347, 0.29802998900413513, 0.46456965804100037, 0.25749170780181885, -0.22735342383384705, 1.087518334388733, -0.008150440640747547, 0.5020360350608826, 0.6172009110450745, -0.17883525788784027, -0.026727814227342606, 0.1764928102493286, -0.3324647843837738, 0.7666373252868652, -0.09694050252437592, 0.14234398305416107, -0.12584704160690308, -0.6654778718948364, -0.32290858030319214, 0.28832024335861206, 0.06831947714090347, 0.5183581113815308, -0.2114740014076233, -0.007536487188190222, -0.2934466600418091, 0.08612348884344101, -0.19477340579032898, -0.05795787274837494, 0.4586886167526245, 0.09881509840488434, 0.22927330434322357, 0.06413387507200241, 0.27813977003097534, -0.5912269949913025, -0.15847642719745636, -0.34925389289855957, -0.04631076380610466, -0.4881652295589447, -0.5171810984611511, -0.44239771366119385, 0.5488347411155701, -0.30899500846862793, -0.4146280586719513, 0.38622012734413147, -0.17353162169456482, -0.14144155383110046, 0.318963885307312, 0.03639371693134308, 0.13388565182685852, 0.2788996398448944, 0.6464185118675232, -0.35023394227027893, -0.06946725398302078, 0.4447060525417328, 0.4412078261375427, 0.03476222604513168, 0.9555695056915283, -0.18415777385234833, -0.1292419582605362, 0.029632944613695145, -0.8746452927589417, 0.8227900266647339, 0.15881751477718353, -0.40347886085510254, 0.213195338845253, 0.28166601061820984, -0.15939949452877045, 0.5278645157814026, 0.06640409678220749, -0.3422902226448059, 0.47310885787010193, -0.23864904046058655, 0.3291540741920471, 0.08013851940631866, -0.7580441832542419, -0.6336901783943176, 0.245977520942688, 0.5704233646392822, 0.17712999880313873, -0.33981117606163025, -0.5445007681846619, 0.08622535318136215, -0.019416220486164093, 0.3727620244026184, -0.43103042244911194, 0.11019735038280487, -0.8921094536781311, 0.7492691278457642, -0.19689369201660156, 0.31473803520202637, 0.43929025530815125, 0.2341599017381668, 0.061601001769304276, 0.1154063418507576, -0.4309350848197937, -0.06440742313861847, 0.09061478823423386, -0.5172680020332336, -0.36384791135787964, 0.14364460110664368, -0.34128329157829285, -0.4974759519100189, 0.2011665552854538, -0.029437249526381493, -0.02563863806426525, -0.4290747344493866, 0.3158074617385864, 0.43028149008750916, 0.007092528976500034, 0.22532880306243896, 0.05436273664236069, -0.22890445590019226, -0.6458960175514221, 0.13984829187393188, -0.43793708086013794, -0.06869637221097946, 0.18186254799365997, 0.8190320730209351, 0.865200400352478, -0.2801784574985504, 0.1265590339899063, -0.5728667974472046, 0.4575039744377136, 0.17764049768447876, -1.0968583822250366, 0.42201969027519226, -0.3082461655139923, -0.20804379880428314, 0.12944497168064117, 0.5820121169090271, 0.11937505751848221, -0.8487449288368225, 0.4228348433971405, -0.3046301305294037, -0.06762142479419708, 0.2492978423833847, 0.041573524475097656, -1.0927808284759521, 0.13306164741516113, -0.12600849568843842 ]
230762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Young	Edward Young	Edward Young (c. 3 July 1683 – 5 April 1765) was an English poet, best remembered for Night-Thoughts, a series of philosophical writings in blank verse, reflecting his state of mind following several bereavements. It was one of the most popular poems of the century, influencing Goethe and Edmund Burke, among many others, with its notable illustrations by William Blake. Young also took holy orders, and wrote many fawning letters in search of preferment, attracting accusations of insincerity. Early life Young was a son of Edward Young, later Dean of Salisbury, and was born at his father's rectory at Upham, near Winchester, where he was baptized on 3 July 1683. He was educated at Winchester College, and matriculated at New College, Oxford, in 1702. He later migrated to Corpus Christi, and in 1708 was nominated by Archbishop Tenison to a law fellowship at All Souls. He took his degree of Doctor of Canon Law in 1719. Literary career Young's first publication was an Epistle to ... Lord Lansdoune (1713). This was followed by a Poem on the Last Day (1713), dedicated to Queen Anne; The Force of Religion: or Vanquished Love (1714), a poem on the execution of Lady Jane Grey and her husband, dedicated to the Countess of Salisbury; and an epistle to Joseph Addison, On the late Queen's Death and His Majesty's Accession to the Throne (1714), in which he rushed to praise the new king. The fulsome style of the dedications jars with the pious tone of the poems, and they are omitted from his own edition of his works. About this time he came into contact with Philip, Duke of Wharton, whom he accompanied to Dublin in 1717. In 1719 his play, Busiris was produced at Drury Lane, and in 1721 his The Revenge. The latter play was dedicated to Wharton, to whom it owed, said Young, its "most beautiful incident". Wharton promised him two annuities of £100 each and a sum of £600 in consideration of his expenses as a candidate for parliamentary election at Cirencester. In view of these promises Young refused two livings in the gift of All Souls' College, Oxford, and sacrificed a life annuity offered by the Marquess of Exeter if he would act as tutor to his son. Wharton failed to discharge his obligations, and Young, who pleaded his case before Lord Chancellor Hardwicke in 1740, gained the annuity but not the £600. Between 1725 and 1728 Young published a series of seven satires on The Universal Passion. They were dedicated to the Duke of Dorset, George Bubb Dodington, Sir Spencer Compton, Lady Elizabeth Germain and Sir Robert Walpole, and were collected in 1728 as Love of Fame, the Universal Passion. This is qualified by Samuel Johnson as a "very great performance," and abounds in striking and pithy couplets. Herbert Croft asserted that Young made £3000 by his satires, which compensated losses he had suffered in the South Sea Bubble. In 1726 he received, through Walpole, a pension of £200 a year. To the end of his life he continued to seek preferment, but the king regarded his pension as an adequate settlement. Young, living in a time when patronage was slowly fading out, was notable for urgently seeking patronage for his poetry, his theatrical works, and his career in the church: he failed in each area. He never received the degree of patronage that he felt his work had earned, largely because he picked patrons whose fortunes were about to turn downward. Though his praise was often unearned, often fulsome, he could write, "False praises are the whoredoms of the pen / And prostitute fair fame to worthless men." In 1728 Young became a royal chaplain, and in 1730 he obtained the college living of Welwyn, Hertfordshire. In 1731 he married Lady Elizabeth Lee, daughter of the 1st Earl of Lichfield. Her daughter, by a former marriage with her cousin Francis Lee, married Henry Temple, son of the 1st Viscount Palmerston. Mrs Temple died at Lyons in 1736 on her way to Nice. Her husband and Lady Elizabeth Young died in 1740. These successive deaths are supposed to be the events referred to in the Night-Thoughts as taking place "ere thrice yon moon had filled her horn." Night-Thoughts In the preface to Night-Thoughts Young states that the occasion of the poem was real, and Philander and Narcissa have been rather rashly identified with Mr and Mrs Temple. It has also been suggested that Philander represents Thomas Tickell, an old friend of Young's, who died three months after Lady Elizabeth Young. The infidel Lorenzo was thought by some to be a sketch of Young's own son, but he was only eight years old at the time of publication. The Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality, was published in 1742, and was followed by other "Nights," the eighth and ninth appearing in 1745. In 1753 his tragedy of The Brothers, written many years before, but suppressed because he was about to enter the Church, was produced at Drury Lane. Night-Thoughts had made him famous, but he lived in almost uninterrupted retirement. He was made clerk of the closet to the Princess Dowager, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, in 1761. He never recovered from his wife's death. He fell out with his son, who had apparently criticised the excessive influence exerted by his housekeeper Mrs Hallows. The old man refused to see his son until shortly before he died, but left him everything. A description of him is to be found in the letters of his curate and executor, John Jones, to Dr Thomas Birch (in Brit. Lib. Addit. M/s 4311). He died at Welwyn, reconciled with his spendthrift son: "he expired a little before 11 of the clock at the night of Good Friday last, the 5th instant, and was decently buried yesterday about 6 in the afternoon" (Jones to Birch). Young is said to have been a brilliant talker. Although Night-Thoughts is long and disconnected, it abounds in brilliant isolated passages. Its success was enormous. It was translated into French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Russian, Welsh and Magyar. In France it became a classic of the romantic school. Questions as to the "sincerity" of the poet did arise in the 100 years after his death. The publication of fawning letters from Young seeking preferment led many readers to question the poet's sincerity. In a famous essay, Worldliness and Other-Worldliness, George Eliot discussed his "radical insincerity as a poetic artist." If Young did not invent "melancholy and moonlight" in literature, he did much to spread the fashionable taste for them. Madame Klopstock thought the king ought to make him Archbishop of Canterbury, and some German critics preferred him to John Milton. Young's essay, Conjectures on Original Composition, was popular and influential on the continent, especially among Germans, as a testament advocating originality over neoclassical imitation. Young wrote good blank verse, and Samuel Johnson pronounced Night-Thoughts to be one of "the few poems" in which blank verse could not be changed for rhyme but with disadvantage. The poem was a poetic treatment of sublimity and had a profound influence on the young Edmund Burke, whose philosophic investigations and writings on the Sublime and the Beautiful were a pivotal turn in 18th-century aesthetic theory. Young's masterpiece Night-Thoughts emerged from obscurity by being mentioned in Edmund Blunden's World War One memoir, Undertones of War (1928), as a source of comfort during time in the trenches. This latter work emerged from the darkness of the more recent past thanks to its mention and discussion in Paul Fussell's The Great War and Modern Memory (1975), which discussed Blunden's reliance on Night-Thoughts. Blunden's mention of Young's poem reintroduced an interesting, sometimes bombastic precursor to the early Romantics to students of English literature. Samuel Richardson in a letter to bookseller Andrew Millar discussed a new edition of Young's poem, Night-Thoughts (1750), which was already very popular, and which would become one of the most frequently-printed poems of the eighteenth century. Millar had purchased the copyright to the second volume of Night-Thoughts (parts 7–11) from Young for £63 on 7 April 1749; the edition under discussion was the first in which Millar was involved, and it would be advertised for sale in the General Advertiser on 30 January 1750. William Hutchinson included a gloss on Night-Thoughts in his series of lectures The Spirit of Masonry (1775), underlining the masonic symbolism of the text. German connections The young Goethe told his sister in 1766 that he was learning English from Young and Milton, and in his autobiography he confessed that Young's influence had created the atmosphere in which there was such a universal response to his seminal work The Sorrows of Young Werther. Young's name soon became a battle-cry for the young men of the Sturm und Drang movement. Young himself reinforced his reputation as a pioneer of romanticism by precept as well as by example; in 1759, at the age of 76, he published a piece of critical prose under the title of Conjectures on Original Composition which put forward the vital doctrine of the superiority of "genius," of innate originality being more valuable than classic indoctrination or imitation, and suggested that modern writers might dare to rival or even surpass the "ancients" of Greece and Rome … The Conjectures was a declaration of independence against the tyranny of classicism and was at once acclaimed as such becoming a milestone in the history of English, and European, literary criticism. It was immediately translated into German at Leipzig and at Hamburg and was widely and favourably reviewed. The cult of genius exactly suited the ideas of the Sturm und Drang movement and gave a new impetus to the cult of Young’ (Harold Forster, ‘Some uncollected authors XLV: Edward Young in translation I’). Clerical career Young was forty-seven when he took holy orders. It was reported that the author of Night-Thoughts was not, in his earlier days, "the ornament to religion and morality which he afterwards became", and his friendships with the Duke of Wharton and with Dodington did not improve his reputation. A statement attributed to Alexander Pope is that: "He had much of a sublime genius, though without common sense; so that his genius, having no guide, was perpetually liable to degenerate into bombast. This made him pass a foolish youth, the sport of peers and poets; but his having a very good heart enabled him to support the clerical character when he assumed it, first with decency and afterwards with honour" (O Ruffhead, Life of A. Pope, p. 291). Other works Other works by Young are: Busiris, King of Egypt (1719), a play The Revenge (1721), a play The Instalment (to Sir R. Walpole, 1726) Cynthio (1727) The Brothers (1728), a play A Vindication of Providence ... (1728), a sermon An Apology for Punch (1729), a sermon Imperium Pelagi, a Naval Lyrick ... (1730) Two Epistles to Mr Pope concerning the Authors of the Age (1730) A Sea-Piece ... (1733) The Foreign Address, or The Best Argument for Peace (1734) The Centaur not Fabulous; in Five Letters to a Friend (1755) An Argument ... for the Truth of His [Christ's] Religion (1758), a sermon preached before the king Conjectures on Original Composition ... (1759), addressed to Samuel Richardson Resignation ... (1762), a poem. Night-Thoughts was illustrated by William Blake in 1797, and by Thomas Stothard in 1799. The Poetical Works of the Rev. Edward Young ... were revised by himself for publication, and a completed edition appeared in 1778. The Complete Works, Poetry and Prose, of the Rev. Edward Young ..., with a life by John Doran, appeared in 1854. Sir Herbert Croft wrote the life included in Johnson's Lives of the Poets, but the critical remarks are by Johnson. Selections from Night-Thoughts was also set by New England Congregationalist composer William Billings in his Easter Anthem. Notes References External links Edward Young, "The Poetical Works of Edward Young," Vol. I, Vol. II, London: Bell and Daldy, 1858. Edward Young at the Bibliotheca Augustana Mentioned in the 1962 Anya Seton novel Devil Water. Edward Young at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA) 1683 births 1765 deaths 18th-century English poets People educated at Winchester College Alumni of New College, Oxford Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford 18th-century English writers 18th-century English male writers English male poets People from Welwyn	[ -0.2549504041671753, 0.39077529311180115, -0.24661071598529816, 0.003795286174863577, -0.07497097551822662, 0.2593493163585663, 0.5362042188644409, -0.040161699056625366, -0.47538819909095764, -0.3391789495944977, 0.3366604745388031, -0.21758727729320526, -0.25813809037208557, 0.64112389087677, -0.10390955954790115, 0.5906083583831787, -0.4755200445652008, 0.5833412408828735, -0.08239611983299255, -0.9220380783081055, 0.1271115243434906, -0.32913288474082947, 0.09077441692352295, -0.6002013683319092, 0.19092288613319397, -0.1954297423362732, 0.26623982191085815, -0.04418358579277992, 0.348844051361084, 0.1003614291548729, -0.07466596364974976, 0.3073625862598419, 0.39241427183151245, 0.18200282752513885, -0.33901095390319824, -0.26433899998664856, 0.216044619679451, -0.21301330626010895, 0.43798592686653137, -0.28418442606925964, 0.013363601639866829, 0.1628752201795578, 0.28277280926704407, 0.06331843882799149, -0.0804498940706253, -0.4615921676158905, -1.9598987102508545, -0.31446027755737305, -0.1849537342786789, 0.052337076514959335, 0.4709034264087677, -0.0035059810616075993, 0.3351096510887146, -0.0803876519203186, -0.08932868391275406, 0.10137943923473358, -0.18879051506519318, 0.1759331077337265, 0.8679185509681702, 0.3013402223587036, 0.5939907431602478, -0.04910958558320999, 0.3011349141597748, 0.154462069272995, 0.05584040284156799, 0.5551997423171997, -0.1600029617547989, 0.7006033062934875, -0.12543225288391113, 0.2692406475543976, 0.02045709826052189, -0.029798559844493866, 0.33299490809440613, 0.34080618619918823, 0.04078967496752739, -0.3700513541698456, -0.10783963650465012, 0.0315416194498539, 0.2005566656589508, -0.2919673025608063, 0.35346755385398865, -0.43371134996414185, 0.3527821898460388, 0.058905262500047684, -0.17685101926326752, 0.7974605560302734, -0.236859530210495, -0.07570300996303558, -0.3552389442920685, 0.33490633964538574, -0.47004902362823486, 0.18118347227573395, -0.15969260036945343, 0.33798736333847046, -0.2973247468471527, 0.1323244571685791, -0.43089017271995544, -0.1077069640159607, 0.04664930701255798, 0.06630473583936691, 0.04574677720665932, 0.15386687219142914, 0.41205698251724243, -0.23533593118190765, -0.43495652079582214, 0.43025749921798706, 0.050722770392894745, -0.2805575728416443, -0.05421021953225136, -2.162647247314453, -0.25602325797080994, 0.26858872175216675, -0.45856112241744995, 0.1778479516506195, -0.022708578035235405, 0.48065608739852905, 0.6687730550765991, -0.16287857294082642, -0.4879201352596283, -0.14659453928470612, -0.38776278495788574, 0.5857459306716919, -0.7243795394897461, 0.20713497698307037, -0.5626112818717957, 0.5849772691726685, 0.6108843684196472, 0.2142464816570282, 0.7868919372558594, 0.4424489438533783, 0.16382744908332825, 0.7828683853149414, -0.2590543329715729, -0.24574552476406097, -0.2562154531478882, -0.19831743836402893, 0.3462025225162506, 0.5541405081748962, -0.24559156596660614, -0.08931954950094223, -0.5997579097747803, -0.2976565957069397, -1.9401354789733887, 0.11390756070613861, 0.3439576029777527, 0.6165359020233154, -0.3941570818424225, 0.11077021807432175, 0.2361159771680832, 0.5520490407943726, 0.17202509939670563, -0.3592660427093506, 0.11536652594804764, 0.5223410725593567, -0.26619142293930054, 0.14009104669094086, 0.39231935143470764, -0.4870319366455078, 0.21411442756652832, 0.7040302157402039, -0.2892073094844818, 0.3517034649848938, -0.04116938263177872, -0.17562143504619598, 0.26735150814056396, 0.1504272222518921, 0.33041924238204956, -0.6437098383903503, -0.2928481996059418, -0.015021080151200294, -0.9275105595588684, -0.14741811156272888, -0.14237810671329498, -0.4211178421974182, -0.0742487907409668, 0.0546557754278183, 0.49225419759750366, 0.3991048336029053, -0.3451167047023773, -0.5369030237197876, -0.45907628536224365, -0.3087429106235504, 0.19715923070907593, -0.4571206271648407, -0.010366476140916348, 0.4749373495578766, 0.2118576318025589, -0.38835954666137695, -0.11935115605592728, 0.061335835605859756, 0.3217380940914154, 0.03289790451526642, 0.18585634231567383, -0.21722981333732605, 0.8169179558753967, -0.09901546686887741, -0.04063306748867035, 0.000014016478417033795, 0.3690105676651001, 0.9991724491119385, 0.06822877377271652, -0.17496150732040405, 0.16186632215976715, -0.2230643332004547, -0.3070308268070221, 2.466759443283081, 0.40692439675331116, 0.1694101095199585, 0.3191432058811188, 0.6944445371627808, 0.40306851267814636, 0.26361915469169617, -0.38764023780822754, 0.04303501918911934, 0.07829328626394272, -0.3126221299171448, 0.37473076581954956, -0.1622476428747177, 0.2734886705875397, -0.23492954671382904, -0.03196534886956215, 0.08795622736215591, 0.1291700154542923, 0.5274103879928589, -0.188723623752594, 0.6553751230239868, 0.2191070020198822, -0.08717618137598038, -0.6870255470275879, -1.1396020650863647, 0.1960948258638382, 0.10587821155786514, -0.25469425320625305, -0.6277976036071777, -0.17503774166107178, -0.12323033064603806, -0.24790054559707642, -0.24422866106033325, 0.034313831478357315, 0.24513918161392212, 0.3240130841732025, 0.367978036403656, -0.06141209602355957, 0.22645848989486694, -0.136182963848114, 0.707922101020813, 0.23362773656845093, 0.07849912345409393, -0.29814043641090393, -0.6632892489433289, 0.2703900635242462, -0.022210130468010902, 0.6373871564865112, -0.4870939552783966, 0.17238692939281464, -0.2008005827665329, -0.22653374075889587, -0.18020498752593994, -0.31959739327430725, 0.09569995850324631, -0.3338834047317505, 0.3820819854736328, 0.2971499562263489, 0.10140696167945862, -0.1731359362602234, -0.37872394919395447, -0.2360258549451828, -0.6519560813903809, 0.07060247659683228, -0.04512907192111015, 0.43586456775665283, -0.0853412076830864, -0.3673907220363617, -3.305833578109741, 0.6903674006462097, 0.4712519943714142, 0.12574751675128937, 0.22714796662330627, -0.3139619529247284, -0.10643047839403152, 0.2981766164302826, 0.5440238118171692, -0.3418634831905365, -0.017590278759598732, -0.17751099169254303, 0.6401050090789795, 0.15243150293827057, -0.132139652967453, 0.21341685950756073, -0.20212633907794952, 0.19474883377552032, 0.23696517944335938, -0.37634265422821045, 0.534294605255127, 0.3120310604572296, 0.1636582463979721, -0.005927080754190683, -0.2381889671087265, -0.3141373097896576, -0.08423669636249542, -0.4984937608242035, 0.09121052920818329, -0.4179011881351471, 0.2777206301689148, 0.07160096615552902, -0.07408393919467926, 0.0723457932472229, -0.21412120759487152, -4.125895977020264, -0.29624441266059875, -0.09047974646091461, 0.27412542700767517, 0.10638806968927383, -0.44902074337005615, 0.7180289030075073, -0.3978665769100189, 0.18071360886096954, 0.3264502286911011, 0.6687004566192627, -0.11853498965501785, 0.05053071305155754, 0.24966952204704285, 1.1322590112686157, 0.3932534158229828, 0.8826265335083008, 0.09118367731571198, 0.4776894450187683, -0.33313772082328796, 0.08571811765432358, -0.06507838517427444, -0.41909971833229065, -0.2752184569835663, 0.3185385763645172, 0.15887002646923065, 0.3173254728317261, -0.2851816415786743, -0.7496562004089355, -0.17856165766716003, -0.029812337830662727, 0.20909710228443146, 0.11878567188978195, -0.4397035837173462, -0.9215793609619141, 0.05108281597495079, 0.4805302619934082, 0.520775556564331, 0.602379322052002, 0.013416063971817493, -0.16445747017860413, 0.31242209672927856, -0.24369877576828003, 0.10391699522733688, 0.09514869749546051, -0.10826312005519867, -0.9682267308235168, 0.2222415655851364, -0.4287447929382324, 0.48039016127586365, -0.04764662683010101, 0.11452051997184753, 1.3512383699417114, 0.23072531819343567, 0.3371966779232025, 0.03875688835978508, 0.18964801728725433, -0.3335805833339691, -0.28714901208877563, 0.06715527921915054, 1.0404471158981323, -0.10011918842792511, 0.3934192657470703, 0.12297094613313675, -0.007423003204166889, -0.5901622772216797, 0.6377224922180176, -0.15815965831279755, 0.04261937364935875, 0.05371350795030594, -0.2604335844516754, 0.5069818496704102, 0.6488596200942993, -0.8395998477935791, 0.08990615606307983, -0.013960941694676876, -0.4337007701396942, 0.752926230430603, 0.11685585230588913, -0.46541669964790344, 0.46640077233314514, -0.3647270202636719, -0.1999196857213974, 1.2909854650497437, 0.18144147098064423, 0.0871875062584877, -0.1618233025074005, -0.028815235942602158, -0.538464367389679, -0.5820851922035217, -0.08010943233966827, 0.08820747584104538, 0.023148877546191216, 0.48466023802757263, 0.3778199255466461, -0.10980372130870819, 0.7371916174888611, -0.7571888566017151, -0.09704852849245071, -0.32785525918006897, -0.3885204493999481, -0.2119184285402298, -0.5541368722915649, -0.5649012923240662, -0.6179711818695068, -0.45191535353660583, -0.3728681206703186, 0.531239926815033, -0.13591352105140686, -0.3205849528312683, 0.4152233600616455, -0.46333250403404236, -0.7219087481498718, -0.31545189023017883, 0.8332086801528931, -0.37395501136779785, -0.10218255966901779, 0.4815562665462494, 0.5870461463928223, 0.252534419298172, -0.16057129204273224, 0.8377364277839661, -0.08619823306798935, 0.058665331453084946, -0.7292569875717163, -0.21360492706298828, 0.3797607123851776, -0.09516055136919022, -0.4228338301181793, -0.047663673758506775, 0.14473789930343628, 0.4917566180229187, -0.49164649844169617, -0.4982960522174835, -0.3863331377506256, -0.6158583164215088, 0.03721095621585846, 0.030271586030721664, 0.0963674858212471, -0.32692527770996094, -0.16528303921222687, -0.06681329011917114, -0.14842845499515533, 0.17073127627372742, 0.5094206929206848, 0.6383939385414124, 0.5565212368965149, -0.02310463972389698, -0.2280188500881195, 0.015483834780752659, -0.44896072149276733, -0.8981652855873108, 0.5843468904495239, -0.3195646405220032, -0.2759174406528473, -0.15583589673042297, -0.2704717814922333, -0.24424181878566742, -0.5176894664764404, 0.4085448682308197, -0.36537426710128784, 0.6867133378982544, -0.8736522197723389, 0.3259216248989105, 0.8742824792861938, -0.004814870655536652, -0.18117986619472504, -0.2792554497718811, -0.834922730922699, 0.638870894908905, -0.1152055561542511, -0.30803003907203674, -0.4632929265499115, -0.4895651340484619, 0.4279371201992035, -0.04373722895979881, 0.24454788863658905, -0.16893117129802704, 0.44281715154647827, -0.238567054271698, -0.03421691432595253, 0.27407240867614746, -0.08419191837310791, 0.4110785126686096, 0.7287302017211914, -0.8292127847671509, -0.7189151048660278, -0.4732685387134552, -0.3329300880432129, -0.1981230229139328, -0.2825603783130646, -0.09018078446388245, 1.1393553018569946, 0.5660918951034546, -0.0016608185833320022, -0.10989096760749817, 0.13684822618961334, 0.0071681467816233635, 0.19829785823822021, -0.4377928078174591, -0.041011080145835876, 0.056150078773498535, -0.1933596283197403, 0.3830668032169342, -0.17390841245651245, -0.6406447887420654, -0.2733380198478699, -0.017276296392083168, -0.8172551989555359, 0.27440404891967773, 0.2807995676994324, -1.1525132656097412, 0.3371804356575012, 0.11942828446626663, 0.13408038020133972, -0.07323402911424637, 0.33771201968193054, 0.379935622215271, -0.09213221818208694, -0.8113680481910706, 0.48855382204055786, -0.5334482789039612, -0.46294569969177246, -0.08101177960634232, -0.5250140428543091, 0.20549991726875305, -0.0016292639775201678, -0.6446435451507568, 0.7679065465927124, -0.16743767261505127, -0.3045428395271301, 0.12130015343427658, 0.004258377477526665, -0.06819043308496475, -0.05231176316738129, 0.11837296932935715, -0.18981920182704926, 0.18504297733306885, -0.18514509499073029, 0.37486839294433594, 0.33554449677467346, 1.1987711191177368, 0.40486645698547363, -0.10660019516944885, -0.3141496777534485, 0.0948367789387703, 0.07871545106172562, -0.380763441324234, -0.2545265853404999, 0.2912474572658539, 0.08533653616905212, -0.11079905927181244, -0.31241562962532043, -0.03859608992934227, 0.7458239197731018, 0.031149830669164658, 0.16283051669597626, 0.3783389627933502, -0.02182246372103691, 0.49075332283973694, -0.03813288360834122, 0.45687034726142883, -0.11977458000183105, 0.709416925907135, 0.12386021763086319, 0.5009705424308777, -0.15180404484272003, -0.07493262737989426, 0.7272574305534363, -0.26669925451278687, -0.8953498601913452, -0.36474424600601196, -0.12364859133958817, 0.5808406472206116, 0.25962018966674805, -0.5463087558746338, 0.2552835941314697, -0.4595852494239807, 0.18190014362335205, -0.026236966252326965, 0.9492127299308777, 0.21663546562194824, 0.5219815373420715, -0.3179309368133545, -0.12993556261062622, -0.14822576940059662, -0.826921820640564, -0.4297386705875397, -0.18674781918525696, 0.08838023990392685, -0.19402024149894714, -0.31945812702178955, -0.2750891149044037, 0.01310463435947895, -0.03882891312241554, 0.3377193808555603, -0.7891378998756409, -0.5811918377876282, -0.580361545085907, -0.053680114448070526, -0.6653313636779785, 0.7811772227287292, 0.22429285943508148, 0.13305890560150146, 0.6092835068702698, 0.4982539713382721, -0.14376911520957947, -0.6962864995002747, -0.14515742659568787, -0.10770226269960403, 0.13462688028812408, -0.03987785056233406, 0.216795414686203, 0.27304697036743164, -0.11104296892881393, -0.026417894288897514, 0.5928848385810852, -0.5701821446418762, -0.3436042368412018, -0.09368598461151123, -0.20011579990386963, 0.08627291768789291, 0.41223692893981934, 0.28761011362075806, 0.07604584097862244, 0.42655348777770996, -0.3116377890110016, -0.4674631953239441, 0.029773952439427376, -0.0850391834974289, -0.0002602504682727158, -0.02591548301279545, -0.8421599268913269, 0.9245579838752747, -0.45285189151763916, 0.062108397483825684, 0.23559927940368652, -0.5474491715431213, 0.014396993443369865, 0.4187120199203491, 0.49161818623542786, 0.3575354516506195, -0.011609376408159733, -0.04461200162768364, 0.126319020986557, -0.11588633805513382, -0.17229466140270233, 0.11137355864048004, 0.03218187019228935, 0.18479099869728088, 0.32559841871261597, 0.1348177194595337, 0.1830458790063858, -0.48243626952171326, -0.46443215012550354, 0.13702315092086792, 0.1775163859128952, -0.22098243236541748, -0.007871965877711773, -2.776902675628662, -0.037211984395980835, -0.26833489537239075, 0.7414982318878174, 0.1446477621793747, 0.10189063847064972, -0.6504078507423401, 0.09039215743541718, 0.02690666913986206, -0.15394145250320435, 0.6481940746307373, 0.49305105209350586, -0.2954252064228058, 0.4402073621749878, -0.041012298315763474, 0.14709390699863434, -0.036571916192770004, 0.358047217130661, -0.10740609467029572, 0.119103342294693, -0.18734866380691528, -0.2491627037525177, -0.0940709114074707, 0.1106303259730339, -0.0103453965857625, 0.21943646669387817, -0.3680327832698822, -0.39448949694633484, 0.21364325284957886, -0.3664575517177582, -0.2894366681575775, 0.3493739068508148, -0.22691498696804047, 0.5506860613822937, 0.4852728247642517, -0.9094424247741699, 0.30508896708488464, -0.2968454360961914, 0.5501400232315063, 0.37044793367385864, -0.03330818563699722, -0.15935203433036804, 0.30003127455711365, -0.1841229349374771, 0.2760031819343567, 0.3582403063774109, 0.04637935012578964, -0.7863336801528931, 0.32467031478881836, -0.2699393332004547, 0.5186858773231506, 0.38706326484680176, -0.07293035089969635, -0.16743482649326324, 0.7178165316581726, -0.037987932562828064, -0.1305571347475052, 0.4003109633922577, -0.2969367504119873, -0.37539172172546387, 0.1782597452402115, 0.09254030883312225, 0.31144821643829346, 0.32633835077285767, -0.21478153765201569, -0.2415713369846344, -0.4150911569595337, 0.1390361189842224, -0.19484078884124756, 0.09080277383327484, 0.1094350665807724, 0.13497278094291687, -0.10373527556657791, -0.11428370326757431, -0.16569457948207855, -0.06972306966781616, 0.1692754626274109, 0.6227108836174011, 0.7014755606651306, 0.29138725996017456, 0.45051103830337524, -0.18235871195793152, -0.38966241478919983, 0.9398621916770935, 0.40975093841552734, -5.432881832122803, -0.6803812980651855, 0.3711221218109131, -0.39956313371658325, 0.2917705476284027, 0.16389937698841095, 0.07261960208415985, 0.08090841770172119, -0.16931265592575073, 0.10713929682970047, 0.35032328963279724, -0.46158117055892944, -0.3980238735675812, -0.39090999960899353, 0.1697171926498413, 0.12620951235294342 ]
230763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rdekreis	Bördekreis	The Bördekreis was a district (Kreis) in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Ohrekreis, district-free Magdeburg, Schönebeck, Aschersleben-Staßfurt, Quedlinburg, Halberstadt and the district Helmstedt in Lower Saxony. History The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Oschersleben and Wanzleben were merged. Both precursor districts were created in 1816 under the Prussian government, and only underwent small changes in the time until their inclusion into the new district. Geography The district got its name from the landscape it is located in, the Magdeburger Börde. Due to the fertile loess soil it was for long an agricultural area. The highest elevation is the Heidberg (211 m) east of Sommersdorf. There are several small rivers in the district, the most known one is the Aller. Coat of arms Towns and municipalities External links Official website of the new district Börde (German) eo:Distrikto Börde	[ -0.16836073994636536, 0.6667770147323608, 0.28650400042533875, -0.215798020362854, -0.895937442779541, 0.3188883066177368, 0.8234941363334656, 0.368999183177948, -0.010576845146715641, -0.7300766706466675, 0.16364043951034546, -0.5902265310287476, 0.2028898447751999, 0.6529770493507385, -0.25346171855926514, 0.9934254288673401, 0.21412517130374908, 0.15549586713314056, -0.030854983255267143, -0.7762981057167053, -0.14642518758773804, -0.10810241103172302, 0.22768817842006683, 0.46522778272628784, -0.23584997653961182, -0.5366861820220947, 0.7977700233459473, -0.028531813994050026, -0.03556664288043976, -0.171139657497406, -0.27106717228889465, 0.6926338076591492, -0.5703696608543396, 0.11054648458957672, 0.1876070350408554, 0.20274943113327026, -0.5354681611061096, -0.7773420214653015, 0.1371155083179474, -0.6800276637077332, -0.2204815298318863, 0.29445910453796387, -0.19943483173847198, 0.04498283192515373, -0.2729608714580536, -0.4716537594795227, -1.7784286737442017, 0.31518831849098206, -0.5082010626792908, -0.5700921416282654, -0.14335301518440247, -0.05724722146987915, 0.2717907726764679, 0.6245397925376892, 0.0029512604232877493, 0.1252523958683014, -1.416029453277588, 0.2682703733444214, 0.7889963984489441, 0.6825369000434875, 0.5278924703598022, 0.23112499713897705, -0.684825599193573, 0.5137149691581726, 0.1241178885102272, 0.4749677777290344, -0.3500789701938629, 0.914943516254425, -0.20475241541862488, -1.202107310295105, -0.5012614727020264, -0.6459393501281738, 0.308570921421051, -0.1144310012459755, -0.060078710317611694, -0.39364710450172424, -0.5282514095306396, -0.49646323919296265, 0.06988581269979477, -0.4024363160133362, -0.3267216384410858, -0.13079868257045746, 0.6422826647758484, -0.12481467425823212, 0.6094590425491333, 0.24054794013500214, -0.45912906527519226, -0.42938920855522156, -0.2260984182357788, 0.221230149269104, -0.427654504776001, 0.42503392696380615, -0.203317329287529, 0.5219780802726746, -0.03680751845240593, -0.8702139854431152, -0.6125644445419312, -0.10654390603303909, 0.24145455658435822, 0.6802682280540466, -0.282410591840744, 0.4622689485549927, 0.44392895698547363, 0.056896552443504333, -0.6774290204048157, -0.1292741298675537, -0.017834864556789398, -0.31074339151382446, -0.35969799757003784, 0.0027443848084658384, -0.7035793662071228, 0.2845935821533203, -0.2755790948867798, 0.28261369466781616, 0.041803840547800064, -0.07003816217184067, 0.05885029584169388, -0.17228910326957703, 0.13806675374507904, 0.023388102650642395, -0.11126163601875305, 0.7592326998710632, -0.09097383171319962, 0.7775259017944336, -0.27231860160827637, 0.31914404034614563, -0.3136603832244873, 0.8346344232559204, -0.4270021319389343, 0.5666183829307556, 0.9291967153549194, 1.196838140487671, 0.287454217672348, -0.020370805636048317, 0.013340034522116184, -0.3247215747833252, 0.8298431634902954, -0.05485522001981735, 0.07323868572711945, 0.36206507682800293, -0.43212172389030457, -0.16268178820610046, -1.0794938802719116, 0.11865010857582092, -0.4827650189399719, -0.6834864020347595, -0.22554025053977966, -0.28000974655151367, -0.10327355563640594, -0.013231365941464901, 0.7842519283294678, -0.1287311166524887, -0.6688559055328369, 0.37613004446029663, -0.8056842684745789, 0.897197961807251, 0.18163836002349854, 0.2056688666343689, 0.48401501774787903, 0.5437834858894348, -0.14169369637966156, -0.054436251521110535, 0.1386546641588211, 0.10548857599496841, 0.9004639387130737, -0.14645886421203613, 0.10585813224315643, -0.23492464423179626, -0.2969774305820465, 0.4977758228778839, -1.2516759634017944, -0.20958955585956573, -0.09947613626718521, -0.008597039617598057, 0.27295681834220886, 0.09989234805107117, 0.421390563249588, 0.3453964293003082, -0.030281445011496544, -0.38576626777648926, -0.9931650161743164, 0.052912499755620956, 0.7248371243476868, 0.2739713490009308, 0.3224790096282959, 0.4263803958892822, -0.26099076867103577, 0.4324805438518524, -0.2262057214975357, 0.17577210068702698, -0.35329586267471313, -0.986676037311554, 0.9289960861206055, -0.2785155177116394, 1.1581943035125732, 0.49000513553619385, -0.045004069805145264, -0.4903319478034973, -0.6538230776786804, 0.6108905076980591, -0.34874892234802246, -0.762281060218811, -0.3023129999637604, -0.11368681490421295, 0.3932075500488281, 0.5525023341178894, -0.6087067723274231, -0.24926921725273132, -0.21214476227760315, -0.016936570405960083, 0.09627185016870499, 0.034693628549575806, 0.3779410123825073, 0.6904971599578857, 0.3096168637275696, 0.013847404159605503, -0.06699398159980774, -0.09318822622299194, -0.23562376201152802, -0.7923585772514343, 0.08281147480010986, 0.4019218683242798, -0.07823553681373596, 0.44134101271629333, -0.10352233052253723, 0.47859451174736023, -0.1880073994398117, 0.6526082158088684, 0.01670675538480282, -1.114789605140686, 0.5264244079589844, 0.8630731105804443, 0.37285488843917847, -0.30018743872642517, 0.47942161560058594, -0.5628156661987305, -0.4069617986679077, -0.32732710242271423, 0.012287004850804806, -0.7401466369628906, 0.5217325091362, -0.2787148058414459, -0.4073702096939087, 0.09946000576019287, 0.09207595884799957, 0.5272371172904968, -0.24434353411197662, 0.724625289440155, -0.5136127471923828, -0.1703864336013794, 0.4195525348186493, 0.1136711984872818, 0.17489595711231232, -0.7260895371437073, -0.2868601083755493, 0.24872194230556488, 0.16835884749889374, -0.1852084845304489, -0.07839988172054291, 0.22666500508785248, -0.07190749794244766, 0.0483718141913414, -0.042909443378448486, -0.1107783168554306, -0.2643803656101227, -0.00036559763248078525, 0.21654470264911652, -0.08606208860874176, 0.3085377514362335, 0.1560094803571701, -0.3182368278503418, 0.028858155012130737, -0.5206088423728943, -1.0578603744506836, -0.1539725363254547, -0.7409327030181885, -0.48137566447257996, 0.5131176114082336, -0.5464373826980591, 0.3558498024940491, 0.2456388622522354, 0.6510848999023438, -0.28785014152526855, -0.7641182541847229, -0.06709112226963043, -0.0015984863275662065, 0.7395085096359253, -0.20407558977603912, -0.3938426971435547, 0.5873052477836609, 0.08634920418262482, 0.6194204092025757, -1.2102080583572388, -0.3291321396827698, -0.0266730897128582, 0.37165573239326477, -0.5316146612167358, -0.46757200360298157, 0.6732733249664307, -0.07305369526147842, -0.6779896020889282, 0.39806053042411804, -0.0761294811964035, 0.07398954033851624, -0.5335660576820374, -0.5475253462791443, -0.40727052092552185, 0.041893355548381805, -4.718007564544678, -0.40630871057510376, -0.16990618407726288, -0.002977387746796012, -0.4833317697048187, 0.297634482383728, 0.5017725825309753, -0.2887841761112213, -0.18609441816806793, -0.08186852931976318, 0.6422076225280762, -0.911281168460846, -0.15798312425613403, 0.8645340204238892, 1.0583984851837158, 0.6022658944129944, 0.8555309772491455, 0.16795232892036438, 0.13979822397232056, -0.6303499341011047, -0.131527841091156, -0.13481754064559937, 0.46138644218444824, 0.3609694838523865, 0.6975672841072083, 0.1438068300485611, -0.07138319313526154, 0.6477473378181458, -1.278286099433899, -0.9718872308731079, 0.5862876772880554, 0.011891289614140987, -0.26163583993911743, 0.33504152297973633, 0.05379538983106613, 0.1314038187265396, 0.6632817387580872, 1.2435189485549927, 0.02919716387987137, -0.5729379057884216, 0.20161238312721252, 1.0373119115829468, -0.4646730124950409, 0.15420226752758026, 0.7035315632820129, -0.20620936155319214, -0.3431120216846466, 0.3358618915081024, -0.3501623570919037, 0.9905905723571777, -0.20697633922100067, -0.1865837424993515, 0.8162010312080383, 0.3960496187210083, 0.013916021212935448, 0.300545871257782, -0.018548745661973953, -0.44956153631210327, -0.3747624158859253, 0.5096861124038696, 0.357921302318573, -0.441670686006546, 0.12820136547088623, -0.666196346282959, 0.23609627783298492, -0.4864024519920349, -0.17463749647140503, -0.06532154977321625, 0.10656275600194931, 0.4461306929588318, -0.34681034088134766, 0.2254609763622284, -0.4593573212623596, -0.5641475915908813, -0.37114545702934265, -0.31513118743896484, -0.3306492269039154, -0.3131962716579437, 0.3214467167854309, 0.19650086760520935, 0.43661823868751526, -0.381143718957901, 0.14694567024707794, 0.8750564455986023, 0.6474607586860657, 0.15541890263557434, -0.6412072777748108, 0.13261504471302032, -0.12971298396587372, 0.05489379167556763, -0.08871610462665558, -0.2884956896305084, 0.2959454357624054, 0.05355044826865196, -0.9023591876029968, 0.5374189615249634, -0.27976155281066895, -0.9697587490081787, -0.38398104906082153, -0.5851632356643677, 0.6752750277519226, -0.5708263516426086, 0.4015016555786133, 0.36553439497947693, 0.03701130300760269, -0.4787029027938843, 0.2766377329826355, 0.4433698058128357, -0.21581050753593445, 0.46653711795806885, 0.2411719262599945, -0.021435188129544258, -0.09751448035240173, -0.8450111150741577, 1.020354986190796, -0.7926930785179138, -0.8572137355804443, 0.77178955078125, -0.18183335661888123, 0.04177353158593178, 0.5406740307807922, 0.15108636021614075, -0.06565092504024506, -0.3175428509712219, -0.403194785118103, -0.04297100752592087, 0.32961639761924744, 0.13388139009475708, -0.12049245834350586, 0.7164859175682068, 0.008609521202743053, -0.1381552815437317, -0.3476984202861786, -0.625360369682312, 0.2908913195133209, -0.1621285229921341, 0.2096194177865982, -0.19076038897037506, -0.4983081817626953, -0.1341961920261383, 0.5802484750747681, 0.17787770926952362, 0.017574448138475418, 0.4268321990966797, -0.02603020891547203, 0.08637937158346176, 0.38882070779800415, -0.14343993365764618, -0.4878654479980469, 0.21562817692756653, -0.2467200756072998, 0.056895382702350616, 0.3331805169582367, -0.5053029656410217, -0.41906866431236267, -0.09777437895536423, 0.3072449564933777, 0.30566081404685974, 0.605494499206543, -0.7448254823684692, 0.22010868787765503, 0.39328452944755554, -0.9972066879272461, 0.7318456768989563, 0.8540427684783936, -0.7502321600914001, -0.6332404613494873, -0.08731680363416672, -0.05270056426525116, 0.6365997195243835, 0.18490590155124664, -0.5524190068244934, -0.7476791739463806, 0.09092146903276443, 0.05216715484857559, -0.045914988964796066, 0.21413150429725647, -0.10865572839975357, -0.521541953086853, -0.02967328205704689, -0.0034472171682864428, -0.08710801601409912, -0.40623751282691956, 0.7387243509292603, 0.23939001560211182, 0.18089967966079712, -0.9860867261886597, 0.3707245886325836, -0.4231736660003662, -0.3582518398761749, 0.7455084323883057, -0.7430903911590576, 0.3866783380508423, 0.42016661167144775, -0.3072015643119812, -1.3075145483016968, 0.5867123603820801, -0.01111493818461895, 0.048945095390081406, -0.337700754404068, 0.04923808202147484, 1.169173002243042, 0.036780305206775665, 0.8288083076477051, 0.4199743866920471, -0.5531355142593384, 0.6944224834442139, 0.2690731883049011, -0.8527548313140869, 0.6515681743621826, -0.5662068128585815, -0.6945390701293945, -0.20291951298713684, 0.5334698557853699, -0.36418789625167847, 0.10756932944059372, 0.4737441837787628, -0.28657370805740356, -0.5974481701850891, 0.13629388809204102, -0.3427184224128723, -0.12357674539089203, -0.5221685767173767, 0.024948779493570328, -0.8938754200935364, -0.18456925451755524, 0.2118571549654007, -0.5062474012374878, 0.40001314878463745, -0.01803402602672577, 0.5072769522666931, 0.49633291363716125, 0.6045018434524536, -0.40955087542533875, -0.014366905204951763, -0.35698050260543823, 0.09219860285520554, 0.6139112710952759, 0.485455185174942, 0.34034794569015503, 0.5701010823249817, 0.651838481426239, 0.5368914604187012, -0.20327045023441315, 0.6202836036682129, -0.4660506248474121, 0.572679877281189, -0.04746295139193535, -0.32864734530448914, 0.7351905703544617, -0.3496837317943573, 0.33170953392982483, -1.0223814249038696, -0.32466235756874084, 1.1986684799194336, -0.015005264431238174, -0.30291661620140076, 0.6861847043037415, 0.5540279746055603, 0.31768882274627686, -0.4282620847225189, 0.3072711229324341, 0.1212778240442276, -0.23471003770828247, -0.2320072054862976, 0.12020312249660492, -0.0010083215311169624, -0.06902144849300385, 0.4319568872451782, -0.6141473054885864, -0.20727549493312836, -0.120913065969944, -0.32049426436424255, -0.06506655365228653, 0.011118236929178238, -0.19627410173416138, 0.00999014638364315, -1.0193874835968018, 0.4000251293182373, -0.6135764122009277, -0.3380943238735199, -0.30107438564300537, 0.5180834531784058, -1.0070199966430664, -0.5302001237869263, -0.8677824139595032, -0.7759465575218201, -0.1018967255949974, -0.9664607644081116, 0.13227596879005432, -0.33027637004852295, -0.3888854682445526, -0.40555813908576965, 0.2445974051952362, 0.08995898813009262, 0.4148431718349457, -0.3587525486946106, -0.07852901518344879, -0.20458565652370453, 0.1342175006866455, -0.3259199559688568, 0.8905565738677979, 0.23673534393310547, 0.20201435685157776, 0.5342390537261963, 0.545261025428772, -0.25815948843955994, 0.15979067981243134, -0.03508801758289337, -0.020330119878053665, -0.21027374267578125, -0.5791391730308533, -0.24380478262901306, 1.1648918390274048, -0.1094791367650032, 0.5794622898101807, 0.9418025016784668, 0.17737260460853577, 0.33990588784217834, 0.3426263928413391, 0.19905094802379608, -0.28479763865470886, 0.7985371947288513, 0.21641817688941956, 0.039876192808151245, 1.0108044147491455, -0.058467183262109756, -0.25857385993003845, -0.1883433610200882, -0.3056566119194031, -0.31182706356048584, 0.48438385128974915, -0.5956241488456726, 0.35441526770591736, -0.4483461380004883, -0.014345929957926273, 0.1435358077287674, -0.005205685738474131, -0.038786470890045166, 0.08220421522855759, -0.1566023826599121, 0.9153542518615723, 0.14331592619419098, 0.28832003474235535, -0.013314983807504177, 0.3798956573009491, 0.0291855800896883, -0.3119297921657562, 0.5202357769012451, -0.31217193603515625, 0.2619510293006897, -0.050456058233976364, -0.16360585391521454, -0.23642940819263458, 0.37016358971595764, 0.33637678623199463, 0.48176485300064087, -0.20649340748786926, -0.3127482533454895, 0.0019641672261059284, 0.03392074629664421, -0.7183935642242432, -0.30032169818878174, 0.3940967321395874, -1.0673781633377075, -0.07526808977127075, -0.36249905824661255, -0.08155662566423416, -0.5510684847831726, 0.2355431169271469, 0.5169460773468018, -0.6269987225532532, 0.610264003276825, -0.2314542531967163, 0.5326862335205078, -0.6138108968734741, 0.7557175159454346, -0.5846697092056274, 0.4796697199344635, 0.6653894782066345, 0.023682191967964172, 0.16053618490695953, -0.1716778725385666, -0.7472017407417297, 0.05001738294959068, 0.10076459497213364, -0.3272721469402313, -0.030690599232912064, 0.3818182051181793, -0.2276802361011505, 0.2815983295440674, -0.4671858251094818, 0.05544000491499901, -0.1842675507068634, -1.0631264448165894, -0.09509830176830292, -0.824511706829071, 0.8221402168273926, 0.18048109114170074, -0.7302173972129822, 0.1366826444864273, 0.7066459655761719, -0.39087867736816406, 0.2529400885105133, -0.4125622808933258, 0.43082016706466675, -0.570528507232666, 0.5654073357582092, -0.17130771279335022, 0.7195796966552734, 0.287018358707428, -0.3170866370201111, -0.048417191952466965, 0.6934608221054077, -0.09111987799406052, -0.41489794850349426, 0.8202863931655884, -0.3842063546180725, -0.30042707920074463, 0.3523276746273041, 0.6210182905197144, -0.06371535360813141, 0.4404584765434265, 0.2541138231754303, 0.2845359742641449, -0.35776105523109436, 0.024876166135072708, 0.12240429222583771, -0.05585164949297905, 0.5558159351348877, 0.014937055297195911, -0.2243330180644989, -0.20502689480781555, -0.13745035231113434, -0.6646783947944641, 0.2921043634414673, 0.08328478783369064, 0.8342453837394714, 0.09096245467662811, -0.2613447606563568, -0.33000460267066956, -0.6401683688163757, 0.8648849725723267, 0.5155045390129089, -1.6147264242172241, 0.4182462692260742, -0.33199846744537354, -0.7187052965164185, -0.42867088317871094, 0.4030936360359192, 0.23923859000205994, -0.014296326786279678, 0.37688255310058594, 0.23734796047210693, 0.040735770016908646, -0.16108250617980957, -0.4134731590747833, -0.9849262237548828, 0.5937976241111755, -0.1846269816160202 ]
230771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann%20von%20Aue	Hartmann von Aue	Hartmann von Aue, also known as Hartmann von Ouwe, (born c. 1160–70, died c. 1210–20) was a German knight and poet. With his works including Erec, Iwein, Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich, he introduced the Arthurian romance into German literature and, with Wolfram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strassburg, was one of the three great epic poets of Middle High German literature. Life Hartmann belonged to the lower nobility of Swabia, where he was born. After receiving a monastic education, he became retainer (Dienstmann) of a nobleman whose domain, Aue, has been identified with Obernau on the River Neckar. He also took part in the Crusade of 1197. The date of his death is as uncertain as that of his birth; he is mentioned in Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (c. 1210) as still alive, and in the Crône of Heinrich von dem Türlin, written about 1220, he is mourned for as dead. Works Hartmann produced four narrative poems which are of importance for the evolution of the Middle High German court epic. The first of these, Erec, which may have been written as early as 1191 or 1192, and the last, Iwein, belong to the Arthurian cycle and are based on epics by Chrétien de Troyes (Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, respectively). While the story of Chretien's Yvain refers to events in Chretien's Lancelot, to explain that Arthur is not present to help because Guinevere has been kidnapped, Hartmann did not adapt Chretien's Lancelot. The result is that Hartmann's Erec introduces entirely different explanations for Guinevere's kidnapping, which do not correspond to what occurred in the shared literary tradition of Chretien's Arthurian romances. His other two narrative poems are Gregorius, also an adaptation of a French epic, and Der arme Heinrich, which tells the story of a leper cured by a young girl who is willing to sacrifice her life for him. The source of this tale evidently came from the lore of the noble family whom Hartmann served. Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich and Hartmann's lyrics, which are all fervidly religious in tone, imply a tendency towards asceticism, but, on the whole, Hartmann's striving seems rather to have been to reconcile the extremes of life; to establish a middle way of human conduct between the worldly pursuits of knighthood and the ascetic ideals of medieval religion. Translations have been made into modern German of all Hartmann's poems, while Der arme Heinrich has repeatedly attracted the attention of modern poets, both English (Longfellow, Rossetti) and German (notably, Gerhart Hauptmann). He was also a Minnesänger, and 18 of his songs survive. Editions and translations Tobin, Frank, Kim Vivian, and Richard H. Lawson, trans. Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue, Penn State Press, 2001 Hartmann Von Aue, "Iwein: The Knight with the Lion", translated by J.W. Thomas, 1979, . Hartmann Von Aue, "Erec," translated by J.W. Thomas, 2001, . References External links Roy Boggs and Kurt Gärtner: Hartmann von Aue (Knowledge Base) Portal 12th-century births 12th-century German poets 13th-century German poets 1210s deaths Medieval German writers Middle High German literature Minnesingers Writers of Arthurian literature German male poets	[ -0.17883484065532684, 0.7977204322814941, -0.08084937930107117, -0.2720174193382263, -0.23293396830558777, 1.0486904382705688, 0.7105541825294495, -0.27071651816368103, -0.1106177419424057, -0.4969143569469452, -0.24721351265907288, -0.25997689366340637, -0.24845647811889648, 0.8516210913658142, 0.07611919939517975, 0.40441009402275085, 0.254198282957077, 0.22376258671283722, -0.7103438377380371, -0.3622139096260071, 0.003683021990582347, -0.5586723685264587, 0.13190683722496033, 0.04055800288915634, 0.21018946170806885, -0.3123747706413269, 0.034684352576732635, -0.7222114205360413, 0.011479420587420464, 0.0784238651394844, 0.09854955971240997, 0.7778568863868713, 0.5866503119468689, -0.292593777179718, -0.7498295307159424, 0.34230199456214905, -0.3719719648361206, -0.5882660150527954, 0.5422274470329285, 0.3532881736755371, -0.21919529139995575, 0.23702150583267212, 0.2746281325817108, 0.38078296184539795, -0.2739260196685791, -1.040256381034851, -2.3780441284179688, -0.11258270591497421, -0.8183723092079163, 0.1834256649017334, 0.2868630886077881, -0.4658699631690979, 0.31187036633491516, 0.9704955816268921, -0.1928732991218567, 0.1359061449766159, -0.6047823429107666, -0.6864942908287048, 0.9129602313041687, -0.18169713020324707, 1.2023417949676514, -0.035324256867170334, 0.023335451260209084, 0.3969576060771942, -0.2752979099750519, 0.4435024857521057, -0.014268454164266586, 0.921410083770752, 0.19567880034446716, -0.20977580547332764, -0.3916341960430145, 0.7271418571472168, -0.1093810498714447, -0.24918103218078613, 0.3791520297527313, -0.662638247013092, -0.2932818830013275, 0.08158299326896667, 0.46093013882637024, -0.09195740520954132, 0.042399995028972626, -0.4826886057853699, 0.16163776814937592, 0.11911620944738388, -0.035894379019737244, 0.3440682590007782, -0.3548291027545929, -0.12996065616607666, -0.551226794719696, -0.0024467590264976025, 0.16412565112113953, -0.3274771273136139, -0.399299681186676, 0.5782685279846191, 0.08904306590557098, 0.23706252872943878, 0.3568059206008911, -0.13358153402805328, -0.03960754722356796, -0.21179860830307007, -0.22213290631771088, 0.02606135979294777, 0.25593873858451843, -0.22698506712913513, -0.22093605995178223, 0.41453638672828674, 0.3889131546020508, -0.572474479675293, 0.2182808220386505, 0.05993880704045296, -0.842710554599762, 0.7193446159362793, 0.23495183885097504, -0.09584248811006546, -0.3736575245857239, -0.2494625598192215, 0.6264951825141907, -1.021579623222351, 0.10339711606502533, 0.18470394611358643, -0.2257150411605835, 0.9332427382469177, -0.19219470024108887, 0.9079077243804932, -0.1058545708656311, -0.21797248721122742, -0.7287642359733582, 0.44689682126045227, -0.3356187641620636, 0.7302646636962891, 0.2857845425605774, 0.8221887946128845, 0.3924580216407776, 0.28938397765159607, -0.1189553290605545, 0.2784978151321411, 0.4456218183040619, 0.41886240243911743, -0.02841237373650074, -0.21932874619960785, -1.5105856657028198, 0.04133114218711853, -0.8791484236717224, 0.8142211437225342, -0.1446729153394699, 0.34182465076446533, -0.6779543161392212, 0.16104145348072052, 0.1417638063430786, 0.2993466556072235, -0.7001767158508301, -0.6042321920394897, -0.26376834511756897, 0.15517736971378326, -0.6042210459709167, 0.3559056222438812, -0.04497574642300606, 0.1817997694015503, 0.454922616481781, 0.4376605749130249, 0.7646660208702087, 0.44458141922950745, -0.37142446637153625, -0.01052920613437891, 0.7393326759338379, -0.2528681457042694, -0.11038020253181458, 0.07206133008003235, -0.5120457410812378, 0.17124897241592407, -0.502345085144043, -0.3712840974330902, 0.4276958703994751, -0.33384254574775696, -0.17318354547023773, 0.7055685520172119, 0.2258913218975067, 0.5867281556129456, 0.3258167803287506, -0.4093638062477112, -0.8395232558250427, 0.004693392664194107, 1.1121803522109985, -0.3012048602104187, -0.1223720982670784, 0.7104684114456177, -0.11009862273931503, -0.1309594213962555, 0.23439329862594604, 0.09795260429382324, -0.13189439475536346, -1.3025553226470947, 0.36609742045402527, -0.018642714247107506, 0.6338481903076172, -0.11586568504571915, -0.40365633368492126, -0.005027811508625746, -0.2605752944946289, 0.6062839031219482, -0.05461994931101799, -0.5475229024887085, 0.3092651665210724, 0.27211514115333557, -0.0084101352840662, 0.8540006279945374, 0.030535072088241577, 0.13677187263965607, 0.3734751045703888, 0.26615116000175476, 0.9973808526992798, -0.19935448467731476, 0.5507662296295166, -0.12152687460184097, -0.3336125910282135, -0.0493854358792305, -0.1039062887430191, -0.5854973196983337, -0.19252993166446686, -0.3786490261554718, 0.14165984094142914, 0.08096423745155334, 0.2083730399608612, 0.7673929333686829, 0.4230937957763672, 0.7583013772964478, 0.33353644609451294, 0.23168334364891052, -0.126658096909523, -0.4490008056163788, 0.17692914605140686, 0.23975197970867157, 0.22453074157238007, -0.09383583068847656, 0.26957014203071594, -0.8059435486793518, -0.08179743587970734, -0.17369519174098969, 0.4600212872028351, -0.34434518218040466, 0.12067651003599167, 0.4438334107398987, -0.031141797080636024, 0.7503964304924011, 0.24314618110656738, 0.20499499142169952, -0.12616534531116486, -0.02245359495282173, -0.5332052707672119, -0.1841571182012558, -0.16590705513954163, 0.34677720069885254, -0.05425979942083359, -0.40358924865722656, 0.24738670885562897, -0.31757164001464844, 0.35026970505714417, 0.02410125359892845, -0.2921130657196045, 0.22117234766483307, 0.010090338997542858, 0.23496399819850922, 0.07281672209501266, 0.12313396483659744, 0.43409407138824463, -0.4185890257358551, 0.12043219804763794, -0.5164988040924072, 0.325352281332016, -0.525339663028717, 0.4986386299133301, 0.42851582169532776, -0.3425223231315613, -0.4270291030406952, 0.047581110149621964, -0.45994099974632263, -0.5661143660545349, 0.24532391130924225, -0.4736630618572235, -0.8338550329208374, 0.29306769371032715, 0.9219502210617065, -0.8999214172363281, 0.12428823858499527, -0.02387106791138649, -0.13486923277378082, 0.08450635522603989, -0.17509782314300537, -0.18742750585079193, 0.3209798038005829, 0.21299007534980774, 0.8377053737640381, -0.6626341342926025, -0.3297162353992462, 0.3447125256061554, 0.19062523543834686, -0.5075874924659729, -0.28155678510665894, -0.4932924807071686, -0.6678290963172913, -0.6766630411148071, 0.2005912959575653, -0.04587192460894585, -0.21363304555416107, -0.04746774584054947, 0.2348000705242157, 0.3422245383262634, 0.2096959948539734, -5.154896259307861, 0.025087546557188034, -0.1103317141532898, 0.30181461572647095, -0.41755613684654236, -0.41660013794898987, 0.5217403173446655, 0.07266930490732193, -0.08972858637571335, -0.25879305601119995, 0.4945644438266754, -0.1308155059814453, 0.13841846585273743, 0.6178144216537476, 0.1796026974916458, 0.3622128367424011, 0.6706932783126831, 0.6562864184379578, 0.03360443934798241, 0.030255937948822975, -0.7597116231918335, -0.2597349286079407, -0.3330570459365845, 0.3490714430809021, 0.2600068151950836, -0.2964712977409363, -0.18681660294532776, 0.265580415725708, -0.9686871767044067, -0.9045037627220154, 0.0999906063079834, 0.005188263487070799, 0.3322962820529938, 0.006557001732289791, -0.2311934381723404, -0.3158222734928131, 0.11716113239526749, 0.5957129597663879, -0.04401957616209984, 0.7156878709793091, 0.24910640716552734, 0.4645955562591553, -0.6017099618911743, 0.7265138030052185, -0.46036094427108765, -0.49559465050697327, -0.6323697566986084, 0.48974743485450745, 0.13362374901771545, 0.4833151698112488, 0.16650526225566864, -0.17423208057880402, 0.2956048548221588, -0.4041914641857147, 0.4560099244117737, 0.09074753522872925, -0.20751717686653137, 0.7443203926086426, -0.434703528881073, 0.13367325067520142, 0.30238088965415955, -0.43660423159599304, 0.2225223034620285, -0.5873545408248901, 0.022185644134879112, -0.19522614777088165, 0.36522048711776733, 0.35286903381347656, 0.39797601103782654, -0.4796178638935089, -0.07384461164474487, 1.1405506134033203, 0.381429523229599, -1.1802300214767456, -0.31581127643585205, -0.3900531232357025, -0.1870286762714386, -0.4208444058895111, 0.040669240057468414, -0.3935341536998749, 0.23946283757686615, -0.05200350657105446, -0.107879638671875, 1.006967544555664, 0.5037965178489685, 0.11793260276317596, 0.09409234672784805, 0.1505366563796997, -0.0715172216296196, 0.2424703985452652, 0.10646617412567139, -0.19875246286392212, -0.17264388501644135, 0.6860711574554443, -0.1909274458885193, 0.10934977978467941, -0.46171316504478455, -0.2691307067871094, 0.08284079283475876, 0.4430652856826782, -0.3379668593406677, -0.2775784134864807, -0.3084163963794708, -0.4472079873085022, 0.6026745438575745, 0.010140381753444672, -0.09959042072296143, -0.06595025956630707, 0.9152154922485352, 0.07005240023136139, 0.06105552986264229, -0.08624952286481857, 0.11340078711509705, -0.4665513336658478, -0.0018048922065645456, -0.8795195817947388, -0.13259553909301758, 0.4787633419036865, 0.24135702848434448, -0.21372054517269135, 0.15806658565998077, 0.31476572155952454, -0.18700943887233734, -0.619343638420105, -0.178104430437088, 0.41197362542152405, 0.07338398694992065, 0.1054149717092514, -0.8783156275749207, 0.3694165349006653, -0.10480226576328278, 0.45108893513679504, -0.362875759601593, -0.12013258039951324, 0.45143139362335205, -0.3723844289779663, -0.1031242236495018, -0.5377900004386902, 0.12686578929424286, -0.8620306849479675, 0.2556151747703552, -0.31199732422828674, -0.3588699400424957, 0.47395357489585876, -0.1091068908572197, 0.4694155156612396, 0.42844536900520325, 0.010831019841134548, -1.1269519329071045, 0.9009119272232056, -0.07743389904499054, -0.6745103001594543, 0.9683243632316589, 0.3327198624610901, -0.6205478310585022, 0.12513935565948486, -0.3883498013019562, -0.01663360558450222, -0.17406313121318817, 0.5267139673233032, 0.49350643157958984, 0.3439260423183441, -0.4180695712566376, 0.10311739891767502, -0.050419002771377563, 0.07021132111549377, -0.5415117740631104, 0.09733443707227707, -1.0521457195281982, 0.4268853962421417, 0.17008909583091736, -0.14554086327552795, -0.12565691769123077, -0.4598396122455597, -0.06745351105928421, 0.345990389585495, 0.3217926323413849, 0.7885506749153137, 0.24043288826942444, -0.7485455870628357, 0.32184216380119324, 0.5448616743087769, -0.6930988430976868, 0.4826725423336029, 1.0028976202011108, -0.4100554287433624, -0.6564330458641052, 0.1776459962129593, -0.14342641830444336, -0.14082391560077667, 0.020997552201151848, -0.16003374755382538, 0.08982089906930923, 0.3960984945297241, 0.07869267463684082, -0.22725239396095276, 0.044719014316797256, -0.3372762203216553, -0.0033691658172756433, -0.2809302806854248, 0.11810445785522461, 0.4643152952194214, -0.11888649314641953, 0.644422173500061, -0.8528739809989929, -0.7602658867835999, -0.04487302899360657, 0.16218361258506775, -0.2889082133769989, 0.5129774212837219, -0.3374743163585663, -1.3817201852798462, 0.05969179421663284, 1.1745944023132324, -0.39235353469848633, 0.11031215637922287, 0.7857458591461182, 0.30859220027923584, 0.06517913192510605, -0.5181410908699036, 0.24581098556518555, -0.5393707752227783, -0.5358883738517761, -0.00008767140388954431, -0.3716984987258911, -0.28173828125, 0.4655149281024933, 0.3613797426223755, 1.2813570499420166, -0.5948376059532166, -0.08500605076551437, 0.7560922503471375, 0.10429457575082779, 0.767902135848999, 0.2652583420276642, -0.3081836700439453, 0.1858951598405838, 0.2943890392780304, -0.34057238698005676, -0.19127057492733002, 0.5505877733230591, 0.9843416213989258, 0.6610147953033447, -0.040110260248184204, 0.05554943531751633, -0.023815853521227837, -0.5511038899421692, -0.06394481658935547, -0.35555747151374817, 0.20722685754299164, -0.23748253285884857, -0.327468603849411, -0.4233682453632355, -0.15603460371494293, 0.9113144874572754, 0.09878825396299362, 0.018167946487665176, 0.9529118537902832, -0.4368109703063965, 0.2932296693325043, -0.09675780683755875, -0.12350235879421234, -0.08710675686597824, 0.02036886103451252, -0.39676836133003235, 0.3715093731880188, -0.7179789543151855, 0.03324899077415466, -0.3384622037410736, -0.35142648220062256, -0.2651994526386261, -0.7920823097229004, -0.15332268178462982, 0.42577317357063293, 0.12616275250911713, -0.0730702355504036, 0.1403813660144806, -0.1976388841867447, 0.31475165486335754, -0.28679031133651733, -0.7809010744094849, -0.3468388617038727, 0.39205268025398254, -0.7485376596450806, -0.2516757845878601, -0.1596553474664688, -0.5428928136825562, -0.287295937538147, -0.5820680260658264, 0.005933615379035473, -0.08274044841527939, 0.49247387051582336, -0.14837266504764557, -0.07566545903682709, -0.17108234763145447, 0.30319443345069885, 0.3399551510810852, 0.1523027867078781, -0.20629949867725372, -0.12619002163410187, -0.5015186667442322, 0.2329692542552948, 0.6536177396774292, 0.30734899640083313, 0.4580637812614441, 0.7672805190086365, -0.6375850439071655, -0.07593540847301483, -0.28839781880378723, 0.10383310168981552, 0.16569679975509644, 0.30563023686408997, -0.19670934975147247, 0.2578689157962799, -0.08679035305976868, -0.09009556472301483, 0.7719630599021912, -0.149285227060318, -0.28946250677108765, -0.41564154624938965, 0.03446171432733536, -0.5281063318252563, 0.44426965713500977, 0.2730211317539215, 0.5165432095527649, 0.010404813103377819, 0.27992987632751465, 0.001251971465535462, -0.9863088726997375, 0.15543968975543976, -0.16902360320091248, 0.29549986124038696, -0.5317643284797668, 0.7116671800613403, -0.4828624427318573, 0.3923932909965515, -0.61166912317276, -0.887533962726593, -0.024568742141127586, 0.5007055997848511, 0.06345177441835403, 1.184282898902893, -0.5180615782737732, -0.4590836763381958, 0.0799446702003479, 0.03071720153093338, -0.8939965963363647, 0.3639739751815796, -0.034801024943590164, -0.27845653891563416, 0.2227575182914734, -0.5396828055381775, 0.4077973961830139, -0.87270188331604, -0.670953631401062, 0.46363067626953125, 0.12498576194047928, -0.12670664489269257, -0.2830994427204132, 0.3388458788394928, 0.008037892170250416, -0.7685863375663757, 0.30395588278770447, -0.2789094150066376, -0.6353835463523865, -0.7061476707458496, -0.34903889894485474, -0.8133912086486816, 0.49674808979034424, 0.013608038425445557, 0.4032849073410034, -0.7257158756256104, 0.31060320138931274, 0.29138708114624023, 0.854390025138855, 0.21631547808647156, 0.23472462594509125, -0.28090527653694153, 0.14535358548164368, 0.14111807942390442, -0.6064408421516418, -0.12914733588695526, 0.2551601827144623, -0.019371122121810913, 0.3503473401069641, -0.007785349618643522, -1.0261038541793823, 0.3543029725551605, -0.5067470073699951, -0.24337458610534668, 0.23618841171264648, -0.5543913841247559, 0.6807235479354858, 0.35383862257003784, -0.6686342358589172, 0.19036951661109924, -0.39090409874916077, 0.3090226650238037, 0.1496652215719223, -0.18385399878025055, -0.30490270256996155, 0.4739396572113037, 0.007350494619458914, -0.06927044689655304, -0.18916670978069305, 0.6337761878967285, -0.3006149232387543, 0.612032413482666, -0.1464521586894989, 0.5135086178779602, 0.4305182993412018, -0.195492222905159, -0.25848937034606934, 0.5815421342849731, 0.26808470487594604, -0.6313946843147278, 0.35035860538482666, -0.12093070149421692, -0.5238459706306458, 0.37913650274276733, 0.06163577735424042, -0.8433776497840881, -0.48307058215141296, -0.7712048292160034, -0.17701658606529236, 0.2813744843006134, 0.06854210793972015, -0.2811141312122345, 0.07229118794202805, 0.8586955666542053, -0.09659302234649658, 0.08628663420677185, -1.1740891933441162, -0.2629629373550415, -0.4961654841899872, -0.3107053339481354, 0.5328002572059631, 0.8255146145820618, 0.10500293970108032, -0.33592692017555237, -0.022008828818798065, -0.5287774801254272, 0.06230848655104637, 0.3432161211967468, -0.18594220280647278, 0.4085640609264374, 0.11856545507907867, -0.7559193968772888, 0.1363615095615387, 0.48015567660331726, 0.25182032585144043, -0.02961597591638565, 0.18731088936328888, -0.4971928298473358, -0.22642233967781067, -0.11143522709608078, 0.07663983851671219, -0.3378780782222748, 0.30295586585998535, 0.020018864423036575 ]
230776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart%20Hauptmann	Gerhart Hauptmann	Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (; 15 November 1862 – 6 June 1946) was a German dramatist and novelist. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary naturalism, though he integrated other styles into his work as well. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912. Life Childhood and youth Gerhart Hauptmann was born in 1862 in Obersalzbrunn, now known as Szczawno-Zdrój, in Lower Silesia (then a part of the Kingdom of Prussia, now a part of Poland). His parents were Robert and Marie Hauptmann, who ran a hotel in the area. As a youth, Hauptmann had a reputation of being loose with the truth. His elder brother was Carl Hauptmann. Beginning in 1868, he attended the village school and then, in 1874, the Realschule in Breslau for which he had only barely passed the qualifying exam. Hauptmann had difficulties adjusting himself to his new surroundings in the city. He lived, along with his brother Carl, in a somewhat run-down student boarding house before finding lodging with a pastor. He ran into problems with the Prussian-influenced school. Above all the strictness of the teachers and the better treatment of his noble classmates. His dislike and numerous illnesses kept him from attending class, which led to his having to repeat his first year. Over time, he came to appreciate Breslau because of the opportunity to visit the theater. In the spring of 1878, Hauptmann left the Realschule to learn agriculture on his uncle's farm in Lohnig (today Łagiewniki Średzkie in Gmina Udanin, Poland). After a year and a half, however, he had to break off his training. He was not physically prepared for the work and he had a contracted a life-threatening lung ailment that troubled him for the next twenty months. Studies and life as a sculptor After he failed to pass an officer entry exam for the Prussian Army, Hauptmann entered the sculpture school at the Royal Art and Vocational School in Breslau in 1880. There he met Josef Block who became a lifelong friend. He was temporarily expelled for "poor behavior and insufficient diligence," but quickly reinstated on the recommendation of the sculptor and Professor Robert Härtel. Hauptmann left the school in 1882. For his brother's wedding, he wrote a short play, Liebesfrühling, which was performed on the night before. Also at the wedding, he met the bride's sister, Marie Thienemann. They became secretly engaged and she began supporting him financially, which enabled him to begin a semester of philosophy and literary history at the University of Jena, which he soon quit. After he left Jena, Marie financed a Mediterranean trip, which he undertook with his brother Carl. There he decided to settle in Rome as a sculptor, but with little success. His attempt to establish himself as part of Rome's German expatriate community also failed and his large clay sculpture of a German warrior collapsed. Hauptmann returned disappointed to Germany, where he began a brief stint at the Royal Academy in Dresden before beginning to study history at the University of Berlin. While there, he devoted his interests to the theater rather than to his studies. In 1891 he moved to Schreiberhau in Silesia. Marriage and beginning as a writer Hauptmann married Marie Theienemann in Radebeul on 5 May 1885. In July, they took their honeymoon to Rügen along with Carl and his wife, Marie's sister, Martha. They visited the island of Hiddensee, which would become a favorite retreat of Hauptmann's. Because the city air bothered Gerhart's lungs, the couple spent the first four years of their marriage in the town of Erkner, where their three sons were born. In 1889, they moved to Charlottenburg in Berlin. There he joined the naturalist literary club "Durch", which included among others Karl Bleibtreu and Wilhelm Bölsche. During this period he began to write. His first work was a "novelistic study" Signalman Thiel in 1888. His first play, Before Sunrise, was first staged in 1889, directed by Otto Brahm. It inaugurated the naturalistic movement in modern German literature. It was followed by The Reconciliation (1890), Lonely People (1891) and The Weavers (1892), a powerful drama depicting the rising of the Silesian weavers in 1844, for which he is best known outside of Germany. His work also included comedies, including Colleague Crampton (1891) and The Beaver Coat (1893). In 1893, he also took actress Margarete Marschalk as his lover. In order to get some distance, Marie moved to the US with their sons. Hauptmann prepared the first French performance of his play The Assumption of Hannele and then went after Marie, without even staying for the premiere. The rift, however, was not to be bridged. After several years of separation, the marriage was ended in July 1904. However, Marie continued to live in the villa Hauptmann had built in Dresden. Recognition and World War I From 1901, Hauptmann lived with Margarete Marschalk in Agnetendorf (today Jagniątków in Poland). He called it "the mystical protective sheathing of my soul". In the preceding year, Margarete had borne him a son, Benvenuto. In September 1904, they were married; this second marriage lasted until his death, though it was thrown into a serious crisis in 1905 and 1906 by his affair with a 16-year-old actress, Ida Orloff. In 1910, Hauptmann's first full-length novel was published, The Fool in Christ, Emanuel Quint, which told the story of a wandering preacher who mixed sun worship with Christianity. His 1912 novel, Atlantis, became the basis for a Danish silent film of the same name. The novel was written one month before the RMS Titanic disaster, and the film's 1913 release was less than one year after the event. The storyline for both involved a romance aboard a doomed ocean liner, and the similarity to the disaster became obvious. This coincidental untimeliness caused the film to be banned in Norway, due to perceived insensitivity. Nevertheless, excited by the possibilities of this new medium, Hauptmann wrote several screenplays (e.g. Appolonius of Tyre), none of which was ever filmed. Around the turn of the century, Hauptmann began to receive official recognition. Three times he was awarded the Austrian Franz-Grillparzer-Preis. He also received honorary doctorates from Worcester College at Oxford in 1905 and from the University of Leipzig in 1909. In 1912, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art", after he had been nominated in that year by Erich Schmidt, member of the Prussian Academy of Science. Kaiser Wilhelm II, however, did not care for the "social democratic" poet. He vetoed the awarding of the 1896 Schiller Preis (for The Assumption of Hannele) and at the instigation of his son, Crown Prince Wilhelm, in 1913, a Breslau production of Hauptmann's play Commemoration Masque (Festspiel in deutschen Reimen) was canceled, because in it the hundredth anniversary of the Liberation of Germany from Napoleon was depicted with a pacifistic rather than patriotic tone. However, the very same Hauptmann who had criticized militarism in the Masque, the very next year was among those who supported the war. Hauptmann signed the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three, a manifesto signed by 93 German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions at the beginning of World War I. He published supportive poems (many of which read as unintentional satires and which he later crossed out in the manuscript). In 1915, Wilhelm II awarded him the Order of the Red Eagle, Fourth Class. After Germany's military defeat and the fall of the monarchy, Hauptmann fled to the pacifist colony Monte Verità in near Locarno, Switzerland. Several years later, he wrote Till Eulenspiegel, a poetic memorial to Hans Paasche, the pacifist and reformer who was assassinated by ultra-nationalists. Representative poet of Germany In 1918, he joined a declaration, signed by a number of German intellectuals and published in the Berliner Tageblatt newspaper, showing solidarity with the Republic. During the early years of the republic, he was considered as a candidate for the Reichspräsident and offered the position of Reichskanzler, which he turned down. In the following years, he was the first recipient of the Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches (The Eagle Shield of the German Reich) an award for scholarly or artistic achievement. During this period, the demand for Hauptmann's work had declined, to the point where, in order to maintain his lifestyle, he had begun to do films and serializations. Despite this, he continued to enjoy popularity. He was seen abroad as the representative of German Literature. In 1932, in honor of the centenary of Goethe's death, he went on a lecture tour of the United States and was awarded and honorary doctorate from Columbia University. In addition he was awarded the Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt am Main. On his 70th birthday, he was awarded several honorary citizenships. There were countless exhibitions and performances of his work, many with well-known performers. Max Reinhardt played the lead in the premiere of Hauptmann's new play Before Sunset. From 1926–43, Hauptmann summered with his family in Hiddensee. The Nazi era After the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Hauptmann signed a loyalty oath of the German Academy of Literature, a section of the Prussian Academy of Arts. In the summer of the same year, according to writer and historian Ernst Klee, he applied for membership in the Nazi party but his application was denied by the regional party office. Hauptmann's copy of Mein Kampf, which can now be found in the Hauptmann collection at the Berlin State Library, was also heavily annotated. He regarded himself as being fundamentally a poet, above the political fray; and certainly nothing from the Nazi ideology was incorporated into his works. However, he had earlier been a founding member of the eugenics organization the German Society for Racial Hygiene, in Berlin in 1905, and his play Before Sunrise is deeply concerned with hereditary alcoholism, a popular idea with eugenicists, and the main character rejects his fiancée due to concerns about his potential children's genetics. Because Hauptmann remained highly regarded by the German people, the Nazis did everything to keep him from leaving the country, despite the emigration of many of his colleagues. At times he suffered from official disapproval. The censors of the Propaganda Minister Goebbels kept an eye on Hauptmann's work and even banned a new edition of his novella The Shot in the Park because it featured a black character. Hauptmann was told that reprinting was impossible because of a paper shortage. The film versions of The Beaver Coat and Before Sunrise were censored, and the film adaptation of Schluck and Jau was banned. For Hauptmann's 80th birthday, in 1942, representatives of the Nazi regime cooperated with honors, celebrations, and celebratory performances. Hauptmann was presented by his publisher with the first copy of his 17-volume Complete Works. Hauptmann lived through the end of World War II at his house, Wiesenstein. In 1944, he published his Atreus Tetralogy, which he had been working on for four years. It comprises Iphigenia in Delphi, Iphigenia in Aulis, Agamemnon's Death, and Electra. In 1944, Hauptmann's name was included in the Gottbegnadeten list (the "God-gifted list"), a list of artists considered crucial to the German culture, who were therefore exempt from mobilization in the war effort. He was one of the six most important writers in the special list of the "irreplaceable artists.". During the bombing of Dresden, Hauptmann was staying at a Dresden sanatorium due to severe pneumonia. He said of the inferno, "Whoever had forgotten how to cry learned again at the destruction of Dresden. I stand at the end of my life and envy my dead comrades, who were spared this experience." After the war, Silesia, where Hauptmann was living, became part of Poland, but Hauptmann was temporarily allowed to stay due to a letter of protection. Then, on April 7, 1946, he was informed by the Soviet military authorities that the Polish government was insisting on his resettlement. Before his expulsion, he became very ill. Death At the beginning of May 1946, Hauptmann learned that the Polish government was insisting on the expulsion of all Germans without exception. On 6 June, he died of bronchitis in Agnieszków (present-day Jagniątków, a part of Hirschberg im Riesengebirge, now Jelenia Góra). His last words were reported to be, "Am I still in my house?" Despite his final wishes, as expressed in his last will, Hauptmann was not buried at his home. An official letter from the Soviet Administration in favor of the writer, who was highly regarded in the Soviet Union, proved ineffective, though the family was permitted to take its belongings. Only an hour after his death, the local militia had gathered outside the window directly under his deathbed and banging pots and pans and blowing whistles and trumpets. Funeral At a funeral service held in Stralsund, near Hauptmann's summer home on Hiddensee island, Wilhelm Pieck, then co-chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany spoke, along with poet Johannes R. Becher, and Soviet official Sergei Ivanovich Tiulpanov all spoke. On the morning of 28 July, 52 days after his death, he was buried before sunrise at the cemetery in Hiddensee. His widow mixed a small sack of earth from the Riesengebirge/Karkonosze Mountains (Krkonoše) in Silesia with the sandy soil of the Baltic coast where he was buried. In 1951, a granite block was unveiled as the grave stone. It bears, as per Hauptmann's wish, only his name. In 1983, his wife Margarete's remains were moved to lie beside her husband's, though she had died in 1957. Work Influences Hauptmann first encountered the various representatives of the naturalist movement through the avant-garde society "Durch" in 1885, which was an important influence. The society hearkened back to historical examples from the Sturm und Drang movement, especially the circle centered on the Hart Brothers up until the Vormärz period before the revolutions of 1848. At their meetings, aesthetic questions about idealism, Realism and the naturalist movement were discussed. Hauptmann gave a lecture about the theretofore largely forgotten poet and dramatist Georg Büchner. With that, he also established his naturalistic orientation. At the end of the 1880s, he was confronted with the incipient anti-socialist movement. The first of the Anti-Socialist Laws was passed in 1878 and strengthened in 1887. Hauptmann was in 1887 called before the court in Breslau, because he had been a follower of the "Icharians," whose ideas hearkened back to the ideas of French communist Etienne Cabet. He sought refuge in his brother's house in Zurich in order to avoid prosecution. While there he encountered psychiatrist August Forel and the preacher Johannes Guttzeit, whose ideas influenced Before Sunrise. Hauptmann's early dream of a utopian-socialist community were further fed by his encounter with the poet Gusto Gräser, whose communal colony Hauptmann would visit several times in 1919. The story The Heretic of Soana, the novel The Fool in Christ Emmanuel Quint, and the final chapter of Till Eulenspiegel deal with his experience of a Dionysian-Jesuanic itinerant prophet. Naturalism Hauptmann began producing naturalistic works in Zurich. From there, he sent the manuscript of Bahnwärter Thiel, his first naturalistic work, to Munich to be read by the critic Michael Georg Conrad. Hauptmann's 1889 play Before Sunrise caused one of the largest scandals in German theater history. The bourgeois audience was shocked by the frank depictions of alcoholism and sexuality. According to Franz-Josef Payrhuber, Before Sunrise was an epoch-making work, but it is not the representative example of naturalistic drama, that label would go to Die Familie Selicke by Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf. Hauptmann however did have an important role, with the support of Otto Brahm, in establishing naturalistic drama on the German stage. Theaters under Brahm's leadership premiered 17 of Hauptmann's plays. Those plays, and the numerous performances across Germany, gave Naturalism its first broad exposure and social impact. With his most important play, The Weavers, which he had already been contemplating during his stay in Zurich, Hauptmann achieved world renown and reached the high point of his Naturalistic phase. Critical reception Hauptmann's early work received differing reviews. Conservative circles and also the government were not excited about his socially critical dramas, which made itself felt through censorship. His position in the opposition raised his profile in progressive, intellectual circles, which appreciated these aspects of his work. After many naturalistic-influenced works, Hauptmann's style changed and he grew increasingly well-received among the educated and upper classes. Nevertheless, he was still in demand as a writer and was regarded abroad as the representative poet of Germany. The Hungarian philosopher and literature critic, Georg Lukacs later called Hauptmann the "representative poet of bourgeois Germany," by which he did not mean to underscore Hauptmann's prominent position. Rather, he expressed displeasure with Hauptmann's fickleness and lack of attachment to his "revolutionary beginnings." Despite his preeminence, the sale of his works steadily declined as other poets and playwrights took the spotlight. Hauptmann had taken up a lavish lifestyle, lived in expensive hotels, often received guests, and took trips to Italy. He summered in his large house on the Hiddensee, that Günter Kunert called a "do-it-yourself Olympia." Thomas Mann referred to this lavish lifestyle when he called him in 1922 the "King of the Republic." Mann met Hauptmann at an Alpine resort and wrote to his brother, "I hobnob every evening with Hauptmann, who is a really good fellow." In addition Mann adapted some of Hauptmann's traits for his character Mynheer Peeperkorn in his book The Magic Mountain. When Hauptmann continued to live in Germany after the Nazis came to power, they attempted to use Hauptmann for their own purposes. Various works that displeased the party leaders were banned but others continued to be performed. At his 80th birthday, in 1942 he was honored by the government with a festival and tributes, which he accepted. Hauptmann's ebb-and-flow character was highlighted in William L. Shirer's The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Shirer offered in a first-person account: After his death, the fame he had enjoyed in life began to fade. His reputation was further diminished by his uncritical attitude toward the Nazis. Nevertheless, centenary celebrations were held in many German cities in 1962, and his works continued to be performed on West German stages into the 1970s, especially Der Biberpelz and Die Ratten. Publications Novels Der Narr in Christo Emanuel Quint (1910) Atlantis (1912) Wanda Der Dämon (1926) Die Insel der grossen Mutter (1928) Um Volk und Geist (1932) Im Wirbel der Berufung (1936) Das Abenteuer meiner Jugend (1937) Short novels Bahnwärter Thiel (1888) Der Ketzer von Soana (1918) Phantom (1923) Marginalien (selected works, reports: 1887–1927) Das Meerwunder (1934) Sonnen (1938) Der Schuss im Park (1939) Verse novels Promethidenlos (1885) Anna (1921) Die blaue Blume (1924) Till Eulenspiegel (1927) Der grosse Traum (1912–42) Plays Before Sunrise (Vor Sonnenaufgang, 1889) The Reconciliation (Das Friedensfest, 1890) Lonely People (Einsame Menschen, 1891) The Weavers (Die Weber, 1892) Colleague Crampton (College Cramption, 1892) The Beaver Coat (Der Biberpelz, 1893) The Assumption of Hannele (Hanneles Himmelfahrt, 1893) Florian Geyer (1896) Elga (1896) Helios (1896) fragment The Sunken Bell (Die versunkene Glocke, 1896) Pastoral (Das Hirtenlied, 1898) fragment Drayman Henschel (Fuhrmann Henschel, 1898) Schluck and Jau (Schluck und Jau, 1900) Michael Kramer (1900) The Conflagration (Der rote Hahn, 1901) Henry of Auë (Der arme Heinrich, 1902) Rose Bernd (1903) And Pippa Dances (Und Pippa Tanzt!, 1906) The Maidens of the Mount (Die Jungfern von Bischofsberg, 1907) Charlemagne's Hostage (Kaiser Karls Geisel, 1908) The White Savior or Montezuma (Der weiße Heiland, 1908) Griselda (1909) The Rats (play) (Die Ratten, 1911) Gabriel Schilling's Flight (Gabriel Schillings Flucht, 1912) Peter Brauer (1912) Commemoration Masque (Festspiel in deutschen Reimen, 1913) The Bow of Odysseus (Der Bogen des Odysseus, 1914) Magnus Garbe (1914, second version: 1942) Indipohdi (1920) Veland (1925) Herbert Engelmann (1921–26) Spuk (two plays: Die schwarze Maske and Hexenritt, 1928) Die goldene Harfe (1933) Hamlet in Wittenberg (Hamlet im Wittenberg, 1935) Die Finsternisse (1937) Ulrich von Lichtenstein (1936–37) Die Tochter der Kathedrale (1935–38) Die Atriden-Tetralogie:Iphigenie in Aulis (1944)Agamemnons Tod (1948; written in 1942)Elektra (1948; written in 1944)Iphigenie in Delphi (1941) In English translation Hannele. A Dream Poem (1894) Lonely Lives (1898) The Sunken Bell (1899). The Coming of Peace (1900) And Pippa Dances (1907) The Reconciliation (1910) The Fool in Christ, Emanuel Quint (1911) Atlantis (1912). Parsival (1915) The Dramatic Works: Social Dramas (1912) Social Dramas (1913) Domestic Dramas (1914) Symbolic and Legendary Dramas (1914) Symbolic and Legendary Dramas (1915) Later Dramas in Prose (1915) Miscellaneous Dramas (1917) Phantom (1922) The Heretic of Soana (1923) Lineman Thiel and Other Tales (1989) References General references Garten, H.F. (1954). Gerhart Hauptmann. New Haven: Yale University Press. Marshall, Alan (1982). The German Naturalists and Gerhart Hauptmann. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Maurer, Warren R. (1992). Understanding Gerhart Hauptmann. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. Mellen, Philip A. (1984). Gerhart Hauptmann. Religious Syncretism and Eastern Religions. New York: Peter Lang. Osborne, John (1998). Gerhart Hauptmann and the Naturalist Drama. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. Pohl, Gerhart (1962). Gerhart Hauptmann and Silesia. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota Press. Shaw, Leroy R. (1958). Witness of Deceit. Gerhart Hauptmann as Critic of Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. Skrine, Peter N. (1989). Hauptmann, Wedekind, and Schnitzler. New York: St. Martin's Press. Further reading Downs, Brian W. (1926). "Gerhart Hauptmann," The North American Review, Vol. 223, No. 830, pp. 102–115. Dukes, Ashley (1911). Modern Dramatists. London: Frank Palmer. Dussère, Carolyn (1980). "An Interpretation of Gerhart Hauptmann's 'Parsival'," Colloquia Germanica, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 233–245. Campbell, T.M. (1924). "Gerhart Hauptmann—Christian or Pagan?," The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 353–361. Coates, William Ames (1945). "Dostoyevski and Gerhart Hauptmann," The American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 4, No. 3/4, pp. 107–127. Ewen, David (1935). "Conversations with Gerhart Hauptmann," Books Abroad, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 253–254. Hale, Edward Everett (1905). "Hauptmann." In: Dramatists of Today. New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp. 37–61. Heller, Otto (1905). "Gerhart Hauptmann." In: Studies in Modern German Literature. Boston: Ginn & Company, pp. 117–128. Heuser, F.W.J.(1926). "Hauptmann and Novalis," Germanic Review, Vol. 1, pp. 125–131. Huneker, James (1919). "Gerhart Hauptmann." In: Iconoclasts. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 182–210. Kobbé, Gustav (1898). "The Dramas of Gerhart Hauptmann," The Forum, Vol. 24, pp. 432–441. Lewisohn, Ludwig (1912). "Introduction." In: The Dramatic Works, Vol. 1. London: Martin Secker, pp. ix–xxxvii. Maurer, Warren R. (1979). "Gerhart Hauptmann's Character Names," The German Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 457–471. Muller, Siegfried H. (1952). "Gerhart Hauptmann's Relation to American Literature and His Concept of America," Monatshefte, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 333–339. Reichart, Walter A. (1946). "The Totality of Hauptmann's Work," Germanic Review, Vol. 21, pp. 143–149. Reichart, Walter A. (1962). "Hauptmann Study in America: A Continuation Bibliography," Monatshefte, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 297–310. Robertson, John G. (1902). A History of German Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Scholz, Karl W.H. (1918). The Art of Translation. Philadelphia: Americana Germanica Press. Thompson, Nesta M. (1920). "Naturalism and the Dream Motive as Observed in the Works of Gerhart Hauptmann," Washington University Studies, Vol. 8, pp. 77–101. Wahr, F.B. (1946). "Hauptmann's Hellenism," Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 33, pp. 421–451. Wiehr, Josef (1906). "The Naturalistic Plays of Gerhart Hauptmann," The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1–71; Part II, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 531–575. Witkowski, Georg (1909). The German Drama of the Nineteenth-century. London: George Bell & Sons. Youngman, Paul A. (2005). "Gerhart Hauptmann." In: Black Devil and Iron Angel. The Railway in Nineteenth-century German Realism.'' Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, pp. 109–127. Schweissinger, Marc: Gerhart Hauptmann's Hamlet `translation`, In: Anglistica Pisana 8(2), pp. 11–24. External links Works by Gerhart Hauptmann at Hathi Trust List of Works 1862 births 1946 deaths 19th-century German dramatists and playwrights 19th-century German male writers 20th-century German dramatists and playwrights German Nobel laureates 19th-century German novelists 20th-century German novelists German poets German male short story writers German autobiographers Nobel laureates in Literature People from the Province of Silesia People from Szczawno-Zdrój Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) University of Jena alumni German male poets German male novelists German male dramatists and playwrights 19th-century German short story writers 20th-century German short story writers	[ -0.48362812399864197, 1.0061142444610596, -0.47546032071113586, -0.30284249782562256, -0.30995824933052063, 1.2514749765396118, 1.06587815284729, -0.18586105108261108, 0.06378978490829468, -0.5446841716766357, -0.33360129594802856, 0.18488822877407074, 0.1803373396396637, 0.20270757377147675, 0.3286469280719757, -0.002606926951557398, -0.35321131348609924, -0.3975701928138733, -0.8661383986473083, -0.40196746587753296, -0.5065780282020569, -0.43245577812194824, 0.4321250021457672, 0.20694319903850555, -0.3245088756084442, 0.11992506682872772, 0.38223782181739807, -0.13006605207920074, 0.25415605306625366, -0.10884734243154526, 0.06794959306716919, 0.7039057016372681, 0.054934922605752945, 0.12824806571006775, -0.7051845192909241, 0.5542325973510742, -0.842519998550415, -0.30525246262550354, 0.41204705834388733, -0.030487658455967903, -0.3368264436721802, 0.7648006081581116, 0.19684188067913055, -0.22925499081611633, 0.0688740536570549, -0.39589953422546387, -2.4998345375061035, 0.3012581169605255, -1.0102262496948242, -0.42438629269599915, 0.42897751927375793, 0.3007430136203766, 1.2682273387908936, 0.29774633049964905, -0.06550673395395279, 0.2917689383029938, -0.9297037720680237, -0.29267898201942444, 0.14511944353580475, -0.08791687339544296, 0.38243356347084045, 0.08021886646747589, 0.32150331139564514, 0.06194985657930374, 0.6487496495246887, 0.41832444071769714, -0.15711744129657745, 0.2662019729614258, 0.23028551042079926, 0.16001145541667938, -0.4864892363548279, 0.404296338558197, 0.23661689460277557, -0.1568748652935028, 0.2956097722053528, -0.8983615040779114, 0.12469060719013214, 0.22857406735420227, -0.34121009707450867, -0.31495583057403564, -0.5843816995620728, -0.14843282103538513, 0.9059526324272156, 0.07862143218517303, -0.01301486510783434, -0.22005599737167358, -0.26507270336151123, 0.2513774633407593, -0.6160241961479187, -0.13631273806095123, -0.07908746600151062, -0.5350916385650635, -0.35787561535835266, -0.03511583060026169, 0.27421149611473083, 0.3591277599334717, -0.10706865787506104, 0.5466713309288025, -0.29082101583480835, 0.12754321098327637, 0.05631018802523613, 0.12196572124958038, 0.5468330383300781, -0.24658487737178802, -0.6031441688537598, -0.05261318385601044, -0.06778719276189804, -0.4371035397052765, 0.15202198922634125, -0.16621661186218262, -0.6942541003227234, 0.09307041019201279, -0.35434964299201965, 0.11415304988622665, -0.00824182853102684, 0.08473381400108337, -0.007167946081608534, -1.0793476104736328, -0.6714715957641602, 0.05521208047866821, -0.3249894976615906, 0.15264388918876648, 0.06909512728452682, 0.28759804368019104, -0.6836223602294922, -0.29318785667419434, -0.4955582320690155, 0.2940015196800232, -0.6677849888801575, 0.4998953938484192, 0.5707811117172241, 1.0353400707244873, -0.18079005181789398, -0.19524164497852325, -0.25932377576828003, -0.08627524226903915, 0.6182620525360107, -0.02541951648890972, -0.4533127248287201, 0.5765209794044495, -0.5137574672698975, 0.13849526643753052, -1.1433881521224976, -0.13008937239646912, 0.27846163511276245, -0.6878008842468262, -0.1607249677181244, -0.2586526572704315, 0.4405503273010254, 0.06288395076990128, -0.4112776517868042, 0.025605671107769012, -0.34044942259788513, -0.13551804423332214, -0.3888448476791382, 0.5431468486785889, 0.5576821565628052, 0.5213151574134827, 0.30607739090919495, 0.03258168324828148, 0.6726044416427612, 0.20976845920085907, -0.7530954480171204, -0.06537184119224548, 0.34886422753334045, -0.23039165139198303, 0.16987816989421844, 0.17858736217021942, -0.19646064937114716, -0.11603162437677383, -0.32563841342926025, -0.2953128218650818, 0.05996398255228996, 0.005486012902110815, -0.28562289476394653, 0.47404423356056213, 0.01937790960073471, 0.30440306663513184, 0.12774023413658142, -0.23674674332141876, -0.8410885334014893, 0.18997740745544434, -0.3775091767311096, 0.24256503582000732, 0.4170399308204651, 0.19974778592586517, 0.07000598311424255, -0.23002804815769196, 0.8281545639038086, -0.31005990505218506, -0.7505369186401367, -0.6629253625869751, 0.6693336963653564, 0.06387083977460861, 1.4260276556015015, 0.4690707325935364, -0.39608097076416016, 0.904929518699646, -0.41011160612106323, 0.13238821923732758, -0.3887972831726074, -0.4495558738708496, 0.05425337329506874, 0.18674860894680023, 0.25061365962028503, 0.8145337700843811, 0.04461235925555229, 0.07948634773492813, -0.15112920105457306, 0.47063010931015015, 0.7135574221611023, -0.21506036818027496, 0.3372208774089813, 0.44587889313697815, -0.34887513518333435, -0.4099248945713043, -0.4563736617565155, 0.011073251254856586, 0.15831230580806732, -0.28940555453300476, 0.5988223552703857, 0.034669794142246246, 0.21101424098014832, 0.9328073859214783, -0.18757306039333344, 0.93281489610672, -0.0372849777340889, 0.2802848517894745, -0.01863982528448105, -0.9027022123336792, 0.09641265124082565, 0.40918993949890137, 0.20879216492176056, -0.3725508749485016, 0.6430718302726746, 0.2704828679561615, -0.11515076458454132, 0.06253553926944733, 0.24867647886276245, -0.3681730628013611, 0.4757683575153351, 0.3704141676425934, -0.2605535686016083, 0.31579071283340454, 0.34789034724235535, 0.3364555239677429, -0.10082966834306717, 0.012751678004860878, -0.3259051740169525, 0.021417459473013878, 0.3293195366859436, 0.6266354322433472, 0.02316940575838089, -0.4037294387817383, -0.504787802696228, -0.2960830330848694, 0.1552823781967163, 0.2139570564031601, 0.5113964080810547, 0.3627583384513855, 0.39961716532707214, 0.04687662050127983, 0.47490042448043823, -0.04530969262123108, -0.2265392392873764, -0.14969994127750397, 0.46528270840644836, -0.9561167359352112, -0.542525053024292, 0.12434934079647064, -0.07370855659246445, -0.2848045229911804, -0.29137521982192993, -0.2780992090702057, 0.017929987981915474, -0.3086805045604706, -0.3679754137992859, 0.2793360650539398, -0.4654673635959625, -0.336699515581131, 0.04746709764003754, 0.8448160290718079, -0.12800508737564087, -0.22089587152004242, 0.0760326236486435, -0.00872062798589468, 0.017273206263780594, -0.06701034307479858, 0.31025540828704834, 0.21519172191619873, -0.17969855666160583, 0.9932724237442017, -0.5786855816841125, -0.21255765855312347, -0.18177348375320435, 0.5397622585296631, -0.5029606223106384, -0.8461281061172485, 0.15526866912841797, 0.11955442279577255, -0.651027262210846, 0.5201778411865234, -0.11767466366291046, 0.49678391218185425, 0.15090976655483246, 0.0590951070189476, -0.4880729615688324, 0.2537003457546234, -5.329415321350098, -0.4120306968688965, 0.3405658006668091, -0.56175696849823, 0.015345956198871136, 0.7877218127250671, 0.18523941934108734, -0.09282781183719635, -0.33214712142944336, -0.37235668301582336, 0.611221969127655, -0.1738959550857544, -0.17068377137184143, 0.8607543110847473, 0.47514137625694275, 0.09502765536308289, -0.03341345116496086, 0.13836728036403656, -0.12764610350131989, 0.19083666801452637, 0.13556157052516937, -0.038797058165073395, 0.2746376693248749, 0.24858936667442322, 0.11127974092960358, -0.0329960361123085, -0.3746696710586548, 0.05559466779232025, -0.8989835381507874, -0.30700233578681946, 0.6996062994003296, -0.10791817307472229, 0.02415906824171543, 0.5067279934883118, 0.24467341601848602, -0.3522894084453583, 0.2004091739654541, 0.7925408482551575, -0.314772367477417, 0.39734989404678345, -0.10353723168373108, 0.39125946164131165, -0.7078593373298645, 0.06448716670274734, -0.1608620285987854, 0.10345418751239777, -0.3976627588272095, 0.42186686396598816, -0.3870651423931122, 0.5960316061973572, 0.2506132423877716, -0.5104553699493408, 0.3758590817451477, 0.13460879027843475, 0.13427864015102386, 0.316493421792984, -0.005398170556873083, -0.14874327182769775, -0.30885419249534607, 0.20751264691352844, -0.06227444112300873, -0.13901951909065247, 0.25724080204963684, -0.4183543920516968, -0.4218738377094269, -0.2857866883277893, 0.006923323962837458, -0.05883651599287987, 0.17883892357349396, -0.49447333812713623, -0.5729532241821289, 1.1220474243164062, 0.31715139746665955, -1.11203134059906, -0.4834679365158081, -0.7760875821113586, -0.5282815098762512, -0.764132022857666, -1.0437102317810059, 0.0687471479177475, 0.025242578238248825, -0.7249926924705505, -0.43752196431159973, 0.7169608473777771, 1.3946115970611572, 0.40825727581977844, -0.4431574046611786, 0.27802643179893494, -0.3092651665210724, -0.2742313742637634, -0.3953094184398651, -0.6071025729179382, 0.10554151982069016, 0.2616572678089142, -0.3227565288543701, 0.5958570837974548, -0.5355215668678284, -0.16627418994903564, 0.5904455184936523, 0.38437753915786743, -0.33985891938209534, -0.20120222866535187, 0.18161378800868988, -0.1797950714826584, 0.7926867604255676, -0.12184654176235199, 0.2774905860424042, 0.24579337239265442, 0.6701648235321045, 0.13500268757343292, -0.14922980964183807, 0.6306571960449219, -0.09736853092908859, -0.560566782951355, -0.03750130161643028, -0.7184728384017944, -0.16374514997005463, 0.2715763449668884, -0.07205037027597427, 0.3355024755001068, -0.29882773756980896, 0.17231439054012299, 0.20870478451251984, -0.49823567271232605, 0.2919050455093384, 0.06876324117183685, -0.001590679632499814, -0.7087308764457703, -0.35466742515563965, 0.011859344318509102, -0.49067384004592896, 0.9168673753738403, 0.03615525737404823, -0.10562047362327576, -0.2014605849981308, -0.5436396598815918, -0.38811054825782776, -0.21189922094345093, -0.06412971019744873, -0.17018727958202362, 0.3359433114528656, 0.007564587518572807, -0.450512170791626, 0.2814878225326538, 0.13253377377986908, -0.42556026577949524, -0.006450501270592213, 0.19745971262454987, -0.5517110228538513, 0.6310266852378845, -0.0060180905275046825, 0.05493440106511116, 0.958061933517456, 0.02845143899321556, -0.5224689841270447, 0.3266635537147522, -0.393472284078598, 0.7511788010597229, 0.032660286873579025, 0.009039019234478474, 0.08774371445178986, -0.3315015435218811, -0.9811354279518127, 0.09691834449768066, 0.09213169664144516, 0.30857327580451965, -0.2779916226863861, 0.0164038073271513, -0.39188042283058167, 0.5766368508338928, 0.03568444401025772, -0.583325207233429, -0.41562649607658386, 0.26459434628486633, -0.09804955124855042, 0.18988074362277985, -0.11441334336996078, 0.2667868435382843, 0.31046003103256226, 0.06570408493280411, -0.07642652839422226, 0.09811754524707794, -0.6564043760299683, 0.6241968274116516, 0.5023923516273499, -0.06742948293685913, -0.46503496170043945, -0.26377028226852417, -0.5198305249214172, -0.18726211786270142, 0.4904932379722595, -0.23608236014842987, 0.40378305315971375, 0.3124854564666748, 0.034506868571043015, -0.6256658434867859, 0.05126327648758888, -0.53883296251297, -0.37223801016807556, -0.04528161138296127, 0.08966642618179321, 0.39070290327072144, -0.3259512186050415, -0.023632315918803215, 0.1292468160390854, -1.023755431175232, 0.01610933244228363, 0.003532154718413949, 0.0720299780368805, 0.9600427150726318, -0.7027599811553955, -0.5518839359283447, 0.15238341689109802, 0.47912001609802246, -0.4669254720211029, 0.1028856486082077, 0.5350803136825562, -0.27244895696640015, -0.7503752708435059, -0.06384601444005966, -0.5352196097373962, -0.23158559203147888, -0.2770597040653229, -0.0865919291973114, -0.41111576557159424, -0.16953933238983154, 0.024321699514985085, -0.4673730731010437, 0.6113126873970032, -0.2457699179649353, 0.17102092504501343, -0.21735796332359314, 0.13257819414138794, -0.1834833323955536, -0.3517659604549408, -0.5703765749931335, 0.4083126187324524, 0.06585758924484253, -0.36138948798179626, -0.04855988919734955, 0.5550530552864075, 0.9667903780937195, 0.8323265910148621, 0.4096941351890564, 0.20321013033390045, 0.04265030845999718, 0.2149154543876648, -0.29614049196243286, -0.004233276937156916, 0.2333693653345108, 0.14814123511314392, 0.2060708850622177, -0.7900756597518921, -0.6967874765396118, 0.6361896991729736, -0.033363331109285355, -0.11515796184539795, 0.5027965903282166, 0.07898262143135071, 0.3141343295574188, 0.2892473042011261, 0.6743581295013428, 0.8721098303794861, -0.33768877387046814, -0.054657626897096634, 0.3168574571609497, 0.04822530597448349, -0.1283639371395111, -0.08419052511453629, 0.09292352944612503, -0.07684041559696198, -0.41663849353790283, -0.38016849756240845, 0.332291841506958, -0.1124977245926857, 0.526382327079773, 0.061139803379774094, -0.618047833442688, 0.24204640090465546, -0.11414749920368195, -0.45959845185279846, -0.035748954862356186, -0.35595428943634033, -0.8491998910903931, -0.6687101721763611, -0.23441754281520844, -0.3325529992580414, -0.12598101794719696, -0.3857206404209137, 0.30955755710601807, -0.41900941729545593, 0.021006930619478226, -0.06423770636320114, 0.4146675765514374, 0.255596399307251, 0.09887604415416718, -0.4758945107460022, 0.7403624057769775, -0.42237013578414917, -0.229949489235878, -0.10576984286308289, 0.2485530525445938, 0.7430053353309631, -0.18764549493789673, 0.7615050673484802, 0.2959820032119751, -0.286006897687912, -0.22677835822105408, -0.49890339374542236, 0.031746603548526764, 0.5956953167915344, -0.4040321707725525, -0.16647633910179138, 0.5275020599365234, -0.2799101173877716, 0.21869206428527832, 0.5327644348144531, -0.3078267574310303, -0.235826775431633, -0.18406593799591064, 0.20246067643165588, 0.04104892909526825, 0.8830304145812988, -0.6970011591911316, -0.0008696517325006425, 0.583641529083252, 0.2422599196434021, -0.057467252016067505, -0.9166364669799805, 0.005249953828752041, 0.28167444467544556, -0.32793542742729187, -0.01229055691510439, 0.3218497633934021, -0.10770776867866516, 0.022486941888928413, 0.48915010690689087, -0.3232417404651642, -0.2390989363193512, -0.01052495464682579, -0.32850995659828186, 1.074689507484436, -0.3239242434501648, 0.15319837629795074, 0.1625368744134903, -0.12815247476100922, -0.5185772776603699, 0.6260606646537781, -0.19471262395381927, -0.2074238359928131, 0.9771946668624878, 0.4346143305301666, 0.05486982688307762, -0.5455291867256165, -0.043721456080675125, 0.36812514066696167, 0.7250560522079468, -0.2425956130027771, -0.28333771228790283, -0.11324891448020935, 0.032352086156606674, -0.5331051349639893, 0.9389007687568665, 0.15814732015132904, -0.04642431437969208, 0.02932368777692318, -0.01397339254617691, -0.33259281516075134, -0.08657556027173996, -0.030272822827100754, 0.2637225389480591, -0.22393953800201416, -0.3733472526073456, 0.2648872137069702, 0.8380818367004395, -0.10330813378095627, 0.6224772930145264, -0.08414672315120697, -0.10552884638309479, 0.2680375874042511, -0.46695324778556824, 0.3932534456253052, 0.3070255517959595, 0.09215559810400009, 0.32196882367134094, -0.276661217212677, -0.22549845278263092, -0.1570502370595932, 0.7045191526412964, -0.761233389377594, 0.5230226516723633, -0.5106601119041443, -0.13073678314685822, 0.25792041420936584, -0.8331132531166077, 0.08458800613880157, -0.6087058782577515, 1.1127761602401733, -0.09082169085741043, -0.47610604763031006, -0.46150362491607666, 0.1154092475771904, -0.15027093887329102, -0.11799076199531555, -0.0982280969619751, 0.16903795301914215, -0.20950806140899658, 0.44321584701538086, -0.8258818984031677, 0.5057162046432495, 0.155575230717659, 0.436505526304245, -0.4248778223991394, 0.45147705078125, -0.2839965522289276, -0.2214796543121338, 0.5113739371299744, -0.04182843863964081, 0.035638902336359024, 0.1762341558933258, 0.503551185131073, 0.2242010235786438, 0.0634671226143837, -0.2605423331260681, -0.2767435908317566, 0.5357895493507385, -0.053078293800354004, 0.18234063684940338, -0.08843464404344559, 0.2665269374847412, -0.27091729640960693, 0.3827861547470093, -0.4818008542060852, 0.05952773988246918, -0.08456648141145706, -0.1363217532634735, 0.7842888832092285, 0.4621666669845581, 0.1867561936378479, -0.39230871200561523, 0.712649405002594, 0.19090484082698822, 0.1691245287656784, -0.24963870644569397, -0.9209024310112, 0.436868280172348, -0.4588572680950165, -0.11171460896730423, 0.16820840537548065, 0.035761091858148575, 0.05180000886321068, -0.4677327573299408, 0.31736987829208374, -0.7174020409584045, 0.16121427714824677, 0.5284498333930969, -0.5085259675979614, -0.4073837101459503, 0.8877426981925964, -0.18768294155597687 ]
230777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20protocol%20notation	Security protocol notation	In cryptography, security (engineering) protocol notation, also known as protocol narrations and Alice & Bob notation, is a way of expressing a protocol of correspondence between entities of a dynamic system, such as a computer network. In the context of a formal model, it allows reasoning about the properties of such a system. The standard notation consists of a set of principals (traditionally named Alice, Bob, Charlie, and so on) who wish to communicate. They may have access to a server S, shared keys K, timestamps T, and can generate nonces N for authentication purposes. A simple example might be the following: This states that Alice intends a message for Bob consisting of a plaintext X encrypted under shared key KA,B. Another example might be the following: This states that Bob intends a message for Alice consisting of a nonce NB encrypted using public key of Alice. A key with two subscripts, KA,B, is a symmetric key shared by the two corresponding individuals. A key with one subscript, KA, is the public key of the corresponding individual. A private key is represented as the inverse of the public key. The notation specifies only the operation and not its semantics — for instance, private key encryption and signature are represented identically. We can express more complicated protocols in such a fashion. See Kerberos as an example. Some sources refer to this notation as Kerberos Notation. Some authors consider the notation used by Steiner, Neuman, & Schiller as a notable reference. Several models exist to reason about security protocols in this way, one of which is BAN logic. Security protocol notation inspired many of the programming languages used in choreographic programming. References Cryptography	[ 0.21309398114681244, -0.015552292577922344, -0.029794352129101753, 0.22976747155189514, 0.05810972675681114, -0.1633906364440918, 0.3165862262248993, -0.2537839412689209, -0.21398399770259857, -0.1606753021478653, -0.37371164560317993, 0.11908657103776932, -0.5439455509185791, 0.09071725606918335, 0.07202912867069244, 0.11603579670190811, 0.40650659799575806, 0.0791582465171814, -0.026191551238298416, -0.5545971989631653, -0.43820056319236755, 0.3664705753326416, -0.354939341545105, -0.7342261075973511, 0.5779733657836914, 0.0026350326370447874, -0.13795815408229828, -0.1631944626569748, -0.16766811907291412, 0.08884818106889725, 0.18551722168922424, 0.24287930130958557, -0.24148745834827423, 0.09939320385456085, -0.04428446665406227, -0.14829866588115692, -0.22468483448028564, 0.05204655975103378, 0.06549373269081116, -0.7141010761260986, 0.29660895466804504, -0.44401776790618896, 0.5896859765052795, 0.3003522753715515, -0.1377544105052948, -0.7474373579025269, -1.0096648931503296, -0.12374510616064072, -0.3107096254825592, -0.1904754936695099, -0.8472108244895935, 0.5610587000846863, -0.12873418629169464, 0.7046514749526978, -0.1645156592130661, -0.3474147617816925, -0.17547127604484558, -0.6020510792732239, 0.4342547059059143, -0.3998548984527588, 0.7373499274253845, -0.30424150824546814, 0.07569651305675507, 0.1102897897362709, -0.05194909870624542, 0.323483943939209, 0.021344974637031555, -0.26230907440185547, -0.234684556722641, -0.14333148300647736, 0.10696441680192947, 0.1599891632795334, -0.43532249331474304, -0.30786505341529846, 0.027866018936038017, 0.17554157972335815, -0.1709715723991394, 0.18077096343040466, -0.4632154405117035, 0.21710270643234253, -0.4290204346179962, 0.934812068939209, 0.4720905125141144, 0.06422647088766098, 0.729384183883667, -0.10652443021535873, -0.452981173992157, 0.6292358636856079, -0.4963608384132385, 0.40930381417274475, 0.30145424604415894, 0.0017006649868562818, 0.06952410191297531, 0.018508173525333405, -0.4113119840621948, 0.09756755083799362, -0.3129148781299591, -0.3858433663845062, 0.20212149620056152, 0.299610435962677, -0.2923097610473633, -0.40334099531173706, 0.10575892776250839, -0.7612396478652954, -0.21651358902454376, -0.029769564047455788, -0.8515389561653137, -0.12809789180755615, 0.3397246301174164, 0.2761673033237457, -0.46627333760261536, -0.14145904779434204, 0.41205033659935, -0.18526826798915863, -0.14593538641929626, 0.3197901248931885, -0.08332926779985428, -0.10808593034744263, -0.2634722888469696, 0.11283711344003677, 0.267684668302536, 0.5474365949630737, 0.5600152015686035, -0.06558983027935028, 0.323921799659729, 0.00037940635229460895, 0.5777441263198853, 0.7972384691238403, -0.5654279589653015, 0.23588083684444427, -0.21339386701583862, 1.1526421308517456, 0.1491660177707672, 0.10022721439599991, -0.43089455366134644, 0.21738554537296295, -0.018964998424053192, 0.14002446830272675, -0.04558471962809563, 0.14470967650413513, -0.34416335821151733, -0.5699602961540222, 0.2840198278427124, -0.12696444988250732, 0.43557724356651306, -0.05412254482507706, -0.17076443135738373, -0.6341612339019775, -0.07387232780456543, 0.12690329551696777, -0.37375882267951965, 0.006923379842191935, -0.12054841220378876, 0.2043873369693756, -0.33192893862724304, -0.09925485402345657, 0.7756681442260742, 0.0821838453412056, -0.2614273726940155, -0.015828974545001984, 0.0065649449825286865, 0.2570892870426178, -0.7160742282867432, 0.14286325871944427, 0.26955321431159973, -0.3699706494808197, 0.07441231608390808, 0.6896135807037354, -0.016882063820958138, -0.09756843000650406, 0.10078608244657516, -0.25284335017204285, -0.15897314250469208, -0.192350372672081, -0.48399582505226135, 0.43648380041122437, -0.07441036403179169, 0.08908789604902267, 0.7743133902549744, -0.056474849581718445, -0.4763598144054413, 0.23482674360275269, 0.2142421156167984, -0.32918426394462585, 0.5395965576171875, 0.1527588665485382, 0.12176702916622162, -0.2774413526058197, -0.5092877745628357, -0.6597699522972107, -0.4862944185733795, -0.11300714313983917, 0.07082052528858185, -0.6672908663749695, 0.9300374388694763, -0.0681028738617897, -0.468393474817276, 1.1914269924163818, 0.2070605307817459, 0.4184510111808777, 0.12483492493629456, 0.12320790439844131, 0.26878616213798523, -0.2104339897632599, -0.004005243070423603, 0.3635202944278717, 0.5369840860366821, 0.3249345123767853, -0.596310019493103, 0.09688454121351242, 0.3563690185546875, 0.20022164285182953, -0.04870552197098732, -0.2957729697227478, 0.3167116045951843, -0.5063793063163757, -0.4804188013076782, 0.4588814377784729, -0.21261213719844818, -0.19042545557022095, 0.9480867385864258, -0.237100750207901, -0.28965213894844055, 0.6773139834403992, -0.2930939495563507, 0.6311658620834351, 0.1620352417230606, 0.8141089081764221, 0.9768148064613342, -0.3401380479335785, -0.19603745639324188, -0.34919461607933044, 0.4876779019832611, -0.30090925097465515, -0.16795022785663605, -0.04948512837290764, 0.38284772634506226, 0.1097664013504982, 0.04091537743806839, -0.43507304787635803, 0.0713682472705841, 0.5568958520889282, -0.3159765303134918, -0.04063146561384201, 0.3902431130409241, -0.264438271522522, -0.15682965517044067, -0.29670995473861694, -0.3639051914215088, 0.3476983308792114, -0.16933967173099518, 0.5953367948532104, 0.14684675633907318, -0.2954436242580414, -0.20286256074905396, 0.11974819749593735, 0.21110768616199493, -0.03873341530561447, -0.21851250529289246, 0.6558591723442078, 0.12524965405464172, 0.11820319294929504, -0.15924276411533356, -0.03641390800476074, -0.6896138787269592, -0.4413894712924957, -0.27006062865257263, -0.3258512616157532, 0.5515172481536865, 0.7241965532302856, 0.386208176612854, -0.30102455615997314, -0.4988574981689453, 0.1751524806022644, -0.5048823952674866, -0.9538416266441345, 0.5008615255355835, 0.22208325564861298, -0.4024200737476349, -0.07404859364032745, -0.49075764417648315, 0.05694638192653656, 0.5895478129386902, -0.44043031334877014, 0.09110614657402039, -0.7104611992835999, -0.069120854139328, -0.1860087513923645, 0.3596147894859314, -0.3894720673561096, -0.2385856956243515, 0.7000689506530762, 0.19590623676776886, 0.03476886451244354, 0.4452337622642517, 0.456076443195343, 0.4536372125148773, 0.15474538505077362, 0.19644880294799805, -0.005040411371737719, -0.5269168615341187, 0.09533423185348511, 0.061962634325027466, -0.39199867844581604, 0.09975507110357285, 0.032495081424713135, 0.08647085726261139, 0.3982047736644745, -5.913414001464844, 0.23982316255569458, -0.026912391185760498, -0.43547070026397705, -0.07838745415210724, 0.33944883942604065, 0.964066743850708, 0.048098769038915634, -0.0464518778026104, -0.2529907524585724, -0.03364580124616623, -0.18384428322315216, 0.06828458607196808, 0.3104061186313629, 0.21946677565574646, -0.38457798957824707, 0.06993885338306427, -0.04155922681093216, 0.19882625341415405, 0.34778982400894165, -0.29829397797584534, 0.05401119589805603, 0.5969578623771667, 0.20573478937149048, -0.17785300314426422, -0.12490085512399673, -0.49440649151802063, 0.05694276839494705, 0.18310804665088654, 0.029903480783104897, 0.027231959626078606, -0.3331656754016876, 0.010741673409938812, -0.4665457308292389, -0.2449152022600174, 0.16240186989307404, 0.7574977874755859, 0.3778090178966522, 0.24688689410686493, -0.1457298994064331, 0.21320337057113647, 0.7710521817207336, 0.39372190833091736, -0.21827979385852814, 0.3175799548625946, 0.5885842442512512, -0.03610139712691307, 0.012656809762120247, -0.12598973512649536, 0.4904415011405945, -0.6127853393554688, 0.18394452333450317, 0.3125684857368469, -0.39210015535354614, 0.12531159818172455, -0.29518914222717285, 0.38647669553756714, -0.1394784301519394, -0.37758031487464905, 0.22503040730953217, 0.4808318316936493, -0.6592573523521423, 0.47153371572494507, -0.7470335960388184, -0.6012686491012573, 0.009176338091492653, -0.6917693614959717, -0.1015235111117363, 0.7772802114486694, 0.37413325905799866, -0.39232388138771057, -0.578195333480835, 0.15110719203948975, -0.9300646781921387, 0.6354999542236328, -0.8375961184501648, 0.4148293733596802, -0.013797229155898094, 0.1479765623807907, -0.2285151183605194, -0.33574602007865906, -0.2470017820596695, -0.6735014915466309, 0.14286194741725922, 0.32168108224868774, -0.13239417970180511, 0.09821677207946777, -0.44308707118034363, -0.4765321910381317, -0.29657119512557983, 0.8497506976127625, -0.2166508436203003, 0.09761600196361542, -0.0295930877327919, 0.1743389368057251, 0.47669345140457153, 0.19364798069000244, 0.5909620523452759, 0.23236174881458282, -0.23118956387043, 0.3589252531528473, -0.3209536671638489, 0.26741737127304077, -0.8268005847930908, -0.06854158639907837, 0.25381994247436523, -0.7685887217521667, 0.14187391102313995, 0.7100764513015747, -0.027726080268621445, -0.7033190727233887, 0.44867420196533203, -0.4888627827167511, -0.19647742807865143, -0.1303551346063614, 0.1971474587917328, -0.47641217708587646, 0.21800264716148376, 0.3493163287639618, -0.14795823395252228, -0.049650732427835464, 0.4867306053638458, 0.20625998079776764, 0.25392061471939087, -0.07423614710569382, -0.5275837182998657, -0.10263291746377945, 0.07842133939266205, 0.2979559898376465, -0.6113355755805969, 0.5951844453811646, 0.4188525378704071, -0.2985554337501526, 0.17725129425525665, 0.3317904770374298, -0.2821539044380188, -0.3843381702899933, 0.36576882004737854, 0.2881150245666504, -0.46289196610450745, 0.7193925976753235, -0.4651365578174591, -0.15800414979457855, -0.07747922837734222, 0.40978288650512695, -0.005670025944709778, 0.25276684761047363, -0.42289209365844727, -0.08789253234863281, 0.5671729445457458, -0.030941791832447052, -0.3141440451145172, 0.1994924396276474, -0.18915100395679474, -0.14938755333423615, 0.03305390104651451, 0.05611688271164894, 0.04475834593176842, -0.06418756395578384, -0.3400324285030365, 0.04972062259912491, 0.398438036441803, -0.6359805464744568, -0.45924875140190125, 0.08270350098609924, -0.2348206490278244, -0.6451069712638855, 0.1680394858121872, -0.007691038306802511, 0.17619141936302185, -0.4922504127025604, 0.2601942718029022, 0.009904908016324043, -0.16379918158054352, -0.04160106182098389, 0.6068125367164612, 0.12375226616859436, 0.3686298429965973, -0.20537105202674866, 0.11387066543102264, 0.19498541951179504, 0.15971148014068604, -0.02522108145058155, 0.3976167142391205, 0.22339561581611633, -0.27904683351516724, 0.5304437279701233, 0.4556175768375397, -0.3925052881240845, 0.011528288945555687, 0.3882710635662079, -0.010545737110078335, 0.21544837951660156, -0.5702904462814331, -0.35940805077552795, -0.15614458918571472, 0.16743716597557068, 0.3420669138431549, 0.11658857017755508, -0.5816238522529602, 0.48526203632354736, 0.2884112298488617, -0.5905770063400269, 0.2963314652442932, -0.1815471649169922, -0.4266514480113983, 0.26317882537841797, 0.07772865146398544, -0.03759227693080902, 0.03679937124252319, -0.16415302455425262, -0.6701958179473877, -0.4886205792427063, -0.171076238155365, -0.34379878640174866, -0.16702985763549805, 0.008303054608404636, -0.475874125957489, -0.35528072714805603, 0.0191582590341568, 0.2765790522098541, -0.0546254925429821, 0.17750072479248047, 0.39180701971054077, -0.2778070569038391, -0.08313239365816116, 0.16859406232833862, -0.38508716225624084, 0.4468236267566681, 0.1758561134338379, -0.42646923661231995, -0.3958393931388855, 0.41260361671447754, 0.07253500819206238, -0.4635952115058899, -0.9208972454071045, -0.8637188673019409, -0.013739056885242462, -0.2579176127910614, 0.12460225075483322, -0.13339312374591827, 0.5641348361968994, -0.09141293913125992, -0.9413929581642151, -0.4429227113723755, 0.07292480766773224, 0.5364547967910767, -0.5929572582244873, -0.18723702430725098, 0.16933129727840424, 0.36549824476242065, -0.09212061017751694, -0.5577855706214905, 0.05441272631287575, 0.5556049942970276, 0.4401301145553589, 0.10079919546842575, -0.5290393233299255, 0.10628344863653183, -0.010535281151533127, -0.18647266924381256, -0.4471656084060669, -0.4016566872596741, 0.02710363268852234, 0.11651238054037094, 0.14034654200077057, 0.03324359282851219, 0.06715794652700424, 0.03911948949098587, -0.34266191720962524, 0.17371954023838043, -0.6708080172538757, 1.152659296989441, 0.6657987236976624, 0.18369024991989136, -0.0606609545648098, 0.0756884291768074, -0.32835984230041504, 0.12063609063625336, 0.25506770610809326, -0.21732769906520844, -0.115215964615345, -0.11550480127334595, -0.17749212682247162, 0.19573736190795898, -0.6444545388221741, 0.4380161762237549, -0.06687328964471817, 0.12617982923984528, -0.11807413399219513, -0.9287149310112, 0.564401388168335, -0.34132394194602966, 0.5774569511413574, -0.45445236563682556, -0.3267701268196106, 0.23323366045951843, 0.6508501172065735, -0.25893035531044006, -0.20509545505046844, -0.3675350546836853, 0.23724757134914398, 0.6918087005615234, -0.4114168882369995, 0.3230336606502533, 0.17500433325767517, -0.2623998522758484, -0.556902289390564, -0.04944659397006035, 0.21221676468849182, 0.0015937455464154482, 0.05000334233045578, 0.3827005624771118, 0.2594599723815918, -0.010096925310790539, -0.5082943439483643, 0.4342728555202484, -0.41003692150115967, 0.36448580026626587, 0.19646905362606049, 0.34272971749305725, -0.1516936868429184, 0.7748695611953735, -0.334522545337677, -0.48373958468437195, 0.6733338236808777, 0.3567855656147003, -0.2806250751018524, -0.002542031928896904, 0.43027663230895996, 1.0744365453720093, 0.20501089096069336, -0.26801109313964844, -0.14344067871570587, -0.5137390494346619, -0.26052126288414, 0.048216693103313446, 0.007558763027191162, -0.5211700797080994, 0.3781924247741699, 0.34855177998542786, 0.3823641836643219, -0.44475826621055603, 0.1455860137939453, -0.09334906935691833, -0.20183643698692322, 0.6576616764068604, 0.7158585786819458, -0.3537903428077698, 0.049243077635765076, 0.32436496019363403, -0.041706670075654984, 0.7778868079185486, 0.08447407186031342, 0.11113771796226501, -0.22625267505645752, 0.13226498663425446, -0.0222052913159132, 0.16787053644657135, -0.015574817545711994, -0.03194335103034973, 0.5722694396972656, 0.6289011240005493, -0.3818114399909973, -0.06928014010190964, -0.07798291742801666, 0.3747927248477936, -0.092831552028656, 0.20021896064281464, -0.16112299263477325, -0.17682911455631256, 0.29768699407577515, -0.7025470733642578, 0.5428931713104248, -0.33271560072898865, -0.3127918839454651, 0.3000369966030121, 0.5065059661865234, -0.42914336919784546, 0.27112263441085815, -0.3277532458305359, 0.1455042064189911, 0.35910263657569885, -1.0097765922546387, 0.27830177545547485, -0.14579419791698456, -0.10536208748817444, 0.0581185407936573, -0.5930594801902771, 0.023340748623013496, -0.02245485596358776, -0.6079842448234558, 0.15974342823028564, 0.16414231061935425, 0.13337066769599915, 0.35564640164375305, 0.08803770691156387, 1.1699769496917725, 0.503921627998352, -0.002587731694802642, -0.2000291347503662, 0.12830454111099243, 0.4088539779186249, -0.326182097196579, -0.7282256484031677, 0.31470659375190735, -0.40778040885925293, 0.05066204443573952, -0.5394579768180847, 0.03441141918301582, 0.47849008440971375, -0.02582804672420025, 0.26065441966056824, 0.1444454789161682, -0.28483325242996216, 0.21917052567005157, 0.4304868280887604, -0.5858908295631409, 0.15561646223068237, 0.046462252736091614, -0.5959555506706238, -0.07088272273540497, 0.33156463503837585, 0.23469382524490356, -0.2141224443912506, 0.18432261049747467, 0.4200347661972046, 0.11456321179866791, -0.4170582890510559, 0.09788308292627335, -0.10830613225698471, -0.6628364324569702, -0.254761666059494, 0.6210594177246094, -0.46623244881629944, -0.074257031083107, -0.1925620287656784, 0.33250483870506287, 0.4136302173137665, -0.4208548963069916, 0.28468430042266846, 0.32260191440582275, -0.051355425268411636, 0.09482292830944061, -0.3708554804325104, 0.2149333655834198, -0.3315306603908539, -0.6296702027320862, -0.9734508991241455, 0.007099708076566458, 0.3842923641204834, -0.685987114906311, 0.16749207675457, -0.47959575057029724, -0.039008837193250656, 0.44219839572906494, 0.4238618016242981, -0.530230700969696, -0.15891358256340027, 0.5633186101913452 ]
230779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Shaw%20%28naval%20officer%29	John Shaw (naval officer)	John Shaw (177317 September 1823) was an Irish-born American offcer in the United States Navy. Personal life A third-generation Anglo-Irishman, John Shaw's father and father's father were both officers of the British Armed Forces. The family of his mother—Elizabeth Barton—were also English emigrants to Ireland. John Shaw himself was born in Mountmellick, Kingdom of Ireland in 1773. In 1790, 17-year-old Shaw and his brother left Ireland for the fledgling United States, arriving in New York City before heading to the nation's capitol of Philadelphia. On 9 August 1798, Shaw married the Philadelphia Quaker, Elizabeth Palmer, with whom he had two surviving daughters: Elizabeth Shaw married Francis Gregory and had seven children; her younger sister Virginia married William F. Lynch and bore two children. After the death of Elizabeth, Shaw wedded Mary Breed of Charleston, Massachusetts in her hometown on 13 October 1820. Shaw died from illness in Philadelphia on 17 September 1823 at the age of 50. Pre-Naval work Having discovered a taste for life on the ocean, Shaw sailed from the US in 1791 and worked aboard ships, making four round-trips to Guangdong through 1797. During his second trip to Qing-ruled China, Shaw was on aboard the ship Sampson when it repelled an attack by British Malayan proas in the Bangka Strait; on his third voyage, he served as third officer, and by his fourth excursion to East Asia, Shaw was his ship's first officer. Shaw was one of several-hundred members of the Macpherson's Blues irregular military; Shaw was a Blues private in the 1794 suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion, and didn't return to Philadelphia until the end of the year. Naval sailing Quasi-War In late 1797, Shaw was the sailing master of a brig that traveled to the West Indies and returned to the States in spring 1798, having been harassed by French Naval ships in the lead-up to the Quasi-War. Having suffered these, and with the support of Brigadier General Samuel Smith, the 25-year-old Shaw applied for a commission with the nascent United States Navy. Shaw was appointed a lieutenant on 3 August 1798, and his first assignment was , patrolling the West Indies from November 1798 through October 1799 under Alexander Murray. On 20 October 1799, was placed under his command. The schooner Victory was laden with "valuable cargo from Norfolk", and had been sailing under the French flag for five days when Shaw recaptured the ship for the United States. Two days later he recaptured the brig Androscoggin, which had been under French control for six days. In spring 1800, Lieutenant Shaw sparred with an Imperial Spanish brig, captured two French privateers (Citoyenne and the schooner Seine), and a French Naval lugger carrying a divisional general of the French Army. On his own initiative, Shaw traded the French general for two American mariners held prisoner in Puerto Rico. Mid-1800 saw Shaw's Enterprise capture: the French brig Flambeau; the French privateers l'Aigle, Cygne, and Pauline (the latter carrying the French consul to Puerto Rico); the French letter-of-marque Guadaloupéenne with the same French divisional general as had been captured that spring; and eleven further captured American ships. Unwell, Shaw heeded his medics in autumn and requested to be relieved of command to seek treatment. After his replacement by Andrew Sterett, Shaw returned to the US aboard in November 1800. Shaw's one-year tenure as Enterprise skipper made the schooner "one of the famous vessels of the Navy"; the two together captured more French privateers than any other American ship in the West Indies. The following January, he was personally thanked for his service by US President John Adams and Secretary of War Samuel Dexter. Shaw was promised command of the captured French corvette, Berceau, but was brought up short when the Convention of 1800 ended the conflict, and Berceau was repatriated to the French First Republic. With the end of hostilities, Shaw's exceptional service commanding Enterprise kept him in the service at his then-current rank, even in the face of 70–75% reductions in Naval manning. 1801–1811 Taking command of on 4 May 1801, Shaw sailed the vessel to deliver tribute to Algiers, and repatriated Americans who had been captured by the deys there. When he returned to the US after his tour abroad, new laws reduced his monthly pay to . Taking a furlough from the US Navy, Shaw mastered an East Indiaman for 18 months: from the US to Isle de France to Guangdong and back to the US. When he returned to the Navy in September 1804, pursuant a new 22-May law, Shaw was promoted to master commandant. The following May, Shaw was given to serve US interests in the First Barbary War, but he arrived after the declaration of peace; Shaw returned Adams to Washington, D.C. in December 1805. Shaw was assigned to New Orleans in January 1806, instructed to commission a gunboat flotilla to patrol the Gulf of Mexico. Before the year's end, Shaw learned of the Burr conspiracy, and pushed for the construction of more gunboats—to stand against Burr's revolution, should it come to pass—without instruction to do so. In February 1807 at Natchez, Mississippi, Shaw mustered 61 guns, 448 US Military men, and the ketches Ætna and Vesuvius to capture the former vice president of the United States (VP). After Burr's capture, Shaw testified against him in Richmond, Virginia. In the aftermath of the Chesapeake–Leopard affair, Shaw sat on the court-martial of Commodore James Barron. On 27 August 1807, Shaw was promoted to captain, and from March 1808 to July 1810, he served at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. On 7 July 1810, Shaw was made commander of the New Orleans naval station—an assignment that was "proof of the Department's confidence, as he had given satisfaction when there before, and was very acceptable to the inhabitants." This assignment placed Captain Shaw under Major General James Wilkinson, the commander of all United States Armed Forces in the Louisiana Purchase since 1803. Wilkinson had been part of the Burr conspiracy before betraying the former VP, and though repeatedly acquitted, Shaw disliked serving under the man; his protestations to the Navy Department earned him naught but an order to cooperate with the senior Army officer. Before the 1812 outbreak of war with Great Britain, Shaw assisted in suppressing an "insurrection of the blacks." War of 1812 When the War of 1812 broke out with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, of the 14 gunboats vital to the defense of New Orleans, Shaw only had ten operational. Also under his command were the brigs , , and USS Enterprise; Shaw also purchased the commercial vessel Remittance on behalf of the Navy to become , a ship "criticized for her rotten condition, [Louisiana gave] a good account of at the Battle of New Orleans." While combat eschewed the Gulf until the war's waning years, and Shaw worked to prepare coastal defenses (including a blockship), he also had to contend with "extensive" piracy and smuggling on his coast. Pirate ships were duplicitously flying the flags of the newly independent United Provinces of New Granada and Captaincy General of Venezuela, and illegal attacks on Spanish ships were coming from a pirate base in Louisiana's Barataria Bay. In March 1813, Shaw commanded the naval component of General Wilkinson's seizure of the Imperial Spanish city of Mobile. When he left in October 1813, Shaw was succeeded at New Orleans by his second-in-command, Daniel Patterson. In spring 1814, Shaw was given command of a squadron of blockaded ships (, USS Macedonian, and ) in Connecticut's Thames River; Hornet escaped and captured , but Shaw's United States and Macedonian remained stuck until March 1815. 1815–1823 With the declaration of the Second Barbary War, Shaw captained United States and left for Algiers. When he arrived at Málaga in September 1815 with Commodore William Bainbridge, the conflict was already over. Bainbridge therefore took the bulk of US Naval forces back to the states, leaving Shaw in command of the US Naval assets in the Mediterranean: United States, , , , and . When he was relieved by Commodore Isaac Chauncey in autumn 1816, Shaw remained in-theater until the following November when he left for the US commanding Constellation, which was in need of repair; Shaw arrived at Hampton Roads on 26 December 1817, ending his deployment after 28 months. In April 1818, Shaw was placed in charge of the Naval Station Norfolk through the following July when he stepped down on account of poor health. Shaw took command of on 2 October 1819, and captained that ship based out of Boston Harbor for over two years. Excepting his 20 March20 September suspension by court-martial for "unofficer like conduct", Shaw remained in Greater Boston until requesting transfer to a warmer climate on 26 May 1823. On 23 August, he was offered command of Charleston Navy Yard, "a station rather of honor, however, than of active duty." Shaw accepted the assignment on 26 August, but died 22 days later in Philadelphia. Legacy The first US Naval ship named for Shaw was , commissioned on 9 April 1917 with Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Milton S. Davis in command. The second was , commissioned on 18 September 1936 with LCDR E. A. Mitchell in command. References 1773 births 1823 deaths 18th-century American naval officers 19th-century American naval officers American military personnel of the Quasi-War Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923) Irish people of British descent Irish sailors in the United States Navy military personnel from Philadelphia people from Mountmellick people of the Whiskey Rebellion United States Navy commodores United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812 United States Navy personnel who were court-martialed	[ -0.43498262763023376, 0.31632593274116516, -0.6458475589752197, -0.038754407316446304, 0.22101542353630066, 0.2303095906972885, 0.7063876390457153, -0.05768419802188873, -0.4517534673213959, -0.4001142978668213, 0.013291892595589161, -0.06360628455877304, -0.5490439534187317, 0.6114670038223267, -0.2754012644290924, 0.6230120658874512, -0.09290778636932373, 0.0622016079723835, -0.591195821762085, -0.5990166664123535, -0.5751357078552246, -0.29179292917251587, 0.20537354052066803, -0.19603979587554932, -0.13419605791568756, 0.46986228227615356, -0.0956289991736412, -0.020121116191148758, -0.1027933657169342, -0.35247063636779785, -0.037394098937511444, 0.26181939244270325, 0.3235626816749573, -0.4059964716434479, -0.6010017395019531, -0.4638443887233734, -0.5515407919883728, -0.0165810938924551, 0.1357201635837555, 0.15940696001052856, -0.28494271636009216, -0.12386606633663177, 0.5260231494903564, -0.08639136701822281, 0.08307801187038422, -0.5357838273048401, -1.6117899417877197, -0.30327343940734863, -0.3636653423309326, -0.2340584397315979, 0.5861862301826477, -0.16765642166137695, 0.7179246544837952, 0.3119574189186096, -0.42008984088897705, 0.2769617736339569, -0.3018885552883148, -0.2881329655647278, 0.19131609797477722, -0.6564583778381348, 0.5483555197715759, 0.575422465801239, 0.7955943942070007, 0.013528785668313503, 0.06101749837398529, -0.08146088570356369, -0.19628529250621796, 0.3178133964538574, -0.07995220273733139, -0.2083006352186203, 0.5683436989784241, 0.10768698900938034, 0.4271028935909271, 0.4607384204864502, -0.5020067095756531, -0.5078866481781006, 0.12434113770723343, 0.08807852864265442, 0.11379537731409073, 0.4247436821460724, -0.0012650091666728258, -0.13249164819717407, 0.7220189571380615, 0.33323150873184204, -0.5752706527709961, 0.8221276998519897, -0.5007798075675964, 0.1663655936717987, -0.12787050008773804, 0.564883828163147, 0.1952768862247467, -0.019807826727628708, 0.3621264696121216, 0.4909500479698181, 0.5622144341468811, 0.18973463773727417, -0.6367168426513672, 0.5001265406608582, -0.15059149265289307, -0.1660798341035843, -0.2445082813501358, -0.005786632187664509, 0.7866817116737366, 0.2072533220052719, -0.1257491111755371, 0.27312833070755005, 0.10632392764091492, -0.19023893773555756, -0.3853127360343933, -0.5956459045410156, 0.09708384424448013, -0.011054100468754768, -0.05887504294514656, -0.032432690262794495, -0.30513474345207214, 0.4092836380004883, 0.3307684361934662, -0.5574581623077393, -0.030208922922611237, -0.4207077622413635, -0.5770133137702942, 0.7730574011802673, -0.3069727122783661, 0.05753032863140106, -0.7131951451301575, 0.6992092728614807, 0.5192707777023315, 0.18361178040504456, -0.23776228725910187, 0.13478583097457886, -0.06698641180992126, 1.5529863834381104, -0.7977306246757507, 0.34855830669403076, -0.6268520951271057, -0.2158804088830948, -0.009453258477151394, 0.27387237548828125, -0.42218318581581116, 0.13955383002758026, -0.840225338935852, -0.5046067833900452, -1.0927335023880005, 0.1051480695605278, 0.2940808832645416, 0.06652063876390457, -0.040316712111234665, 0.32199394702911377, -0.27417048811912537, 0.19778300821781158, 0.0752071887254715, -0.15235795080661774, 0.04844850301742554, 0.233413428068161, -0.08573386073112488, -0.08507384359836578, 1.140709400177002, -0.1737302541732788, 0.19884563982486725, 0.50062495470047, -0.373281866312027, -0.21888451278209686, -0.1042260080575943, -0.30473592877388, 0.3891567289829254, 0.19466345012187958, 0.07146172970533371, -0.6568388342857361, -0.6157072186470032, -0.33875662088394165, -0.2127562165260315, -0.12127000838518143, 0.12891702353954315, -0.25616952776908875, 0.036287806928157806, 0.4936124086380005, 0.24312156438827515, 0.014375080354511738, 0.4060584604740143, -0.7856979966163635, -0.7904910445213318, 0.0447683185338974, 0.7376788854598999, -0.2660592198371887, 0.10457083582878113, 0.39334529638290405, 0.13876873254776, -0.007318967487663031, 0.5230114459991455, 0.2866508960723877, -0.11844360083341599, -0.31964075565338135, -0.07736238092184067, -0.48659056425094604, 0.763343870639801, -0.14696596562862396, -0.7131667733192444, 0.2866884768009186, 0.5591137409210205, 0.727114737033844, -0.05650847405195236, 0.04175516217947006, 0.1849277913570404, -0.2439512014389038, -0.4609028100967407, 1.2650693655014038, 0.5910546779632568, 0.22390496730804443, -0.07726524025201797, 0.637861430644989, 0.40914973616600037, -0.5537084341049194, 0.05042094364762306, 0.47399649024009705, 0.17116603255271912, -0.6898778080940247, 0.09182965010404587, -0.7056996822357178, 0.38912859559059143, -0.44188734889030457, 0.3602414131164551, 0.05243206024169922, 0.08804643154144287, 1.053951621055603, 0.2999602258205414, 0.6440570950508118, -0.6399505138397217, 0.2562803328037262, -0.4083738923072815, -0.7902305722236633, 0.09758581966161728, 0.23242920637130737, 0.019489392638206482, -0.22333389520645142, -0.17420203983783722, 0.05599047243595123, -0.0000035650759855343495, -0.24766528606414795, 0.31062355637550354, -0.10788162052631378, 0.012159494683146477, 0.5064096450805664, -0.44830256700515747, 0.005242518149316311, 0.33674156665802, 0.0808623805642128, -0.21171428263187408, -0.5993536114692688, 0.332923948764801, -0.42681577801704407, 0.7288873791694641, 0.263912171125412, 0.6856167316436768, -0.6456801891326904, -0.14085660874843597, -0.4109291434288025, 0.10769455134868622, -0.29024356603622437, -0.5599139332771301, 0.11880337446928024, -0.08685187250375748, 0.40859612822532654, -0.09789631515741348, 0.2045542299747467, 0.06877249479293823, -0.4926963746547699, -0.6795216202735901, -0.033900875598192215, 0.6558966040611267, 0.16395623981952667, 0.5182092785835266, -0.1858842819929123, 0.241195410490036, -1.2282708883285522, 0.3707406222820282, 0.06283543258905411, -0.4545634686946869, 0.042102083563804626, -0.2585054636001587, -0.4719635248184204, 0.34479036927223206, 0.20445212721824646, -0.7246896028518677, -0.2619132697582245, -0.09193268418312073, -0.16509486734867096, 0.2245355099439621, 0.03623925521969795, -0.1807742416858673, 0.5356026291847229, -0.22192105650901794, -0.08790361881256104, -0.08351341634988785, 0.7484999895095825, 0.1065332293510437, 0.27892613410949707, 0.010365239344537258, -0.6009332537651062, -0.18972820043563843, -0.4507453739643097, -0.6505398154258728, 0.5422218441963196, 0.048741403967142105, -0.16982191801071167, -0.14105740189552307, -0.5010485649108887, -0.05409858375787735, -0.06173098832368851, -5.43089485168457, -0.2793729901313782, 0.08670643717050552, 0.1635507047176361, -0.1662449985742569, -0.25595685839653015, 0.7385767102241516, -0.6655963659286499, 0.1946345716714859, -0.1848679482936859, 0.7270838022232056, 0.12447993457317352, 0.3805667757987976, 0.16891133785247803, 1.0912418365478516, 0.4970096945762634, 1.2496047019958496, -0.3737857937812805, 0.29315289855003357, -0.26453712582588196, 0.0771586149930954, 0.3707267940044403, 0.0632040724158287, -0.005362352821975946, -0.21527568995952606, -0.057010527700185776, 0.029708070680499077, 0.09701807796955109, -0.71253502368927, -0.09943646937608719, 0.014550957828760147, 0.8953268527984619, -0.05348905920982361, -0.40754255652427673, -0.3700360655784607, -0.604727029800415, 0.3764553666114807, 0.5936214923858643, 0.21697121858596802, -0.02988499030470848, 0.4018017053604126, -0.09184808284044266, -1.0791304111480713, 0.004721467848867178, 0.3176700174808502, -0.47277599573135376, -0.278087854385376, 0.5493947863578796, 0.15274523198604584, 0.5075786113739014, -0.026066141203045845, 0.42929980158805847, 0.6231264472007751, 0.265397310256958, -0.03818625956773758, -0.3240308165550232, 0.31993621587753296, 0.33066004514694214, -0.8695344924926758, -0.05066472664475441, 0.536143958568573, -0.4602598547935486, 0.07688440382480621, -0.316952109336853, 0.028760448098182678, -0.15479902923107147, 0.05271998420357704, -0.4539572298526764, 0.10555746406316757, -0.3446546196937561, -0.1405249536037445, 0.8739064335823059, 0.6730769872665405, -0.7987618446350098, 0.5668628215789795, -0.2845461368560791, -0.007805188186466694, 0.5631223320960999, -0.19885806739330292, -0.5447536706924438, 0.08516652882099152, -0.20718111097812653, 0.029763462021946907, 1.2674918174743652, 0.24663834273815155, -0.24709424376487732, -0.5891628265380859, -0.09140604734420776, -0.5264845490455627, -0.17040003836154938, -0.09608245640993118, -0.03955869376659393, -0.13482385873794556, 0.5792438387870789, 0.3374478220939636, -0.15823990106582642, -0.14617832005023956, 0.1823393553495407, 1.1282871961593628, -0.42435213923454285, 0.05347959324717522, -0.21561366319656372, -0.030164681375026703, -0.8950017690658569, 0.35890987515449524, -0.32499051094055176, 0.0939071774482727, 0.3210735619068146, 0.8349776268005371, 0.20204955339431763, 0.0378464050590992, -0.4751173257827759, -0.2649826109409332, -0.14896243810653687, 0.16974681615829468, -0.21310336887836456, 0.17586474120616913, 0.4246671795845032, 0.9715243577957153, 0.3251468539237976, -0.25405484437942505, 0.2792614698410034, 0.02499852143228054, -0.15425662696361542, -0.4346632659435272, -0.5681255459785461, 0.35198211669921875, -0.4372466504573822, -0.6166320443153381, 0.4751397371292114, 0.2663540244102478, 0.9085029363632202, -0.36415842175483704, 0.08903511613607407, 0.24073348939418793, -0.22387081384658813, -0.14595931768417358, -0.21109871566295624, 0.1495044082403183, -0.3905322849750519, -0.18266674876213074, -0.24671007692813873, -0.24526889622211456, 0.11625439673662186, 0.5404854416847229, 0.35688117146492004, 0.5569453239440918, 0.14777924120426178, -0.07529933750629425, 0.647142767906189, -0.8364306092262268, -0.8098407983779907, 0.28769829869270325, -0.3029768764972687, -0.08906273543834686, 0.22237291932106018, 0.20213502645492554, -0.18167513608932495, -0.5890671610832214, 0.4000685513019562, 0.031445544213056564, 0.47770124673843384, -0.8538151979446411, -0.4056064486503601, 0.406922310590744, 0.05145527049899101, -0.6887146234512329, 0.3129052221775055, -0.3956505060195923, 0.1984044909477234, -0.017757153138518333, -0.07165892422199249, -0.6298049688339233, -0.2682110667228699, 0.13923279941082, 0.33321329951286316, -0.157362163066864, 0.1333523392677307, 0.32500308752059937, 0.08756140619516373, 0.12918666005134583, -0.17818379402160645, -0.525330126285553, 0.3389884829521179, 0.2900855243206024, -0.03530624508857727, -0.11615041643381119, -0.6005187034606934, -0.23138616979122162, 0.06945021450519562, -0.07752902805805206, -0.15547068417072296, 0.35488268733024597, 0.4895964562892914, 0.15813253819942474, 0.20130613446235657, 0.3519512712955475, 0.3268365263938904, 0.24822118878364563, -0.42396944761276245, 0.22837568819522858, 0.7035463452339172, -0.21563208103179932, 0.47939226031303406, -0.7469719052314758, -0.9770928025245667, -0.21769678592681885, 0.22353389859199524, 0.46904969215393066, 0.25808870792388916, 0.14866332709789276, -1.1893478631973267, 0.027729103341698647, 0.10507962852716446, -0.19128967821598053, -0.2792251706123352, 0.026185577735304832, 0.5682291388511658, -0.06815023720264435, -0.49107566475868225, -0.3010052442550659, -0.07769056409597397, -0.2863751947879791, -0.5418255925178528, -0.51902174949646, 0.4733392894268036, 0.13596388697624207, -0.26004692912101746, 0.6580085754394531, 0.02220255322754383, -0.6118811368942261, 0.22841626405715942, -0.2655637562274933, 0.2204950749874115, 0.2352721393108368, -0.3866126537322998, 0.054381921887397766, 0.5096125602722168, -0.5052582025527954, -0.01834225468337536, 0.5801889300346375, 1.203054666519165, 0.6413488984107971, -0.5981560349464417, 0.24411983788013458, 0.283853143453598, 0.48058316111564636, -0.31900545954704285, -0.5137599110603333, 0.20392851531505585, 0.6123793721199036, -0.5261493921279907, -1.0319174528121948, -0.25754353404045105, 1.0977623462677002, 0.022319376468658447, 0.09680316597223282, 0.5722527503967285, 0.18729524314403534, -0.13348810374736786, -0.3221137821674347, 0.4577085077762604, -0.5962167978286743, -0.027238644659519196, 0.06433099508285522, -0.11810123920440674, -0.4492915868759155, 0.27750512957572937, -0.008704771287739277, 0.23732984066009521, -0.7680033445358276, -0.47130876779556274, -0.09931372106075287, 0.6167781352996826, -0.21621879935264587, 0.13772843778133392, 0.19528493285179138, 0.23604713380336761, 0.7176485061645508, -0.1821732223033905, -0.37161993980407715, -0.052758533507585526, -0.09510084986686707, -0.5033426880836487, -0.5896286368370056, -0.4605168104171753, -0.1008840948343277, 0.007287928368896246, 0.03990398347377777, 0.19839541614055634, -0.326036661863327, -0.036128588020801544, -0.4109513461589813, -0.043030623346567154, -0.18651241064071655, 0.06539455056190491, -0.3188460171222687, 0.4057137966156006, 0.2759958505630493, 0.09463474899530411, -0.7816095948219299, 0.5747057795524597, 0.33672285079956055, -0.33322685956954956, 0.08363380283117294, 0.021285150200128555, 0.03761688619852066, -0.060333359986543655, -0.16836915910243988, 0.2543598711490631, 0.34168583154678345, -0.7165497541427612, 0.15995176136493683, 0.28842219710350037, -0.2356017380952835, -0.16753940284252167, 0.7688978314399719, -0.4567277133464813, -0.11887556314468384, -0.057365767657756805, -0.23893441259860992, -0.36363598704338074, 0.4349067211151123, 0.21300280094146729, 0.42777150869369507, 0.34881916642189026, -0.40401023626327515, -0.46380844712257385, -0.18654918670654297, 0.5886325836181641, 0.046974148601293564, -0.40359848737716675, -0.933379054069519, 0.6600527167320251, -0.7402859330177307, 0.10904369503259659, 0.22301800549030304, -0.5580520629882812, -0.44134846329689026, 0.2683431804180145, 0.34361732006073, 0.8699468374252319, -0.06104820966720581, -0.22583284974098206, 0.03158807009458542, -0.057556621730327606, -0.14390034973621368, 0.41472160816192627, 0.006927137263119221, -0.14763620495796204, 0.1908976137638092, 0.5171437859535217, 0.5996648669242859, -0.546743631362915, -0.1334621161222458, 0.05627451092004776, 0.8827850222587585, -0.19398795068264008, 0.06754006445407867, -1.2125368118286133, -0.4975983500480652, -0.384464293718338, 0.7395417094230652, -0.1962990015745163, -0.32222604751586914, -0.16272002458572388, 0.4268520176410675, -0.37614765763282776, -0.08324949443340302, 0.5448228120803833, 0.18384985625743866, -0.20179319381713867, 0.04222720488905907, 0.17118889093399048, -0.01742624118924141, 0.1166912317276001, 0.347686767578125, 0.2535717487335205, 0.08166699856519699, -0.18631869554519653, -0.7829176783561707, 0.41814565658569336, -0.1983899176120758, -0.13973388075828552, 0.06368005275726318, 0.019876083359122276, -0.30105626583099365, 0.1994277983903885, 0.0563516840338707, -0.06536366790533066, 0.4850548505783081, -0.14306612312793732, -0.5403262376785278, 0.3029237389564514, -0.29187601804733276, 0.19231106340885162, 0.13838468492031097, 0.6566668748855591, 0.6316484212875366, 0.18861280381679535, -0.7515009641647339, 0.262301504611969, 0.11064743250608444, -0.2406245321035385, -0.1445457935333252, 0.16790124773979187, -0.5596470832824707, 0.17739322781562805, -0.7597382068634033, 0.5211097002029419, 0.4185114800930023, 0.11894435435533524, -0.8081732392311096, 0.03411008417606354, -0.26857471466064453, -0.00830638874322176, 0.8208559155464172, -0.90565025806427, -0.2963971197605133, 0.018977217376232147, 0.08896169066429138, -0.10072856396436691, -0.18748356401920319, -0.013452255167067051, -0.21285663545131683, -0.5121350884437561, -0.09425682574510574, -0.30822086334228516, -0.11791498214006424, 0.6489455103874207, 0.22902964055538177, -0.29955556988716125, 0.08259907364845276, -0.08103101700544357, -0.08364056050777435, -0.7337263226509094, 0.034514281898736954, 0.8355037569999695, 0.18738844990730286, -0.2859165072441101, 0.2867114245891571, -0.15356537699699402, -0.32854118943214417, 0.18862424790859222, -1.406923770904541, -0.26141706109046936, 0.16108117997646332, -0.44175824522972107, 0.6251629590988159, 0.5270475149154663, 0.46470895409584045, -0.4294336140155792, 0.5563101768493652, -0.6044113636016846, 0.9747156500816345, -0.0012858676491305232, -0.3499487340450287, -0.16620242595672607, 0.26947978138923645, 0.48245662450790405 ]
230780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Blissett	Luther Blissett	Luther Loide Blissett (born 1 February 1958) is a former professional footballer and manager who played for the England national team during the 1980s. Born in Jamaica, Blissett played as a striker, and is best known for his time at Watford, whom he helped win promotion from the Fourth Division to the First Division. As of 2022, Blissett holds Watford's all-time records for appearances and goals, having played 503 games and scored 186 goals. Blissett's other clubs included A.C. Milan, who paid £1m for him in 1983 before selling him back to Watford for £550,000 in 1984, and AFC Bournemouth, for whom he had a goals-to-games ratio of nearly one goal in every two appearances. Blissett was capped 14 times by England, scoring a hat-trick on his debut. After retiring from playing, Blissett turned to coaching, initially under the management of Graham Taylor at Watford, and managed Chesham United from 2006 until 2007. Since the mid-1990s, Luther Blissett has frequently been used as a pseudonym, most notably by members of the Luther Blissett Project. Club career Watford Born in Falmouth, Jamaica, Blissett began his career with Watford as an apprentice on leaving school in the summer of 1974. He turned professional for the 1975–76 season, making three appearances in the Football League Fourth Division and scoring one goal. Four goalless appearances came in the 1976–77 season, before he broke into the first team under new manager Graham Taylor in 1977–78, when his six goals in 33 games helped Watford win promotion to the Football League Third Division. 21 goals the following campaign played a big part in a second successive promotion which took them into the Football League Second Division. He remained among the club's top goalscorers over the next three seasons as Watford consolidated in the Second Division and finally reached the First Division for the first time in their history in 1982, at the end of a season in which Blissett scored 19 league goals. Blissett and his teammates made the headlines in the 1982–83 season as they surprised many by proving successful in the First Division. Watford briefly led the league in the autumn, before finishing second to Liverpool and qualified for the UEFA Cup. In Watford's first ever First Division season, Blissett was the division's top goalscorer that season with 27 goals. A.C. Milan He subsequently moved to A.C. Milan for £1 million in June 1983, but he was not as successful as he had been in England, scoring only five goals in 30 appearances. It has since been rumoured that A.C. Milan confused him with his Watford teammate John Barnes. However Italian football journalist Gabriele Marcotti believes this story is untrue. "There are two main reason for which I think it's not true," he says. "First, even the most ignorant and provincial person could see that Blissett and Barnes looked absolutely nothing alike. Second, the fact is that at that time Milan were looking for an out-and-out goalscorer and Barnes just wasn't that type of player." "No matter how much money you have here", Blissett famously complained about Italy, "you can't seem to get Rice Krispies," though he later claimed this was a joking response to what he considered a stupid question from a journalist. Return to Watford Blissett was sold back to Watford for £550,000 after one season with AC Milan. In his absence, Watford had reached their first FA Cup final, but lost to Everton, while new signing Mo Johnston was top scorer with 20 goals in the First Division. On Blissett's return, Watford failed to achieve their successes of the previous two seasons, but survived another four seasons in the First Division. Blissett scored 21 goals in his first season back in the First Division, though the Hornets could only manage a mid table finish. He also helped them reach the FA Cup semi finals in 1986–87, but a year later they were relegated with Blissett scoring just four times in the league. He remained with the club until November 1988, when he signed for AFC Bournemouth. Bournemouth Blissett was successful at Dean Court, scoring 19 times from 30 league games in 1988–89 as the Cherries finished 10th in the Second Division, after emerging as surprise promotion contenders in only their second season at that level. He scored 18 goals in 1989–90, though a slump in the second half of the season dragged the Cherries down the table and on the last day of the season they were beaten at home by Leeds United in a result which gave the visitor's promotion as Second Division champions and relegated the Cherries to the Third Division. Undeterred, Blissett continued his fine form for Harry Redknapp's team, scoring 19 goals, though it wasn't enough to earn promotion at the end of the 1990–91 campaign. Third spell at Watford Blissett returned to Watford for a third spell at the start of the 1991–92 season. They were still in the Second Division, and his 10 goals in the league that season were not enough for Watford to look like promotion contenders, meaning that they would be founder members of the rebranded Division One – rather than the new FA Premier League – for the 1992–93 season. Blissett never played a first team game for Watford again, his only action in 1992–93 coming in shape of a three-match loan spell at West Bromwich Albion, which resulted in one Division Two goal. Lower leagues He ended his English league career in late 1993 with a five-match spell with Division Three with Mansfield Town (where he scored once) that had followed 10 games with Bury. After that came a five-match spell in the Football Conference at Southport, producing two goals, and four games and a goal for Derry City in the League of Ireland, before he finally retired from playing in 1995 after a season playing for Fakenham Town in the Eastern Counties Football League. International career Although born in Jamaica, Blissett was eligible to play for England having moved to the country at a young age. After making four appearances for England under-21s, Blissett became one of the first black footballers to play for the senior team. He scored a hat-trick on his full international debut – a 9–0 win over Luxembourg, in doing so becoming the first black player ever to score a hat-trick for England. He never scored in any other international, however, despite playing for England a further 13 times. Coaching career He rejoined Watford as a coach in February 1996, coming in with returning manager Graham Taylor. He left the club in June 2001, following the appointment of Gianluca Vialli as manager. Vialli wanted to appoint his own backroom staff, and Blissett was among those deemed surplus to requirements. Taylor was publicly critical of the decision not to retain long-serving members of staff such as Blissett and Kenny Jackett. In May 2002, he moved to York City to carry out a coaching role. He later left that post and on 15 February 2006 was appointed manager of Southern League team Chesham United, which he even made two appearances for as a substitute. However, in April 2007, it was announced that Blissett would leave Chesham at the end of the season to concentrate on his involvement with the Windrush Motorsport project, which aimed to enter the Le Mans 24-hour race. On 27 March 2010, it was confirmed that Blissett had signed to Hemel Hempstead Town as a coach. In the summer of 2016, Blissett was appointed Director of Football at Burnham, briefly serving as caretaker after the departures of both Dave Tuttle and Gifton Noel-Williams. Personal life and cultural impact Blissett has worked as a television pundit for Channel 4 and Bravo's coverage of Serie A. With fellow former Watford and England footballers John Barnes and Les Ferdinand, he founded Team48 Motorsport; a team aiming to promote young racing drivers of Afro-Caribbean background. In 2008, Blissett entered a team into the British Touring Car Championship, aiming to run Alfa Romeos for white Jamaican Matthew Gore and 18-year-old black Briton Darelle Wilson. However, the project never got off the starting line and the team failed to show up for any of the races. Soccer A.M., a football magazine programme on Sky Sports, refers to the area where 'fans of the week' sit as the 'Luther Blissett Stand'. In 2011, Blissett took part in a celebrity motor race at the 2011 Silverstone Classic. He had a large crash on the opening lap, rolling the car several times. He was unhurt. Rick Parfitt Jnr won the race, with Heston Blumenthal second and Brendan Cole third. They were all raising money for the Bobby Moore fund for Cancer Research. From 2014, Blissett was racing an Alfa 156 in the BRSCC Alfashop Alfa Romeo Championship. Blissett and the "Luther Blissett Project" Blissett's name has been adopted by many people in radical activist circles as a nom de plume or collective alias when engaged in unusual performances, situationist pranks, media hoaxes, and the production of radical theory. The Luther Blissett multiple name project first began in 1994 in Italy, no doubt a consequence of his link with A.C. Milan, and has since then been widely used by artists, underground reviews, poets, performers and squatters' collectives in cities throughout Europe and South America. In 1999 "Luther Blissett" authored a historical novel called Q, which sold hundreds of thousands of copies in over ten languages. On 30 June 2004, the real Luther Blissett took part in the British television sports show Fantasy Football League – Euro 2004, broadcast on ITV. He jokingly claimed that he himself was part of the Luther Blissett Project, and read aloud the following sentence from an LBP manifesto (in Italian): "Chiunque può essere Luther Blissett, semplicemente adottando il nome Luther Blissett" [Anyone can be Luther Blissett simply by adopting the name Luther Blissett]. Career statistics Honours He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Watford on 10 March 2021. He was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Hertfordshire in July 2021. See also List of England international footballers born outside England References External links A Translated Interview with Luther Blissett from Italian Daily Newspaper L'Unità, followed by a comment from Wu Ming, the writers formerly known as the "Luther Blissett Project". BBC Sport article 1958 births Living people Jamaican footballers English footballers England under-21 international footballers England B international footballers England international footballers Watford F.C. players A.C. Milan players AFC Bournemouth players West Bromwich Albion F.C. players Bury F.C. players Mansfield Town F.C. players Derry City F.C. players Watford F.C. non-playing staff English Football League players First Division/Premier League top scorers League of Ireland players Serie A players English beach soccer players English football managers Expatriate footballers in Italy English expatriate footballers Wimborne Town F.C. players Fakenham Town F.C. players Chesham United F.C. players Chesham United F.C. managers English people of Jamaican descent Association football forwards English expatriate sportspeople in Italy Jamaican emigrants to the United Kingdom Deputy Lieutenants of Hertfordshire York City F.C. non-playing staff	[ 0.11539985239505768, 0.34322255849838257, -0.5651172995567322, -0.9727780818939209, 0.44428372383117676, 0.23995494842529297, 0.4966528117656708, -0.20206356048583984, -0.32724276185035706, 0.2855159640312195, 0.22527092695236206, 0.2138097882270813, -0.5943598747253418, 0.04315129294991493, 0.1971212476491928, 0.44640421867370605, -0.13731184601783752, -0.023032013326883316, -0.14670507609844208, -0.3499213457107544, 0.2947918772697449, -0.04958939552307129, -0.0669860988855362, 0.059188347309827805, -0.4396280348300934, 0.5149052143096924, -0.01137658953666687, -0.22546008229255676, -0.5465906262397766, -0.4861963093280792, 0.37351807951927185, 0.282744437456131, 0.7211371660232544, -0.8544760942459106, 0.05828374996781349, 0.18021036684513092, 0.13865633308887482, -0.38184887170791626, -0.6314727067947388, 0.11275922507047653, -0.1771831065416336, -0.07992886006832123, -0.21021416783332825, -0.15936459600925446, -0.3180265724658966, -0.0021735422778874636, -1.825620412826538, -0.0686090812087059, -0.6760573983192444, -0.831220805644989, -0.16270002722740173, 0.3166339695453644, 0.1834058314561844, -0.5476061701774597, 0.6382031440734863, -0.18585695326328278, 0.3082607090473175, -0.28350427746772766, -0.1024603396654129, -0.08317013829946518, 0.0013804435729980469, -0.21855416893959045, 0.4962945878505707, -0.6008222699165344, 0.19115214049816132, 0.04546866938471794, -0.3524969518184662, 0.3402983546257019, -0.25423547625541687, -0.7096858024597168, -0.19960790872573853, -0.1950996220111847, 0.39554551243782043, -0.002906590234488249, 0.17866931855678558, -0.4637594521045685, 0.12734954059123993, -0.015508126467466354, -0.03099781461060047, 0.3966842591762543, -0.13483929634094238, -0.22659087181091309, 0.764552652835846, 0.7068212628364563, 0.09850682318210602, 0.16018971800804138, -0.35665470361709595, 0.5335068106651306, -0.5453140139579773, 0.7573075294494629, -0.3012561798095703, -0.4988613426685333, -0.293239563703537, 0.014172925613820553, 0.04727478697896004, -0.29047515988349915, -0.21165849268436432, 0.7616735696792603, 0.38714489340782166, -0.55609530210495, 0.02822423167526722, 0.026554374024271965, 0.023752255365252495, -0.491495817899704, -0.1482006311416626, -0.6572097539901733, -0.08182813972234726, -0.32906901836395264, 0.10964091122150421, 0.023878945037722588, -0.7647709250450134, 0.41387027502059937, -0.18112578988075256, 0.2745741903781891, 0.4555777907371521, 0.5692449808120728, 0.023128686472773552, -0.3782508671283722, -0.42075973749160767, 0.25629177689552307, -0.3410675525665283, 0.2901502847671509, -0.4564947783946991, 0.03840053081512451, -0.7954934239387512, -0.0943211168050766, 0.14960524439811707, 0.20909152925014496, -0.310428649187088, 0.36922112107276917, 0.2272002100944519, 0.9137645959854126, -0.2800678312778473, 0.521497368812561, -0.7015900611877441, -0.22281119227409363, 0.7285789251327515, 0.012221322394907475, -0.07183711975812912, 0.08811774104833603, -0.21357905864715576, 0.45134133100509644, -0.2483634352684021, -0.29409700632095337, -0.1615099459886551, -0.29201582074165344, 0.22865870594978333, 0.13109271228313446, 0.01573031023144722, 0.27843672037124634, 0.7251625657081604, 0.3372502326965332, 0.5458495020866394, -0.8276280760765076, -0.33390989899635315, 0.7002754211425781, 0.47333472967147827, -0.034059975296258926, -0.1600118726491928, -0.023275183513760567, 0.2989010214805603, -0.059917714446783066, 0.12747566401958466, 0.21160607039928436, 0.6672660708427429, -0.2911318838596344, 0.15095429122447968, -0.841228187084198, 0.20546939969062805, -0.1558873951435089, 0.1068807989358902, 0.20326659083366394, 0.5343858599662781, 0.18520161509513855, -0.11402391642332077, -0.0400630347430706, 0.36473724246025085, 0.5786961317062378, 0.2744423747062683, -0.41824331879615784, -0.7439970374107361, -0.8016575574874878, 0.10735803842544556, 0.06259046494960785, 0.9243938326835632, 0.3731938302516937, 0.7295403480529785, 0.08199821412563324, 0.5885676145553589, 0.32273468375205994, -0.37721309065818787, -0.5887880325317383, -0.0005478481180034578, -0.4993732273578644, 0.49551400542259216, -0.0887516662478447, -0.6105996370315552, -0.6235187649726868, 0.5082128643989563, 0.5913571119308472, -0.3990362286567688, -0.11550445109605789, -0.18166734278202057, -0.0558289997279644, 0.13173219561576843, 0.10804936289787292, 0.620242714881897, 0.11253681033849716, 0.3876379430294037, 1.008972406387329, 0.08228806406259537, -1.2210749387741089, -0.39911961555480957, 0.8173012733459473, -0.4502964913845062, -0.6482483744621277, -0.5043470859527588, -0.09622734040021896, 0.30178534984588623, -0.8438653945922852, -0.3774234354496002, 0.8622879981994629, 0.004860935732722282, 0.9864391684532166, 0.12372665852308273, 0.8454132080078125, -0.23238605260849, -0.07347704470157623, -0.15032418072223663, -1.092643141746521, -0.07360053807497025, 0.8200464248657227, 0.1893039345741272, -0.16021127998828888, -0.022801561281085014, 0.036396391689777374, 0.4262418746948242, -0.5660361051559448, -0.3365333378314972, -0.4349600672721863, 0.18417507410049438, -0.1955270618200302, -0.45675474405288696, -0.16872186958789825, -0.09988044947385788, 0.11675791442394257, 0.4549591541290283, 0.46745720505714417, -0.39643844962120056, 0.19068200886249542, 0.13773129880428314, 0.40938544273376465, 0.6982295513153076, 0.15472033619880676, 0.37053778767585754, 0.1518993377685547, -0.35315969586372375, 0.2764527201652527, 0.34558913111686707, 0.3153608739376068, 0.13908852636814117, -0.031850844621658325, 0.19972346723079681, 0.08300840854644775, -0.209684357047081, -0.5904642343521118, -0.42664048075675964, -0.1085677221417427, 0.053785540163517, -0.4121418595314026, -0.05347856506705284, -0.15249505639076233, -0.07678822427988052, 0.2829012870788574, -0.39892637729644775, 0.37525445222854614, 0.43454375863075256, -0.10489235073328018, -0.1838914155960083, -0.6659531593322754, 1.1712414026260376, 0.6830246448516846, 0.07564286142587662, -0.060654446482658386, 0.18783926963806152, 0.041854988783597946, -0.6588420271873474, 0.1349073350429535, 0.2909669578075409, -0.9593374133110046, -0.20163269340991974, 0.6778383255004883, -0.41521891951560974, 0.8537859320640564, -0.34873059391975403, 0.08894140273332596, -0.3491521179676056, -0.7595776915550232, 0.4769493341445923, 0.1401807814836502, -0.1209234818816185, 0.1987001597881317, -0.31467562913894653, 0.10330628603696823, 0.4058143198490143, -0.15604308247566223, -0.4939745366573334, -0.9300293922424316, -5.308244705200195, 0.43677476048469543, 0.4539247751235962, -0.11877162009477615, 0.5460490584373474, 0.21352069079875946, 0.2812986969947815, -0.17218941450119019, -0.6608844995498657, -0.11514005810022354, -0.4026966691017151, -0.04801919311285019, -0.16927044093608856, -0.06287647038698196, 1.2351936101913452, 0.499641478061676, 1.3765769004821777, -0.4455937147140503, 0.18972143530845642, -0.25705403089523315, 0.07212327420711517, -0.12314171344041824, -0.7350119352340698, 0.25450989603996277, -0.6248738765716553, 0.4378713369369507, -0.04639820009469986, -0.09506254643201828, -0.939910888671875, -0.26323163509368896, 0.17043396830558777, 0.5523238778114319, -0.9166523218154907, 0.2647020220756531, -0.3077060878276825, -0.006143935490399599, 0.37693658471107483, 0.48434460163116455, 0.1963888704776764, -0.7521052360534668, 0.18917907774448395, 0.2296428233385086, -0.711119532585144, -0.08246234804391861, 0.4580109119415283, -0.12298521399497986, -0.6290243268013, -0.2934771776199341, -0.5534586906433105, 0.49734213948249817, 0.19818831980228424, 0.07039681077003479, -0.039280351251363754, 0.2119361162185669, -0.4972093999385834, -0.22663456201553345, 0.9116234183311462, -0.24864840507507324, -1.2026702165603638, 0.5398359894752502, 0.41756048798561096, -0.47649773955345154, 0.07997850328683853, -0.04165908321738243, -0.2002204805612564, 0.04165786877274513, 0.39756155014038086, -0.005434125661849976, 0.13307395577430725, -0.10651417076587677, -0.2461136430501938, 0.3076936900615692, 0.2043650895357132, -0.8526186943054199, -0.2654726505279541, 0.06239165738224983, 0.10018336027860641, 0.04496567323803902, -0.2637839615345001, -0.034442488104104996, 0.27818477153778076, -0.2900177240371704, 0.4445720613002777, 0.7786738872528076, 0.061938557773828506, -0.05963704362511635, -0.5771934986114502, 0.49549663066864014, -0.1985432207584381, -0.3171572983264923, 0.06061173975467682, -0.44716882705688477, -0.2596731185913086, 0.5197538137435913, 0.4510670602321625, 0.7784057259559631, 0.23102183640003204, 0.3348325192928314, 0.23178191483020782, -0.14681938290596008, -0.11884554475545883, -0.5004733800888062, -0.3350258767604828, -0.35133281350135803, -0.013345968909561634, 0.012828590348362923, -0.4836668372154236, 0.011272602714598179, 0.14737330377101898, 0.38759323954582214, 1.0911859273910522, 0.4850099980831146, -0.5715982913970947, 0.33518701791763306, -0.20822478830814362, -0.12095437943935394, -0.16766215860843658, 0.6514635682106018, -0.05918300524353981, 0.2440519481897354, -0.23930422961711884, 0.1116277277469635, -0.17438605427742004, -0.40991708636283875, -0.34744662046432495, -0.2358357310295105, 0.33135145902633667, 0.15486513078212738, -0.3443785011768341, 0.22371123731136322, -0.09954401105642319, 0.8862583637237549, 0.22701451182365417, -0.1364017277956009, -0.2091839611530304, -0.03244352713227272, -1.089193344116211, -0.1467565894126892, -0.045571524649858475, 0.32457226514816284, 0.11178474873304367, -0.21528483927249908, 0.3138226270675659, -0.04173220694065094, -0.012935750186443329, 0.1262587308883667, 0.11602258682250977, 0.028215674683451653, -0.3588550090789795, 0.5363641977310181, 0.45675697922706604, 0.15041325986385345, 0.07477223128080368, -1.0342473983764648, -0.2281007021665573, -0.034956514835357666, -0.4182545840740204, 0.028504176065325737, 0.057779330760240555, -0.3523845672607422, -0.16453556716442108, 0.09877867996692657, -1.1080224514007568, 0.48751071095466614, 0.46144264936447144, -0.04362007603049278, -0.1479097604751587, -0.2788868248462677, -0.4957369565963745, 0.720838725566864, 0.02973208948969841, -0.8601167798042297, -0.5574347972869873, 0.01437253039330244, 0.16629639267921448, -0.2725192904472351, -0.11937049776315689, -0.32945483922958374, -0.0862041711807251, -0.7761583924293518, 0.0810394212603569, 0.15341565012931824, -0.5783000588417053, -0.06412490457296371, 0.31750908493995667, -0.337863028049469, -1.2416356801986694, -0.9849313497543335, -0.14472214877605438, -0.5492821931838989, -0.06714856624603271, 0.15595196187496185, 0.3943530321121216, 1.1713941097259521, -0.14048370718955994, -0.331216961145401, 0.0010101571679115295, 0.47905203700065613, -0.07710708677768707, -0.09209461510181427, 0.17771244049072266, -0.06040772423148155, -0.051239993423223495, -0.05751818045973778, 0.19594381749629974, -0.943439781665802, -0.3345780074596405, 0.5023574233055115, -0.48592516779899597, 0.5096864700317383, -0.36135321855545044, -0.06549818813800812, -0.4910892844200134, 0.2779292166233063, -0.2110668271780014, -0.13127130270004272, 0.18522998690605164, 0.5351126790046692, -0.35461944341659546, -0.687049150466919, -0.3951067626476288, 0.10997863113880157, -1.0461267232894897, 0.09503154456615448, -0.7138909697532654, -0.3035198748111725, 0.6610257625579834, -0.08076393604278564, 0.6700294613838196, 0.18395796418190002, -0.29011422395706177, 0.022117186337709427, 0.1328641176223755, 0.3232550621032715, 0.24810609221458435, 0.2276461273431778, -0.09412973374128342, 0.23408259451389313, 0.366253137588501, -0.19907477498054504, 0.9606009721755981, 1.3388292789459229, 0.7231673002243042, -0.5406140685081482, 0.19751396775245667, 0.17611663043498993, 0.6661604642868042, -0.46707355976104736, -0.4634023904800415, 0.2369779348373413, 0.25403326749801636, 0.39554548263549805, -0.3857143521308899, -0.12813208997249603, 0.9595292210578918, -0.30317965149879456, -0.27769678831100464, -0.26399606466293335, 0.6983898878097534, 0.1446336805820465, 0.32829082012176514, 0.17605312168598175, -0.0651504322886467, 0.3111094832420349, 0.570896327495575, 0.3673861026763916, 0.12266559153795242, 0.28461506962776184, 0.505726158618927, -0.849509060382843, -0.788903534412384, 0.06395140290260315, -0.11447442322969437, 1.1775420904159546, -0.10127022862434387, -0.45643341541290283, 0.9372282028198242, -0.6539894938468933, 0.5482432246208191, -0.2405356615781784, -0.4267485737800598, 0.09043318033218384, 0.6535239219665527, -0.7084683775901794, -0.19789154827594757, -0.4072844684123993, -0.28752192854881287, -0.23490172624588013, -0.34500572085380554, -0.2994728982448578, -0.5898125767707825, 0.22500623762607574, -0.8617551922798157, -0.029891734942793846, -0.3585453927516937, 0.12869156897068024, -0.41115087270736694, 0.04948487505316734, 0.04360303655266762, -0.5325953364372253, -0.4018690288066864, 0.5250588655471802, 0.14269618690013885, 0.08239110559225082, 0.25739383697509766, 0.11804567277431488, 0.07030458748340607, -0.1927538812160492, -0.7147095799446106, 0.34770411252975464, 0.4971912205219269, -0.09356112778186798, 0.26868319511413574, 0.3049548864364624, -0.3555530309677124, -0.30001333355903625, 0.48320090770721436, -0.35513925552368164, 0.014627876691520214, 0.29141536355018616, -0.27602681517601013, -0.13745920360088348, 0.6505259871482849, 0.034145839512348175, 0.2952013313770294, 0.5005578398704529, 0.14679449796676636, -0.2274211347103119, -0.0708494707942009, 0.3533294200897217, -0.4099104404449463, -0.5170016288757324, -0.08226154744625092, 0.4933471083641052, 0.38008591532707214, -0.2090662717819214, -0.2758561372756958, -0.2805258631706238, 0.21364523470401764, 0.5406097769737244, -0.4743545353412628, 0.826076328754425, 0.5566548705101013, 0.3009604513645172, 0.1546018272638321, -0.07497023791074753, 0.05076497420668602, -0.1728743314743042, 0.1877089887857437, 0.2806735336780548, 0.10374116152524948, 0.3548232913017273, 0.3922952711582184, -0.2408926784992218, 0.3583011031150818, -0.5308523178100586, 0.8265580534934998, -0.5119988918304443, -0.9993764162063599, 0.275585800409317, -0.007704215589910746, -0.041717529296875, 0.480977326631546, -0.07626426219940186, -0.03795575723052025, -0.7315071225166321, -0.46549665927886963, -0.9562526345252991, -0.07995732128620148, 1.1760345697402954, 0.7234660983085632, -0.11750741302967072, 0.08204335719347, 0.6536607146263123, 0.37730419635772705, -0.1484714299440384, 0.4090159237384796, -0.1512412428855896, -0.12222554534673691, -0.23281551897525787, -0.5507153868675232, 0.2412206381559372, -0.2830604016780853, -0.03087819553911686, 0.04212222248315811, -0.5759682655334473, -0.2151898592710495, 0.5172361135482788, -0.058891210705041885, -0.49158912897109985, 0.32179996371269226, -0.4783002436161041, -0.7852224111557007, -0.422244668006897, -0.40089038014411926, 0.2870367467403412, -0.1712699830532074, 0.8343132734298706, 0.935452938079834, -0.22217443585395813, -0.010725830681622028, 0.5277220606803894, -0.4485568404197693, 0.3153914213180542, 0.047088369727134705, 0.2110099196434021, -0.5674362182617188, 0.2065107673406601, -0.13533928990364075, 1.1133599281311035, 0.7449551820755005, 0.17839142680168152, -0.5407006144523621, 0.1553989201784134, -0.34854578971862793, 0.13400834798812866, 0.0646250769495964, -0.26507505774497986, 0.2929634749889374, -0.38093963265419006, 0.4595009982585907, 0.37964728474617004, 0.33028098940849304, -0.1073579341173172, 0.3514406681060791, 0.045163460075855255, 0.18940173089504242, -0.455099880695343, -0.3074163496494293, 0.6537076234817505, -0.05931105092167854, -0.18365435302257538, -0.17101384699344635, -0.47124582529067993, -0.3651248514652252, -0.8694044351577759, 0.6457058191299438, 0.7230998277664185, 0.6067577600479126, -0.514825701713562, 0.3257043957710266, 0.12742795050144196, 0.3704531788825989, -0.11995727568864822, -0.17772579193115234, -0.09087035804986954, 0.22391915321350098, -0.43193021416664124, 0.47367599606513977, 0.3397272229194641, 0.5571512579917908, -0.3560183346271515, 0.004322909750044346, -0.5904285907745361, 0.2863556444644928, -0.10310789197683334, -0.7502360939979553, 0.36323219537734985, 0.07096527516841888, -0.004009014926850796 ]
230781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Ireland	History of the Republic of Ireland	The Irish state came into being in 1919 as the 32 county Irish Republic. In 1922, having seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, it became the Irish Free State. It comprised 32 counties until 6 counties under the control of Unionists, opted out. The 1937 constitution renamed the 'Southern Ireland' state 'Ireland'. In 1949, only 26 counties explicitly became a republic under the terms of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, definitively ending its tenuous membership of the British Commonwealth. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Communities (EC) as a member state which would later become the European Union (EU). Upon its foundation, the Irish Free State was embroiled in a civil war between nationalists supporting the Treaty and opponents who supported the existing Republic. The pro-Treaty side, organised as Cumann na nGaedheal, emerged victorious from the conflict and won subsequent elections. They formed the government of the state until 1932, when they peacefully handed over power to the anti-Treaty faction in Fianna Fáil, who defeated them in an election. The Irish state, despite its violent beginnings, has remained a liberal democracy throughout its existence. Changes in the 1930s removed many of the links with Britain established under the Treaty and Ireland's neutrality in the Second World War demonstrated its independence in foreign policy matters from Britain. In the economic sphere, the Irish state has had a mixed performance. On independence, it was one of the wealthier countries in Europe per head of population. However it also inherited from British rule the problems of unemployment, emigration, uneven geographical development and lack of a native industrial base. For much of its history, the state struggled to rectify these problems. Particular peaks of emigration were recorded during the 1930s, 1950s and 1980s, when the Irish economy recorded little growth. In the 1930s, Fianna Fáil governments attempted to create Irish domestic industries using subsidies and protective tariffs. In the late 1950s, these policies were dropped in favour of free trade with selected countries and encouraging of foreign investment with low taxes. This was expanded when Ireland entered the European Economic Community in 1973. In the 1990s and 2000s, Ireland experienced an economic boom known as the Celtic Tiger, in which the country's GDP surpassed many of its European neighbours. Immigration also surpassed emigration, bringing the state's population up to over 4 million. However, since 2008, Ireland has experienced a severe crisis in the banking sector and with sovereign debt. The resultant economic slump has deepened the effect of the world recession on Ireland. From 1937 to 1998, the Irish constitution included an irredentist claim on Northern Ireland as a part of the national territory. However, the state also opposed and used its security forces against those armed groups – principally the Provisional Irish Republican Army – who tried to unite Ireland by force. This occurred in the 1950s, throughout the 1970s and 1980s and has continued on a reduced scale. Irish governments meanwhile tried to broker an agreement to the conflict known as the Troubles within Northern Ireland from 1968 to the late 1990s. The British government officially recognised the right of the Irish government to be a party to the Northern negotiations in the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985. In 1998, as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Irish constitution was altered by referendum to remove the territorial claim to Northern Ireland and instead extend the right of Irish citizenship to all the people of the island should they wish to have it. Background to independence Separatism, rebellion and partition From Union in 1801 until 6 December 1922 the whole of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. However, from the 1880s, there had been long-standing nationalist agitation for autonomy or Home Rule. Other, more radical voices such as the Irish Republican Brotherhood called for independence, but these were in a minority. In 1912–1913, the Liberal government in Britain proposed a Bill for Home Rule. Alarmed, unionists in the north organized the Ulster Volunteers, an armed militia proposing to resist Home Rule by force. Nationalists in response founded the Irish Volunteers. Arising out of this stand off, the partition of Ireland was proposed in three way talks between the Irish Parliamentary Party, the Unionist Party and the British government. In 1914, the UK Parliament enacted a Third Irish Home Rule Bill but suspended its effect until after World War I. The nationalist leader John Redmond pledged support for the British war effort and many Irishmen served in the British Army (see Ireland and World War I), but the war and the frustration of nationalist ambitions regarding Home Rule led to a radicalisation of Irish nationalism. In 1916, a group of IRB activists within the Irish Volunteers led an insurrection aimed at Irish independence in Dublin, known as the Easter Rising. The rebellion did not have popular support and was put down within a week, but the execution of its leaders, and the subsequent wholesale arrest of radical nationalist activists proved very unpopular with the nationalist public. Coming directly after the Rising, a further attempt was made at the Irish Convention to resolve the impasse over Home Rule, but without success. Finally, the British proposal to extend conscription for the war to Ireland provoked widespread resistance, (see Conscription Crisis of 1918) and discredited the Irish Parliamentary Party who had supported the British war effort. All of these factors led to a swing towards support for Sinn Féin – the party which was led by veterans of the Easter Rising and which stood for an independent Irish Republic. In the 1918 Irish general election, Sinn Féin won the vast majority of seats, many of which were uncontested. Sinn Féin's elected candidates refused to attend the UK Parliament at Westminster and instead assembled in Dublin as a new revolutionary parliament called "Dáil Éireann". They declared the existence of a new state called the "Irish Republic" and established a system of government to rival the institutions of the United Kingdom. The first meeting of the Dáil coincided with an unauthorised shooting of two RIC men in Tipperary, now regarded as the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence. From 1919 to 1921 the Irish Volunteers (now renamed as the Irish Republican Army, being deemed by the Dáil to be the army of the new Irish Republic) engaged in guerrilla warfare against the British army, the RIC and paramilitary police units known as the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries. The violence started out slowly, with only 19 deaths in 1919, but escalated sharply from the second half of 1920 and in the first six months of 1921 alone there were 1,000 deaths on all sides. The principle political leader of the republican movement was Éamon de Valera – the President of the Republic. However he spent much of the conflict in the United States, raising money and support for the Irish cause. In his absence, two young men, Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy rose to prominence as the clandestine leaders of the IRA – respectively Director of Intelligence and Chief of Staff of the guerrilla organisation. There were several failed attempts to negotiate an end to the conflict. In the summer of 1920, the British government proposed the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (which passed into law on 3 May 1921) that envisaged the partition of the island of Ireland into two autonomous regions Northern Ireland (six northeastern counties) and Southern Ireland (the rest of the island, including its most northerly county, Donegal). However, this was not acceptable to southern republicans and only the entity of Northern Ireland was established under the Act in 1921. The political entity of Southern Ireland was superseded in 1922 by the creation of the Irish Free State. After further failed talks in December 1920, the guerrilla conflict was brought to an end in July 1921, with a truce agreed between the IRA and the British. Talks were then formally begun in pursuit of a peace settlement. To some extent, the War of Independence exposed political and religious fissures in Irish society. The IRA killed over 200 civilians as alleged informers in the conflict. It has been alleged that groups like Protestants and ex-servicemen were disproportionately represented in this figure – an argument disputed by other historians. However whether due to violence and intimidation or due to their loyalty to the British presence in Ireland, between 1911 and 1926 some 34 percent of the Free State's Protestant population – or about 40,000 people – left the 26 counties, mostly for Northern Ireland or Great Britain. While there were many reasons for this, secession from the United Kingdom was a factor in Protestant emigration. Anglo-Irish Treaty Negotiations between the British and Irish negotiating teams produced the Anglo-Irish Treaty, concluded on 6 December 1921. The Irish team was led by Michael Collins, who had organised the IRA intelligence during the War of Independence. The British team led by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were prepared to make concessions on Irish independence but would not concede a republic. Towards the end of negotiations, Lloyd George threatened, "immediate and terrible war" if the Irish did not accept the terms offered. The Treaty envisaged a new system of Irish self-government, known as "dominion status", with a new state, to be called the Irish Free State. The Free State was considerably more independent than a Home Rule Parliament would have been. It had its own police and armed forces and control over its own taxation and fiscal policy, none of which had been envisaged under Home Rule. However, there were some limits to its sovereignty. It remained a dominion of the British Commonwealth and members of its parliament had to swear an oath of loyalty to the British monarch. The British also retained three naval bases, known as the Treaty Ports. In addition, the Irish state was obliged to honour the contracts of the existing civil service—with the exception of the Royal Irish Constabulary, which was disbanded, albeit with full pensions—payable by the Irish state. There was also the question of partition, which pre-dated the Treaty but which was copper-fastened by it. In theory, Northern Ireland was included under the terms of the Treaty but under Article 12 was, given the option to opt out within a month. (See Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922) Thus for three days from midnight on 6 December 1922 the newly established Irish Free State, in theory included all of the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland). However, in practice, Northern Ireland was already a functioning autonomous area by this time and it formally left the Irish Free State on 8 December 1922. As a result of these limits to the Free State's sovereignty, and because the Treaty dismantled the Republic declared by nationalists in 1918, the Sinn Féin movement, the Dáil and the IRA were all deeply split over whether to accept the Treaty. Éamon de Valera, the President of the Republic was the most prominent leader of those who rejected the Treaty. Among other things, he objected to the fact that Collins and the negotiating team had signed it without the authorisation of the Dáil Cabinet. Civil War On a vote of 64 to 57, the Dáil narrowly passed the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 7 January 1922. Éamon de Valera, President of the Republic and several other cabinet members resigned in protest. The pro-Treaty leadership of Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, organised in a Provisional Government, set about establishing the Irish Free State created by the Treaty. To this end, they began recruiting for a new army, based initially at Beggars Bush Barracks in Dublin, composed of pro-Treaty IRA units. They also began recruiting for a new police, the Civic Guard, to replace the RIC which was disbanded as of August 1922. However a majority of the IRA led by Rory O'Connor opposed the Treaty, on the grounds that it disestablished the Irish republic, which they argued they were sworn to defend, and that it imposed a declaration of fidelity to the British monarch on Irish parliamentarians. The IRA held a convention in March 1922, in which they renounced their allegiance to the Dáil and vested it in their own Army Council. O'Connor in April led the occupation by anti-Treaty forces of several public buildings in Dublin, notably the Four Courts – centre of the Irish legal system. Éamon de Valera, while not in command of the anti-Treaty IRA, also led political opposition to the Treaty in a new party named Cumann na Poblachta. With two rival Irish armed forces now in the country, civil war looked likely from the spring of 1922. Three events set it off. The first was the election of 18 June 1922, which the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin party won, giving the Free State a popular mandate. The second was the assassination by Irish republicans in London of a retired British general Henry Hughes Wilson. While it is not clear who ordered the killing, the British government assumed it was the anti-Treaty IRA and ordered Collins to act against them or risk armed British intervention to do it. The third trigger was the kidnapping by the IRA in the Four Courts of Free State general, JJ "Ginger" O'Connell. This combination of events forced the Collins government to assault and take the anti-Treaty positions in Dublin, which it succeeded in doing after a week's fighting in July 1922. Éamon de Valera declared his support for the anti-Treaty IRA after the outbreak of hostilities. A further military offensive secured the Free State control over the other major towns and cities in its territory by the beginning of August. Despite their defeat in open warfare, the IRA regrouped and took up a guerrilla campaign, as they saw it, to restore the Irish Republic. The war dragged on in a guerrilla form until April 1923. In August 1922, the Free State was rocked by the death of its two main leaders. Michael Collins was killed in an ambush at Béal na mBláth, Cork, on 22 August 1922 and Arthur Griffith died of a stroke a week earlier. W. T. Cosgrave assumed control of both the Irish Republic's cabinet and the Provisional Government and both administrations disappeared simultaneously shortly afterwards, replaced by the institutions of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922. The anti-Treaty IRA under Liam Lynch tried to use the same guerrilla tactics against the Free State as they had against the British in 1919–1921. However, without the same degree of popular support, they were less effective. By late 1922, the Irish National Army had taken all the major towns in the country and reduced the IRA's campaign to small scale attacks. A very large number of anti-Treaty fighters, some 12,000 in all, were interned by the Free State. Moreover, as it went on the war produced acts of great cruelty on both sides. The Free State embarked on a policy of selective executions – 77 prisoners were judicially shot with over 100 more 'unofficially' killed in the field. The anti-Treaty forces assassinated one pro-Treaty member of Parliament, and several other civilian politicians, wounded more and burned their houses. However the Free State's tactics of internment and executions combined to cripple the anti-Treaty forces by April 1923. The death in action of Liam Lynch in this month led to the anti-Treaty IRA, under the orders of Frank Aiken and on the urgings of civilian leader de Valera, calling a ceasefire and to "dump arms". There was no negotiated end to the war however. The Civil War between Irish nationalists created a great deal of bitterness and the Civil War cleavage also produced the two main parties of independent Ireland in the 20th century. The number of dead has yet to be accurately counted but is considered to be around 2,000; at least as high as the number killed in the preceding War of Independence. The Irish state, 1922–1939 Immediately after the Civil War, elections were held in which anti-Treaty Sinn Féin were allowed to participate. Although many of their candidates, including Éamon de Valera, were imprisoned, they won about one third of the vote. However the pro-Treaty side, organised in Cumann na nGaedheal, won a comfortable majority and went on to form the government of the new state until 1932. The Cumann na nGaedheal governments, led by WT Cosgrave, were highly conservative – being more concerned with establishing the state's basic institutions after the havoc of the Civil War than with social or political reform. According to Kevin O'Higgins, the Minister for Justice, "we were the most conservative group of revolutionaries ever to have carried out a successful revolution". The Irish Civil Service was largely inherited intact from the British and senior civil servants such as C.J. Gregg were 'lent' to the Irish from London to get the new state's bureaucracy off the ground. The new service, and especially its comptroller, Joseph Brennan were initially most concerned with balancing the state's budget and avoiding long-term in-debtedness The Free State printed its own notes (the punt), and minted its own coins but their value remained tied to British sterling currency until the 1970s. Whereas the British had devolved much power to local government in the 1890s, one of the Free State's first acts was to abolish many of the powers of County Councils and replace them with unelected County managers. This was partly due to the allegiance of some councils to the anti-Treaty side in the Civil War, but also due to the belief that giving power to local government bred corruption. One of the major successes of the Cumann na nGaedheal governments was to establish the police, the Garda Síochána, as an unarmed and politically neutral force, relatively untainted by the bitterness of the civil war. On the economic front, the Cosgrave administration saw its role as supporting the Irish agricultural export sector by consolidating farms and improving the quality of their produce. Ernest Blythe, the first Minister for Finance, in a bid to reduce the public debt, cut public expenditure from £42 million in 1923 to £27 million in 1926. The Cumann na nGeadhael governments did not see providing social services as a priority and instead cut income tax from 5 shillings to 3 shillings. One exception to the generally low level of public spending was the Shannon hydroelectric scheme, which provided Ireland's first autonomous source of electricity. While the last prisoners of the Civil War were released in 1924, the Free State retained extensive emergency powers to intern and even execute political opponents, under a series of Public Safety Acts (1923, 1926 and 1931). These powers were used after the IRA assassinated Minister Kevin O'Higgins (in revenge for the executions during the Civil War) in 1927 after which several hundred IRA suspects were interned. Fianna Fáil comes to power The political representatives of the anti-Treaty side had re-grouped in 1926 as Fianna Fáil, leaving only a minority of intransigent republicans in Sinn Féin and the IRA who refused to recognise the legitimacy of the state. Fianna Fáil initially refused to take their seats after being elected to the Dáil. However, they entered the parliament in 1927, in part to disassociate themselves from the killing of Kevin O'Higgins. Initially Cumann na nGaedheal had been popular as the party that had established the state, but by 1932, their economic conservatism and continued repression of anti-Treaty Republicans was becoming unpopular. Fianna Fáil won the 1932 election on a programme of developing Irish industry, creating jobs, providing more social services and cutting the remaining links with the British Empire. In 1932, Fianna Fáil entered government in coalition with the Labour Party, but a year later they won an absolute majority. They would be in government without interruption until 1948 and for much of the rest of the 20th century. One of Fianna Fáil's first actions in government was to legalise the IRA and to release imprisoned republicans. IRA members began attacking Cumann na nGaedhal supporters, who they considered "traitors" at rallies. This greatly antagonised pro-Treaty Civil War veterans, who in response formed the quasi-fascist Blueshirts (initially the "Army Comrades Association"), led by the former Garda Commissioner Eoin O'Duffy to oppose the IRA. There were frequent riots and occasional shootings between the two factions in the early 1930s. De Valera banned the Blueshirts in 1933, after a threatened march on the Dáil, in imitation of Mussolini's March on Rome. Not long afterwards, in 1936, de Valera made a clean break with political violence when he banned the increasingly left-wing IRA after they murdered a landlord's agent, Richard More O'Farrell, in a land dispute and fired shots at police during a strike of Tramway workers in Dublin. In 1939 it enacted the Offences against the State Act for the prosecution of illegal armed groups, an act similar to those passed by previous governments to combat dissident militant groups. Economic nationalism and trade war with Britain Fianna Fáil's economic programme marked a sharp break with their predecessors in Cumann na nGaedheal. Instead of free trade, which benefited mainly substantial farmers, Fianna Fáil pursued the nationalist aim of establishing Irish domestic industries, which were protected from foreign competitors by tariffs and subsidies. Fianna Fáil made it mandatory for foreign companies to have a quota of Irish members on their boards. They also set up a large number of semi-state companies such as the Electricity Supply Board and the Turf Development Board. While this state-led strategy had some positive results, emigration remained high throughout this period, with up to 75,000 leaving for Britain in the late 1930s. In the course of their pursuit of economic independence, Fianna Fáil also provoked what is known as the Anglo-Irish Trade War with Britain in 1933, by refusing to continue paying back "land annuities" money provided under the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 by the British Government to enable Irish farmers purchase their own land. The British in retaliation raised tariffs on Irish agricultural produces, hurting Ireland's export trade. De Valera in turn raised taxes on the importation of British goods. The burden of this standoff fell on the cattle farmers, who could no longer sell their cattle at competitive rates in Britain. Additionally the Fianna Fáil government continued to collect half the land annuities as taxation. Police and sometimes troops were used to seize cattle off farmers who would not or could not pay. Farmers aggrieved at these policies were one of the principal support bases of the Blueshirt movement The dispute with Britain was finally settled in 1939. Half of the land annuity debt (c. £90 million) was written off and the rest paid as lump sum. The British also returned to Ireland the Treaty ports, which they had retained since the Treaty of 1922. Irish control over these bases made possible Irish neutrality in the looming Second World War. Constitutional status The Free State from 1922–1937 was a constitutional monarchy over which the British monarch reigned (from 1927 with the title "King of Ireland"). The Representative of the Crown was known as the Governor-General. The Free State had a bicameral parliament and a cabinet, called the "Executive Council" answerable to the lower house of parliament, the Free State Dáil. The head of government was called the President of the Executive Council. The parliament of the UK passed The Statute of Westminster 1931, which granted legislative independence to the six Dominions, Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa. In 1932, after Éamon de Valera and Fianna Fáil's victory in the general election, the 1922 Irish Free State constitution was amended through a series of legislative changes, was subsequently replaced with a new constitution. This document was drawn up by the de Valera administration. It was approved by the electorate in a plebiscite by a simple majority. On 29 December 1937, the new "Constitution of Ireland" came into effect, renaming the Irish Free State to simply "Éire" or in the English language "Ireland". The Governor-General was replaced by a President of Ireland and a new more powerful prime minister, called the "Taoiseach", came into being, while the Executive Council was renamed the "Government". Though it had a president, the new state was not a republic. The British monarch continued to reign theoretically as "King of Ireland", and was used as an "organ" in international and diplomatic relations, with the President of Ireland relegated to symbolic functions within the state but never outside it. Status of Northern Ireland The AngloIrish Treaty provided that should Northern Ireland choose not be included in the Free State, a Boundary Commission would be set up to revise the borders between the two jurisdictions. The Irish perspective was that this was intended to allow largely nationalist areas of Northern Ireland to join the Free State, and shortly after the establishment of the Free State this commission came into being. However the commission concentrated on economic and topographic factors, rather than the political aspirations of the people who would be living near the new border. In 1925, the Boundary Commission report, contrary to expectations, proposed ceding some small areas of the Free State to Northern Ireland. For a variety of reasons the governments agreed to accept the original Northern Ireland/Southern Ireland delineation in return for Britain dropping the Irish obligation to share in paying Britain's Imperial debts. The Dáil approved the boundary by a large margin of 71 to 20. World War II, neutrality, and "the Emergency" 1939–1945 The outbreak of the Second World War put the state and the de Valera government in a difficult situation. It came under pressure from Britain and later the US, to enter the war, or at least to allow the allies to use its ports. However, there remained a minority who felt that national independence had yet to be achieved and who were resolutely opposed to any alliance with Britain. For this reason, de Valera ensured that the state remained neutral throughout the War which was officially known as the "Emergency". The state's decision to adopt neutrality was influenced by memories of the AngloIrish War and the Civil War, and the state's lack of military preparedness for involvement in a war. The remnants of the IRA, which had split several times into ever smaller groupings since 1922, embarked on a bombing campaign in Britain (see Sabotage Campaign (IRA)) and some attacks in Northern Ireland (see Northern Campaign), intended to force a British withdrawal from Northern Ireland. Some of its leadership, notably Seán Russell, sought help from Nazi Germany for this project. De Valera, considering this activity a threat to Irish neutrality and therefore to the state's vital interests, interned all active IRA members and executed several. Another was hanged in Northern Ireland for shooting a policeman. Behind the scenes the Irish state worked with the Allies; in 1940, the government agreed provisionally with Britain that it would accept the entry of British troops and put its own armed forces under their command should the Germans invade Ireland – see Plan W. There was a provisional German plan for an invasion of Ireland, known as Operation Green, but it was never carried out. Additionally, Irish fire fighters were sent to Northern Ireland to help fight the fires caused by the German bombing of Belfast in 1941 (See Belfast Blitz). There were a number of further examples of cooperation. German pilots who crashed in Ireland were interned while Allied airmen were returned to Britain. There was also mutual sharing of intelligence. For example, the date of the D-Day Normandy landings was decided on the basis of transatlantic weather reports supplied by the Irish state. It is estimated that between 43,000 and 150,000 men from Ireland took part, with that number roughly evenly divided between Northern Ireland and the southern state. Conversely, following the suicide of Adolf Hitler, de Valera, following diplomatic protocol, controversially offered condolences to the German ambassador. Economically, the war was a difficult time for the state. Industrial production fell by 25%. Unlike the First World War, when Irish farmers had made substantial profits selling food to Britain, in the Second World War, Britain imposed strict price controls on Irish agricultural imports. Due to the war, imports to Ireland dried up, leading to a drive for self-sufficiency in food and strict rationing, which continued until the 1950s. Nevertheless, as a result of neutrality, Ireland emerged from the war having been spared the physical destruction and extreme hardship undergone by combatant nations on the European mainland. 1949 – Declaring a republic On 18 April 1949 the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, which had been enacted by the Oireachtas, came into force. That legislation described Ireland as the Republic of Ireland but did not change the country's name. The international and diplomatic functions previously vested in or exercised by the king were now vested in the President of Ireland who finally became unambiguously the Irish head of state. Under the Commonwealth rules then in force, the declaration of a republic automatically terminated the state's membership of the British Commonwealth. Unlike India, which became a republic shortly afterwards, Ireland chose not to reapply for admittance to the Commonwealth. Though a republic since 1949, the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 that had established the Kingdom of Ireland was not finally repealed until 1962, along with many other obsolete Parliament of Ireland statutes. However, long before that, the British Government in its Ireland Act 1949 recognised that "the Republic of Ireland had ceased to be part of His Majesty's dominions" (but would not be "a foreign country" for the purposes of any law). The state joined the United Nations in December 1955, after a lengthy veto by the Soviet Union. Turned away by the veto of France in 1961, the state finally succeeded in joining the European Communities (now known as the European Union) in 1973. Current history Economic, political and social history, 1945–1998 Ireland emerged from the Second World War in better condition than many European countries, having been spared direct involvement in the war and with an income per capita higher than that of most belligerent countries. Ireland also benefited from a loan under the Marshal Plan; $36 million, at 2% interest. The money was spent on an extensive housing and slum-clearing project and a successful campaign to eradicate tuberculosis. However, whereas most European countries experienced a sustained economic boom in the 1950s, Ireland did not, its economy growing by only 1% a year during the decade. Ireland as a result experienced sharp emigration of around 50,000 per year during the decade and the population of the state fell to an all-time low of 2.81 million. The policies of protectionism and low public spending which had predominated since the 1930s were widely viewed to be failing. Fianna Fáil's political dominance was broken in 1948–51 and in 1954–1957, when coalitions led by Fine Gael (descendants of Cumann na nGaedheal), and including the Labour Party and Clann na Poblachta won elections and formed the government. However, the periods of coalition rule did little to radically alter government policies. An initiative by Noël Browne, the Minister for Health, to introduce the Mother and Child Scheme, providing free medical care to mothers and children, came to nothing when opposed by the Catholic Church and by private medical practitioners. Poor economic growth and lack of social services led Seán Lemass, who succeeded the veteran Éamon de Valera as leader of Fianna Fáil and as Taoiseach in 1958, to state that if economic performance did not improve, the very future of the independent Irish state was at risk. "[Something] has got to be done now... If we fail everything else goes with it and all the hopes of the past will have been falsified". Lemass, along with T. K. Whitaker as Secretary of the Department of Finance, set specific plans for economic growth, including planned investment in industrial infrastructure and dropping of many protective tariffs and giving tax incentives to foreign manufacturing companies to set up in Ireland. Attracting foreign direct investment has remained a central part of Irish economic planning since that time. The economic plans of the Lemass era yielded economic growth of 4% a year between 1959 and 1973. A result of having more public revenue was more investment in social infrastructure – free secondary education, for instance, was instituted in 1968, by the then Minister for Education, Donough O'Malley. Emigration fell as living standards in Ireland went up by 50% and began to catch up with the European average. However, in the 1970s, the world energy crisis – where OPEC countries withheld supplies of oil – resulted in rising inflation and a budget deficit in Ireland. From 1973 to 1977 a coalition government of Fine Gael and Labour tried to keep spending under control by imposing a series of cuts in public spending. The period of economic crisis of the late 1970s provoked a new economic crisis in Ireland that would endure throughout the 1980s. Fianna Fáil, back in power after the 1977 election, tried to reactivate the economy by increasing public spending, which by 1981 amounted to 65% of Irish GNP. Irish national debt in 1980 was £7 billion or 81% of GNP. By 1986, it was over £23 billion – 142% of Irish GNP. This massive public debt hindered Irish economic performance throughout the 1980s. The governments of Charles Haughey (Fianna Fáil) and Garret FitzGerald (Fine Gael/Labour) borrowed even more, and income tax rates went up to between 35% and 60% of wage earners' income. The combination of high taxes and high unemployment caused emigration to pick up again, with up to 40,000 leaving the country each year in that decade. Power alternated between the Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, with some governments not even lasting a year, and in one case, three elections in a period of 18 months. Starting in 1989 there were significant policy changes with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in competition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending. There was also a "Social Partnership Agreement" with the trade unions, whereby unions agreed not to strike in return for gradual, negotiated pay increases. These policies was started by the 1989–1992 Fianna Fáil/Progressive Democrat government, with the support of the opposition Fine Gael, and continued by the subsequent Fianna Fáil/Labour government (1992–1994) and Fine Gael/Labour Party/Democratic Left governments (1994–1997). This was known as the Tallaght Strategy, where the opposition promised not to oppose certain necessary economic measures brought in by the government of the day. The Irish economy returned to growth by the 1990s but unemployment remained high until the second half of that decade. "Celtic Tiger;" Economic growth of 1990s–2008 The state had had a disappointing economic performance for much of its existence, but it became one of the fastest growing economies in the world by the 1990s, a phenomenon known as the Celtic Tiger. One factor in this was a policy of attracting foreign investment by offering very low taxes on profits ("corporations taxes", which were set at 12%) and by investing in education – offering a well-educated work force at relatively low wages and access to the now-open European market. The second factor was getting public spending under control by a series of agreements, termed 'social partnership' with the trade unions – where gradual increases in pay were awarded in return for no industrial action. However it was not until the second half of the 1990s that figures for unemployment and emigration were reversed. By the early 2000s, the Republic had become the second richest (in terms of GDP per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity) member of the European Union, had moved from being a net recipient of EU funds to a net contributor, and from a position of net emigration to one of net immigration. In 2005, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power parity) became the second highest in the world (behind Switzerland) with 10 percent of the population born abroad. The population grew to an all-time high for the state of about 4.5 million. By 2000 Ireland had a substantial budget surplus and the first decade of the new millennium also saw a significant expansion of public spending on infrastructure and social services. As against this, several state-run industries were also privatised – Eircom for instance. In 2002, Irish national debt was 32% of GNP and fell further until 2007. The Celtic Tiger started in the mid-1990s and boomed until 2001, when it slowed down, only to pick up again in 2003. It slowed again in 2007 and in June 2008 the Irish Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) predicted that Ireland would go into recession briefly before growth would resume. However, since 2001, the Irish economy had been heavily dependent of the property market and when this crashed in 2008, the country's economy was badly hit. Economic and political history 2008–present The Irish banks had invested heavily in loans to property developers and were facing ruin as result of the property markets' collapse and also the international 'Credit crunch' or drying up of loans from abroad. Much of the Irish economy and public finances had also depended on the property market and its collapse at roughly the same time as the banking crisis impacted all parts of the Irish economy. It also meant that revenue collected by the state fell radically. This situation was compounded by the assumption by the state of the banks' debts in 2008. The Irish government led by Brian Cowen, following a late-night meeting with all the senior banking officials in the country on 30 September 2008, agreed to cover all of the banks' debts. This debt, now estimated at over €50 billion, (over half of which will be paid to Anglo Irish Bank) imposed a heavy burden on the tax-payer and severely damaged Ireland's ability to borrow money from the International Bond markets. The second problem is that public spending, which rose steeply in the 2000s, was now unsustainable. The total Irish budget deficit as of December 2010, stood at 93.4 billion with General Government Debt at 148.6 billion or 94.2% of GDP. As it was not clear how much money would be needed to revitalise the banks – to clear their debts and supply them with enough money to start lending again – the international markets were unwilling to lend Ireland money at an interest rate it could afford. Under pressure from the European Union, which feared a 'run' (selling causing a collapse in value) of the euro, Ireland was forced to accept a 16-year loan of €85 billion at just under 6% interest from IMF and EU itself. Not only were the interest rates of the loan high, but the deal also involved a humiliating loss of sovereignty, in which Irish budgets had to first be approved by other parliaments of the EU – notably that of Germany. The political result of this crisis was the fall of the Cowen government and a shattering defeat for Fianna Fáil in the 2011 Irish general election, in which the party won just 17% of the vote and retained only 20 out of its 71 seats in the Dáil. Emigration from Ireland has again picked up and many remain anxious about the economic future. Leader of Fine Gael, Enda Kenny, became the new Prime Minister after the election to succeed Brian Cowen. In the 2016 general election, Fine Gael remained the largest party in parliament, but lost seats. After the resignation of Enda Kenny, Leo Varadkar became the new Prime Minister and leader of Fine Gael, in June 2017. The background of Varadkar, as gay son of Indian immigrant, made his choice historical In early 2020, the general election was an unprecedented three-way race, with the three largest parties each winning a share of the vote between 20% and 25%. Fianna Fáil finished with 38 seats (including the Ceann Comhairle). Sinn Féin made significant gains; it received the most first-preference votes, and won 37 seats, the party's best result since its modern iteration in 1970. Fine Gael, the governing party led by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar, finished third both in seats (35) and in first-preference votes. International news outlets described the result as a historic break from the two-party system, as it was the first time in almost a century that neither Fianna Fáil nor Fine Gael won the most votes. Furthermore, the combined vote share of the two traditional main parties fell to a historic low. The leaders of those parties had long ruled out forming a coalition government with Sinn Féin. In June 2020, leader of Fianna Fáil, Micheál Martin, became the new Irish prime minister (taoiseach). He formed a historical three-party coalition consisting of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Green Party. It was the first time in history that Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael were in the same government. The previous prime minister and leader of Fine Gael, Leo Varadkar, became the deputy prime minister (tánaiste). Martin was scheduled to lead the country as Prime Minister until December 2022, before changing posts with Varadkar. Relationship with Northern Ireland 1945–present The official position of the Irish state, as laid out in the 1937 constitution, was that the territory of the state comprised the whole island of Ireland, but that its laws applied only to the territory of the Free State, as outlined in the 1922 Treaty. Thereafter the policies of Irish governments pursued the peaceful unification of Ireland through the pressure groups such as the anti-Partition League. However, at the same time, the state recognised that paramilitary groups – in particular the IRA – were also a threat to its own security. Furthermore, their attacks on Northern Ireland could drag the Irish state into an unwanted confrontation with Britain. In the 1950s, the IRA launched a campaign of attacks on Northern security targets along the border (the Border Campaign). The Irish government first detained the IRA's leaders under the Offences Against the State Act and later introduced internment for all IRA activists. This helped to halt the campaign in its tracks, and the IRA called it off in 1962. In the aftermath of this episode, the southern government under Seán Lemass, himself an IRA veteran of the War of Independence and Civil War, tried to forge closer ties with the authorities in Northern Ireland to promote peaceful co-operation on the island. He and Northern premier Terence O'Neill exchanged visits, the first of the respective heads of state to do so since the very early days of partition in 1922. However, in 1969, the Irish government found itself placed in a very difficult position when conflict erupted in Northern Ireland in the form of rioting in Derry, Belfast and other urban centres. The violence arose out of agitation by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association for the redress of grievances of Catholics and nationalists in Northern Ireland. Two episodes in particular caused concern – the Battle of the Bogside in Derry, in which nationalists fought the police for three days and the rioting in Belfast, in which several Catholic neighbourhoods were attacked and burned by loyalists. Taoiseach Jack Lynch in a televised address, said, "we can not stand by and watch innocent people being injured and perhaps worse", comments taken to mean that Irish troops would be sent over the border to assist Northern nationalists. This was not done, but Irish Army field hospitals were set up and some money and arms were covertly supplied to nationalist groups for self-defence. Government ministers, Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, were later put on trial for allegedly supplying arms to republican paramilitaries. At the same time, the Provisional IRA, emerged from the 1969 rioting intending to launch an armed campaign against the Northern state. By 1972, their campaign was of considerable intensity, killing over 100 British soldiers in that year alone. Unlike the IRA campaign of the 1950s, this campaign was viewed as having considerable public support among Northern nationalists and for this reason, Irish governments did not introduce internment as they had previously, in the absence of a political settlement in Northern Ireland. The Irish government also refused to allow British and Northern Ireland security units to pursue Republican paramilitaries over the border into the Republic and arrested those soldiers or police who did enter its territory armed. The Irish governments however, continued to view illegal armed activity by republicans on its territory as a major security risk. The Gardaí and the Irish Army were used to try to impede the activities of republican paramilitary groups throughout the conflict in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles (c. 1968–1998). The paramilitaries' activities in the south included bank robberies, kidnappings and occasional attacks on the Irish security forces (killing 6 gardaí and one Irish soldier) as well as attacks on British forces over the border. Representatives of republican paramilitaries were forbidden from appearing on television or radio by Section 31 of the Broadcasting Act, (1971). There were also some attacks by loyalist paramilitary groups in southern territory, notably the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 1974, which killed 33 people. In 1985, the Irish government was part of the Anglo-Irish Agreement, in which the British government recognised that the Irish government had a role to play in a future peace settlement in the North. In 1994, the Irish government was heavily involved in negotiations which brought about an IRA ceasefire. In 1998, the Irish authorities were again party to a settlement, the Good Friday Agreement, which set up power-sharing institutions within Northern Ireland, North-South instructions and links between the various components of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The Irish state also changed Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution to acknowledge both the existence of Northern Ireland and the desire of Irish nationalists for a united Ireland. Even in the wake of the post-Good Friday Agreement incorporation of the Provisional IRA and Sinn Féin into electoral politics, there remain several republican paramilitary groups who wish to use force to destabilise Northern Ireland – such as the Real IRA and the Continuity IRA. Irish security forces continue to be used to try to prevent attacks by such groups. Social liberalisation In the late twentieth century, Irish society underwent rapid social change. After the introduction of free education in the late 1960s, many more people had access to second and third level qualifications. The relative economic success of the 1960s and 1970s also decreased emigration, meaning that Ireland became a younger and much more urban society than before. The spread of television and other mass media also exposed Irish citizens to a far wider range of influences than previously. All of these factors loosened the power of the traditional political parties and the Catholic Church over society. By the 1980s, some were calling for liberalisation of the state's laws, particularly a review of the bans on divorce, contraception, and homosexuality. However, they were also opposed by well-organised groups who accused the reformers of being irreligious and "anti-family". That decade saw bitter disagreement between socially conservative, principally religious, elements and liberals over a series of referendums. In 1983, the Pro-Life Amendment Campaign campaigned for and won a referendum, explicitly including a ban on abortion into the constitution – the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The liberals had a victory in 1985, when it was made legal to buy condoms and spermicides without prescription. Nevertheless, it was not until 1993 that all restrictions on information and sale of contraceptives were abolished. In 1986, the Fine Gael/Labour coalition proposed to remove the ban on divorce. This was opposed by Fianna Fáil and the Catholic Church and the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1986 was defeated in a referendum. Since 1992, the state has become less socially conservative. Liberalisation has been championed by figures like Mary Robinson, a radical feminist senator who became President of Ireland, and David Norris, who led the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform. Homosexual sex was decriminalised by an act of parliament in 1993. The constitutional ban on abortion was softened somewhat in 1992. After a referendum in that year, the Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992 was approved, it was made legal to perform an abortion to save the life of a mother, to give information about abortion and to travel to another country for an abortion. In 1995, after a referendum, the Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland legalised divorce. In the 1980s and early 1990s, these questions were deeply divisive in the Republic of Ireland and exposed deep social cleavages between religious and secular-minded people, urban and rural, middle and working classes. Issues such as divorce, contraception and homosexuality have since become accepted by many and have ceased to be matters of serious political debate. However, legalising abortion remained controversial. Opinion poll evidence on the subject of abortion was mixed. In 2015, Ireland became the first country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage by means of popular referendum, when the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed by just over 60% of voters. In 2018, a referendum repealing the ban on abortion was passed, the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. Legislation to allow abortion on demand up to 12 weeks and under restrictions after that time was enacted in the form of the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018. Abortion services began on 1 January 2019. National scandals Part of the reason why social liberalisaton was widely accepted by the 1990s was due to a very damaging series of scandals in that decade. The revelation that one senior Catholic bishop, Eamon Casey, fathered a child by a divorcée caused a major reaction, as did the discovery of a child abuse ring whereby offenders became clerics in order to use their position in the Roman Catholic Church to obtain access to victims—notably the infamous paedophile Father Brendan Smyth. Another bishop, McGee, subsequently resigned over his mishandling of child abuse cases in his diocese. It was also revealed, in the 2000s, after an enquiry, the Ryan Commission, that there had been widespread physical and sexual abuse of children in secular and Church-run industrial schools and orphanages from the 1920s until the 1960s. These were institutions which were set up to house children without families or with very poor parents. In some cases, it was claimed, these children had been removed from their parents only to be put into institutions worse than their previous state. While other factors have also played a role, the scandals in the Catholic Church have contributed to a steep decline in church attendance among Irish Catholics. While in 1991, 92% of the Republic's population identified themselves as Roman Catholics, by 2006 this had dropped to 86%. More starkly, whereas in 1990, 85% of Catholics attended mass weekly, by 2008 this had fallen to 43% among Catholics and 40% of the population in general. (See also Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Ireland) In the 1990s, a series of tribunals began inquiring into major allegations of corruption against senior politicians. Ray Burke, who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1997 was gaoled on charges of tax evasion in January 2005. The Beef Tribunal in the early 1990s found that major food companies, notably in Iraq had been given preferential treatment by the Fianna Fáil government in return for donations to that party. Former Taoisigh Charles Haughey and Bertie Ahern were also brought before Tribunals to explain their acceptance of very large personal donations of money to them by private businessmen. See also History of Ireland Timeline of Irish history References Sources Further reading Breen, Richard, et al. Understanding contemporary Ireland: state, class and development in the Republic of Ireland (Springer, 2016). Chubb, Basil. The government and politics of Ireland (3rd ed. Routledge, 2014). Daly, Mary E. Sixties Ireland: Reshaping the Economy, State and Society, 1957–1973 (Cambridge UP, 2016). Hoppen, K. Theodore. Ireland since 1800: conflict and conformity (Routledge, 2013). Powell, Fred. The Political Economy of the Irish Welfare State: Church, State and Capital (Policy Press, 2017). Rees, Catherine, ed. Changes in Contemporary Ireland: Texts and Contexts (2013). Riain, Seán Ó. The Rise and Fall of Ireland's Celtic Tiger: Liberalism, Boom and Bust (Cambridge UP, 2014). Historiography Fanning, Bryan. The quest for modern Ireland: the battle for ideas, 1912-1986 (Irish Academic Press, 2008). Girvin, Brian. "Beyond Revisionism? Some Recent Contributions to the Study of Modern Ireland." English Historical Review 124.506 (2009): 94-107. Gkotzaridis, Evi. Trials of Irish History: Genesis and Evolution of a reappraisal (Routledge, 2013). Perry, Robert. Revisionist Scholarship and Modern Irish Politics (Routledge, 2016). 20th century in Ireland History of Ireland by period History of the British Isles Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations	[ -0.045113421976566315, 0.0288862232118845, -0.1900121569633484, -0.7310854196548462, -0.39075133204460144, -0.009888085536658764, 0.6489735841751099, 1.0055001974105835, -0.31463542580604553, -0.5016785860061646, -0.49450254440307617, 0.010577364824712276, -0.4365168809890747, 0.5766682624816895, -0.09615421295166016, 0.5794354677200317, 0.8633837699890137, -0.04872647672891617, 0.5142452716827393, 0.059805598109960556, -0.31192874908447266, 0.7742927074432373, -0.08204100281000137, 0.5201178789138794, 0.30394089221954346, -0.5842080116271973, 0.8983497619628906, -0.7902695536613464, 0.20066924393177032, -0.7045925259590149, 0.10891281068325043, 0.010729317553341389, -0.536336362361908, -0.18100132048130035, -0.08827714622020721, 0.1211259663105011, -0.3031274080276489, 0.1873546540737152, -0.7323884963989258, -0.030437132343649864, -0.8917518854141235, -0.34071752429008484, 0.653877317905426, 0.1908697634935379, 0.5352256894111633, -0.47176942229270935, -1.224021315574646, 0.8161550164222717, -0.038165487349033356, 0.9654151201248169, -0.6500293612480164, -0.10734208673238754, 0.21052536368370056, 0.1708243489265442, -0.17899130284786224, -0.3156164884567261, -0.16000661253929138, -0.4225662648677826, 0.038791246712207794, -0.3114919662475586, 0.637885332107544, 0.8694242238998413, 0.1478966921567917, -0.12890097498893738, -0.5193803906440735, -0.13512493669986725, 0.4314715266227722, 0.580605149269104, -0.1896972954273224, -0.3798719048500061, 0.36191144585609436, 0.0518004447221756, 0.015125005505979061, -0.33398061990737915, 0.45643454790115356, -0.6536442637443542, 0.7613880038261414, -0.24220174551010132, -0.2982117235660553, -0.1459457129240036, 0.035251323133707047, 0.4741515815258026, 0.4840361475944519, 0.16440355777740479, 0.7222592830657959, -0.11045875400304794, -0.9634041786193848, -0.4373636841773987, -0.12213758379220963, 0.8674926161766052, -0.21755167841911316, 0.6509926319122314, 0.5095930695533752, -0.5008683800697327, -0.6760982871055603, -0.5059208869934082, 0.060725148767232895, 0.46185898780822754, -0.02996363677084446, 0.296624094247818, 0.15447205305099487, 0.4403158724308014, 0.597762405872345, -0.3870287239551544, -0.5446450114250183, 0.44105425477027893, 0.05530248582363129, -0.17353184521198273, -0.23613883554935455, -0.16533704102039337, -0.39747199416160583, -0.29350948333740234, 0.0617205947637558, 1.0091015100479126, -0.18680410087108612, -0.04269891977310181, 0.11690013855695724, -0.5675382614135742, 0.10614124685525894, 0.15267027914524078, -0.45943063497543335, 0.24334636330604553, -0.20364777743816376, 0.2971811592578888, 0.010957585647702217, 0.19086237251758575, 0.47147268056869507, -0.010009827092289925, -0.043815020471811295, 0.3986310064792633, 0.18513311445713043, 0.8658856153488159, -0.6822801232337952, -0.00861307606101036, 0.025779148563742638, 0.01387936994433403, 0.22379717230796814, -0.3000296652317047, 0.7850762009620667, 0.20783859491348267, -0.4454522430896759, -0.0316583476960659, -0.27543142437934875, 0.2826049029827118, -0.12266045808792114, -0.2505927085876465, -0.1830430030822754, -0.4821034371852875, -0.5754949450492859, -0.3040802776813507, -0.03770182281732559, -0.7962186336517334, -0.13012714684009552, 0.9995748996734619, -0.3279843032360077, 0.6593783497810364, -0.4664466977119446, 0.3240301311016083, 0.37875619530677795, 0.8102609515190125, -0.01392509788274765, 0.4711672365665436, 0.2567119300365448, 0.18762291967868805, 0.4702017605304718, 0.3576914072036743, 0.05426478385925293, 0.3101899027824402, -0.13477687537670135, -0.14240993559360504, -0.45568859577178955, 0.12449990957975388, 0.619530975818634, -0.5296598672866821, -0.5205073952674866, 0.1977095603942871, 0.4427582323551178, 0.4203127920627594, -0.08677666634321213, -0.03480217233300209, -0.7347203493118286, -0.10857948660850525, 0.019155871123075485, 0.8363099098205566, 0.12562735378742218, 0.0661667063832283, 0.40057122707366943, -0.8490853905677795, -0.31083834171295166, 0.20292635262012482, -0.03627575933933258, -0.265278697013855, 0.18553949892520905, -1.2395548820495605, 1.0827523469924927, 0.04196770489215851, -0.5777639746665955, 0.7128583788871765, -0.4403335154056549, 1.0168110132217407, -0.282437801361084, -0.46845465898513794, 0.5372737050056458, 0.1304241418838501, -0.0529169887304306, 0.37124261260032654, -0.03905188664793968, 0.7928844690322876, 1.0443615913391113, 0.2751484215259552, 0.17472749948501587, 0.013827880844473839, 0.35911524295806885, -0.11861126124858856, -0.01945292018353939, 0.000854611280374229, -0.24649310111999512, -0.27693498134613037, -0.3335477411746979, -0.07746997475624084, 0.7299444079399109, 0.06322108209133148, 0.24734438955783844, 0.9376874566078186, 0.5314039587974548, 0.480333149433136, 0.49096664786338806, 0.2621411383152008, 0.27585113048553467, -0.8804842829704285, -0.06088753044605255, -0.5130666494369507, -0.0022908172104507685, -0.5263940691947937, 0.734612226486206, -0.3217601180076599, -0.0706869587302208, 0.06272637099027634, -0.38646405935287476, -0.3783332109451294, 0.5802069306373596, -0.20989607274532318, -0.3660537898540497, -0.04488624632358551, -0.2834267318248749, 0.47417905926704407, 0.08349449932575226, 0.12134630233049393, 0.05626683682203293, -0.26240500807762146, 0.5784556269645691, 0.16769970953464508, 0.6051682829856873, -0.09631578624248505, 0.4502781629562378, 0.1428481489419937, -0.11022185534238815, -0.4756135642528534, 0.16541726887226105, 0.3379601240158081, -0.26014167070388794, -0.18383722007274628, 0.18405811488628387, 0.42401742935180664, 0.1871793121099472, -0.5132257342338562, -0.9482902884483337, -0.19637231528759003, 0.2242545485496521, 0.11417605727910995, 0.8810490965843201, -0.4921816289424896, 0.25796228647232056, -0.2888927161693573, 0.2749415934085846, 0.7313499450683594, -0.5205299258232117, 0.18247844278812408, -0.6723310947418213, 0.02343706786632538, -0.340439110994339, 0.1679440289735794, -0.32415711879730225, -0.9509139060974121, -0.25361204147338867, 0.4857851564884186, 0.162802591919899, -0.23339052498340607, -0.585118293762207, 0.5572065114974976, 0.30316683650016785, -0.676814079284668, -0.2192312777042389, -0.39164045453071594, -0.13165977597236633, 0.010890457779169083, 0.7656154632568359, 0.3748083710670471, -0.012157805263996124, -0.47285446524620056, -0.86615389585495, 0.377440869808197, -0.6117549538612366, -0.2834000885486603, 0.407976895570755, -0.07095655053853989, -0.47764530777931213, -0.4600158631801605, -5.184175491333008, -0.24790622293949127, 0.007594297640025616, -0.8054558038711548, -0.04174590855836868, -0.4117166996002197, 0.7327885031700134, -0.4234016239643097, -0.12648992240428925, -0.9138529300689697, -0.05508970841765404, -0.006896089296787977, -0.0394023060798645, 0.5377256870269775, 0.4644387364387512, 0.31913772225379944, 0.6095501780509949, -0.16390682756900787, -0.25790250301361084, 0.6184405088424683, -0.8297761678695679, -0.042858585715293884, 0.27261942625045776, 0.4538423717021942, 0.4233517646789551, 0.19109046459197998, 0.3381253182888031, -0.598809003829956, -0.013874991796910763, 0.4198901057243347, -0.4582403600215912, -0.14640995860099792, 0.6823489665985107, -0.8441414833068848, -0.3968556523323059, -0.5749314427375793, 0.7215317487716675, 0.17832757532596588, 0.3659196197986603, -0.9024814367294312, -0.33418527245521545, 0.30943432450294495, 0.15232720971107483, -0.058941349387168884, 0.31174200773239136, -0.4969620704650879, -0.5011572241783142, 0.15769296884536743, -1.000390648841858, 0.9720746874809265, -0.19610220193862915, 0.5017244219779968, 0.29908081889152527, -0.33352506160736084, 0.15220369398593903, -0.2788160443305969, -0.055101461708545685, -0.28708574175834656, -0.7107309699058533, 0.5457544326782227, 0.521234393119812, -0.2887263298034668, -0.40722671151161194, -0.5603972673416138, 0.07019542902708054, -0.26860523223876953, -1.4662922620773315, 0.15834416449069977, 0.3746992349624634, 0.3849165141582489, -0.12914560735225677, -0.32990187406539917, -0.4458381235599518, -0.7945184111595154, -0.34122908115386963, -0.4564163088798523, -0.22148200869560242, -0.3618542551994324, 0.5474899411201477, 0.41887229681015015, 0.16956357657909393, 0.5381458401679993, -0.5549256205558777, 0.5038724541664124, -0.5127917528152466, -0.04328062757849693, -0.04639836400747299, 0.5525220632553101, -0.8556833267211914, -0.6645371317863464, 0.11588393151760101, -0.2387196570634842, 0.34555256366729736, 0.07070080935955048, 0.12203408777713776, 0.4178258180618286, 0.1023750752210617, -0.4653816521167755, 0.10412510484457016, 0.09225805103778839, 0.021594088524580002, -0.10680749267339706, -0.05635887011885643, -0.2821040749549866, -0.20058518648147583, -0.2052164375782013, -0.5475636124610901, 0.45816323161125183, 0.16502076387405396, -0.39227136969566345, -0.8937702775001526, -0.7297475337982178, -0.33516010642051697, -0.1453905999660492, 0.2434350848197937, -0.6299124360084534, -0.46606582403182983, -0.10702399164438248, 0.2832642197608948, 0.02144474722445011, 0.10662682354450226, 0.051337745040655136, 0.02063685655593872, 0.49215054512023926, -0.8217447400093079, 0.06372275203466415, 0.41549578309059143, 0.17265839874744415, 0.5901656746864319, -0.1064031571149826, 0.24374333024024963, -0.8122865557670593, 0.2882172465324402, 0.3484993577003479, 0.08673318475484848, 0.5042861700057983, -0.0433792769908905, -0.4107169508934021, -0.034791503101587296, 0.1680043786764145, 0.12972630560398102, -0.7801599502563477, 0.36776137351989746, -0.35643285512924194, 0.14885744452476501, 0.5612911581993103, -0.49940672516822815, -0.051739402115345, -0.135110542178154, 0.36540448665618896, -0.5717443823814392, -0.054398585110902786, 0.1515590399503708, -0.2650635540485382, -0.8162379860877991, -0.22855541110038757, 0.520245373249054, -0.42504626512527466, -0.410213828086853, -0.50365149974823, 0.2751671373844147, -0.6445066928863525, -0.48195260763168335, 0.257644385099411, 0.8581996560096741, 0.1354501098394394, 0.11126148700714111, 0.10903555899858475, 0.46693316102027893, 0.8540111780166626, -0.4633922278881073, -0.2599257230758667, -0.12630924582481384, -0.49568066000938416, 0.20149576663970947, 0.34689125418663025, 0.0205727256834507, 0.7564882040023804, -0.34823477268218994, 0.030500711873173714, -0.11259562522172928, -0.05753670260310173, -0.5375082492828369, 0.26421934366226196, 0.45658349990844727, -0.8465426564216614, -0.2661008834838867, 0.032250601798295975, -0.17152395844459534, 0.26814931631088257, 0.4168865978717804, 0.6393832564353943, 0.07059966027736664, 0.0013881524791941047, -0.8014445304870605, -0.5131019353866577, -0.5519614815711975, 0.565949022769928, -0.5362352728843689, -0.008265155367553234, 0.6168493032455444, -0.1921173632144928, 0.04124200716614723, -0.5172581672668457, 0.44370535016059875, 0.015005272813141346, 0.5340999364852905, -0.027588024735450745, -0.28753662109375, 0.7038272619247437, 0.2438385933637619, -0.5933004021644592, -0.48275354504585266, 1.0293017625808716, -0.22102223336696625, 0.3966406583786011, -0.19406937062740326, -0.005058554466813803, -0.32648012042045593, -0.49142754077911377, 0.31707096099853516, -0.49416616559028625, -0.35392504930496216, 0.6808284521102905, -0.04718893766403198, 0.2283274531364441, -0.2619457244873047, -0.49956074357032776, -0.03544071689248085, 0.4453398883342743, -0.29379528760910034, -0.024764474481344223, 0.5530306696891785, -0.0920475646853447, -0.13794010877609253, 0.34739944338798523, 0.4609188735485077, 0.49807384610176086, -0.5453776121139526, 0.7873287200927734, 0.20288704335689545, 1.5572504997253418, 0.4163016080856323, -0.5920156836509705, -0.5995848178863525, -0.3063286542892456, -0.3347293436527252, 0.15280486643314362, -0.2560441493988037, 0.3333837687969208, -0.3842009902000427, 0.19403445720672607, -1.0691620111465454, -0.02113354578614235, 0.04053998738527298, -0.1706734150648117, 0.04527164623141289, 0.3629606366157532, 0.05756699666380882, -0.4395397901535034, 0.2235633134841919, 0.054620832204818726, 0.01635712943971157, -0.37657707929611206, 0.8168760538101196, -0.6469312310218811, -0.44998079538345337, -0.7358442544937134, 0.5803964734077454, 0.01362701877951622, -0.23877573013305664, -0.35177287459373474, 0.04188089445233345, -0.1503426879644394, 0.5876641869544983, 0.21021799743175507, 0.3946441411972046, -0.2556835412979126, 0.13587798178195953, -0.18430058658123016, -0.6771991848945618, -0.12252458184957504, 0.05761706456542015, 0.4811628758907318, 0.27628204226493835, -0.9633382558822632, -0.10563549399375916, 0.07396794855594635, -0.27790459990501404, -0.3439137637615204, -0.05417582020163536, -0.42089319229125977, 0.14448319375514984, 0.33089157938957214, -0.18874242901802063, -0.030224232003092766, -0.3131183385848999, -0.2688792049884796, -0.06978002190589905, 0.5042197108268738, -0.03773856163024902, -0.13481229543685913, 0.23751632869243622, -0.25738298892974854, -0.4497089087963104, -0.16031470894813538, -0.3709772527217865, -0.20518992841243744, 0.17964084446430206, -0.2860105037689209, 0.09468623995780945, 0.15496717393398285, 0.38233616948127747, -0.26100999116897583, -0.4779342710971832, 0.24667464196681976, 0.9434705376625061, -1.453501582145691, -0.25835588574409485, 0.3291836678981781, 0.2393222600221634, 0.2563643455505371, -0.7272697687149048, 0.2227305918931961, 0.3569134473800659, 0.7408047914505005, -0.11551525443792343, 0.28477999567985535, 0.2278856635093689, 0.22196133434772491, 0.5095661878585815, 0.18979497253894806, -0.4843851625919342, 0.7993324398994446, -0.8444961309432983, -0.34031808376312256, 0.5141119360923767, -0.6616603136062622, -0.0653083547949791, 0.5787379741668701, 0.776404857635498, 0.34102892875671387, -0.20004473626613617, -0.054215043783187866, 0.1945921778678894, -0.3187253475189209, 0.05354366824030876, -0.3310827612876892, 0.39949342608451843, -0.28182801604270935, 0.822726845741272, 0.186350479722023, 0.9564012289047241, 0.34194549918174744, 0.4855257570743561, -0.15287166833877563, -0.18836943805217743, -0.03250535577535629, -0.2652294933795929, -0.3331151306629181, -0.34257179498672485, 0.021984903141856194, 0.8287891745567322, 0.038306139409542084, 0.16072790324687958, 0.39859431982040405, 0.5747795104980469, 0.3735652267932892, -0.2714160978794098, 0.39305639266967773, 0.3186890780925751, 0.03482399135828018, 0.21443995833396912, -0.6371474266052246, 0.12544971704483032, 0.2967090308666229, 0.4241695702075958, 0.2546056807041168, 0.20330412685871124, -0.3504897356033325, -0.3248956799507141, 0.24179813265800476, -0.06711484491825104, -0.44703298807144165, -0.13656269013881683, -0.20803825557231903, 0.011065595783293247, 0.09710950404405594, -0.004712335765361786, 0.037882816046476364, -0.6310717463493347, -0.48829323053359985, 0.2521015405654907, -0.10339180380105972, 0.42142343521118164, 0.0758071169257164, -0.8755776286125183, 0.5636350512504578, 1.327486276626587, -0.25413691997528076, 0.5723589658737183, 0.7046845555305481, -0.31719091534614563, -0.1224651038646698, 0.00832153856754303, 1.243449091911316, -0.3923974633216858, -0.34848809242248535, 0.19136647880077362, 0.42342469096183777, 0.22714312374591827, 0.22280387580394745, 0.17200955748558044, 0.2221144735813141, -0.8562860488891602, 0.5404748916625977, 1.0074831247329712, -0.270732581615448, -0.23405039310455322, -0.8121115565299988, -0.08580373227596283, 0.016386186704039574, -0.27331727743148804, 0.07236939668655396, -0.1651000678539276, -0.21278122067451477, -0.1670316606760025, 0.4905034303665161, -0.06739131361246109, 0.4819391965866089, 0.08948131650686264, -0.09802646189928055, 0.6699557900428772, 0.3785184323787689, -0.6379084587097168, 0.24080955982208252, -0.03346677124500275, 0.3462768495082855, -0.45008450746536255, -0.09302964806556702, -0.6333304047584534, 0.11916279047727585, 0.6141573786735535, 0.043349556624889374, 0.3931902050971985, -0.712247371673584, -0.28758448362350464, -0.42607876658439636, -0.9614948034286499, -0.037651240825653076, 0.0598335787653923, -0.09594441950321198, 0.5080776810646057, -0.3426261842250824, 0.2628001272678375, -0.791602611541748, -0.09137433022260666, -0.7794623970985413, -0.31289052963256836, 0.33989667892456055 ]
230786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Blissett%20%28pseudonym%29	Luther Blissett (pseudonym)	Luther Blissett is a multiple-use name, an "open pop star" informally adopted and shared by hundreds of artists and activists all over Europe and the Americas since 1994. The pseudonym first appeared in Bologna, Italy, in mid-1994, when a number of cultural activists began using it for staging a series of urban and media pranks and to experiment with new forms of authorship and identity. From Bologna the multiple-use name spread to other European cities, such as Rome and London, as well as countries such as Germany, Spain, and Slovenia. Sporadic appearances of Luther Blissett have been also noted in Canada, the United States, Finland and Brazil. For reasons that remain unknown, though according to one former member the decision was based purely on the perceived comic value of the name, the pseudonym was borrowed from a real-life Luther Blissett, a notable association football player, who played for A.C. Milan, Watford F.C. and England in the 1980s. In December 1999, the Italian activists who had launched the Luther Blissett Project in 1994 decided to discontinue usage of the name by committing symbolic ritual suicide, or seppuku. After authoring the best-selling historic novel Q as "Luther Blissett", five of them went on to found the writers' collective Wu Ming. Luther Blissett's mythmaking and politics While the folk heroes of the early-modern period and the nineteenth century served a variety of social and political purposes, the Luther Blissett Project (LBP) were able to utilize the media and communication strategies unavailable to their predecessors. According to Marco Deseriis, the main purpose of the LBP was to create "a folk hero of the information society" whereby knowledge workers and immaterial workers could organize and recognize themselves. Thus, rather than being understood only as a media prankster and culture jammer, Luther Blissett became a positive mythic figure that was supposed to embody the very process of community and cross-media storytelling. Roberto Bui—one of the co-founders of the LBP and Wu Ming—explains the function of Luther Blissett and other radical folk heroes as mythmaking or mythopoesis: Mythopoesis is the social process of constructing myths, by which we do not mean “false stories,” we mean stories that are told and shared, re-told and manipulated, by a vast and multifarious community, stories that may give shape to some kind of ritual, some sense of continuity between what we do and what other people did in the past. A tradition. In Latin the verb “tradere” simply meant “to hand down something,” it did not entail any narrow-mindedness, conservatism or forced respect for the past. Revolutions and radical movements have always found and told their own myths. Another important element was relationship of the Italian LBP to the Autonomist-Marxist theory of labor known as Italian Workerism. Drawing from the work of Italian Workerists, such as Antonio Negri, Paolo Virno, Maurizio Lazzarato and others, the activists of the LBP envisioned Blissett as the expression of the capacity of immaterial workers to produce forms of wealth that cannot be properly measured and attributed to an individual producer. The incalculability of these new forms of labor is articulated in the "Declaration of Rights of Luther Blissett", redacted by the Roman LBP in 1995. In this manifesto, the LBP claims that because in late capitalism any social activity can potentially generate value, the culture and media industries should guarantee a basic income to every citizen detached from individual productivity: The industry of the integrated spectacle and immaterial command owes me money. I will not come to terms with it until I will not have what is owed to me. For all the times I appeared on TV, films, and on the radio as a casual passersby or as an element of the landscape, and my image has not been compensated . . . for all the words or expressions of high communicative impact I have coined in peripheral cafes, squares, street corners, and social centers that became powerful advertising jingles, without seeing a dime; for all the times my name and my personal data have been put at work inside stats, to adjust the demand, refine marketing strategies, increase the productivity of firms to which I could not be more indifferent; for all the advertising I continuously make by wearing branded t-shirts, backpacks, socks, jackets, bathing suits, towels, without my body being remunerated as a commercial billboard; for all of this and much more, the industry of the integrated spectacle owes me money! I understand it may be difficult to calculate how much they owe me as an individual. But this is not necessary at all, because I am Luther Blissett, the multiple and the multiplex. And what the industry of the integrated spectacle owes me, it is owed to the many that I am, and is owed to me because I am many. From this viewpoint, we can agree on a generalized compensation. You will not have peace until I will not have the money! LOTS OF MONEY BECAUSE I AM MANY: CITIZEN INCOME FOR LUTHER BLISSETT! A limited selection of Blissett's stunts, pranks and media hoaxes January 1995. Harry Kipper, a British conceptual artist, disappears at the Italo-Slovenian border while touring Europe on a mountain bike, allegedly with the purpose of tracing the word ART on the map of the continent. The victim of the prank is a famous missing-persons prime-time show on the Italian state television. They send out a TV crew to look for a person that never existed. They go as far as London, where novelist Stewart Home and Richard Essex of the London Psychogeographical Association pose as close friends of Kipper's. The hoax goes on until "Luther Blissett" claims responsibility for it. September 1994–May 1995. In September 1994, a Bolognese community radio began broadcasting Radio Blissett, a late-night show featuring a variable number of Luther Blissetts who "patrolled" the city on foot and called the studio from local phone booths. Inspired by the Lettrist-Situationist urban drift or dérive—a seemingly aimless wandering through the city whereby psychogeographers go in search of heightened emotional experiences—Radio Blissett allowed players to interact at a distance in real time. Listeners could also call in from home and direct the patrols to various locations to join or create unexpected social events, including guerrilla-theater interventions, street parties, three-sided football matches, and “psychic attacks” against public buildings and institutions. In the Spring 1995, the experiment was duplicated in Rome, where the wider extension of the city required the simultaneous use of car patrols and cell phones. The Saturday night show, which aired on the frequencies of Radio Città Futura, featured psychic attacks against the Italian copyright office, the office of employment, and other semi-improvised direct actions which culminated in one of the most well-known episodes of the Blissett’s saga. 17 June 1995. A few dozen participating in the Roman Radio Blissett boarded a night tram at different consecutive stops. A rave party took place on the vehicle until the police decided to stop it. Requested to disembark and identify themselves, the ravers refused to identify themselves other than with the multiple-use name. A riot ensued in which the police fired three shots in the air. A journalist from Radio Citta' Futura covered the event with his cell phone broadcasting the riot and the shots on the radio program. The radio program caused a media sensation. June 1995. Loota is a female chimpanzee whose paintings are to be exhibited at the Venice Biennale of Contemporary Arts. In the context of the hoax, Loota is described as a former victim of sadistic experiments in a pharmaceutical lab. The ape was then saved by the Animal Liberation Front, and later became a talented artist. Some newspapers announced the event. However, Loota did not exist. Nov 1995. An article in the "Workshop For A Non-Linear Architecture" journal Viscosity stating that the K Foundation had announced a 23-year moratorium on "all further activity" following their burning of a million pounds in cash on the Isle of Jura is credited to Luther Blissett. 1998–2000. In 1998, Italian art magazines such as Tema Celeste and Flesh Art begin reporting about the activities of Darko Maver, a hitherto unknown radical Serbian performance artist who has been disseminating hyper-realistic replicas of dismembered bodies in public spaces and hotel rooms across the former Yugoslavia. The magazines and a web site called "Free Art Campaign" report that the artist has been arrested by the Serbian authorities for his performances, which are meant to offer a scathing meditation on the hyperreality and media representation of the Yugoslav Wars. On 30 April 1999 the Free Art Campaign announces that Maver has been found dead in a prison cell in Podgorica, Kosovo. In March 2000, after alternative art spaces such as Kapelica Gallery in Ljubljana, Forte Prenestino in Rome, and major art venues such as the Venice Biennale have dedicated retrospectives and paid tribute to the artist, the Luther Blissett Project, along with the newborn net art collective 0100101110101101.org, announce that Darko Maver is himself a work of art. 2007. A month before the appearance on the bookshelves of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, an email was sent to the Full Disclosure mailing list. In the e-mail, a self-declared group of Catholic hackers purportedly gave away the ending of the book, declaring they violated the computer systems of Bloomsbury (exclusive publisher of the Harry Potter books) to obtain it. The e-mail quoted Joseph Ratzinger's words against Harry Potter. The news escalated from niche IT security mailing lists to mainstream media outlets, and in about 48 hours, it was run by CNN, BBC, Reuters, and over 9000 blogs (declared in the claim). Three days after, Luther Blissett claimed responsibility for the hoax in a public email in which he described how easily the media could be manipulated and how this could be used for psyops purposes. The revelation was ignored by most media outlets, with the notable exception of Noticiasdot, which published an interview with Luther Blissett. The psyop may be the cause of the 5% drop of Bloomsbury Publishing PLC stock quoted on the London Stock Exchange. The novel Q The novel Q was written by four Bologna-based members of the LBP (Roberto Bui, Giovanni Cattabriga, Federico Guglielmi and Luca Di Meo), as a final contribution to the project, and published in Italy in 1999. So far, it has been translated into English (British and American), Spanish, German, Dutch, French, Portuguese (Brazilian), Danish, Polish, Greek, Czech, Russian, Turkish, Basque, Serbian and Korean. In August 2003 the book was nominated for the Guardian First Book Prize. In January 2000, after their "seppuku", the authors of Q formed a new group called Wu Ming (Chinese for "nameless"), under which name many novels were published in several languages and countries. The real Luther Blissett The multiple identity is named after the footballer Luther Blissett, who used to play for Watford and A.C. Milan in the 1980s, among other teams. It is particularly popular among Italian subcultural activists and artists, possibly because of the Milan connection. The reasons the group chose the name remain unclear to mainstream journalists (e.g. the BBC suggested that Blissett, one of the first black footballers to play in Italy, may have been chosen to make a statement against right-wing extremists in the country). It has also been suggested that, when being scouted by A. C. Milan, the Watford player they were impressed with was in fact John Barnes and they mistakenly bid for Blissett being one of the two black strikers at the club. If this is the case, the group may have taken the name as a reference to a red herring. Since the beginning of the project, the real Blissett has been aware of the group taking his name. However, early reports differed widely in saying whether he liked the attention he received because of them. On 30 June 2004 he appeared on the British television sports show Fantasy Football League - Euro 2004, broadcast on ITV, and joked about his own (alleged) involvement in the Luther Blissett Project. After host Frank Skinner read a line from the novel Q prologue ("The coin of the kingdom of the mad dangles on my chest to remind me of the eternal oscillation of human fortunes"), Blissett produced a copy of Luther Blissett's Italian book Totò, Peppino e la guerra psichica (Toto, Peppino and the psychic war) and quoted extensively from it, in the original Italian: "Chiunque può essere Luther Blissett, semplicemente adottando il nome Luther Blissett" (Anyone can be Luther Blissett simply by adopting the name Luther Blissett). At the end of the show, hosts and guests all said in unison: "I am Luther Blissett!" Two years later, highlights of this broadcast were posted on YouTube. Works Mind Invaders (Italian, 1995). "Guy Debord è morto davvero" (Italian, 1995; English edition: "Guy Debord is Really Dead") Totò, Peppino e la guerra psichica 2.0 (Toto, Peppino and the psychic war), AAA edition, 1996, Green Apocalypse (with Stewart Home, 1996) Anarchist Integralism (1997) Handbuch der Kommunikationsguerilla ("Handbook of a Communications Fighter", German, 1997, with autonome a.f.r.i.k.a. gruppe and Sonja Brünzels) Q (Italian, 1999) Luther Blissett - The Open Pop Star (Italian, 1999 compilation album of electronic / experimental music by various artists) The Invisible College (2002) Numerous software recipes in the Python Cookbook edited by Alex Martelli and published by O'Reilly and Associates See also Wu Ming 54 (novel) Eva and Franco Mattes References External links Luther Blissett Project website (archives 1994-1999) "Lots of Money Because I am Many: The Luther Blissett Project and the Multiple-Use Name Strategy" - long essay by Marco Deseriis on the birth, life, and death of the Italian Luther Blissett Project. A very extensive and detailed interview with Wu Ming 1 and Wu Ming 2 (ex-Blissetts from Bologna) about the Luther Blissett Project, conducted by professor Henry Jenkins and published on his blog in two installments, 1 and 2. Wu Ming Foundation - the authors of Luther Blissett's Q Luther Blissett Myspace page featuring Blissett-to-Blissett interview in blog lutherblissett - a comic book artist tries on the name Luther Blissett journals and books digitized by Archive Grafton9 are freely available on archive.org Anonymity pseudonyms International artist groups and collectives Pranksters 20th-century Italian novelists 20th-century male writers Psychogeographers Culture jamming Neoism	[ 0.5577373504638672, 0.5014912486076355, -0.2726130187511444, -0.3930797278881073, -0.31949713826179504, 0.1321277767419815, 0.45810866355895996, 0.5976500511169434, -0.34455204010009766, 0.1730341762304306, -0.5932886004447937, 0.20104175806045532, -0.3506871163845062, 0.6165862679481506, -0.013879266567528248, 0.23399490118026733, 0.18821868300437927, 0.24547603726387024, -0.47683361172676086, 0.05349484458565712, 0.005636818706989288, -0.05457114055752754, 0.11554622650146484, -0.8187702894210815, -0.1651562750339508, 0.025367315858602524, -0.18904826045036316, -0.7195082902908325, -0.19995495676994324, 0.4121551513671875, -0.08542515337467194, 0.6449416279792786, 0.7845310568809509, -0.22691838443279266, 0.34986522793769836, 0.11240560561418533, -0.28217169642448425, -0.10024363547563553, -0.13934949040412903, -0.349353551864624, 0.2523820102214813, -0.6981544494628906, 0.5423360466957092, 0.13597573339939117, -0.09812437742948532, -0.357785165309906, -1.7222572565078735, 0.29860934615135193, -0.4281342923641205, -0.19953839480876923, 0.1318456083536148, 0.16386234760284424, -0.15264640748500824, 0.567960262298584, 0.08803299069404602, -0.12051960825920105, 0.001008043996989727, -0.3785981833934784, 0.13930082321166992, 0.11635284125804901, 0.17965924739837646, 0.030484480783343315, 0.43352246284484863, -0.10292748361825943, 0.15488336980342865, 0.5308972597122192, -0.22111698985099792, 0.5501273274421692, -0.49628758430480957, -0.7953516840934753, -0.6533434391021729, 0.009363632649183273, -0.004125390667468309, -0.4644514322280884, -0.2285696268081665, 0.04334235563874245, 0.5636969208717346, 0.08117841929197311, 0.4963650107383728, 0.5630698800086975, 0.17852219939231873, 0.11397858709096909, 0.5603354573249817, 0.7419491410255432, 0.1630783975124359, -0.23730087280273438, -0.43010637164115906, 0.0959613025188446, -0.007317229174077511, 0.01071155071258545, -0.07951641827821732, -0.7292683124542236, 0.45944201946258545, 0.29589715600013733, -0.03971081227064133, -0.12152034044265747, 0.21181586384773254, 0.15671369433403015, -0.4808068573474884, 0.022147206589579582, 0.44313573837280273, 0.5067079067230225, 0.001143760746344924, -0.21250297129154205, -0.4866527318954468, -0.19782185554504395, -0.013920808210968971, 0.005982690025120974, 0.5588101744651794, 0.07046061009168625, -0.14799608290195465, 0.5914092063903809, 0.11380772292613983, 0.3106766939163208, 0.2384064942598343, 0.27781885862350464, 0.2131381630897522, -0.3895091414451599, 0.2322046458721161, 0.1796640008687973, -0.15106038749217987, 0.4122687876224518, -0.08119696378707886, -0.03337535634636879, 0.07112544029951096, -0.15137599408626556, 0.08780549466609955, 0.46370700001716614, -0.5558243989944458, 0.3241778016090393, -0.3380570709705353, 0.46672695875167847, 0.3605273365974426, -0.31702715158462524, -0.30026838183403015, -0.4662702679634094, 0.6550403833389282, 0.05877683311700821, 0.16108885407447815, 0.10513679683208466, -0.46326345205307007, 0.1766592562198639, -0.7791978120803833, -0.18875685334205627, 0.40729057788848877, 0.5705212950706482, 0.07867404818534851, 0.008743133395910263, -0.2240072339773178, -0.25657060742378235, 0.3069131076335907, -0.31973162293434143, 0.5567042827606201, -0.4533960521221161, -0.030678194016218185, -0.10473357886075974, -0.15088477730751038, 0.16174979507923126, 0.4640771448612213, 0.02916264533996582, -0.05827796459197998, 0.3216175138950348, 0.17317081987857819, 0.10226673632860184, 0.1670781672000885, -0.07324767112731934, -0.043364085257053375, 0.06371337175369263, -0.37273699045181274, -0.25535160303115845, -0.04114075005054474, 0.31226685643196106, 0.19880051910877228, 0.1867784857749939, 0.019344286993145943, 0.3807862102985382, 1.2810931205749512, 0.06182876601815224, 0.6546173691749573, -0.12666627764701843, -0.4438513219356537, 0.13149461150169373, 0.0776287168264389, -0.43663424253463745, 0.07786183059215546, 0.11904632300138474, -0.04269956052303314, 0.27446845173835754, 0.6663492918014526, 0.35159027576446533, -0.8069862127304077, -0.29229217767715454, 0.2204386442899704, -0.2973628342151642, 0.4599072337150574, -0.012424511834979057, -0.21002012491226196, -0.0617758147418499, 0.5732850432395935, 0.5250875353813171, -0.005733910016715527, -0.36501544713974, -0.11765807121992111, -0.28864553570747375, -0.7677330374717712, 0.11563988775014877, 0.4065440595149994, 0.026473134756088257, 0.36972588300704956, 0.15110120177268982, 0.38451430201530457, -0.6763375997543335, 0.5127955079078674, 0.33109793066978455, -0.8626936674118042, -0.01908928155899048, -0.09324740618467331, 0.38165152072906494, -0.2652318775653839, -0.14634382724761963, 0.44738978147506714, -0.5481323599815369, -0.2631937563419342, -0.06400647014379501, 0.3294474184513092, 0.8335272073745728, -0.15458859503269196, -0.5299063324928284, 0.24460133910179138, -0.28841981291770935, -0.2387382686138153, 0.2981314957141876, 0.2907865643501282, 0.1145729273557663, -0.20683056116104126, 0.2634652554988861, 0.30829688906669617, -0.6277226209640503, 0.26414790749549866, -0.22383925318717957, 0.34686118364334106, -0.28579896688461304, -0.23413684964179993, 0.25679460167884827, -0.17459343373775482, 0.3390983045101166, -0.3950711786746979, -0.4475567936897278, -0.3308980166912079, 0.657341718673706, 0.20403097569942474, 0.6341060996055603, 0.014449969865381718, -0.12269242852926254, 0.07677234709262848, 0.28587180376052856, -0.17109613120555878, -0.044888392090797424, -0.007484027650207281, 0.227291539311409, -0.6783219575881958, 0.1265406459569931, 0.11072038114070892, 0.27445027232170105, -0.25849613547325134, -0.5644065141677856, 0.005876766983419657, 0.0028421005699783564, 0.26074618101119995, -0.011807557195425034, -0.13407203555107117, 0.48544424772262573, -0.8417518138885498, 0.5394846200942993, -0.2595973014831543, 0.2556963264942169, -0.5310423970222473, 0.011106724850833416, 0.15756011009216309, -0.7777357697486877, 0.1978754699230194, 0.6522032618522644, -0.20204217731952667, -0.7548563480377197, 0.019423557445406914, -0.22499431669712067, 0.08646029978990555, 0.027670331299304962, 0.069264717400074, -0.20349623262882233, -0.5317485332489014, 0.5724467635154724, -0.27261561155319214, 0.0641787201166153, -0.0881420448422432, -0.21204161643981934, 0.4088926315307617, -0.435008704662323, -0.10306476801633835, 0.3732971251010895, -0.19994886219501495, -0.05257551372051239, -0.07820699363946915, 0.021771350875496864, 0.9596697688102722, 0.07557159662246704, -0.01589357852935791, -0.07547429949045181, -5.877055644989014, 0.6722236275672913, -0.1029851883649826, -0.09780776500701904, 0.25098416209220886, 0.07436201721429825, 0.8442011475563049, -0.6375232934951782, -0.22761492431163788, -0.4943580627441406, -0.8384498357772827, 0.22782227396965027, 0.10935424268245697, 0.4200197160243988, 0.13125477731227875, -0.011385454796254635, 0.19580885767936707, -0.13220559060573578, 0.13456419110298157, -0.1641739457845688, -0.14942686259746552, 0.04464782774448395, 0.2622423470020294, 0.4244726002216339, 0.11623364686965942, 0.7018604278564453, 0.21866045892238617, 0.24975693225860596, -0.2991406321525574, 0.2374161183834076, 0.17688830196857452, -0.3861221671104431, -0.4174756407737732, -0.6726791262626648, -0.29370439052581787, 0.18592093884944916, 0.08049605786800385, -0.15112179517745972, 0.45558542013168335, 0.11558781564235687, 0.14170575141906738, 0.13214682042598724, 0.05157184228301048, -0.5044110417366028, 0.22222347557544708, -0.096082404255867, -0.13786526024341583, -0.09385322779417038, -0.5825886726379395, 0.5742433667182922, 0.2972908318042755, -0.6911363005638123, 0.39094364643096924, -0.038535237312316895, 0.3606193959712982, -0.2323896437883377, 0.6815475225448608, -0.08013483136892319, -0.5180608630180359, -0.040598686784505844, 0.9660133123397827, -0.03138049319386482, -0.2286713719367981, -0.6682642102241516, -0.15464358031749725, -0.7460746765136719, -0.1274748593568802, -0.29466721415519714, 0.4182361364364624, 0.7352898716926575, -0.013658605515956879, 0.33895328640937805, -0.18457303941249847, -1.276086449623108, -0.17259396612644196, 0.4039428234100342, -0.10477344691753387, 0.12707972526550293, -0.24063389003276825, 0.3283654749393463, -0.43897220492362976, 0.21775394678115845, -0.2543676495552063, 0.08050283789634705, -0.2116026133298874, -0.46226051449775696, -0.4963243305683136, 0.808241069316864, -0.8046413064002991, -0.1388912796974182, 0.12754115462303162, -0.4055822193622589, 0.061859481036663055, 0.08471705764532089, 0.0816052109003067, 0.5948155522346497, 0.13162757456302643, 0.5160910487174988, 0.30155670642852783, 0.2169448733329773, 0.022829702123999596, -0.532323956489563, -0.04710324481129646, -0.45036277174949646, -0.037411198019981384, -0.13506589829921722, -0.7165509462356567, -0.37864506244659424, 0.4054686725139618, -0.007488694507628679, 0.2068881243467331, -0.09623133391141891, -0.15897411108016968, -0.8169859051704407, 0.12323243170976639, -0.5262640714645386, 0.0797920972108841, 0.5707857608795166, 0.32759127020835876, -0.3287345767021179, 0.17156347632408142, 0.45238029956817627, 0.3455747663974762, -0.25790539383888245, -0.5255988240242004, 0.055989257991313934, 0.17178000509738922, -0.28681036829948425, 0.13784794509410858, 0.4461579918861389, 0.1229587271809578, 0.19686636328697205, -0.16806434094905853, -0.2807905673980713, 0.01336433831602335, -0.11395129561424255, -0.7116251587867737, -0.3118181824684143, -0.26861757040023804, -0.06433271616697311, 0.08853176981210709, -0.38183918595314026, 0.3245026171207428, 0.277361124753952, 0.4920758306980133, 0.31257787346839905, 0.1677522510290146, -0.31926143169403076, -0.10018077492713928, 0.36359700560569763, 0.4759005904197693, 0.16297614574432373, 0.5749375820159912, -0.5371686220169067, 0.22365796566009521, 0.03408921882510185, -0.3549911677837372, -0.3623800277709961, -0.3367044925689697, 0.18963472545146942, -0.0936451181769371, -1.0834461450576782, -1.0929778814315796, 0.06322339922189713, 0.1775277853012085, -0.20280516147613525, 0.3272012174129486, 0.07862559705972672, 0.062124062329530716, 0.5110298991203308, -0.07255080342292786, -0.2889639139175415, -0.1771496683359146, -0.026970388367772102, 0.33936652541160583, 0.47057396173477173, 0.07642887532711029, -0.12606121599674225, -0.034530747681856155, -0.3837495744228363, -0.24812287092208862, -0.0013012116542086005, -0.7262986898422241, 0.10623948276042938, 0.6905516386032104, -0.7055116891860962, -0.7207203507423401, -0.36652305722236633, -0.6240573525428772, 0.21739666163921356, -0.7736150622367859, 0.4599309265613556, 0.27986156940460205, 0.19134515523910522, -0.5852628946304321, -0.6423227190971375, -0.42485934495925903, 0.3669337332248688, -0.18557383120059967, -0.16135767102241516, 0.07979568839073181, 0.1325194388628006, 0.03092232346534729, 0.054028622806072235, 0.5772576928138733, -1.2613643407821655, 0.6293099522590637, -0.1647724211215973, -0.7424542903900146, 0.5244374871253967, -0.19015580415725708, -0.4694845378398895, -0.3695586025714874, 0.15603730082511902, 0.16279904544353485, -0.1130257248878479, -0.01879761554300785, -0.30576610565185547, -0.532474935054779, -0.1690007746219635, 0.5489963889122009, 0.13011133670806885, -0.5351825952529907, 0.26956039667129517, 0.08896272629499435, 0.4495164453983307, 0.10275640338659286, -0.12928447127342224, 0.849176287651062, -0.3604453504085541, -0.2479868084192276, 0.0886036828160286, -0.3366236388683319, 0.6153597831726074, -0.6412999033927917, -0.237029030919075, 0.024668725207448006, 0.050888918340206146, -0.1841941922903061, 0.487092524766922, 0.5071184635162354, 0.35815364122390747, 0.019476663321256638, -0.5377873182296753, -0.2698931396007538, 0.4760909676551819, 0.2807222306728363, 0.04680798947811127, -0.7487446069717407, -0.07874796539545059, 0.10984659194946289, -0.4092244505882263, -0.7922868132591248, -0.5234915614128113, 1.3516521453857422, -0.6421974301338196, -0.536837100982666, -0.4517420828342438, 0.18036086857318878, 0.031828492879867554, 0.3142109513282776, 0.21507558226585388, -0.3646118640899658, 0.363759845495224, 0.16050924360752106, 0.07803724706172943, 0.15157578885555267, -0.1793333888053894, -0.33047181367874146, -0.738135814666748, -0.2395276427268982, 0.18338006734848022, 0.14930042624473572, 0.4956817328929901, -0.31360217928886414, -0.10122475773096085, -0.018965786322951317, -0.6183691024780273, 0.23274801671504974, -0.5918918251991272, -0.527647852897644, 0.1455528885126114, 0.2655564844608307, -0.13542182743549347, 0.20731134712696075, -0.5201441645622253, -0.440794974565506, -0.8446558713912964, 0.15014922618865967, -0.3728557229042053, -0.3275768458843231, 0.3375876843929291, -0.18733051419258118, 0.4762091338634491, -0.20893794298171997, 0.30764421820640564, 0.37701669335365295, -0.06886854767799377, -0.07743668556213379, -0.49335426092147827, -0.18998730182647705, 0.12443752586841583, 0.5891634821891785, -0.36479881405830383, 0.2912999391555786, 0.1318855732679367, 0.13426482677459717, -0.7199500799179077, 0.0485207699239254, 0.13344676792621613, 0.698092520236969, 0.3570469915866852, -0.3083331882953644, 0.7097293138504028, -0.33010202646255493, -0.029794758185744286, 0.5300143957138062, -0.38716912269592285, 0.07556486129760742, 0.2876918613910675, -0.015580720268189907, -0.2485087364912033, 0.6572992205619812, 0.5045548677444458, -0.1975606083869934, 0.07893185317516327, 0.06311330199241638, -0.23007729649543762, 0.39396584033966064, 0.29897230863571167, 0.8569247722625732, -0.1235216036438942, -0.5533111691474915, 0.6727902889251709, -0.41418734192848206, -0.3116334080696106, -0.09575440734624863, -0.40117162466049194, -0.5660709142684937, 0.003442854154855013, -0.2617773711681366, 0.14031600952148438, 0.17612823843955994, 0.31205031275749207, 0.12310168892145157, 0.22839398682117462, -0.21517698466777802, 0.27922508120536804, 0.027435343712568283, 0.19571015238761902, 0.020110342651605606, 0.44874265789985657, -0.47826799750328064, -0.7005837559700012, 0.4331672191619873, -0.31703177094459534, 0.17755627632141113, -0.2940806746482849, -0.4404265284538269, -0.33431190252304077, -0.1538972109556198, 0.2676134705543518, -0.2969772219657898, -0.21953852474689484, -0.17172293365001678, -0.0813428983092308, 0.41921111941337585, -0.6725177764892578, 0.10878519713878632, 0.42627036571502686, 1.0713956356048584, -0.10482078045606613, -0.21412305533885956, 0.42036765813827515, 0.015264635905623436, 0.0007196710212156177, 0.9778479337692261, 0.3723742365837097, 0.193868950009346, -0.13368229568004608, -0.5172681212425232, -0.24084393680095673, -0.27814981341362, 0.4669710397720337, 0.5887977480888367, -0.11559583246707916, -0.4877021014690399, 0.585564374923706, -0.16454173624515533, -0.3955571949481964, 0.27961620688438416, -0.12431588768959045, 0.02323542907834053, -0.12404665350914001, -0.48135921359062195, 0.014401967637240887, -0.2308603823184967, 0.8854969143867493, -0.2445656806230545, 0.1797773391008377, 0.03281373158097267, -0.00627688504755497, 0.13493725657463074, 0.40141090750694275, -0.43532201647758484, 0.2822743356227875, -0.4621078073978424, -0.2384117841720581, -0.41810840368270874, 1.1349200010299683, 0.22067205607891083, -0.1591847538948059, -0.0999656692147255, 0.4426724910736084, -0.47034841775894165, 0.038501836359500885, 0.5790444016456604, -0.038033828139305115, 0.14512506127357483, -0.5604166388511658, 0.5607177019119263, 0.2905147969722748, -0.13643717765808105, 0.5551549196243286, -0.5536112785339355, 0.09884835034608841, 0.27923062443733215, -0.11181366443634033, -0.29601991176605225, 0.5081437826156616, -0.11389049142599106, -0.012399624101817608, 0.05271904170513153, -0.20797954499721527, -0.7326873540878296, -0.29660946130752563, 0.9058939218521118, 0.5640151500701904, -0.0631735548377037, -0.42714667320251465, 0.03766865283250809, -0.010668947361409664, 0.1463375687599182, 0.07125181704759598, -0.2013513594865799, 0.33313027024269104, -0.011635144241154194, 0.10188664495944977, -0.4670528173446655, 0.4108291268348694, 0.19913649559020996, 0.23972146213054657, -0.033936623483896255, -0.42792877554893494, 0.4640486538410187, -0.14572249352931976, -0.024270327761769295, 0.07827763259410858, 0.4156167507171631, 0.19051730632781982 ]
230787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonce	Nonce	Nonce may refer to: Cryptographic nonce, a number or bit string used only once, in security engineering Nonce word, a word used to meet a need that is not expected to recur The Nonce, American rap duo Nonce orders, an architectural term Nonce, a slang term chiefly used in Britain for "paedophile" See also Nuncio, the apostolic and diplomatic representation of the Holy See Hapax legomenon, in corpus linguistics	[ 0.460593044757843, -0.26667463779449463, -0.7607371807098389, 0.1748959720134735, 0.05976453423500061, 0.3797915279865265, -0.04730953276157379, 0.4882545471191406, -0.4392718970775604, 0.03129661828279495, -0.5979176163673401, 0.25529417395591736, -0.12277700006961823, 0.02953118085861206, -0.37085098028182983, 0.06369958817958832, 0.7483778595924377, 0.7187405228614807, -0.38693737983703613, -0.2766832411289215, -0.5055751204490662, 0.24530845880508423, -0.2856714129447937, -0.7648691534996033, 0.04762040451169014, 0.4505499601364136, -0.13659045100212097, -0.5071513652801514, -0.2637920677661896, 0.23167845606803894, 0.3663081228733063, 0.2691080868244171, 0.32998883724212646, -0.23195254802703857, -0.17680427432060242, -0.37393414974212646, -0.08493507653474808, -0.20723025500774384, -0.05011008307337761, -0.40467897057533264, 0.4987683892250061, -0.48362770676612854, 0.37032049894332886, 0.03852132707834244, -0.7540823817253113, -0.1223607063293457, -1.3371248245239258, 0.3401948809623718, -0.6990764141082764, 0.34649497270584106, -0.34786808490753174, -0.06902915984392166, -0.14410440623760223, 0.6116204857826233, 0.004757187329232693, -0.044668048620224, -0.6811587810516357, -0.7378171682357788, 0.575203537940979, -0.8779575228691101, 0.14864856004714966, 0.14652641117572784, 0.07193588465452194, 0.08632504194974899, 0.006761229131370783, -0.07830610871315002, 0.042163196951150894, 0.34549957513809204, -0.8980566263198853, -0.8314133286476135, -0.23707802593708038, -0.07574241608381271, -0.18500618636608124, -0.1683696061372757, 0.10501307994127274, -0.5118534564971924, -0.008393816649913788, 0.3690859079360962, -0.10240912437438965, 0.3446098268032074, -0.30483680963516235, 0.6050979495048523, 0.4913177788257599, -0.20705026388168335, 0.5146161317825317, 0.19139151275157928, -0.3602079451084137, 0.6222887635231018, -0.3520765006542206, 0.01688762754201889, 0.9688928723335266, -0.02789309248328209, 0.328653484582901, -0.1882646381855011, -0.01722046360373497, 0.45692625641822815, 0.502886176109314, -0.3017478883266449, 0.38058626651763916, 0.2924027740955353, -0.045520998537540436, -0.06979845464229584, 0.3355647027492523, -0.4986788034439087, -0.5833867788314819, -0.10839013755321503, 0.05662013962864876, -0.2732962369918823, 0.428859680891037, 0.08707332611083984, -0.24898068606853485, 0.2327965945005417, 0.2653443515300751, 0.28206995129585266, -0.1884741485118866, -0.22747811675071716, 0.07778161764144897, 0.147991344332695, -0.4136280119419098, 0.03737737610936165, 0.2431640625, 0.4793185889720917, 0.382596492767334, 0.0376276895403862, 0.6181610226631165, 0.2417317032814026, 0.36101529002189636, 0.8127070665359497, -0.4411017894744873, -0.09578757733106613, 0.06034961715340614, 0.7467424273490906, -0.08910992741584778, 0.07919886708259583, -0.5787333250045776, -0.34404194355010986, 0.28626203536987305, -0.14863750338554382, 0.4635840654373169, 0.43546587228775024, -0.8933828473091125, -0.2989361584186554, -0.1658059060573578, 0.053952571004629135, 0.4398607313632965, -0.15697957575321198, -0.1164245679974556, 0.03481990098953247, 0.21743999421596527, 0.0017673743423074484, 0.05061371251940727, -0.5483981966972351, 0.38661810755729675, -0.1422266960144043, -0.03987029939889908, -0.1688687652349472, 0.4222937226295471, 0.22693823277950287, -0.42712777853012085, 0.0160630252212286, -0.11072499305009842, -0.040456317365169525, -0.6171795725822449, 0.36535361409187317, 0.36549028754234314, 0.23444220423698425, 0.059810053557157516, 0.3859940469264984, -0.2854554355144501, 0.3126281201839447, -0.15078838169574738, -0.0857890173792839, 0.18824772536754608, -0.3270808756351471, -0.18965554237365723, 0.7155603170394897, 0.19633470475673676, 0.030374348163604736, 0.814661979675293, 0.1287141889333725, -0.6009132266044617, 0.34510353207588196, 0.24586981534957886, -0.4419875144958496, -0.17086657881736755, 0.08453959226608276, -0.08319243788719177, -0.052903614938259125, -0.490377277135849, -0.24803133308887482, -1.1277648210525513, -0.2544713020324707, 0.17040356993675232, -0.4818872809410095, 1.2910401821136475, -0.08467140793800354, -0.3480004072189331, 0.7441971302032471, 0.14197251200675964, 0.39304304122924805, -0.36331939697265625, 0.07140862196683884, 0.576049268245697, 0.05618913099169731, -0.5637139678001404, 0.8208644986152649, 0.17185401916503906, 0.2536346912384033, 0.27342942357063293, -0.09580900520086288, 0.6293160915374756, -0.32833045721054077, 0.7218673229217529, -0.5573957562446594, -0.17475420236587524, 0.13877999782562256, -0.5867480635643005, 0.22482922673225403, -0.2850273549556732, -0.5036684274673462, 0.35464462637901306, -0.5872717499732971, 0.14498910307884216, 0.7157031297683716, -0.40950924158096313, 0.560693085193634, -0.03698078915476799, -0.04366042837500572, 0.5297629237174988, -0.3158504366874695, 0.33883485198020935, 0.10333835333585739, 0.16416001319885254, -0.4717959761619568, -0.23505812883377075, 0.18173709511756897, 0.4685359001159668, -0.060179147869348526, -0.003622000804170966, -0.36816567182540894, -0.2698279321193695, 0.6513286828994751, -0.5284726023674011, 0.19188229739665985, 0.20073820650577545, 0.2702287435531616, 0.10534074902534485, 0.07676059752702713, 0.16477370262145996, 0.41951459646224976, -0.39143797755241394, 0.4431631565093994, 0.278399795293808, -0.23878984153270721, 0.18566502630710602, 0.06317463517189026, 0.33234888315200806, 0.4933002293109894, 0.04909837990999222, -0.048034630715847015, -0.8438506126403809, 0.25395458936691284, 0.044333141297101974, -0.11682320386171341, -0.17197154462337494, -0.18304283916950226, -0.010351035743951797, 0.10362675040960312, 0.35971489548683167, 0.3170067369937897, 0.4185585081577301, 0.21331222355365753, -0.9224300384521484, -0.005644795950502157, -0.5186775326728821, -0.07981836050748825, -0.11481548845767975, 0.2294689416885376, -0.21363192796707153, -0.8125383257865906, -0.6911524534225464, 0.1125558465719223, 0.08054830133914948, -0.6439805626869202, 0.39982420206069946, -0.20813582837581635, 0.24174542725086212, -0.46249642968177795, -0.08365891128778458, -0.12422142177820206, 0.03536919876933098, 0.2901955842971802, 0.020608510822057724, 0.1881149560213089, 0.6784570217132568, 0.05753535032272339, -0.04399741068482399, 0.08295699208974838, 0.15967422723770142, -0.14758308231830597, -0.13434043526649475, 0.27543988823890686, -0.20604649186134338, 0.18696138262748718, 0.3953629434108734, -0.21182389557361603, 0.10747787356376648, -0.1529655158519745, -6.032118797302246, 0.2646450996398926, -0.5226039290428162, 0.017945047467947006, 0.3140462338924408, 0.2982363998889923, 0.6727895140647888, -0.30037304759025574, -0.19809505343437195, -0.2543821334838867, -0.2174999713897705, 0.18831869959831238, 0.18086446821689606, 0.3418073356151581, 0.28072473406791687, 0.07626739144325256, 0.04180330038070679, 0.07904677838087082, 0.11873185634613037, 0.07321681827306747, -0.23194721341133118, 0.3683393597602844, 0.5380017757415771, 0.8883377909660339, -0.022121436893939972, 0.10894295573234558, -0.6718027591705322, 0.020749788731336594, 0.08885529637336731, -0.17740653455257416, 0.0112143000587821, 0.08628788590431213, 0.04803326725959778, -0.5783030390739441, -0.5964621305465698, 0.06347533315420151, 0.8125492334365845, -0.15580366551876068, -0.0060327616520226, -0.050441134721040726, -0.16074256598949432, 0.4345693290233612, 0.41743242740631104, -0.30681949853897095, 0.09075217694044113, 0.29540562629699707, -0.03667360171675682, -0.3971668779850006, -0.29175636172294617, 0.8037327527999878, -0.5781464576721191, -0.3006880581378937, 0.059196148067712784, -0.1433827131986618, 0.06657293438911438, -0.25290384888648987, 0.41370320320129395, 0.1268186867237091, -0.6510642170906067, 0.029504716396331787, 0.30447643995285034, -0.6236023306846619, 0.055327218025922775, -0.5869162678718567, -0.12013403326272964, -0.10419384390115738, -0.5946816205978394, 0.33836910128593445, 0.7193694114685059, 0.18626312911510468, -0.5850679278373718, 0.34459346532821655, 0.2680346965789795, -0.9389656186103821, 0.12537744641304016, -0.00895156804472208, -0.13387151062488556, 0.25638440251350403, -0.08728942275047302, 0.5093991756439209, -0.4188729226589203, 0.01960087940096855, -0.4192934036254883, -0.003986817318946123, 0.07133681327104568, -0.34455522894859314, -0.08520901948213577, -0.12152157723903656, -0.5629964470863342, 0.10848696529865265, 0.7454458475112915, 0.1304413229227066, 0.11343704164028168, 0.08048098534345627, 0.3355039656162262, 1.0703575611114502, 0.0432775653898716, 0.498956561088562, -0.1776796281337738, 0.14358530938625336, 0.28999707102775574, -0.003815270960330963, 0.2912867069244385, -0.39970290660858154, -0.08833349496126175, -0.1650753617286682, -0.5282341837882996, 0.5236513018608093, 0.32925382256507874, 0.13811637461185455, 0.03402276337146759, 0.18394513428211212, -0.5373048782348633, -0.4675314426422119, -0.10683676600456238, 0.14808389544487, -0.17572379112243652, 0.6510316133499146, 0.3076840937137604, -0.38775378465652466, 0.16392865777015686, 0.473422646522522, 0.004487517289817333, -0.23803752660751343, -1.0394397974014282, -0.45318177342414856, -0.3330420255661011, -0.001731925643980503, 0.3185040056705475, 0.1431817263364792, 0.09010683000087738, 0.6242563128471375, -0.1791709065437317, -0.023387372493743896, 0.3612833321094513, -0.1995648592710495, -0.005836656782776117, 0.05723555386066437, -0.4969019293785095, -0.5223878622055054, 0.36101460456848145, -0.7674459218978882, -0.522355854511261, 0.25616398453712463, 0.19592781364917755, 0.4756616950035095, -0.31474533677101135, -0.2644559442996979, 0.22626569867134094, 0.8970988988876343, 0.48106542229652405, -0.3560841977596283, 0.5674221515655518, -0.6061716079711914, 0.1426258087158203, 0.08444181084632874, -0.3563624620437622, -0.0030748608987778425, -0.37828564643859863, 0.11025034636259079, 0.08724330365657806, -0.15206392109394073, -0.8463374376296997, -0.4735988974571228, 0.41297096014022827, -0.11296260356903076, -0.34290164709091187, -0.49001699686050415, -0.37284544110298157, 0.4803239703178406, -0.40670305490493774, 0.1955706924200058, -0.10563240945339203, -0.14238309860229492, 0.18306602537631989, 0.20088578760623932, 0.26229655742645264, 0.24779842793941498, -0.04104884713888168, 0.3047958016395569, 0.4565173387527466, 0.0012240007054060698, 0.2230330854654312, -0.032881420105695724, 0.654715895652771, -0.6358188986778259, 0.3316769301891327, 0.38540196418762207, -0.5049608945846558, -0.2825688421726227, -0.47743722796440125, 0.08067511767148972, 0.396725594997406, 0.07415345311164856, -0.24873808026313782, -0.3286454677581787, 0.022442970424890518, 0.6526109576225281, -0.15275496244430542, -0.1655762642621994, 0.41035622358322144, 0.20734035968780518, -0.2137954980134964, -0.11370585113763809, 0.1974581480026245, -0.5832421183586121, 0.6158491373062134, -0.6278228759765625, -0.33288246393203735, 0.20717985928058624, -0.2941732108592987, -0.41785702109336853, -0.24530115723609924, -0.21465535461902618, -0.18663471937179565, -0.05055469274520874, -0.046214621514081955, -0.3046603798866272, -0.8413967490196228, -0.41810107231140137, 0.07348829507827759, 0.23348231613636017, -0.1914380043745041, 0.11102714389562607, 0.1875622421503067, 0.2835064232349396, 0.38577476143836975, -0.40904131531715393, 0.8424357175827026, 0.2820529341697693, -0.10978104174137115, -0.2832309901714325, 0.09230486303567886, -0.040818952023983, -0.25016501545906067, -0.35215139389038086, 0.4931451678276062, -0.19414494931697845, -0.3465578258037567, 0.347126841545105, 0.2479945421218872, 0.09006176888942719, -0.08831761032342911, -0.6329049468040466, -0.47346824407577515, 0.4770286977291107, 0.5235293507575989, -0.7153509259223938, -0.5361291170120239, 0.20195430517196655, 0.04705880582332611, -0.16022415459156036, -0.4795833230018616, -0.259021520614624, 0.28156495094299316, -0.30551353096961975, -0.003040737472474575, -0.2429431974887848, 0.06815000623464584, -0.04372778907418251, 0.18380941450595856, -0.42194047570228577, -0.24412524700164795, 0.26029151678085327, -0.06228458136320114, -0.059923604130744934, 0.15175233781337738, 0.01954660750925541, 0.25420817732810974, -0.37744149565696716, 0.03959355130791664, 0.007779718842357397, 0.8408576846122742, 0.5442280769348145, 0.09192358702421188, -0.27952122688293457, -0.22147171199321747, -0.2256699800491333, -0.1259501725435257, -0.23766039311885834, -0.644818127155304, 0.014742442406713963, 0.2178690880537033, 0.13268762826919556, 0.293597549200058, -0.5408362150192261, 0.33154764771461487, -0.05593155324459076, -0.24952669441699982, -0.252645879983902, -0.39743465185165405, 0.20553381741046906, -0.022040823474526405, 0.21878965198993683, -0.37569934129714966, 0.20701700448989868, -0.25115126371383667, -0.30791303515434265, -0.04203851521015167, -0.35999754071235657, -0.5753421187400818, -0.2576359212398529, 0.36160770058631897, -0.9980003237724304, 0.15609997510910034, 0.23028329014778137, -0.1795521080493927, -0.40871694684028625, -0.41636189818382263, -0.1038794293999672, 0.23251846432685852, -0.38395020365715027, 0.24278739094734192, 0.5018018484115601, 0.19361716508865356, -0.0653124675154686, 0.061849672347307205, -0.6379395127296448, -0.23899409174919128, 0.07878158241510391, 0.6297045350074768, -0.16707845032215118, 0.2583335340023041, 0.10437432676553726, 0.007568111643195152, 0.33323240280151367, 0.08205147087574005, -0.6120949983596802, 0.38690170645713806, 0.23952925205230713, 0.7591312527656555, 0.22171801328659058, -0.1689491719007492, 0.12327831238508224, -0.2701512277126312, -0.7346100807189941, -0.08591464161872864, -0.37191587686538696, -0.01898609660565853, 1.0090395212173462, 0.12397657334804535, 0.505060613155365, -0.010394454933702946, -0.11047111451625824, -0.25090163946151733, 0.4290876090526581, 0.21287350356578827, -0.06069069728255272, -0.008787421509623528, 0.32788270711898804, 0.351850301027298, -0.13329780101776123, 0.029156440868973732, 0.09010470658540726, -0.01541137509047985, -0.11865852773189545, -0.23922598361968994, -0.07883495837450027, 0.02932559885084629, -0.2463233470916748, -0.15369117259979248, 0.272580087184906, 0.19406503438949585, -0.015708796679973602, 0.22461561858654022, 0.016989877447485924, -0.0647541731595993, -0.04425743594765663, 0.041363757103681564, -0.2251671552658081, 0.45720118284225464, -0.025925060734152794, -0.17261651158332825, 0.13309822976589203, -0.09917443990707397, -0.19209624826908112, 0.9328261017799377, 0.9676526188850403, -0.13483066856861115, -0.5304966568946838, -0.4700799286365509, -0.3793890178203583, -0.05805845931172371, -0.4533002972602844, 0.584942638874054, -0.1417711079120636, 0.3664969801902771, 0.25103577971458435, -0.5610713362693787, 0.4046610891819, 0.1216508001089096, -0.7016660571098328, -0.2171623706817627, 0.09561118483543396, -0.018502481281757355, -0.08037109673023224, -0.12269224226474762, 0.9163698554039001, 0.28176349401474, -0.1623438596725464, 0.0697084292769432, -0.15934740006923676, 0.18971580266952515, -0.22942206263542175, -0.4753354787826538, -0.050289902836084366, -0.15314973890781403, -0.09764344990253448, -0.6347934603691101, 0.16018682718276978, 0.9473855495452881, 0.1316925287246704, 0.013637189753353596, 0.40969759225845337, 0.12879391014575958, 0.17221978306770325, 0.6063699126243591, -0.040238142013549805, -0.1581951081752777, -0.2669502794742584, 0.16762515902519226, 0.28497153520584106, 0.42566171288490295, 0.4446864426136017, -0.44262275099754333, -0.13140705227851868, 0.6464426517486572, 0.15916875004768372, -0.48336222767829895, 0.14430564641952515, -0.37341102957725525, 0.04564749076962471, -0.2830418646335602, 0.3507603108882904, -0.22344312071800232, -0.061829209327697754, 0.19141171872615814, 0.13672973215579987, -0.12372215837240219, -0.45192933082580566, 0.06131990626454353, 0.1191091313958168, -0.3051908314228058, -0.16367194056510925, -0.1941617876291275, 0.35117262601852417, -0.13169416785240173, -0.30619409680366516, -0.4825911223888397, -0.22584442794322968, 0.43247559666633606, -0.4030078649520874, 0.6137624979019165, -0.1858747899532318, -0.005111337639391422, -0.2810755670070648, 0.2685210108757019, -0.10904155671596527, 0.10768553614616394, 0.8392362594604492 ]
230788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCD	TCD	TCD can be used as: Chad (ISO 3-letter country code) Task completion date Teller cash dispenser Tentative channel designation Thalamocortical dysrhythmia The College Dropout, the debut studio album by Kanye West Thermal conductivity detector, used in gas chromatography Thousand cankers disease Transcranial Doppler, a blood flow test Transport de Chalands de Débarquement, a type of French Navy ship Trinity College Dublin The Chambers Dictionary T cell depletion	[ 0.37041664123535156, 0.23378320038318634, -0.14236654341220856, 0.176869735121727, 0.006194399669766426, -0.10823554545640945, 0.05485646426677704, 0.06351577490568161, -0.1313180923461914, -0.002973022637888789, -0.22782693803310394, 0.33157140016555786, -0.11171531677246094, 0.33956679701805115, 0.41536131501197815, 0.4438331127166748, 0.7171663045883179, 0.0936492383480072, -0.10842538625001907, -0.8187118768692017, -0.20742042362689972, -0.2925887405872345, 0.22512681782245636, -0.5414829850196838, 0.17077715694904327, 0.5347712635993958, -0.44612133502960205, -0.35870426893234253, -0.12539757788181305, 0.07528707385063171, 0.6247602105140686, 0.5701671838760376, 0.11387383192777634, 0.08109806478023529, 0.20753324031829834, 0.2840881049633026, -0.4826638400554657, -0.42397043108940125, -0.4079568088054657, -0.615860641002655, 0.21023336052894592, -0.5932275652885437, -0.08934739977121353, 0.4035889804363251, -0.7068015933036804, 0.15872035920619965, -1.4453411102294922, 0.4405185878276825, -0.6184455156326294, 0.044422995299100876, 0.19432038068771362, 0.4623134732246399, -0.11816621571779251, 0.025610143318772316, 0.06291081756353378, 0.03571175038814545, -0.6105136871337891, -0.2940070331096649, 0.41286689043045044, -0.537319004535675, 0.47010892629623413, -0.09369774907827377, -0.5538302659988403, 0.5622066259384155, -0.09434561431407928, -0.17496521770954132, -0.03293071687221527, 0.21942199766635895, -0.6232529282569885, -0.21325594186782837, 0.13405270874500275, -0.06525176018476486, 0.12046805024147034, -0.29153406620025635, -0.29070761799812317, 0.1230989620089531, -0.22335240244865417, 0.315350741147995, 0.180818110704422, -0.03604046255350113, -0.10562964528799057, 0.0763709768652916, 0.6987040638923645, -0.256748765707016, 0.43834343552589417, -0.030372818931937218, -0.2646128237247467, 0.597591757774353, -0.5546675324440002, 0.09308243542909622, 0.06318923085927963, -0.04051188379526138, 0.3223380148410797, -0.1492525190114975, -0.2516535520553589, -0.007676452863961458, -0.3392260670661926, -0.34524863958358765, 0.4031312167644501, 0.03273656964302063, 0.12094016373157501, -0.14010962843894958, 0.11315160244703293, 0.26121923327445984, -0.3625766336917877, 0.05412757396697998, -0.39401039481163025, -0.29862985014915466, 0.0024060788564383984, -0.5284806489944458, -0.2961721122264862, -0.2353164106607437, -0.06673471629619598, -0.029809406027197838, -0.09238073974847794, -0.2562102675437927, 0.36591440439224243, 0.23791444301605225, 0.16014640033245087, 0.05435457080602646, 0.16793093085289001, 0.4702802896499634, -0.3425943851470947, 0.07667335867881775, 0.3068917691707611, 0.4014977812767029, 0.4406681954860687, 0.19904948770999908, -0.1716453731060028, 0.12511630356311798, -0.06130402907729149, 0.6443673372268677, 0.22472411394119263, 0.06107760965824127, -0.30782443284988403, 0.08450517058372498, 0.1991966962814331, -0.5459427237510681, 0.4422941207885742, 0.7089973092079163, -0.46265870332717896, -0.33897167444229126, -0.6939776539802551, -0.06489019095897675, 0.12387146055698395, -0.23293350636959076, -0.32279837131500244, 0.3908417820930481, 0.36387190222740173, 0.19960232079029083, -0.0747373104095459, 0.10050907731056213, -0.13319814205169678, 0.12989956140518188, 0.1378098428249359, 0.08857269585132599, -0.18528194725513458, 0.07438437640666962, -0.3009089529514313, -0.1194988489151001, 0.06381464004516602, 0.655582070350647, -0.24827387928962708, -0.06061786040663719, 0.39787593483924866, -0.33345267176628113, 0.16909198462963104, 0.1651899516582489, -0.42259424924850464, -0.41480475664138794, -0.18750432133674622, -0.1918029487133026, -0.006718869786709547, -0.08899965137243271, 0.11045940965414047, 0.3425140678882599, 0.027205053716897964, 0.1015283614397049, 0.5803857445716858, 0.39610931277275085, -0.6863065361976624, 0.16138391196727753, 0.27810540795326233, -0.4760313630104065, 0.2690901756286621, 0.3383261561393738, 0.4025633931159973, 0.15225711464881897, -0.20707976818084717, 0.23591963946819305, -0.6477395296096802, -0.1212378516793251, 0.41007235646247864, -0.5112033486366272, 1.4051399230957031, -0.21022340655326843, 0.07951029390096664, 0.7369523048400879, 0.06624691933393478, 0.1676120012998581, -0.3040125370025635, -0.07348940521478653, 0.9281202554702759, -0.16151520609855652, -0.41329801082611084, 0.3413989841938019, 0.2534210681915283, -0.5689570903778076, -0.03182573989033699, -0.2884310185909271, 0.24291938543319702, -0.5478368997573853, 0.07180353254079819, -0.04442630708217621, 0.17918388545513153, -0.23672692477703094, -0.4094243347644806, 0.22394868731498718, -0.19032025337219238, -0.05167550966143608, 0.12323429435491562, -0.5768661499023438, -0.0035949035082012415, 0.6375599503517151, -0.835692286491394, 0.6832671165466309, -0.256908655166626, 0.2959136962890625, 0.8364864587783813, -0.7473344802856445, -0.146322101354599, -0.3186493217945099, -0.29377225041389465, -0.2606745660305023, 0.018036283552646637, 0.07689804583787918, 0.12074294686317444, -0.05611957609653473, 0.0055351825430989265, -0.32123667001724243, -0.36093437671661377, 0.2658717930316925, -0.497051864862442, -0.14500375092029572, 0.23462459444999695, -0.028208458796143532, 0.08846703171730042, 0.30062156915664673, -0.19483508169651031, -0.05304528400301933, 0.09472626447677612, 0.675224781036377, -0.13993355631828308, -0.29673150181770325, 0.004496912006288767, 0.28062158823013306, 0.5939177870750427, 0.056903738528490067, -0.38912785053253174, -0.3527669608592987, -0.8606350421905518, 0.0647621601819992, 0.005152326542884111, -0.16320839524269104, -0.19212132692337036, -0.8613002300262451, -0.5700379610061646, -0.1416132152080536, 0.8994496464729309, 0.15920256078243256, 0.10835274308919907, -0.25900447368621826, -0.16511490941047668, 0.06604393571615219, -0.8475221395492554, -0.5425333380699158, 0.45366495847702026, 0.45660078525543213, -0.08023269474506378, -0.12390779703855515, -0.334307461977005, 0.3253137469291687, 0.2630925476551056, -0.5287706851959229, -0.08003446459770203, 0.13520866632461548, -0.46660858392715454, -0.2459210902452469, -0.07881441712379456, -0.7032068967819214, -0.17053744196891785, 0.30852437019348145, 0.22870782017707825, -0.09977328032255173, 0.2364315241575241, -0.27731531858444214, 0.2473263144493103, 0.2789440155029297, 0.30134913325309753, 0.10802137851715088, -0.22060295939445496, 0.3685605227947235, -0.006017031613737345, 0.347532719373703, 0.6919442415237427, -0.07832653820514679, -0.3467464745044708, 0.17698165774345398, -6.1120123863220215, 0.24906332790851593, 0.11271894723176956, 0.11487609148025513, 0.07046233117580414, 0.0035155746154487133, 1.1506177186965942, 0.17469388246536255, -0.11838278919458389, -0.26360514760017395, -0.4622848927974701, 0.6445207595825195, -0.4327264726161957, 0.05408956855535507, -0.08370335400104523, 0.23332296311855316, -0.1385633945465088, -0.4825306832790375, 0.326203316450119, 0.32084688544273376, -0.14689753949642181, 0.37473398447036743, 0.01792207919061184, 0.6721729636192322, -0.490030437707901, 0.334922194480896, -0.7897868156433105, 0.46238917112350464, -0.42502743005752563, 0.09129475802183151, 0.32587364315986633, -0.23240220546722412, 0.07622618228197098, -0.29843708872795105, -0.17824792861938477, -0.13010801374912262, 0.7011697292327881, -0.07683295011520386, -0.25402218103408813, -0.45578432083129883, -0.0055495924316346645, 0.27623865008354187, 0.12387841939926147, -0.37176817655563354, 0.39162060618400574, 0.27489909529685974, 0.15026584267616272, -0.07986100763082504, -0.20219989120960236, 0.57917720079422, -0.3467870354652405, -0.24435488879680634, 0.16141019761562347, 0.2119889110326767, 0.10239564627408981, 0.014961708337068558, 0.27309635281562805, 0.1281479150056839, -0.24111048877239227, 0.45200780034065247, 0.10056795179843903, -0.1757793128490448, -0.1891723871231079, -0.8702236413955688, 0.074208565056324, -0.06629874557256699, -0.6297641396522522, -0.08832552284002304, 0.1623190939426422, 0.5912936925888062, -0.22555728256702423, 0.14542993903160095, -0.09839600324630737, -0.9664891958236694, -0.2503993511199951, -0.4514150321483612, 0.10162386298179626, 0.5204148888587952, 0.1815912127494812, 0.48123395442962646, -0.4869609773159027, 0.3217339813709259, 0.026576293632388115, -0.16632889211177826, -0.015991607680916786, -0.6567298173904419, -0.2923073470592499, 0.4449072778224945, 0.2457091510295868, -0.05535866692662239, 0.5156077146530151, 0.17529435455799103, -0.12243073433637619, 0.287243515253067, 0.32209599018096924, 0.30527934432029724, 0.061071302741765976, 0.7166624665260315, 0.1984260529279709, 0.1698775440454483, 0.7575362324714661, -0.26056867837905884, 0.11139046400785446, -0.9558725953102112, -0.6459760665893555, -0.23769499361515045, -0.3419387638568878, 0.39424291253089905, 0.4192284047603607, -0.3156279921531677, -0.1335933655500412, 0.20774665474891663, -0.3585919141769409, 0.015593389980494976, 0.16130834817886353, 0.027905019000172615, -0.1053495779633522, 0.04611116647720337, 0.8493794798851013, -0.3801416754722595, 0.2778562605381012, 0.6260126829147339, -0.6028676629066467, 0.18633759021759033, 0.18459255993366241, -0.2370302975177765, 0.19783085584640503, 0.1007431223988533, -0.16457507014274597, -0.08417842537164688, -0.12070468813180923, -0.05577065050601959, 0.20135970413684845, 0.10848808288574219, 0.2572178244590759, -0.5381049513816833, -0.5035918354988098, 0.7084438800811768, -0.0850633904337883, -0.24131819605827332, 0.40277281403541565, -0.19312931597232819, -0.2346637099981308, 0.1948806494474411, 0.6972101330757141, 0.21566906571388245, -0.34649065136909485, -0.023717202246189117, 0.155379056930542, 0.11213474720716476, 0.4239487648010254, -0.027445361018180847, 0.28963980078697205, -0.24868077039718628, -0.08301395177841187, 0.4963681101799011, 0.41729336977005005, 0.21658632159233093, 0.4888075590133667, -0.3115818202495575, 0.12479818612337112, 0.24222877621650696, -1.268385887145996, -0.40204375982284546, 0.4259750247001648, -0.43138983845710754, -0.02096380479633808, -0.3995731472969055, 0.05844014510512352, 0.22313132882118225, -0.4828526973724365, -0.22698929905891418, -0.1172727569937706, 0.07010708749294281, 0.04217683896422386, 0.3791775703430176, 0.26582372188568115, 0.1273469626903534, 0.31282469630241394, 0.3728751540184021, 0.008393825963139534, -0.08392319828271866, 0.18408499658107758, 0.6573430895805359, 0.4432908892631531, 0.0280985739082098, -0.17939777672290802, 0.38840487599372864, -0.0841686874628067, 0.15363846719264984, 0.01366234477609396, 0.14260540902614594, 0.1345297396183014, 0.3519270420074463, 0.003198956372216344, -0.3051120936870575, -0.2222965806722641, 1.0729491710662842, -0.22582872211933136, -0.30666399002075195, 0.5185033679008484, 0.5890347361564636, 0.09784993529319763, 0.31086698174476624, 0.5403978824615479, -0.2477247416973114, 0.4077773094177246, -0.18231813609600067, -0.10888843983411789, -0.17789259552955627, -0.03498009219765663, -0.3061092495918274, 0.1527130901813507, 0.02824985980987549, -0.25876495242118835, -0.28637591004371643, 0.12501923739910126, -0.6753268837928772, -0.18499945104122162, 0.029543723911046982, 0.0070244260132312775, 0.4587477743625641, -0.1946791410446167, 0.08800573647022247, -0.1774725317955017, -0.07506007701158524, 0.43343979120254517, -0.7617656588554382, 0.3244708776473999, 0.4614669382572174, -0.7175964117050171, -0.036191534250974655, -0.21286433935165405, 0.4458140730857849, -0.6093589067459106, -0.21439744532108307, -0.010868670418858528, 0.12389271706342697, 0.13183435797691345, 0.06621811538934708, 0.13695748150348663, 0.021032605320215225, 0.10789911448955536, -0.45301634073257446, -0.34395039081573486, 0.4778600037097931, 0.3586333990097046, -0.25970712304115295, -0.2487282007932663, 0.09518513083457947, 0.42523762583732605, 0.016376584768295288, -0.29195842146873474, -0.32592281699180603, 0.6620567440986633, -0.11214803904294968, -0.07192230969667435, -0.49429115653038025, -0.046349070966243744, 0.42105188965797424, -0.45185673236846924, 0.22951260209083557, -0.18499936163425446, -0.04451054707169533, -0.03279706463217735, 0.4634539783000946, -0.33553552627563477, -0.47451251745224, 0.14318957924842834, -0.555724561214447, -0.2120126336812973, -0.05608443543314934, 0.9983305931091309, 0.5059306025505066, 0.3888457119464874, -0.26792237162590027, -0.34686174988746643, -0.2562278211116791, -0.009406636469066143, 0.21226610243320465, -0.27573373913764954, -0.17995792627334595, 0.21341437101364136, -0.1536235213279724, 0.5224641561508179, -0.45584017038345337, 0.14263485372066498, -0.36003556847572327, -0.046943847090005875, -0.2705613970756531, -0.23355697095394135, 0.24763405323028564, -0.28435611724853516, 0.09391329437494278, -0.4671805500984192, 0.007544166874140501, -0.04250996932387352, 0.2622556984424591, -0.02362702414393425, 0.08704441785812378, -0.6107577085494995, 0.3892531394958496, 0.646939218044281, -0.9376662373542786, 0.1231292113661766, 0.22866255044937134, 0.23324169218540192, -0.3747422993183136, 0.2499796450138092, -0.3832145929336548, 0.32370704412460327, -0.5288494825363159, 0.10426447540521622, 0.5506430268287659, 0.03816461190581322, 0.2184877246618271, 0.3007524311542511, -0.44678109884262085, 0.18274728953838348, 0.34109222888946533, 0.48910316824913025, 0.5239111185073853, 0.5134619474411011, -0.22835424542427063, -0.3626127541065216, 0.18337979912757874, -0.10911808907985687, -0.40067172050476074, 0.34999439120292664, 0.6691492795944214, 0.5739481449127197, 0.36155351996421814, -0.051690857857465744, 0.8022336959838867, -0.2854604125022888, 0.1522277444601059, -0.22611071169376373, -0.2762152850627899, -0.3457106947898865, 0.18528218567371368, 0.3577982187271118, 0.1734919399023056, -0.4387834370136261, 0.197116881608963, -0.15553943812847137, 0.35143405199050903, 0.2986662983894348, 0.06716903299093246, -0.08054559677839279, 0.05856480821967125, -0.030780544504523277, 0.025899771600961685, -0.3683851957321167, 0.11662214249372482, -0.18445073068141937, 0.017151542007923126, -0.08213327080011368, -0.15409338474273682, -0.22682537138462067, -0.3509128987789154, -0.3907054662704468, 0.12079373002052307, 0.1786288470029831, 0.23678216338157654, -0.3098257780075073, 0.1156531348824501, 0.3132539689540863, -0.21084335446357727, 0.29720383882522583, 0.12843361496925354, 0.0728079080581665, 0.0897621363401413, -0.26236915588378906, 0.23478515446186066, 0.28201940655708313, -0.41132083535194397, 0.013736377470195293, 0.4097733795642853, -0.14730167388916016, -0.09656215459108353, -0.8176293969154358, -0.4286594092845917, -0.22981113195419312, -0.24333642423152924, 0.1983824074268341, -0.15092796087265015, -0.09684985131025314, 0.21769651770591736, -0.7275101542472839, 0.08132076263427734, -0.09586454927921295, -0.6098241806030273, 0.24279196560382843, -0.34410926699638367, -0.12588681280612946, -0.4801538288593292, 0.0297793447971344, 0.32270291447639465, -0.06820272654294968, 0.18317638337612152, -0.06185932829976082, -0.3100569248199463, 0.4139889180660248, -0.23858992755413055, -0.6460994482040405, 0.4462963342666626, 0.016696680337190628, 0.7783934473991394, -0.785876989364624, 0.3067930340766907, 0.706493616104126, 0.49361127614974976, -0.26103726029396057, 0.6352570652961731, -0.1525559425354004, 0.17437542974948883, 0.8343067765235901, -0.33778494596481323, 0.06922197341918945, -0.4630405306816101, -0.4987618625164032, -0.13378934562206268, 0.4655015766620636, 0.37996047735214233, -0.4720994532108307, -0.047156430780887604, 0.735785722732544, -0.06365075707435608, -0.4802679419517517, 0.6514871716499329, -0.14629994332790375, -0.2007189840078354, -0.2737003266811371, 0.43394947052001953, -0.5166299343109131, -0.49350473284721375, -0.06133298948407173, 0.24586991965770721, -0.305721640586853, -0.05342685431241989, 0.11241292208433151, 0.09838296473026276, -0.36704787611961365, -0.01944074220955372, -0.5838090181350708, -0.04195564240217209, -0.2576587200164795, -0.6085827350616455, -0.6495775580406189, -0.007916578091681004, 0.630856990814209, -0.8595461845397949, -0.047685734927654266, -0.1910405308008194, 0.03979457914829254, -0.40731745958328247, -0.12491820007562637, -0.12290132790803909, -0.1609651744365692, 0.3230036497116089 ]
230791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Berlin%20%28disambiguation%29	University of Berlin (disambiguation)	Berlin University or University of Berlin may refer to: Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin), founded in 1809 as University of Berlin; renamed Friedrich Wilhelm University in 1828; renamed Humboldt-Universitat in 1949 Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin), founded 1879 Free University of Berlin (FU Berlin), founded 1948 See also List of universities, colleges, and research institutions in Berlin	[ 0.41050928831100464, -0.06238029524683952, 0.3366483449935913, -0.03039705567061901, -0.3200376629829407, 0.5396236181259155, 0.4258604347705841, 0.3059617578983307, -0.1822359412908554, -0.6139019727706909, -0.05642910301685333, -0.7316282987594604, 0.2148832082748413, 0.7754348516464233, -0.27159708738327026, -0.17711275815963745, 0.3386112153530121, 0.33823877573013306, -0.402358740568161, 0.09685074537992477, 0.009974046610295773, 0.3204859793186188, 0.5845176577568054, -0.08618651330471039, -0.08608735352754593, -0.366230309009552, 0.2510603368282318, -0.06020437180995941, -0.04444676265120506, 0.39152491092681885, -0.14272068440914154, 0.08896490186452866, -0.24112917482852936, 0.004870275501161814, -0.34707045555114746, -0.3770376741886139, -0.09792913496494293, -0.10547692328691483, 0.17013411223888397, -1.0357204675674438, -0.18276317417621613, -0.2834709882736206, 0.16090072691440582, 0.1120404601097107, -0.33642569184303284, -0.8749644756317139, -1.0281858444213867, 0.5435431599617004, -0.6766969561576843, 0.2561708986759186, -0.3904421925544739, -0.23537711799144745, 0.5257924199104309, 0.7252470850944519, -0.3437688648700714, -0.36056390404701233, -0.8490402698516846, -0.24113233387470245, 0.1926906555891037, 0.001649645622819662, 0.6390995383262634, 0.9215764999389648, 0.20758892595767975, 0.7892419099807739, 0.48149606585502625, -0.20459294319152832, -0.011133790947496891, 0.41012948751449585, -0.7083635926246643, -0.7987444996833801, -0.46502119302749634, -0.20972169935703278, -0.44154104590415955, -0.17323952913284302, 0.03525618091225624, -1.0166276693344116, 0.3367984890937805, -0.4486077129840851, 0.11291245371103287, -0.17244386672973633, 0.08613629639148712, -0.07858844101428986, 0.3887934982776642, -0.3073202073574066, 0.6824872493743896, 0.033721160143613815, -0.8587360978126526, -0.9437577724456787, -0.410710871219635, -0.07266105711460114, -0.05438205972313881, 0.26575973629951477, 0.056261803954839706, 0.039263900369405746, 0.16452261805534363, 0.3230334222316742, -0.06845757365226746, 0.5815524458885193, 0.14522477984428406, 0.30341869592666626, -0.4020354151725769, -0.04180314764380455, 0.31617867946624756, -0.029401293024420738, -0.17413531243801117, -0.565650224685669, -0.03917591646313667, -0.05070151016116142, -0.04846003279089928, 0.08401243388652802, -0.676003634929657, 0.16764679551124573, 0.08462566882371902, 0.2551593482494354, -0.07081672549247742, -0.012666282244026661, 0.37021395564079285, -0.7866941094398499, -0.20793475210666656, 0.037132374942302704, -0.790920615196228, 1.0378164052963257, 0.06025465950369835, 0.4658713638782501, 0.05559874325990677, 0.3312569558620453, 0.19174017012119293, 0.65510094165802, -1.0578322410583496, -0.4050692319869995, 0.35110050439834595, 1.071345567703247, 0.3932397663593292, -0.39470797777175903, -0.08981610834598541, -0.006307598669081926, 0.28090739250183105, 0.4760166108608246, -0.831524133682251, -0.007878954522311687, -0.9192906022071838, -0.29577508568763733, -0.744075357913971, 0.39625629782676697, -0.06122595816850662, -0.3844425082206726, 0.17025282979011536, -0.4084991216659546, 0.05141768977046013, -0.20610050857067108, -0.3575637936592102, 0.41223451495170593, -0.33351442217826843, 0.4921567142009735, 0.0029246744234114885, 0.6786602735519409, 0.7300082445144653, 0.2522222399711609, 0.44999000430107117, 0.20842207968235016, -0.48994919657707214, 0.21986155211925507, 0.0920868068933487, 0.08727628737688065, 0.2620275616645813, -0.6737147569656372, 0.09496201574802399, 0.15893404185771942, -0.4416612684726715, 0.021071307361125946, -0.4675493538379669, -0.6423758268356323, -0.031823668628931046, 0.16991373896598816, -0.06750860810279846, 0.133174866437912, 0.17288321256637573, -0.0739002451300621, 0.2927730083465576, -0.5311557054519653, -0.5903399586677551, 0.4890274405479431, 0.4284546971321106, 0.4316507875919342, -0.30481231212615967, 0.05633419752120972, 0.006420945283025503, 0.5794234871864319, -0.0031708544120192528, 0.5372762084007263, 0.16285304725170135, -0.6949430704116821, -0.04229825735092163, 0.14187681674957275, 0.72687166929245, 0.2152271568775177, -0.6036667823791504, 1.0177522897720337, -0.9239624738693237, 0.284417062997818, -0.1368708312511444, -0.4925541281700134, -0.3077113628387451, 0.08681918680667877, -0.1268187165260315, 0.09481212496757507, 0.10763979703187943, -0.027630602940917015, 0.15506573021411896, -0.2612038552761078, 0.5256404280662537, -0.4202710688114166, 0.40138790011405945, -0.1745341271162033, -0.02316492237150669, -0.3739444315433502, -0.4874347746372223, -0.05003122612833977, 0.2307143658399582, -0.32998040318489075, 0.9355586767196655, -0.5884837508201599, 0.504915714263916, 0.12050680071115494, 0.5112742185592651, 0.03382200747728348, 0.01759251579642296, 0.9354353547096252, -0.11810194700956345, -0.7230104207992554, 0.8202815651893616, 0.053336482495069504, 0.04460446909070015, -0.07322213798761368, 0.12603572010993958, -0.12238126993179321, -0.634967565536499, 0.06824318319559097, 0.48941391706466675, -0.46213221549987793, 0.43359076976776123, 0.1029258593916893, 0.047817714512348175, 0.3840441405773163, 0.5393325090408325, -0.2422192543745041, 0.2328185886144638, -0.1830533742904663, -0.4738257825374603, -0.10058437287807465, -0.16967462003231049, -0.08771145343780518, -0.29092368483543396, -0.24476566910743713, 0.1398645043373108, 0.3049095571041107, 0.48222798109054565, -0.027709633111953735, 0.07243906706571579, 0.1843748688697815, -0.012778586708009243, 0.09260712563991547, -0.2698196470737457, 0.08890748023986816, -0.09457980841398239, 0.30936822295188904, -0.20554985105991364, -0.6474909782409668, 0.10049176961183548, 0.243344247341156, 0.21207429468631744, 0.09602885693311691, -0.4921005666255951, 0.07649491727352142, -0.24940091371536255, -0.6999672055244446, 0.08683780580759048, 0.07199852913618088, -0.5707784295082092, -0.48546913266181946, -0.10569296777248383, 0.3129727840423584, -0.11164543032646179, -1.3175426721572876, 0.09372594952583313, -0.4035588502883911, 0.10628029704093933, 0.23929044604301453, -0.14644365012645721, -0.009254086762666702, -0.2964440584182739, 0.4293060898780823, -0.44155970215797424, -0.5683416724205017, 0.07304368168115616, 0.29645025730133057, 0.09712491184473038, -0.033811893314123154, 0.43696966767311096, -0.048351626843214035, -1.3281673192977905, 0.23272694647312164, -0.2108849734067917, -0.09493054449558258, -0.005935560446232557, -0.48158687353134155, -0.16497400403022766, 0.4761910140514374, -5.7397260665893555, -0.14432121813297272, -0.484373539686203, 0.30494454503059387, -0.11444918811321259, -0.10388888418674469, 0.05733954533934593, -0.039359044283628464, -0.36667972803115845, -0.7497196793556213, 0.36270639300346375, 0.3738115727901459, 0.294925719499588, 0.5805882811546326, 0.06093157082796097, 0.5772159099578857, -0.0295096468180418, 0.14593707025051117, -0.06148325651884079, -0.31144440174102783, -0.2823999524116516, -0.19183190166950226, 0.131646066904068, 0.5244531035423279, 0.4442492127418518, 0.27168887853622437, -0.13122425973415375, 0.531508207321167, -0.6557372212409973, -0.7113249897956848, 0.3941117525100708, -0.24692511558532715, 0.2659691274166107, -0.06521353125572205, 0.4705495834350586, 0.1546352654695511, 0.6524545550346375, 0.4295022785663605, -0.12454146146774292, 0.07623964548110962, 0.48854613304138184, 0.47345396876335144, -0.5147739052772522, -0.1932813972234726, 0.12796950340270996, -0.43212440609931946, -0.34055081009864807, 0.7544747591018677, -0.8563991785049438, 0.4959876537322998, -0.09621817618608475, -0.011468262411653996, 0.37379777431488037, 0.15488484501838684, -0.36761143803596497, -0.15996786952018738, 0.24327071011066437, 0.3682688772678375, -0.23660287261009216, 0.1596379429101944, -0.03664759173989296, 0.021805372089147568, 0.22218433022499084, -0.6743937134742737, -0.6669350862503052, -0.11810671538114548, -0.4415620267391205, 0.29482999444007874, 0.3555668890476227, -0.07212010025978088, -0.28640130162239075, 0.4832068979740143, 0.15913884341716766, -0.5959261059761047, -0.2555136978626251, -0.6925970911979675, -0.34794747829437256, -0.5422256588935852, -0.03842192515730858, 0.27736422419548035, 0.2766973376274109, -0.23721098899841309, -0.1686391979455948, 0.7575520873069763, 0.6710802912712097, -0.012221865355968475, 0.12770581245422363, -0.27570515871047974, 0.017476707696914673, -0.012173240073025227, -0.07162296772003174, -0.2007347047328949, 0.43563008308410645, 0.03872888535261154, -0.38200098276138306, 0.40054818987846375, -0.3077191412448883, -0.026640601456165314, 0.1443561613559723, 0.42477133870124817, 1.037365436553955, -0.30499058961868286, -0.3677044212818146, -0.3287222385406494, 0.31764164566993713, 0.02484939433634281, -0.28467684984207153, 0.3171006441116333, 0.42959657311439514, -0.18960393965244293, 0.4013906717300415, -0.18494361639022827, -0.3201603293418884, -0.24231408536434174, 0.19019290804862976, -0.7992170453071594, -0.6249892711639404, 0.8018244504928589, -0.10193891823291779, 0.3324945271015167, -0.1209769919514656, 0.28977683186531067, 0.41851717233657837, -0.5175654292106628, 0.21598675847053528, -0.10151524841785431, -0.1507532149553299, 0.07232926785945892, -0.4093983471393585, 0.48828619718551636, 0.047792933881282806, 0.0969325602054596, 0.21921968460083008, 0.05367710441350937, 0.13797706365585327, 0.30086275935173035, -0.17447678744792938, -0.3006384074687958, 0.20155753195285797, -0.4879194498062134, -0.039699964225292206, 0.16260629892349243, 0.2885381877422333, 0.08645733445882797, 0.30465397238731384, 0.2792968153953552, -0.10616304725408554, 0.29359108209609985, -0.39655598998069763, 0.4898587763309479, 0.08392873406410217, -0.3956942856311798, 0.2256750911474228, 0.5240820646286011, -0.2841625511646271, -0.026599017903208733, 0.13289035856723785, 0.6008253693580627, 0.15572410821914673, 0.24717174470424652, -0.3186201751232147, -0.6082793474197388, -0.6297919154167175, 0.06665502488613129, 0.10132107138633728, -0.4287937879562378, -0.632811427116394, 0.18813791871070862, -0.018435822799801826, 0.19022174179553986, -0.053177010267972946, -0.39215511083602905, -0.9200176000595093, 0.0326155424118042, 0.1624571979045868, 0.06797381490468979, 0.07052884995937347, 0.09572193026542664, 0.27044034004211426, -0.13025245070457458, 0.6175644993782043, -0.48807981610298157, 0.0691225454211235, 0.461076557636261, 0.667657732963562, 0.3532050549983978, -0.5243588089942932, -0.12836088240146637, -0.3120077848434448, 0.12986044585704803, 0.02832847461104393, 0.030521759763360023, 0.6786799430847168, 0.7878007292747498, 0.3216816484928131, -0.8127061128616333, 0.1589396744966507, 0.1506098061800003, -0.1315625160932541, 0.07455269992351532, 0.17924943566322327, 0.6145438551902771, -0.5727407932281494, 0.2654470205307007, -0.2600746750831604, -0.1576547771692276, 0.5405646562576294, -0.28710126876831055, 0.2342892438173294, -0.06798839569091797, -0.8604427576065063, -0.4821668863296509, -0.11734361946582794, 0.7475507855415344, -1.0112152099609375, -0.09928994625806808, 0.7344934344291687, -0.7324875593185425, -0.5703758597373962, -0.14190837740898132, 0.24957649409770966, 0.49295443296432495, -0.5667006969451904, 0.012422326020896435, -0.2580259442329407, 0.6204203963279724, -0.08529360592365265, -0.10177198052406311, 0.27612531185150146, -0.019612770527601242, 0.5270881056785583, -0.40243858098983765, -0.24352961778640747, 0.25557762384414673, 0.39468446373939514, -0.21242623031139374, 0.2699729800224304, -0.1715749353170395, -0.6338233351707458, -0.07142821699380875, 0.6780055165290833, 0.9376680254936218, -0.09270726889371872, -0.4029601216316223, 0.21113571524620056, -0.02759484387934208, 0.7436683773994446, 0.04392756521701813, -0.5161162614822388, -0.17334434390068054, 0.12268096208572388, -0.4862293601036072, -0.839504063129425, -0.6753736734390259, 0.6731775403022766, -0.054451990872621536, -0.021755855530500412, -0.001354771084152162, -0.052339181303977966, -0.07821013033390045, 0.09238781034946442, 0.3125110864639282, -1.0028915405273438, -0.04816252365708351, -0.27210095524787903, 0.16348999738693237, -0.5237576365470886, -0.43045318126678467, 0.12378932535648346, -0.7486901879310608, 0.3413795232772827, -0.11310441792011261, 0.24371908605098724, 0.1440366953611374, 0.02221745252609253, 0.5495193600654602, -0.291353315114975, -0.07802744954824448, 0.3008143901824951, -0.2361454963684082, -0.6436600089073181, -0.16458487510681152, 0.11550991237163544, -0.8387258052825928, -0.1747208684682846, -0.391005277633667, -0.1486927568912506, 0.09668546915054321, -0.6442749500274658, 0.5976006388664246, 0.14416706562042236, -0.3672434985637665, -0.44292306900024414, 0.8125485181808472, -0.30263152718544006, 0.3812435269355774, 0.26742076873779297, 0.10749445855617523, 0.5115564465522766, 0.10359103977680206, -0.3334696888923645, 0.30532464385032654, 0.459615021944046, -0.0015791832702234387, 0.7584084868431091, 0.36653172969818115, 0.18909205496311188, 0.43028387427330017, -0.22959499061107635, -0.43032142519950867, 0.826429009437561, -0.04964420199394226, 0.3016500771045685, 0.3151822090148926, -0.3335209786891937, 0.19183142483234406, 0.2413572520017624, 0.004280777182430029, 0.07864177972078323, -0.14270679652690887, 0.03927680477499962, 0.21527338027954102, 0.4390685558319092, -0.03720039501786232, 0.05922212079167366, 0.1340295672416687, 0.35503819584846497, -0.16757749021053314, -0.08239242434501648, -0.1539718359708786, 0.5153731107711792, -0.04618857428431511, -0.4410765469074249, 0.5214462876319885, -0.11798170953989029, 0.0548815056681633, 0.15064309537410736, -0.3813779950141907, -0.8009843826293945, 0.4970836639404297, 0.5883833169937134, 1.0160343647003174, -0.14771988987922668, 0.1750744730234146, -0.09479977190494537, 0.6389164924621582, -0.23107467591762543, 0.2907606065273285, 0.000766052573453635, -0.13600243628025055, 0.11966362595558167, -0.2572231590747833, -0.15163058042526245, -0.5122529864311218, -0.14166207611560822, -0.06386807560920715, 0.08065410703420639, -0.11267337203025818, -0.20434145629405975, 0.006721784360706806, 0.16574668884277344, 0.13482430577278137, 0.4484085738658905, -0.5392005443572998, -0.4321911036968231, 0.2550329566001892, 0.13542817533016205, -0.246268168091774, -0.36553755402565, -0.3088925778865814, 0.33440276980400085, 0.033924877643585205, -0.31338679790496826, 0.028885161504149437, -0.01360187865793705, 0.25298765301704407, 0.4448380470275879, 0.44857072830200195, 0.4722919762134552, 0.20526567101478577, -0.23019059002399445, -0.07410485297441483, -0.18054161965847015, -0.03159179538488388, -0.2079458087682724, -0.48868826031684875, -0.15702997148036957, 0.005214183125644922, -0.10106489807367325, -0.2145661860704422, -0.0856957882642746, -0.7558469176292419, 0.3884270489215851, 0.13071003556251526, -0.6868541836738586, -0.2965273857116699, -0.5522245168685913, 0.5566567778587341, 0.27230730652809143, -0.4850841462612152, -0.01676650159060955, 0.05259092524647713, -0.0950789824128151, 0.25692856311798096, -0.4405724108219147, 0.3016294836997986, -0.1320037543773651, 0.37013500928878784, -0.1754481941461563, 0.9717063903808594, 0.38331857323646545, -0.04588732868432999, -0.05702321603894234, 0.17883503437042236, -0.1372789740562439, 0.2214352786540985, 0.6401970982551575, -0.14681850373744965, -0.8322282433509827, 0.052471596747636795, -0.1567860096693039, -0.5573268532752991, 0.004239016678184271, 0.5165214538574219, -0.3747858703136444, -0.12575319409370422, 0.04254787787795067, 0.7334534525871277, -0.22419396042823792, 0.17420300841331482, -0.4537476599216461, 0.028597231954336166, -0.7516343593597412, 0.17609116435050964, -0.9622088074684143, 0.7418844103813171, 0.632091760635376, 0.817608654499054, -0.10243349522352219, -0.741363525390625, -0.0660088062286377, -0.0004296575498301536, 0.8018731474876404, 0.31576260924339294, 0.34808027744293213, 0.17701995372772217, 0.22227062284946442, 0.2407519817352295, -0.6677652597427368, 0.7827736139297485, 0.48592135310173035, 0.017101973295211792, 0.8122807741165161, -0.23699405789375305, 0.07218241691589355, 0.10979544371366501, -0.35585522651672363, -0.39875587821006775, 0.44881269335746765, 0.5409223437309265 ]
230793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil%20Court	Cecil Court	Cecil Court is a pedestrian street with Victorian shop-frontages in London, England, linking Charing Cross Road and St Martin's Lane. Since the 1930s, it has been known as the new Booksellers' Row. Early background One of the older thoroughfares in Covent Garden, Cecil Court dates to the end of the 17th century and earlier maps clearly identify a hedgerow running down the street's course. A tradesman's route at its inception, it much later acquired the nickname "Flicker Alley" from the concentration of early film companies in the Court. It is now known as home to some twenty antiquarian and second-hand independent bookshops, including specialists in modern first editions, collectible children's books, early printing, rare maps and atlases, antique prints, theatrical ephemera, and esoterica, as well as a contemporary art gallery, an antiques shop, shops specialising in antique silver, militaria, numismatics, and art deco jewellery. The street is sometimes nicknamed "Booksellers' Row"; an earlier "Booksellers' Row" existed at Holywell Street, London, demolished circa 1900. It has been suggested that the street was named after Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, the 1st Earl of Salisbury, an important courtier to Queen Elizabeth I and renowned as a trailblazing spymaster. However, it seems to be one of a number of nearby streets and places that have been named for the land-owning family including Cranbourn Street and The Salisbury pub on St Martin's Lane. A substantial part of Cecil Court was razed to the ground in 1735, almost certainly arson on the part of a tenant, Mrs. Colloway, who was running a brandy shop/brothel in the street at the time: she purchased kindling, emptied her brandy barrels, over-insured her stock and made certain that she was drinking nearby with friends at the time the fire took hold. However, she was acquitted. Association with Mozart The street rose from the ashes to become the temporary home of an eight-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart while he was touring Europe in 1764. For almost four months, the Mozart family lodged with barber John Couzin. Tickets for Mozart's first London concerts were sold from Couzin's shop and, while living there, the young Mozart performed twice for King George III and was tested for his musical ability by Dr. Charles Burney. According to some modern authorities, Mozart composed his first symphony while a resident of Cecil Court. In September 2011, the Cecil Court Traders' Association installed a plaque commemorating Mozart's relatively brief, but significant, period of residence in the street. The plaque sits at Number 9 Cecil Court, which - contrary to earlier assumptions placing the Mozart lodgings at Number 19 - has been confirmed as the site of John Couzin's barber shop. Cecil Court bookseller Tim Bryars consulted original source material, including the parish rate books of the time and a number of antique maps, to establish where in the street the young Mozart lived. The plaque was unveiled by actor and author Simon Callow, who created the role of Amadeus on stage. The ceremony was accompanied with music from members of Opera Holland Park and the City of London Sinfonia including pieces from Mozart's London Sketchbook which it is quite possible might have been composed in Cecil Court. Flicker Alley Cecil Court was an important focus of the early British cinema industry, with over forty entries to be found in the database of the study of the film business in London, 1894–1914, organised by the AHRB Centre for British Film and Television Studies, searchable online as part of the London Project. Arising from this, the street is sometimes called "Flicker Alley". The first film-related company arrived in Cecil Court in 1897, a year after the first demonstration of moving pictures in the United Kingdom and a decade before London's first purpose-built cinema opened its doors. The street was renowned as the place to buy or hire a film in Edwardian London, associated with many of the most important film-makers and distributors in early cinema. Home-grown pioneers including Cecil Hepworth and James Williamson had their offices there; but so did international companies including Gaumont, Nordisk, and American Vitagraph. Cecil Court's importance has been frequently cited by filmmakers and historians. It was the location for the UK's first concentration of film-related businesses, which were almost exclusively new companies, bringing new skills to the industry and sharing products, resources, information and clientele (for example, dividing the costs of transporting the film reels themselves, and offering joint screenings to the showmen who hired them). The earlier businesses tended to be "one-stop shops" - filmmakers and dealers in films and equipment. From 1907, this new wave of businesses were often more specialised: dealers in the import and distribution of foreign films, or specialists in film rental or equipment alone. One business specialised in cinema confectionery, and for a time the trade periodical The Bioscope was published from number 8. The US-based Flicker Alley home video and film distribution company, founded in 2002, is named as a homage to Cecil Court's history. In December 2012, Simon Callow returned to Cecil Court to unveil a plaque celebrating "Flicker Alley" and the street's significant role in the British film industry. Present-day The street is still owned by the Cecil family and the buildings one can see today were laid out c. 1894 during the tenure of long-serving British Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. Today, Cecil Court is part of the Jubilee Walkway (opened in 1977 as the Silver Jubilee Walkway). The nearest Underground station is Leicester Square. In popular culture The street is sometimes used as a location by film companies. On film, Cecil Court bookshops feature in Victim (1961), The Human Factor (1979), 84 Charing Cross Road (1987), Miss Potter (2006) and Last Christmas (2019). Bookshops set in Cecil Court feature briefly in a number of novels, such as Ben Aaronovitch's Broken Homes. Other information In 1776, Abraham Raimbach, the line engraver of "Village Politicians", "Blind Man's Buff", and others, after David Wilkie, was born in Cecil Court. Macmichael, J. Holden (1906): The Story of Charing Cross and its Environs, p. 190. The Aestheticist periodical The Dome was published at number 7 between March 1897 and July 1900. Watkins Books, the oldest bookshop in London to specialise in esoterica, has the longest continuous business history on the street, having occupied its current premises at 21 Cecil Court since 1901. Booksellers William and Gilbert Foyle, founders of the world-famous Foyles, opened their first West End shop at 16 Cecil Court in 1904, before moving to the current site on Charing Cross Road in 1906. In the 1930s, Cecil Court became a well known meeting place for Jewish refugees, which in 1983–84 inspired R.B. Kitaj to paint Cecil Court W.C.2. (The Refugees), a work now in the Tate Collection. In 1946, Griffs Bookshop, which specialised in Welsh writing in English and Welsh-language literature, was set up by William Griffiths and his brothers at 4 Cecil Court. William Griffiths was originally from Gilfach Goch, South Wales. Griffs Bookshop was a successful business and became prominent with Celtic scholars and writers such as Richard Llewellyn. In March 1961, Elsie Batten, a 59-year-old assistant in an antique shop at 23 Cecil Court, was stabbed to death. Her murderer, Edwin Bush, was identified and caught within days (he confessed and was hanged) following the circulation of identikit pictures — the first case to be solved using identikit in the UK. In 1967, David Drummond opened Pleasures of Past Times at 11 Cecil Court, specialising in memorabilia of the performing arts and "printed items evocative of a leisured age", making him the longest-serving bookseller on the street. The business is now run by his son Paul. In 1983, the British commercial telephone directory company Yellow Pages filmed part of its famous Fly Fishing by J. R. Hartley advertisement in Cecil Court. The character was played by the actor Norman Lumsden. In 2006, Cecil Court was a location for the filming of Miss Potter, starring Renée Zellweger and Ewan McGregor. In July 2010, Tenderpixel Gallery organised the Flicker Alley Festival in Cecil Court, which celebrated the heritage of early British cinema. Vinyl stickers in the style of blue heritage plaques were put on shop windows across the court, indicating which productions companies were located in each address between 1900 and 1915. Several lectures were organised, and the first Alice in Wonderland film (Hepworth, 1903) was screened in Tenderpixel Gallery with live musical accompaniment. Cecil Court appeared in the 1 December 2010 episode of The Apprentice. Gallery References External links Cecil Court The official website for the street, organised by the Cecil Court Association, gives details of most of the bookshops and other businesses on Cecil Court today, with articles about the history of the street, news and forthcoming events. The London Project, a major study of the film business in London, 1894–1914, organised by the AHRB Centre for British Film and Television Studies has a searchable database, useful for researching 'Flicker Alley'. The Metropolitan Police website has a full account of the Cecil Court antique shop murder. "Virtual" Cecil Court "walk" down the street. (There is no Google Streetview alternative.) Streets in the City of Westminster Shops in London Independent bookshops of the United Kingdom Bookshops in London Bookstore neighborhoods Pedestrian streets in the United Kingdom	[ 0.24484938383102417, 0.15452644228935242, 0.1758597195148468, -0.7100023627281189, 0.6535659432411194, 0.3827250599861145, 0.04535486176609993, 0.4675057530403137, -0.15816152095794678, -0.43294140696525574, -0.3711276054382324, -0.1948789805173874, -0.07846207171678543, -0.07701563090085983, -0.38651275634765625, 0.16521517932415009, -0.1126122772693634, 0.20390738546848297, 0.5964487195014954, -0.45820939540863037, 0.17647862434387207, 0.09734270721673965, -0.5220769047737122, -0.3018639385700226, 0.44599249958992004, -0.3408122658729553, 0.3578738272190094, -0.20442882180213928, -0.40373101830482483, -0.0031109140254557133, 0.4859834313392639, 0.425465852022171, 0.4214452803134918, -0.5124528408050537, 0.24208003282546997, -0.14543293416500092, 0.15468275547027588, -0.6523776054382324, -0.6984933614730835, -0.16819334030151367, -0.3333181142807007, -0.04503447562456131, -0.05839752033352852, 0.13739646971225739, -0.22467847168445587, 0.24219439923763275, -1.1480329036712646, -0.1476750671863556, -0.755946695804596, 0.10844311863183975, -0.38013914227485657, 0.2740505337715149, -0.053052328526973724, 0.049448154866695404, 0.7720075845718384, 0.41722574830055237, -1.2838026285171509, -0.184071347117424, 0.8249315023422241, 0.514613151550293, 0.5220065116882324, 0.440970778465271, 0.5792286992073059, 0.4554710388183594, 0.2804187834262848, 0.46176275610923767, -0.17229388654232025, 0.3423852324485779, -0.6366050839424133, -0.3804317116737366, 0.23423033952713013, -0.1421215981245041, 0.18871073424816132, 0.4851666986942291, -0.6827223300933838, 0.06739834696054459, -0.5952160954475403, 0.26233968138694763, 0.4221958518028259, 0.3537527620792389, 0.3471323549747467, -0.16342192888259888, 0.4921966791152954, 0.3924802243709564, 0.4454503357410431, 0.5198448896408081, -0.8310464024543762, 0.18104910850524902, -0.6221480369567871, 0.6832243800163269, -0.7727174758911133, 0.3571712374687195, 0.09022361785173416, -0.017645535990595818, -0.4791576564311981, -0.18416418135166168, 0.2521435618400574, -0.22241562604904175, 0.4077264368534088, 0.4957195222377777, -0.4658769369125366, 0.18283310532569885, -0.04701743274927139, 0.0301755852997303, -0.6375313997268677, 0.11468109488487244, -0.23136867582798004, -0.23949289321899414, 0.38479843735694885, -0.17170125246047974, -0.38258326053619385, 0.0013519390486180782, -0.44000956416130066, 0.4833117425441742, -0.4769289195537567, 0.6551846265792847, 0.8123999834060669, -0.059660688042640686, -0.4173288941383362, -0.06911597400903702, 0.24223816394805908, 0.15212677419185638, 0.4310147166252136, 0.2561659514904022, -0.22700807452201843, -0.21636950969696045, -0.262383371591568, 0.49303752183914185, 0.004277931060642004, 0.5485464334487915, 0.0647079274058342, 0.5572157502174377, -0.1730489283800125, -0.40456926822662354, 0.041506294161081314, -0.4088767468929291, 0.2633982300758362, -0.06733360886573792, 0.96259605884552, 0.447664350271225, -0.2659139633178711, 0.3251270353794098, 0.2317267656326294, 0.16740258038043976, 0.4946102797985077, 0.02267359010875225, -0.4026646912097931, -0.8320502042770386, -0.466239869594574, -0.4148043394088745, -0.09510543197393417, 0.2349030077457428, -0.19971300661563873, -0.8261659145355225, -0.2064235806465149, 0.2005700170993805, 0.6440314054489136, 0.4348936676979065, -0.6610994338989258, 0.24619024991989136, -0.2655503451824188, -0.09694406390190125, 0.7700040936470032, 0.13024525344371796, 0.19845959544181824, 0.032003484666347504, 0.3162044882774353, -0.0893164873123169, 0.05300214886665344, 0.47712442278862, -0.884769082069397, -0.40872523188591003, 0.9405878782272339, -0.19308871030807495, -0.04823919013142586, 0.03836723044514656, 0.6480557918548584, 0.031144767999649048, 0.48047611117362976, -0.5992555618286133, -0.47448092699050903, 0.320642352104187, 0.3184962868690491, 0.024346167221665382, 0.1736920326948166, 0.10514675080776215, -0.058839164674282074, 0.4472712576389313, -0.4307580888271332, 0.3296661078929901, -0.20004893839359283, 0.22587482631206512, 0.7141650319099426, -0.48087480664253235, 0.5154874920845032, 0.5406960844993591, -0.11043573170900345, 0.12875109910964966, -0.5698803663253784, 0.6209691166877747, -0.24563539028167725, -0.21011152863502502, 0.4095107614994049, -0.25320518016815186, -0.3467174172401428, -0.47251155972480774, 0.18726789951324463, 0.005398211069405079, 0.14246931672096252, 0.24329224228858948, 0.014563527889549732, -0.4883972108364105, 0.7339252829551697, 0.3046484887599945, 0.4000580906867981, -0.5769892930984497, -0.24554495513439178, 0.19687750935554504, -0.1384379118680954, -1.3302372694015503, 0.34136301279067993, 0.3355138897895813, 0.37219443917274475, 0.35770291090011597, -0.5646900534629822, 0.37512069940567017, 0.003266763174906373, 0.49893391132354736, 0.397379070520401, -0.27963438630104065, 0.16157029569149017, 0.4441128373146057, 0.5418697595596313, -0.5335121154785156, 0.25815916061401367, -0.008913314901292324, -0.13805915415287018, -0.7625765204429626, 0.5977567434310913, -0.23730780184268951, -0.5075098872184753, -0.47211527824401855, -0.5779205560684204, 0.4656795561313629, -0.1126595214009285, 0.07014831900596619, 0.4737701714038849, 0.678117573261261, -0.5347075462341309, -0.6342118978500366, -0.052714090794324875, 0.5351845622062683, 0.11870632320642471, 0.3450969159603119, 0.34639549255371094, 0.04031164571642876, 0.21724167466163635, 0.37045833468437195, 0.20465730130672455, 0.42392951250076294, -0.49405670166015625, 0.4224946200847626, 0.12707199156284332, 0.44069424271583557, -0.24782437086105347, 0.21608863770961761, 0.18105484545230865, -0.32196909189224243, 0.8737631440162659, -0.05412311479449272, 0.3325238823890686, -0.5706366300582886, -0.7890552878379822, 0.38610944151878357, -0.08209258317947388, -0.0899357944726944, 0.42965221405029297, 0.2211892008781433, 0.2937566936016083, 0.0871957391500473, 0.17153644561767578, 0.8630365133285522, -0.11769057810306549, -0.19621418416500092, -0.116055428981781, -0.37768521904945374, -0.5004817247390747, -0.054809682071208954, -0.030837086960673332, -0.24592891335487366, -0.3994249403476715, 0.3500673174858093, -0.4362954795360565, 0.6829230189323425, -0.3282952904701233, 0.10338425636291504, -0.6052595376968384, -0.6620632410049438, 0.5296339988708496, -0.4350999891757965, 0.005099550820887089, 0.41017037630081177, 0.07348045706748962, -0.20940366387367249, -0.031831223517656326, -0.18878048658370972, 0.08943106234073639, -0.08071309328079224, -5.405104160308838, 0.8416478037834167, -0.14487335085868835, 0.21292053163051605, 0.043604422360658646, 0.004609075374901295, 0.36206692457199097, -0.42738452553749084, -0.34670373797416687, -0.5054665803909302, -0.4637645483016968, -0.35794103145599365, 0.012676101177930832, -0.14859788119792938, 0.6628475189208984, 0.5435375571250916, 0.12106174975633621, -0.1553264558315277, 0.27668997645378113, 0.22002841532230377, -0.5497955083847046, 0.09139924496412277, 0.5465837717056274, 0.017661135643720627, -0.2022504359483719, 0.30652353167533875, 0.16128839552402496, -0.23774579167366028, -0.964022159576416, -0.7881408929824829, 0.4355681538581848, 0.039659496396780014, 0.026020808145403862, -0.3658446669578552, 0.252451092004776, 0.40075770020484924, 0.09908004850149155, -0.14867474138736725, -0.13660171627998352, -0.3696146607398987, 0.38444995880126953, 0.6545417308807373, -0.02355853281915188, -0.38176482915878296, 0.1762397736310959, -0.2110459804534912, -0.3200961649417877, -0.01213468611240387, -0.024253318086266518, 0.09820596873760223, 0.32028889656066895, 0.47137707471847534, 0.28147590160369873, 0.09914407879114151, -0.1560349464416504, 0.31432756781578064, 0.22366638481616974, -0.6370419859886169, -0.32394522428512573, 0.2219439446926117, 0.9093934893608093, -0.41196802258491516, -0.0884987935423851, 0.2986101806163788, 0.02416958473622799, -0.4967412054538727, -0.325423926115036, 0.0006897556595504284, 0.42028817534446716, 0.44591355323791504, -0.11407343298196793, 0.40285325050354004, 0.06610588729381561, -1.1126946210861206, -0.5097365379333496, -0.42736464738845825, -0.09267841279506683, -0.31564685702323914, 0.30212628841400146, -0.5560204386711121, 0.34381595253944397, -0.5004953742027283, -0.4648945927619934, 0.5201755166053772, -0.2234891951084137, -1.4471118450164795, -0.23527538776397705, 0.49971407651901245, -0.38218072056770325, -0.6671361923217773, -0.09564799070358276, -0.2376452088356018, -0.14413027465343475, -0.006616698578000069, -0.07113120704889297, -0.5383535027503967, 0.023511629551649094, 0.34783467650413513, -0.04103768244385719, 0.17012427747249603, 0.2405610978603363, -0.18848903477191925, -0.20823350548744202, -0.09911677986383438, -0.1572248935699463, -0.7543272376060486, 0.05946371704339981, 0.3354961574077606, 0.16262610256671906, -0.5988645553588867, -0.00007512717274948955, -0.05934344232082367, -0.6681376695632935, -0.6779492497444153, 0.4258466958999634, -0.4879472851753235, -0.05809430778026581, 0.15059885382652283, 0.14521563053131104, -0.39074787497520447, 0.380733847618103, -0.0449424609541893, -0.5193618535995483, 0.3783155083656311, -0.5823314189910889, 0.633502721786499, 0.8744590282440186, -0.40154269337654114, -0.3323967456817627, -0.1901514083147049, 0.13322222232818604, -0.16504250466823578, -0.4184747040271759, -0.5749006867408752, -0.6026011109352112, -0.49843478202819824, -0.4815548062324524, -0.644108772277832, -0.40658003091812134, 0.8448587656021118, 0.4578059911727905, -0.24687999486923218, 0.4575510621070862, 0.9861745834350586, 0.4714657962322235, 0.23601099848747253, 0.17962084710597992, -0.05462437868118286, -0.5246037840843201, 0.7958858013153076, -0.314970999956131, 0.027641694992780685, -0.6535999178886414, 0.06805066019296646, 0.0262131430208683, -0.6082920432090759, -0.17062586545944214, 0.20365583896636963, -0.1482611447572708, 0.22709183394908905, -0.2824174165725708, 0.12801945209503174, -0.6408056020736694, -0.23766735196113586, -0.47580334544181824, -0.30406269431114197, -0.4286094605922699, 0.1506715714931488, -0.2679216265678406, 0.03393939882516861, 0.03936773166060448, -0.8443715572357178, -0.16870184242725372, -0.11912906169891357, 0.2166862189769745, -0.1431029886007309, -0.5660713911056519, 0.2542470693588257, 0.0444687157869339, -0.07284881174564362, -0.00008235660789068788, -0.42845651507377625, 0.0012983949854969978, 0.23007115721702576, 1.2790471315383911, -0.9171989560127258, -0.8041364550590515, -0.0923243835568428, 0.11823675781488419, -0.6832276582717896, 0.3769737482070923, -0.26250460743904114, 0.014830510132014751, 0.5266819596290588, -0.23346106708049774, -1.3149466514587402, 0.049514032900333405, 0.6643328070640564, -0.2783680856227875, 0.20841580629348755, -0.5200858116149902, 0.2313888520002365, -0.8930863738059998, 0.7190421223640442, 0.17612150311470032, -0.27952900528907776, 0.3677191138267517, -0.1603887975215912, -0.19183829426765442, 0.8668838739395142, -0.19188083708286285, -1.009788155555725, 0.42624184489250183, 0.49792400002479553, -0.3357712924480438, -0.06423122435808182, -0.3150871694087982, -0.5115234851837158, -0.017005430534482002, 0.0654112920165062, -0.3841370642185211, -0.3844080865383148, -0.35694628953933716, 0.034396711736917496, -0.7347002029418945, 0.6565417051315308, 0.6862075924873352, -0.7356957197189331, 0.7249748706817627, -0.1830587238073349, -0.2974676489830017, -0.25006282329559326, 0.6276474595069885, 0.4174498915672302, 0.1338968276977539, -0.1657550185918808, -0.12901680171489716, -0.052952636033296585, 0.4511653780937195, 0.7997508645057678, 0.39147502183914185, 0.3930436074733734, -0.17868635058403015, -0.5584269762039185, 0.16944652795791626, 0.993380069732666, 0.4740869402885437, 0.14732970297336578, -0.5159266591072083, 0.544773280620575, -0.11509153246879578, 0.13756224513053894, 0.2545160949230194, 0.06587501615285873, -0.09871074557304382, -0.3576212525367737, -0.030446069315075874, 0.10602159053087234, -0.3459828197956085, 0.05297756940126419, 0.8697726726531982, 0.23086926341056824, 0.2772800624370575, -0.023967308923602104, 0.18126870691776276, -0.2485252320766449, 0.0734327882528305, 0.023888055235147476, 0.14826826751232147, -0.5524847507476807, 0.10529237985610962, -0.42092716693878174, 0.24292533099651337, 0.6409766674041748, -0.19126446545124054, -0.41941407322883606, -0.016666937619447708, -1.0308411121368408, -0.006973007693886757, -0.7141595482826233, -0.7949135303497314, -0.5346583127975464, -0.10492164641618729, -0.2927449345588684, 0.017785320058465004, -0.5723558664321899, 0.07137762010097504, -0.08329077064990997, -0.023661062121391296, -0.07692777365446091, -0.46902918815612793, -0.43075135350227356, 0.14663337171077728, 0.06278606504201889, -0.5856530070304871, 0.6345946788787842, 0.4035041332244873, 0.1656862497329712, -0.2557621896266937, -0.3598071336746216, -0.25170841813087463, 0.5744348168373108, 0.04709798842668533, -0.4603375494480133, 0.3006993532180786, 0.22887583076953888, 0.08705978095531464, -0.6834621429443359, -0.030730489641427994, 0.32165685296058655, 0.18267260491847992, 0.16413310170173645, 0.4404751658439636, 0.866286039352417, -0.28715088963508606, -0.14703905582427979, 0.42146044969558716, -0.2527899444103241, -0.135525643825531, 0.4894443154335022, -0.6180195808410645, 0.19290640950202942, 0.3288724720478058, 0.030297117307782173, -0.4509897232055664, 0.07473308593034744, -0.251980721950531, -0.10590379685163498, -0.39160633087158203, 0.5346863865852356, 0.38131269812583923, -0.005700391251593828, -0.6404386758804321, 1.017620325088501, -0.04321548715233803, -0.2044973224401474, -0.2528548240661621, -0.41731852293014526, 0.5738963484764099, 0.15567168593406677, 0.568375825881958, -0.21468496322631836, -0.3574654757976532, 0.262673556804657, 0.2707877457141876, -0.16179881989955902, 0.5228015780448914, -0.118971087038517, 0.13037288188934326, 0.03499418869614601, 0.6822273135185242, 0.056600991636514664, 0.25465723872184753, 0.19830788671970367, 0.28041598200798035, 0.1572445183992386, -0.3607596158981323, -0.35498785972595215, -0.6973946690559387, 0.36496174335479736, -0.19842535257339478, 0.645737886428833, 0.15216132998466492, -0.3142201006412506, -0.4866231381893158, 0.18169409036636353, 0.32900387048721313, -0.36935025453567505, 0.13275650143623352, 0.7904577851295471, 0.08407128602266312, -0.041244953870773315, 0.28204968571662903, -0.3974056541919708, -0.2596435844898224, -0.07264284789562225, 0.050487931817770004, 0.7492309808731079, 0.4328971803188324, -0.30693718791007996, -0.13500669598579407, 0.32576853036880493, 0.23692278563976288, -0.2435057908296585, 0.3045561611652374, -1.0361400842666626, -0.4584372937679291, -0.2073487937450409, -0.624890148639679, -0.6235798001289368, -0.054821278899908066, -0.71401047706604, 0.2822762429714203, 0.030586866661906242, -0.9421845078468323, 0.35087162256240845, -0.037772104144096375, 0.9094969034194946, 0.316087007522583, -0.461259126663208, 0.0387004092335701, 1.098732829093933, -0.796149730682373, 0.029021190479397774, -0.5140971541404724, 1.2329503297805786, -0.39557716250419617, -0.09284738451242447, -0.2533063590526581, 1.1132363080978394, 0.14605508744716644, 0.07055053859949112, -0.06455475836992264, -0.049931515008211136, -0.8147706985473633, 0.483652263879776, 0.049093544483184814, 0.32405537366867065, 0.182416632771492, -0.3563675880432129, 0.268812358379364, 0.7426409721374512, 0.22775940597057343, -0.5426822304725647, -0.33383357524871826, -0.45803046226501465, -0.2883314788341522, 0.3615267872810364, -0.19000518321990967, 0.36257266998291016, 0.28753411769866943, 0.23576471209526062, -0.4450116753578186, 0.22489400207996368, -0.40060296654701233, 0.31029030680656433, 0.2226727455854416, 0.9847553372383118, 0.12508468329906464, 0.029592366889119148, 0.4656887352466583, 0.43607547879219055, 0.4140344560146332, -0.06709093600511551, 0.7531726956367493, 0.05896386876702309, 0.13917885720729828, 0.012977151200175285, -0.724953293800354, -0.06381062418222427, 0.8148056268692017, -0.27359187602996826, 0.045159921050071716, -0.15129704773426056, 0.5895295739173889, -0.8252320885658264, 0.08674369007349014, -0.20211897790431976, -0.07844576239585876, 0.38399598002433777 ]
230797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly%20Circus%20tube%20station	Piccadilly Circus tube station	Piccadilly Circus is a London Underground station located directly beneath Piccadilly Circus itself, with entrances at every corner. Located in Travelcard Zone 1, the station is on the Piccadilly line between Green Park and Leicester Square and on the Bakerloo line between Charing Cross and Oxford Circus. History The station was opened on 10 March 1906 by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (now the Bakerloo line) with the platforms of the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (now the Piccadilly line) being opened on 15 December 1906. As originally built it had, like other stations, a surface booking hall (designed, like many in central London built at that time, by Leslie Green). The development of traffic before and after World War I meant that the need for improved station facilities was acute – in 1907 1.5 million passengers used the station, by 1922 it had grown to 18 million passengers. It was decided to construct a sub-surface booking hall and circulating area, which would also provide public pedestrian subways. Work began in February 1925 and was completed in 1928. The architect was Charles Holden and the builder was John Mowlem & Co: the whole complex cost more than half-a-million pounds. Eleven escalators were provided in two flights, leading to the two lines serving the station. Above these escalators was once a mural by artist Stephen Bone, showing the world with London at its centre. This mural was later replaced by advertising. The famous Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain (alias Eros), directly above the station, had to be moved to Victoria Embankment Gardens while the construction work was taking place. The old station building designed by Leslie Green finally closed for traffic on 21 July 1929, it was demolished in the 1980s when the large building on the corner of Jermyn Street, Piccadilly and Haymarket was constructed. The Bakerloo line platforms at Piccadilly Circus offer a unique view on the network: the back to back layout is itself unusual, but the single tunnel containing a crossover at the north end of the station allows passengers to see both platforms at once. This station can act as an intermediate terminus for southbound Bakerloo line trains. Piccadilly Circus is one of the few London Underground stations which have no associated buildings above ground. Artwork In 2016, Art on the Underground commissioned artists Langlands & Bell to create an artwork to commemorate Frank Pick, the former CEO of London Transport, on the 75th anniversary of his death. The artwork Beauty < Immortality is located in a prominent place on the wall of the ticket hall, with a Frank Pick tube roundel and bronze lettering in Johnston – a typeface commissioned by Pick in 1915, which is still used across the London transport network today. Future Piccadilly Circus is a proposed stop on the Chelsea-Hackney Line, also known as the Crossrail 2. It would be between Victoria and Tottenham Court Road stations. Effectively a new station would have to be built under the existing levels, possibly as part of a major overhaul of the existing buildings. However, there will only be a stop at Piccadilly Circus if the Chelsea-Hackney Line is part of the London Underground network and not part of the National Rail network. This is the same situation with many stations on the proposed route in Central London. Connections London Buses routes 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 19, 22, 38, 88, 94, 139, 159 and 453 and night routes N3, N9, N15, N18, N19, N22, N38, N97, N109 and N136 serves the station. References External links Bakerloo line stations Piccadilly line stations London Underground Night Tube stations Proposed Chelsea-Hackney Line stations Tube stations in the City of Westminster Former Baker Street and Waterloo Railway stations Former Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1906 Charles Holden railway stations Tube station Buildings and structures in Mayfair Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster Grade II listed railway stations Art Deco architecture in London 1906 establishments in England	[ 0.05899956449866295, -0.4496772885322571, 0.49876511096954346, -0.49974820017814636, 0.04480191320180893, 0.1380864828824997, 0.7098600268363953, 0.41959771513938904, -0.1135614737868309, -0.4846115708351135, -0.2311379611492157, -0.4383809566497803, -0.3021445572376251, 0.17715279757976532, 0.2230057269334793, -0.48971110582351685, -0.33078619837760925, 0.1112278550863266, 0.124949149787426, -0.3411099910736084, 0.5729213356971741, 0.07550662755966187, 0.0755697712302208, -0.2769659757614136, 0.08443806320428848, -0.4893058240413666, -0.0254802405834198, 0.07264567911624908, 0.018406789749860764, -0.19880077242851257, 0.6168135404586792, 0.3039871156215668, 0.2701191008090973, -0.5756209492683411, 0.37333157658576965, -0.6799278855323792, 0.20172007381916046, -0.5254489779472351, -0.13390591740608215, -0.2997584044933319, 0.038676220923662186, -0.08256294578313828, 0.07442429661750793, 0.13130243122577667, -0.09552871435880661, -0.471056193113327, -1.0828421115875244, -0.0649382472038269, -0.9455043077468872, 0.12372291833162308, -0.3661614954471588, 0.4687372148036957, -0.1484704166650772, 0.5390904545783997, 0.4242206811904907, 0.7511453032493591, -0.8222328424453735, 0.3680865466594696, 0.615095853805542, -0.359956830739975, -0.026112591847777367, 0.12727104127407074, 0.0693080872297287, 0.5385910868644714, 0.47563809156417847, 0.48552456498146057, 0.05504171922802925, 0.3720429241657257, -0.25379347801208496, -0.9262812733650208, 0.23509161174297333, -0.477859765291214, 0.6790804266929626, 0.4106661379337311, -0.5938417911529541, -0.1788075864315033, -0.22131481766700745, 0.3497143089771271, 0.02199372462928295, 0.4201503396034241, -0.1693269908428192, -0.03368108719587326, 0.8598037362098694, 0.5741671919822693, 0.6183979511260986, 0.2843068838119507, -0.9682751297950745, -0.08958904445171356, -0.3321090638637543, 1.0498335361480713, -1.0842995643615723, -0.20144984126091003, 0.2650984823703766, 0.7469385862350464, -0.23739156126976013, -0.07396220415830612, 0.16989341378211975, -0.0041153705678880215, -0.14149971306324005, 0.0786324292421341, -0.623853862285614, 0.0044586570002138615, 0.47377070784568787, -0.7037179470062256, -0.39926040172576904, -0.30772873759269714, -0.721377968788147, -0.5322569608688354, 0.5057769417762756, 0.1900414377450943, -0.5021258592605591, 0.07818175107240677, -0.49721500277519226, 0.2478054016828537, -0.10675222426652908, 0.17939966917037964, 0.33733776211738586, -0.28829002380371094, -0.02737145870923996, -0.058652959764003754, 0.4455660581588745, 0.47059282660484314, 0.4245246350765228, 0.21313554048538208, 0.06192513182759285, 0.36993521451950073, 0.3223443329334259, 0.10293416678905487, 0.495988130569458, 0.4463549554347992, 0.4208363890647888, 1.687512993812561, -0.09095526486635208, -0.8386284708976746, 0.12927289307117462, -0.6466207504272461, 0.003346286714076996, 0.34449663758277893, 0.3429413437843323, 0.44924095273017883, -0.3207644522190094, -0.06775423884391785, 0.32498833537101746, -0.21870625019073486, 0.4390016794204712, 0.5493221282958984, -0.7483656406402588, -0.5690463185310364, -0.09605410695075989, -0.24437008798122406, -0.13882134854793549, 0.0771106407046318, -0.4103979766368866, -0.7733805179595947, -0.27341923117637634, -0.16115549206733704, 0.8731566071510315, 0.24988451600074768, -0.0383424274623394, -0.10011111944913864, -0.13237211108207703, 0.003143255366012454, 0.3384336829185486, -0.15460343658924103, -0.3446558117866516, 0.23176632821559906, 0.17567481100559235, -0.15786147117614746, -0.16766507923603058, -0.011036699637770653, -0.9506177306175232, -0.4995940029621124, 0.6282584071159363, -0.5168516039848328, 0.289982408285141, -0.5688030123710632, 0.37434840202331543, 0.21672788262367249, 0.7708780169487, -0.5589224100112915, -0.49589312076568604, 0.2694762051105499, 0.10341641306877136, 0.37004750967025757, 0.5719199776649475, -0.35945025086402893, 0.19601909816265106, 0.11212179064750671, -0.6662947535514832, 0.21029527485370636, -0.5957550406455994, -0.4666754901409149, -0.5517141222953796, -0.8257367610931396, 0.5515393018722534, 0.09618955105543137, -0.41250744462013245, 0.9439364671707153, 0.17350326478481293, 0.376369833946228, -0.1983410120010376, -0.07096610963344574, 0.7861208915710449, 0.32154905796051025, -0.7194244861602783, -0.21049879491329193, 0.4295271039009094, -0.3482253849506378, 0.19098690152168274, 0.2691976726055145, 0.5405594110488892, -0.7186212539672852, -0.05186519771814346, -0.07123403251171112, 0.5306670069694519, -0.384806752204895, -0.40768754482269287, -0.07752016931772232, -0.028697628527879715, -0.5209015011787415, 1.1911447048187256, 0.22359992563724518, 0.7312002778053284, 0.015752241015434265, -0.7255704402923584, 0.6586979031562805, -0.13966001570224762, 1.0972988605499268, 0.39233654737472534, -1.021293044090271, 0.4499295949935913, 0.1506822258234024, -0.12470746785402298, 0.07875103503465652, -0.5416440963745117, -0.329118549823761, -0.015560448169708252, -0.8040811419487, 0.25718262791633606, -0.1497783362865448, -0.11103063821792603, 0.19036705791950226, -1.071946144104004, 0.38762524724006653, 0.17598013579845428, -0.13837146759033203, -0.04800684005022049, 0.41665947437286377, -0.7033882737159729, -0.1229606568813324, 0.18424108624458313, 0.3672722280025482, 0.09061270207166672, 0.10342822968959808, 0.19815564155578613, 0.003702029585838318, 0.060643669217824936, 0.018501373007893562, 0.023771947249770164, 0.9236636757850647, -0.32768920063972473, 0.10895633697509766, 0.054520122706890106, 0.04654329642653465, -0.5575399398803711, 0.07786745578050613, -0.46534106135368347, -0.4311867952346802, 0.5007633566856384, 0.2466893494129181, 0.5802390575408936, -0.28900155425071716, -0.6977974772453308, 0.47904664278030396, 0.23118345439434052, 0.21572591364383698, -0.04518960416316986, 0.33536943793296814, 0.06921428442001343, 0.24892669916152954, 0.19013288617134094, 0.23071643710136414, 0.0795261338353157, -0.002378365257754922, -0.23365220427513123, 0.1629159152507782, 0.1378588080406189, 0.18279589712619781, -0.637552797794342, 0.017677223309874535, -0.40165144205093384, 0.33595916628837585, -0.4331760108470917, 0.7252097129821777, 0.06349334120750427, 0.01785115711390972, -0.048112399876117706, -0.4898937940597534, 0.56594318151474, -0.14265237748622894, -0.12847083806991577, 0.8641354441642761, -0.11146650463342667, -0.48323073983192444, -0.1855798214673996, -0.4626951217651367, -0.1816580891609192, -0.5755095481872559, -5.378675937652588, 0.8710540533065796, -0.4573189318180084, 0.3184633255004883, 0.2684910297393799, -0.1729750633239746, 0.40872475504875183, -0.4876777231693268, -0.008494446985423565, -0.6126351356506348, 0.13935887813568115, -0.09044723957777023, -0.2677907645702362, -0.10635661333799362, 0.11208312958478928, 0.36440491676330566, 0.3417893946170807, 0.03245837613940239, 0.5090387463569641, -0.12206608057022095, -0.09305999428033829, 0.2510753571987152, 0.13190586864948273, 0.4490330219268799, 0.4824507534503937, 0.36192071437835693, -0.147332563996315, -0.17846205830574036, -1.2105931043624878, -0.42495593428611755, 0.6966189742088318, 0.05098490044474602, -0.2756928503513336, -0.2506151497364044, 0.10062101483345032, -0.12040671706199646, 0.15705515444278717, -0.7844144105911255, 0.19920358061790466, -0.5007579922676086, 0.16776546835899353, 0.3779550790786743, 0.33956462144851685, -0.6854678988456726, 0.600249171257019, -0.10568039864301682, -0.8964869379997253, 0.4392331540584564, -0.09325412660837173, 0.20897997915744781, 0.24487192928791046, 0.5997282862663269, 0.4887691140174866, -0.08178453147411346, -0.42464855313301086, 0.11145897954702377, 0.36604928970336914, 0.06564981490373611, 0.04499944671988487, 0.1543268859386444, 0.8975901007652283, -0.46425411105155945, -0.4810256063938141, -0.3372326195240021, 0.2244783341884613, -0.40318408608436584, -0.4864256680011749, -0.1285744607448578, 0.43671929836273193, 0.24917668104171753, -0.39361920952796936, -0.25941798090934753, 0.35284852981567383, -0.7367165088653564, -0.12465749680995941, -0.42707568407058716, -0.5453864932060242, 0.23147058486938477, 0.8395699858665466, -0.18654781579971313, -0.18248902261257172, -0.5389919281005859, -0.37392571568489075, 0.17377661168575287, -0.06174153834581375, -1.0031826496124268, -0.644671618938446, 0.1449563354253769, -0.22217048704624176, -0.05865262821316719, 0.2648847997188568, -0.03710722178220749, -0.23369815945625305, 0.296866238117218, -0.5471497178077698, -0.22883130609989166, 0.08957114070653915, 0.9659749865531921, -0.058615777641534805, 0.14832010865211487, 0.17413119971752167, -0.5501545071601868, -0.04154082015156746, 0.05175019055604935, -0.023260528221726418, -0.5219191312789917, -0.1147831454873085, 0.15537618100643158, -0.12116952240467072, -0.1628553420305252, -0.4471181333065033, -0.7714949250221252, -0.6815201640129089, -0.40731069445610046, 0.5168285369873047, -0.322932630777359, -0.04737905040383339, 0.30605238676071167, 0.1421036571264267, -0.08924316614866257, -0.031204335391521454, -0.13089106976985931, -0.2598464787006378, 0.24023818969726562, -0.7189637422561646, 0.4983809292316437, 0.5799146890640259, 0.49123650789260864, 0.16385261714458466, -0.6822093725204468, -0.21213477849960327, 0.18114429712295532, -0.273404598236084, -0.3791821300983429, -0.7285143136978149, -0.493674099445343, -0.6047804355621338, 0.03861693665385246, 0.4241659343242645, 0.7258630990982056, 0.32086360454559326, 0.29766279458999634, -0.3018432557582855, 0.5838165283203125, 0.37316760420799255, 0.6848236918449402, 0.17611157894134521, -0.1545039564371109, -1.0796177387237549, -0.1651764214038849, -0.3874296545982361, -1.0910890102386475, -0.36230233311653137, 0.05224784091114998, 0.42910096049308777, -0.12502127885818481, -0.6305949687957764, 0.21886305510997772, 0.017973097041249275, 0.00786914024502039, 0.035334859043359756, 0.061414722353219986, -0.3775564730167389, -0.007237368728965521, 0.2007441520690918, 0.05775992199778557, 0.4862716794013977, -0.5468795299530029, -0.06746917217969894, 0.5242165923118591, -0.032328151166439056, -0.3232967257499695, 0.13443680107593536, -0.2950034439563751, -0.017154881730675697, 0.5849558711051941, -0.6805483102798462, -0.234324112534523, 0.4237445890903473, -0.4460187554359436, 0.1230674535036087, -0.11109908670186996, -0.12370623648166656, 0.40284451842308044, 0.18562142550945282, -0.4530302584171295, -0.9450072646141052, 0.004622017033398151, 0.2711564302444458, -0.7121432423591614, -0.06672936677932739, 0.1356004774570465, -0.1579098403453827, -0.5155442953109741, -0.371152400970459, -0.7180848717689514, -0.1769692599773407, 0.4339987337589264, -0.11675948649644852, -0.8483798503875732, -0.4943767488002777, 0.47753095626831055, -0.8149095177650452, 0.552091121673584, 0.8473148941993713, -0.719971239566803, 0.2090248465538025, 0.7635903358459473, -0.2932085692882538, 0.3687151074409485, -0.35679852962493896, -1.0326578617095947, 0.58139568567276, 0.02783544734120369, -0.4662298560142517, -0.24974557757377625, -0.14544075727462769, -0.495331734418869, -0.341869056224823, 0.10286217927932739, -0.11159714311361313, -0.11387711763381958, -0.7440015077590942, -0.05426733195781708, -0.4988345503807068, 0.5714932680130005, 0.39784547686576843, -0.9304271936416626, 0.3218246102333069, -0.34909263253211975, -0.2848951518535614, 0.3186715245246887, 0.6486194133758545, 0.6741665005683899, 0.22561699151992798, -0.4733697175979614, -0.22687451541423798, 0.04545929655432701, 0.37469610571861267, 0.31230977177619934, 0.20787207782268524, 0.15168029069900513, -0.24612563848495483, -0.25996753573417664, 0.058274153620004654, 0.4692907929420471, 0.5838131308555603, -0.21612314879894257, -0.6834174990653992, 0.16829706728458405, 0.469591349363327, -0.6127166152000427, -0.07149557024240494, -0.47881266474723816, 0.4813600480556488, -0.2140292227268219, 0.3518398404121399, 0.1621694713830948, 0.30987322330474854, 0.18875889480113983, 0.5049091577529907, -0.0962761789560318, 0.0018701744265854359, 0.20680584013462067, 0.3113473951816559, 0.18663859367370605, 0.3907127380371094, -0.4877105951309204, 0.5719192624092102, -0.7524803876876831, 0.44274696707725525, -0.17023584246635437, -0.14294369518756866, 0.003508618799969554, 0.15267054736614227, 0.3079279959201813, 0.1343776434659958, -0.9422453045845032, 0.13825443387031555, -0.7798652648925781, -0.5257527232170105, 0.4584612250328064, 0.09685811400413513, -0.20549443364143372, 0.24577893316745758, -0.4483053982257843, -0.018936054781079292, 0.060770079493522644, -0.08002465218305588, 0.17389583587646484, -0.69237220287323, -0.2563855051994324, 0.3420977294445038, 0.6156060695648193, -0.03551506996154785, 0.6588053703308105, 0.4386928379535675, 0.1631743609905243, 0.5401302576065063, -0.19043177366256714, -0.5311874747276306, 0.6678780913352966, 0.28661203384399414, -0.5344979166984558, 0.14748288691043854, 0.6284943222999573, -0.1168753132224083, -0.8599305748939514, 0.22383804619312286, -0.1364036202430725, -0.1203126385807991, 0.09859500825405121, 0.45911699533462524, 0.8542726635932922, -0.37095779180526733, 0.22319836914539337, 0.5284003019332886, -0.5055909156799316, -0.1437518298625946, 0.7677326202392578, -0.29467135667800903, 0.8269179463386536, 1.0317586660385132, 0.1816312074661255, -0.7443535327911377, 0.14190883934497833, -0.36346209049224854, -0.24219591915607452, 0.188555046916008, 0.5303969383239746, 0.17898672819137573, -0.3653792440891266, -0.6971150040626526, 0.6282786726951599, -0.1043621152639389, -0.5872344970703125, 0.03970612213015556, -0.40859901905059814, 0.19744500517845154, 0.05445612221956253, -0.06714554131031036, -0.2949211001396179, -0.7160921096801758, 0.19105355441570282, 0.11943421512842178, 0.2680591642856598, 0.8558242917060852, 0.01794794201850891, 0.1360454112291336, 0.7981933355331421, 0.26120221614837646, 0.5106918811798096, -0.26540690660476685, 0.10872986912727356, 0.7848908305168152, 0.2357770800590515, -0.03495275601744652, 0.5002580881118774, -0.5071284174919128, 0.18129491806030273, 0.1714603751897812, 0.5903599858283997, 0.1577603816986084, -1.054291009902954, -0.6735959053039551, -0.39643406867980957, -0.05746205896139145, -0.1403699815273285, 0.42716139554977417, 0.5659565925598145, -0.22791007161140442, 0.5144368410110474, -0.20469580590724945, -0.35088229179382324, -0.05137576907873154, -0.051606807857751846, 0.46559441089630127, 0.4511716961860657, 0.30295664072036743, -0.13798333704471588, 0.04218040406703949, 0.5449232459068298, -0.2740318775177002, -0.0672631710767746, 0.014574376866221428, -0.32921311259269714, -0.34883520007133484, -0.22732575237751007, -0.9857065081596375, -0.41628384590148926, 0.01188256498426199, 0.4459376931190491, 0.015962252393364906, -0.36728277802467346, -0.4602965712547302, -0.4233938753604889, -0.5210254788398743, -0.03225051611661911, 0.00027176603907719254, -0.18961408734321594, 0.32541343569755554, 0.6758096218109131, -0.4221935272216797, 0.41233029961586, -0.32702314853668213, 0.8709366321563721, -0.49456310272216797, -0.3139294683933258, -0.6793786883354187, 0.602573573589325, 0.042279623448848724, 0.20390473306179047, -0.011294016614556313, 0.2644248902797699, -0.38725927472114563, 0.6434279084205627, -0.13354793190956116, -0.19488807022571564, 0.15169008076190948, -0.26145774126052856, -0.30059418082237244, -0.011764001101255417, 0.3964540362358093, 0.3124242424964905, 0.15016940236091614, -0.5396885275840759, 0.1281059831380844, 0.4806978106498718, 0.3365488648414612, 0.6142181158065796, 0.227010115981102, -0.05419803783297539, -0.35879161953926086, -0.34008267521858215, -0.6458211541175842, 0.39753443002700806, -0.1482805460691452, 1.0632505416870117, 0.6552901268005371, -0.43434303998947144, -0.14756307005882263, 0.2837732434272766, 0.6690502166748047, 0.46148326992988586, 0.44681316614151, -0.1868194043636322, -0.0405823290348053, -0.19397826492786407, -0.45819586515426636, 0.5001063942909241, 0.544609546661377, 0.33587929606437683, 0.3359338343143463, 0.060309164226055145, 0.35848137736320496, 0.014536244794726372, 0.011747043579816818, -0.39888861775398254, 0.06902868300676346, 0.3285238444805145 ]
230811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Black%20Panther%20Party	New Black Panther Party	The New Black Panther Party (NBPP) is an American black nationalist organization founded in Dallas, Texas, in 1989. Despite its name, the NBPP is not an official successor to the Black Panther Party. Members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that the newer party is not legitimate and "there is no new Black Panther Party". The New Black Panther Party traces its origins to the Black Panther Militia created in 1990 by original Panther Michael McGee in Milwaukee. However, as McGee expanded his organisation, it later came under the control of Aaron Michaels in Dallas. In turn, Aaron Michaels lost control of the leadership of the group to Khalid Abdul Muhammad, a former leading member of the Nation of Islam, who proceeded to fill the ranks of the New Panthers with ex-Nation of Islam members and other Black Muslims. Under Muhammad's and his successors' leadership, the New Panthers shifted radically from the ideology of the original Black Panther Party towards an extremist form of Black Nationalism. The New Black Panther Party is currently led by Krystal Muhammad. Malik Zulu Shabazz announced on an October 14, 2013 online radio broadcast that he was stepping down and that Hashim Nzinga, then national chief of staff, would replace him. This move created a schism within the group. A vote was held and Krystal Muhammad was elected leader of the group. However, those loyal to Nzinga left and formed a splinter group called the "New Black Panther Party for Self Defence" or "NBPP SD". The Anti-Defamation League, the Southern Poverty Law Center, and the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights consider the New Black Panthers to be a hate group, accusing it and its leaders of racism, antisemitism and anti-Zionism. History In 1987, Michael McGee, an alderman in Milwaukee, threatened to disrupt white events throughout the city unless more jobs were created for black people. He held a "state of the inner city" press conference in 1990 at City Hall to announce the creation of the Black Panther Militia. Aaron Michaels, a community activist and radio producer in Dallas, Texas established a chapter of the Black Panther Militia in 1992, but choose to refer to his chapter as "The New Black Panther Party". Over time, McGee lost influence over the overall groups while Michaels' grew, and eventually, it would be Aaron Michaels who took overall leadership of the Panthers groups, now using "New Black Panther Party" as their banner. Michaels became more and more radical, and so too did the group. In 1994, Khalid Abdul Muhammad, a prominent member of the Nation of Islam, survived an assassination attempt from a former member of that group. Following the attempt on his life, Muhammad left the Nation of Islam and went to Dallas to recover, and it was during this time that Muhammad became aligned to Aaron Michaels, and subsequently joined the NBPP. By 1998 Muhammad had seized entire control of the NBPP from Michaels by filling with former members of the Nation of Islam and other Black Muslims. In 2012, Michaels claimed it was at this point he departed from the NBPP. In 1997, the New Black Panther Party held a "Panther Submit", inviting other "Panther-like" organisations to meet them and discuss ways to create a national Panther movement out of the various Panther groups which had sprung up during the 1990s. The submit successfully convinced the New African American Vanguard Movement of Los Angeles, led by former panther B. Kwaku Duren, to change their name to New Panther Vanguard Movement. It also led to the various chapters of the Black Panther Militia in Milwaukee and Dallas formally merging into the New Black Panther Party. In 1998, Khalid Abdul Muhammad brought the organization into the national spotlight when he led an armed group of NBPP members to provide armed protection to the family of James Byrd Jr., who had just been murdered in Jasper, Texas by three white supremacists. Events escalated into a confrontation between the NBPP and the Ku Klux Klan. Muhammad continued to seek out high profile and confrontational events, and that same year sought to organise a "Million Youth March" in Harlem, New York City. On the surface, the purpose of the march was to build solidarity amongst the black youth of America but Muhammad also sought to march into the heartland of Nation of Islam support and demonstrate he had a group to compete for their support. Mayor Rudolph Giuliani sought to block the march but was overruled by a federal judge. The March went ahead on 5 September 1998 and Muhammad gave a racist and anti-semitic speech to an audience of 6,000. When the police attempted to end the march at the designated end time, Muhammad encouraged those in attendance to physically confront them, leading to a riot. It was in this same time period that Muhammad and the NBPP featured in an episode of Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends entitled "Black Nationalism". Khalid Muhammad died of a brain aneurysm on February 17, 2002, and succeeded by Malik Zulu Shabazz, a protege of Muhammad's as well as his personal attorney. Like Muhammad, Shabazz continued to push the NBPP in more and more of an anti-Semitic and racial segregationist direction. Under Shabazz's leadership, the group would continue to appear across America during instances of racial tension and conflict, however, Shabazz was never able to return the group to the high profile it had in the media and public's mind during Muhammad's time. Ideology The New Black Panther Party identifies with the original Black Panther Party and it claims to uphold its legacy. It also says that many others see the organization similarly. The NBPP is largely seen by both the general public and prominent members of the original party as illegitimate. Huey Newton Foundation members, containing a significant number of the original party's leaders, once successfully sued the group; their ultimate objective in doing so—to prevent the NBPP from using the Panther name—appears to have been unsuccessful. In response to the suit, Aaron Michaels branded the original Panthers "has-been wannabe Panthers", adding: "Nobody can tell us who we can call ourselves." Although the NBPP says it sees capitalism as the fundamental problem with the world and revolution as the solution, the new party does not draw its influences from Marxism or Maoism as the original party did. Instead, it promotes the Kawaida theory of Maulana Karenga, which includes black unity, collective action, and cooperative economics. The NBPP says it fights the oppression of black and brown people and that its members are on top of current issues facing black communities across the world. Also, it notes that not all of its members are members of the Nation of Islam, although the group acknowledges universal spirituality practices within the organization. Over time, many groups subscribing to varying degrees of radicalism have called for the "right to self-determination" for black people, particularly US blacks. Critics of the NBPP say that the group's politics represent a dangerous departure from the original intent of black nationalism; specifically, that they are starkly anti-white, and also antisemitic. The group blames the September 11 attacks on Jews. The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the NBPP as a black separatist hate group and says that its leaders "have advocated the killing of Jews and white people". Organisation Membership size As of 2009, the NBPP claimed a few thousand members organized in 45 chapters, while independent estimates by the Anti-Defamation League suggest that the group is much smaller but is nevertheless able to attract a large turnout of non-members to its events by focusing on specific issues of local interest. French Wing In April 2010, Malik Zulu Shabazz appointed French Black leader Kémi Séba as the representative of the movement in France. However, Séba left the position in 2011. 2013 schism In October 2013, Malik Zulu Shabazz announced he was stepping down as leader of the organisation. He attempted to place Hashim Nzinga as his main successor. However, this move prompted a body of the group to gather for a meeting, where they elected Krystal Muhammad as their new chairperson. These events prompted a split of the organisation into two competing factions. Muhammad's faction retained the name "New Black Panther Party", while the Nzinga faction dubbed themselves "The New Black Panther Party for Self Defence" or "NBPP SD". The two groups remain at odds, each attempting to control the name recognition of "The New Panthers". Controversies The New Black Panther Party became involved in a melee outside Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney's campaign headquarters after she lost a Democratic primary election to her opponent, Hank Johnson. The NBPP's Chief of Staff, Hashim Nzinga, had been acting as security detail for McKinney when he physically attacked reporters, calling them Jews and insisting that they must focus on Hank Johnson rather than on McKinney, since Johnson, he alleged, was a "Tom." In a subsequent appearance on the Fox News Channel program Hannity & Colmes, Nzinga defended these actions. He accused his interviewers of being part of a "Zionist" media complex bent on defaming African Americans and, by extension, the New Black Panthers. In 2006, the New Black Panther Party regained the media spotlight by intervening in the 2006 Duke University lacrosse team scandal, organizing marches outside Duke University and making numerous media appearances to demand that the jury organized by then-District Attorney Mike Nifong convict the accused lacrosse players. Malik Zulu Shabazz met with the DA and asserted repeatedly that the DA's answers meant he was supporting the claims made by the NBPP, a point that was widely disputed. On April 12, 2007, after the case brought by Nifong collapsed and the Duke Lacrosse players were exonerated, Malik Zulu Shabazz appeared on The O'Reilly Factor. He refused to apologize for his actions in the lead-up to the Duke University lacrosse rape scandal, stating that he did not know whether or not anything happened to the young accuser. He stated his beliefs that the rich white families of Duke had placed political pressure on the investigation and forced the charges to be dropped. When questioned by guest host Michelle Malkin, he labeled her a political prostitute and mouthpiece for a male, chauvinist, racist Bill O'Reilly. Malkin said, "There's only one whore on this split screen and it's you, Mr. Shabazz." Shabazz replied, "You should be ashamed of yourself for defending and being a spokesman for Bill O'Reilly, who has no respect for women." Calling the NBPP extremist, critics have cited Muhammad's Million Youth March in Harlem, a youth equivalent of the Million Man March, in which the protest against police brutality included speakers calling for the extermination of white South Africans. The rally ended in scuffles with the New York Police Department as Muhammad urged the crowd to attack officers who had attempted to confiscate firearms. Chairs and bottles were thrown at the police, but only a few in the clash suffered injuries. The Million Youth March was subsequently named an annual event. King Samir Shabazz, a former Nation of Islam member and head of the New Black Panther Party's Philadelphia chapter, has a long history of confrontational racist behavior. He advocated racial separation and made incendiary racial statements while promoting anti-police messages in the media and on the streets of Philadelphia. He publicly announced, "I hate white people. All of them." He also suggested the killing of white babies. Shabazz was arrested in June 2013 for carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon. The party has claimed his arrest is part of an "onslaught of attacks against the New Black Panther Party." Alleged voter intimidation in Philadelphia During the 2008 presidential election, poll watchers found two New Black Panther militia members shouting racial slurs outside a polling place in Philadelphia. One of the two was a credentialed poll watcher, while the other was a New Black Panther member who had brought a police-style nightstick baton. A University of Pennsylvania student, Stephen Robert Morse, was hired by the local Republican Party on behalf of the John McCain presidential campaign to tape the incident. His video aired on several news outlets throughout the country. Republican poll watcher Chris Hill stated that voters were complaining about intimidation, while the District Attorney's office stated that they had not been contacted by any voters. The New Black Panther with the nightstick was escorted away by the police. On January 7, 2009, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a civil suit against the New Black Panther Party and three of its members alleging violations of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 over the incident at the Philadelphia polling place. The suit accused members King Samir Shabazz and Jerry Jackson of being outside a polling location wearing the uniform of the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, and said that Shabazz repeatedly brandished a police-style baton weapon. The suit sought an injunction preventing further violations of the Voting Rights Act. After the defendants did not appear for court, a default judgment was entered. On May 29, 2009, the Department of Justice requested and received an injunction against the member who had carried the nightstick, but against the advice of prosecutors who had worked on the case, department superiors ordered the suit dropped against the remaining members. On July 6, 2010, J. Christian Adams, a former lawyer for the Justice Department, testified before the Commission on Civil Rights and alleged that the case was dropped because "[w]e abetted wrongdoing and abandoned law-abiding citizens". Former Civil Rights Division Voting Section Chief Christopher Coates testified on September 24, 2010, "I am here today to testify about the Department of Justice's final disposition of the New Black Panther Party case and the hostility in the Civil Rights Division and the Voting Section toward the equal enforcement of some of the federal voting laws." (pp. 7, 22–25; pp. 8, 1–2) Abigail Thernstrom, the Republican-appointed vice chairwoman of the Commission, wrote that the Panthers should perhaps have been prosecuted under section 11 (b) of the Voting Rights Act for [its] actions of November 2008, but the legal standards that must be met to prove voter intimidation—the charge—are very high. And "The incident involved only two Panthers at a single majority-black precinct in Philadelphia. So far—after months of hearings, testimony and investigation no one has produced actual evidence that any voters were too scared to cast their ballots." According to an April 23, 2010 press release from the New Black Panther Party, the Philadelphia member involved in the nightstick incident was suspended until January 2010. "The New Black Panther Party made it clear then and now we don't support voter intimidation ... The charges against the entire organization and the chairman were dropped. The actions of one individual cannot be attributed to an entire organization any more than every act of any member of the Catholic Church be charged to the Vatican." Bounty for George Zimmerman's capture Another controversy occurred in 2012 after the NBPP offered a $10,000 bounty for the citizen's arrest of George Zimmerman, the perpetrator of the killing of Trayvon Martin. The group also stated that it believed in "a life for a life". The bounty offer was condemned and repudiated by Martin's family and others, including the Rev. Jesse Jackson. The NBPP's organizer, Mikhail Mohammed, said that the United States Constitution granted the right to a citizen's arrest. Prevented from entering Canada In May 2007, Chairman Shabazz was invited by Black Youth Taking Action (BYTA) to speak at a rally at Queen's Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and to give a lecture to students at Ryerson University. The Ryerson Students' Union (RSU) had endorsed the event as it called for grade-school curricula to acknowledge the historical contribution of African-Canadians and African-Americans, and for the Brampton, Ontario, super jail project to be dismantled. A spokesperson for the RSU later stated that support for the event was given "before they knew that Shabazz was the speaker." Shabazz arrived at Toronto Pearson International Airport as planned but Canada border officials prevented him from entering Canada because of past rhetoric that violated Canadian hate laws. Although Canada's airports and borders are within the federal jurisdiction, the Ontario Community Safety and Correctional Services Minister, Monte Kwinter, justified the barring of Shabazz. Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty expressed concern about Shabazz. The press reported that Shabazz was denied entry to Canada because of a minor criminal record. Shabazz flew back to Buffalo, New York and attempted to cross the border by car, but border agents spotted him and again prevented him from entering Canada. The rally at Queen's Park went ahead without Shabazz, with approximately 100 people, plus at least two dozen journalists. Ryerson University canceled the planned lecture. The university administration alerted the RSU that it had received e-mails of threats of violent disruption of the event. The RSU canceled Shabazz's lecture because of safety concerns. Heather Kere, RSU's Vice-President of Education, said, "We definitely recognize there was some criticism of his views" and "we were endorsing the campaign's goals and not the individual speaker." Kere added, "He deflected attention away from the main point of the campaign. We still strongly believe in the campaign." Hashim Nzinga, Shabazz's chief of staff, blamed Jewish groups for the incident, stating in a telephone interview, "They let these groups like the ADL (Anti-Defamation League) and the JDL (Jewish Defense League), which is nothing but a bunch of gangsters, dictate what happens in the world today," and "They told Canada not to let us in and Canada followed [its] rules, because this country is run from Israel." Nkem Anizor, president of the BYTA, also blamed the "Jewish lobby" for the government's decision to deny Shabazz entry to Canada, Shabazz later said, "Canada is on Malik alert," and "B'nai Brith has won this one, and I'm starting to see the power of the Jewish lobby in Canada, full force. I thought Canada was free. I think this is evidence that black people are being oppressed in Canada." Involvement of Micah Xavier Johnson Micah Xavier Johnson, who ambushed and shot at police officers in Dallas, Texas, in July 2016 after a peaceful protest against police killings of African-American men elsewhere in the United States, had "liked" the Facebook pages of several black nationalist organizations, including the NBPP, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center. Quanell X, the leader of the NBPP in Houston, Texas, said Johnson had been a member of that city's chapter several years earlier, for about six months. He also said Johnson had been asked to leave the group for espousing dangerous rhetoric and violating the organization's "chain of command", and that Johnson questioned NBPP's tactics, asking why they had not purchased more weapons and ammunition. In a written statement, the NBPP said Johnson was not a member of the organization and that "a simple like ... via a social media website does not represent membership, affiliation, or endorsement. It simply is what it is ... a like on the page." Criticism Criticism by former members of the original Black Panther Party The Huey P. Newton Foundation issued a news release denouncing the New Black Panther Party. Its release read in part: Bobby Seale, one of the co-founding members of the Black Panther Party, also spoke out against the New Black Panther Party. In a 2010 interview, he called the group's rhetoric xenophobic and described its leaders' remarks as "absurd, racial, [and] categorical". Reacting to a video of two NBPP members positioned outside of a polling place on Election Day in 2008 in Philadelphia, Seale agreed with CNN Newsroom anchor Kyra Phillips "to some degree" that the incident was voter intimidation. He also described what he saw as significant differences between the original Black Panthers and the New Black Panthers, particularly between their respective Ten-Point Programs. 2002 intimidation of original panthers In April 2002 an event was held in Washington DC to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the creation of the Black Panther Party. Ron Scott, a co-founder of the Detroit chapter of the Panthers was a guest speaker and many in attendance were also original members of the Black Panther Party. During the course of the night, the event was interrupted by 30 members of the New Black Panther Party dressed in motorcycle helmets and steel-capped boots, led by Malik Zulu Shabazz. Shabazz and his NBPP member seized control of the event and ordered under threat of violence the original Panthers to cease criticism of the New Panthers. 2015 assault of original panther Dhoruba Bin Wahad On August 19, 2015, Dhoruba Bin Wahad (a member of the original Black Panther Party) and an associate were assaulted by a faction of the New Black Panther Party. Bin Wahad had been attending a conference in Atlanta, Georgia held by the Nzinga faction of the "New" Panthers. Bin Wahad confronted the group about their adoption of the Black Panther name and their rhetoric. The two were ordered to leave but when they refused, Bin Wahad was assaulted. Wahad was left with a concussion, a broken jaw and lacerations from the attack. The event led founding member of the original Black Panthers, Elbert "Big Man" Howard, to denounce the group as "reactionaries" and "thugs". See also Black Nationalism Black Power Black Separatism Ethnic nationalism NFAC References External links Interview with NBPP Chairman Malik Zulu Shabazz African and Black nationalism in the United States Anti-capitalist organizations Anti-capitalist political parties Anti-Zionist political parties Anti-Zionism in the United States Black political parties in the United States Anti-white racism in the United States Reparations for slavery 1989 establishments in Texas Organizations established in 1989 African-American-related controversies Organizations based in Dallas	[ -0.0918063372373581, -0.7850548028945923, -0.5058444738388062, -0.586110532283783, -0.11329970508813858, 0.06015672907233238, -0.07802412658929825, 0.39749157428741455, -0.7625532746315002, -0.08604933321475983, 0.1452755481004715, -0.11033093184232712, -0.8302160501480103, 0.4265204668045044, -0.09532619267702103, 0.10375026613473892, 0.4387720823287964, -0.10472769290208817, 0.1381835639476776, 0.10822846740484238, -0.48062455654144287, 0.1308734267950058, 0.6821557283401489, 0.2548533082008362, -0.009848078712821007, 0.22626326978206635, 0.3084588050842285, -0.3800795376300812, -0.06957216560840607, 0.37846869230270386, 0.1979096233844757, -0.07094719260931015, 0.36109432578086853, -0.29817724227905273, 0.11217151582241058, 0.21642158925533295, -0.4566601514816284, 0.05098144710063934, 0.3624609410762787, -0.05429353564977646, -0.448599636554718, -0.5162949562072754, -0.2298768311738968, 0.5018045902252197, 0.2825254201889038, -0.08196792751550674, -0.8964563608169556, 0.5655267834663391, -0.8690041899681091, 0.09845077991485596, -0.11697407066822052, 0.27083489298820496, -0.02569696679711342, 0.8337507843971252, 0.1028779074549675, -0.15399692952632904, -0.6283446550369263, 0.09442684799432755, -0.10584590584039688, -0.8005629181861877, -0.24867753684520721, 0.09435804933309555, 0.6035768985748291, 0.21552149951457977, 0.4572092592716217, 0.14485861361026764, 0.14825931191444397, 0.8516848683357239, -0.43794092535972595, 0.12558236718177795, -0.04380456730723381, 0.15723438560962677, -0.07634647190570831, -0.1054462417960167, 0.05397580564022064, -0.6023026704788208, 0.3356415033340454, 0.4008468985557556, 0.0023434783797711134, 0.29670819640159607, -0.11971352994441986, 0.7547723650932312, 0.6931910514831543, 0.12086593359708786, 0.4529322385787964, -0.03918847069144249, -0.5825696587562561, -0.2622309923171997, 0.01682306081056595, 0.1291923075914383, -0.42767977714538574, 0.4347608685493469, 0.4152299463748932, 0.43913066387176514, -0.4840959310531616, -0.35779064893722534, 0.36183419823646545, 0.2541651129722595, 0.26665613055229187, -0.06725757569074631, 0.5087724328041077, -0.480446994304657, 0.5092626214027405, 0.06528066843748093, -0.7946757674217224, 0.03235762193799019, 0.3439646065235138, -0.5597929358482361, 0.3328258693218231, 0.029404552653431892, -0.5339917540550232, 0.8234807848930359, -0.08254741877317429, -0.047156233340501785, -0.05754076689481735, 0.5840314626693726, -0.031782954931259155, -0.90254807472229, 0.3060678541660309, -0.2378488928079605, -0.20345556735992432, 0.9815426468849182, -0.45952656865119934, 1.280639886856079, 0.3692069351673126, 0.49056050181388855, 0.2910919487476349, 0.9173784852027893, -0.8449007868766785, -0.2180214673280716, 0.4429311156272888, 0.25972238183021545, 0.32232150435447693, -0.4357394576072693, 0.08022040873765945, 0.13223911821842194, 0.615899384021759, 0.15102997422218323, 0.5771097540855408, 0.1500493586063385, -0.636113166809082, 0.32062456011772156, 0.08042851835489273, -0.09149875491857529, 0.7608872056007385, -0.21709273755550385, 0.1423562467098236, -0.16150934994220734, -0.5334347486495972, -0.9029175043106079, 0.41635429859161377, -0.49532437324523926, 0.12191782146692276, 0.31180551648139954, -0.1283455789089203, 0.02312963642179966, -0.030327284708619118, -0.44978201389312744, 0.4044013023376465, 0.8388589024543762, 0.21352355182170868, 0.005058135371655226, -0.199659526348114, 0.5560981035232544, -0.201040580868721, -0.2523517310619354, -0.34470635652542114, -0.519486665725708, 0.4293726980686188, 0.20424795150756836, 0.10478636622428894, -0.1415213942527771, -0.011076897382736206, -0.20428986847400665, -0.08869924396276474, -0.4703502953052521, 0.7235743403434753, 0.06256086379289627, -0.18967857956886292, -0.39991092681884766, -0.7053298354148865, 0.269469290971756, 0.3305814564228058, -0.08356683701276779, -0.4293520152568817, 0.05469518154859543, -0.3329205811023712, -0.321291983127594, -0.3195315897464752, 0.032301463186740875, -0.08708256483078003, 0.1039549857378006, -0.0981995016336441, -0.550744891166687, 1.142913818359375, 0.2410021275281906, -0.5338466763496399, 1.206621527671814, -0.2749280631542206, 0.5463939309120178, 0.17187190055847168, -0.5308172106742859, 0.3342127203941345, -0.06834989786148071, -0.3852617144584656, 0.15577054023742676, 0.47361332178115845, 0.3445776402950287, -0.12234245985746384, -0.01580595038831234, 0.3898266851902008, -0.7978101968765259, -0.02721530944108963, 0.7934173345565796, 0.16931109130382538, -0.41230088472366333, 0.007113814819604158, 0.15871107578277588, 0.5562684535980225, -0.08704608678817749, 1.186962366104126, -0.19770655035972595, 0.097327820956707, -0.19065028429031372, 0.21381738781929016, 0.6472181081771851, -0.41986197233200073, -0.1355922669172287, 0.20479020476341248, 0.36114007234573364, 1.1272212266921997, 0.32955020666122437, -0.36585283279418945, -0.2589397728443146, 0.07558600604534149, -0.2978108823299408, -0.10304377228021622, -0.6454645395278931, -0.06075098365545273, 0.060621000826358795, 0.589067280292511, -0.1276971399784088, -0.5882705450057983, 0.21073268353939056, -0.2926875948905945, -0.08595560491085052, -0.2539355158805847, 0.5235891938209534, 0.1314971148967743, 0.4400147795677185, -0.012150153517723083, 0.4256856441497803, 0.3781525194644928, -0.011806472204625607, 0.43762797117233276, 0.29004380106925964, -0.5301628708839417, -0.29597166180610657, 0.6703988909721375, -0.1653933972120285, 0.3447696566581726, -0.4126299321651459, -0.15052258968353271, 0.13848666846752167, -0.34304481744766235, -0.5943194031715393, -0.6181088089942932, 0.3163093328475952, 0.7620522379875183, 0.24579286575317383, 1.0130990743637085, 0.40562430024147034, -0.6042212843894958, -0.04201144352555275, -0.43388602137565613, -0.4192415773868561, -0.030179155990481377, 0.1971282958984375, -0.894569993019104, -1.3192352056503296, -0.3818458914756775, 0.2869005501270294, 0.014086929149925709, -0.8666605949401855, 0.2633533179759979, 0.10795330256223679, -0.056459348648786545, -0.10707328468561172, 0.18296033143997192, -0.5100566744804382, -0.24314944446086884, 0.036968883126974106, -0.20097514986991882, -0.3162079155445099, 0.43622010946273804, 0.5506009459495544, 0.34760767221450806, 0.46442508697509766, -0.42752406001091003, 0.382392019033432, -0.49837449193000793, 0.32960620522499084, -0.251772940158844, -0.1244996190071106, 0.5907134413719177, -0.057550784200429916, 0.17917919158935547, -0.2249884158372879, -5.455261707305908, 0.30353134870529175, -0.5281606316566467, -0.22799107432365417, 0.18855738639831543, 0.06965851038694382, 0.6609668731689453, -0.36258968710899353, 0.2594979703426361, -0.6061128377914429, -1.2429075241088867, 0.046034570783376694, -0.26653510332107544, 0.059242215007543564, -0.488588809967041, 0.012050062417984009, 0.3498408794403076, 0.31851664185523987, 0.05439533293247223, 0.2844313979148865, -0.11429848521947861, -0.286173552274704, -0.5176575779914856, 0.3893090784549713, 0.4045809805393219, 1.1193658113479614, -0.09542055428028107, -0.21232685446739197, -0.2857261002063751, -0.5856403708457947, 0.33148521184921265, -0.050724562257528305, -0.054724689573049545, -0.790249764919281, -0.03245747834444046, -0.35916221141815186, 0.41420936584472656, -0.21332383155822754, -0.06373480707406998, -0.5708329081535339, -0.14027482271194458, 0.7560132741928101, -0.646420419216156, -0.34242457151412964, 0.8472774624824524, 0.2614104449748993, -0.430720716714859, -0.6000506281852722, -0.9216615557670593, 0.297731876373291, -0.06842625141143799, -0.2704673111438751, 0.3237368166446686, -0.14747481048107147, 0.02906663529574871, -0.4034881889820099, -0.4944275915622711, -0.4658544063568115, -0.12403874099254608, 0.43676283955574036, 0.419847309589386, -0.039388611912727356, 0.054866973310709, -0.5120287537574768, -0.5168302655220032, -0.4071110188961029, -0.4296267628669739, 0.050777796655893326, 0.9855281710624695, 0.2806195616722107, 0.17343953251838684, 0.38615721464157104, -0.46696463227272034, -0.7028799653053284, -0.037841640412807465, -0.41500410437583923, -0.44112545251846313, -0.8743158578872681, -0.2011457085609436, 0.5516689419746399, 0.1866607666015625, -0.27361738681793213, 0.07601886987686157, 0.126258984208107, -0.3804973065853119, -0.13175806403160095, -0.03996503725647926, 0.09485623240470886, -1.0085361003875732, 0.05915243923664093, -0.03291050344705582, 0.1589071899652481, 0.46809259057044983, -0.07507085800170898, 0.3417447805404663, 0.12181272357702255, 0.003393271006643772, 0.3210694491863251, -0.19010180234909058, 0.0991840660572052, 0.34402474761009216, -0.6868652105331421, -0.5557711720466614, -0.6399615406990051, 0.5618946552276611, 0.03342312574386597, 0.07434633374214172, 0.5920214056968689, 0.5108394622802734, 0.016297882422804832, -0.2037787288427353, -0.4050314426422119, -0.6055693030357361, 0.061347343027591705, 0.4121403992176056, 0.19699618220329285, -0.4384286403656006, 0.20949973165988922, -0.25908470153808594, 0.32430532574653625, 0.18366491794586182, 0.2908185124397278, -0.3014976680278778, -0.05981288105249405, -0.42044931650161743, -0.3936960995197296, -0.3653690814971924, 0.1125541627407074, 0.33432427048683167, -0.13864940404891968, 0.24150043725967407, 0.09280502051115036, -0.254925936460495, -0.035789791494607925, -0.1573154479265213, -0.21392087638378143, -0.3646925389766693, -0.19471921026706696, -0.002389015629887581, 0.16715121269226074, -0.2039143145084381, 0.05720975250005722, 0.259101927280426, 0.3558848202228546, 0.09573351591825485, 0.4206259548664093, -0.22488710284233093, 0.3551318943500519, -0.5799363255500793, 1.1293370723724365, 0.2500148117542267, -0.34593936800956726, 0.46816298365592957, -0.03795440122485161, -0.0662391409277916, 0.014921247027814388, 0.846964955329895, 0.28369495272636414, 0.9380855560302734, -0.5320871472358704, -0.258348673582077, -0.4980546832084656, -0.19368329644203186, -0.09325570613145828, 0.22439631819725037, -0.5461589694023132, -0.1684865653514862, -0.4356047213077545, -0.3434509336948395, 0.2915908098220825, -0.15489663183689117, -0.06866997480392456, -0.21282489597797394, -0.6550623178482056, 0.3250405490398407, -0.06380436569452286, 0.10680446028709412, -0.04862911254167557, -0.33640506863594055, 0.07487647235393524, 0.059773337095975876, 0.2175951451063156, -0.5793663263320923, 0.11398445069789886, 0.6287562847137451, -0.6197044849395752, -0.2653506100177765, -0.14270588755607605, -0.002721640979871154, -0.16321340203285217, 0.708549976348877, 0.07747635990381241, -0.01911597140133381, 0.04820427671074867, -0.27963149547576904, -0.23906372487545013, -0.4791828989982605, 0.7238888740539551, -0.5431049466133118, -0.24349233508110046, 0.46155253052711487, 0.2748708128929138, 0.07234399020671844, 0.21631020307540894, 0.15045979619026184, -0.21404847502708435, 0.35241761803627014, -0.6068739295005798, -0.6849172711372375, 0.05876782536506653, 0.18388229608535767, 0.13470129668712616, -0.237003356218338, -0.2414528727531433, -0.7279912829399109, -0.0446835495531559, 0.24179010093212128, -0.6165030002593994, -0.6611140370368958, -0.17800866067409515, -0.018317779526114464, -0.09506549686193466, 0.0767742246389389, 0.25954458117485046, -0.046633850783109665, 0.4570704698562622, 0.16782987117767334, -0.27466556429862976, 0.0306655615568161, -0.4679563045501709, -0.14076045155525208, -0.4540133476257324, -0.13875380158424377, 0.04085761681199074, -0.3588750660419464, 0.5407219529151917, -0.008137972094118595, 0.022723212838172913, -0.1878955066204071, 0.5152738690376282, -0.31507161259651184, 0.25615185499191284, -0.12261129170656204, -0.6713727116584778, 0.1324070394039154, -0.5061367154121399, 0.42469263076782227, 0.7519153356552124, -0.42959994077682495, -0.14617298543453217, 0.3949374258518219, -0.3398117423057556, -0.537390947341919, -0.09060204774141312, 0.8584316372871399, 0.01193660032004118, -0.34065473079681396, -0.5788491368293762, -0.3090915083885193, -0.5821928381919861, 0.36357054114341736, -0.007437245920300484, -1.1132497787475586, 0.25369709730148315, -0.15052847564220428, -0.016672734171152115, 0.12457577884197235, -0.4973296821117401, 0.046643007546663284, -0.918205201625824, -0.4806760251522064, 0.48082247376441956, -0.03643685579299927, 0.3784976005554199, -0.0589577741920948, 0.12919385731220245, 0.41260093450546265, -0.1734374463558197, 0.04841233044862747, 0.2650042176246643, -0.372996985912323, 0.20616130530834198, 0.07882294058799744, -0.2638879120349884, 0.29807960987091064, -1.0224800109863281, 0.48944759368896484, -0.29067280888557434, -0.8521652817726135, -0.6482122540473938, -0.13251729309558868, -0.1525847464799881, 0.5369775891304016, 0.18610157072544098, -0.5484572052955627, -0.08124944567680359, 0.2209588587284088, -0.28405362367630005, 0.0738057792186737, -0.08478781580924988, -0.7832229733467102, 0.5682267546653748, -0.13340702652931213, -0.1595907360315323, -0.490105003118515, -0.4888532757759094, 0.29501330852508545, -0.24641312658786774, -0.10016225278377533, 0.8146195411682129, -0.12183423340320587, -0.3398282825946808, 0.13817435503005981, 0.48373475670814514, -1.3071566820144653, 0.4211482107639313, 0.8785954117774963, -0.33307957649230957, 0.3787475824356079, -0.49751248955726624, 0.5606666803359985, 0.3861088454723358, 0.24993464350700378, 0.11995571851730347, 0.38940730690956116, 0.26316913962364197, -0.48489078879356384, 0.5046589970588684, 0.23946864902973175, -0.06766888499259949, -0.08229107409715652, -0.1322157084941864, -0.05750149488449097, 0.4615255296230316, -0.37622204422950745, -0.32442837953567505, 0.22172199189662933, 0.1463487446308136, -1.1862713098526, 1.1157667636871338, 0.4588284492492676, 0.5854899287223816, -0.24224819242954254, 0.39889344573020935, 0.28277936577796936, -0.009539904072880745, 0.15489816665649414, 0.002304420806467533, 0.24764105677604675, 0.3067610561847687, 0.5442969799041748, -0.27274423837661743, -0.1198498010635376, -0.16159790754318237, 0.794104278087616, -0.7442995309829712, 0.39255377650260925, -0.08446529507637024, -0.3572509288787842, -0.3929360508918762, 0.12128926068544388, 0.9142498970031738, 0.929777204990387, 0.15045000612735748, -0.3168262243270874, 0.6074339747428894, -0.21019504964351654, -0.19387727975845337, -0.263452410697937, 0.333513468503952, 0.6768626570701599, -0.24980458617210388, -0.3646770715713501, 0.18536078929901123, -0.4810991883277893, 0.006736074574291706, 0.46042799949645996, 0.3898943364620209, -0.45313912630081177, 0.19158442318439484, 0.26484304666519165, 0.21023797988891602, -0.7206200957298279, -0.38408127427101135, 0.7649311423301697, -0.3029704988002777, -0.3413298726081848, 0.24545836448669434, -0.7316609621047974, 0.18854594230651855, 0.16778023540973663, -0.8911250829696655, -0.4690391719341278, 0.1233413815498352, 0.2998703718185425, 0.5171599388122559, 0.03255075961351395, 1.230407476425171, 0.5791347622871399, 0.5738213658332825, 0.16030296683311462, 0.46466371417045593, 0.3833516836166382, 0.6441103219985962, -0.33348318934440613, 0.18672199547290802, -1.2043356895446777, -0.130764901638031, -0.4782254993915558, 0.571078360080719, -0.0808131992816925, 0.26880523562431335, 0.42722633481025696, 1.2098795175552368, -0.03447616472840309, 0.2853553891181946, 1.4464507102966309, 0.028278116136789322, -0.48443111777305603, -0.2184361219406128, -0.1434403955936432, -0.6790342926979065, -0.1411089152097702, 0.5531944036483765, -0.40522217750549316, -0.6820420026779175, 0.5127454400062561, 0.1669052690267563, -0.1935478001832962, 0.1559496372938156, 0.10431993007659912, -0.35572370886802673, -0.051861442625522614, 0.2389272302389145, -0.7002182006835938, 0.056406985968351364, 0.3779607117176056, 0.5264236330986023, 0.12145356833934784, -0.09574219584465027, 0.17792020738124847, 0.3083922863006592, 0.28968268632888794, -0.39960917830467224, 0.5100029706954956, -0.005300967954099178, -0.08174742758274078, -0.36264291405677795, -0.5254324078559875, 0.03334072604775429, -0.3642803728580475, 0.1681392341852188, -0.179671049118042, -0.4052007496356964, 0.4539717733860016, 0.2300429493188858, -0.079885333776474, -0.3115251064300537, -0.11525144428014755, 0.1024712324142456 ]
230812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Pluto	Private Pluto	Private Pluto is a 1943 propaganda comedy cartoon produced by Walt Disney Productions. In this cartoon Pluto is in the army and he gets antagonized by two chipmunks, later known as Chip 'n' Dale, in their first official appearance. While the chipmunks became regular antagonists of Donald Duck, they did continue to pester Pluto in Squatter's Rights (1946) and one last time in Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952). Plot This short showcases Pluto as a soldier during the World War II when he is a guard dog on a U.S military base. He is told there are saboteurs, and is assigned to guard a pill-box (gun emplacement). First, Pluto tries to follow marching orders, contorting himself into quite a mess. Then, he engages in hijinks with two chipmunks who are using a cannon to store and crack their nuts, and a war of wits naturally ensues. Voice cast Pluto: Pinto Colvig Dale: Dessie Flynn Chip: James MacDonald Home media The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Walt Disney on the Front Lines and on December 7, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Complete Pluto: 1930-1947. References Ultimate Disney External links 1943 animated films 1943 films American films 1940s Disney animated short films Films scored by Oliver Wallace Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films produced by Walt Disney Pluto (Disney) short films RKO Pictures animated short films World War II films made in wartime	[ -0.11231295764446259, 0.6314976215362549, -0.3648412823677063, 0.6466900110244751, 0.1208750456571579, -0.07646088302135468, 0.09791049361228943, 0.18529817461967468, -0.5393291711807251, 0.2447328418493271, -0.7900317907333374, 0.5035820007324219, -0.2422124445438385, 0.24289502203464508, 0.06985641270875931, -0.32735809683799744, -0.2907322943210602, 0.43080222606658936, 0.18144011497497559, -0.36698538064956665, -0.5137965083122253, -0.4819343388080597, 0.2783353626728058, -0.6034404039382935, -0.4709753692150116, -0.3839702904224396, 0.5882259011268616, 0.4716786742210388, -0.1745087057352066, 0.5306516885757446, -0.3396114706993103, -0.2577769458293915, 0.12677933275699615, -0.042147476226091385, -0.09654536098241806, -0.5862811207771301, 0.019863184541463852, -0.07663371413946152, -0.0917702317237854, -0.4894278943538666, 0.48194244503974915, 0.6651914715766907, 0.5284866094589233, -0.34935837984085083, -0.7605966329574585, -0.34649649262428284, -1.2602168321609497, 0.42659300565719604, -0.2103567272424698, -0.02751545049250126, 0.1260804533958435, 0.5881056785583496, -0.07294666022062302, 0.5771300196647644, -0.10476954281330109, 0.9406509399414062, -0.26295146346092224, -0.1082855835556984, -0.19441525638103485, -0.49358105659484863, 0.5326830148696899, 0.28373631834983826, 0.7716902494430542, -0.01117702480405569, 0.1341247409582138, 0.3348628282546997, -0.17906208336353302, 0.22645369172096252, -0.31471550464630127, -0.23871910572052002, -0.022892216220498085, -0.5652706623077393, 0.16276930272579193, 0.03494155406951904, 0.29355737566947937, -0.5697994828224182, 0.3514012098312378, 0.29604658484458923, -0.10381069779396057, 0.5372547507286072, -0.26632463932037354, -0.04020458087325096, 0.6500298976898193, 0.6924954056739807, -0.061874400824308395, 0.6767991185188293, -0.15956033766269684, 0.03292601555585861, -0.06477692723274231, 0.37395384907722473, -0.3270842432975769, 0.04235977306962013, -0.03171635791659355, -0.6781052947044373, -0.41754230856895447, -0.6772233247756958, -0.3571130037307739, 0.02573871612548828, 0.19970695674419403, 0.18489646911621094, -0.1548992097377777, 0.029137158766388893, 0.392260879278183, -0.21787723898887634, -0.6739002466201782, 0.20827601850032806, 0.3629053235054016, -0.48661839962005615, 0.5878110527992249, 0.5625540614128113, -0.13134409487247467, 0.03284382447600365, -0.06065571680665016, -0.058451294898986816, -0.6656981110572815, 0.18784689903259277, -0.1067999005317688, -0.7003303170204163, -0.28843194246292114, 0.5111362338066101, -0.10068964213132858, 0.37435224652290344, -0.08215319365262985, -0.003742332337424159, 0.39742186665534973, 0.384315550327301, 0.30924853682518005, 0.4516257643699646, 0.12376565486192703, 0.191209614276886, 0.7419567704200745, 0.9911484122276306, -0.3225010931491852, 0.04860251769423485, -0.19610026478767395, -0.5576574206352234, 0.28599897027015686, -0.15295447409152985, -0.21631304919719696, 0.04317513108253479, -0.36512768268585205, 0.12941820919513702, -0.592073380947113, 0.045549362897872925, 0.05117849260568619, -0.3710426688194275, -0.27307698130607605, -0.1759606897830963, -0.38788560032844543, -0.36313989758491516, 0.16930943727493286, -0.1793094128370285, 0.690812349319458, -0.1566399782896042, -0.2489335834980011, -0.07027048617601395, 0.3659381568431854, -0.14975935220718384, 0.3029821813106537, -0.15691591799259186, -0.016278257593512535, 0.35792863368988037, -0.6222009062767029, 0.34745171666145325, -0.018837779760360718, 0.39276885986328125, 0.45409780740737915, -0.07346486300230026, -0.07100307941436768, 0.4980837106704712, -0.011567424982786179, 0.22375226020812988, 0.4865054190158844, -0.30876362323760986, 0.03149215131998062, 0.3549576699733734, 0.788242518901825, 0.3046315908432007, 0.8541300296783447, -0.847263753414154, -0.5804564356803894, -0.1036144495010376, 0.08894044905900955, -0.25887829065322876, 0.5362050533294678, -0.01653893291950226, 0.44503524899482727, -0.20009677112102509, -0.34679263830184937, 0.05841571465134621, -0.6796507835388184, -0.392929345369339, 0.13893549144268036, -0.6837234497070312, 1.314060091972351, 0.11094973236322403, -0.6267139911651611, -0.08303513377904892, 0.18667326867580414, 0.48566243052482605, -0.5702774524688721, 0.10700453072786331, 0.659619927406311, 0.2356678992509842, -0.37668678164482117, 0.26426422595977783, -0.25580599904060364, 0.6272924542427063, 1.010541319847107, 0.36679160594940186, 0.1622081995010376, -0.23739318549633026, 0.2997990548610687, -0.2724115252494812, -0.15785479545593262, -0.12868653237819672, -0.40657421946525574, 0.19160310924053192, 0.18028512597084045, 0.09679098427295685, 0.08898172527551651, -0.04020451381802559, -0.26441487669944763, 0.49519017338752747, -0.1033322885632515, 0.7138429284095764, 0.38031911849975586, -0.14716558158397675, -0.00025679077953100204, -0.17078951001167297, -0.10718084871768951, 0.0556035153567791, -0.20380254089832306, -0.530959963798523, -0.13425622880458832, 0.3960653841495514, 0.2284664511680603, -0.6239883303642273, -0.002389385364949703, 0.2654583156108856, -0.10138393938541412, 0.30309033393859863, -0.39112725853919983, 0.07187321782112122, 0.29900604486465454, -0.03967909887433052, 0.2551019787788391, 0.5898699164390564, 0.2035897970199585, -0.30451419949531555, -0.19432106614112854, 0.5079321265220642, -0.2513400912284851, -0.1351749151945114, -0.02383178472518921, -0.1013881042599678, -0.14633573591709137, -0.21137242019176483, 0.22564846277236938, -0.1214178279042244, -0.3932671844959259, 0.48059606552124023, 0.10497824102640152, 0.38527044653892517, 0.27199411392211914, -0.0010392696131020784, -0.6248725056648254, -0.3740498721599579, 0.041521430015563965, 0.4868142902851105, 0.30489686131477356, 0.05688326060771942, -0.7890157103538513, -0.1616295725107193, 0.8018749952316284, 0.34922561049461365, -0.6772210001945496, 0.22686395049095154, -0.3645220100879669, -0.45952752232551575, 0.0005601944285444915, 0.2445942461490631, 0.032152432948350906, -0.135788694024086, -0.13684038817882538, 0.1723824292421341, 0.42908012866973877, -0.48235660791397095, -0.1477433443069458, -0.32037413120269775, -0.30708396434783936, 0.1110459566116333, -0.6277603507041931, 0.2295072376728058, -0.35953372716903687, 0.5333440899848938, -0.279498428106308, -0.006737802643328905, 0.09599146991968155, -0.18325427174568176, -0.24648669362068176, 0.21686916053295135, -0.7816489934921265, -0.6989237666130066, 0.7778692245483398, -0.2295597940683365, -0.021470336243510246, -0.26861754059791565, -5.815199375152588, 0.13891679048538208, -0.1098661869764328, -0.06355825066566467, 0.5235703587532043, 0.203617125749588, 0.23281535506248474, -0.5404030680656433, -0.3645102381706238, -0.00626514945179224, -0.26404863595962524, -0.17514532804489136, -0.05865973234176636, 0.6760619282722473, 0.5786951780319214, 0.4640671908855438, 0.2708130180835724, -0.2648557424545288, 0.2163250595331192, -0.06022034212946892, -0.213309183716774, 0.22951000928878784, 0.07256525754928589, 0.22932370007038116, 0.42405927181243896, 0.5359970927238464, -0.07321136444807053, 0.2534477412700653, -0.4168923795223236, 0.18639147281646729, -0.035818781703710556, -0.16435229778289795, 0.3400527536869049, -0.47414499521255493, -0.2996843159198761, -0.4315686523914337, 0.6551437973976135, 0.2087232619524002, 0.7687469124794006, 0.30708783864974976, -0.7702983617782593, 0.19769689440727234, -0.8639596104621887, -0.061160650104284286, 0.23188570141792297, -0.07459985464811325, -0.4937773644924164, -0.5378335118293762, -0.22892935574054718, 0.1369415521621704, 0.5263569355010986, 0.10903690755367279, 0.13720273971557617, -0.01782250590622425, -0.008096304722130299, 0.4386071562767029, -0.30750784277915955, 0.11819939315319061, -0.5472362637519836, -0.17510592937469482, 0.4270848035812378, -0.18276453018188477, -0.4823502004146576, -0.2389095574617386, -0.07434771955013275, -0.35802608728408813, -0.37336844205856323, -0.2325722873210907, 0.4591797888278961, 0.3854544758796692, -0.19096896052360535, 0.19301293790340424, 0.2571740746498108, -1.1672325134277344, 0.2421588897705078, 0.007578354328870773, -0.3149603307247162, -0.19543775916099548, -0.025163153186440468, 0.10100183635950089, 0.10730255395174026, -0.38394081592559814, -0.5378625988960266, 0.57483971118927, 0.07439392805099487, -0.4377647340297699, -0.12993991374969482, -0.041267093271017075, -0.04626986384391785, -0.2747913599014282, 0.5491887331008911, -0.2897534966468811, -0.09741690009832382, 0.26603129506111145, -0.1692401021718979, 0.3321157693862915, -0.013558543287217617, -0.08658066391944885, -0.048878781497478485, 0.27514857053756714, -0.4039289653301239, 0.027476508170366287, -0.43315351009368896, -0.5749216079711914, -0.24447570741176605, -0.4600403904914856, -0.10007534176111221, 0.7490752339363098, -0.1058393120765686, 0.3831968605518341, -0.3066183626651764, -0.12929517030715942, -0.5866674184799194, -0.0034999987110495567, 0.3599453866481781, -0.022234562784433365, 0.3048393726348877, 0.35146281123161316, 0.5750923752784729, -0.0607302188873291, 0.11397559940814972, 0.6009723544120789, 0.36571791768074036, -0.5601196885108948, -0.7063490152359009, 0.1983134001493454, 0.260343074798584, 0.029088234528899193, 0.26163139939308167, 0.09870298951864243, -0.12252180278301239, 0.3284352123737335, -0.05182724818587303, -0.3022501468658447, 0.32585442066192627, -0.05258065089583397, -0.26868224143981934, 0.08527141064405441, 0.0494646281003952, -0.4363122284412384, -0.3675977885723114, -0.26311132311820984, 0.11097078025341034, 0.4650993347167969, 0.2324001044034958, 0.20070387423038483, 0.49244698882102966, -0.060639139264822006, 0.29025569558143616, 0.4211708903312683, -0.13241153955459595, -0.8592224717140198, 0.985466718673706, -0.3014487028121948, -0.03674563020467758, -0.0650254487991333, -0.3240360915660858, 0.4368533194065094, -0.46999281644821167, -0.14949598908424377, 0.32682132720947266, -0.38389715552330017, -0.9996991157531738, -0.15980586409568787, 0.29686105251312256, -0.3092789649963379, -0.17531800270080566, -1.0953258275985718, -0.19358287751674652, 0.7188198566436768, 0.12852858006954193, 0.4592397212982178, -0.0013447725214064121, 0.30356770753860474, 0.14888061583042145, 0.6404734253883362, -0.2361515909433365, -0.02627786435186863, -0.23018574714660645, -0.20965325832366943, 0.049946315586566925, -0.11082785576581955, -0.33458295464515686, -0.19253329932689667, 0.4370366334915161, -0.39733660221099854, -0.2461753934621811, 0.10454373806715012, 0.09451371431350708, 0.38789814710617065, -0.3238842487335205, 0.3488188683986664, 1.0772660970687866, 0.23449473083019257, -0.6303039789199829, -0.10500077158212662, 0.08605347573757172, 0.8292899131774902, -0.09707919508218765, -0.2993803918361664, -0.30435335636138916, 0.3372442126274109, -0.4736280143260956, -0.23883317410945892, 0.17661066353321075, -0.21680516004562378, 0.4272107481956482, 0.41907086968421936, -0.5486840605735779, 0.8545426726341248, 0.04648023471236229, -0.7484385967254639, -0.2820478677749634, -0.46775177121162415, -0.6563806533813477, 0.06567350029945374, 0.14568442106246948, 0.009023378603160381, -0.2914704978466034, -0.4435078203678131, -0.3612982928752899, -0.21272090077400208, -0.9049955606460571, -0.23701657354831696, -0.5466964840888977, -0.09051106870174408, -0.041189029812812805, -0.5189254283905029, 0.3881469666957855, -0.3590477705001831, 0.05317450314760208, -0.07221581041812897, 0.24681447446346283, -0.2351468801498413, -0.1499938666820526, 0.4728640615940094, 0.3779931962490082, 0.2890753149986267, -0.16427157819271088, -0.10698384046554565, 0.5463101267814636, 0.8405125141143799, 0.22728674113750458, -0.057569101452827454, -0.03862699121236801, 0.5917525291442871, 0.1868370622396469, -0.4711916744709015, -0.6006385087966919, -0.053430501371622086, 0.4952255189418793, -0.1906963586807251, -1.0783178806304932, -0.15755780041217804, 0.8970728516578674, -0.2869994640350342, -0.3693455457687378, 0.8297297954559326, 0.05841102451086044, 0.3301382064819336, -0.1932217925786972, 0.5308666229248047, -0.9962382316589355, 0.13413569331169128, 0.44959068298339844, 0.25211992859840393, 0.675489068031311, 0.05944802239537239, 0.028400713577866554, 0.11748277395963669, -0.06694035977125168, 0.3017965257167816, 0.3764391541481018, 0.49166518449783325, 0.006678809877485037, 0.08249975740909576, -0.15031030774116516, -0.7116918563842773, -0.24812310934066772, -0.7530561089515686, -0.841854453086853, 0.3830270767211914, 0.1730581521987915, -0.3327144682407379, -0.2667228579521179, -0.44754281640052795, -0.11850420385599136, 0.27677467465400696, -0.07623422145843506, 0.3022381067276001, -0.6294171214103699, 0.10644370317459106, -0.7042324542999268, -0.2812831401824951, 0.02903118170797825, 0.06297886371612549, -0.4629060924053192, -0.03537764400243759, -0.037522051483392715, -0.18674863874912262, -0.34781140089035034, 0.4592186510562897, 0.2356749176979065, -0.22292101383209229, 0.5612739324569702, 0.22764337062835693, -0.4144234359264374, -0.05395021289587021, -0.5031872987747192, 0.10096399486064911, 0.23609215021133423, -0.8036435842514038, -0.19011157751083374, 0.35313284397125244, -0.10831649601459503, -0.10268192738294601, 0.6646007299423218, -0.41217222809791565, -0.7425362467765808, 0.21590252220630646, 0.15495753288269043, -0.02738821879029274, -0.21611693501472473, -0.0887371227145195, -0.7375267148017883, -0.030270185321569443, -0.45863696932792664, 0.1991911381483078, 0.9009760022163391, -0.3981727659702301, 0.6913507580757141, -0.07163064181804657, -0.5277279615402222, 0.18991264700889587, 0.0794336199760437, -0.18809157609939575, 0.20311053097248077, -0.7193725109100342, 0.11032433062791824, 0.702625036239624, -0.07661506533622742, 0.049026619642972946, -0.2652305066585541, -0.4137617349624634, 0.07144294679164886, 0.6518014669418335, 0.039405886083841324, -0.20496654510498047, 0.14414873719215393, 0.7966788411140442, 0.5071947574615479, 0.4709174633026123, -0.13982108235359192, -0.13200989365577698, 0.4694977104663849, 0.12494673579931259, -0.05247349292039871, -0.45335668325424194, 0.30713707208633423, -0.04604495316743851, -0.17401307821273804, 0.39997515082359314, 0.2473272830247879, 0.2392941564321518, -0.07788565009832382, 1.0851649045944214, -0.07868826389312744, -0.1902010589838028, 0.44451814889907837, -0.014640463516116142, 0.048800237476825714, -0.11455626785755157, -0.10573220998048782, -0.11125580966472626, -0.36692965030670166, 0.16195441782474518, 0.020928887650370598, 0.5546002388000488, -0.08724986761808395, -0.12807214260101318, -0.4488389492034912, 0.5930531024932861, -0.5290865302085876, -0.26019763946533203, 0.4242444336414337, 0.2855171263217926, -0.04654017090797424, -0.2349470853805542, 0.21745054423809052, -0.2074347585439682, -0.26938194036483765, -1.1461535692214966, 0.04279618337750435, 0.2335856556892395, -0.5905473828315735, -0.5415011048316956, -0.09552694112062454, 0.19895121455192566, -0.059639785438776016, 0.1469603180885315, 0.4889765679836273, -0.05413443595170975, 0.31025272607803345, 0.20068077743053436, 0.17142832279205322, -0.08637277036905289, -0.3262996971607208, -0.4315565228462219, -0.5308371186256409, 0.46917447447776794, 0.21212202310562134, 0.5316970348358154, 0.16789311170578003, 0.15162743628025055, 0.2800525426864624, -0.30886566638946533, 0.4588916301727295, -0.29383373260498047, -0.35419371724128723, -0.27622413635253906, -0.274813711643219, -1.1541904211044312, 0.1707027554512024, 0.26501595973968506, -0.1923038214445114, -0.26764944195747375, 0.6783747673034668, -0.497942179441452, 0.07626872509717941, 0.004697335418313742, -0.44614773988723755, -0.19608117640018463, -0.5196022987365723, -0.1114489808678627, 0.10298346728086472, -0.02141430601477623, 0.3062179684638977, 1.0725775957107544, 0.25682100653648376, -0.5232300758361816, 0.23029358685016632, 0.26938846707344055, 0.524537205696106, 0.03732127696275711, 0.738771378993988, -0.42022666335105896, 0.4162939488887787, -0.3826821446418762, -0.74083012342453, 0.320956826210022, -0.10308772325515747, 0.13884758949279785, 0.44992735981941223, -0.08980557322502136, 0.006819740869104862, 0.025838246569037437, 0.322736531496048, -0.1265718936920166, 0.2447429895401001, 0.9108352661132812 ]
230814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20sided%20football	Three sided football	Three-sided football (often referred to as 3SF) is a variation of association football played with three teams instead of the usual two. Played on a hexagonal pitch , the game can be adapted to soccer, as well as other versions of football. Unlike conventional football, where the winner is determined by the highest scoring of the two teams, the winner in three-sided football is the team that concedes the fewest goals. It was devised by the Danish Situationist Asger Jorn to explain his notion of triolectics, which was his refinement on the Marxian concept of dialectics, as well as to disrupt everyone's general idea of football. History The first known game of 3SF, played on Friday 28 May 1993, was organized by the London Psychogeographical Association on Glasgow Green as part of the Glasgow Anarchist Summer School. Participants included Richard Essex, Stewart Home and the members of The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture. Three-sided football has been practiced in various training sessions of the Association of Autonomous Astronauts in England, France, Italy and Austria, including the 1st Intergalactic Conference in Vienna (1997), the 2nd Intergalactic Conference in Bologna (1998), the Space 1999 in London, or as a protest event in Parc de La Villette during the 1998 two-sided football World Cup in Paris. The Deptford Three Sided Football Club (D3FC) was founded in February 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Jorn's invention of the game in his 1962 book Naturens Orden. Games were held every other Sunday between D3FC and other local clubs at the Deptford Green Hexagon in Fordham Park, South East London. From 2013 to 2021 the Sports Organization "Futbol 3 Colombia - F3C" has been conducting Three Sided Football (soccer 3) tournaments in public parks and universities in Bogotá - Colombia for children and young people (men and women) of low income and vulnerable The Three Sided Football matches are held in various public parks such as: Servita Park, La Gaitana Park, Ciudad Montes Park, and since 2018 every Saturday in the Normandía neighborhood park in the city of Bogotá (https: //futbol3colombia.jimdofree.com/) The first three-sided football match in Turkey was organized by InEnArt on 14 September 2013, to coincide with the 13th Istanbul Biennial. The match was played in front of Kadir Has University, Istanbul between Philosophy Football FC from the UK, FSC Dynamo Windrad Kassel from Germany and Ayazma FC from Turkey. The referee was Halil İbrahim Dinçdağ, who was suspended by the Turkish Football Federation in 2009 because of his sexuality. Geoff Andrews, manager of Philosophy Football FC, launched the International Three Sided Football Federation before this match. The first three sided football match in Australia was held on 4 May 2014. It was held at St Kilda Primary School in Melbourne and featured the St Kilda All Sartres, Pythagoras 3FC (the Pys) and Atletico Geometry (the Geometers). The teams were mixed - an important feature of Australian Three Sided Football. 3SF World Cup Silkeborg, 2014 The first 3SF World Cup took place in cooperation with the International Three Sided Football Federation and the Museum Jorn in Silkeborg, Denmark, 23 May until 25 May 2014. Teams from France, Germany, Poland, England, Lithuania and Denmark sought to win the Cup. The Danish team Silkeborg KFUM were crowned champions. Kassel, 2017 The second 3SF World Cup was held at the Hessenkampfbahn in Kassel, Germany on Sat 19 August 2017. The tournament was hosted by Dynamo Windrad as part of documenta 14 and featured twelve teams originating from Germany, England, Poland and Lithuania. The final was contested between local side F2 Versenkt and two teams from the SE London league, Polish Husaria and New Cross Internationals. In a very tight and tactical game, New Cross Internationals scored the only goal of the game against F2 Versenkt. Although Polish Husaria and New Cross Internationals both finished the game with clean sheets, the rules of the tournament stated that in cases of a winning draw the team who scored the most goals in the match would be considered the winner. Therefore, New Cross Internationals were declared winners of the tournament. After the final it transpired that Polish Husaria had not been aware of the rule regarding goals scored, and because of this New Cross Internationals offered to share the title with Polish Husari London, 2020 The next 3SF World Cup was scheduled to be held in London in 2020, however, was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Domestic leagues Deptford 3SF League (New Cross, South East London) In September 2014 Deptford Three Sided Football Club embarked on a new experiment in trialectics by establishing a formal league structure with five other teams from the local area. The inaugural teams involved in the league were Aesthetico Athletico, New Cross Irregulars 3FC, Philosophy Football Club, Polsky Budowlancy (now named Husaria), Strategic Optimists Football Club and, of course, Deptford Three Sided Football Club.[17] 2014-15 The inaugural season ended on 7 June 2015 with New Cross Irregulars being awarded the trophy, having mathematically won the title in the penultimate game of the season. 2015-16 The same six teams played in the 2015–16 season. It was decided on the final game of the season, with Husaria, Aesthetico Athletico and New Cross Irregulars 3FC playing each other in a match where all three teams could win the title. Defending champions NXI were taken out of contention early on, conceding 5 goals in total, and Husaria were crowned new champions courtesy of a single goal against Aesthetico. NXI, Aesthetico and Strategic Optimists all ended in joint second place, a single point behind winners Husaria. 2016-17 NXI reclaimed the league title in the penultimate game of the season on 7 May 2017 with a win over Deptford and Aesthetico. Up to this point Husaria still had a chance of defending their title, but came second in their May match to concede the point that handed the league to NXI. Triball (London Bridge, South London) In January 2017 the first season of the Triball 3SF league was established. Duplicating the Deptford points structure for the league table, Triball is played in a 4-a-side format between seven league teams. The league also hosts a cup competition called the Triball Open Cup. Tournaments On 31 October 2009, a three sided football competition was organised in Lyon during the Biennale d'art contemporain de Lyon. The subversive event was a confrontation of the non spectacular sense of the original game with the main title of the Biennale, Le Spectacle du Quoditidien. The manifestation took place in Stade Laurent Gérin, Vénissieux and was organised by Pied La Biche association.[2] In an event called "Thinking Football", aiming to reflect on the role of football in modern society, the Athletic de Bilbao Foundation organised among other things a three sided football championship taking place from October 2011 to April 2012 with 37 participant teams. Exhibition matches In August 2009, a three-sided football game was played in Alytus as part of the Art Strike events there. Stewart Home acted as referee. In the run-up to the 2010 UK General Election, a three-sided football game was played on 2 May 2010 in Haggerston Park, with each team representing one of the main political parties. This match was organised by Whitechapel Gallery in conjunction with Philosophy Football FC. The match was won by Philosophy Football FC, representing Labour, who conceded no goals to the Conservatives' 2 and Lib Dems' 3.[4] Philosophy Football FC later organised and competed in the first ever three-sided football match to be played in Spain, on 7 May 2011, which was discussed by journalist Sid Lowe in the Guardian's football podcast. Lowe's team won 3-5-5. 3SF in South London Home to two different Three-sided football leagues, South London hosts an active community of 3SF, mostly played in New Cross at Fordham Park, and London Bridge at Tabard Gardens. Three Sided Football Stadium In 2017, Essex based architect Adam Leatherbarrow entered a Non-Architecture competition to showcase a conceptual design for a Three Sided Football Stadium. The design was based on pitch parameters, UEFA stadium guidance documents and inspired by German football stadia. The Stadium comprises six single tier stands and infilled with triangular seating to chamfer the hexagonal shape. The design was recognised by TalkSport's "The Late Tackle Podcast" where Adam gave an interview. Shortly after the interview, Leatherbarrow's stadium concept featured in the June 2017 edition of Four Four Two magazine Titled "A Game of Three Halves". Adam stated "Something has got to be purpose-built, because i really hope the sport kicks off. Just imagine a game between West Ham, Chelsea and Spurs - it would be mad!" See also Three-player chess Sannin shogi, a three-handed shogi variant played on a hexagonal board A Game of War, a game by Asger Jorn's situationist collaborator, Guy Debord References External links Three-sided Football website New Cross Irregulars An account of a Three Sided Football match from Goal! magazine, August 1996 Triball 3SF League The Late Tackle Podcast, 30th April 2017 Jpeg upload of Four Four Two Article, June 2017 Social philosophy Association football variants Games and sports introduced in 1993	[ -0.010796839371323586, -0.1785990297794342, 0.0632641613483429, -0.33453845977783203, -1.039980411529541, -0.01823499985039234, 0.5158064961433411, -0.22625300288200378, -0.4434385895729065, -0.28373590111732483, -0.09412838518619537, 0.19163969159126282, -0.6348499059677124, -0.27910560369491577, 0.029743479564785957, 0.7375192642211914, 0.2530774474143982, 0.30156442523002625, 0.3824782371520996, -0.3291376829147339, -0.3471154272556305, 0.09124758839607239, 0.13490307331085205, -0.7064191699028015, 0.09431781619787216, 0.16843511164188385, 0.40026968717575073, 0.22543291747570038, 0.5777378082275391, 0.20153559744358063, 0.8293009996414185, 0.7966371774673462, 0.26607900857925415, -0.21582646667957306, 0.051164284348487854, -0.058322932571172714, 0.24737708270549774, 0.01972612366080284, -0.11219879984855652, -0.17485858500003815, -0.17727476358413696, -0.399657666683197, 0.5697210431098938, 0.08476829528808594, 0.35594820976257324, -0.11944131553173065, -1.0751855373382568, 0.6712592840194702, -1.0092931985855103, 0.6381465792655945, -0.7820020318031311, 0.19149169325828552, -0.1369865983724594, 0.7204585075378418, 0.1963234692811966, 0.34847763180732727, -0.7231863737106323, 0.2764762341976166, -0.3622972369194031, -0.589348554611206, 0.009925508871674538, -0.061517275869846344, 0.4994024634361267, 0.09867849200963974, -0.09701278060674667, 0.12886308133602142, -0.5232148766517639, 0.7752942442893982, -0.2823711931705475, -0.47585925459861755, 0.05211630463600159, -0.4205697178840637, -0.24872976541519165, -0.022695021703839302, 0.592734158039093, -0.7093558311462402, -0.15811534225940704, -0.18510702252388, 0.2644396424293518, 0.2613735496997833, -0.0006575586157850921, 0.2594480812549591, 0.22152447700500488, 0.12814711034297943, 0.37040817737579346, 0.32344040274620056, -0.48784878849983215, 0.5378345847129822, -0.42692819237709045, 0.7050361037254333, 0.12163622677326202, -0.21514248847961426, 0.6121341586112976, -0.3572272062301636, 0.13650745153427124, 0.33180463314056396, 0.33695435523986816, 0.17403468489646912, 0.5153589248657227, 0.08076713979244232, 0.1870127171278, 0.10491786152124405, 0.3833574056625366, -0.2429487705230713, -0.9002314209938049, -0.05905294790863991, -0.2882235646247864, -0.8135143518447876, 0.03702672943472862, 0.015316850505769253, -1.1102523803710938, 0.12428965419530869, 0.4354536235332489, -0.3405313789844513, -0.793552577495575, 0.04339577257633209, 0.1498619019985199, 0.5826179385185242, -0.1711110770702362, 0.4819508194923401, 0.3766913115978241, 0.4820118844509125, -0.15498358011245728, 0.04622194916009903, 0.19399122893810272, -0.3498862385749817, 0.48174968361854553, 0.7173642516136169, -0.4556061327457428, -0.20456454157829285, 0.174965500831604, 0.5276291370391846, -0.17971348762512207, 0.5981332063674927, -0.3147611618041992, -0.7652424573898315, 0.38763627409935, 0.04254721477627754, 0.31621238589286804, 0.24316075444221497, -0.912469744682312, -0.0208431389182806, -0.05441071093082428, -0.31067314743995667, 0.42167216539382935, 0.08056088536977768, -0.14989890158176422, -0.11645808070898056, -0.23409952223300934, -0.10552459210157394, -0.16970770061016083, 0.1688353568315506, 0.45123299956321716, 0.32093992829322815, -0.23093242943286896, 1.1129518747329712, 0.4129044711589813, -0.61313796043396, 0.4117155373096466, 0.11259650439023972, 0.14407938718795776, 0.20751284062862396, -0.22069194912910461, 0.3724915385246277, 0.20086386799812317, -0.39813926815986633, 0.0477222241461277, 0.44707435369491577, -0.09320501983165741, 0.07138440012931824, -0.06249867379665375, 0.17159999907016754, 0.6571042537689209, 0.1484241932630539, 0.17771627008914948, -0.540317714214325, 0.2599686086177826, 0.2509536147117615, 0.7079494595527649, -0.17373056709766388, -0.7481859922409058, -0.5618948936462402, 0.9205762147903442, -0.0483098067343235, -0.051745567470788956, -0.19824230670928955, 0.5048319697380066, -0.40137821435928345, -0.013043811544775963, 0.05408391356468201, -0.4373517632484436, -0.5891770720481873, -0.00664868950843811, -0.5458484292030334, 1.3663949966430664, -0.429450124502182, -0.8000454902648926, 0.4414495825767517, 0.3111942708492279, 0.3680209219455719, 0.09233644604682922, -0.32096099853515625, 0.39733806252479553, 0.8126459717750549, -0.32984253764152527, 0.4504232108592987, 0.29462435841560364, 0.7113040685653687, 0.1891833245754242, 0.3307572901248932, 0.28113487362861633, -0.04304466396570206, -0.35417360067367554, -0.15750332176685333, -0.21555165946483612, -0.012439300306141376, -0.37094569206237793, 0.47264599800109863, 0.2766864597797394, -0.05448858439922333, 0.8800733089447021, -0.015360255725681782, -0.5745416283607483, 0.4341318905353546, 0.21492087841033936, 0.2937503159046173, 0.044313348829746246, 0.1903090924024582, 0.47066426277160645, -0.5337091088294983, 0.04133114963769913, 0.5261312127113342, 0.17811043560504913, -0.4037397503852844, 0.04099864140152931, -0.4635632634162903, 0.35050567984580994, -0.3286650776863098, 0.021890956908464432, -0.36701032519340515, -0.16271303594112396, 0.4892806112766266, 0.1592729240655899, -0.07018272578716278, -0.13465279340744019, -0.2021181881427765, 0.2689759433269501, 0.33692851662635803, 0.17680178582668304, 0.27729418873786926, 0.2037905603647232, 0.3912619948387146, 0.18677975237369537, -0.18460653722286224, 0.695188581943512, 0.3838757574558258, 0.2037527710199356, -0.08601205050945282, 0.3021049201488495, 0.11937171965837479, -0.2545458972454071, 0.04909532517194748, 0.01870627887547016, -0.12874262034893036, -0.5133618712425232, -0.6055651307106018, -0.7162531018257141, 0.025790520012378693, 0.4911283552646637, 0.2824634611606598, 0.40523749589920044, -0.2882636487483978, -0.5983994603157043, -0.08177104592323303, -0.7367133498191833, -0.5244160890579224, -0.08208863437175751, -0.3223099112510681, -0.46908071637153625, -0.3373611271381378, -0.09120412915945053, 0.36446043848991394, 0.5901307463645935, -0.40733572840690613, -0.22061815857887268, -0.12150365114212036, 0.3893435001373291, 0.20396986603736877, 0.47574204206466675, -0.5890582203865051, -0.11668767780065536, 0.3716399669647217, 0.06028025597333908, -0.22580872476100922, 0.2778896689414978, 0.2499270886182785, -0.2371852695941925, 0.6184625625610352, 0.6337653398513794, 0.19395986199378967, -0.180543914437294, -0.2820490002632141, 0.42838820815086365, -0.7136667370796204, 0.3736588954925537, -0.5905615091323853, -0.20122802257537842, 0.26585012674331665, -5.7610554695129395, -0.33544161915779114, -0.5810323357582092, -0.33053678274154663, 0.47298097610473633, 0.19539985060691833, 0.14912006258964539, -0.4685432016849518, -0.2595282793045044, 0.11263155937194824, -0.4881817400455475, 0.2621780335903168, -0.044417452067136765, -0.26252877712249756, 0.3803894817829132, 0.17547184228897095, 0.02268233336508274, -0.1331118494272232, 0.28971704840660095, 0.2406165599822998, -0.4628506600856781, 0.5996850728988647, 0.030821584165096283, 0.38917025923728943, -0.03770412877202034, 0.6270188689231873, -0.007883027195930481, -0.7777466773986816, 0.04364321753382683, -0.3636722266674042, 0.420474648475647, 0.1988949179649353, 0.03481050580739975, -0.34116074442863464, -0.34917542338371277, -0.2890494167804718, 0.8082037568092346, 0.13538146018981934, 0.2569259703159332, -0.5005280375480652, -0.14964571595191956, 0.5919468998908997, -0.03739629313349724, -0.04609430953860283, 0.5565977096557617, -0.30602896213531494, -0.2280077189207077, 0.10285644233226776, -0.38458240032196045, 0.8739014863967896, 0.7096112370491028, 0.06346116214990616, 0.21455872058868408, 0.11871560662984848, -0.02037237398326397, -0.14252425730228424, 0.46961742639541626, 0.05374366044998169, -0.15347075462341309, 0.09713640809059143, 0.49027663469314575, -0.4556066393852234, -0.5260931849479675, 0.11663366854190826, -0.21097150444984436, -0.922514796257019, -0.3203774690628052, 0.015097223222255707, 0.36661890149116516, 0.04484502598643303, -0.35096919536590576, 0.27928683161735535, 0.29520684480667114, -0.6852037310600281, 0.5440900921821594, 0.1354367583990097, -0.2847732901573181, -0.19258026778697968, 0.21711407601833344, 0.6929349899291992, -0.09993577748537064, -0.4131411910057068, -0.0890238881111145, 0.11718950420618057, 0.2558077871799469, -0.2494010031223297, -0.035808466374874115, 0.3022109866142273, 0.4398198425769806, 0.2542785108089447, 0.766664445400238, -0.7008859515190125, 0.8623000979423523, 0.18891966342926025, 0.3849989175796509, 0.7905718684196472, -0.026011357083916664, 0.23508572578430176, 0.5020841360092163, -0.20670785009860992, 0.399556428194046, -0.22288921475410461, 0.10153227299451828, -0.3456162214279175, 0.03683387115597725, 0.29963693022727966, -0.12899120151996613, 0.5364332795143127, 0.41487762331962585, 0.17024469375610352, 0.5741492509841919, 0.16743777692317963, -0.7826465964317322, -0.05652333050966263, 0.5172595381736755, 0.0975082665681839, -0.599626362323761, 0.21633829176425934, 0.04958431422710419, -0.17744216322898865, -0.1940331608057022, -0.2164904624223709, 0.15913718938827515, -0.07948584854602814, -0.03500157594680786, -0.03801669925451279, -0.4368950128555298, -0.1147126853466034, -0.2589602470397949, 0.08297599852085114, 0.21111543476581573, -0.0645797923207283, 0.09872034937143326, 0.2883652448654175, -0.054105307906866074, -0.2647373378276825, -0.5102500319480896, 0.1495378613471985, 0.035672627389431, -0.809097945690155, 0.5135130882263184, -0.5213247537612915, -0.5346685647964478, 0.5835689306259155, -0.5025885105133057, 0.13332711160182953, -0.5407404899597168, 0.03963462635874748, 0.08609569072723389, 0.2850676476955414, -0.12129029631614685, -0.48367801308631897, 0.38188859820365906, -0.6060126423835754, -0.055319033563137054, 0.2916790544986725, -0.13674336671829224, 0.3437466025352478, -0.2523459494113922, -0.7620791792869568, 0.011884086765348911, 0.011347844265401363, -1.3065999746322632, -0.4097387492656708, -0.16334161162376404, 0.20124588906764984, -0.20711253583431244, -0.2255718857049942, -0.08014601469039917, 0.17742189764976501, -0.21400775015354156, -0.7601832747459412, -0.4830673635005951, -0.31850484013557434, 0.17932960391044617, 0.33241721987724304, -0.42416003346443176, -0.30848973989486694, 0.4357907772064209, -0.4418250620365143, -0.3107891082763672, 0.18502800166606903, -0.05515948310494423, 0.6494536399841309, 0.23172126710414886, -0.3951197862625122, -0.3921503722667694, -0.13237793743610382, -0.11910954862833023, 0.24926385283470154, 0.29383134841918945, 0.7381685972213745, 0.4746592938899994, 0.228773295879364, -0.44026118516921997, -0.44706302881240845, -0.42903637886047363, 0.543472170829773, 0.23163680732250214, -0.259884774684906, -0.2847764790058136, 0.14825445413589478, -0.2589991092681885, -0.4495186507701874, 0.5622198581695557, -0.4307118058204651, 0.6939067244529724, 0.05877082422375679, -0.26563021540641785, -0.1770375669002533, -0.2775357961654663, -0.8237650394439697, -0.5333794355392456, 0.20017234981060028, -0.44679343700408936, 0.12893687188625336, -0.4889525771141052, -0.6959280967712402, -0.2993825376033783, -0.3939685821533203, -0.12713101506233215, -0.5142384767532349, -0.5366700887680054, -0.026095859706401825, -0.23719096183776855, -0.18606039881706238, -0.11606190353631973, -0.7096978425979614, 0.6011839509010315, 0.20247744023799896, 0.24982495605945587, -0.18347130715847015, 0.12553323805332184, 0.8486834764480591, -0.18217608332633972, 0.2797459065914154, -0.5954669117927551, 0.12815377116203308, -0.0576917827129364, -0.21618624031543732, 0.1457076221704483, 0.6931081414222717, -0.15369097888469696, -0.9008439779281616, -0.4754221439361572, -0.9158143401145935, 0.5046507716178894, -0.6547135710716248, -0.6221519112586975, -0.2985481321811676, 0.26693418622016907, -0.17130056023597717, -0.17413289844989777, -0.1243591159582138, 0.33068346977233887, -0.35449668765068054, 0.052519239485263824, -0.32210397720336914, 0.5078582763671875, -0.09948018938302994, 0.06731622666120529, -0.2078215777873993, -0.5529568791389465, 0.16520994901657104, 0.23987506330013275, -0.6971572041511536, 0.19223801791667938, -0.6129103302955627, -0.30572864413261414, 0.12962880730628967, -0.32607004046440125, -0.4589470624923706, 0.7172294855117798, 0.35482725501060486, 0.037122942507267, 0.21151894330978394, 0.40171298384666443, -0.5092542171478271, 0.011498811654746532, 0.15971440076828003, -0.7304849028587341, -0.3101910650730133, -0.06078755483031273, 0.1397484540939331, 0.04342390596866608, -0.2890856862068176, 0.04049374908208847, -0.25342774391174316, -0.5568415522575378, -0.26833054423332214, -0.1417243927717209, -0.29303374886512756, -0.5508723855018616, -0.14042916893959045, -0.27641403675079346, -0.24441993236541748, 0.09357892721891403, -0.22732174396514893, -0.28581365942955017, -0.08185087889432907, -0.44112628698349, 0.4646395742893219, -0.21551620960235596, -1.0327465534210205, 0.5976436734199524, -0.3982716202735901, -0.13667814433574677, -0.5611678957939148, 0.038233984261751175, 0.7763356566429138, 0.08374927937984467, 0.0865718424320221, -0.09736163914203644, 0.5799306035041809, -0.02053985744714737, 0.39994534850120544, 0.44102227687835693, -0.6372280716896057, 0.5346240401268005, 0.5112795233726501, 0.3759407103061676, 0.08030518144369125, 0.5045907497406006, 0.19620072841644287, -0.4692547917366028, 0.42937731742858887, 0.2845804691314697, -0.5074365139007568, 0.4409369230270386, 0.5408298373222351, 0.6785290837287903, 0.21754169464111328, -0.2456066906452179, 0.07782215625047684, 0.5617557764053345, -0.7672889232635498, 0.23655976355075836, 0.3266295790672302, -0.11364065110683441, 0.5164397954940796, -0.1871347576379776, 0.33265671133995056, 0.19873318076133728, -0.14314565062522888, -0.018872778862714767, 0.06347504258155823, -0.21667611598968506, 0.14570456743240356, -0.39911800622940063, 0.28112801909446716, 0.6600035429000854, 0.4180227816104889, 0.355129599571228, 0.08428525179624557, 0.016011137515306473, 0.2417517751455307, -0.06375492364168167, -0.543269693851471, -0.5300858616828918, -0.13057145476341248, 0.6561244130134583, 0.2640131115913391, -0.02783813700079918, -0.3575519025325775, 0.339690238237381, -0.37987950444221497, 0.20860391855239868, -0.40781736373901367, -0.37506067752838135, 0.4119583070278168, -0.0805523544549942, 0.5450222492218018, -0.36350947618484497, 0.6546288728713989, -0.21396920084953308, 0.2495482861995697, 0.18869909644126892, 0.24298331141471863, -0.23161660134792328, -0.24814853072166443, -0.5354974269866943, 0.1215292364358902, -0.2857649624347687, -0.2747343182563782, -0.7305018901824951, -0.6549485921859741, 0.3042463958263397, 0.41286250948905945, 0.004436699207872152, -0.06337744742631912, -0.1765366941690445, -0.3947608172893524, 0.08639612793922424, -0.30144405364990234, 0.02216409146785736, -0.5574538111686707, 0.5481886267662048, 0.8871143460273743, 0.819791316986084, 0.7209784984588623, 0.15304486453533173, 0.15855300426483154, 0.2485717087984085, -0.046788547188043594, -0.733565628528595, 0.06943992525339127, 0.004062874708324671, -0.2800886034965515, -0.5373269319534302, 0.18317125737667084, 0.5431213974952698, -0.29913797974586487, 0.13338908553123474, -0.09275703132152557, -0.45745858550071716, 0.09200451523065567, 0.7251115441322327, -0.8041256666183472, 0.20808744430541992, -0.709505021572113, 0.453662633895874, 0.4936884939670563, 0.19697099924087524, 0.20588958263397217, -0.680715024471283, 0.12677308917045593, 0.1261444389820099, -0.4022597074508667, -0.8069878816604614, 0.3859611749649048, -0.4539254307746887, -0.09661826491355896, -0.39805877208709717, 0.06509771943092346, -0.715514600276947, -0.420558363199234, -0.21120677888393402, -0.22273299098014832, 0.29805657267570496, -0.3693937361240387, 0.3229299783706665, 0.18834368884563446, 0.09738559275865555, -0.0950348749756813, -0.024412844330072403, 0.38504183292388916, -0.15457068383693695, 0.14034712314605713, -0.027413349598646164, 0.44162729382514954, 0.42451706528663635, -0.1578988879919052, 0.2522903084754944, -0.06906779110431671, 0.03822246566414833, 0.2552999258041382, 0.018198855221271515, -0.12598450481891632, 0.1880929172039032, 0.4865463674068451 ]
230818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Austin%20%28LPD-4%29	USS Austin (LPD-4)	The third was the lead ship of her class of amphibious transport dock ships in the United States Navy. Austin was named in honor of the city of Austin, Texas which in turn was named in honor of Stephen F. Austin, a Texian patriot during the Texas War for Independence and the first Secretary of State of the Republic of Texas. Austin was laid down on 4 February 1963 at Brooklyn, New York, by the New York Naval Shipyard. She was launched on 27 June 1964 (sponsored by Miss Lynda Bird Johnson, the daughter of President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson), and commissioned on 6 February 1965 with Captain William H. Shaw in command. 1960s The amphibious transport dock remained at Brooklyn through May, then sailed to Norfolk, Virginia, on 26 May to complete her outfitting. During September and October, she was engaged in shakedown training in the vicinity of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. The ship then made a port call at Corpus Christi, Texas, before returning to her home port of Norfolk in November. From November 1965 through April 1966, Austin operated in the Norfolk area before entering the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 5 May for repairs and alterations. When this work was completed, she headed for the Caribbean to conduct two weeks of trials off Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. The ship next sailed to the Dominican Republic to assist in the withdrawal of units of the Inter-American Peace Force which had helped restore stability during a political crisis. These units were disembarked at Sunny Point, North Carolina, on 9 August, and she then returned, via Norfolk, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she arrived on 21 August for adjustments to her main propulsion plant. On 3 November Austin returned to Norfolk. She spent the next four and one-half months in preparation for an extended deployment as a unit of the Caribbean Amphibious Ready Group. On 15 April 1967, Austin touched at Morehead City, North Carolina, to embark United States Marine Corps units and then proceeded to the Caribbean. While there, she participated in numerous amphibious training exercises and made port visits at Ponce, Puerto Rico, and San Juan, Puerto Rico, Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Colón, Panama, and Guantánamo Bay. The vessel returned her marines to Morehead City on 17 August and arrived at Norfolk on 19 August for a leave and upkeep period. She got underway again on 4 November to become a part of the recovery force for the Apollo 4 space mission. From 13 to 16 November, Austin held amphibious training exercises, then returned to Norfolk for the holidays. She sailed on 8 January 1968 to carry naval personnel and equipment to Key West, Florida. After continuing on to Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, the ship arrived back in Norfolk 25 January. During February, March, and April, she took part in several training exercises along the east coast. On 13 May, another cruise to the Caribbean began which included visits to Bermuda, Nassau, Bahamas, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Key West, Florida. The vessel briefly returned to Norfolk on 3 June and then retraced her route to take part in Operation Race Run at Vieques Island. Austin was back in home port on 30 June and entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 19 July for an overhaul. Refresher training at Guantánamo Bay in late January 1969 was followed by two weeks of amphibious warfare training in the Virginia Capes area. In April, Austin took part in special amphibious exercises before beginning another deployment to the Caribbean on 18 May. During the four-month cruise, she was involved in Operation Exotic Dancer II, held off Puerto Rico and visits included San Juan and Roosevelt Roads, La Guaira, Venezuela; Colón, Panama; Guantánamo Bay; Bridgetown, Barbados; and St. Thomas. This deployment ended on 10 September, and the ship began a period of leave and upkeep at Norfolk. She sailed again on 4 November as a recovery ship in support of the Apollo 12 spaceshot and remained on station until 24 November when she began the voyage back to Norfolk. Austin made a brief stop at Port of Spain, Trinidad, on 29–30 November and arrived at Norfolk on 6 December. 1970s Austin spent the first two and one-half months of 1970 in port, before sailing on 17 March with Amphibious Squadron (PhibRon) 2 for the Mediterranean. The deployment included amphibious landing exercises and stops at Rota, Spain, and Málaga, Spain, Genoa, Italy, and Naples, Italy, Cannes, France, and Valletta, Malta. Austin lost her stern gate on 6 June, and temporary repairs were made at Malta from 16 to 30 June. The ship arrived back in Norfolk on 13 July to begin a yard period for permanent repairs. She emerged from the shipyard on 22 September and began refresher training. Austin again deployed with PhibRon 2 on 16 November. During the cruise, Austin held numerous amphibious and antisubmarine warfare exercises. She also visited Genoa, Livorno, and Naples, Italy, Barcelona and Rota, Spain, Mersin, Turkey, and Athens, Greece. On 7 May 1971, Austin ended the cruise at Norfolk. The ship got underway again on 14 July for operations in conjunction with the recovery of the Apollo 15 space capsule. The first two weeks in August were spent in naval mine countermeasures exercises held in the area of Charleston, South Carolina. Austin then entered a period of type training and amphibious exercises followed by more mine warfare exercises in early November. She returned to Norfolk on 12 November for the holidays. Austin began 1972 with Exercise Snowy Beach, a large-scale landing exercise held off the coast of Maine. From 15 February to 20 March, she participated in Operation Springboard in the Caribbean. The ship visited the United States Naval Academy from 17 to 20 April to hold indoctrination tours for midshipmen. During the next two months, she conducted type training and took part in Exercises "Exotic Dancer", and "Escort Tiger." On 5 July, the vessel unloaded all ammunition in preparation for overhaul. She entered the Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Baltimore, Maryland, on 11 July. Work continued there until 11 October, when she was towed to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for completion of the yard work. On 15 March 1973, Austin began post-repair trials. She sailed to Guantánamo Bay on 22 March and, after refresher training, returned to Norfolk 24 April. After another two months of preparation, the vessel sailed on 7 June for another Mediterranean deployment. Her ports of call included Alicante, Barcelona, and Rota, Spain; Trieste and Venice, Italy, and Corfu, Athens, and Rhodes, Greece. She took part in several exercises, including NATO Exercise "Deep Furrow", from 18 September to 4 October. On 10 October, Austin got underway for Souda Bay, Crete, as a part of the Sixth Fleet response to the Arab-Israeli War Yom Kippur War. In early December, she began the trip back to Norfolk. After pausing briefly at Morehead City on 19 December, she arrived at Norfolk the next day for post-deployment standdown. The ship got underway on 8 February 1974 for Guantánamo Bay as a unit of the Caribbean Amphibious Ready Group. She operated from various points in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands through August. In early September, Austin visited Caracas, Venezuela, and Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles. While in Curaçao, 154 Dutch marines were embarked for Exercise "Doria Salute VII." The marines disembarked at Vieques Island; then Austin returned to Norfolk (via San Juan, Aruba, and Curaçao) on 19 March. However, she headed back toward the Caribbean on 24 April. The first country visited was Panama, where marines disembarked for jungle warfare training. Her subsequent ports of call included Cartagena, Colombia, Vieques, Puerto Rico, and St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda. From 25 May to 2 June, Austin was back in Norfolk for upkeep. She resumed duty on 30 October by sailing to the Canal Zone. The ship continued her routine of shuttling marines and their equipment between various Caribbean ports through 16 December, when she arrived back at Norfolk. On 25 February 1975, Austin deployed once more to the Mediterranean and carried out amphibious training exercises and midshipmen training cruises in that area, visiting ports in Spain, Italy, and France before returning to Norfolk on 20 August. She then began an extended period of availability. The ship got underway on 14 January 1976 to load ammunition and sailed a week later for the Caribbean. After a brief training period at Guantánamo Bay, she continued on to Curaçao. From 4–16 February, Austin took part in Exercise "Rum Punch 76". She was back in home port on 21 February for upkeep. For the next four months, the amphibious transport dock was involved in a series of inspections, training exercises, and Naval Reserve training cruises. On 9 June, she returned briefly to the Caribbean and then made a short visit to New York City in early July. Austin was back in Norfolk on 10 July and began preparations for overseas movement. She sailed on 20 August for northern Europe. Her ports of call during the cruise included Ørland, Norway; Edinburgh, Scotland; Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands; Esbjerg, Denmark; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Bremerhaven, Germany, and Portsmouth, England. After a stop at Morehead City to disembark marines she arrived in Norfolk on 11 November. The ship went to Yorktown, Virginia, on 17 January 1977 to unload ammunition prior to her scheduled overhaul. She proceeded to Baltimore on 2 February and commenced overhaul at the Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. The work was finished on 16 February 1978, and Austin returned the next day to Norfolk. After a brief stay, she sailed to Guantánamo Bay for refresher training, but was back in Norfolk on 25 April. After several months of training, the vessel got underway 22 August for the north Atlantic. There she took part in Operation Northern Wedding, in conjunction with other NATO naval units, and made stops in Norway, Denmark, and England, before returning to Norfolk 31 October. 1980s The Austin sailed on 30 January 1980 for another Mediterranean deployment. On her first stop during this trip, she supported USMC and Portuguese Fuzileiros combined arms operations. Next, she made a port call in Lisbon, and a supply stop in Rota, Spain. After leaving Rota and passing through the Straits of Gibralter, at approximately 0125, with the C.O. resting in his stateroom, she plowed into a large container ship thirty miles off the coast of Spain, avoiding capsizing and all-hands-lost by mere seconds. She limped into Cartagena Spain. The marines (3/8) on board were moved to the other ships in the fleet, and the Austin cruised to Athens Greece for repairs. Once repaired, it stopped in Naples, Genoa, and Venice, Italy. The ship returned to her home port on 11 July. After a brief respite, she sailed for South America on 15 October and participated in Operation Unites, and Operation Allied Caribe 80. The warship took part in an amphibious operation with Brazilian naval forces. Operation Allied Caribe 80 was held in the Antilles in conjunction with units from the United Kingdom, Canada and the Netherlands. Austin later provided hurricane relief assistance to the inhabitants of Dominica. The ship returned to Norfolk 7 December, and she continued operations from that port into 1981. On 3 February 1981, Austin put to sea from Norfolk on her way to Morehead City to embark Marine Corps units. From Morehead City, she headed for the Arctic Circle near Norway where she participated in cold weather training. The warship returned to Norfolk on 17 April and resumed normal operations out of that port. Late in June, she voyaged south and west to the gulf coast of Florida to perform a special project for the Chief of Naval Operations. During the trip home, Austin visited Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Nassau, Bahamas. Arriving back at Norfolk on 8 July, she resumed a normal schedule of operations until the beginning of September when she entered the yard at the Norfolk Shipbuilding and Drydock Company to begin an 11-month overhaul. Austin completed the repair period on 2 August 1982 and spent most of the remainder of the year undergoing post-overhaul inspections and examinations at Norfolk. She began 1983 with a cruise to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, to conduct post-overhaul refresher training. During the early part of February, the warship took an extended break from training to make a 12-day port visit to New Orleans, Louisiana, for the Mardi Gras festival. Austin resumed refresher training on 19 February and concluded it 1 March. In March and early April, she operated out of Norfolk and then spent the last three weeks of April in port preparing to deploy to the troubled eastern Mediterranean. On 5 May Austin set sail for Morehead City where she embarked the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines (BLT 1/8), and the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU 24) before heading out across the Atlantic. The warship arrived in the Mediterranean late in May and disembarked the Marine Corps units at Beirut, Lebanon, where a guerilla-style civil war among a virtual rainbow of factions complicated by military incursions on the parts of Syria and Israel, had been in progress at varying levels of intensity for some time. In September 1982, the assassination of President-elect Bachir Gemayel touched off atrocities that brought a multinational peacekeeping force into the country soon thereafter. In May 1983, the marines of BLT 1/8 and MAU 24 replaced the part of that force protecting Beirut International Airport. Austin, for her part, remained in the vicinity providing support for the troops, anchoring nearby during the day and steaming out to sea at night. As tense as the situation in Lebanon was, ship and marines quickly settled into a routine. Too quickly perhaps, for on 23 October 1983, a terrorist shattered that routine when he drove an explosives-laden truck into the lobby of the headquarters of the Marine Corps units stationed ashore. The detonation of the mobile bomb destroyed the headquarters, killed 241 men and injured over 100 others. Austin responded to the emergency quickly by providing men to stand security watches and help in the search for survivors. In November, the amphibious transport dock departed the eastern Mediterranean and began the voyage home. On 7 December, she disembarked the remnants of BLT 1/8 and MAU 24 at Morehead City. The following day Austin put into port at Little Creek, Virginia, and began postdeployment leave and upkeep. The warship remained in port at Little Creek for the first six weeks of 1984. On 13 February, she put to sea to participate in a minesweeping exercise off the coast of North Carolina before heading for Scandinavian waters. During the Atlantic transit and during her time in the Arctic waters near Norway, Austin and other Navy warships joined elements of the navies of Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the United Kingdom in conducting the two-part NATO Exercise "United Effort Teamwork '84." Following the conclusion of the exercise, the amphibious transport dock made ceremonial visits to ports in Norway, the Netherlands, and in the United Kingdom. She returned to Little Creek on 28 April after a brief stop at Morehead City to disembark marines and unload their equipment. In June, at the conclusion of the usual post-deployment stand down, Austin embarked upon a schedule of normal operations along the east coast. That employment occupied her time for the remainder of 1984 and during the first half of 1985. On 2 July 1985, she made the brief voyage to Morehead City where she embarked Marine Corps units and their equipment for another tour of duty with the Sixth Fleet. The amphibious transport dock arrived in Rota, Spain, on 13 July and entered the Mediterranean Sea the following day. While the problems in Lebanon continued, direct American military involvement there had ceased. The Austin was involved in the hijacking of the Achilles Lauro Italian cruise ship..did 45 days underway, Thus Austin accomplished her 1985 Mediterranean deployment in a more routine fashion. It consisted of bilateral and multilateral exercises punctuated by visits to ports throughout the Mediterranean. She completed turnover procedures at Rota, Spain, 4–7 December and then put to sea for the voyage home. Austin stopped at Morehead City on 18–19 December to disembark marines and stood into Norfolk on 20 December. In January 1986, the amphibious transport dock began a restricted availability at pierside in Norfolk. She finished repairs late in April and resumed normal operations out of Norfolk. Austin pursued those activities until the middle of August. She departed Norfolk 12 August and, after embarking Marine Corps units at Morehead City the next day, set sail for northern Europe and another series of exercises with forces of other NATO nations. The cruise – highlighted by visits to Germany, and England – lasted through the first week in October. On 8 October, Austin stood out of Dover, England, and shaped a course back to the United States. In September 1987, USS Austin was part of LF6F 1-89/22d MEU (HMM-162, BLT 318, and MSSG-22), which comprised USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41), USS Spartanburg County (LST-1192), USS Guadalcanal (LPH-7), and the USS Newport (LST-1179). The group was part of a Mediterranean deployment. The Austin embarked elements of 3d Battalion, 8th Marines from Camp Lejeune (primarily Kilo Company) at Morehead City, NC on 29 September 1987. The Austin and 22d MEU participated in Operations Sierra de Retin, Phinia 89, Noble Shirley, and the NATO exercise Dragon Hammer in Sardinia, returning to Morehead City 18 March 1988. The Austin visited Rota and Cartagena, Spain, Marseille and Toulon, France, Naples, Italy, Antalya, Turkey, and Haifa, Israel. 1990s The Austin played an important role during the Iraqi War. In late 1990 the Austin was undergoing maintenance, which was stopped short due to the impending Gulf War and the Austin redeployed. In January 1991 inchoped in Rota for turnover with and proceeded into the Mediterranean. While there, the Austin conducted exercises with other countries before the call came to support Operation Provide Comfort. The Austin, and all assisted in this mission with one port of call for liberty in Haifa, Israel. The marg was extended by two weeks while they waited to back load Marines who were in northern Iraq. On 7 Aug 1991, Austin pulled into Morehead City to offload Marines, and returned to Norfolk on 8 August for post deployment standdown. In November, Austin entered Metro Machine for dry dock repairs and maintenance. In April 1992, Austin returned to Norfolk to finish repairs and prepare for subsequent work ups and prepared to redeploy in 1993. In late October 1990 the USS Austin supported Marines in Operation Sharp Edge, the non-combatant evacuation and defense of the US Embassy in Monrovia, Liberia. In January 1991 the Austin returned to the Mediterranean. In late 1994 she was given a refit after returning form the Mediterranean and was assigned to Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage. The ship was too wide to traverse the Panama Canal.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Signal#Operations_Safe_Haven_and_Safe_Passage) In the early part of 1995 the Austin went to Guantanamo to begin service to that mission. She was on the mission for 30 days before returning to Norfolk, VA. 2000s In 2002– 2003 the Austin deployed to the Mediterranean in support of operations in Kosovo, as well as providing support to marines as they deployed to Kenya for humanitarian aid operations and Djibouti as the marines provided security for Predator UAV airbases. They then deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. In May 2005, the Austin set sail from Naval Base Norfolk, Virginia. to Port-au-Prince, Haiti in order to pick up National Guard and Army Corps of Engineers troops who were responsible for providing humanitarian aid and completing numerous public works projects in and around the city of Port-au-Prince. After roughly a week anchored off the coast of Haiti, the Austin set sail for Guantánamo Bay (GITMO), Cuba. Upon arrival, the National Guardsmen and Army Corps of Engineers debarked the ship, and the Austin took on stores and fuel. Though GITMO was a working port for the crew of Austin, sailors on board were granted afternoon and evening liberty on Naval Base GITMO. A major highlight for the crew was when Toby Keith performed a USO show on the flight deck of the Austin. After about a week at Guantánamo Bay, the Austin set sail for St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, where they enjoyed four days of liberty. After nearly a month away from her homeport in Norfolk, Virginia, the Austin and her crew returned home just before Memorial Day weekend. Austin's final deployment was from November 2005 – May 2006. The Austin and her crew transported Marines to the Persian Gulf and supported their mission ashore during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Decommissioning The Austin was decommissioned at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on 27 September 2006. After the ceremonies, she was taken in tow by to be taken to the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On 30 September 2009, a contract to dismantle Austin was issued to International Shipbreaking Ltd, Brownsville, Texas, where scrapping was completed on 10 September 2010. The anchor and bell of the Austin is now on display at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, in the Building 92 visitor center which includes a museum about the Yard's history. Fiction The Austin appeared in the 1984 best-selling novel The Hunt For Red October by the first-time author Tom Clancy. In the novel, the Austin serves as a transport vessel for the Sea Cliff, a deep submergence vehicle (DSV), owned by the United States Navy. The Sea Cliff is now known only by its hull number, DSV-4. See DSV-2 for details and photos of the Alvin-class submersibles. References Sources External links Texas Navy hosted by The Portal to Texas History. Austin-class amphibious transport docks Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States United States Navy Texas-related ships Ships built in Brooklyn 1964 ships	[ -0.6900044679641724, -0.3262091279029846, 0.3541810214519501, 0.1743602752685547, -0.03392711654305458, 0.7384040951728821, 0.11017176508903503, -0.44762447476387024, -0.33953553438186646, 0.2937360405921936, 0.3522637188434601, 0.7958648800849915, -0.32092157006263733, -0.1163393184542656, 0.39434611797332764, 0.2391592264175415, 0.25130391120910645, 0.15593697130680084, 0.0038144029676914215, -0.747268557548523, -0.15667209029197693, -0.4363088607788086, 0.5027217864990234, 0.142535001039505, 0.2317073494195938, 0.48760151863098145, 0.12200405448675156, 0.25850075483322144, 0.36917001008987427, 0.3561458885669708, 0.19416505098342896, 0.24909117817878723, 0.2277887463569641, 0.20941655337810516, 0.10023943334817886, -0.13890253007411957, -0.20210574567317963, -0.15445449948310852, 0.06686591356992722, -0.23129183053970337, -1.0072039365768433, -0.6671661138534546, 0.3642262816429138, 0.427706778049469, 0.04572419449687004, 0.4283618628978729, -1.7797274589538574, -0.22948427498340607, 0.05617468059062958, 0.32807353138923645, -0.6755497455596924, 0.21700488030910492, -0.03393663838505745, 0.3024919033050537, 0.5609817504882812, 0.6909840703010559, -0.9053009152412415, -0.16969285905361176, -0.4507228136062622, -0.5501702427864075, -0.22694732248783112, -0.08889969438314438, 0.9502207040786743, 0.386517196893692, -0.09658106416463852, -0.006266879849135876, -0.41450271010398865, 0.031013455241918564, -0.4402730464935303, -0.12360727041959763, 0.1628563404083252, -0.05546722561120987, -0.42053771018981934, 0.38755229115486145, -0.3223510980606079, 0.005759906023740768, -0.20686587691307068, -0.6201198697090149, 0.3003945052623749, 0.6842009425163269, 0.6232145428657532, 0.6397966146469116, 0.8146065473556519, 0.22201843559741974, -0.16607987880706787, 0.10777115821838379, -0.4226844012737274, -0.14599905908107758, -0.7266375422477722, 0.5015246868133545, -0.9339220523834229, -0.14491015672683716, -0.0057726046070456505, 0.7910375595092773, -0.04196461662650108, 0.1875777393579483, 0.16305267810821533, 0.18465620279312134, 0.4345581531524658, 0.5608699321746826, -0.050302937626838684, 0.32592296600341797, 0.13005973398685455, -0.1908484846353531, -0.6259883046150208, 0.04469415917992592, -0.36606845259666443, -0.09688819944858551, -0.7762632369995117, -0.051554806530475616, -0.711531400680542, 0.3239699602127075, 0.3932645916938782, -0.3395944833755493, -0.23467285931110382, 0.23602519929409027, -0.13204437494277954, -0.060667503625154495, 0.09157627075910568, -0.16432495415210724, 0.26879358291625977, 0.8613988161087036, -0.3779497742652893, 0.041968658566474915, 0.13377796113491058, -0.012374292127788067, 0.3407842814922333, 0.43767476081848145, -0.9411395788192749, 0.02020292542874813, 0.6004644632339478, 0.0870121568441391, 0.09039220958948135, 0.5045681595802307, -0.5692872405052185, -0.19913245737552643, -0.07304016500711441, 0.5647334456443787, 0.40151625871658325, 0.6007216572761536, -0.9560500383377075, -0.41283661127090454, -0.11359983682632446, -0.4940108060836792, 0.13436631858348846, -0.20391517877578735, 0.10010512173175812, 0.2865903079509735, -0.8089134693145752, 0.09655167162418365, 0.5881220102310181, -0.04515283182263374, 0.2744453251361847, 0.10570403188467026, -0.49609631299972534, 0.16884736716747284, 0.196288600564003, -0.4694397449493408, 0.31721794605255127, 0.19180549681186676, -0.725400984287262, 0.10532768070697784, 0.21912401914596558, 0.34791165590286255, 0.32466569542884827, -0.441580593585968, 0.15205040574073792, -0.31318503618240356, -0.14008165895938873, -0.41122499108314514, 0.1335020512342453, -0.2573835551738739, 0.29002702236175537, 0.11278437823057175, -0.14120757579803467, -0.27641940116882324, 0.006169943138957024, 0.01395534910261631, 0.10281755775213242, -0.13875553011894226, -0.4975472688674927, 0.4601764380931854, 0.02074444107711315, -0.13919870555400848, -0.5137323141098022, 0.06133238226175308, 0.09606904536485672, -0.30134478211402893, -0.04872598871588707, -0.05596205219626427, -0.30355462431907654, 0.1038145124912262, 0.0052134389989078045, 0.1371869444847107, 1.4213939905166626, -0.4215985834598541, -0.5877412557601929, -0.5171793699264526, -0.05598367378115654, 0.32660916447639465, 0.7381377816200256, -0.33591678738594055, 0.4157063961029053, -0.045527178794145584, -0.3215714991092682, -0.016809163615107536, -0.10904615372419357, 0.4117540419101715, 0.31175652146339417, 0.8290682435035706, -0.3323414623737335, -0.14096087217330933, -0.1574506312608719, 0.5738623738288879, 0.1777353733778, -0.34793761372566223, 0.017495449632406235, -0.39997223019599915, 0.3570164740085602, 0.23848220705986023, 0.7069941759109497, 0.04105408862233162, -0.20870432257652283, -0.057542864233255386, -0.310362309217453, 0.0006700527155771852, -0.07429036498069763, 0.3179094195365906, 0.12715448439121246, 0.014479548670351505, 0.07407346367835999, 0.45027127861976624, -0.6870692372322083, -0.74913489818573, 0.843644380569458, 0.2553703486919403, 0.012296373955905437, 0.08110204339027405, 0.44284093379974365, -0.35421839356422424, -0.15166255831718445, 0.19449245929718018, -0.2322007268667221, 0.2353992462158203, 0.2782945930957794, -0.4851864278316498, 0.5050994157791138, -0.05953037366271019, -0.16564787924289703, -0.6420461535453796, 0.4119352698326111, 0.5175829529762268, 0.5137370228767395, -0.25999414920806885, 0.02912157028913498, 0.07736480981111526, -0.061009082943201065, -0.038922328501939774, -0.01471750158816576, 0.30954819917678833, 0.1776687651872635, 0.3696430027484894, 0.43879634141921997, 0.17730171978473663, 0.4897831380367279, -0.3906187415122986, -0.2401072084903717, -0.38577401638031006, 0.33900946378707886, 0.12084398418664932, 0.1988842636346817, 0.06074083596467972, 0.3727736473083496, -0.8833870887756348, -0.3986620008945465, -0.02879372611641884, -0.25259169936180115, 0.37643513083457947, -0.2814621925354004, -0.4646947979927063, 0.6392338871955872, 0.35711997747421265, -0.08934670686721802, -0.45327943563461304, 0.1671682745218277, -0.6173321604728699, -0.2720368802547455, -0.6192231774330139, -0.08307003229856491, -0.8414052724838257, -0.11023339629173279, -0.3773004114627838, -0.22915296256542206, 0.04512684419751167, 0.1195526123046875, 0.2331089973449707, -0.09984444081783295, 0.24035276472568512, 0.26093822717666626, 0.1448524445295334, -0.3224349617958069, 0.2711338400840759, 0.20532895624637604, -0.14468680322170258, 0.17409516870975494, -0.4028497338294983, -0.48211559653282166, 0.5535786151885986, -5.791240215301514, 0.008998293429613113, -0.4356745779514313, -0.1223265528678894, 0.647283673286438, 0.12085618078708649, 0.18303342163562775, -0.41989973187446594, 0.13800548017024994, -0.6413313150405884, 0.5569652318954468, 0.5713725090026855, -0.371052622795105, -0.08236176520586014, -0.2533974051475525, 0.2402198314666748, 0.47458457946777344, 0.06514553725719452, 0.5281841158866882, 0.2235310971736908, -0.07555699348449707, -0.36390602588653564, -0.21801656484603882, 0.19704081118106842, -0.02212715707719326, 0.11213419586420059, -0.6550484895706177, 0.026887690648436546, -0.7605701684951782, 0.2738218307495117, -0.6354486346244812, 0.006297281943261623, -0.32086920738220215, -0.1129254400730133, 0.08162781596183777, -0.3182995021343231, 0.29668915271759033, -0.1759779304265976, -0.09808322042226791, -0.7807393074035645, -0.0787588357925415, -0.15761378407478333, -0.07251433283090591, 0.10714387893676758, 0.29053983092308044, -0.1651470810174942, 0.1594495326280594, 0.12504301965236664, 0.3341589868068695, 1.1060326099395752, 0.2035287469625473, 0.06744234263896942, 0.9563391804695129, 0.3288583755493164, 1.022828221321106, -0.2868228256702423, -0.1466144174337387, 0.36784735321998596, -0.09705840796232224, 0.32428011298179626, 0.132989302277565, -0.2579883635044098, -0.4286961555480957, -0.4443848431110382, -0.5557728409767151, -0.21135392785072327, 0.06884412467479706, 0.05615752562880516, 0.9299121499061584, -0.4122351408004761, -0.20027314126491547, 1.2014055252075195, -0.18898512423038483, -1.0551536083221436, 0.13260167837142944, -0.062472227960824966, -0.25551339983940125, -0.5113808512687683, -0.3555234670639038, 0.1640595942735672, 0.09568801522254944, -0.05928025394678116, 0.36181557178497314, 0.1965482234954834, 0.07753071933984756, -0.31359776854515076, -0.35043865442276, 0.5511854887008667, 0.34071439504623413, 0.11146488040685654, 0.008706266060471535, -0.7583522200584412, 0.5425548553466797, -0.14819741249084473, 0.6286700963973999, -0.5352653861045837, 0.1324770301580429, 0.4382086992263794, 0.3700536787509918, -0.5741491317749023, 0.5795629024505615, 0.010365746915340424, -0.039233703166246414, 0.2990018129348755, -0.5463135838508606, -0.44469791650772095, -0.5716189742088318, 0.24096015095710754, 0.31445106863975525, -0.03316279500722885, 0.0022657287772744894, -0.2479465901851654, 0.09865028411149979, -1.1843935251235962, 0.7014502286911011, 0.3026852607727051, -0.18438585102558136, 0.26450392603874207, 0.42345213890075684, 0.0784076377749443, -0.23729757964611053, 0.3988073468208313, -0.40366870164871216, -0.2019755244255066, 0.19538962841033936, -0.48517853021621704, 0.23368896543979645, -0.133106991648674, -0.8834471106529236, 0.3415161967277527, 0.2186509668827057, 0.5467143058776855, 0.004283801652491093, 0.36475956439971924, -0.05511515960097313, -0.4096646010875702, -0.0065121217630803585, 0.11750100553035736, 0.43969181180000305, -0.12556886672973633, -0.7492300868034363, 0.024115754291415215, -0.6034442186355591, -0.011229807510972023, 0.644745945930481, 0.2905240058898926, 0.3306841552257538, 0.35984551906585693, 0.1325710564851761, 0.1519046425819397, 0.09102067351341248, -0.5345751643180847, 0.48100486397743225, 0.04061472788453102, 0.14501585066318512, -0.26178255677223206, 0.1478191465139389, -0.03664681315422058, -0.19934765994548798, -0.2628687024116516, 0.09621501713991165, 0.26024529337882996, -0.6711990237236023, -0.8566057085990906, 0.5766251087188721, 0.41344887018203735, -0.24637384712696075, -0.2661625146865845, 0.2537088990211487, 0.13468444347381592, 0.16559359431266785, -0.520106315612793, -0.7176482677459717, -0.04785832762718201, 0.16345877945423126, 0.062029141932725906, -0.6145208477973938, -0.6525247097015381, 0.20050570368766785, 0.05810274928808212, 0.23869256675243378, -0.33559650182724, -0.08574893325567245, 0.2929581105709076, 0.27072420716285706, -0.3807632327079773, -0.8673279881477356, -0.18133644759655, -0.10236861556768417, 0.2637327313423157, 0.08205891400575638, -0.6643316149711609, 0.17610593140125275, 0.8443835973739624, -0.866480827331543, 0.3838091194629669, -0.015702564269304276, 0.1388942003250122, 0.3261554539203644, -0.5541197657585144, -0.4116303324699402, 0.36196771264076233, -0.4700416028499603, 0.07762550562620163, 0.3746430277824402, -0.08508630096912384, 0.5179627537727356, -0.23374013602733612, 0.20584851503372192, -0.1254502683877945, -0.23977607488632202, -1.223757028579712, 0.07169423997402191, 0.47744524478912354, -0.18529962003231049, 0.18333634734153748, -0.24948258697986603, 0.20934122800827026, -0.5596098303794861, -0.6115146279335022, -0.2488892376422882, -0.28147661685943604, -0.03955685719847679, -0.42525768280029297, -0.5578814148902893, 0.7629759311676025, -0.3280678987503052, -0.3636978566646576, 0.04384588450193405, -0.14374785125255585, -0.39670896530151367, 0.018368812277913094, -0.032721105962991714, 0.10670974105596542, 0.3526604473590851, -0.3221811354160309, -0.13447332382202148, 0.18205897510051727, -0.276353120803833, 0.2811577618122101, 0.38899722695350647, 0.7312083840370178, -0.047335248440504074, -0.6155996322631836, -0.2278672456741333, -0.173277348279953, 0.2816791236400604, -0.554676353931427, -0.10787537693977356, 0.16044791042804718, 0.4139573872089386, -0.4873239994049072, -0.12652626633644104, -0.38227206468582153, 0.9993284344673157, -0.6236338019371033, -0.24639832973480225, -0.49167317152023315, -0.18943090736865997, -0.1164955198764801, -0.5374189019203186, 0.10741697996854782, -0.9215884804725647, 0.010356297716498375, 0.5080214738845825, 0.36654695868492126, -0.2991183400154114, -0.3200269043445587, 0.24777992069721222, -0.2652921676635742, -0.24391010403633118, 0.2183755785226822, 0.11901204288005829, 0.8297678828239441, -0.28118211030960083, 0.446334570646286, -0.11823640018701553, -0.37571394443511963, 0.787802517414093, 0.33099058270454407, -0.10370758175849915, 0.5743235945701599, -0.8311742544174194, -0.4052654504776001, -0.04843441769480705, -0.17456470429897308, -0.5131492018699646, -0.7159410715103149, -0.16660350561141968, 0.052850622683763504, 0.738854706287384, 0.2508494257926941, -0.21871480345726013, -0.36711931228637695, -0.21148082613945007, 0.27429696917533875, 0.13126827776432037, 0.30356189608573914, 0.08814436942338943, 0.818947970867157, -0.154043048620224, 0.870583713054657, -0.21021007001399994, 0.21318624913692474, 0.29304206371307373, -0.3012908697128296, 0.1975013166666031, 0.09128089994192123, 0.0035923649556934834, 0.08353609591722488, -0.2492929846048355, -0.6423674821853638, -0.09907175600528717, 0.4384249150753021, -0.5502526760101318, 0.05627201497554779, 0.6714036464691162, -0.35236823558807373, -0.1317635327577591, -0.19010013341903687, 0.029682496562600136, 0.4342283010482788, 0.28228452801704407, 0.4430723190307617, -0.3042268753051758, 0.47798067331314087, -0.5114057064056396, -0.04122903198003769, 0.09082626551389694, 1.0061053037643433, 0.16091039776802063, -0.384177029132843, -0.1536712646484375, 0.6889204382896423, -0.11822332441806793, 0.09891833364963531, 0.1389816701412201, -0.26414915919303894, -0.0002413136389805004, 0.4312015175819397, -0.3490859568119049, 0.4207073152065277, 0.12299002707004547, 0.22864876687526703, 0.20937076210975647, 0.25275373458862305, -0.24320892989635468, -0.18902403116226196, 0.27277636528015137, 0.40336358547210693, -0.028089886531233788, 0.33817535638809204, 0.24740932881832123, -0.10955236852169037, -0.5006372332572937, 0.8601880073547363, 0.5067546963691711, -0.6170415878295898, -0.165901780128479, -0.5136757493019104, -0.08020570874214172, 0.06675069779157639, 0.390858918428421, -0.05746712535619736, -0.26472651958465576, -0.08301281929016113, -0.11491046845912933, 0.01767643727362156, -0.042950037866830826, 0.24202363193035126, 0.009867360815405846, 0.4226512908935547, -0.2932673394680023, -0.26365894079208374, 0.6088293194770813, 0.7178563475608826, 0.7990489602088928, -0.43505293130874634, -0.088356152176857, 0.1626259982585907, -0.4330558776855469, -0.03250211477279663, -0.13670714199543, -0.3127310276031494, -0.38888925313949585, 0.47411900758743286, 0.05836000293493271, 0.4322064220905304, 0.2675955891609192, 0.18714965879917145, 0.27210330963134766, -0.3465760350227356, 0.06857628375291824, -0.15974178910255432, -0.2802039384841919, 0.45787882804870605, 0.18697234988212585, 0.004755072761327028, 0.5243836045265198, 0.7170872092247009, -0.5758076906204224, -0.06688646227121353, -0.2466312199831009, -0.2577004134654999, -0.07119166851043701, 0.24850033223628998, -0.8716895580291748, 0.1276271492242813, 0.14729999005794525, 0.159136101603508, -0.09125743061304092, -0.027358293533325195, -0.23348695039749146, -0.20883658528327942, -0.5932537913322449, 0.00354846497066319, 0.6920957565307617, -0.4511897563934326, -0.17591029405593872, -0.04694580286741257, 0.29502397775650024, 0.2997552752494812, -0.22819682955741882, 0.28802940249443054, -0.42344802618026733, -0.09423329681158066, -0.10253919661045074, -0.12171556055545807, -0.23762595653533936, 0.11409421265125275, 0.428554892539978, -0.16471220552921295, -0.1230718344449997, 0.130226731300354, -0.6163524389266968, -0.1806987076997757, -0.06504262238740921, 0.1847011297941208, 0.45713096857070923, 0.09004449844360352, 0.25753480195999146, -0.12567110359668732, 0.09723082184791565, -0.1960543543100357, 0.17117632925510406, -0.104262575507164, -0.2789110541343689, -0.5200079083442688, 0.37378960847854614, 0.3347097933292389, 0.09622370451688766, -0.5556271076202393, 0.23969106376171112, -0.4090951681137085, 0.409533828496933, 0.1345529705286026, 0.34674838185310364, 0.04648907855153084, 0.38505080342292786, -0.3008491098880768 ]
230825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haxey%20Hood	Haxey Hood	The Haxey Hood is a traditional event in Haxey, North Lincolnshire, England, on 6 January, the Twelfth Day of Christmas (unless the 6th falls on a Sunday, in which case it's held on Saturday 5th). A large football scrum (the "sway") pushes a leather tube (the "hood") to one of four pubs, where it remains until the following year's game. History Haxey and Westwoodside lie in an area of North Lincolnshire known as the Isle of Axholme. The official story is that in the 14th century, Lady de Mowbray, wife of an Isle landowner, John De Mowbray, was out riding towards Westwoodside on the hill that separates it from Haxey. As she went over the hill her silk riding hood was blown away by the wind. Thirteen farm workers in the field rushed to help and chased the hood all over the field. It was finally caught by one of the farm workers, but being too shy to hand it back to the lady, he gave it to one of the others to hand back to her. She thanked the farm worker who had returned the hood and said that he had acted like a Lord, whereas the worker who had actually caught the hood was a Fool. So amused was she by this act of chivalry and the resulting chase, that she donated of land on condition that the chase for the hood would be re-enacted each year. This re-enactment over the centuries has become known as "The Haxey Hood". In folklore, when a custom is too old for its origins to be remembered, a story is often devised to rationalise what would otherwise be baffling. However the "official" story of the Hood's origins is not that unlikely. Others have noted possible similarities between the Hood and hoods worn by bog burials in Northern Europe and noted that the game takes place on the border of bogs where naturally-preserved mummies of supposed prehistoric sacrifices have been found. However, hoods have been found on deposited bodies in Scandinavia but not in Britain or in Ireland. The nobles mentioned in the story did exist. Records show that John De Mowbray (29 November 1310 – 4 October 1361), the 3rd Baron Mowbray of Axholme, would be the most likely candidate for the husband of the lady. This would date the Hood to about 1359 when a deed granting land to commoners was enacted by the baron. This would make the Hood around 650 years old, making it likely to be the oldest surviving tradition in England. It has similarities to other village combats, such as Ashbourne's Royal Shrovetide Football, the Shrove Tuesday Football Games in Sedgefield, Durham and Alnwick, Northumberland and the Hallaton Bottle Kicking contest in Leicestershire. Speculation regarding the hood having originally been the head or penis of a sacrificial animal used in a fertility ritual is just that – pure speculation. No evidence can be found for it. The song "Drink Old England Dry" (Roud 882) is associated with the hood and has only rarely been recorded elsewhere. Preparations In the weeks before the event, the Fool and the Boggins tour nearby villages in order to collect money (traditionally to pay for the event, but now to raise money for local charities). Traditionally they sing a number of well-known folk songs including "John Barleycorn", "Cannons (Drink England Dry)" and "The Farmer's Boy". All wear their full festival costumes, the only exception being that the Fool's face is not marked. At 12 noon, work in the parish comes to a standstill and people start to make their way to Haxey village to gather and take part in the traditional ritual. At about 12:30 the officials start a tour of the ale houses involved, and drink free drinks at each pub, provided by the landlord as a token of good luck to try to bring the Hood its way. Many people follow this tour and consider it a vital part of the day. They start at the Carpenters Arms where they sing the traditional folk songs and ceremoniously paint the Fool's face. Then they move to the Kings Arms and then up towards the church, taking in the Loco and the Duke William on the way, drinking and singing as they go. Around 2:30 pm the officials leave the Duke and process up to the church. The Fool leads the procession and has the right to kiss any woman on the way. Once at the green in front of the Parish Church, at around 2:30, the Fool makes his traditional speech of welcome standing on an old mounting block in front of the church known as the Mowbray Stone. During this speech a fire is lit with damp straw behind him. The smoke rises up and around him and this is known as "Smoking the Fool". This is a watered-down version of the earlier custom (abandoned at the beginning of the 20th century due to its obvious danger) in which a more substantial fire was lit with damp straw beneath a tree. The Fool was then suspended over the fire and swung back and forth until he was almost suffocated before being cut down and dropped into the fire, from where he had to make his escape as best he could. The Fool finishes his speech with the traditional words that the crowd chant along with him. They are: "hoose agen hoose, toon agen toon, if a man meets a man knock 'im doon, but doan't 'ot 'im," which translates as: "house against house, town against town, if a man meets a man, knock him down but don't hurt him." The Towns mentioned are the villages of Westwoodside and Haxey, and Houses are the public houses (pubs) of those villages. The pubs are: The Carpenters Arms – Newbigg, Westwoodside Duke William Hotel since 1730 – Church Street, Haxey The Loco – 31 Church Street, Haxey The Kings Arms – Low Street, Haxey After the speech, the Fool leads the crowd to the middle of a field where the game is to be played. Venue Haxey is a large parish on the southern border of the Isle of Axholme. It consists of the villages of Haxey and Westwoodside with the hamlets of High Burnham, Low Burnham, East Lound and Graizelound. In earlier days, Westwoodside was divided into Park, Newbigg, Nethergate, Upperthorpe (or Overthorpe) and Commonside. Playing the game The thirteen characters from the original story are represented as follows: there is the Lord, the Fool and eleven Boggins, one of the Boggins being the chief Boggin. The Lord and chief Boggin are dressed in hunting pink (red) coats and top hats decorated with flowers and badges. The Lord also carries his wand of office. This is a staff made from twelve willow wands with one more upside down in the centre. These are bound thirteen times with willow twigs and a red ribbon at the top. The thirteen willow wands are supposed to represent the twelve apostles and the upside down one represents Judas. The staff is supposed to represent the sword and the blood from when the game was played with a bullock's head after it had been slaughtered. The Fool has multi-coloured strips of material attached to his trousers and top. He wears a feathered hat decorated with flowers and rags, and his face is smeared with soot and red ochre. He carries a whip and sock filled with bran, with which he belabours anyone who comes within reach. The remaining ten Boggins wear red jumpers. The game is played by locals, although anyone can join in. There are no official teams, but everyone involved tries to push the Hood towards their favoured pub. Proceedings start at around 3pm with the throwing of twelve Sack Hoods. These are rolled hessian sacks sewn up to prevent them unrolling. This is a prequel to the main game, mainly for children. The youngsters in the crowd run for them when thrown and attempt to get them off the field. If they are tackled then they must immediately throw it in the air unless the challenger is a Boggin in which case the hood is ‘boggined’ and it is returned to the Lord who starts it off again. The first two or three of these are stopped by the Boggins on the edge of the field and the hoods returned to the Lord. After a while the Boggins let the Sack Hoods be taken off the field in which case they can be returned later for a cash reward, currently two pounds. After this bit of fun to warm up the crowd the Sway Hood is then thrown up in the air. The rugby type scrum (or Sway to give it its official title) then converges on the Hood and the game starts in earnest. The idea is to get the Sway Hood into one of the four pubs in either Haxey or Westwoodside. The Hood, which cannot be thrown or run with, is moved slowly by 'swaying', that is pushing and pulling the Hood and people within the 'Sway' toward the direction of their pub. Although everyone is trying to push in a particular direction, there are no real organised teams. The Sway makes very slow progress, as it snakes around, stopping quite often when it collapses, in order to pull bodies out, that became crushed into the mud. Safety is of prime concern and the whole thing is supervised by the Boggins. The Lord is referee and sees that the game is played fairly. At any one time there are usually around 200 people in the Sway and about one thousand people watching. Games can last anything from a couple of hours onwards and have been known to go on well into the night. Everything in the path of the Sway goes down before it, including hedges and walls. Another of the Boggins' jobs is to stop the Sway destroying everything in its path. Nobody parks on the roads where the Sway may go, and for good reason. In 2002, a couple of drivers parked opposite the Duke William. The Sway headed right for them and pushed one of the cars 10 feet down the road and into the other. The game ends when the Hood arrives at one of the pubs and is touched by the landlord from his front step. The landlord then takes charge of the Hood for the year, and is supposed to give everyone a free drink. The winning pub pours beer over the Hood and then hangs it behind the bar (each pub has two hooks especially for this purpose). According to legend, it used to be roasted on a spit over the pub fire having been doused with ale, which was then drunk by those present. The Hood hangs in the winning pub until New Year's Eve when it is collected by the Boggins in time for the next game. Winners since 2000 See also English folklore References Hole, Christina (1978). A Dictionary of British Folk Customs, pp139–143, Paladin Granada, External links Article Source Peacock, M. "The Hood-Game at Haxey, Lincolnshire" Folk-Lore. Volume 7, 1896. 3:330–49 Haxey Parish Council A Haxey Hood info site Traditional football Sport in Lincolnshire Lincolnshire folklore January events	[ -0.22136065363883972, 0.3545322120189667, 0.8877497315406799, -0.46733585000038147, -0.1441880315542221, -0.033977210521698, 1.0078763961791992, 0.21442146599292755, -0.2744266092777252, 0.40985554456710815, -0.20534174144268036, 0.30345746874809265, 0.19907346367835999, 0.3436345160007477, -1.150206208229065, 0.4472651779651642, 0.7349156141281128, 0.1928236335515976, -0.26479026675224304, -0.7561285495758057, 0.06400035321712494, -1.4854267835617065, 0.08089204877614975, -0.050187550485134125, 0.8912382125854492, -0.1545945703983307, 0.1393602341413498, 0.49808648228645325, 0.018444662913680077, 0.15287108719348907, -0.05058388411998749, 0.5654036998748779, 0.8165908455848694, -0.986266016960144, 0.31195157766342163, 0.37872350215911865, 0.5352882146835327, -0.6648241877555847, -0.43225109577178955, -0.11153404414653778, 0.14304429292678833, -0.10782866925001144, 0.07657335698604584, 0.061422016471624374, -0.2566729784011841, -0.38032063841819763, -0.8730587363243103, 0.04757670685648918, -0.5445055365562439, -0.3189883530139923, -0.17012585699558258, 0.3653614819049835, -0.3342908024787903, 0.13905833661556244, 0.7571645975112915, 0.17471995949745178, -0.31069710850715637, -0.0015274067409336567, 0.2539319097995758, -0.05897418037056923, -0.04286925867199898, 0.035008206963539124, 0.4887116551399231, 0.005723959766328335, -0.13798920810222626, 0.17617808282375336, -0.4237518608570099, 0.8002688884735107, -0.09513639658689499, -0.17814236879348755, -0.30768081545829773, -0.14837497472763062, -0.2599252462387085, 0.4712170958518982, -0.41700682044029236, -0.25081032514572144, 0.08242149651050568, -0.279307097196579, 0.3193955719470978, 0.21400339901447296, 0.6387647986412048, -0.6836256384849548, 0.8678099513053894, 0.9217596054077148, 0.8686813712120056, 0.72513347864151, -0.7136867046356201, 0.062655508518219, -0.12327785789966583, 0.6401635408401489, 0.10153303295373917, 0.11751208454370499, 0.08327176421880722, 0.1273571401834488, -0.39074987173080444, 0.21358336508274078, 0.17116966843605042, -0.2524314522743225, 0.21586640179157257, -0.18814103305339813, 0.029085688292980194, 0.8799059987068176, 0.7106946706771851, 0.19850285351276398, -0.4554765224456787, 0.10005360096693039, 0.05324307456612587, -0.7955679297447205, 0.6493031978607178, -0.10642915219068527, -0.7929476499557495, 0.2560428977012634, 0.3738462030887604, 0.3779660165309906, 0.26285070180892944, 0.5834495425224304, 0.279157429933548, -0.10517312586307526, -0.34463611245155334, -0.01109770592302084, -0.04936422035098076, 0.49610400199890137, 0.015426582656800747, 0.0983261689543724, -0.055411919951438904, -0.08371030539274216, 0.05085599422454834, 1.2586607933044434, 0.20720002055168152, -0.031120028346776962, 0.5715535283088684, 0.06810719519853592, -0.23810303211212158, -0.2855769097805023, -0.1745227426290512, -0.030676493421196938, -0.09833042323589325, 0.1966772973537445, 1.3115088939666748, 0.7545956373214722, -0.8713114857673645, -0.4710644483566284, -0.1713324785232544, -0.584526002407074, 0.11006742715835571, -0.04840464144945145, -0.6138852834701538, -0.4232599437236786, -0.5928305387496948, 0.3968777358531952, 0.6349741220474243, 0.6811473369598389, -0.6292310357093811, -0.2541765570640564, -0.27527889609336853, -0.06518041342496872, -0.35645100474357605, -0.19690558314323425, -0.5640526413917542, -0.2596592903137207, -0.09122361987829208, 0.18466417491436005, 0.3443134129047394, 0.2903740406036377, 0.021084140986204147, 0.08261827379465103, 0.5958089828491211, -0.0004483512311708182, -0.11333221197128296, -0.4771004617214203, -0.23192554712295532, 0.15389715135097504, 0.7318061590194702, -0.4620065987110138, 0.14000068604946136, 0.12744620442390442, 0.8295555114746094, 0.209692120552063, 0.5921187996864319, 0.10412728786468506, -0.634465217590332, 0.7285386919975281, 0.5725160241127014, 0.05914565548300743, -0.010039346292614937, 0.08134946972131729, -0.317954957485199, -0.3207516670227051, 0.34619390964508057, 0.17027664184570312, -0.4233153164386749, 0.27428707480430603, 0.6259509325027466, -0.23970632255077362, 0.44393858313560486, 0.4610503315925598, 0.02617109753191471, 0.7652209997177124, -0.6553894281387329, 0.7954255938529968, 0.02942044660449028, -0.13422082364559174, 0.4791942238807678, -0.28740134835243225, -0.9715833067893982, -0.34285345673561096, -0.024146858602762222, 0.14485903084278107, 0.3305112421512604, -0.23775817453861237, -0.38183024525642395, -0.8185517191886902, 0.10589355230331421, 0.3889501690864563, -0.5580207705497742, -0.30573952198028564, 0.028955785557627678, 0.22760441899299622, 0.8240320086479187, -0.8203586339950562, 0.25029391050338745, 0.22293397784233093, -0.3025861084461212, -0.60500568151474, -0.045314062386751175, 0.8659347295761108, -0.5563953518867493, -0.23819226026535034, 0.2600650489330292, -0.9599433541297913, -0.03246346116065979, 1.1562460660934448, 0.10779175907373428, 0.06791916489601135, -0.5400320291519165, -0.14754261076450348, -0.061506692320108414, -0.6962906122207642, -0.1108342707157135, -0.5868127346038818, 0.04536917060613632, 0.25729942321777344, -0.40261605381965637, 0.27405545115470886, 0.10372547060251236, 0.33788353204727173, -0.005565066821873188, 0.9119001030921936, 0.07372482866048813, -0.17065270245075226, 0.20278751850128174, 0.14279328286647797, 0.5675445795059204, -0.25117745995521545, 0.047156985849142075, -0.10800453275442123, -0.43153002858161926, 0.5280152559280396, 0.08991274982690811, 0.7579663991928101, -0.7565118074417114, 0.5688789486885071, -0.014042844995856285, 0.4454597532749176, -0.010573180392384529, -0.40031445026397705, -0.5348297953605652, -0.22055096924304962, -0.2143041044473648, 0.1068015769124031, 0.3078692555427551, -0.09679171442985535, 0.09184304624795914, -0.014523283578455448, -0.23569951951503754, -0.25856953859329224, 0.05903451517224312, -0.17624534666538239, -0.1925838738679886, -0.7514680624008179, -0.1668483167886734, 0.8879589438438416, -0.1443864107131958, -0.1881326138973236, 0.1501704454421997, -0.0700712651014328, 0.3181747794151306, -0.7722731232643127, -0.3203030526638031, 0.07752496749162674, 0.42281535267829895, 0.629859983921051, -0.08088567852973938, 0.6713566780090332, 0.08165331184864044, -0.16926957666873932, -0.34022876620292664, 0.24116693437099457, 0.34522929787635803, -0.23052525520324707, -0.003918319009244442, -0.08922901749610901, -0.15532828867435455, -0.05806276574730873, 0.24316762387752533, -0.029372360557317734, -0.61505526304245, -0.4700191617012024, -5.497791290283203, 0.08213084936141968, -0.241660937666893, -0.2998706102371216, 0.4308348000049591, 0.4753897488117218, 0.4919477105140686, -0.2176322042942047, 0.2538345754146576, 0.39657533168792725, -0.07577738910913467, -0.6370831727981567, -0.2153547704219818, 0.24879585206508636, 0.7352356314659119, -0.18201938271522522, 0.051368165761232376, -0.5825462341308594, 0.45219898223876953, -0.5778366327285767, -0.030347589403390884, 0.044717688113451004, -0.16854144632816315, -0.07554206997156143, 0.11986863613128662, 0.26852619647979736, -0.04828035831451416, -0.3907620906829834, -0.9475448131561279, 0.4099552631378174, 0.22696971893310547, -0.28648388385772705, 0.1253184974193573, 0.38026633858680725, -0.23127761483192444, -0.15534906089305878, -0.1404014229774475, 0.010598644614219666, 0.24261240661144257, -0.255252867937088, 0.32824692130088806, -0.12628671526908875, 0.3665462136268616, -0.19946978986263275, 0.9607555866241455, -0.254114031791687, -0.16536739468574524, -0.4946686029434204, -0.4033326804637909, 0.4865410029888153, 0.6292306184768677, 0.06238299980759621, 0.17458944022655487, -0.6427444815635681, -0.2672256529331207, -0.2440786212682724, 0.4482700526714325, -0.6335074305534363, 0.027097757905721664, -0.25802963972091675, 0.6787590980529785, -0.28894680738449097, 0.0551711730659008, -0.17473547160625458, -0.3627597987651825, -0.28019973635673523, 0.017670944333076477, -0.25269412994384766, 0.23136861622333527, 0.31506210565567017, -0.034315209835767746, -0.5161733031272888, -0.2314823418855667, -1.026503086090088, 0.12832307815551758, -0.5131769776344299, -0.0784929022192955, 0.12390706688165665, 0.07616527378559113, -0.5134316682815552, 0.09837434440851212, -0.9763281941413879, 0.25632917881011963, -0.19596955180168152, 0.17705188691616058, -0.2626523971557617, -0.48414692282676697, -0.02634073607623577, -0.06492871046066284, -0.3782555162906647, 0.8145676851272583, -0.06237863004207611, 0.045984700322151184, 0.23121178150177002, 0.20748697221279144, 1.1282521486282349, -0.07202810049057007, -0.09890908002853394, 0.10364333540201187, -0.06554553657770157, 0.04492388293147087, -0.11155544966459274, -0.018403442576527596, -0.1803089827299118, -0.135419562458992, -0.3897293210029602, 0.1670941859483719, 0.311784029006958, 0.7198600769042969, 0.05747612938284874, 0.4614861011505127, -0.2789500653743744, -0.5455697178840637, -0.2989062964916229, -0.37856993079185486, -0.28831949830055237, -0.15700246393680573, 0.6212707161903381, 0.3264828026294708, -0.21018825471401215, 0.006821780931204557, 0.16340263187885284, -0.4520746171474457, 0.3146415054798126, -0.318926066160202, -0.5388745665550232, 0.4829988181591034, 0.6369473934173584, 0.22283965349197388, 0.47420787811279297, -0.18292127549648285, 0.0009230303694494069, 0.44106289744377136, -0.5368117690086365, -0.6196823120117188, 0.22892390191555023, -0.1988908052444458, -0.8093870878219604, -0.5687143802642822, 0.2577769458293915, 0.9124266505241394, -0.20812824368476868, -0.07195044308900833, 0.4528180658817291, -0.06661707162857056, 0.24994537234306335, 0.12332659959793091, -0.4079780578613281, -0.9005745649337769, 0.467254102230072, -0.22147351503372192, 0.018933629617094994, -0.15985190868377686, -0.7239245176315308, -0.10751549154520035, -0.3582368493080139, 0.27067580819129944, 0.2863229811191559, -0.18944330513477325, -0.1772470772266388, -0.655893087387085, -0.30512717366218567, -1.135549545288086, -0.4333055317401886, -0.32341066002845764, 0.076657734811306, -0.41266459226608276, -0.002587635302916169, -0.23920439183712006, 0.4102146625518799, -0.18777815997600555, -0.19791527092456818, -0.20478709042072296, 0.21532075107097626, 0.5530951619148254, -0.4468895196914673, 0.35366231203079224, -0.48061805963516235, -0.5652782917022705, -0.1479768455028534, -0.3209514021873474, -0.057298436760902405, -0.26864194869995117, -0.015056134201586246, 0.676638662815094, -0.7818171381950378, -0.5562454462051392, -0.2432081401348114, 0.07167116552591324, -0.12971077859401703, 0.360000342130661, -0.05661504343152046, 0.09811744838953018, 0.44435885548591614, -0.02935468964278698, -0.36401912569999695, -0.13479039072990417, 0.408691942691803, -0.2559993267059326, -0.08458640426397324, -0.03020530939102173, -0.08810615539550781, -0.5276110768318176, 0.6517453193664551, -0.008765964768826962, -0.9046390056610107, 0.3205696940422058, 0.04629127308726311, -0.5426424145698547, 0.38789287209510803, 0.31675800681114197, -0.8224537372589111, 0.16624335944652557, 0.6003490090370178, -0.5915611386299133, -0.4573337733745575, -0.4022083878517151, -0.1037856936454773, 0.40172532200813293, -0.05465812608599663, 0.3731306791305542, -0.04742461070418358, -0.35313504934310913, 0.13924477994441986, -0.4336366057395935, 0.26731690764427185, 0.42787206172943115, -1.0179142951965332, 0.6020479202270508, -0.2995169758796692, 0.4899361729621887, 0.01815004087984562, -0.2763553261756897, 0.5684003829956055, -0.016898510977625847, -0.14548440277576447, -0.752784788608551, -0.23483030498027802, -0.1888340711593628, 0.8350427746772766, 0.6808671951293945, 0.7280317544937134, 0.31668820977211, -0.585303008556366, -0.6930396556854248, -0.009644915349781513, -0.16046662628650665, -0.15450602769851685, -0.09095542877912521, 0.3469761312007904, -0.23718920350074768, 0.6020042300224304, 0.43945297598838806, 0.32358866930007935, 0.4181745946407318, -0.5603439211845398, -0.35492438077926636, -0.11660310626029968, 0.04258579760789871, 0.4025612771511078, 0.3596173822879791, 0.2379339337348938, 0.040826499462127686, 0.19495408236980438, -0.06679988652467728, 0.31249547004699707, -0.6715951561927795, -0.051967114210128784, -0.06851927936077118, -0.1367310732603073, -0.5140414237976074, 0.12993073463439941, 0.5732411742210388, 0.43533438444137573, 0.04207653924822807, -0.11112193018198013, 0.04449762776494026, -0.5252494215965271, 0.5374162793159485, 0.555770993232727, -0.16327965259552002, -0.19716502726078033, -0.39342010021209717, 0.392945259809494, -0.45334410667419434, -0.23964790999889374, 0.4528481364250183, 0.26998403668403625, -0.05804271623492241, -0.010134662501513958, 0.07296816259622574, 0.4468059539794922, 0.2780202329158783, 0.4009663760662079, -0.05674686282873154, 0.23334968090057373, 0.6415951251983643, 0.5675824284553528, 0.22137866914272308, -0.01945575140416622, -0.9945863485336304, -0.1143038421869278, 0.24532507359981537, -0.7504863739013672, -0.055207882076501846, 0.14508605003356934, 0.004943764302879572, -0.7593770623207092, -0.6497204303741455, 0.33230265974998474, 0.3912625014781952, 0.4996187686920166, -0.4693126380443573, 1.2249647378921509, -0.17646807432174683, -0.07911596447229385, 0.004058383405208588, -0.5098906755447388, -0.02152695693075657, 0.7256686687469482, -0.08318856358528137, 0.09072200208902359, 0.43578705191612244, 0.616196870803833, 0.06475301831960678, 0.32119429111480713, -0.3562205731868744, -0.0946711078286171, -0.008885876275599003, -0.05311714857816696, -0.08724293857812881, -0.5454643368721008, -0.20497752726078033, 0.8416706323623657, -0.1744491457939148, 0.1167212426662445, -0.5124587416648865, -0.8321089744567871, -0.6154055595397949, 0.3511916399002075, 0.760960042476654, 0.005697291810065508, 0.17004606127738953, -0.06845010071992874, 0.5748642086982727, 0.11164388060569763, -0.15803779661655426, -0.7167295217514038, 0.6170001029968262, 0.18390461802482605, 0.1768643856048584, -0.028922678902745247, 0.48264309763908386, -1.1128416061401367, 0.5341694355010986, 0.08936019241809845, 0.14478693902492523, 0.05156414583325386, -0.7468516230583191, 0.043552856892347336, 0.3819098472595215, -0.14136166870594025, -0.2246333509683609, -0.22088637948036194, -0.19115795195102692, -0.4364809989929199, 0.16294991970062256, -0.15716224908828735, -0.4562853276729584, 1.201962947845459, -0.06164097040891647, -0.2652563452720642, -0.38751867413520813, -0.030196279287338257, -0.06988850235939026, 0.12272486090660095, 0.39773812890052795, 0.5356578826904297, 0.2661604583263397, -0.371699720621109, -0.3579308092594147, -0.030622754245996475, -0.3444565236568451, -0.24462279677391052, -0.026398926973342896, -0.3920910656452179, -0.25759437680244446, 0.25419992208480835, -0.8837246894836426, -0.20494142174720764, -0.22665171325206757, 0.6430893540382385, -0.056968286633491516, -0.428723007440567, -0.5039222836494446, -0.5055932402610779, 0.24301408231258392, 0.6788693070411682, 0.25916439294815063, 0.461447536945343, -0.13783155381679535, -0.12495288997888565, -0.7774943113327026, 0.2223847359418869, -0.1885739266872406, 0.07344803959131241, -0.16765174269676208, 0.0453280434012413, -0.09162686765193939, 0.648177981376648, 0.1125989556312561, 0.3372163772583008, -0.20395123958587646, 0.024202387779951096, -0.3416053056716919, -0.8884866833686829, 0.22022582590579987, -0.05865197256207466, 0.3409852385520935, -1.0746711492538452, -0.005062041338533163, 0.3529439866542816, 0.08047759532928467, 0.48132336139678955, 0.22289197146892548, -0.2041359543800354, 0.5866557359695435, -0.06892337650060654, -0.8532546162605286, 0.4607073962688446, 0.14902284741401672, 0.08893340826034546, -0.6115695834159851, -0.08750702440738678, -0.3513147234916687, 0.2176884561777115, 0.5802469849586487, 0.25984248518943787, 0.3381905257701874, -0.13695847988128662, 0.22480620443820953, -0.33974000811576843, 0.474874883890152, -0.460269033908844, 0.40199780464172363, 0.3117116689682007, -0.11275815218687057, 0.8909652233123779, -0.6489537954330444, 0.4953283369541168, 0.012542561627924442, -0.4351177513599396, 0.1803349107503891, -0.16002848744392395, 0.10688448697328568, -0.8120539784431458, -0.3194003105163574, 0.0715981051325798, 0.07607141137123108, -0.19525229930877686 ]
230826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt%20Disney%27s%20Comics%20and%20Stories	Walt Disney's Comics and Stories	Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, sometimes abbreviated WDC&S, is an American anthology comic book series featuring characters from The Walt Disney Company's films and shorts, including Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck, Mickey Mouse, Chip 'n Dale, Li'l Bad Wolf, Scamp, Bucky Bug, Grandma Duck, Brer Rabbit, Winnie the Pooh, and others. With more than 700 issues, Walt Disney's Comics & Stories is the longest-running Disney comic book in the United States, making it the flagship title, and is one of the best-selling comic books of all time. The book was originally published by Dell Comics (1940-1962), and there have been many revivals over the years, continuing the same legacy numbering. The revivals have been published by Gold Key Comics (1962–1984), Gladstone Publishing (1986–1990), Disney Comics (1990–1993), back to Gladstone Publishing (1993–1999), Gemstone Publishing (2003-2008), Boom! Studios (2009-2011) and IDW Publishing (2015–present). Publication history The precursor to WDC&S was Mickey Mouse Magazine, published in several incarnations from 1933 to 1940. WDC&S itself was launched by Dell in October 1940, and initially consisted of reprints taken from the Disney comic strips Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphony reformatted for comic books and colored. The first original story created for WDC&S was The Flying Gauchito illustrated by Walt Kelly in #24 (Aug. 1942); the story adapted a cartoon short included in The Three Caballeros, released in 1944. The comic's anthology format usually began with a 10-page story featuring Donald Duck and for most of the run ended with a serial or single story featuring Mickey Mouse. The most popular issues featured the Donald Duck ten-pagers written and drawn by Carl Barks, who began the run with issue # 31 (April 1943). Barks stopped producing original stories after issue #312 (September 1966), but his stories have been continually reprinted up to the present. Almost all of these stories co-starred Donald's nephews, Huey, Dewey and Louie, with frequent guest appearances by Barks' creation Uncle Scrooge, as well as the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose, and Gladstone Gander. Bucky Bug stories began in issue #20 (May 1942) with a series of newspaper reprints from the Silly Symphony comic strip; original Bucky stories started later, in issue #39 (December 1943). Bucky stories were monthly through 1950; were not seen for several decades, then returned on an occasional basis from 1988 to the present, with a mixture of old and new material. Li'l Bad Wolf stories began in issue #52 (January 1945) and remained a regular feature for more than ten years, continuing to appear in the majority of issues even after the continuous run stopped. Carl Buettner (1945–1946), Gil Turner (1948–1956), and Dick Matena (2005–2008) are generally regarded as the most notable Wolf creators featured in the title. More recently (2003–present), Big Bad Wolf has often supplanted his son as title character of the stories. Many 1940s issues featured Mickey Mouse serials by Floyd Gottfredson which were reprinted from the Mickey Mouse daily newspaper comic strips. Later, Paul Murry took over drawing original Mickey Mouse serials, with stories written by Carl Fallberg and Don Christensen among others. The 1980s saw numerous Murry reprints; the 1990s and more recent times have seen new Mickey Mouse stories written by Noel Van Horn and drawn by Cesar Ferioli, as well as some Gottfredson serials not previously anthologized in comic book format. By the mid-1950s the title was the best selling comic book in the United States, with a monthly circulation of over three million. Mark Evanier describes the high circulation as the product of "an aggressive subscription push." Various premiums were offered for new subscribers, including a mini-poster attributed to Walt Kelly advertised on the back cover of WDC&S #100 from January 1949. In many 1980s issues, as well as scattered issues from 2006 onward, new Daan Jippes and/or Freddy Milton Donald Duck stories lead off the title. Issues #523, 524, 526, 528, 531, and 547 (all 1987–1990) featured lead-off stories drawn (and usually written) by Don Rosa, while most issues from 1993 to 2005 featured lead-offs by William Van Horn. Walt Kelly of Pogo fame did the cover art for many issues between #34 and #118 and provided interior art for issues # 34–41 and 43. Walt Disney's Comics and Stories has been the longest running Disney-based comic book in history, making it their flagship title. After reaching its 600th issue, it converted to prestige format and remained that way until the end of Gemstone Publishing's run at issue #698. Boom Studios published the title from 2009 until 2011 (issues #699 to #720). IDW Publishing began publishing the comic in July 2015, continuing the number sequence from #721. IDW's last issue of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories was #743, published in September 2018. At that point, IDW renamed the title to Disney Comics and Stories, restarting the numbering from #1, but also keeping the legacy numbering (#744), which appears in the indicia in the contents page. Some of the title's run has been collected in the Timeless Tales collection. IDW has been publishing the new title on an approximately bimonthly schedule, with #7 coming out in September 2019. Numbering While the issues are now referred to with sequential numbers, the format for the first ten years of the comic was to use the volume and number. Each volume contained 12 issues thus issue #13 (October 1941) was labeled "Vol. 2 No. 1" and included several stories about superstitions, especially about the number 13. The title started using whole numbers with issue #124, in January 1951. Publishers The publishers of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories have been: Dell Comics (Oct 1940 – Aug 1962) #1–263 Gold Key Comics (Sept 1962 – 1984) #264–510 Gladstone Publishing (Oct 1986 – April 1990) #511–547 Disney Comics (June 1990 – July 1993) #548–585 Gladstone Publishing (Aug 1993 – Feb 1999) #586–633 Gemstone Publishing (June 2003 – November 2008) #634–698 Boom Kids! (Boom! Studios) (September 2009 – June 2011) #699–720 IDW Publishing (July 2015 – present) #721 - present Circulation The first issue of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories sold 252,000 copies. By issue #23 (August 1942), the comic was printing 1,000,000 copies per issue. They reached 2 million copies by issue #66 (March 1946) and 3 million by issue #131 (August 1951). The magazine hit its peak at 3,115,000 copies of issue #144 (September 1952). See also Disney comics Disney comics titles in the USA: Mickey Mouse Magazine (1935-1940) Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (1940–present) Donald Duck (1942-2017) Mickey Mouse (1943-2017) Uncle Scrooge (1952–present) Walt Disney Comics Digest (1968-1976) Uncle Scrooge Adventures (1987-1997) Mickey Mouse Adventures (1990-1991) Donald Duck Adventures (1988-1998) Walt Disney Giant (1995-1996) References External links Walt Disney's Comics and Stories on Disney Comics Worldwide (DCW) Cover of all issues of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories on outducks.org (click on issue numbers) Gold Key Comics titles Dell Comics titles Gemstone Publishing titles IDW Publishing titles Disney Comics titles Disney comics titles Comics magazines published in the United States Comics based on films 1940 comics debuts Magazines established in 1940	[ 0.3416731059551239, 0.2316821664571762, -0.3461790680885315, 0.6878204345703125, 0.21132858097553253, -0.3723795413970947, -0.1075001135468483, 0.37391626834869385, -0.3398364186286926, 0.15371906757354736, -1.1543298959732056, 0.2777198255062103, -0.056633032858371735, 0.2779943645000458, -0.24823598563671112, -0.07181522250175476, 0.01117065828293562, 0.5734807848930359, -0.09795084595680237, -0.7158820033073425, -0.680989146232605, -0.7191221117973328, 0.30792710185050964, -0.5239949226379395, -0.29341304302215576, -0.08802804350852966, 0.40099120140075684, -0.30178824067115784, -0.06428196281194687, 0.2018539160490036, -0.13695958256721497, 0.13787372410297394, 0.1362689584493637, 0.1791929453611374, -0.753014862537384, -0.49728694558143616, -0.6787864565849304, -0.46946150064468384, -0.06681521236896515, -0.5918097496032715, 0.7797240018844604, 0.06932253390550613, 0.13077880442142487, -0.45443519949913025, -0.0651330053806305, -0.3958115875720978, -1.2227684259414673, 0.3689262270927429, -0.7192733287811279, 0.07640648633241653, -0.5324639081954956, 1.0750325918197632, -0.20367130637168884, 0.24626785516738892, 0.08423485606908798, 0.9752956628799438, -0.06977437436580658, 0.13237763941287994, -0.297794371843338, -0.18770764768123627, 0.255805641412735, 0.03316681459546089, 0.4072858691215515, 0.3225453197956085, 0.24692310392856598, 0.29965120553970337, -0.06649848073720932, 0.2552144527435303, -0.1423465758562088, -0.0369320884346962, 0.380533903837204, 0.1454981118440628, 0.24803856015205383, 0.3955564796924591, 0.23768272995948792, 0.18521276116371155, 0.5634580254554749, 0.028520692139863968, 0.20302832126617432, 0.31637585163116455, -0.2977892756462097, 0.24487118422985077, 0.6257445812225342, 0.6800548434257507, -0.024296458810567856, 0.08774187415838242, 0.16424255073070526, -0.2559097409248352, -0.03613189235329628, 0.4336700439453125, -0.32703861594200134, 0.050446588546037674, 0.17380225658416748, -0.156638041138649, 0.23633283376693726, -0.6268761157989502, -0.04433310404419899, -0.2878894507884979, -0.09839249402284622, 0.1074792742729187, -0.36688002943992615, 0.10251699388027191, 0.15453079342842102, -0.520639181137085, -0.9251459240913391, 0.20621544122695923, 0.5806655287742615, -0.5855385661125183, 0.14083683490753174, 0.5580093264579773, -0.46032407879829407, -0.08288437873125076, 0.2962222099304199, 0.34924596548080444, 0.03770788013935089, -0.014645928516983986, 0.09711802005767822, -0.457382470369339, -0.5243836045265198, 0.30225861072540283, -0.050318069756031036, -0.29058247804641724, 0.079289011657238, -0.10099927335977554, 0.42403748631477356, 0.21936702728271484, -0.10561150312423706, 0.021544577553868294, -0.19799254834651947, -0.28992727398872375, 0.21616674959659576, 0.6068089008331299, -0.38349270820617676, -1.0548598766326904, 0.32663050293922424, -0.14608325064182281, 0.10598725080490112, -0.0035331272520124912, 0.18165692687034607, 0.2668660581111908, -0.32418718934059143, -0.16570091247558594, -0.5885741710662842, -0.07667027413845062, 0.006423054728657007, -0.8356978297233582, 0.08408290892839432, -0.30197572708129883, -0.37115582823753357, -0.25565946102142334, -0.11597680300474167, -0.29247328639030457, -0.1662704348564148, -0.3424508273601532, -0.18348874151706696, 0.020613210275769234, 0.5911722183227539, 0.19616816937923431, 0.3502996563911438, -0.2585267126560211, 0.1766575425863266, -0.052006594836711884, -0.434218168258667, -0.051612451672554016, -0.22185146808624268, -0.1948876976966858, 0.1714283972978592, 0.06367171555757523, -0.6069815158843994, 0.23129090666770935, 0.1852916032075882, -0.03856806457042694, 0.2400760054588318, 0.1427212804555893, 0.13538311421871185, 0.3195006549358368, 1.0928500890731812, 0.6536460518836975, 0.22061651945114136, -0.353861004114151, -0.5775682926177979, 0.5110446214675903, -0.1308310627937317, -0.23043957352638245, 0.26938292384147644, 0.08774308860301971, 0.3290235698223114, -0.02292734943330288, 0.1695200651884079, -0.2268071174621582, -0.8111207485198975, -0.5462365746498108, 0.33501002192497253, -0.6652055978775024, 0.7745051980018616, 0.004052076954394579, -0.18628041446208954, 0.7799668312072754, 0.00214213109575212, 0.15422792732715607, 0.19288869202136993, -0.26604950428009033, 0.1956203579902649, 0.3488684594631195, -0.917460560798645, -0.034323059022426605, -0.015179157257080078, 0.2744656801223755, 0.5655678510665894, -0.02599227987229824, 0.6413794159889221, 0.04511105269193649, 0.3175983428955078, -0.2016192227602005, -0.12719127535820007, -0.43937018513679504, -0.5213062763214111, -0.15933965146541595, -0.2122170329093933, -0.17641648650169373, 0.5669237971305847, 0.08053961396217346, -0.5007337331771851, 0.07060368359088898, 0.12899065017700195, 0.6440409421920776, 0.12313539534807205, -0.43617311120033264, 0.45763644576072693, -0.5552716851234436, -0.2724286913871765, 0.09060055017471313, 0.3099040389060974, -0.22596895694732666, 0.04313305392861366, -0.1153874546289444, 0.5930917263031006, -0.23085917532444, 0.19161579012870789, -0.008416121825575829, -0.17087547481060028, 0.1452157348394394, -0.6267404556274414, 0.5729609727859497, 0.2733685374259949, 0.1202402263879776, -0.5874419808387756, 0.5487848520278931, -0.6970260739326477, -0.609228253364563, 0.2380620688199997, 0.6524476408958435, 0.42741602659225464, 0.3693554699420929, 0.35395121574401855, 0.027876194566488266, -0.29883888363838196, -0.00998728908598423, 0.3812219500541687, 0.41935059428215027, -0.5493040084838867, -0.38454657793045044, -0.37575197219848633, 0.3301379680633545, -0.42253977060317993, -0.48205307126045227, -0.4805193245410919, -0.6191989183425903, -0.5820477604866028, 0.4954119920730591, 0.21704533696174622, 0.5909409523010254, -0.6736582517623901, -0.12003738433122635, 0.4947611689567566, -0.3417815864086151, 0.4698314964771271, -0.2508545517921448, -0.20624926686286926, -0.6616910099983215, 0.010888268239796162, 0.5437383055686951, -0.14210407435894012, -0.2137392908334732, -0.6928470134735107, -0.6374543905258179, 0.2291649430990219, -0.4677125811576843, -0.28354859352111816, 0.5412272214889526, 0.056152213364839554, 0.18942226469516754, -0.11119948327541351, -0.004032352939248085, -0.0006765417056158185, 0.8139638900756836, -0.10625968873500824, 0.45863139629364014, -0.40247151255607605, -0.24197985231876373, -0.1894880086183548, -0.05726702883839607, -0.19621217250823975, -0.22247181832790375, 0.49957600235939026, 0.3207378685474396, -0.3201131522655487, 0.025282151997089386, -5.907097339630127, 0.2546963095664978, -0.7564016580581665, -0.30098000168800354, -0.14212143421173096, -0.07025149464607239, 0.4165175259113312, 0.167840376496315, 0.04357320815324783, -0.014594323001801968, -0.12181506305932999, -0.5351837277412415, 0.19936877489089966, 0.18027204275131226, 0.0652533695101738, 0.24602444469928741, 0.29492294788360596, -0.03347426652908325, -0.19166330993175507, 0.5442289710044861, 0.20250031352043152, -0.1288434863090515, 0.030828308314085007, 0.6333115100860596, 0.8445920348167419, 0.5020597577095032, -0.22351489961147308, -0.5211737155914307, -0.21688967943191528, 0.30991509556770325, 0.037315454334020615, -0.5645254850387573, -0.11784522980451584, 0.13460604846477509, 0.0711013525724411, -0.7105746865272522, 0.6559926271438599, 0.07281110435724258, 0.6033437848091125, -0.18580777943134308, 0.08628766238689423, -0.1760193556547165, -0.6324903964996338, -0.1952977329492569, -0.0004000187909696251, -0.31778785586357117, -0.5047386884689331, -0.374157577753067, -0.05726087465882301, 0.7688535451889038, 0.4763524532318115, 0.13805381953716278, 0.08275093138217926, -0.24136638641357422, 0.39810532331466675, -0.014890330843627453, 0.07339098304510117, -0.4073478877544403, -0.989936351776123, -0.24907360970973969, 0.4085451364517212, 0.08424454182386398, -0.26521942019462585, -0.10590073466300964, -0.2959827482700348, -0.3898520767688751, -0.9191491007804871, -0.5094819068908691, 0.5126695036888123, 0.1823512613773346, -0.11522506922483444, 0.31109902262687683, -0.26988694071769714, -0.6476745009422302, -0.028517963364720345, -0.1031898558139801, -0.2481261044740677, 0.24753080308437347, 0.27419373393058777, -0.6197242736816406, -0.46930748224258423, -0.0270679984241724, -0.23870764672756195, 0.3235761821269989, -0.12954390048980713, -0.5393243432044983, -0.5924585461616516, -0.33373916149139404, -0.08894266188144684, 0.08265867084264755, 1.1059606075286865, -0.14161059260368347, 0.3516371250152588, 0.6102210283279419, 0.3824615776538849, -0.04438192397356033, 0.6871501207351685, 0.8166921734809875, 0.11277791857719421, -0.20852352678775787, -0.15400636196136475, 0.10291662067174911, 0.39535897970199585, -0.8355014324188232, -0.2383081465959549, -0.09450546652078629, 0.18189097940921783, -0.004312353674322367, 0.49253860116004944, -0.4399178624153137, -0.2936359643936157, -0.6425397396087646, -0.3833094537258148, -0.6112217307090759, 0.7182139754295349, -0.030904516577720642, 0.28586864471435547, 0.5867667198181152, 0.4362224042415619, 0.10701612383127213, 0.060088034719228745, 0.31291860342025757, -0.3110975921154022, -0.4751782715320587, -0.2733828127384186, 0.28087374567985535, 0.01852242462337017, -0.14592549204826355, 0.8072512149810791, -0.4576021432876587, -0.10798186808824539, -0.30079934000968933, 0.2849786877632141, -0.09143669158220291, -0.028698831796646118, -0.12622736394405365, -0.6447936296463013, -0.5994600653648376, -0.5753498077392578, -0.4837089478969574, 0.05029258131980896, 0.14661258459091187, 0.30113446712493896, 0.5417534112930298, 0.5946862697601318, -0.5096021890640259, -0.1558576077222824, 0.19786958396434784, 0.3320528268814087, 0.18211229145526886, 0.23852947354316711, -0.1321127563714981, 0.7137988209724426, -0.01419878751039505, -0.47466781735420227, 0.09892319142818451, -0.33435067534446716, 0.13946886360645294, 0.3551831841468811, 0.08220100402832031, 0.13792599737644196, -0.4114123582839966, -0.604668140411377, 0.1882542222738266, 0.30323871970176697, 0.3143858015537262, -0.26142236590385437, -0.30110207200050354, -0.4369603395462036, 0.3766140937805176, 0.2831912040710449, 0.48194971680641174, -0.24837414920330048, 0.33558085560798645, 0.010520294308662415, 0.3094266355037689, -0.250941663980484, -0.06847532838582993, 0.46466559171676636, -0.06101306900382042, -0.19778765738010406, -0.5010195374488831, -0.21285861730575562, -0.08120406419038773, 0.21894238889217377, -0.040793415158987045, 0.11504173278808594, 0.30460211634635925, -0.742470920085907, 0.3422008156776428, 0.41000896692276, 0.25057274103164673, 0.572479784488678, -0.033497534692287445, -1.0295602083206177, 0.29006868600845337, -0.12074552476406097, 0.29372745752334595, 0.5194301605224609, -0.06884531676769257, -0.6181016564369202, -0.13634096086025238, -0.8257303237915039, -0.523928701877594, 0.11254150420427322, -0.610688328742981, 0.004578442312777042, -0.11094582825899124, 0.15242934226989746, 0.7009512782096863, 0.09190959483385086, 0.13485686480998993, 0.0018152042757719755, -0.0705689862370491, 0.22754359245300293, -0.08670959621667862, 0.32398244738578796, -0.3126055598258972, 0.045002419501543045, -0.4207010567188263, 0.21328437328338623, -0.30855369567871094, -0.335671603679657, 0.14025922119617462, 0.10372458398342133, -0.0821690708398819, 0.2914351224899292, -0.8591638803482056, 0.05415981262922287, -0.7195725440979004, 0.17763163149356842, 0.10104821622371674, 0.3415704071521759, 0.27084359526634216, -0.24211810529232025, 0.08984296768903732, 0.4100043475627899, 0.6846848130226135, 0.9458921551704407, 0.09059680998325348, 0.49471938610076904, 0.055551957339048386, -0.16196928918361664, 0.0531790666282177, 0.2660975158214569, 0.3857302665710449, 0.14336371421813965, -0.642659068107605, -0.736396849155426, 0.26420339941978455, 0.2675013840198517, -0.26810139417648315, -0.3185718357563019, 0.45564866065979004, 0.42724356055259705, -0.0737665519118309, -0.4040769338607788, 0.314047634601593, -0.6093477010726929, 0.0450562983751297, 0.2437175214290619, 0.4578116238117218, -0.517175555229187, 0.05408965051174164, 0.4057742655277252, 0.47420936822891235, -0.036540478467941284, 0.2650740146636963, 0.20805320143699646, 0.19851626455783844, -0.23926618695259094, 0.5620574355125427, 0.48145902156829834, 0.6460710763931274, -0.05573083087801933, 0.33585086464881897, -0.163266122341156, -0.24238654971122742, -0.2814076840877533, -0.31581705808639526, -0.5346524119377136, 0.2724491357803345, -0.175684854388237, -0.45923033356666565, 0.09113752096891403, -0.2841775119304657, 0.5670521259307861, 0.33153486251831055, 0.18484126031398773, 0.1857975870370865, -0.3530195355415344, 0.23445306718349457, -0.030182654038071632, -0.3307539224624634, 0.06322513520717621, -0.5824103355407715, 0.5543314218521118, -0.024001924321055412, -0.06818772107362747, 0.13708432018756866, -0.309598833322525, -0.08672013133764267, 0.617686927318573, -0.471795916557312, 0.5960705280303955, 0.23430094122886658, -0.11948797106742859, -0.39541250467300415, -0.6710571646690369, 0.17473658919334412, 0.5095348358154297, -0.3813169300556183, -0.25263991951942444, 0.3223131597042084, -0.14608654379844666, -0.13473691046237946, 0.3759983777999878, -0.28376245498657227, 0.04850859194993973, 0.2228441685438156, 0.15858244895935059, 0.16654010117053986, -0.029261207208037376, -0.461115300655365, -0.6958119869232178, 0.3492317497730255, -0.19041447341442108, 0.010512410663068295, 0.793115496635437, -0.04505292698740959, 0.04953676462173462, -0.25257959961891174, -0.015323573723435402, 0.34314215183258057, -0.12262524664402008, -0.614046037197113, -0.06898188591003418, -0.0849253237247467, -0.12831243872642517, 0.5168817043304443, 0.6507105827331543, -0.14938266575336456, -0.21078021824359894, -0.08741011470556259, -0.004994427785277367, 0.2701049745082855, 0.4799167811870575, 0.25067952275276184, 0.14455129206180573, 0.23128169775009155, 0.3569888472557068, -0.04094399884343147, 0.000032002579246181995, -0.5314891338348389, 0.8324103951454163, -0.5742469429969788, -0.16172470152378082, 0.06669263541698456, 0.7047865986824036, -0.2991916537284851, -0.20719628036022186, 0.45581257343292236, -0.04283986985683441, -0.3373454213142395, 0.43287837505340576, 0.4479580223560333, 0.4176413416862488, 0.08622977137565613, 0.10530846565961838, 0.04944731667637825, -0.1371062844991684, -0.19507549703121185, -0.4247314929962158, 0.1340116709470749, -0.40815991163253784, 0.0965978279709816, 1.2403233051300049, 0.1902216374874115, 0.10470403730869293, -0.16429895162582397, -0.20510321855545044, 0.2520425319671631, -0.18397927284240723, 0.13362695276737213, 0.852466881275177, -0.09745163470506668, 0.01480813603848219, 0.02876538783311844, -0.28622421622276306, -0.4385221004486084, 0.06314367055892944, -0.7129557728767395, -0.39189502596855164, 0.21979419887065887, 0.2743334174156189, -0.18398329615592957, -0.3820505440235138, 1.0890957117080688, -0.12566067278385162, 0.3933507800102234, 0.36606860160827637, 0.029222043231129646, 0.26342910528182983, 0.28492847084999084, -0.5941466093063354, 0.0399717278778553, -0.05801037698984146, -0.2888292968273163, -0.7177907824516296, 0.26351988315582275, -0.23894330859184265, 0.3742063641548157, -0.0033502003643661737, -0.042164962738752365, -0.4322338402271271, -0.8568953275680542, 0.39616623520851135, -0.0437920056283474, 0.1312977820634842, -0.4357464611530304, 0.36049628257751465, -0.2698090970516205, -0.2465563267469406, 0.18656706809997559, -0.7741798162460327, -0.05314471945166588, 0.05195479467511177, -0.018314046785235405, -0.14143875241279602, 0.4687449634075165, -0.13834594190120697, -0.18298526108264923, -0.10816549509763718, 0.4706953763961792, -0.5088067054748535, -0.032267842441797256, 0.34502071142196655, 0.45770904421806335, -0.095330610871315, -0.566756010055542, 0.13369356095790863, 0.08915085345506668, 0.26389026641845703, 0.5563508868217468, 0.32141804695129395, -0.2869822680950165, 0.07511687278747559, 0.5975340008735657, -1.0014684200286865, 0.2554774880409241, -0.06169476360082626, 0.5587841868400574, 0.10551348328590393, -0.04143302142620087, -0.02468535676598549, -0.059175752103328705, 0.06395892053842545, 0.14417323470115662, 0.45382964611053467, 0.13732849061489105 ]
230827	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bad%20Wolf	Big Bad Wolf	The Big Bad Wolf is a fictional wolf appearing in several cautionary tales that include some of Grimms' Fairy Tales. Versions of this character have appeared in numerous works, and it has become a generic archetype of a menacing predatory antagonist. Interpretations "Little Red Riding Hood", The Three Little Pigs, "The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids", and the Russian tale Peter and the Wolf, reflect the theme of the ravening wolf and of the creature released unharmed from its belly, but the general theme of restoration is very old. The dialog between the wolf and Little Red Riding Hood has its analogies to the Norse Þrymskviða from the Elder Edda; the giant Þrymr had stolen Mjölner, Thor's hammer, and demanded Freyja as his bride for its return. Instead, the gods dressed Thor as a bride and sent him. When the giants note Thor's unladylike eyes, eating, and drinking, Loki explains them as Freyja not having slept, or eaten, or drunk, out of longing for the wedding. 19th-century Folklorists and cultural anthropologists such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor saw Little Red Riding Hood in terms of solar myths and other naturally occurring cycles, stating that the wolf represents the night swallowing the sun, and the variations in which Little Red Riding Hood is cut out of the wolf's belly represent the dawn. In this interpretation, there is a connection between the wolf of this tale and Skoll or Fenrir, the wolf in Norse mythology that will swallow the sun at Ragnarök. Ethologist Dr. Valerius Geist of the University of Calgary, Alberta wrote that the fable was likely based on genuine risk of wolf attacks at the time. He argues that wolves were in fact dangerous predators, and fables served as a valid warning not to enter forests where wolves were known to live, and to be on the look out for such. Both wolves and wilderness were treated as enemies of humanity in that region and time. Folkloric appearances Grimm's Fairy Tales "Little Red Riding Hood" "The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats" English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs The Three Little Pigs Composition by Sergei Prokofiev Peter and the Wolf Modern standard adaptations Disney version The Big Bad Wolf, also known as Zeke Midas Wolf or Br'er Wolf, is a fictional character from Walt Disney's cartoon short Three Little Pigs, directed by Burt Gillett and first released on May 27, 1933. The Wolf's voice was provided by Billy Bletcher. As in the folktale, he was a cunning and threatening menace. The short also introduced the Wolf's theme song, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?", written by Frank Churchill. The Wolf is shown as wearing a top hat, red pants, green suspenders and white gloves. However, he doesn't wear a shirt or shoes. The Wolf has a taste for disguising himself, but both the audience and the Practical Pig can easily see through the Wolf's disguises. With each successive short, the Wolf exhibits a fondness for dressing in drag and, even "seduces" Fiddler and Fifer Pigs, who become increasingly clueless as to his disguises with each installment, with such disguises as "Goldilocks the Fairy Queen", Little Bo Peep and a mermaid. In an interview with Melvyn Bragg in the early 1980s, the British actor Laurence Olivier said that Disney's Big Bad Wolf was supposedly based on a widely detested American theatre director and producer called Jed Harris. When Olivier produced a film version of Shakespeare's Richard III, he based some of his mannerisms on Harris, and his physical appearance on the wolf. The short was so popular that Walt Disney produced several sequels, which also featured the Wolf as the villain. The first of them was named after him: The Big Bad Wolf, also directed by Burt Gillett and first released on April 14, 1934. In the next of the sequels, Three Little Wolves (1936), he was accompanied by three just-as-carnivorous sons. (These three sons were later reduced to just one who, in contrast to his father, was full of goodness and charm and a friend of the Three Little Pigs.) The fourth cartoon featuring the Three Little Pigs and the Wolf, The Practical Pig, was released in 1939. During World War II, a final, propaganda cartoon followed, produced by The National Film Board of Canada: The Thrifty Pig (1941). At the end of each short, the Wolf is dealt with by the resourceful thinking and hard work of Practical Pig. In the original short, he falls into a boiling pot prepared by the pigs. In The Big Bad Wolf, Practical pours popcorn and hot coals down his pants. In the final two shorts, Practical invents an anti-Wolf contraption to deal with the Wolf, who is shown to be powerless against the marvels of modern technology. The "Wolf Pacifier" in Three Little Wolves entraps him, chases him with a buzz-saw, hits his head with rolling pins, kicks him in the butt with boots, punches his face with boxing gloves, and finally tars and feathers him before firing him out of a cannon, all accomplished automatically and in time to a version of "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?". In The Practical Pig, the wolf falls into Practical Pig's trap and is subjected to the Lie Detector, which washes his mouth out with soap, whacks his hands with rulers, or pulls down his pants and spanks him when he tells a lie. The machine's punishment grows harsher and harsher the more he lies, until it is finally spinning him around, smacking his head and scrubbing his bottom. When he finally tells the truth, he is shot away by a rocket stuck up his shirt. The Wolf also made appearances in other Disney cartoons. In Old King Cole, with the exception of Practical, Fifer, and Fiddler, the Wolf is seen going to Old King Cole's castle with Little Red Riding Hood, and later on, he is seen dancing with Little Red Riding Hood while dancing along with the other Fairy Tale characters during the jamboree in Old King Cole's castle. In Toby Tortoise Returns, Practical and the Wolf made cameo appearances during the boxing match between Toby Tortoise and Max Hare. The Wolf also appeared in Mickey's Polo Team, directed by David Hand and first released on January 4, 1936. The short featured a game of Polo between four of Disney's animated characters (one of whom was the Wolf) and four animated caricatures of noted film actors. In 1936 Disney's Wolf came to Sunday newspaper comics, which were reformatted and reprinted in the monthly Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1941. They were popular enough there that a demand for new Wolf comics arose. From 1945, the original WDC&S series Li'l Bad Wolf nominally starred Big Bad's good little cub, but "Pop" repeatedly stole the spotlight. Carl Buettner, Gil Turner and Jack Bradbury were among the noted creators to work on the series in its early years, with Buettner giving Big Bad his proper name of Zeke (1946) and Turner supplying his middle name of Midas (1949). In the comics, Big Bad generally wants his son to become a bad guy like himself; but, unlike the three little wolves who appeared in the shorts, the gentle Li'l Bad Wolf does not live up to his father's expectations. Indeed, Li'l Bad is friends with the Pigs, Thumper, and other forest characters whom the comics portray as Zeke's intended prey. A running gag in the comics typically comes when in trying to catch the Pigs, Zeke runs afoul of Br'er Bear, who ends up pounding "Br'er Wolf" for one offense or another. Another gag is that Br'er/Zeke Wolf never succeeds at anything such as camping or stealing farm products; once he actually caught a duck for dinner but it ended up tasting awful and later he ended up with a whole pack of ducks-which turn out to be mud hens! Another time even when he twice caught chickens {once by accident} he still loses as usual! In Disney's comics his appearance is a little different than original: he usually wears an all-blue clothing but white gloves; and his son follows the same pattern of his father clothes, but he uses red instead of blue. The Wolf made a couple of brief cameo appearances in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (in one instance, he was seen wearing a sheep costume and mask which he instantly stripped off to reveal his true wolfish features). He was voiced by Tony Pope in this one (who was perhaps well known for providing the voice of the original Furby). In Magical Tetris Challenge, Zeke is one of Pete's henchmen, along with Weasel and is the boss you fight before Pete, the final boss. His levels theme seems to be a disco remix, with him wearing a purple top hat with a matching tailcoat, white dress shirt, red bow tie, purple trousers and brown Oxfords. The Big Bad Wolf has been a recurring character in Disney's House of Mouse, where he is voiced by Jim Cummings. His first appearance on this show featured him as a jazz artist called "Big Bad Wolf Daddy" (a parody of Big Bad Voodoo Daddy), performing a swing version of his song with the Pigs as his backup band (they are under a contract that states he will eat them if they do not play for him). In this episode, his tendency to destroy houses by exhaling is shown to be an allergy-like reaction to the sight of a door. Later appearances on House of Mouse, however, returned the Wolf to his more traditional role; one episode even featured a newly made short starring the character, based on the aforementioned Li'l Bad Wolf comic stories. Apart from TV appearances, Zeke Wolf was one of the villains in the direct-to-video Mickey's House of Villains; he also appeared in Mickey's Christmas Carol, dressed as a streetcorner Santa Claus, and in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. As a walkaround costumed character, Zeke also appears at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts for meet-and-greets, parades and shows. Zeke Wolf also appeared in The Kingdom Keepers series, in the fourth book, Power Play, where he appeared non anthropomorphized. In the book, he attempted to eat Pluto and the main characters, Finn and Amanda. He ends up falling into the Rivers of America. The Big Bad Wolf now appears in the Disney Junior preschool series Goldie & Bear also voiced by Jim Cummings. In the show he is called Big Bad Wolf or Big Bad (his real name is Aloysius.) He also has a new design where his black fur is now a light mixture of brown and grey and he wears an orange shirt with two green buttons. Like the original shorts Mickey Mouse Works and House Of Mouse in this show he is still in his evil ways like scaring people stealing making trouble and being rude. Disney's Li'l Bad Wolf Li'l Bad Wolf (or just Li'l Wolf as referred to by his friends) is Zeke "Big Bad" Wolf's son. In spite of his name, Li'l Bad Wolf wants to be a good little wolf; badness is really the domain of his father. Zeke wants his son to be just as bad as he is, but the kindhearted (or, at worst, naive) Li'l Wolf, despite wanting to please his father, cannot bring himself to do others harm. Even worse for Zeke, Li'l Wolf's best friends are the Three Little Pigs themselves, and he constantly saves them from his father's appetite. Despite disappointing his father, Zeke Wolf was shown to be very fond of his son, and Li'l Wolf of his father. Li'l Wolf debuted in his own self-titled series, beginning in the comic book Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #52 (1945). The first story was written by Dorothy Strebe and illustrated by Carl Buettner. The feature ran regularly through 1957, when it temporarily moved to the back pages of Mickey Mouse. Li'l Wolf returned to Comics and Stories in 1961, after which he continued to appear there frequently through 2008. Li'l Wolf has in fact starred in more issues of Comics and Stories than any other character except for Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Apart from Comics and Stories and Mickey Mouse, Li'l Wolf has also appeared in many different Disney anthology comic books, including a number of giant-size specials and a series of one-page text stories in Donald Duck. Li'l Bad Wolf's only comic strip appearance was in the Disney Christmas Story for 1963, "Three Little Pigs Christmas Story". This sequence was drawn by Floyd Gottfredson, who reinstated Li'l Wolf's sharp teeth. From 2003 to 2008, reflecting a trend initiated in European Disney comics, Zeke Wolf increasingly often featured as the title character in new stories himself, although Li'l Wolf continued to play a minor role. Li'l Wolf's first animated appearance was in the Raw Toonage short "The Porker's Court". However, he later appeared, in a more traditional role, in a self-titled short on Disney's House of Mouse. The voice for the animated Li'l Wolf in House of Mouse was provided by Sam Gifaldi. Li'l Wolf is not to be confused with the Three Little Wolves, Big Bad Wolf's three mischievous sons who appeared in the cartoon shorts The Three Little Wolves and The Practical Pig, although he closely resembles them. MGM/Tex Avery's Big Bad Wolf Created by animation director Tex Avery, this variation of the Big Bad Wolf's cartoons included many sexual overtones, violence, and very rapid gags, and never became as successful as the Disney incarnation. After debuting in Blitz Wolf (1942)—as Adolf Wolf, the Three Pigs' Hitler-like foe—the Avery Wolf returned as a Hollywood swinger in Red Hot Riding Hood (1943), memorably aroused by Red's song and dance performance. Further girl-chasing roles came to the Wolf in Wild and Wolfy, Swing Shift Cinderella and Little Rural Riding Hood; simultaneously, the Wolf was used as foe against Avery's Droopy, a role he would keep into the 1950s. He would later reprise the role in the "Droopy and Dripple" segments of Hanna-Barbera's Tom & Jerry Kids (1990). The Avery Wolf was voiced by Bill Thompson (Blitz Wolf), Frank Graham (Dumb-Hounded, Red Hot Riding Hood, The Shooting of Dan McGoo, Swing Shift Cinderella, Northwest Hounded Police), Kent Rogers (Red Hot Riding Hood and One Ham's Family), Patrick McGeehan (The Screwy Truant and Wild and Woolfy), Tex Avery (Wild and Woolfy), Daws Butler (Little Rural Riding Hood, Caballero Droopy), Frank Welker (The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show, Tom & Jerry Kids, Droopy Master Detective), Lou Scheimer (The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show), Will Ryan (Thanks a Latte), Dave Redl (Web Premiere Toons), John DiMaggio (Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse) and Stephen Stanton (The Tom and Jerry Show). The Avery Wolf's actual name has varied over time. It was seldom given in the 1940s, but a 1945 studio announcement called him Wally Wolf. In modern-day appearances, the Wolf's name is often given as Slick Wolf or McWolf. The Avery Wolf was referenced in the film The Mask (1994), when Stanley/The Mask (performed by Jim Carrey) briefly transforms into him while watching Tina Carlyle perform in a Red Hot Riding Hood-like performance, howling and whistling at her and then banging his head with a mallet. The Mask also changes into his wolf-like form on occasion in the spin-off animated series of the same name, particularly in the animated crossover featuring Ace Ventura: Pet Detective. A similar wolf appeared in the Merrie Melodies short "Bacall to Arms", as a theater patron whose lustful mannerisms echoed that of Avery's character. The director had left Warner Brothers' employ five years before after a dispute, so it's not certain if this was supposed to be an homage, or if Avery originally had plans to use the wolf on a project that weren't realized at the time of his suspension. Featured shorts Nu Pogodi! In the Soviet animated series Nu Pogodi, the wolf, commonly translated into English as Volk (), is portrayed as a hooligan who eagerly turns to vandalism, abuses minors, breaks laws and is a heavy smoker. His adventures revolve around constant failures to capture a Hare. On the other hand, many of Wolf's attempts to catch Hare are often characterized by uncanny abilities on his part (including figure skating, ballet and waltzing) which demonstrate his more refined side. Wolf can also play the guitar very well and ride the powerful rocker motorbike, making his character more sophisticated than a normal hooligan. In the first episode, while climbing a high building to catch Hare, Wolf whistles the popular mountaineer song, "Song of a Friend" (the signature song of Vladimir Vysotsky). In spite of these talents, most of Wolf's schemes eventually fail or turn against him. The character was originally voiced by Anatoli Papanov. Revolting Rhymes In the book Revolting Rhymes, the Big Bad Wolves from "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Three Little Pigs" appear. In the book's version of "Little Red Riding Hood," the Big Bad Wolf devours grandma like the story and an unfooled Little Red Riding Hood uses her concealed pistol to shoot him dead. She managed to make a wolfskin coat from him. In the book's version of "Three Little Pigs," the Big Bad Wolf devoured the two pigs after blowing down the house. The third pig enlists Little Red Riding Hood to deal with this wolf and she does so in the same way as she did the other wolf. In the film adaption, a Wolf (voiced by Dominic West) serves as a storyteller to Little Red Riding Hood's children after incapacitating their intended babysitter Mrs. Hunt. He has two nephews named Rolf (voiced by Rob Brydon) and Rex (voiced by David Walliams). Rolf was the one who ate Little Red Riding Hood's grandmother following a falling out with his uncle and is killed by Little Red Riding Hood who later skinned him for a wolf-skin coat. Rex eats the Banker Pig's brothers and is killed by Little Red Riding Hood when he tries to use dynamite on his bank. Once Little Red Riding Hood's children are asleep after the story, the Wolf decides not to exact revenge for his dead nephews and leaves the house wishing Little Red Riding Hood a good night. After exiting the bus, the Wolf sheds Mrs. Hunt's clothes and runs into the woods. Happily N'Ever After The film Happily N'Ever After featured three Big Bad Wolves. The Fat Wolf (voiced by Jon Polito) is the alpha of the Big Bad Wolves and based on the Big Bad Wolf from "The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats." The Tough Wolf (voiced by Tom Kenny) is the second-in-command, is based on the Big Bad Wolf from "Three Little Pigs," and is often competing with the Fat Wolf. The Crazy Wolf doesn't speak and is the runt of the litter. Modern positive adaptations Several recent interpretations of the Big Bad Wolf show him as being a character with relatively good intentions, mostly considered "Bad" due to a misunderstanding or prejudice. Arguably, this practice started with the 1989 children's book The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs! However, the best-known "good" adaptations are from films, where it is mostly used for a comedic effect. The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs! The story as told by Alexander T. Wolf from The Three Little Pigs suggests that wolves may not necessarily have to be "Big" and "Bad", but are perhaps misunderstood because what they eat happens to be cute. It should be inferred, however, that the following story given by Alexander T. Wolf is merely a fiction made up to conceal his guilt. Alexander T. Wolf, portrayed as rather civil, had a cold. He was baking a cake for his grandmother's birthday and the wolf had to travel to the little pigs' houses to borrow a cup of sugar. Each time the pigs turned him away, Alexander T. Wolf's cold caused him to huff and puff and sneeze a great sneeze whereupon the wolf would accidentally destroy the pig's house. Finding the inhabitant deceased, the Alexander T. Wolf decided to eat the body so as not to let good meat go to waste, since the pig was dead anyway. The final pig's house was not blown down and Alexander T. Wolf went into an excessive sneezing fit while the pig allegedly insulted his grandmother. The authorities came and dragged a furious and flustered wolf away and locked him up in prison. It is from prison where Alexander T. Wolf is now telling his (not entirely convincing) story as the news reports have found out about the two dead pigs he ate and jazzed up their story. Now labeled the "Big Bad Wolf," Alexander T. Wolf stated that he was framed. The story ended with a white-bearded Alexander T. Wolf quoting "But maybe you can loan me a cup of sugar." Looney Tunes' Big Bad Wolf The Looney Tunes series used the Big Bad Wolf as a stock character in several of its shorts, widely varying in its portrayal depending on the short's storyline. In the 1957 short Three Little Bops, the wolf (voiced by Stan Freberg) plays a trumpet rather badly while instrument playing pigs engage in club hopping using clubs made of straw, sticks, and bricks. There is also a version appearing mostly in Bugs Bunny cartoons, voiced by Mel Blanc, who appeared in The Windblown Hare, Little Red Riding Rabbit, and many more. This was a more humorous wolf, being slightly stupid, but really prone to anger. In Pigs in a Polka, the wolf is portrayed as a master of disguise, dressing as a gypsy and a beggar to fool the Three Little Pigs. A typical gag in these stories would have a sign poke into the foreground, stating, "IT'S THE BIG, BAD WOLF." Whereupon the wolf would angrily shove it away, saying, "Oh, all right, knock it off! They know who I am!" Hanna-Barbera's Loopy de Loop The only theatrical short subject cartoon series produced by Hanna Barbera after they left MGM and formed their own studio, Loopy de Loop is cast as a tuque-topped, kind-hearted wolf who speaks with a bad French Canadian accent, and whose kind-hearted attempts to assist almost always ended up by being rejected by those he sought to help-or something slightly worse. Hoodwinked! The Weinstein Company's computer-animated films Hoodwinked! and Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil features the Wolf as a misunderstood Fletch-type investigator voiced by Patrick Warburton. The Wolf, whose full name is Wolf W. Wolf, works undercover assignments. His assistant and cameraman is a hyperactive squirrel named Twitchy and he writes a column for The Once Upon a Times. His reason for stalking Red Puckett is not to eat her, but rather to get information from her about a mysterious thief striking this part of the woods. Shrek The popular computer-animated Shrek film series reversed many conventional roles found in fairy tales, including depicting the Big Bad Wolf (voiced by Aron Warner) from Little Red Riding Hood as a friendly misunderstood cross-dresser (apparently still wearing her grandmother's clothes) and on good terms with the three little pigs. This depiction and Pinocchio's expansive nose in Shrek 2, raised the ire of some groups who objected to the film's sexual content, in what is billed as a children's film. In the fighting game Shrek SuperSlam, released 2005, Big Bad Wolf is a playable character and appears as "Huff n Puff Wolf". Sesame Street The Big Bad Wolf has become a regularly recurring puppet character on Sesame Street, appearing usually in purple fur (although he originally had blue shaggy fur, as he was a variant of Herry Monster). Besides the purple and blue variants, there were also green and white versions of the Big Bad Wolf. He is generally performed by Jerry Nelson (particularly the blue version) and occasionally performed by Tyler Bunch, Kevin Clash, Joey Mazzarino, Martin P. Robinson, David Rudman, and Matt Vogel. In episode 3001, the music number "Bad Wolf" showed the Big Bad Wolf (performed by David Rudman) with his family which consists of his mother Big Glad Wolf (performed by Louise Gold), his father Well-Clad Wolf (performed by Jerry Nelson), his brother Big Rad Wolf (performed by Joey Mazzarino), his sister Big Sad Wolf (performed by Camille Bonora), his aunt Big Grad Wolf (performed by Fran Brill), and his uncle Big Mad Wolf (performed by Martin P. Robinson). In episode 4035, the Big Bad Wolf is shown to have a brother named Leonard Wolf (performed by Jerry Nelson), who tells Elmo and Rosita that not all wolves are the same. In episode 4219, the Big Bad Wolf works in the hair-drying salon after telling Elmo and Telly Monster that he is no longer in the pig-chasing business. In episode 4266, the Big Bad Wolf huffs and puffs Slimey the Worm when he is unable to catch the Three Little Pigs not realizing the harm he is doing to Slimey. When he does realize this thanks to Alan, Big Bird. Mr. Snuffleupagus, and Oscar the Grouch, the Big Bad Wolf apologizes to Slimey and starts a hobby of bubble blowing. The puppet for the purple variant of the Big Bad Wolf appeared in The Furchester Hotel as different characters. Fables The comic book series Fables by Bill Willingham features a reformed Big Bad Wolf as a major character, commonly referred to as "Bigby". In order to pass for human, (the other animal fables want nothing to do with him), he has been infected with lycanthropy, making him, in essence, a werewolf. He acts as sheriff for the Fable community, going by the name of Bigby Wolf. He is often portrayed as a typical film-noir-style trenchcoat-wearing detective. In the context of the series, he earned the name "Big Bad" after his (much larger) siblings sarcastically noted his drive to be ferocious, particularly after his father, the incarnation of the North Wind, left his mother due to a wind's nature of having to move, else the wind would never reach other lands. Due to his unique parentage, his infamous "huff 'n puff" is a form of wind control that has been shown to be powerful enough to smash trees down, blow out an army of flaming animated puppetmen, and Bigby once conjectured that even a brick house would most likely be blown to bits by it. Bigby Wolf serves as the main protagonist and player character of the 2013 video game adaptation of Fables, The Wolf Among Us. He is shown to have four forms—fully human, still mostly human but with wolf eyes, fangs, claws, and higher strength, a humanoid wolf of still greater strength, and a towering four-legged wolf possessing immense power and speed. The 10th Kingdom In the 2000 eight-hour film (broadcast as a mini-series) The 10th Kingdom, Scott Cohen plays a character called Wolf, which is based on the Big Bad Wolf and there is some speculation to whether he may even be the Big Bad Wolf's descendant (mainly owed to the fact that most other characters in the mini-series are descendants of many well-known fairy tale characters). Wolf recognizes he has a sort of obsessive-compulsive disorder towards eating lamb meat, rabbit meat, or little-girl meat, which he tries to overcome when he falls in love with Virginia, the main character. (Note that her married name would be Virginia Wolf.) BB Wolf and the Three LPs A 2010 hardcover graphic novel published by Top Shelf Comics by J.D. Arnold and Rich Koslowski, sets the wolf as a sympathetic victim of class warfare in the rural south. Pigs and wolves serve as allegorical races in the story, with the wolves as disenfranchised farmers and the pigs as wealthy elitists. When the blues-playing wolf suffers numerous crimes at the hands of pigs, he swears revenge and rampages through the southern underworld. The hardcover is available with a CD of its songs as sung by BB Wolf. Dust City Dust City, a 2010 novel by Robert Paul Weston, circles around Henry Whelp, the son of the Big Bad Wolf. In it, Henry's father was framed by a league of those who transport fairy dust. Henry must discover the truth and help to release his father. Holka Polka: A Fairytail Mystery Holka Polka, a children's play features the character in a different light, as someone who is afraid of little girls and can't scare them and isn't menacing at all. Gallery References External links Zeke Wolf's HooZoo Profile Fairy tale stock characters Fictional wolves Anthropomorphic animals Male literary villains Male characters in fairy tales Disney animated villains Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio film series Metaphors referring to wolves	[ -0.0918484628200531, 0.5893039703369141, -0.8887177109718323, -0.2285517156124115, -0.38008609414100647, -0.33415600657463074, 1.2547049522399902, 0.6163463592529297, -0.3772161304950714, -0.04948139935731888, -0.43825235962867737, 0.06749098747968674, -0.8421231508255005, 0.24437081813812256, -0.006523831747472286, -0.20244424045085907, 0.1346534639596939, 0.5259667634963989, 0.11089956760406494, -0.43347981572151184, 0.016983719542622566, -0.5626614093780518, 0.08408093452453613, 0.011974537745118141, 0.15676113963127136, -0.04143937677145004, 0.22872458398342133, 0.38536006212234497, -0.34552422165870667, 0.08878520876169205, -0.10651280730962753, 0.673082172870636, -0.12362325936555862, 0.0035244515165686607, -0.12167643755674362, 0.0967753604054451, -0.5621256828308105, -0.5426251888275146, -0.4482956528663635, 0.1392032355070114, 0.3913500905036926, 0.4818516969680786, -0.09649456292390823, 0.6575164198875427, -0.2320937216281891, -0.5881636142730713, -1.4030135869979858, 0.5347841382026672, -0.2195054441690445, -0.5301082730293274, -0.2308177500963211, 0.45774272084236145, 0.17799228429794312, 0.4692387580871582, -0.28570297360420227, 0.5071917176246643, -0.25291958451271057, 0.31704214215278625, 0.13740497827529907, -0.08965013176202774, 0.2420685589313507, -0.4381448030471802, 0.2810007929801941, 0.06064094230532646, -0.044606395065784454, 0.5292922854423523, 0.04150300845503807, 0.479213148355484, -0.3227840065956116, -0.10945917665958405, -0.6855772733688354, -0.18953104317188263, -0.5907920002937317, 0.04392207786440849, -0.11184199154376984, 0.2337617576122284, 0.5999845862388611, -0.36735785007476807, -0.050776079297065735, 0.5602098107337952, -0.1071091741323471, 0.5527428388595581, 0.4074153006076813, 0.09186922758817673, -0.034675613045692444, 0.10585197061300278, -0.222691148519516, 0.2688899338245392, -0.17107640206813812, 0.4649440050125122, 0.27050530910491943, -0.2917610704898834, 0.13827833533287048, -0.21636086702346802, -0.0486014150083065, 0.08386553078889847, 0.3949441909790039, -0.01363836508244276, 0.2813042998313904, -0.054455652832984924, -0.04396442323923111, -0.09295899420976639, 0.7104796767234802, -0.10193416476249695, -0.5145172476768494, -0.3489740788936615, 0.3660803735256195, -0.32803547382354736, 0.008286997675895691, -0.2969353199005127, -0.4654575288295746, 0.052738044410943985, -0.3202640116214752, -0.2298765629529953, -0.016859669238328934, 0.28052470088005066, 0.1167522445321083, -0.7012134790420532, -0.04020413011312485, 0.12228450179100037, -0.14122837781906128, 0.15117305517196655, -0.08214274048805237, 0.715453565120697, 0.15430960059165955, 0.10890164971351624, -0.13704118132591248, 0.7378534078598022, -0.357974648475647, -0.23572082817554474, 0.005890014581382275, 1.1190972328186035, 0.11518092453479767, -0.3852093815803528, -0.29476532340049744, 0.18218907713890076, -0.03925405815243721, 0.6559939980506897, -0.31324416399002075, -0.29451024532318115, -0.7730024456977844, -0.4715207517147064, -0.9057968258857727, -0.07345379143953323, 0.2801511585712433, 0.01964779943227768, -0.17556585371494293, -0.5166217684745789, 0.08189722895622253, -0.32330259680747986, 0.2175644487142563, 0.14975455403327942, -0.3072846531867981, 0.5138530135154724, 0.28133517503738403, -0.0014923101989552379, 0.03990279883146286, -0.08666931837797165, 0.5080606341362, -0.12949144840240479, -0.004210846032947302, 0.1697092354297638, -0.5237275958061218, -0.15837441384792328, 0.08420122414827347, -0.4929030239582062, 0.35243257880210876, -0.2962988317012787, -0.6324215531349182, -0.2573504149913788, -0.43222659826278687, 0.19823332130908966, 0.44320666790008545, -0.10932359099388123, 0.2638663649559021, 0.02713470533490181, 0.7183294892311096, -0.14903660118579865, 0.2907209098339081, -0.489458292722702, -0.5559201836585999, -0.35512298345565796, 0.24082323908805847, -0.5453012585639954, 0.489103227853775, 0.5106989145278931, -0.25122424960136414, 0.2343839854001999, -0.18181991577148438, -0.32692551612854004, -0.3156358003616333, -0.06829836964607239, 0.5113053917884827, 0.22711749374866486, 0.7798272371292114, -0.2734801769256592, -0.25014156103134155, 0.7038020491600037, 0.22128283977508545, 0.005497889127582312, -0.2079426646232605, -0.7886885404586792, 0.2590276002883911, -0.20544153451919556, -0.7664114832878113, 0.4947464168071747, 0.09624320268630981, 0.34094130992889404, 0.290295273065567, 0.2980877459049225, 0.6981667876243591, -0.0940692201256752, 0.09356182813644409, -0.3471826910972595, -0.22040939331054688, 0.5351734161376953, -0.5908803939819336, 0.00027201310149393976, -0.1345120370388031, -0.2788390517234802, 0.42648693919181824, -0.25715792179107666, -0.21503296494483948, -0.20214921236038208, 0.0638161450624466, 0.5669017434120178, 0.2977520525455475, 0.21102967858314514, 0.6164557933807373, -1.253847360610962, 0.15464776754379272, 0.09478037059307098, 0.342642605304718, -0.519108772277832, -0.5147175788879395, -0.4687347710132599, 0.28408733010292053, -0.07055121660232544, 0.3698810040950775, -0.11801474541425705, 0.4119194746017456, 0.09734188765287399, -0.4739392101764679, 0.3465413749217987, 0.14494091272354126, -0.06296567618846893, 0.09126807749271393, 0.3248300850391388, -0.2746807336807251, 0.02500680834054947, 0.008493616245687008, 0.3854376971721649, 0.5779695510864258, -0.32623860239982605, 0.7979492545127869, -0.38106071949005127, -0.2674449682235718, -0.6184542179107666, 1.0710543394088745, 0.0907592922449112, 0.12226678431034088, -0.017117023468017578, -0.4344286024570465, -0.21069595217704773, -0.42567548155784607, -0.2367536574602127, -0.6235870718955994, -0.20059041678905487, -0.08358388394117355, 0.40002065896987915, 0.7724220156669617, 0.2591325342655182, -0.17825135588645935, -0.2825843095779419, 0.35013729333877563, -0.7509866952896118, 0.3787401020526886, 0.4563155174255371, 0.18385717272758484, -0.16285674273967743, -0.4163682460784912, 0.3231837749481201, 0.5557230710983276, -0.7559614777565002, -0.6877742409706116, -0.6841368675231934, 0.04721691831946373, -0.3598250150680542, 0.22754426300525665, -0.15463829040527344, -0.3161765933036804, 0.2905592918395996, -0.2744787335395813, 0.34148746728897095, -0.40749746561050415, 0.28252819180488586, 0.03660183027386665, 0.42041677236557007, 0.4334198236465454, -0.6487434506416321, 0.3918040096759796, 0.4316996932029724, -0.14135931432247162, -0.11461934447288513, 0.24932734668254852, 0.4992985129356384, -0.5474094748497009, 0.3167160153388977, -5.822963714599609, 0.11709057539701462, -0.22540059685707092, -0.6538761258125305, -0.2719058394432068, -0.09512179344892502, 0.5057576894760132, -0.12252349406480789, -0.12651950120925903, 0.011454019695520401, 0.02376076951622963, 0.17825819551944733, -0.048788562417030334, -0.30393362045288086, 0.049108680337667465, -0.008036688901484013, 0.07024578750133514, 0.12699493765830994, -0.23384040594100952, 0.4950891137123108, 0.3266436457633972, 0.746596097946167, -0.5286382436752319, -0.22610028088092804, 0.1293233335018158, 0.567750871181488, -0.34491339325904846, -0.3504103124141693, -0.25496333837509155, 0.03144737705588341, 0.09126687049865723, 0.014752257615327835, -0.4457186460494995, -0.34543439745903015, 0.1577511727809906, -0.08548393845558167, 0.502913236618042, 0.3350204825401306, 0.2853544354438782, 0.5037183165550232, -0.4529320299625397, 0.15675005316734314, 0.15433697402477264, 0.1415543109178543, 0.8828559517860413, 0.06572378426790237, -0.2789018750190735, -0.7359090447425842, -0.4478667974472046, 0.4869043231010437, 0.17228518426418304, -0.29955214262008667, -0.13722266256809235, 0.307849258184433, 0.63670414686203, 0.18522058427333832, 0.0804617702960968, 0.160379558801651, -0.6059163212776184, -0.021045468747615814, 0.36268123984336853, -0.3424426019191742, 0.012143234722316265, -0.13937050104141235, 0.3943955600261688, 0.02492211014032364, -0.2545291781425476, -0.7456579804420471, 0.4209264814853668, 0.05511356517672539, 0.1563219130039215, 0.13643072545528412, 0.11295773088932037, -0.8711423277854919, 0.329024076461792, -0.28190505504608154, -0.35093772411346436, 0.27443021535873413, 0.07912571728229523, -0.6482560038566589, -0.43557319045066833, 0.17567355930805206, -0.7357392311096191, -0.1268753558397293, 0.12825527787208557, -0.4962138235569, -0.194937601685524, -0.07061956077814102, -0.5156291723251343, -0.22318530082702637, 0.46257033944129944, -0.18828417360782623, 0.1516954004764557, 0.5163512229919434, 0.3730640113353729, 0.7762047648429871, 0.06392429769039154, 0.40161827206611633, 0.5508167147636414, 0.15326765179634094, 0.8687008619308472, -0.6145256757736206, -0.21237638592720032, -0.6711759567260742, -0.2471473664045334, -0.1784212738275528, -0.08443085849285126, 0.6393091082572937, 0.8665667176246643, -0.5073400735855103, -0.16812367737293243, -0.037409909069538116, -0.13234584033489227, -0.15330280363559723, 0.6828874349594116, -0.03944678604602814, 0.5353606343269348, 1.336340308189392, 0.8845571875572205, -0.17024166882038116, 0.3321036100387573, 0.6372642517089844, -0.06901025027036667, -0.2761043310165405, 0.1526254564523697, -0.06545271724462509, -0.15693911910057068, 0.019007422029972076, -0.05363449826836586, 0.2382640242576599, 0.1781664937734604, 0.14702412486076355, 0.7401338815689087, -0.3155961036682129, 0.1284790337085724, 0.10197365283966064, -0.4899594187736511, -0.447030633687973, -0.1075664609670639, -0.5486437082290649, -0.1831480711698532, 0.3245565891265869, 0.13758020102977753, -0.0934002622961998, 0.0749826729297638, -0.29441189765930176, 0.06873003393411636, 0.2664690613746643, -0.35257959365844727, 0.3136153519153595, -0.22908499836921692, 0.3719753921031952, 0.4625975787639618, -0.1894311010837555, -0.426309198141098, 0.26087695360183716, 0.5894591808319092, 0.6789684891700745, -0.29863598942756653, -0.14345744252204895, 0.3375273644924164, -0.8649437427520752, -0.6760532259941101, -0.07116764783859253, 0.2812150716781616, -0.1583436280488968, 0.2003079354763031, -0.9009767770767212, -0.3359439969062805, 0.7586188316345215, -0.14305543899536133, 0.34428107738494873, -0.5736194252967834, 0.21897166967391968, 0.3457685708999634, 0.2687315344810486, -0.2524133324623108, -0.07375673204660416, 0.006232806481420994, 0.38051339983940125, 0.046764738857746124, 0.13557122647762299, -0.22510755062103271, 0.12365949153900146, 0.2566239535808563, 0.37314948439598083, -0.2098628729581833, 0.1291019469499588, -0.21937884390354156, 0.06680663675069809, 0.027552977204322815, -0.1684340387582779, 0.33220550417900085, 0.25483089685440063, -0.05216469615697861, -0.0036603733897209167, -0.07395269721746445, -0.2789684236049652, 0.14462628960609436, -0.3644935190677643, 0.49931666254997253, 0.6579999327659607, -0.745989978313446, -0.39060354232788086, 0.27529409527778625, -0.5015655755996704, 0.5112481713294983, -0.27580636739730835, -0.6462504267692566, 0.45205214619636536, 0.21390403807163239, 0.19621075689792633, -0.7092971801757812, 0.5568301677703857, 0.046532612293958664, -0.46795591711997986, 0.5099977850914001, -0.1869136542081833, -0.4232921302318573, -0.3069397807121277, -0.3058210611343384, -0.361899733543396, -0.5161418914794922, -0.09934084117412567, 0.08207261562347412, 0.30010077357292175, 0.2595157027244568, -0.2737949788570404, 0.811431348323822, 0.044472839683294296, 0.23845314979553223, 0.3085610568523407, -0.16488628089427948, 0.1538480520248413, -0.08231760561466217, 0.0747213289141655, 0.47659704089164734, 0.3983498215675354, 0.5738795399665833, 0.4309498369693756, 0.7178881764411926, 1.1084997653961182, 0.014997350051999092, -0.32420504093170166, 0.2415868490934372, -0.0661105290055275, -0.07253392785787582, -0.07227078080177307, -0.34772828221321106, -0.6094445586204529, 0.0000981886696536094, -0.5129277110099792, 0.218828022480011, 0.06603273749351501, 1.0261824131011963, -0.11270160973072052, 0.026901409029960632, 0.02902854233980179, -0.07841573655605316, -0.5351983904838562, 0.035270899534225464, 0.017962204292416573, -0.20565448701381683, 0.011714807711541653, -0.1679811030626297, 0.027585886418819427, -1.3227752447128296, -0.31501150131225586, -0.5036894083023071, -0.36038219928741455, -0.2015002816915512, -0.06418056786060333, 1.3765101432800293, 0.10561811178922653, -0.6800233125686646, 0.35227736830711365, -0.8261338472366333, -0.2678699791431427, -0.459979385137558, 0.4818735718727112, 0.17028801143169403, 0.20782878994941711, 0.23520956933498383, -0.2751520872116089, 0.32830408215522766, 0.056912992149591446, -0.08428413420915604, 0.06977981328964233, 0.2077261060476303, -0.43771612644195557, -0.6291242241859436, -0.006983200088143349, -0.465842068195343, 0.3434785008430481, 0.30335327982902527, 0.4675750732421875, 0.13774634897708893, 0.0061450558714568615, 0.2111835479736328, -0.15304088592529297, -0.413193017244339, 0.38435810804367065, -0.09502387791872025, -0.416528582572937, 0.48822107911109924, -0.12357886880636215, -0.4176011085510254, 0.18012239038944244, -0.1438988596200943, -0.5937235951423645, 0.0850754827260971, -0.30403316020965576, -0.5545961856842041, 0.8133365511894226, -0.22985593974590302, 0.21776697039604187, 0.5051095485687256, -0.29216423630714417, 0.34949687123298645, -0.1270722597837448, 0.4994596242904663, -0.2346491813659668, 0.1854882836341858, 0.17438790202140808, -0.43496179580688477, 0.7495987415313721, -0.29478490352630615, 0.4077390134334564, 0.35115471482276917, 0.10209178179502487, 0.28152331709861755, -0.18872088193893433, -0.22406861186027527, 0.13411492109298706, -0.19893018901348114, 0.23656342923641205, 0.5526129007339478, -0.3411397933959961, -0.4209115505218506, 0.5270298719406128, 0.14480988681316376, -0.2993711233139038, -0.8423692584037781, 0.2393612414598465, -0.28052014112472534, 0.12569914758205414, -0.02464267984032631, 0.008488298393785954, 0.257209837436676, 0.49710801243782043, 0.12600119411945343, -0.26066938042640686, -0.14927871525287628, -0.06763184815645218, 0.281940758228302, -0.35335302352905273, 0.5721001029014587, -0.523266077041626, -0.5789694786071777, -0.545653760433197, 0.3482271432876587, 0.08254087716341019, 0.5815664529800415, 0.17683058977127075, 0.0750042125582695, 0.6720548868179321, -0.18312160670757294, -0.15267664194107056, -0.3700525760650635, -0.4707355499267578, -0.018849486485123634, 0.018335115164518356, -0.5403753519058228, 0.25926026701927185, 0.027109766378998756, 0.10182680189609528, 0.3908807337284088, 0.2880183458328247, 0.09525424987077713, -0.1154913380742073, -0.5218396782875061, 0.18711256980895996, 0.018894245848059654, -0.409047931432724, 0.263615220785141, -0.5154027938842773, -0.19257447123527527, 0.05802752077579498, -0.15177437663078308, -0.3341755270957947, 0.3568798303604126, -0.3253348767757416, -0.3593354821205139, -0.02422548644244671, 0.03170489892363548, -0.7890065312385559, 0.11144785583019257, 0.8687378168106079, -0.4590417146682739, -0.08604555577039719, 0.15063104033470154, -0.9521203637123108, -0.1295599639415741, 0.544121503829956, -0.13461562991142273, 0.24659600853919983, -0.4202859401702881, -0.20344127714633942, -0.817133367061615, 0.5003648400306702, 0.2293459177017212, -0.4462369680404663, 0.090960294008255, -0.08442763239145279, -0.026889845728874207, -0.05319545418024063, 0.5822771191596985, -0.5201705694198608, -0.189174085855484, -0.35533156991004944, 0.024408841505646706, -0.4093504250049591, 0.2687414586544037, 0.29203423857688904, 0.044702596962451935, -0.1186012551188469, 0.009699180722236633, -0.3784824013710022, -0.4145985245704651, 0.35141998529434204, -0.1431705355644226, -0.1484421342611313, -0.3807893693447113, 0.2579382359981537, 0.17504756152629852, -0.47695037722587585, 0.9868723154067993, 0.6134124398231506, 0.48513415455818176, -0.06262754648923874, 0.3215007483959198, -0.5663558840751648, -0.4525865316390991, 0.15873442590236664, -0.8086019158363342, 0.12009292095899582, 0.01239695306867361, -0.7072822451591492, -0.04624135047197342, 0.8153675198554993, 0.24061617255210876, 0.1544398069381714, 0.15658944845199585, -0.21413764357566833, -0.06765548884868622, 0.5166268348693848, 0.059906572103500366, -0.3061527907848358, 0.2388952225446701, 0.02432318963110447 ]
230828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Native%20Interface	Java Native Interface	In software design, the Java Native Interface (JNI) is a foreign function interface programming framework that enables Java code running in a Java virtual machine (JVM) to call and be called by native applications (programs specific to a hardware and operating system platform) and libraries written in other languages such as C, C++ and assembly. Objectives JNI enables programmers to write native methods to handle situations when an application cannot be written entirely in the Java programming language, e.g. when the standard Java class library does not support the platform-specific features or program library. It is also used to modify an existing application (written in another programming language) to be accessible to Java applications. Many of the standard library classes depend on JNI to provide functionality to the developer and the user, e.g. file I/O and sound capabilities. Including performance- and platform-sensitive API implementations in the standard library allows all Java applications to access this functionality in a safe and platform-independent manner. The JNI framework lets a native method use Java objects in the same way that Java code uses these objects. A native method can create Java objects and then inspect and use these objects to perform its tasks. A native method can also inspect and use objects created by Java application code. Only applications and signed applets can invoke JNI. An application that relies on JNI loses the platform portability Java offers (a partial workaround is to write a separate implementation of JNI code for each platform and have Java detect the operating system and load the correct one at runtime). Not only can native code interface with Java, it can also draw on a Java , which is possible with the Java AWT Native Interface. The process is almost the same, with just a few changes. The Java AWT Native Interface is only available since J2SE 1.3. JNI also allows direct access to assembly code, without even going through a C bridge. Accessing Java applications from assembly is possible in the same way. Design In the JNI framework, native functions are implemented in separate .c or .cpp files. (C++ provides a slightly simpler interface with JNI.) When the JVM invokes the function, it passes a JNIEnv pointer, a jobject pointer, and any Java arguments declared by the Java method. For example, the following converts a Java string to a native string: extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_ClassName_MethodName (JNIEnv env, jobject obj, jstring javaString) { const char nativeString = env->GetStringUTFChars(javaString, 0); //Do something with the nativeString env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(javaString, nativeString); } The env pointer is a structure that contains the interface to the JVM. It includes all of the functions necessary to interact with the JVM and to work with Java objects. Example JNI functions are converting native arrays to/from Java arrays, converting native strings to/from Java strings, instantiating objects, throwing exceptions, etc. Basically, anything that Java code can do can be done using JNIEnv, albeit with considerably less ease. The argument obj is a reference to the Java object inside which this native method has been declared. Native data types can be mapped to/from Java data types. For compound types such as objects, arrays and strings the native code must explicitly convert the data by calling methods in the JNIEnv. A JNI environment pointer () is passed as an argument for each native function mapped to a Java method, allowing for interaction with the JNI environment within the native method. This JNI interface pointer can be stored, but remains valid only in the current thread. Other threads must first call to attach themselves to the VM and obtain a JNI interface pointer. Once attached, a native thread works like a regular Java thread running within a native method. The native thread remains attached to the VM until it calls to detach itself. The JNI framework does not provide any automatic garbage collection for non-JVM memory resources allocated by code executing on the native side. Consequently, native side code (such as assembly language) assumes the responsibility for explicitly releasing any such memory resources that the native code acquires. On Linux and Solaris platforms, if the native code registers itself as a signal handler, it could intercept signals intended for the JVM. A chain of responsibility can be used to allow native code to better inter-operate with the JVM. On Windows platforms, Structured Exception Handling (SEH) may be employed to wrap native code in SEH try/catch blocks so as to capture machine (CPU/FPU) generated software interrupts (such as NULL pointer access violations and divide-by-zero operations), and to handle these situations before the interrupt is propagated back up into the JVM (i.e. Java side code), in all likelihood resulting in an unhandled exception. The encoding used for the NewStringUTF, GetStringUTFLength, GetStringUTFChars, ReleaseStringUTFChars and GetStringUTFRegion functions is "modified UTF-8", which is not valid UTF-8 for all inputs, but a different encoding really. The null character (U+0000) and codepoints not on the Basic Multilingual Plane (greater than or equal to U+10000, i.e. those represented as surrogate pairs in UTF-16) are encoded differently in modified UTF-8. Many programs actually use these functions incorrectly and treat the UTF-8 strings returned or passed into the functions as standard UTF-8 strings instead of modified UTF-8 strings. Programs should use the NewString, GetStringLength, GetStringChars, ReleaseStringChars, GetStringRegion, GetStringCritical and ReleaseStringCritical functions, which use UTF-16LE encoding on little-endian architectures and UTF-16BE on big-endian architectures, and then use a UTF-16 to UTF-8 conversion routine. Mapping types The following table shows the mapping of types between Java (JNI) and native code. In addition, the signature "L qualified-class ;" would mean the class uniquely specified by that name; e.g., the signature "Ljava/lang/String;" refers to the class java.lang.String. Also, prefixing [ to the signature makes the array of that type; for example, [I means the int array type. Finally, a void signature uses the V code. These types are interchangeable. One can use jint where you normally use an int, and vice versa, without any typecasting required. However, mapping between Java Strings and arrays to native strings and arrays is different. If a jstring is used where a char * would be, the code could crash the JVM. Performance JNI incurs considerable overhead and performance loss under certain circumstances: Function calls to JNI methods are expensive, especially when calling a method repeatedly. Native methods are not inlined by the JVM, nor can the method be JIT compiled, as the method is already compiled. A Java array may be copied for access in native code, and later copied back. The cost can be linear in the size of the array. If the method is passed an object, or needs to make a callback, then the native method will likely be making its own calls to the JVM. Accessing Java fields, methods and types from the native code requires something similar to reflection. Signatures are specified in strings and queried from the JVM. This is both slow and error-prone. Java Strings are objects, have length and are encoded. Accessing or creating a string may require an O(n) copy. Alternatives Microsoft's proprietary implementation of a Java Virtual Machine (Visual J++) had a similar mechanism for calling native code from Java, called the Raw Native Interface (RNI). In addition, it had an easy way to call existing native code that wasn't itself aware of Java, such as (but not limited to) the Windows API, called J/Direct. However, following the Sun–Microsoft litigation about this implementation, Visual J++ is no longer maintained. RNI was less clumsy to use than JNI, because no bookkeeping with a Java environment pointer was needed. Instead, all Java objects could be accessed directly. To facilitate this, a tool was used that generated header files from Java classes. Similarly, J/Direct was easier to use than using the necessary intermediate native library and JNI. Java Native Access (JNA) is a community-developed library that provides Java programs easy access to native shared libraries without using JNI. See also GIWS (software) Gluegen Platform Invocation Services SWIG References Bibliography External links Oracle's JNI 6.0 API Specification Java Native Interface: Programmer's Guide and Specification JNI in XCode from Apple Exception handling in JNI Java Link (modern C++17 wrapper for JNI) Java platform	[ -0.030967211350798607, 0.053159989416599274, -0.3820790648460388, -0.1714310646057129, -0.35491734743118286, 0.23904141783714294, 0.06791730225086212, 0.16300173103809357, -0.17207400500774384, -0.6693148016929626, -0.09666458517313004, 0.2755194306373596, -0.4831101596355438, 0.19957733154296875, -0.10066547989845276, -0.037769533693790436, 0.43551215529441833, 0.3832484781742096, -0.06297274678945541, -0.042594537138938904, -0.5600205659866333, -0.24213890731334686, -0.36050519347190857, -0.47746914625167847, 0.2980305850505829, -0.06825342029333115, 0.21313786506652832, 0.06311905384063721, -0.6724432110786438, -0.49084699153900146, -0.002162613207474351, -0.01620142161846161, -0.18238325417041779, -0.40633267164230347, -0.3586321771144867, -0.07336042821407318, -0.36896249651908875, 0.08022281527519226, -0.21308080852031708, -0.5370509028434753, -0.13787847757339478, -0.37187880277633667, 0.4560246765613556, 0.5601984262466431, -0.0324033685028553, -0.3834846317768097, -1.6095892190933228, 0.16128508746623993, -0.41155806183815, 0.26316770911216736, -0.7038424611091614, 0.18651741743087769, 0.05402277410030365, 0.35601142048835754, 0.3312135338783264, -0.13770419359207153, -0.026100289076566696, -0.6611311435699463, 0.47452908754348755, -0.5396029949188232, 0.4808797240257263, 0.13509538769721985, 0.09451428055763245, 0.06012430787086487, 0.09108804911375046, 0.5489150285720825, -0.4310918152332306, 0.3352288007736206, -0.9074773788452148, -0.3812333345413208, 0.07888264954090118, 0.023571275174617767, -0.34276828169822693, 0.3819853961467743, -0.16927732527256012, -0.4748140871524811, -0.12344801425933838, 0.025732969865202904, -0.5991248488426208, 0.8522972464561462, -0.28300800919532776, 0.9141259789466858, 0.7740787863731384, -0.1862478107213974, 1.150033712387085, -0.1329747438430786, -0.3230930268764496, 0.9503969550132751, -0.2368253618478775, -0.31857720017433167, 0.5819202065467834, 0.3858250081539154, 0.30574658513069153, 0.2639410197734833, 0.12083342671394348, 0.5458996295928955, 0.13305963575839996, 0.3291863799095154, 0.47647416591644287, 0.43895187973976135, -0.48900488018989563, -0.028135687112808228, -0.18622177839279175, -0.021892713382840157, -0.6541190147399902, -0.01731756329536438, -0.6615580916404724, -0.7288475632667542, -0.18178290128707886, 0.6151780486106873, -0.2303723394870758, 0.16728723049163818, 0.3635004758834839, -0.0893860012292862, -0.0456816628575325, 0.2672548294067383, 0.07194166630506516, -0.013412514701485634, 0.03435392677783966, -0.10466724634170532, 0.08799052983522415, 0.993640661239624, 0.08305332064628601, 0.47568562626838684, 0.10651490837335587, 0.3817371129989624, 0.0371541865170002, 0.7755808234214783, 0.12309607863426208, -0.25704294443130493, 0.26897794008255005, 0.868062436580658, 0.6247845888137817, 0.13937726616859436, -0.20527751743793488, -0.3961755037307739, 0.47112393379211426, 0.44751375913619995, 0.05523228645324707, -0.28899967670440674, -0.6882015466690063, -0.5120397806167603, 0.12403528392314911, -0.2578464448451996, 0.3765968680381775, -0.12043925374746323, 0.029227079823613167, -0.4106271266937256, -0.3984678089618683, 0.14042110741138458, -0.44305020570755005, 0.5366743803024292, -0.400155246257782, 0.06812209635972977, -0.5722560286521912, 0.6385320425033569, 0.32032617926597595, -0.17795448005199432, 0.2969055771827698, 0.09477605670690536, 0.3072728216648102, 0.4780026972293854, -0.9474233388900757, -0.2567530572414398, 0.156606525182724, -0.10988523811101913, 0.022238943725824356, 0.48195376992225647, 0.6883335709571838, -0.1787651777267456, 0.23362095654010773, -0.24110887944698334, -0.29683318734169006, 0.04757213965058327, -0.28317442536354065, -0.2400827705860138, 0.5035932660102844, -0.27450940012931824, 0.7917335629463196, -0.166692316532135, -0.7208784222602844, -0.007797744125127792, 0.2200990915298462, 0.09082366526126862, -0.06951219588518143, 0.02414468303322792, 0.018980083987116814, -0.6121610999107361, -0.5553585886955261, -0.21823664009571075, -0.4137113690376282, -0.4898660182952881, -0.3729190528392792, -1.0860190391540527, 1.2168244123458862, -0.12625090777873993, -0.833928644657135, 1.3362172842025757, -0.3307795226573944, 0.13677357137203217, 0.5761967897415161, -0.136616513133049, 0.3377203047275543, -0.32301536202430725, -0.07443288713693619, -0.3227115571498871, 0.48630306124687195, 0.1864517480134964, -0.5081327557563782, 0.43057775497436523, 0.14388345181941986, 0.19567051529884338, 0.3667914569377899, -0.5549286603927612, -0.028089135885238647, 0.01595812477171421, -0.19761164486408234, 0.3350926339626312, 0.02164950594305992, 0.31372886896133423, 1.49921452999115, -0.5016693472862244, 0.0708741545677185, 0.5487325191497803, -0.22443802654743195, 0.3848395049571991, 0.656497061252594, 0.37675976753234863, 0.714759349822998, -0.10062473267316818, 0.21099255979061127, -0.297728031873703, -0.07189547270536423, -0.69709712266922, -0.19879305362701416, -0.09606263786554337, 0.6391815543174744, -0.017245203256607056, 0.024544740095734596, 0.20002591609954834, 0.11661522835493088, 0.6360859870910645, -0.7196329236030579, -0.04243065044283867, 0.2371543049812317, -0.5574040412902832, -0.3007097840309143, -0.37603986263275146, -0.16143150627613068, 0.22777807712554932, 0.30111613869667053, 0.3694300651550293, 0.06615429371595383, -0.6197069883346558, -0.22948740422725677, 0.3901686668395996, -0.6886325478553772, -0.19403904676437378, 0.13174879550933838, 0.8550863265991211, -0.15155868232250214, 0.011077129282057285, -0.10694453865289688, 0.4183014929294586, 0.06374958157539368, -0.09453535079956055, 0.48881566524505615, -0.3062598407268524, 0.49169525504112244, 0.6070875525474548, 0.5284777879714966, -0.09217937290668488, -0.26459765434265137, -0.07360588759183884, -0.5829353332519531, -0.5451912879943848, -0.10306521505117416, 0.017348090186715126, -0.8011276721954346, -0.5761721730232239, -0.3565171957015991, 0.2645261585712433, 0.01046181470155716, -0.42393383383750916, 0.27131569385528564, -0.570354163646698, -0.07545270025730133, -0.9028743505477905, -0.5354796648025513, -0.10369513928890228, -0.24280215799808502, 0.3004183769226074, -0.39355233311653137, 0.5361035466194153, 0.37541890144348145, 0.07330882549285889, -0.021403197199106216, 0.4578898251056671, 0.6789638996124268, -0.5122503638267517, -0.49027085304260254, 0.15727725625038147, -0.3415255546569824, -0.12676052749156952, 0.32070407271385193, 0.20987018942832947, -0.39899203181266785, -0.2891633212566376, -5.524536609649658, 0.027341771870851517, -0.23287415504455566, -0.018827689811587334, -0.00990052055567503, 0.1393866240978241, 0.481329083442688, -0.1711612045764923, 0.7370731234550476, 0.5178936123847961, 0.2220737636089325, 0.32195207476615906, -0.4906705617904663, 0.08006051182746887, -0.03934937343001366, 0.2825170159339905, 0.34072577953338623, -0.2422950714826584, 0.10074850916862488, -0.22054801881313324, -0.21051663160324097, 0.20732983946800232, 0.3750428557395935, 0.358936071395874, 0.3984942138195038, -0.2871105372905731, -0.710997998714447, -0.18270443379878998, 0.0710240826010704, -0.06768579035997391, 0.15594357252120972, -0.5905688405036926, -0.18406400084495544, -0.13630710542201996, -0.45123058557510376, 0.18007878959178925, 0.5868239998817444, 0.3002701699733734, 0.3134753108024597, -0.41478627920150757, 0.12698546051979065, 0.7850440740585327, 0.13451987504959106, -0.5432896614074707, 0.5347790122032166, -0.6669192910194397, -0.6807876229286194, -0.17900188267230988, -0.15723037719726562, 0.583286702632904, -1.01580810546875, -0.05483532324433327, 0.2789710760116577, 0.05508052557706833, 0.2501625418663025, -0.3111865818500519, 0.3870323598384857, -0.16362018883228302, -0.8972893953323364, 0.24816769361495972, 0.5852193236351013, -0.9456030130386353, -0.3710159659385681, -0.8775416016578674, -0.5894320607185364, -0.31594792008399963, -0.5956021547317505, -0.2994635999202728, 0.26210474967956543, 0.2496059089899063, -0.4618236720561981, -0.13496822118759155, 0.32913291454315186, -0.9090515971183777, 1.1230427026748657, -0.6758437156677246, -0.4709528088569641, -0.10517073422670364, -0.09798428416252136, -0.41338050365448, -0.24180196225643158, -0.048686470836400986, -0.49267444014549255, 0.26015225052833557, -0.13963206112384796, 0.04171404615044594, 0.20639176666736603, -0.6376750469207764, 0.055489301681518555, 0.3502811789512634, 1.1466020345687866, -0.3439178168773651, 0.011997886933386326, 0.1547437310218811, 0.5436128377914429, 0.3915707468986511, 0.6643585562705994, 0.30585598945617676, 0.15702302753925323, -0.2913246154785156, 0.8053375482559204, -0.2724176049232483, -0.801755428314209, -0.41619545221328735, 0.6710808873176575, 0.10168969631195068, -0.6717078685760498, -0.10234762728214264, 0.891688346862793, 0.2663385570049286, -0.6083472967147827, 0.22403618693351746, -0.6324037313461304, -0.09157924354076385, -0.4245698153972626, 0.41348496079444885, -0.7577540278434753, 0.561683714389801, 0.30181369185447693, -0.2265656590461731, -0.13936558365821838, 0.37716642022132874, -0.1489643156528473, 0.43099889159202576, 0.16103622317314148, -0.6148563027381897, -0.10004007816314697, 0.5449288487434387, -0.361453652381897, -0.4710541367530823, 0.13455893099308014, 0.18449895083904266, -0.35641857981681824, 0.007821346633136272, -0.3215136229991913, -0.36583107709884644, -0.013065379112958908, -0.10791169106960297, 0.19708429276943207, -0.587490439414978, 0.023860767483711243, -0.2382459193468094, 0.047061987221241, -0.0195357333868742, 0.5838261246681213, 0.1380087435245514, -0.3844571113586426, -0.18418526649475098, -0.3110121786594391, -0.021651772782206535, -0.16937309503555298, -0.32481151819229126, 0.3184845745563507, 0.3804851472377777, -0.7344842553138733, -0.2642994523048401, 0.26369115710258484, 0.7683833241462708, -0.08851449191570282, -0.26733481884002686, 0.16375435888767242, -0.037320733070373535, -0.43257957696914673, 0.05038480460643768, 0.020640186965465546, -0.15677835047245026, -0.4772148132324219, 0.15103797614574432, -0.33224618434906006, 0.20483538508415222, -0.03345663473010063, -0.3791307210922241, 0.010715358890593052, -0.1429072469472885, -0.022531548514962196, 0.12444941699504852, 0.30451205372810364, 0.3812068998813629, 0.19616222381591797, 0.19125418365001678, 0.6525427103042603, -0.41532739996910095, -0.16989271342754364, 0.45320838689804077, 0.3680875301361084, -0.40217360854148865, 0.5567763447761536, 0.18405549228191376, -0.015306467190384865, -0.42403143644332886, -0.13854394853115082, 0.24701787531375885, 0.5279224514961243, -0.4379572868347168, -0.23713289201259613, -0.5886848568916321, 0.3640587627887726, 0.46431514620780945, -0.28490209579467773, -1.1051493883132935, -0.21212713420391083, 0.1782931536436081, -0.7845212817192078, 0.5848942399024963, -0.21373605728149414, -0.4316411316394806, -0.06832519918680191, -0.6590025424957275, -0.2148885279893875, -0.46880608797073364, -0.4616059362888336, -0.2895241975784302, 0.1174454614520073, -0.5296404361724854, -0.2695026397705078, 0.05644998326897621, -0.010184348560869694, -0.0796208530664444, -0.20095579326152802, 0.052941977977752686, -0.2941555678844452, -0.1417122185230255, -0.2017437070608139, 0.2902224659919739, -0.1256924867630005, 0.3476889133453369, 0.2075555920600891, -0.4788335859775543, 0.568493664264679, -0.4392865300178528, 0.5568014979362488, -0.24176405370235443, 0.14382846653461456, 0.3155584931373596, -0.12741902470588684, -0.6214220523834229, -0.4500029683113098, 0.37922805547714233, 0.25653600692749023, 0.27224233746528625, 0.4289519488811493, 0.7546966075897217, -0.271774023771286, -0.6717730760574341, 0.014226861298084259, -0.17334727942943573, -0.22820262610912323, -0.552629292011261, -0.9802979826927185, -0.07802166044712067, 0.36992979049682617, -0.30349645018577576, -0.3317340016365051, -0.5605324506759644, 0.7766162753105164, 0.03377152979373932, -0.381023108959198, -0.09356366842985153, -0.43483880162239075, 0.08955543488264084, 0.11837867647409439, -0.5576014518737793, -0.30954524874687195, 0.3765498697757721, 0.044298358261585236, -0.0785607248544693, -0.3044740557670593, -0.3119269907474518, 0.3319653570652008, -0.5084412693977356, -0.31169480085372925, -0.16284170746803284, 0.7563613057136536, 0.5145381093025208, 0.14404770731925964, -0.6575963497161865, 0.06677725911140442, 0.1409250944852829, 0.7339855432510376, -0.14939549565315247, -0.2252659946680069, -0.537282407283783, -0.0594184510409832, -0.35129350423812866, 0.42786797881126404, -0.432311475276947, 0.7354488968849182, -0.37738242745399475, -0.10969728231430054, -0.22034098207950592, -0.5026235580444336, 0.7712202072143555, 0.5552642941474915, 0.1073516309261322, -0.7126106023788452, 0.13037154078483582, -0.02200605534017086, 0.12867997586727142, -0.0014867722056806087, -0.18573404848575592, -0.2089863270521164, 0.699404239654541, 0.6641689538955688, -0.7661439180374146, 0.35990747809410095, 0.3594355881214142, 0.4052669107913971, -0.15608727931976318, -0.31785741448402405, 0.4341809153556824, -0.25433385372161865, 0.30821681022644043, 0.5288651585578918, 0.04712475463747978, -0.16587066650390625, 0.5097993016242981, 0.4664652347564697, -0.5984172821044922, 0.47528910636901855, -0.2443477362394333, -0.03291486203670502, -0.2670137882232666, 0.2509116232395172, 0.3346964418888092, 0.08869793266057968, 0.47637927532196045, -0.274335652589798, -0.45216965675354004, -0.3258397877216339, 0.22615738213062286, 0.6489737629890442, -0.12528981268405914, -0.22859925031661987, -0.6308542490005493, 0.12157948315143585, -0.07281088829040527, 0.23758003115653992, 0.03578025475144386, -0.5496581196784973, 0.8504844903945923, 0.9270728826522827, 1.0995965003967285, -0.335578590631485, -0.42443177103996277, -0.07450368255376816, 0.5362725853919983, 0.30429327487945557, 0.7717582583427429, -0.10010068863630295, 0.8120218515396118, 0.5615097880363464, 0.14872106909751892, 0.095280222594738, 0.022186530753970146, -0.5505861639976501, -0.4757862091064453, 0.2303503006696701, 0.07910794764757156, 0.01846679300069809, 0.4906754195690155, 0.38413044810295105, 0.7870602607727051, 0.6637070178985596, -0.15572941303253174, -0.3966386020183563, 0.437472403049469, 0.8158584833145142, -0.14077381789684296, 0.22639000415802002, -0.20835325121879578, 0.03647766262292862, 0.405585914850235, -0.49739870429039, 0.5542898178100586, -0.12187526375055313, -0.13580560684204102, 0.45333483815193176, 0.507619321346283, -0.49585020542144775, 0.18621255457401276, 0.005472518503665924, -0.13275131583213806, 0.0719279795885086, -0.622461199760437, 0.1994950771331787, -0.12130329012870789, -0.09627047926187515, 0.6291802525520325, -0.2211865335702896, 0.1061299592256546, -0.16038411855697632, -0.3396584987640381, 0.4297436475753784, 0.26754066348075867, -0.3691549003124237, 0.22001942992210388, -0.2584022581577301, 1.2454032897949219, 0.6637529134750366, -0.0006402478320524096, 0.013505849055945873, 0.1615360975265503, 0.19865486025810242, 0.25957340002059937, -0.49342837929725647, 0.671064019203186, -0.7086841464042664, -0.08071531355381012, -0.49845075607299805, -0.0819716677069664, 0.5463278889656067, 0.22565317153930664, 0.08362410217523575, -0.48984089493751526, -0.026260260492563248, 0.7498289942741394, 0.4057828187942505, -0.10144739598035812, 0.3628191649913788, -0.025048458948731422, -0.6191489100456238, 0.08642766624689102, 0.6321558356285095, -0.1562703251838684, -0.1766737401485443, 0.22287330031394958, 0.7216109037399292, 0.4298967719078064, -0.15682661533355713, 0.2052154541015625, 0.08802889287471771, -0.0387597419321537, -0.35463395714759827, 0.46752092242240906, -0.1775873452425003, 0.3160291612148285, -0.1450532078742981, 0.555265486240387, 0.8449937701225281, -0.4352555572986603, -0.3684625029563904, 0.18630002439022064, -0.12009420990943909, 0.230764701962471, -0.42030128836631775, 0.28354310989379883, -0.34749382734298706, -0.5335136651992798, -0.5276620984077454, 0.04711751267313957, 0.20348483324050903, -0.08980187773704529, -0.28107407689094543, -0.07266823947429657, -0.1549457162618637, 0.38414695858955383, 0.8216060400009155, -0.8067295551300049, -0.5464934706687927, 0.22098281979560852 ]
230829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah	Haskalah	The Haskalah, often termed Jewish Enlightenment (; literally, "wisdom", "erudition" or "education"), was an intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with certain influence on those in Western Europe and the Muslim world. It arose as a defined ideological worldview during the 1770s, and its last stage ended around 1881, with the rise of Jewish nationalism. The Haskalah pursued two complementary aims. It sought to preserve the Jews as a separate, unique collective, and it pursued a set of projects of cultural and moral renewal, perhaps most notably a revival of Hebrew for use in secular life, which resulted in an increase in Hebrew found in print. Concurrently, it strove for an optimal integration in surrounding societies. Practitioners promoted the study of exogenous culture, style, and vernacular, and the adoption of modern values. At the same time, economic productivization was pursued. The Haskalah promoted rationalism, liberalism, freedom of thought, and enquiry, and is largely perceived as the Jewish variant of the general Age of Enlightenment. The movement encompassed a wide spectrum ranging from moderates, who hoped for maximal compromise, to radicals, who sought sweeping changes. In its various changes, the Haskalah fulfilled an important, though limited, part in the modernization of Central and Eastern European Jews. Its activists, the Maskilim, exhorted and implemented communal, educational and cultural reforms in both the public and the private spheres. Owing to its dualistic policies, it collided both with the traditionalist rabbinic elite, which attempted to preserve old Jewish values and norms in their entirety, and with the radical assimilationists who wished to eliminate or minimize the existence of the Jews as a defined collective. Definitions Literary circle The Haskalah was a multifaceted phenomenon, with many loci which rose and dwindled at different times and across vast territories. The very name Haskalah became a standard self-appellation only in 1860, when it was taken as the motto of the Odessa-based newspaper Ha-Melitz, but derivatives and the title Maskil for activists were already common in the first edition of Ha-Meassef from 1 October 1783: its publishers described themselves as Maskilim. While Maskilic centres sometimes had loose institutions around which their members operated, the movement as a whole lacked any such. In spite of that diversity, the Maskilim shared a sense of common identity and self-consciousness. They were anchored in the existence of a shared literary canon, which began to be formulated in the very first Maskilic locus at Berlin. Its members, like Moses Mendelssohn, Naphtali Hirz Wessely, Isaac Satanow and Isaac Euchel, authored tracts in various genres that were further disseminated and re-read among other Maskilim. Each generation, in turn, elaborated and added its own works to the growing body. The emergence of the Maskilic canon reflected the movement's central and defining enterprise, the revival of Hebrew as a literary language for secular purposes (its restoration as a spoken tongue occurred only much later). The Maskilim researched and standardized grammar, minted countless neologisms and composed poetry, magazines, theatrical works and literature of all sorts in Hebrew. Historians described the movement largely as a Republic of Letters, an intellectual community based on printing houses and reading societies. The Maskilim's attitude toward Hebrew, as noted by Moses Pelli, was derived from Enlightenment perceptions of language as reflecting both individual and collective character. To them, a corrupt tongue mirrored the inadequate condition of the Jews which they sought to ameliorate. They turned to Hebrew as their primary creative medium. The Maskilim inherited the Medieval Grammarians' – such as Jonah ibn Janah and Judah ben David Hayyuj – distaste of Mishnaic Hebrew and preference of the Biblical one as pristine and correct. They turned to the Bible as a source and standard, emphatically advocating what they termed "Pure Hebrew Tongue" (S'fat E'ver tzacha) and lambasting the Rabbinic style of letters, which mixed it with Aramaic as a single "Holy Tongue" and often employed loanwords from other languages. Some activists, however, were not averse to using Mishnaic and Rabbinic forms. They also preferred the Sephardi pronunciation, considered more prestigious, to the Ashkenazi one, which was linked with the Jews of Poland, who were deemed backward. The movement's literary canon is defined by a grandiloquent, archaic register copying the Biblical one and often combining lengthy allusions or direct quotes from verses in the prose. During a century of activity, the Maskilim produced a massive contribution, forming the first phase of modern Hebrew literature. In 1755, Moses Mendelssohn began publishing Qohelet Musar "The Moralist", regarded as the beginning of modern writing in Hebrew and the very first journal in the language. Between 1789 and his death, Naphtali Hirz Wessely compiled Shirei Tif'eret "Poems of Glory", an eighteen-part epic cycle concerning Moses that exerted influence on all neo-Hebraic poets in the following generations. was the Haskalah's pioneering playwright, best known for his 1794 epic drama Melukhat Sha'ul "Reign of Saul", which was printed in twelve editions by 1888. Judah Leib Ben-Ze'ev was the first modern Hebrew grammarian, and beginning with his 1796 manual of the language, he authored books which explored it and were vital reading material for young Maskilim until the end of the 19th century. Solomon Löwisohn was the first to translate Shakespeare into Hebrew, and an abridged form of the "Are at this hour asleep!" monologue in Henry IV, Part 2 was included in his 1816 lyrical compilation Melitzat Yeshurun (Eloquence of Jeshurun). Joseph Perl pioneered satirist writings in his biting, mocking critique of Hasidic Judaism, Megaleh Tmirin "Revealer of Secrets" from 1819. Avraham Dov Ber Lebensohn was primarily a leading metricist, with his 1842 Shirei S'fat haQodesh "Verses in the Holy Tongue" considered a milestone in Hebrew poetry, and also authored biblical exegesis and educational handbooks. Abraham Mapu authored the first Hebrew full-length novel, Ahavat Zion "Love of Zion", which was published in 1853 after twenty-three years of work. Judah Leib Gordon was the most eminent poet of his generation and arguably of the Haskalah in its entirety. His most famous work was the 1876 epic Qotzo shel Yodh (Tittle of a Jot). Mendele Mocher Sforim was during his youth a Maskilic writer but from his 1886 B-Sether Ra'am (Hidden in Thunder), he abandoned its strict conventions in favour of a mixed, facile and common style. His career marked the end of the Maskilic period in Hebrew literature and the beginning of the Era of Renaissance. The writers of the latter period lambasted their Maskilic predecessors for their didactic and florid style, more or less paralleling the Romantics' criticism of Enlightenment literature. The central platforms of the Maskilic "Republic of Letters" were its great periodicals, each serving as a locus for contributors and readers during the time it was published. The first was the Königsberg (and later Berlin)-based Ha-Meassef, launched by Isaac Abraham Euchel in 1783 and printed with growing intervals until 1797. The magazine had several dozen writers and 272 subscribers at its zenith, from Shklow in the east to London in the west, making it the sounding board of the Berlin Haskalah. The movement lacked an equivalent until the appearance of Bikurei ha-I'tim in Vienna between 1820 until 1831, serving the Moravian and Galician Haskalah. That function was later fulfilled by the Prague-based Kerem Hemed from 1834 to 1857, and to a lesser degree by Kokhvei Yizhak, published in the same city from 1845 to 1870. The Russian Haskalah was robust enough to lack any single platform. Its members published several large magazines, including the Vilnius-based Ha-Karmel (1860–1880), Ha-Tsefirah in Warsaw and more, though the probably most influential of them all was Ha-Melitz, launched in 1860 at Odessa by Aleksander Zederbaum. Reforming movement While the partisans of the Haskalah were much immersed in the study of sciences and Hebrew grammar, this was not a profoundly new phenomenon, and their creativity was a continuation of a long, centuries-old trend among educated Jews. What truly marked the movement was the challenge it laid to the monopoly of the rabbinic elite over the intellectual sphere of Jewish life, contesting its role as spiritual leadership. In his 1782 circular Divrei Shalom v'Emeth (Words of Peace and Truth), Hartwig Wessely, one of the most traditional and moderate maskilim, quoted the passage from Leviticus Rabbah stating that a Torah scholar who lacked wisdom was inferior to an animal's carcass. He called upon the Jews to introduce general subjects, like science and vernacular language, into their children's curriculum; this "Teaching of Man" was necessarily linked with the "Teaching (Torah) of God", and the latter, though superior, could not be pursued and was useless without the former. Historian Shmuel Feiner discerned that Wessely insinuated (consciously or not) a direct challenge to the supremacy of sacred teachings, comparing them with general subjects and implying the latter had an intrinsic rather than merely instrumental value. He therefore also contested the authority of the rabbinical establishment, which stemmed from its function as interpreters of the holy teachings and their status as the only truly worthy field of study. Though secular subjects could be and were easily tolerated, their elevation to the same level as sacred ones was a severe threat, and indeed mobilized the rabbis against the nascent Haskalah. The potential of "Words of Peace and Truth" was fully realized later, by the second generation of the movement in Berlin and other radical maskilim, who openly and vehemently denounced the traditional authorities. The appropriate intellectual and moral leadership needed by the Jewish public in modern times was, according to the maskilim, that of their own. Feiner noted that in their usurpation of the title of spiritual elite, unprecedented in Jewish history since the dawn of Rabbinic Judaism (various contestants before the Enlightened were branded as schismatics and cast out), they very much emulated the manner in which secular intellectuals dethroned and replaced the Church from the same status among Christians. Thus the maskilim generated an upheaval which – though by no means alone – broke the sway held by the rabbis and the traditional values over Jewish society. Combined with many other factors, they laid the path to all modern Jewish movements and philosophies, either those critical, hostile or supportive to themselves. The Maskilim sought to replace the framework of values held by the Ashkenazim of Central and Eastern Europe with their own philosophy, which embraced the liberal, rationalistic notions of the 18th and 19th centuries and cast them in their own particular mold. This intellectual upheaval was accompanied by the desire to practically change Jewish society. Even the moderate maskilim viewed the contemporary state of Jews as deplorable and in dire need of rejuvenation, whether in matters of morals, cultural creativity or economic productivity. They argued that such conditions were rightfully scorned by others and untenable from both practical and idealistic perspectives. It was to be remedied by the shedding of the base and corrupt elements of Jewish existence and retention of only the true, positive ones; indeed, the question what those were, exactly, loomed as the greatest challenge of Jewish modernity. The more extreme and ideologically-bent came close to the universalist aspirations of the radical Enlightenment, of a world freed of superstition and backwardness in which all humans will come together under the liberating influence of reason and progress. The reconstituted Jews, these radical maskilim believed, would be able to take their place as equals in an enlightened world. But all, including the moderate and disillusioned, stated that adjustment to the changing world was both unavoidable and positive in itself. Haskalah ideals were converted into practical steps via numerous reform programs initiated locally and independently by its activists, acting in small groups or even alone at every time and area. Members of the movement sought to acquaint their people with European culture, have them adopt the vernacular language of their lands, and integrate them into larger society. They opposed Jewish reclusiveness and self-segregation, called upon Jews to discard traditional dress in favour of the prevalent one, and preached patriotism and loyalty to the new centralized governments. They acted to weaken and limit the jurisdiction of traditional community institutions – the rabbinic courts, empowered to rule on numerous civic matters, and the board of elders, which served as lay leadership. The maskilim perceived those as remnants of medieval discrimination. They criticized various traits of Jewish society, such as child marriage – traumatized memories from unions entered at the age of thirteen or fourteen are a common theme in Haskalah literature – the use of anathema to enforce community will and the concentration on virtually only religious studies. Perhaps the most important facet of Maskilic reform efforts was the educational one. In 1778, partisans of the movement were among the founders of the Berlin Jewish Free School, or Hevrat Hinuch Ne'arim (Society for the Education of Boys), the first institution in Ashkenazi Jewry that taught general studies in addition to the reformulated and reduced traditional curriculum. This model, with different stresses, was applied elsewhere. Joseph Perl opened the first modern Jewish school in Galicia at Tarnopol in 1813, and Eastern European maskilim opened similar institutes in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland. They all abandoned the received methods of Ashkenazi education: study of the Pentateuch with the archaic I'vri-Taitsch (medieval Yiddish) translation and an exclusive focus on the Talmud as a subject of higher learning, all presided over by old-school tutors, melamdim, who were particularly reviled in Maskilic circles. Those were replaced by teachers trained in modern methods, among others in the spirit of German Philanthropinism, who sought to acquaint their pupils with refined Hebrew so they may understand the Pentateuch and prayers and thus better identify with their heritage; ignorance of Hebrew was often lamented by Maskilim as breeding apathy towards Judaism. Far less Talmud, considered cumbersome and ill-suited for children, was taught; elements considered superstitious, like midrashim, were also removed. Matters of faith were taught in rationalistic spirit, and in radical circles also in a sanitized manner. On the other hand, the curriculum was augmented by general studies like math, vernacular language, and so forth. In the linguistic field, the maskilim wished to replace the dualism which characterized the traditional Ashkenazi community, which spoke Judaeo-German and its formal literary language was Hebrew, with another: a refined Hebrew for internal usage and the local vernacular for external ones. They almost universally abhorred Judaeo-German, regarding it as a corrupt dialect and another symptom of Jewish destitution – the movement pioneered the negative attitude to Yiddish which persisted many years later among the educated – though often its activists had to resort to it for lack of better medium to address the masses. Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn, for example, authored the first modern Judaeo-German play, Leichtsinn und Frömmelei (Rashness and Sanctimony) in 1796. On the economic front, the maskilim preached productivization and abandonment of traditional Jewish occupations in favour of agriculture, trades and liberal professions. In matters of faith (which were being cordoned off into a distinct sphere of "religion" by modernization pressures) the movement's partisans, from moderates to radicals, lacked any uniform coherent agenda. The main standard through which they judged Judaism was that of rationalism. Their most important contribution was the revival of Jewish philosophy, rather dormant since the Italian Renaissance, as an alternative to mysticist Kabbalah which served as almost the sole system of thought among Ashkenazim and an explanatory system for observance. Rather than complex allegorical exegesis, the Haskalah sought a literal understanding of scripture and sacred literature. The rejection of Kabbalah, often accompanied with attempts to refute the ancientness of the Zohar, were extremely controversial in traditional society; apart from that, the maskilim had little in common. On the right-wing were conservative members of the rabbinic elite who merely wanted a rationalist approach, and on the extreme left some ventured far beyond the pale of orthodoxy towards Deism. Another aspect was the movement's attitude to gender relations. Many of the maskilim were raised in the rabbinic elite, in which (unlike among the poor Jewish masses or the rich communal wardens) the males were immersed in traditional studies and their wives supported them financially, mostly by running business. Many of the Jewish enlightened were traumatized by their own experiences, either of assertive mothers or early marriage, often conducted at the age of thirteen. Bitter memories from those are a common theme in maskilic autobiographies. Having imbibed the image of European bourgeoisie family values, many of them sought to challenge the semi-matriarchal order of rabbinic families – which combined a lack of Jewish education for women with granting them the status of providers – early marriage, and rigid modesty. Instead, they insisted that men become economically productive while confining their wives to the home environment but also granting them proper religious education, a reversal of what was customary among Jews, copying Christian attitudes at the time. Transitory phenomena The Haskalah was also mainly a movement of transformation, straddling both the declining traditional Jewish society of autonomous community and cultural seclusion and the beginnings of a modern Jewish public. As noted by Feiner, everything connected with the Haskalah was dualistic in nature. The Jewish Enlighteners pursued two parallel agendas: they exhorted the Jews to acculturate and harmonize with the modern state, and demanded that the Jews remain a distinct group with its own culture and identity. Theirs was a middle position between Jewish community and surrounding society, received mores and modernity. Sliding away from this precarious equilibrium, in any direction, signified also one's break with the Jewish Enlightenment. Virtually all maskilim received old-style, secluded education, and were young Torah scholars before they were first exposed to outside knowledge (from a gender perspective, the movement was almost totally male-dominated; women did not receive sufficient tutoring to master Hebrew). For generations, Mendelssohn's Bible translation to German was employed by such young initiates to bridge the linguistic gap and learn a foreign language, having been raised on Hebrew and Yiddish only. The experience of abandoning one's sheltered community and struggle with tradition was a ubiquitous trait of maskilic biographies. The children of these activists almost never followed their parents; they rather went forward in the path of acculturation and assimilation. While their fathers learned the vernaculars late and still consumed much Hebrew literature, the little available material in the language did not attract their offspring, who often lacked a grasp of Hebrew due to not sharing their parents' traditional education. Haskalah was, by and large, a unigenerational experience. In the linguistic field, this transitory nature was well attested. The traditional Jewish community in Europe inhabited two separate spheres of communication: one internal, where Hebrew served as written high language and Yiddish as vernacular for the masses, and one external, where Latin and the like were used for apologetic and intercessory purposes toward the Christian world. A tiny minority of writers was concerned with the latter. The Haskalah sought to introduce a different bilingualism: renovated, refined Hebrew for internal matters, while Yiddish was to be eliminated; and national vernaculars, to be taught to all Jews, for external ones. However, they insisted on the maintenance of both spheres. When acculturation far exceeded the movement's plans, Central European Jews turned almost solely to the vernacular. David Sorkin demonstrated this with the two great journals of German Jewry: the maskilic Ha-Me'assef was written in Hebrew and supported the study of German; the post-maskilic Sulamith (published since 1806) was written almost entirely in German, befitting its editors' agenda of linguistic assimilation. Likewise, upon the demise of Jewish Enlightenment in Eastern Europe, authors abandoned the maskilic paradigm not toward assimilation but in favour of exclusive use of Hebrew and Yiddish. The political vision of the Haskalah was predicated on a similar approach. It opposed the reclusive community of the past but sought a maintenance of a strong Jewish framework (with themselves as leaders and intercessors with the state authorities); the Enlightened were not even fully agreeable to civic emancipation, and many of them viewed it with reserve, sometimes anxiety. In their writings, they drew a sharp line between themselves and whom they termed "pseudo-maskilim" – those who embraced the Enlightenment values and secular knowledge but did not seek to balance these with their Jewishness, but rather strove for full assimilation. Such elements, whether the radical universalists who broke off the late Berlin Haskalah or the Russified intelligentsia in Eastern Europe a century later, were castigated and derided no less than the old rabbinic authorities which the movement confronted. It was not uncommon for its partisans to become a conservative element, combating against further dilution of tradition: in Vilnius, Samuel Joseph Fuenn turned from a progressive into an adversary of more radical elements within a generation. In the Maghreb, the few local maskilim were more concerned with the rapid assimilation of local Jews into the colonial French culture than with the ills of traditional society. Likewise, those who abandoned the optimistic, liberal vision of the Jews (albeit as a cohesive community) integrating into wider society in favour of full-blown Jewish nationalism or radical, revolutionary ideologies which strove to uproot the established order like Socialism, also broke with the Haskalah. The Jewish national movements of Eastern Europe, founded by disillusioned maskilim, derisively regarded it – in a manner similar to other romantic-nationalist movements' understanding of the general Enlightenment – as a naive, liberal and assimilationist ideology which induced foreign cultural influences, gnawed at the Jewish national consciousness and promised false hopes of equality in exchange for spiritual enslavement. This hostile view was promulgated by nationalist thinkers and historians, from Peretz Smolenskin, Ahad Ha'am, Simon Dubnow and onwards. It was once common in Israeli historiography. A major factor which always characterized the movement was its weakness and its dependence of much more powerful elements. Its partisans were mostly impoverished intellectuals, who eked out a living as private tutors and the like; few had a stable financial base, and they required patrons, whether affluent Jews or the state's institutions. This triplice – the authorities, the Jewish communal elite and the maskilim – was united only in the ambition of thoroughly reforming Jewish society. The government had no interest in the visions of renaissance which the Enlightened so fervently cherished. It demanded the Jews to turn into productive, loyal subjects with rudimentary secular education, and no more. The rich Jews were sometimes open to the movement's agenda, but mostly practical, hoping for a betterment of their people that would result in emancipation and equal rights. Indeed, the great cultural transformation which occurred among the Parnassim (affluent communal wardens) class – they were always more open to outside society, and had to tutor their children in secular subjects, thus inviting general Enlightenment influences – was a precondition of Haskalah. The state and the elite required the maskilim as interlocutors and specialists in their efforts for reform, especially as educators, and the latter used this as leverage to benefit their ideology. However, the activists were much more dependent on the former than vice versa; frustration from one's inability to further the maskilic agenda and being surrounded by apathetic Jews, either conservative "fanatics" or parvenu "assimilationists", is a common theme in the movement's literature. The term Haskalah became synonymous, among friends and foes alike and in much of early Jewish historiography, with the sweeping changes that engulfed Jewish society (mostly in Europe) from the late 18th Century to the late 19th Century. It was depicted by its partisans, adversaries and historians like Heinrich Graetz as a major factor in those; Feiner noted that "every modern Jew was identified as a maskil and every change in traditional religious patterns was dubbed Haskalah". Later research greatly narrowed the scope of the phenomenon and limited its importance: while Haskalah undoubtedly played a part, the contemporary historical consensus portrays it as much humbler. Other transformation agents, from state-imposed schools to new economic opportunities, were demonstrated to have rivaled or overshadowed the movement completely in propelling such processes as acculturation, secularization, religious reform from moderate to extreme, adoption of native patriotism and so forth. In many regions the Haskalah had no effect at all. Origins As long as the Jews lived in segregated communities, and as long as all social interaction with their gentile neighbors was limited, the rabbi was the most influential member of the Jewish community. In addition to being a religious scholar and "clergy", a rabbi also acted as a civil judge in all cases in which both parties were Jews. Rabbis sometimes had other important administrative powers, together with the community elders. The rabbinate was the highest aim of many Jewish boys, and the study of the Talmud was the means of obtaining that coveted position, or one of many other important communal distinctions. Haskalah followers advocated "coming out of the ghetto", not just physically but also mentally and spiritually, in order to assimilate among gentile nations. The example of Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86), a Prussian Jew, served to lead this movement, which was also shaped by Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn (1754–1835) and Joseph Perl (1773–1839). Mendelssohn's extraordinary success as a popular philosopher and man of letters revealed hitherto unsuspected possibilities of integration and acceptance of Jews among non-Jews. Mendelssohn also provided methods for Jews to enter the general society of Germany. A good knowledge of the German language was necessary to secure entrance into cultured German circles, and an excellent means of acquiring it was provided by Mendelssohn in his German translation of the Torah. This work became a bridge over which ambitious young Jews could pass to the great world of secular knowledge. The Biur, or grammatical commentary, prepared under Mendelssohn's supervision, was designed to counteract the influence of traditional rabbinical methods of exegesis. Together with the translation, it became, as it were, the primer of Haskalah. Language played a key role in the haskalah movement, as Mendelssohn and others called for a revival of Hebrew and a reduction in the use of Yiddish. The result was an outpouring of new, secular literature, as well as critical studies of religious texts. Julius Fürst along with other German-Jewish scholars compiled Hebrew and Aramaic dictionaries and grammars. Jews also began to study and communicate in the languages of the countries in which they settled, providing another gateway for integration. Berlin is the city of origin for the movement. The capital city of Prussia and, later, the German Empire, Berlin became known as a secular, multi-cultural and multi-ethnic center, a fertile environment for conversations and radical movements. This move by the Maskilim away from religious study, into much more critical and worldly studies was made possible by this German city of modern and progressive thought. It was a city in which the rising middle class Jews and intellectual elites not only lived among, but were exposed to previous age of enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau. The movement is often referred to the Berlin Haskalah. Reference to Berlin in relation to the Haskalah movement is necessary because it provides context for this episode of Jewish history. Subsequently, having left Germany and spreading across Eastern Europe, the Berlin Haskalah influenced multiple Jewish communities who were hungry for non-religious scholarly texts and insight to worlds beyond their Jewish enclaves. Spread Haskalah did not stay restricted to Germany, however, and the movement quickly spread throughout Europe. Poland–Lithuania was the heartland of Rabbinic Judaism, with its two streams of Misnagdic Talmudism centred in Lithuania and other regions, and Hasidic mysticism popular in Ukraine, Poland, Hungary and Russia. In the 19th century Haskalah sought dissemination and transformation of traditional education and inward pious life in Eastern Europe. It adapted its message to these different environments, working with the Russian government of the Pale of Settlement to influence secular educational methods, while its writers satirised Hasidic mysticism, in favour of solely Rationalist interpretation of Judaism. Isaac Baer Levinsohn (1788–1860) became known as the "Russian Mendelssohn". Joseph Perl's (1773–1839) satire of the Hasidic movement, "Revealer of Secrets" (Megalleh Temirim), is said to be the first modern novel in Hebrew. It was published in Vienna in 1819 under the pseudonym "Obadiah ben Pethahiah". The Haskalah's message of integration into non-Jewish society was subsequently counteracted by alternative secular Jewish political movements advocating Folkish, Socialist or Nationalist secular Jewish identities in Eastern Europe. While Haskalah advocated Hebrew and sought to remove Yiddish, these subsequent developments advocated Yiddish Renaissance among Maskilim. Writers of Yiddish literature variously satirised or sentimentalised Hasidic mysticism. Effects The haskalah also resulted in the creation of a secular Jewish culture, with an emphasis on Jewish history and Jewish identity, rather than on religion. This, in turn, resulted in the political engagement of Jews in a variety of competing ways within the countries where they lived on issues that included the struggle for Jewish emancipation involvement in new Jewish political movements, and later (in the face of continued persecutions in late nineteenth-century Europe), the development of Zionism. One commentator describes these effects thusly "The emancipation of the Jews brought forth two opposed movements: the cultural assimilation, begun by Moses Mendelssohn, and Zionism, founded by Theodor Herzl in 1896." One facet of the Haskalah was a widespread cultural adaptation, as those Jews who participated in the enlightenment began, in varying degrees, to participate in the cultural practices of the surrounding gentile population. Connected with this was the birth of the Reform movement, whose founders (such as Israel Jacobson and Leopold Zunz) rejected the continuing observance of those aspects of Jewish law which they classified as ritual—as opposed to moral or ethical. Even within orthodoxy, the Haskalah was felt through the appearance, in response, of the Mussar Movement in Lithuania, and Torah im Derech Eretz in Germany. "Enlightened" Jews sided with gentile governments, in plans to increase secular education and assimilation among the Jewish masses, which brought them into acute conflict with the orthodox, who believed this threatened the traditional Jewish lifestyle - which had up until that point been maintained through segregation from their gentile neighbors - and Jewish identity itself. The spread of Haskalah affected Judaism, as a religion, because of the degree to which different sects desired to be integrated, and in turn, integrate their religious traditions. The effects of the Enlightenment were already present in Jewish religious music, and in opinion on the tension between traditionalist and modernist tendencies. Groups of Reform Jews, including the Society of the Friends of Reform and the Association for the Reform of Judaism were formed, because such groups wanted, and actively advocated for, a change in Jewish tradition, in particular, regarding rituals like circumcision. Another non-Orthodox group was the Conservative Jews, who emphasized the importance of traditions but viewed with a historical perspective. The Orthodox Jews were actively against these reformers because they viewed changing Jewish tradition as an insult to God and believed that fulfillment in life could be found in serving God and keeping his commandments. The effect of Haskalah was that it gave a voice to plurality of views, while the orthodoxy preserved the tradition, even to the point of insisting on dividing between sects. Another important facet of the Haskalah was its interests to non-Jewish religions. Moses Mendelssohn criticized some aspects of Christianity, but depicted Jesus as a Torah-observant rabbi, who was loyal to traditional Judaism. Mendelssohn explicitly linked positive Jewish views of Jesus with the issues of Emancipation and Jewish-Christian reconciliation. Similar revisionist views were expressed by Rabbi Isaac Ber Levinsohn and other traditional representatives of the Haskalah movement. List of Maskilim David Friesenhausen (1756–1828), Hungarian maskil, mathematician, and rabbi Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn (~1790–1878) was a Lithuanian Jewish Hebraist, poet, and grammarian. Abraham Jacob Paperna (1840–1919) was a Russian Jewish educator and author. Aleksander Zederbaum (1816–1893) was a Polish-Russian Jewish journalist. He was founder and editor of Ha-Meliẓ, and other periodicals published in Russian and Yiddish; he wrote in Hebrew. Avrom Ber Gotlober (1811–1899) was a Jewish writer, poet, playwright, historian, journalist and educator. He mostly wrote in Hebrew, but also wrote poetry and dramas in Yiddish. His first collection was published in 1835. Eliezer Dob Liebermann (1820–1895) was a Russian Hebrew-language writer. Ephraim Deinard (1846–1930) was one of the greatest Hebrew 'bookmen' of all time. He was a bookseller, bibliographer, publicist, polemicist, historian, memoirist, author, editor and publisher. Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob (1801–1863) was a Russian bibliographer, author, and publisher. His parents moved to Vilnius when he was still a child, and there he received instruction in Hebrew grammar and rabbinical lore. Isaac Bär Levinsohn (noted in the Haskalah article) See also History of Jerusalem History of Judaism Tenth of Tevet Notes References Resources > Modern Period > Central and Western Europe (17th\18th Cent.) > Enlightenment (Haskala) The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rashi by Maurice Liber Discusses Rashi's influence on Moses Mendelssohn and the Haskalah. Jewish Virtual Library on Haskalah Rasplus, Valéry "Les judaïsmes à l'épreuve des Lumières. Les stratégies critiques de la Haskalah", in: ContreTemps, n° 17, septembre 2006 Digital version available at European History Online: (translated from Oświecenie żydowskie w Królestwie Polskim wobec chasydyzmu) Brinker, Menahem (2008), The Unique Case of Jewish Secularism (audio archive giving history of ideas of the Haskalah movement and its later secular offshoot movements), London Jewish Book Week. External links Haskalah at The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe Map of the spread of Haskalah Haskalah collection, John Rylands Library, University of Manchester Hebrew words and phrases Jewish movements	[ -0.034626733511686325, 0.588481605052948, -0.5789366960525513, -0.6913514137268066, -0.37412258982658386, 0.2702062129974365, 0.6556152105331421, 0.19932745397090912, 0.22667747735977173, -0.6124796867370605, -0.6063141226768494, 0.20698915421962738, 0.23313340544700623, 0.5869901180267334, -0.36942151188850403, 0.05750462785363197, 0.7315157651901245, 0.28450527787208557, -0.15600857138633728, 0.1175634041428566, -0.4921495020389557, 0.19808471202850342, 0.16610479354858398, 0.27197739481925964, 0.3047245740890503, -0.2587798833847046, 0.5520257949829102, -0.47291672229766846, -0.2055007815361023, -0.24256214499473572, -0.010745562613010406, 0.08176110684871674, -0.1533433347940445, -0.1882697343826294, -0.009963744319975376, 0.18944008648395538, -0.015981055796146393, 0.036341048777103424, -0.18377237021923065, -0.44415661692619324, -0.13439291715621948, -0.06951897591352463, 0.8616896867752075, 0.27063798904418945, -0.1655990034341812, -0.11604513227939606, -1.195634126663208, 0.8233240246772766, -0.8774059414863586, -0.21685443818569183, -0.27769461274147034, -0.07744637131690979, 0.4258125424385071, 0.32594072818756104, -0.3802200257778168, 0.8948721885681152, -1.0058382749557495, 0.29182058572769165, 0.6867120862007141, 0.10782217979431152, 0.531274676322937, 0.20380635559558868, 0.713412344455719, -0.04178536310791969, 0.193133145570755, -0.38687217235565186, -0.7649069428443909, 0.2601599097251892, -0.39151203632354736, -0.23610536754131317, -0.05565926060080528, -0.3143686056137085, -0.9989199042320251, 0.13476721942424774, -0.20408211648464203, -0.3124919533729553, 0.3092937767505646, -0.05156809836626053, 0.22212424874305725, -0.4075990617275238, -0.666152834892273, 0.19134236872196198, 0.5254198908805847, 0.3386368751525879, 0.13065198063850403, -0.09299790114164352, 0.054566919803619385, -0.022180238738656044, -0.2159961313009262, -0.23670783638954163, -0.13737177848815918, -0.09362132847309113, 0.32126981019973755, -0.15938784182071686, -0.18015915155410767, 0.20420238375663757, 0.7076866626739502, 0.28685498237609863, -0.6132197976112366, -0.03313811495900154, 0.0481492355465889, 0.587069034576416, 0.5046833753585815, -0.20111462473869324, -0.33456939458847046, 0.11606265604496002, 0.23417812585830688, -0.616992712020874, 0.3668808043003082, 0.11275175958871841, -0.18453556299209595, 0.45292115211486816, -0.3393860161304474, 0.3949582576751709, -0.23991520702838898, 0.09181877225637436, -0.12764477729797363, -0.7137870788574219, -0.769601047039032, -0.033190131187438965, -0.34124258160591125, 0.40786364674568176, 0.42961713671684265, 0.0931558683514595, -0.0540088526904583, -0.0051134186796844006, 0.39134201407432556, 0.9293039441108704, -0.5282317996025085, -0.0887194573879242, 0.776346743106842, 0.3086915910243988, 0.21260175108909607, -0.7266217470169067, -0.6663270592689514, 0.27267321944236755, 0.633040189743042, -0.048072315752506256, 0.46648240089416504, 0.3700926601886749, -0.641798198223114, -0.5569764375686646, -0.25281718373298645, -0.37233737111091614, 0.25870147347450256, -0.43816807866096497, 0.3332173824310303, -0.01785079948604107, -0.4676571488380432, -0.4066586196422577, -0.045877665281295776, -0.032627567648887634, -0.002774555003270507, -0.10397256910800934, 0.39512115716934204, 0.09218025952577591, -0.11640025675296783, 0.2398613542318344, 0.27656155824661255, 0.20609036087989807, -0.3375539779663086, -0.26273760199546814, 0.30432721972465515, 0.029004711657762527, -0.0029089408926665783, -0.232216939330101, 0.8549246788024902, 0.08231241255998611, 0.11933323740959167, 0.22447556257247925, -0.15147823095321655, -0.12904460728168488, 0.26909202337265015, -0.4713153839111328, -0.19413916766643524, 0.06630121916532516, 0.908462405204773, 0.011301838792860508, 0.258803129196167, -0.06499703973531723, -0.7889657616615295, 0.37263840436935425, -0.138890340924263, -0.356744647026062, -0.39591753482818604, -0.2502455711364746, -0.07988378405570984, 0.20303426682949066, -0.09303605556488037, -0.13303576409816742, -0.7821081280708313, -0.42943164706230164, 0.213083416223526, -0.036285098642110825, 1.1208739280700684, -0.1876838356256485, -0.0018277809722349048, 0.9533880352973938, -0.05165629833936691, 0.10502488166093826, 0.12052761763334274, -0.30919164419174194, 0.04767730087041855, 0.2563309967517853, 0.0610206201672554, 0.42248910665512085, -0.42892611026763916, 0.19910317659378052, 0.6038495302200317, 0.20406238734722137, 0.34147679805755615, -0.7907912731170654, 0.195843905210495, 0.025659959763288498, -0.3385527729988098, -0.19089873135089874, -0.30794093012809753, 0.5258283019065857, -0.07851777970790863, -0.11445697396993637, 0.2598617970943451, -0.4448848068714142, -0.1579529047012329, -0.10180678963661194, 0.14049991965293884, -0.02018263377249241, 0.10736052691936493, 0.5031238198280334, 0.06658978760242462, -0.1198006346821785, 0.059592291712760925, -0.20865227282047272, 0.42335259914398193, -0.03991056978702545, -0.18086548149585724, -0.19904476404190063, -0.24595776200294495, -0.1968601942062378, 0.815496563911438, -0.23612216114997864, 0.20992262661457062, -0.5009835362434387, -0.15742622315883636, -0.13981591165065765, 0.43314918875694275, 0.10555028170347214, -0.7226760387420654, 0.19664981961250305, -0.1416001319885254, 0.04690098389983177, -0.3521149754524231, 0.6173607110977173, 0.438865602016449, -0.13972744345664978, 0.2629411518573761, -0.027320174500346184, -0.09214240312576294, 0.10562829673290253, 0.8733340501785278, 0.1167822778224945, -0.10547174513339996, 0.6812582015991211, 0.36171281337738037, 0.054427795112133026, 0.38828396797180176, -0.5683726072311401, 0.4026544392108917, 0.017447367310523987, 0.21225126087665558, 0.274528443813324, 0.8306815028190613, -0.31241679191589355, -0.22249077260494232, 0.22524870932102203, -0.19297464191913605, -1.1055558919906616, 0.8593505620956421, -0.02823374606668949, -0.4003137946128845, -0.46749743819236755, -0.3067355751991272, 0.6597582697868347, -0.11996477842330933, -0.1721973866224289, -0.03134019300341606, -0.3074812591075897, 0.06446174532175064, -0.6120503544807434, 0.3314422070980072, -0.043359383940696716, 0.12454620748758316, 0.3053151071071625, -0.09810162335634232, -0.6295661926269531, 0.3906348943710327, 0.22652749717235565, -0.0032325179781764746, -0.07524354010820389, -0.19813276827335358, -0.25093933939933777, -0.6800247430801392, 0.3162211775779724, -0.42284655570983887, 0.495305597782135, 0.06418219953775406, 0.28647884726524353, -0.6731855273246765, 0.5275806188583374, -5.771852493286133, -0.12190254777669907, -0.5578264594078064, -0.42323777079582214, 0.2829296886920929, 0.057884328067302704, 0.573567807674408, -0.35087329149246216, -0.07607431709766388, -0.04587705433368683, -0.22392389178276062, -0.19627529382705688, -0.18496492505073547, 0.6107145547866821, 0.04337102919816971, 0.3154873549938202, -0.3285045623779297, -0.021922625601291656, -0.04669604450464249, 0.024902407079935074, 0.44186362624168396, -0.4877470135688782, -0.6355262398719788, 1.3078585863113403, 0.07498960942029953, -0.366914302110672, -0.08481352776288986, 0.5892590284347534, -0.9174513220787048, 0.24972638487815857, 0.2493853121995926, -0.6198235154151917, 0.0026466217823326588, 0.010718577541410923, 0.32637321949005127, 0.41612860560417175, 0.6320335268974304, -0.023402461782097816, 0.7996924519538879, -0.09975528717041016, -0.4451763331890106, 0.3521924316883087, -0.13562947511672974, 0.1381150186061859, 0.38985636830329895, -0.007817981764674187, -0.2103910595178604, 0.047639816999435425, -0.626464307308197, 0.10113399475812912, -0.10963926464319229, -0.3481905460357666, -0.18154606223106384, -0.32022857666015625, -0.04636670649051666, 0.4246857464313507, 0.4602465331554413, -0.6417158246040344, 0.12965832650661469, -0.2473921775817871, 0.7462581396102905, -0.2593216598033905, 0.23765778541564941, -0.13485175371170044, 0.554928183555603, -0.3880193531513214, -0.18937623500823975, -0.5462521910667419, -0.0009778188541531563, 0.5466797351837158, -0.3403027355670929, 0.5486381649971008, -0.2897287607192993, -1.0855954885482788, -0.09814485162496567, -0.4502979516983032, 0.01763215847313404, 0.05604569986462593, 0.1838838905096054, 0.2316104918718338, 0.10066185146570206, -0.7279145121574402, -0.0983382984995842, 0.3515300750732422, 0.3924750089645386, 0.09195981174707413, 0.11112628877162933, -0.046288929879665375, -0.4913318455219269, 0.22979775071144104, 0.8756758570671082, -0.3222193419933319, 0.12871021032333374, 0.36023157835006714, 0.18414677679538727, 0.6687292456626892, -0.33735060691833496, 0.1376664936542511, 0.6769428253173828, -0.14419908821582794, -0.05317051708698273, -0.06384627521038055, 0.3509111702442169, 0.30533841252326965, -0.0027442032005637884, 0.5883640646934509, -0.9631603360176086, 0.4168461859226227, 0.7475945353507996, -0.6570751070976257, -0.5440221428871155, 0.14422467350959778, -0.05854499712586403, -0.36609339714050293, 0.48184558749198914, -0.030631093308329582, -0.06254743039608002, 0.5867977738380432, -0.033855587244033813, 0.8715866804122925, 0.33810529112815857, 0.05426156520843506, -0.6205735206604004, -0.2031278908252716, -0.30984994769096375, -0.08903197944164276, -0.1274566948413849, 0.16761662065982819, -0.04176431521773338, -0.024746546521782875, 1.0995538234710693, -0.3323073387145996, -0.08925005793571472, 0.27238088846206665, -0.08784466236829758, -0.22449210286140442, -0.12507542967796326, -1.0040123462677002, -0.640428364276886, 0.01785636693239212, -0.8977725505828857, 0.14752691984176636, 0.31206750869750977, 0.16169729828834534, 0.7499497532844543, 0.0870923101902008, 0.004354860167950392, -0.07827260345220566, -0.7082558870315552, 0.6113787889480591, 0.22818931937217712, 0.2686915397644043, 0.7636618614196777, 0.051386818289756775, -0.4149216115474701, 0.06464093923568726, 0.4073905050754547, 0.11139142513275146, -0.2081116884946823, -0.03256106749176979, -0.38498225808143616, -0.8495821356773376, -1.3053417205810547, 0.011608874425292015, -0.40750738978385925, -0.06418314576148987, -0.6209474205970764, -0.20503877103328705, -0.063130222260952, 0.15530388057231903, 0.09425774216651917, -0.393261581659317, -0.49565190076828003, -0.005812857765704393, 0.6383768916130066, 0.061244115233421326, -0.06375990808010101, 0.4084005057811737, -0.1577744483947754, -0.34397608041763306, -0.17990513145923615, -0.5735065937042236, -0.6203703284263611, 0.1441677361726761, 0.5103772878646851, -0.02674015238881111, -0.36228689551353455, -0.16142556071281433, -0.6229594945907593, 0.19573920965194702, 0.3498687148094177, -0.1418687403202057, 0.11416754126548767, 0.4143301546573639, -0.4233491122722626, -0.536862850189209, 0.29919877648353577, 0.3379786014556885, 0.09691352397203445, -0.1890568882226944, 0.686798095703125, -0.015561841428279877, -0.25048163533210754, 0.01784004643559456, 0.2574021518230438, -0.728875994682312, 0.3022553026676178, -0.2373475879430771, -0.4916967749595642, 0.48865029215812683, 0.14979101717472076, -0.460111528635025, -0.129663348197937, 0.19182687997817993, -0.3336791694164276, 0.08367650955915451, 0.23134905099868774, -0.47692757844924927, 0.09922986477613449, -0.5001004338264465, 0.42669498920440674, -0.31237027049064636, -0.12574434280395508, 0.05325721949338913, -0.23051439225673676, -0.19015878438949585, 0.01618700660765171, -0.411027193069458, -0.16422991454601288, -0.013136942870914936, 0.2792012393474579, 0.13753321766853333, 0.0025596171617507935, 0.08972138166427612, -0.17900782823562622, -0.23697952926158905, -0.24458783864974976, 0.3064776659011841, -0.36130592226982117, 0.25929540395736694, 0.23252028226852417, 0.14462804794311523, 0.21722254157066345, -0.40058907866477966, 0.2260405719280243, 0.35629066824913025, 0.2201479971408844, -0.16073758900165558, -0.26456767320632935, 0.19673164188861847, 0.2788703441619873, 0.18023812770843506, -0.4257371425628662, -0.37311094999313354, 0.42205172777175903, -0.20641666650772095, -0.2658083736896515, -0.36529263854026794, -0.3259112536907196, 0.016870956867933273, 0.22768652439117432, -0.401921808719635, -0.7247878313064575, 0.17787688970565796, -0.07683238387107849, -0.16599589586257935, -0.5078220963478088, -0.7914454340934753, 0.3612057864665985, -0.5370949506759644, 0.19553913176059723, -0.45365843176841736, 0.1748373955488205, 0.278670996427536, -0.2008208930492401, -0.026530485600233078, -0.29956531524658203, -0.5704746842384338, 0.025477761402726173, 0.08994346857070923, -0.24860511720180511, -0.17333382368087769, -0.2824435234069824, 0.3110387623310089, -0.21988335251808167, -0.6730899214744568, -0.02984946221113205, 0.10629097372293472, 0.05872736871242523, 0.06755491346120834, -0.6801866888999939, 0.26139432191848755, 0.16595080494880676, 0.5467944741249084, -0.2787471115589142, 0.14069399237632751, 0.3956076502799988, 0.007853680290281773, 0.12597115337848663, -0.6386152505874634, -0.045237600803375244, -0.28027448058128357, 0.39473623037338257, 0.2815137803554535, 0.35290229320526123, 0.4249352514743805, 0.10512527078390121, 0.3117099702358246, -0.3360545337200165, 0.1212494969367981, 0.48656460642814636, 0.07423597574234009, 0.4280984103679657, 0.7214970588684082, -0.41670241951942444, 0.3062637150287628, 0.6333925127983093, 0.14231908321380615, 0.3715994656085968, 0.3513908386230469, -0.09493156522512436, 0.23400567471981049, 0.5154844522476196, -0.4457492530345917, 0.06555348634719849, -0.169108048081398, 0.3220899701118469, -0.07335396856069565, -0.13590437173843384, -0.12613548338413239, 1.1204652786254883, 0.5266340970993042, -0.26758241653442383, 0.25881266593933105, -0.15452136099338531, -0.28656312823295593, -0.12229365855455399, -0.4373970925807953, 0.017404355108737946, 0.5300975441932678, 0.7354584336280823, 0.021647803485393524, 0.19289793074131012, 0.24005478620529175, -0.22073540091514587, 0.6495307683944702, -0.056992631405591965, 0.2463674694299698, 0.006193641107529402, 0.29880067706108093, 0.32664141058921814, 0.11526419967412949, 0.5580759644508362, -0.5129072070121765, 0.6324098706245422, -0.07060283422470093, 0.7646532654762268, 0.003761542495340109, -0.05349523201584816, 0.416458398103714, -0.03146441653370857, 0.2347007691860199, 0.7513275146484375, -0.4852992594242096, 0.41934189200401306, 0.5803034901618958, -0.031034884974360466, -1.218196988105774, -0.012743266299366951, -0.047387588769197464, -0.18074317276477814, 0.30935078859329224, -0.5251381397247314, -0.05388011038303375, 0.3358387053012848, 0.0024816198274493217, 0.9548523426055908, 0.25826749205589294, 0.537198543548584, 0.7354925274848938, 0.039983417838811874, -0.7476398944854736, -0.00038045429391786456, -0.38656261563301086, -0.27440184354782104, 0.23004767298698425, -0.0059229121543467045, -0.38067615032196045, -0.7749471664428711, 0.2163875848054886, -0.5864078998565674, -0.43324941396713257, 0.1599101722240448, -0.05394526943564415, -0.2678181231021881, 0.34103071689605713, -0.40184101462364197, 0.8435084819793701, -0.35848861932754517, 0.02448255568742752, -0.36721163988113403, 0.17011697590351105, 0.20183345675468445, -0.11984522640705109, -0.4745404124259949, 0.3402225077152252, -0.13695302605628967, -0.32734647393226624, -0.691409707069397, 0.4215982258319855, 0.058108944445848465, 0.07121411710977554, 0.28607720136642456, 0.016334867104887962, -0.5730007886886597, -0.1303636133670807, 0.5981128811836243, 0.010865440592169762, 0.16438254714012146, -0.21036936342716217, 0.3105582296848297, 0.2515045404434204, -0.4696509540081024, 0.1350248157978058, -0.7174398899078369, 0.04853372275829315, 0.3517429232597351, 0.30457404255867004, -0.8094495534896851, 0.17184269428253174, -0.22369258105754852, -0.4177718758583069, -0.20146676898002625, -0.20594987273216248, -0.49996063113212585, -0.09007591009140015, 0.5600548982620239, 0.2882307171821594, 0.31448623538017273, -0.6817876100540161, 0.003824347397312522, -0.33560195565223694, -0.1514621078968048, 0.35870787501335144, -0.09500687569379807, 0.11491972953081131, -0.2878997027873993, -0.3668513000011444, 0.04406119883060455, 0.9321410655975342, 0.15288950502872467, -0.11866097897291183, -0.09309064596891403, -0.1325051188468933, -0.08560894429683685, -0.668216347694397, 0.03541482612490654, -0.7795345783233643, 0.49665936827659607, -0.2496250867843628 ]
230831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Adventures%20of%20Winnie%20the%20Pooh	The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh	The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Based on the Winnie-the-Pooh books by author A. A. Milne, The New Adventures was the first time a major Disney character headlined an animated, made-for-television series as well as the first Disney television series based on a major animated film. The cartoon premiered with a limited run on The Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Nine months later, the show moved to ABC as part of their Saturday morning lineup. New episodes continued until October 26, 1991. Proving popular with children and older fans, it remained on television in the United States for nearly two decades. The series depicts the everyday lives of Christopher Robin and his companions Pooh, Tigger, Eeyore, Piglet, Rabbit, Gopher, Owl, Kanga and Roo. Rather than a straightforward adaptation, the show was more Americanized than previous Pooh efforts. Episodes dealt with strong messages about honesty, responsibility, persistence, cooperative effort, friendship, and caring. Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears. Publications ranging from The Los Angeles Times to TV Guide gave the series extremely positive reviews for its resemblance to the earlier Disney efforts and its high production quality, receiving praise for its wholesome tradition. The show won back-to-back Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program as well as two Humanitas Prizes. The show was well received by both children and their parents. Most of the viewer mail the crew received were from parents thanking the staff for producing a show that they can watch with their children. The New Adventures is credited with bringing about a resurgence of Pooh animated media, including a series of television and video specials. History Origin Winnie the Pooh was created by British author A.A. Milne in the 1920s. The character was named after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne. He had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and "Pooh", a swan they had met while on holiday. Drawing from this and other toys owned by his son, Milne created the world of Winnie-the-Pooh. He first appeared by name on December 24, 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London Evening News. The following year, a collection of Pooh stories was formally released bearing the name Winnie-the-Pooh. The stories proved very popular and inspired a sequel. The idea for a television series was first discussed in 1957. NBC suggested Jay Ward undertake the pilot, then titled The World of Winnie the Pooh, with an option for thirty-nine episodes. Some songs and bits of dialogue were recorded, but the project was ultimately abandoned. In 1961, Walt Disney bought the film rights to make an animated movie starring the characters. He subsequently produced a series of three short featurettes throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, beginning with Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree. Disney had also aired a variety show with the characters that used electronically controlled puppetry and life-sized costume titled Welcome to Pooh Corner. This became the highest rated program on the Disney Channel. The original featurettes also proved popular, with video sales topping the charts in 1986 and 1987. Development An animated cartoon starring the characters was first proposed by Walt Disney Television Animation Vice President Gary Krisel during a Disney retreat, in which company assets and future prospects were examined. Rich Frank later recalled him saying: "I think Pooh is a great character for Saturday morning animation". He believed the merchandising license, held at that time by Sears, would work as a great promotional tool. Mark Zaslove was contacted to write the series bible; he had recently finished work on the DuckTales pilot episode. The document was written over Memorial Day weekend 1987, with Zaslove having only three days to complete the proposal. The pitch was well received by Disney and subsequently green-lit. Instead of shopping Winnie the Pooh around to different networks, the show was pitched directly to ABC. The channel had desperately wanted a cartoon from Disney for their Saturday morning schedule, which had fallen to last place in the ratings. They had hoped Pooh could boost ratings for the channel. Two years earlier, Michael Eisner and Krisel had set up meetings with all three major networks in hopes to sell rights to their two cartoon series: Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and The Wuzzles. NBC and CBS had purchased Gummi Bears and Wuzzles respectively. Realizing they had nothing left to offer ABC, Eisner and Krisel met with them anyway and received a warm response to the gaffe. A deal was reached giving ABC the show, while giving first run rights to The Disney Channel. The show was official announced via a press release on November 15, 1987. It would mark the first time a prominent Disney character was seen on Saturday morning television. The series was viewed as a gamble, with people unsure if Pooh would survive on the new medium. At the time, Saturday morning cartoons were viewed as a place with dry, repetitive storylines, shallow characters, clichéd narratives, and cheap animation. As a result, animation fans greeted Disney's plans to adapt A. A. Milne's childhood favorite to the small screen with a mixture of skepticism and dismay, fearing the show could not top the original featurettes. Production ABC eagerly commissioned 25 half-hour episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh for its first season, rather than the standard 13 to 17. Karl Geurs, a self-described Pooh fan, developed the series, which took many months. At the time, Walt Disney Television Animation had only 80 employees and two projects in production. The department did not yet have in-house facilities built, so employees worked out of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences building. Disney put the same high standards of expectation that they had with their feature films. They had hoped to set a new standard of excellence in Saturday morning television, one with "storytelling rich in language and values, as well as delightful well acted characters" that would appeal to audiences of all ages. The writing process began with story premises being pitched to Zaslove, who served as story editor for the first season. The best ones were selected and sent to ABC executives for approval, followed by story outlines and scripts. The process took around four weeks per episode. The crew were "dyed-in-the-wool" fan of Milne's works, constantly checking their work against published Pooh books in order to stay true to the original sense of Milne. Special attention was given to maintain the personalities of the characters as they had originally been written. The cartoon attempted to have the right balance of both action-adventure sequences and moments of whimsy. The staff often found trouble working with the limited cast, with supervising director Ken Kessel quoted as saying: "You are restrained by what the characters can do and who they are". The writing staff hoped to channel the spirit of the Walt Disney shorts of the 1940s, drawing inspiration from artists Jack Hannah, Ward Kimball, and Jack and Dick Kinney. The series had one internal standards director. Care was made to ensure there was no imitable behavior that children could copy. A source of friction on the show was whether Gopher was allowed to have gunpowder. A consulting company based in Glendale, California advised the team on how the characters should speak, look, and act in order to better appeal to the target demographic. The relationship with the production staff was described as positive. Like most other cartoons, the animation was outsourced to other countries. This was mainly done for cost purposes and the limited availability of artists in the United States. All the writing, music, direction, character design, and color was worked by around 30 Disney employees in Hollywood. After this, everything was sent overseas for the animation. Approximately 300 employees would work on inking and printing. An unusually high number of animation cels were used for the show, with 20,000 cels in each episode as opposed to 8,000–12,000 for typical cartoons. The show had more drawings per minute than any other television cartoon at the time. Early episodes were completed by TMS Entertainment in Tokyo, Japan and later by Walt Disney Animation UK Ltd. in London, England, Hanho Heung-Up in Seoul, South Korea and Wang Film Productions in Taipei, Taiwan. Sixteen episodes were also produced by Walt Disney Television Australia in Sydney, New South Wales. The show set a benchmark for similar cartoons that both Disney as well as other channels expected for future shows. In Manila, Philippines, Fil-Cartoons (subsidiary of Hanna-Barbera) and Toon City also contributed some animation for the series. After the animation was completed, the production reels were sent back to the United States where music and sound effects were added. The show's theme song, entitled "Pooh Bear", was written by Steve Nelson and sung by Steve Wood. A version with Nelson doing the vocals later appeared on his Listen What the Katmandu album. Another version of the song with Jim Cummings doing the vocals (who also voiced Pooh and Tigger) appeared in reruns of the series on Disney Channel in 1994. Nelson also composed several additional songs that were shown on the early episodes. The music was particularly praised by critics. The show's underscore was composed by Thom Sharp. An orchestra was used to record the music, using instruments such as trumpets, woodwinds, and a full string section. The composers were given the unique opportunity to examine the animator's exposure sheets, enabling them to write music while an episode was being scripted. The producers actively sought out the surviving original voice cast which had been used in the 1960s featurettes. Sterling Holloway, the original voice of Winnie the Pooh, read for the part, but had aged to the point where he could no longer do the voice successfully. A casting call was held and Jim Cummings was selected as his replacement, a role he has continued with to the present day. John Fiedler and Hal Smith, the original voices for Piglet and Owl respectively, returned for the series. Paul Winchell also reprised his role as Tigger. On advice from his cardiologist, Winchell mostly avoided working with the rest of the cast to avoid the stress. The studio let him do his voices alone. At the time, Winchell was making various trips to Africa to cure hunger. Cummings often filled in for Winchell during these. In the show's third season, Cummings permanently took over the role of Tigger. Most of the sessions occurred at B&B Sound in Burbank, California. Newer technology allowed for the actors to record their roles without having to be in the same room. For example, Fiedler always did his recordings from New York and Winchell was able to do some from Florida. Promotion Coming into the 1988–89 television season, networks had been struggling with a drop in ratings among children. ABC itself experienced a decline of 37 percent in kids under the age of 6. It had been surmised by ABC executives that this was due to a change in the way Nielsen ratings were collected. The data had historically been recorded automatically by a device inside household television sets. However this had been changed the year before; children now had to use people meters for their viewership to be counted. This required manually pushing buttons that would clock kids in and out and programs, something they often had trouble successfully completing. What resulted was a demographic that could not be guaranteed to advertisers. In order to combat this, ABC decided to fill their programming with "old favorites". The studio began to develop and retool preexisting characters and shows, ones that they hoped could attract older children and their parents into watching the program. Winnie the Pooh became the centerpiece in this plan, with the show was described as the highlight of ABC's Saturday morning schedule. The character had what network executives call "marquee value"—meaning they are familiar and already have a built-in audience. Squire Rushnell, Children's Vice President for ABC, was hoping Pooh could draw a "somewhat more sophisticated" audience in the range from 6 to 11 years. In the three weeks leading up to its debut, ABC began airing promotionals for the cartoon during prime-time hours. This was seen as a very unusual occurrence. Part of the reason this was done was to fill airtime, as the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike had caused production to be halted on prime time television shows. Advertisements for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh were played during adult shows such as thirtysomething and Moonlighting using the tag line "Now you can share your childhood heroes with your children". A television commercial that aired during the ABC Sunday Night Movie on September 4, 1988 used the tagline "before taxes. before puberty. there was childhood. and Winnie the Pooh". The evening before the show made its broadcast debut, ABC aired a thirty-minute Saturday Morning preview show featuring Winnie the Pooh and other debuting cartoons: The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil and A Pup Named Scooby-Doo. The show placed second in its time slot with a 7.3 rating and a 14 share, with 11.2 million viewers watching. Sears & Roebuck and Honey Nut Cheerios partnered to host a nationwide premiere party to celebrate the series coming to ABC. Over 300 Sears stores across the country participated in the breakfast, which doubled as a charity event. The first episode was telecast on in-store video displays. More than 40,000 children attended the event. Some stores had Winnie the Pooh characters show up in costume. Sears also dedicated eight pages of their Christmas catalog to the series. Broadcast history During the 1980s, a debate emerged inside Disney about whether original programs should be aired on the Disney Channel or outsourced to other channels. Some executives felt there was nothing more important than the Disney Channel. Others such as Gary Krisel disagreed, feeling they risked losing a generation of TV viewers who did not have cable. In the end, a compromise was reached with Disney Channel President John F. Cooke, who agreed to "pay" Krisel's division a certain price if he could get first run rights. The show premiered on the Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Thirteen episodes aired at 8:30am on weekends. The show's run ended that July. The show then moved to Saturday morning where it aired for a full hour from 8:30am to 9:30am. For the second season, the show was cut back to 30 minutes to make room for new entries. The show was merged with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and aired as part of the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour. This partnership was short-lived and lasted only one year, when Gummi Bears moved to The Disney Afternoon. Winnie the Pooh returned as a solo effort the following year. New episodes intermixed with reruns returned for a third season in the fall of 1990. During this time, two of the show's characters—Winnie the Pooh and Tigger—were incorporated into the television special Cartoon All Stars to the Rescue. The show returned for a fourth season on September 7, 1991. The show was not renewed the following year. After the series ended, the crew produced Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, a primetime spin-off of the show. Despite production ending the year before, reruns of the show returned to ABC's fall schedule for the 1992–93 season. By the following year, the show was dropped by ABC and sold in syndication. Executives felt the show could make more money selling directly to television stations rather than accepting ABC's license fee. The show later returned on December 9, 1995 when reruns of the program replaced The New Adventures of Madeline. The show briefly stopped airing for the first part of the 1996–97 season, then returned to the lineup on January 4, 1997 and continued until September 7, 2002. The Disney Channel began airing reruns of the series on October 3, 1994. These continued until September 1, 2006, at which point it was taken off the schedule. It was also shown on Toon Disney, first airing April 18, 1998. Internationally, the show has aired in several countries including the Family Channel in Canada, India, and Poland. Reruns also aired on Playhouse Disney. Characters Winnie the Pooh (Jim Cummings) is the main character, a "bear of very little brain". Pooh is very naive yet lovable and is always good-natured. Cummings called the program timeless. Piglet (John Fiedler) is Pooh's best friend. Piglet is shy, very kindhearted and is obsessed with keeping things neat and tidy, and enjoys beautiful things like flowers. His fears and nervousness often hinder his life, as Piglet runs and hides when unnecessary and often stutters when nervous, but has been shown to have a lot of hidden courage and often faces danger to help others. Piglet sometimes has an inferiority complex, although his friends think highly of him. Episodes about him tend to revolve around these traits as well as his small size. Fellow actor Jim Cummings described his voice as "kind of like the wind blowing through tall grass. It sounded homey, and it sounding comforting." Fiedler was very proud of his work on the show and enjoyed the role just as much as when Piglet started in 1968. Tigger (Paul Winchell, Seasons 1–2; Jim Cummings, Seasons 3–4) is an ebullient tiger. Tigger is always filled with great energy and optimism, and though always well-meaning, Tigger can also be mischievous, and his actions have sometimes led to chaos and trouble for himself and his friends. Tigger is very confident and has quite an ego, having a high opinion of himself. Tigger has a notable habit of mispronouncing various words, or stressing wrong syllables in them. Unlike previous adaptations, Tigger is shown living in a large treehouse. Winchell thought of him as a cross between the Dead End Kids and the Cowardly Lion. Winchell voiced Tigger in the first two seasons, before Cummings took over the role for the last two seasons. When Cummings took over the role, Winchell said "Take care of my little friend for me." Rabbit (Ken Sansom) is a sarcastic and finicky rabbit. In addition to wanting to be organized and practical, Rabbit's tendency to take charge is inflated to the extent that Rabbit becomes a control freak who insists on doing things exactly right, in his way and in the proper order. Rabbit keeps a garden and does whatever Rabbit can to protect it from other animals such as bugs and crows and Rabbit gets upset when anyone or anything tries to steal his vegetables. Rabbit and Tigger are usually foils for each other, reluctantly working together. Rabbit was shown as green in the series, compared to yellow in later efforts. Sansom described voicing Rabbit as the best experience Rabbit's had. Roo (Nicholas Melody) is a young joey. Roo wears a light blue shirt. The smallest of the characters, Roo frequently is seen hanging around Tigger. Kanga (Patricia Parris) is Roo's mother. Kanga rarely appears, but is shown to be kindhearted and calm. Gopher (Michael Gough) plays a more prominent role in this series. Gopher is shown to be a bit of a workaholic, and is obsessed with dynamite and digging in his tunnels. Gopher speaks in a Southern accent and wears a helmet with a light attached. Gopher often helps the others out with construction plans. Eeyore (Peter Cullen) is a gloomy donkey. Eeyore is somewhat less caustic and sarcastic in this version than in the original stories. Despite his depressive nature, Eeyore is capable of great compassion. Eeyore usually expects misfortune to happen to him, such as his house of sticks to be knocked down regularly, but accepts it when it does. Owl (Hal Smith) is the eldest character in the series. Owl presents himself as a mentor and teacher to the others, but is really quite scatterbrained. Owl enjoys telling stories about his distant relatives, whenever something reminds him of one, but many of his stories are pointless or absurd. Owl speaks with a strong Southern English accent. Christopher Robin (Tim Hoskins) is a young boy that has adventures with the stuffed animals. For the most part, the show used a limited cast consisting only of characters in the original Milne books, with the notable exception of the Disney-created character Gopher. However, several minor characters did make appearances. Christopher Robin's mother is shown occasionally, but always with her face obscured. Kessie is a female bluebird that Rabbit rescues, makes her first appearance in this series; Kessie would later appear in The Book of Pooh. Stan Woozle and Heff Heffalump appear as a pair of honey thieves. This marked the first time heffalumps and woozles were seen on-screen. Prior to this, bees had always been portrayed as creatures that did not exist and were representative of childhood fears. Instead, the show used other unseen villains such as Jagulars and the "Grab-Me Gotcha." Papa Heffalump also appeared from time to time. Other characters on the show include Owl's cousin Dexter (voiced by Hal Smith) and Skippy the Sheepdog. Chuck McCann provided additional voices as well. Setting For this adaptation, the show underwent an Americanization. The setting was changed from native England to contemporary America. The series depicted Christopher Robin as a typical 1980s kid rather than a 1920s British child. He is shown living in a suburban house with his mother and no longer had an English accent. His mischievous imagination drew comparisons to Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes, as opposed to Milne's original interpretation. Additionally, unlike the earlier Disney featurettes, the show did not use a narrator or the storybook theme. Although the show still used the Hundred Acre Wood as its main setting, several episodes took place in other locations. The characters occasionally traveled to the adjacent town, going to a grocery store or movie theater. Other episodes were set in more imaginative settings and involved the characters journeying into the clouds or down in a wishing well. Two episodes took place in the Wild West, one in the form of a play. These styles of episodes were done away with later on. The writing staff felt they worked best in the Hundred Acre Wood. The writers made a point of keeping the show as timeless as possible, having the Hundred Acre Wood become a "never, never land". The show did its best to leave out all the modern conveniences. The approach to episodes was to put more emphasis on adventure, yet keep the integrity of Milne's characters. To add excitement, the occasional waterfall or cliff was added, which the show found tough to fit in. The dialogue was updated to make the show more relatable to today's generation. Themes and analysis The show was a conceived as a comedy of manners and was hailed as a rare cartoon devoid of any violence or villains. The show's main theme revolved around the complications and misunderstandings that often arose between the characters and their eventual return to normalcy. For instance, one episode dealt with Pooh believing Rabbit was moving away after hearing he had "eaten him out of house and [honey]". Special attention was paid to write from a child's point of view, rather than an adult's. For this, the writers drew inspiration from Bill Cosby, Gahan Wilson, and The Phantom Tollbooth. Additionally, the staff was also very conscious of their older viewers—dubbed "older kids"—and would always aim for a sensibility that would appeal to them as well. Kessel noted that while the show often had writing that would go over the heads of little kids, the original Milne books did as well. Unlike previous adaptations of Winnie the Pooh, the stories were for the most part not based on chapters from A. A. Milne's books. The writers made a point of not copying from Milne, but instead drawing the essence of him for the modern day; keeping the same charm and style as the original stories. The episodes have very little action in terms of plot, which in later years has drawn comparisons to Seinfeld. The main storylines typically derived from the characters and their relationships to each other. Episode plots ranged from the simple, such as Winnie the Pooh searching for honey (stylized as hunny), to the more dramatic, such as Christopher Robin becoming trapped under his bed. Some episodes spoofed published works of fiction including Frankenstein and Sherlock Holmes. Episodes focused on socioemotional issues, dealing with topics such as teamwork, resourcefulness, how to triumph over challenges, the power of positive outlook, and the value of friendship. The series delivered strong messages about honesty, responsibility, persistence, cooperative effort, friendship and caring. The morals taught in each story allow children to draw parallels to their own lives. These were offered in a far more subtle manner than the "prosocial snippets" seen on other programs. Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears. Innumerable children's-expert panels continued throughout its lengthy network run to highly commend and recommend the series to the three-to-ten-year-old crowd, even growing tolerant enough to be amused by the "hunny/honey" spelling controversy. Reception Critical response Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times called the show "the best made-for-TV cartoon show in several seasons". Months later, he claimed it as "not only the classiest new show of the season, but also one of the best-looking series ever animated for television", and gave an similarly positive review the next year. The Atlanta Journal Constitution said it "contained much more detailed and lively animation than the usual kidvid". TV Guide said the show had "theatrical-grade animation, sprightly stories, conscientious eschewing of laugh tracks and best of all, the willingness to let the visual jokes speak for themselves". Entertainment Weekly gave the show an "A" saying "there's enough excitement, including lots of slapstick and bad guys, to keep '90s adventurers happy". The New York Times called the show "lovingly faithful" to the original Milne books. Lee Winfrey of Knight-Ridder says the writers successfully maintained the integrity of Milne's characters and praised the animators for Ernest H. Shepard's illustrations. The Milwaukee Journal said the show will "offer children and probably their parents, a gentle walk through Pooh Corner". Gene Seymour of Knight-Ridder called the best animation on weekly television outside of the General Mills Commercials. The Dayton Daily News called the program one of the best on television writing "The animation of this offering from the Disney's studios is not as sumptuous as the company's feature films, but it is miles above the television norm". Charles Witback praised the show claiming that "Milne [came] out on top " and they remain unique to the flashy, noisy Hollywood. The San Bernardino Sun wrote "if kids like the verbal wit of the other shows, they'll tackle the rich sophistication of Winnie the Pooh" Good Housekeeping wrote that the show was "sweet and endearing, though its educational value is essentially limited to a kid-tailored 'I'm okay, you're okay' theme". Common Sense Media gave the show 4 stars, saying "the lessons are just as classic and time-tested as the characters". Hal Erickson, writing in his book Television Cartoon Shows, called the show a delightful eye of calm in "the hurricane of hectic Saturday morning slapstick". DVDizzy.com praised the show calling it "true both to the spirit of Milne's creation and the animation of Disney's terrific short films". DVDVerdict.com called the show "perfectly respectable imitations that still rank as stellar, sweet-natured children's entertainment", going on to write "Kids should enjoy this stuff and adults should feel comfortable leaving their young ones in the care of this of this good-hearted programming for an hour". AnimatedViews called the show "a well-remembered if not exceptional series that slotted into the kind of programming that filled the Disney Afternoons." David Perlmutter, in his book America Toons In, called the longevity of the show "a testament to the enduring appeal of the beloved characters". Common Sense Media have the series a four out of five stars, saying, "Classic characters will delight preschoolers." Not all reviews have been positive. Evan Levine, writing for the Philadelphia Daily News, gave the program a mixed review, saying "the characters are all true to form, but the colors are overly bright, and the whole look is harsh" but adding "this series is certainly better than a lot of other cartoons that we've seen". Jan Crain Rudeen, writing for the Scripps Howard News Service, described the series and the resulting video releases as "awful", which he felt lacked imagination. Desson Howe of The Washington Post described the series as "cheaply sweetened fare". One particular episode has been a source of controversy. "Sorry Wrong Slusher", in which the characters stay up late, order pizza, and watch a late night "slusher film", has been called violent. Ratings The network television premiere on Saturday, September 10, 1988, was hailed as an immediate success. The show won its time-slot with 5.9/23 Nielsen ratings share, translating to 5.7 million viewers. ABC, who had been in third place for Saturday morning the year prior, won every time-slot averaging a 5.0 rating/20 share. This trend continued for the next three weeks. Selby Hall, Marketing Manager for ABC, was quoted as saying "[the show had] been very successful on Saturday mornings in the States". The high ratings caused an extra push behind the international airings of the program. Throughout the season, the show continued to receive "solid" ratings. The show ranked 10th place out of all Saturday morning cartoons for the season. During the 1989–90 television schedule, the series was paired with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears. The show once again won its time-slot, but fell one rating point from the previous year's debut. The show repeated this the next week, but was beaten by Captain N: The Game Master the next two weeks. By 1993, the show had fallen in the ratings. Finishing 27th out of the 36 Saturday morning programs, the show averaged a 2.1/9 Nielsen rating share. The show received a 3.3 Nielsen rating in late February 1993 corresponding to 3.2 million viewers. In 1997, MediaWeek ranked it 301st out of every broadcast show. By the late 1990s, the show was one of the top five Saturday morning cartoons. It had a (2.5/11) market share in Boys 2–11 and a (2.2/11) market share in boys 6–11. Awards For its debut season, the show won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. During his acceptance speech, Mark Zaslove praised the actors and animators for their dedication to the series and specifically thanked Jymn Magon and Karl Geurs for the humanity they brought to the program. The following year the series was awarded the same honor, this time in a tie with Beetlejuice. The show was awarded the first of two Humanitas Prizes during its first season for "[examining] the need to both hold onto and let go of love". Three years later, the show would pick up its second prize for its dramatization "of the struggle to assume responsibility and live with the consequences of your mistakes". The show also received a commemoration from the Action for Children's Television with President Peggy Charren calling the show "an imaginative extension of the Pooh stories...preserving the essence of the original characters". The show was cited in the Children's Television Act of 1990 as an example of a positive educational program. The show received a special salute during the opening session of the Congressional Club in 1988. Joan Lunden, co-host of Good Morning America, hosted the opening session which included United States Congressional and Cabinet wives as well as their children and grandchildren. BuzzFeed ranked the theme song third in their list of "7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed to Earworm You" Home media Although Disney has never released the complete series on home video, there have been numerous video collections released over the years. The first was a collection of 10 videocassette tapes issued by Walt Disney Home Video. Each VHS contained two to four episodes, with the first three tapes released in 1989. This was followed by an additional three the next year and four more in 1992. Due to a twenty-five year license agreement on Pooh merchandise, these videotapes were released only in Sears. Sales were very poor, despite a solid consumer base. Eric Schulz, Vice President of Marketing at Disney, recalled an incident one Friday afternoon at Kmart where parents were shopping: "We noticed that no Winnie the Pooh characters were available. Several consumers were asking the store clerks if the Poohs were sold out". Schulz and his team discovered there were no plush toys available at Kmart, due to the licensing. They also discovered that this license was expiring in just a few months and would not be renewed. That afternoon, the marketing team returned to the office and began to plan new ideas to sell Winnie the Pooh videos. In 1994, on the day that the Sears license expired, a nationwide Pooh video and plush promotion was launched. Videos were packaged with Pooh plush characters together in a single box. Disney proclaimed 1994, "The Year of Pooh", which coincided with the 70th anniversary of Winnie the Pooh. In lieu of traditional press kit, Disney sent out a Winnie the Pooh cookie jar to the press outlets, a decision which received overwhelmingly positive reaction. The Today Show proudly displayed its Pooh cookie jar on television while the hosts talked about the new video releases. Two collections of compilation tapes called Pooh Playtime and Pooh Learning were released with three videotapes encompassing each set. The videos featured between two and four episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and featured new songs written by Dave Kinnoin. Sales were very high, with numerous videos turned up on the Video Bestseller List. In just three weeks, Disney had sold twenty times more Winnie the Pooh videos than they had in the previous twelve months. By 1995, Pooh videos sold over thirty times what they had sold the year before, despite the fact that Disney had only repackaged existing products. Because of their success, two additional videos were added to each collection. A third collection entitled Pooh Friendship was released in 1997, bringing the three collections to fifteen videos between them. The show first appeared on DVD in the United Kingdom. Under the title The Magical World of Winnie the Pooh, eight volumes were released consisting of four episodes apiece. The first five volumes of this series later appeared in the United States under the name Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh. Appearing in February 2005, the releases were made to coincide with the premiere of Pooh's Heffalump Movie. These episodes did not include the original opening credits, but instead had new sequences specifically made for the discs. Episodes of the show have also been released as part of the "special features" in the DVD releases of Winnie the Pooh movies, such as The Tigger Movie and Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo. The series became available on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019. Impact and legacy The series helped spawn a successful Winnie the Pooh media franchise, which grew into a series of made-for-TV holiday specials, two additional television series, and four theatrically released movies. Many of the cast members continued to work with these Winnie the Pooh adaptations. Jim Cummings continues to voice Winnie the Pooh and Tigger in the present day. Paul Winchell briefly reprised his role as Tigger in Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin. John Fiedler voiced Piglet until his death in 2005. Ken Sansom and Peter Cullen continued voicing their characters until 2010. Much of the writers and directors returned for Pooh's Grand Adventure and The Book of Pooh. Bruce Talkington has since written many children's books based on Winnie the Pooh. The show was one of the last times Winnie the Pooh was designed and marketed for audiences of all ages. In the years following the series, Walt Disney Home Video began to reposition their strategy and marketed the television series, and Winnie the Pooh in general, towards younger age groups, despite critics claiming the show can be enjoyed by members of all ages. In later years, the show has been touted as strictly for preschoolers. DVDizzy summarized the idea saying "Even though Milne's books had won over readers of all ages and even though kids weren't buying movie tickets and merchandise, Disney seemed set on the idea that Pooh was strictly for little ones, those not even old enough to attend school". The program caused a resurgence of popularity of Winnie the Pooh that continues to this day, to the point of the character being Disney's second largest franchise. Following the home video releases, Disney's annual revenue from Winnie the Pooh rose from $100 million to more than $1 billion in just four years. Winnie the Pooh is now the most successful Disney character, surpassing Mickey Mouse. As of 2012, it is the third most popular media franchise in the United States. To promote the opening of Winnie the Pooh: The New Musical Adaptation, the production released a recording of Corbin Bleu covering the show's theme song. Bleu sings the original Winnie the Pooh theme for the actual production. Notes References External links 1980s American animated television series 1988 American television series debuts 1990s American animated television series 1991 American television series endings ABC Kids (TV programming block) American Broadcasting Company original programming American children's animated comedy television series American children's animated education television series American children's animated fantasy television series American children's animated musical television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program winners Disney Channel original programming Winnie the Pooh (franchise) English-language television shows American sequel television series American television shows based on children's books Animated television shows based on films Television series based on Disney films Television series by Disney Television Animation Television shows set in the United States Winnie-the-Pooh television series Disney Channel	[ -0.36598119139671326, 0.20353077352046967, 0.3238718509674072, 0.39875662326812744, 0.3296858072280884, -0.7461808323860168, 0.11441154778003693, 0.19289332628250122, -0.42200350761413574, 0.25001880526542664, -0.9309666156768799, 0.0016367922071367502, 0.16275830566883087, 0.6261710524559021, -0.42102640867233276, -0.11652415245771408, -0.0658654123544693, 0.3444259464740753, -0.09859175980091095, -0.7453840970993042, -0.33011361956596375, -0.5223150849342346, 0.24137693643569946, -0.27243778109550476, -0.6541746854782104, 0.00959224347025156, 0.3493374288082123, -0.008794473484158516, 0.03351713716983795, -0.3178843855857849, -0.19367249310016632, -0.2855857014656067, -0.17366532981395721, -0.1728845238685608, -0.8616785407066345, 0.0242150966078043, -0.2666613459587097, -0.753889799118042, -0.23158280551433563, -0.6881368160247803, 0.40846750140190125, 0.2940298914909363, -0.0560041218996048, -0.030407845973968506, 0.2881050109863281, -0.6124058961868286, -1.598080039024353, -0.06974729895591736, -0.7801705598831177, -0.31045258045196533, -0.15778183937072754, 0.549420177936554, 0.2375461757183075, 0.3430866599082947, 0.004176967311650515, 0.6135175824165344, -0.5758704543113708, 0.1986987292766571, -0.23128145933151245, 0.31933626532554626, 0.044488128274679184, 0.08924272656440735, 0.27433717250823975, 0.0006093552801758051, 0.28647580742836, 0.05919840559363365, 0.10272751748561859, 0.5886424779891968, 0.49814844131469727, -0.012569800019264221, 0.4495861232280731, -0.24581678211688995, 0.04769767075777054, 0.358860582113266, 0.3364301025867462, -0.12442311644554138, 0.42423343658447266, 0.16436627507209778, 0.16985660791397095, 0.39466187357902527, -0.3105858266353607, 0.25064295530319214, 0.6488916873931885, 0.5620848536491394, -0.1154080405831337, 0.07466521859169006, -0.10765782743692398, -0.0393373966217041, -0.4690640866756439, 0.7313410043716431, -0.862045168876648, -0.05165281891822815, 0.29538896679878235, 0.07506565004587173, 0.2628314793109894, -0.7986272573471069, -0.33895087242126465, -0.1777801364660263, 0.22922897338867188, 0.48870524764060974, 0.1384841650724411, 0.1436355859041214, 0.5951740145683289, -0.5615054368972778, -0.2284093052148819, -0.4810430407524109, 0.3877910375595093, -1.1506167650222778, 0.20345830917358398, 0.2826053500175476, -0.39808493852615356, 0.4063691198825836, 0.26106807589530945, 0.10027850419282913, -0.16083429753780365, 0.20110127329826355, 0.28308185935020447, -0.4900030791759491, -0.6959697008132935, 0.1791113018989563, 0.07939674705266953, 0.09519361704587936, 0.037000544369220734, -0.14423787593841553, 0.2611003518104553, 0.7587300539016724, 0.22877249121665955, 0.37732282280921936, -0.32000550627708435, -0.19784511625766754, 0.6069542765617371, 0.5018693208694458, -0.15133637189865112, -0.8758842945098877, 0.14753420650959015, -0.16383862495422363, -0.07007505744695663, 0.1814257949590683, -0.04215146601200104, 0.13997796177864075, -0.4092317521572113, 0.11871137470006943, -0.8714902400970459, 0.1285131424665451, 0.39062491059303284, 0.218262180685997, -0.6016594767570496, -0.16466666758060455, -0.4182661175727844, -0.15885066986083984, 0.005547019653022289, -0.24573296308517456, -0.2561837136745453, -0.05196394398808479, -0.3868322968482971, 0.3613286018371582, 0.5009947419166565, -0.16732905805110931, 0.35328972339630127, 0.10206787288188934, 0.010406995192170143, -0.3220049738883972, -0.24051380157470703, -0.0025523619260638952, -0.3464612662792206, 0.1063268706202507, 0.4926788806915283, 0.593304455280304, 0.15801724791526794, 0.46540066599845886, -0.4653550088405609, 0.33330270648002625, 0.26548928022384644, -0.2602297365665436, 0.07984230667352676, -0.10773133486509323, 0.8942441344261169, 0.6046145558357239, 0.002689917339012027, -0.05708032473921776, -0.49118202924728394, 0.4251723885536194, 0.00025058825849555433, -0.3763861060142517, 0.5282923579216003, 0.08542712032794952, 0.4190676212310791, 0.13276822865009308, 0.2896098494529724, -0.1280820518732071, -0.025652509182691574, -0.00911496952176094, 0.10676193982362747, -0.5664565563201904, 0.9774388074874878, 0.575468122959137, -0.263837993144989, 0.7480064630508423, 0.343772828578949, 0.37092435359954834, 0.10064958035945892, 0.5258862972259521, 0.6539908647537231, 0.5704594850540161, -0.5796446800231934, 0.3517322838306427, 0.03887137398123741, 0.1963188797235489, 0.709709882736206, 0.39555686712265015, 0.16401980817317963, 0.3172284960746765, 0.4544677734375, 0.009895704686641693, -0.25656387209892273, -0.17572294175624847, -0.18189139664173126, -0.26139339804649353, -0.11955046653747559, -0.0584772489964962, 0.22929343581199646, 0.3695060908794403, -0.380395770072937, -0.19974233210086823, 0.24042490124702454, 1.227598786354065, 0.2807520925998688, 0.09746904671192169, 0.24385493993759155, -0.26647326350212097, -0.1408102810382843, 0.3452657163143158, 0.13300780951976776, -0.10179518908262253, -0.13905060291290283, -0.2832491099834442, 0.32127413153648376, -0.870231568813324, 0.1214197650551796, 0.04815716668963432, 0.40117910504341125, 0.13384950160980225, -0.4569323658943176, 0.6444509625434875, 0.47951191663742065, 0.0320422388613224, -0.3846983015537262, 0.49485066533088684, -0.5697365999221802, -0.6946746706962585, 0.4796263873577118, 0.23470133543014526, 0.6463722586631775, 0.2229394018650055, 0.4842279255390167, -0.07886054366827011, -0.9062861800193787, 0.05773644149303436, 0.4139944612979889, 0.6118911504745483, 0.4961448013782501, -0.08324800431728363, 0.06829949468374252, 0.24290353059768677, -0.36839911341667175, -0.8141385912895203, -0.24923689663410187, -0.4751504957675934, -0.3435186743736267, 0.6041532754898071, 0.2558121383190155, 0.07754401117563248, -0.6002638339996338, -0.7396455407142639, 0.4258040487766266, -0.33043375611305237, 0.008526167832314968, -0.023113546893000603, -0.3096812665462494, -0.6855120062828064, -0.02325669303536415, 0.6995255947113037, -0.3155220150947571, -0.32418906688690186, -0.9184691905975342, -0.5007176995277405, 0.21020740270614624, -0.8322604298591614, 0.04774726554751396, 0.28547725081443787, 0.06516724824905396, -0.21960940957069397, -0.534460186958313, 0.4221658706665039, -0.1757420003414154, 0.13544878363609314, 0.027525808662176132, 0.48580262064933777, -0.2921994924545288, -0.057317208498716354, -0.09259625524282455, -0.20255601406097412, -0.4567313492298126, -0.16209721565246582, -0.06802620738744736, 0.2613406181335449, 0.005607612431049347, -0.5919405221939087, -5.826035022735596, -0.2226487249135971, -0.49575573205947876, 0.08789675682783127, -0.1263616383075714, 0.08762843161821365, 0.4753730297088623, -0.18680395185947418, 0.08570358157157898, 0.6346986889839172, -0.27567058801651, -0.05146470293402672, 0.1270364671945572, 0.4459245204925537, -0.08732978999614716, -0.21027036011219025, 0.32449227571487427, 0.17219960689544678, -0.13795213401317596, 0.49482262134552, 0.18450511991977692, -0.28303277492523193, 0.039373885840177536, 0.23887738585472107, 0.3490487337112427, 0.16145677864551544, 0.027054987847805023, -0.04387037828564644, -0.45962974429130554, 0.13225741684436798, 0.22553536295890808, -0.6619459986686707, -0.24116139113903046, -0.19272774457931519, -0.16956789791584015, -0.07495040446519852, 0.7886691689491272, -0.0493212528526783, 1.0311704874038696, -0.4578901529312134, -0.0904468223452568, -0.07784631848335266, -0.2009264975786209, 0.03747180476784706, 0.5142685174942017, -0.24508577585220337, -0.31137362122535706, -0.08624814450740814, -0.13736572861671448, 0.7485249042510986, 0.6152598261833191, 0.5601381063461304, 0.4030391275882721, -0.17189711332321167, 0.1465366631746292, -0.37480029463768005, 0.03898332640528679, -0.29499804973602295, -0.5200974345207214, -0.37338531017303467, 0.45369887351989746, -0.17306163907051086, -0.2691677212715149, -0.13279208540916443, -0.1361943930387497, -0.33401209115982056, -0.8382526636123657, -0.4259679615497589, 0.2378225028514862, -0.027074720710515976, -0.5132744312286377, 0.09085599333047867, 0.11788630485534668, -0.7764602303504944, 0.4055827260017395, -0.232321634888649, -0.576995313167572, 0.12494005262851715, -0.018646450713276863, -0.6105301380157471, -0.0993187204003334, -0.38092780113220215, -0.6147733330726624, 0.5314525961875916, 0.11315690726041794, -0.559455394744873, -0.7528394460678101, -0.6623370051383972, -0.20225171744823456, -0.06480914354324341, 0.45263954997062683, -0.29311278462409973, -0.39861565828323364, 0.3599384129047394, 0.047793757170438766, 0.44987210631370544, 0.5252201557159424, 0.4654763638973236, 0.4200940430164337, 0.03283387050032616, -0.030427411198616028, -0.006150020286440849, 0.7490113377571106, -0.11012481153011322, 0.11821763962507248, -0.3614295423030853, 0.6182515621185303, 0.04459039494395256, 0.29609382152557373, -0.14307036995887756, -0.6972342133522034, -0.5882743000984192, -0.5322676301002502, 0.15209320187568665, 0.46631234884262085, 0.4858609735965729, 0.1409061998128891, 0.5070353746414185, 0.18809917569160461, 0.641029417514801, -0.029257791116833687, 0.3097476363182068, -0.13398990035057068, -0.39346563816070557, -0.406556636095047, 0.11115165054798126, -0.040481626987457275, 0.22537142038345337, 0.4205433428287506, -0.175638347864151, -0.3121758699417114, -0.217834010720253, 0.178289532661438, 0.032388776540756226, 0.31777989864349365, -0.10647406429052353, -0.435235857963562, -0.22366006672382355, -0.25333142280578613, -0.3920040428638458, -0.30524972081184387, -0.21303468942642212, 0.13529342412948608, 0.4005371928215027, 0.4209878146648407, -0.34813717007637024, 0.5592947602272034, -0.40606096386909485, -0.42532169818878174, 0.12932302057743073, -0.23442968726158142, -0.5463995337486267, 0.7583543062210083, -0.16450750827789307, -0.3391501307487488, 0.3887864351272583, -0.2762053310871124, 0.22492237389087677, 0.21733252704143524, 0.051539868116378784, 0.016045819967985153, -0.8139820098876953, -0.5915330052375793, 0.32524123787879944, 0.11852766573429108, 0.4426795542240143, -0.4541032612323761, -0.24631668627262115, -0.38066720962524414, 0.1896522492170334, 0.3567254841327667, 0.8364650011062622, -0.5316483378410339, 0.12009228020906448, 0.5147484540939331, 0.6221923828125, -0.30129846930503845, -0.1478441208600998, -0.045323703438043594, -0.5326964855194092, -0.1588275134563446, -0.3824957609176636, -0.47878342866897583, -0.20621606707572937, 0.11839979141950607, -0.5869153141975403, 0.004445742350071669, 0.0716533437371254, -0.14626170694828033, -0.23265108466148376, 0.4340633749961853, 0.6681867241859436, 0.47480863332748413, -0.02725539542734623, -1.2163236141204834, 0.026856767013669014, -0.1862342208623886, 0.02971676178276539, 0.08426406979560852, -0.5050944089889526, -0.3078599274158478, -0.1666727066040039, -0.3723944127559662, 0.08026376366615295, 0.46909478306770325, -0.7043768763542175, -0.10670606791973114, 0.42089053988456726, -0.22190606594085693, 0.8720522522926331, 0.24465914070606232, -0.4768276512622833, 0.1845914125442505, 0.08774787187576294, 0.013576241210103035, 0.08223564922809601, 0.24342234432697296, -0.28325507044792175, 0.11076056212186813, -0.6030498743057251, -0.19495925307273865, -0.3344213664531708, -0.21282334625720978, -0.46902668476104736, -0.5550591349601746, -0.2593420445919037, 0.09178963303565979, -0.6597522497177124, -0.019107045605778694, -0.8030133843421936, 0.4332023859024048, -0.17090047895908356, 0.11621936410665512, 0.1275777816772461, -0.30372706055641174, 0.48658978939056396, -0.41191354393959045, 0.5774704217910767, 0.21599560976028442, 0.6368646621704102, 0.48432180285453796, 0.6176705956459045, 0.062036991119384766, -0.15654033422470093, -0.28323355317115784, 0.28362125158309937, 0.13978777825832367, -0.15534985065460205, -0.5679833889007568, 0.42555439472198486, 0.271992564201355, -0.15617024898529053, -0.4633515179157257, 0.30501407384872437, 0.518740713596344, -0.6838130950927734, -0.13108336925506592, 0.12350857257843018, -0.2947425842285156, -0.32491904497146606, -0.06919583678245544, 0.32233744859695435, -0.6296268105506897, 0.12260913848876953, 0.34920936822891235, 0.3221225142478943, -0.05823588743805885, -0.15283964574337006, -0.20715580880641937, -0.31800851225852966, -0.1898287981748581, 0.12247541546821594, 0.3606647849082947, 0.4857720136642456, 0.017009075731039047, 0.2606070637702942, 0.004670635797083378, -0.661551296710968, 0.11731622368097305, -0.45257970690727234, 0.17235822975635529, 0.7261524796485901, -0.37586909532546997, -0.5848146677017212, -0.2552129030227661, -0.3065410554409027, 0.004018047358840704, 0.14042732119560242, 0.3775191605091095, 0.4030672609806061, -0.5788971185684204, 0.4378134608268738, -0.17111527919769287, 0.3414740562438965, 0.7414761781692505, -0.07550825923681259, 0.36872756481170654, 0.03129070624709129, -0.02562660723924637, -0.6636008024215698, -0.28637000918388367, 0.5651267170906067, 0.46807509660720825, -0.23928865790367126, 0.4846198260784149, 0.7049732208251953, -0.07415355741977692, 0.2223191261291504, -0.19399867951869965, 0.4893944561481476, 0.42796868085861206, -0.3342280685901642, -0.4262879192829132, 1.0254006385803223, 0.03546255826950073, 0.3017984926700592, 0.748228132724762, -0.14190198481082916, -0.2736724317073822, 0.14350183308124542, -0.03783167526125908, 0.06104842573404312, 0.0940103828907013, -0.6178368330001831, -0.9108268022537231, 0.378221333026886, -0.25411370396614075, -0.12970224022865295, 0.5764361023902893, -0.41132134199142456, 0.44175606966018677, -0.1267922818660736, 0.05820281058549881, 0.124454565346241, -0.3041393458843231, -0.30969321727752686, -0.231267511844635, 0.20838560163974762, -0.03455819934606552, 0.603172779083252, 0.44519975781440735, -0.050609100610017776, -0.19963890314102173, 0.11473305523395538, -0.08987919986248016, 0.1652795821428299, -0.13113081455230713, 0.07204032689332962, 0.2281910926103592, 0.14548322558403015, 0.31957030296325684, 0.41646623611450195, 0.09539199620485306, -0.8429253697395325, 0.9310397505760193, -0.5001829266548157, 0.06003725156188011, -0.2542147934436798, 0.6496898531913757, -0.600073516368866, -0.034886546432971954, 0.13171659409999847, -0.1856459528207779, 0.10722599178552628, 0.5759367346763611, 0.16289617121219635, 0.12126653641462326, 0.20447124540805817, 0.06311328709125519, 0.24470673501491547, -0.15630000829696655, 0.048790864646434784, -0.13862228393554688, -0.11823780089616776, -0.22777105867862701, 0.6350942254066467, 0.44479846954345703, -0.0022184993140399456, -0.2511468529701233, 0.291971892118454, -0.11101361364126205, -0.03833632543683052, -0.16006362438201904, -0.028167713433504105, 0.23731034994125366, 0.04531107842922211, -0.06524413079023361, -0.0977199599146843, -0.15537330508232117, -0.34997761249542236, 0.22033412754535675, -1.11312735080719, -0.3808995187282562, 0.22105415165424347, -0.025725942105054855, -0.22791391611099243, -0.20365777611732483, 0.4930599629878998, 0.08929385244846344, 0.10972817987203598, 0.2877430021762848, 0.3771836757659912, 0.5663876533508301, 0.22365184128284454, -0.18330447375774384, 0.24425002932548523, -0.29183757305145264, -0.0442003570497036, -0.5836303234100342, -0.013995393179357052, 0.09606312215328217, 0.678129255771637, -0.005777426995337009, -0.2598430812358856, -0.28341665863990784, -0.6334933638572693, 0.22443616390228271, 0.11737361550331116, 0.36038294434547424, -0.02678357996046543, -0.22745385766029358, -0.6108840107917786, -0.3953205943107605, 0.4426928460597992, -0.30232474207878113, -0.43043720722198486, 0.028047846630215645, -0.3022480309009552, -0.4193480908870697, 0.23484255373477936, 0.16549648344516754, 0.2662050426006317, -0.26436617970466614, 0.31319594383239746, -0.3028482496738434, -0.5935080051422119, 0.281075119972229, 0.6513901352882385, 0.5446493029594421, -0.22097595036029816, -0.27157801389694214, 0.07207296788692474, 0.376412570476532, 0.5092732310295105, -1.0556437969207764, -0.14954304695129395, 0.20096011459827423, 0.2470373809337616, -0.8842124342918396, -0.02449466846883297, -0.1284964382648468, 0.35898357629776, 0.1802540421485901, -0.2932947278022766, -0.3162670135498047, -0.15390489995479584, -0.17573332786560059, 0.034008923918008804, 0.9368292093276978, 0.4453144073486328 ]
230833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%20XF-91%20Thunderceptor	Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor	The Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor (originally designated XP-91) is a mixed-propulsion prototype interceptor aircraft, developed by Republic Aviation. The aircraft would use a jet engine for most flight, and a cluster of four small rocket engines for added thrust during climb and interception. The design was largely obsolete by the time it was completed due to the rapidly increasing performance of contemporary jet engines, and only two prototypes were built. One of these was the first American fighter to exceed Mach 1 in level flight. A unique feature of the Thunderceptor was its unusual inverse tapered wing, in which the chord length increased along the wing span from the root to the tip, the opposite of conventional swept wing designs. This was an attempt to address the problem of pitch-up, a potentially deadly phenomenon that plagued early high-speed models. The Thunderceptor's design meant the entire wing stalled smoothly, more like a straight-wing design. Design and development During the development of the XP-84, Republic, under the guidance of Alexander Kartveli, looked at the installation of rockets to fighters. The company was inspired by German wartime aircraft: the rocket-powered Messerschmitt Me 163 and the experimental rocket-boosted turbojet Messerschmitt Me 262C Heimatschützer (home protector) series of interceptor prototypes. The Thunderceptor design was one of two swept-wing modifications based on the original Republic F-84 Thunderjet, the other being the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak which was developed later. A serious problem with most swept wing designs of the era was dangerous performance at low speeds and high angle of attack. The stagnant airflow over the wing tended to "slide" towards the wingtips, which caused them to stall before the rest of the wing. In this situation the center of lift would rapidly shift forward relative to the center of mass, pitching the nose up and leading to an even greater angle of attack or, in extreme cases, end-over-end tumbling of the aircraft. Aircraft caught in this regime would often stall and crash, and a rash of such accidents with the North American F-100 Super Sabre led to the term "Sabre dance". The Thunderceptor's most notable design feature was intended to address this problem. The wings were built to have considerably more chord (distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge) at the tip than root, allowing them to generate more lift. This neatly addressed the problem of Sabre dance by delaying the point of stall on the tip to that of the entire wing. A side-effect of this design was that the tips had more internal room, so the landing gear was mounted to retract outwards with the wheels lying in the wingtips, using two smaller wheels in a tandem arrangement for each main gear strut, instead of one larger one. Another design change was the ability to vary the angle of incidence of the wing as a whole, tilting it up for low speed operations during takeoff and landing, and then "leveling it off" for high-speed flight and cruise. This allowed the fuselage to remain closer to level while landing, greatly improving visibility. In keeping with its intended role as an interceptor, the nose was redesigned to incorporate a radar antenna, forcing the air intake for the engine to be moved from its original nose-mounted position to a new intake below it. The fuselage was otherwise very similar to the F-84's. The first prototype did not include the radome, although this was fitted to the second prototype. Testing and evaluation The first prototype made its first flight on 9 May 1949, breaking the speed of sound in December 1951. It was later modified with a small radome for gunnery ranging (although not the "full" radome of the second prototype). The second prototype included a full radome and chin-mounted intake, but was otherwise similar. With both the jet and rockets running, the aircraft could reach Mach 1.71. Both prototypes completed 192 test flights over the course of five years. The second prototype, 46-681, had an engine failure during takeoff from Edwards AFB in the summer of 1951. Republic test pilot Carl Bellinger escaped from the aircraft just as the tail melted off only 90 seconds into the flight. By the time fire apparatus arrived, driving across the dry lake bed, the tail section had been reduced to ashes. 46-681 was then fitted with a "V" (or "butterfly") tail, and was flight-tested with this configuration. It was later used at Edwards AFB as a crash-crew training simulator, then scrapped. As an interceptor the Thunderceptor was soon eclipsed by designs from other companies, but like the Thunderceptor none of these would go into production. The United States Air Force decided to wait the short time needed to introduce newer and much more capable designs created as a part of the 1954 interceptor project. The Thunderceptor, like the other interceptor designs of the era, had extremely short flight times on the order of 25 minutes, making them almost useless for protecting an area as large as the United States. The 1954 designs outperformed the XF-91 in speed, range, and loiter time, as well as including the radar and fire-control systems needed for night and all-weather operation. The era of the dedicated day fighter-type interceptor was over. Aircraft on display The surviving prototype, 46–0680, is exhibited in the Research & Development Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio. Specifications (XF-91 Thunderceptor) See also References Notes Bibliography Jenkins, Dennis R. and Tony R. Landis. Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota, USA: Specialty Press, 2008. . Knaack, Marcelle Size.Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1, Post-World War II Fighters, 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978. . Pace, Steve. Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor Rocket Fighter (Air Force Legends N.210). Simi Valley, California, USA: Steve Ginter Books, 2000. . Pace, Steve. X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Motorbooks International, 1991. . Winchester, Jim. The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. . Yeager, Chuck and Leo Janos. Yeager: An Autobiography. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. . Yenne, Bill. The World's Worst Aircraft. New York: Dorset Press, 1993. . Further reading External links XF-91 in U.S Centennial of Flight Commission Several pictures of the XF-91 46-680 Interceptor, 1949 – pictures from Flight 1949 F-091 Republic F-91 Single-engined jet aircraft Aircraft with auxiliary rocket engines Mid-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1949	[ -0.06686977297067642, 0.5041323304176331, -0.39739614725112915, 0.22127942740917206, -0.25108736753463745, 0.19348712265491486, -0.3181719481945038, 0.0034268908202648163, 0.19531410932540894, 0.09489916265010834, -0.5402703285217285, 0.5319376587867737, -0.33257386088371277, -0.34855395555496216, 0.21836763620376587, 0.3607036769390106, 0.7881194353103638, -0.037553586065769196, 0.5996851921081543, -0.08244161307811737, -0.03289411589503288, -0.06263755261898041, 0.09348109364509583, 0.17151165008544922, 0.2748410999774933, 0.516024649143219, 0.764550507068634, 0.4677780568599701, 0.20319479703903198, 0.38193219900131226, -0.18989817798137665, 0.945822536945343, -0.14262066781520844, -0.543976366519928, -0.26271137595176697, 0.1995876133441925, -0.345131516456604, 0.2423647940158844, -0.15767920017242432, -0.5766000747680664, -0.08702869713306427, -0.41281095147132874, -0.21243816614151, -0.2332644909620285, -0.22172079980373383, 0.19993212819099426, -1.558773159980774, -0.17507383227348328, -0.626268744468689, -0.21683482825756073, 0.15483911335468292, 0.44844672083854675, 0.15845662355422974, -0.28161248564720154, 0.2938406765460968, 1.2093888521194458, -0.5956194400787354, -0.2344178706407547, 0.06164025887846947, 0.18264839053153992, -0.0772627592086792, -0.0298159196972847, -0.21127690374851227, 0.4475112855434418, 0.44679683446884155, 0.17469905316829681, 0.30525684356689453, 0.219688281416893, -0.6237573027610779, -0.5732478499412537, -0.39828023314476013, -0.4095008969306946, 0.12446437031030655, 0.7091279029846191, -0.5032067894935608, -0.4687884747982025, -0.1086905300617218, -0.09755142033100128, -0.053374387323856354, 0.18155620992183685, 0.44621825218200684, 0.6261565685272217, 0.7338740825653076, 0.25375592708587646, -0.18192604184150696, 0.15957340598106384, -0.09551089257001877, 0.16919460892677307, -0.6107047200202942, 0.01672428846359253, -0.8008213043212891, -0.7521465420722961, 0.25296688079833984, 0.5561838150024414, -0.3107008635997772, -0.28711244463920593, -0.3612176179885864, 0.48051244020462036, 0.2831108570098877, 0.3562726676464081, 0.3322833180427551, 0.45040392875671387, 0.22705043852329254, 0.08853515982627869, -0.6989186406135559, -0.1554834246635437, -0.5531864166259766, -0.9017173051834106, -0.7425289154052734, 0.26734915375709534, -1.122776985168457, -0.06818194687366486, -0.044403791427612305, -0.2452785223722458, -0.660951554775238, 0.37698423862457275, 0.28065726161003113, -0.703838050365448, 0.2458266168832779, 0.1781783550977707, 0.7348494529724121, 0.7093256115913391, -0.450171560049057, 0.24313315749168396, 0.2176874876022339, 0.5484105348587036, 1.0185694694519043, 0.594981849193573, -0.8609658479690552, 0.3797086179256439, 0.6383989453315735, 0.7720013856887817, -0.6662680506706238, 0.5438894629478455, 0.20970022678375244, -0.48172929883003235, 0.4325454533100128, -0.16385166347026825, 0.44063600897789, 0.7627512216567993, -0.5039404630661011, -0.23156680166721344, -0.26366037130355835, -1.2057433128356934, 0.24048078060150146, 0.25925832986831665, 0.3155796527862549, -0.07569023966789246, -0.24248461425304413, -0.6079299449920654, -0.10955680161714554, -0.2524714171886444, -0.39989814162254333, -0.08218865841627121, -0.6252409219741821, 0.09860309213399887, 0.2719803750514984, -0.256884902715683, 0.36605146527290344, 0.889706552028656, -0.2573873996734619, 0.32123371958732605, -0.6422499418258667, 0.13592524826526642, -0.027923312038183212, -0.05343906581401825, 0.7839337587356567, -0.20219410955905914, 0.37825068831443787, -0.36998435854911804, -0.6178047060966492, 0.1639547049999237, 0.44386371970176697, 0.24436624348163605, -0.15696915984153748, -0.2656947076320648, 0.9813765287399292, -0.2143290638923645, 0.24401362240314484, 0.056512683629989624, -0.6846171617507935, 0.2007899135351181, -0.06475787609815598, 0.034840378910303116, 0.3259994685649872, 0.29261913895606995, 0.45304274559020996, 0.36826738715171814, 0.005722684320062399, -0.04145355522632599, -0.6503024101257324, 0.09757740795612335, 0.40980830788612366, -0.472090482711792, 1.0946142673492432, -0.5782577991485596, -0.6572321653366089, -0.19929280877113342, 0.00933838076889515, 1.0421760082244873, 0.1677486002445221, -0.15526551008224487, 0.7349432110786438, 0.13396267592906952, -0.22455459833145142, -0.5231708884239197, -0.1129613071680069, 0.30258020758628845, 0.4474169909954071, 0.5281540155410767, 0.39337483048439026, 0.33129531145095825, 0.03170903027057648, 0.03460342437028885, -0.6024673581123352, -0.27522459626197815, -0.7332138419151306, 0.10040734708309174, -0.06251182407140732, -0.09291736036539078, 0.22401106357574463, -0.14572851359844208, -0.4988521337509155, 0.28744417428970337, -0.33311837911605835, 0.6032282114028931, -0.07661271840333939, -0.19620902836322784, -0.2664341926574707, 0.26942792534828186, -0.1922016143798828, 0.3782525062561035, -0.49758923053741455, -0.2584218680858612, -0.2635040283203125, 0.12856422364711761, 0.05939830094575882, -0.44835591316223145, 0.7055695652961731, 0.009558012709021568, 0.03052877075970173, 0.665777862071991, -0.5679617524147034, 0.3899596333503723, -0.1457914412021637, -0.6600324511528015, 0.043131425976753235, 0.44362255930900574, -0.08714868873357773, -0.04094632714986801, -0.25612661242485046, 0.442471444606781, -0.08575237542390823, -0.32062286138534546, -0.3171728551387787, 0.3712356388568878, -0.33479297161102295, 0.30704012513160706, 0.05557427555322647, -0.08280564844608307, -0.40212082862854004, 0.30885744094848633, 0.6208094358444214, 0.3322650194168091, 0.14431747794151306, -0.8359209299087524, -0.03339039161801338, 0.3930555284023285, 0.14804764091968536, 0.1495748609304428, 0.10160420089960098, -0.49503961205482483, 0.06481272727251053, -0.02520248293876648, -0.6922076940536499, -0.44200146198272705, -0.5474370121955872, 0.7011380195617676, -0.8735809922218323, -0.44569167494773865, 0.5789992213249207, 0.9527207016944885, 0.431511253118515, 0.14880827069282532, -0.48911118507385254, 0.3610950708389282, 0.21364504098892212, -0.6199820041656494, -0.8536378145217896, -0.19698300957679749, -0.6617243885993958, -0.02960730344057083, -0.7012395858764648, 0.11049772053956985, -0.43142926692962646, 0.24003230035305023, 0.22289973497390747, -0.31778618693351746, 0.552444338798523, -0.3931989371776581, -0.4607316255569458, 0.09293435513973236, -0.343003511428833, 0.09601060301065445, 0.41171255707740784, -0.47885844111442566, -0.19391272962093353, 0.1948980838060379, -5.433145999908447, 0.260208398103714, -0.18959996104240417, -0.24658718705177307, 0.6077904105186462, 0.415059357881546, 0.11549408733844757, -0.27544987201690674, -0.4368547201156616, -0.8258852958679199, -0.3655061423778534, -0.16064579784870148, -0.16840314865112305, 0.21511787176132202, 0.2478821724653244, 0.004241868853569031, 0.28479883074760437, -0.37125298380851746, 0.8315058946609497, 0.26599106192588806, 0.7161563634872437, -0.24453122913837433, -0.09260863810777664, -0.21337462961673737, 0.4352846145629883, -0.05247346684336662, -0.5606927275657654, 0.010500790551304817, -0.318250447511673, 0.40703293681144714, 0.754643976688385, 0.19138072431087494, -0.39202162623405457, 0.5410134196281433, 0.061002496629953384, -0.04640168324112892, 0.7203757762908936, 0.06156640499830246, 0.689470648765564, 0.17053890228271484, 0.009984120726585388, -0.030085688456892967, 0.08622731268405914, 0.08826926350593567, 0.031081663444638252, -0.14362792670726776, -0.06481260061264038, 0.10330313444137573, 0.01079294178634882, 0.6681907773017883, 0.2315680980682373, -0.022896194830536842, 0.06539460271596909, 0.7295111417770386, 0.16470544040203094, -0.213518425822258, -0.2298894226551056, 0.05944690853357315, -0.5331966876983643, 0.6817728877067566, 0.22460100054740906, -0.3100025951862335, -0.5521222949028015, -0.6310138702392578, -0.28210020065307617, 0.06490874290466309, -0.2588716149330139, -0.2735831141471863, 0.3419147729873657, -0.15947826206684113, -0.09216482937335968, 0.6998436450958252, -0.6197068095207214, -1.0719352960586548, 0.609133780002594, -0.8229338526725769, -0.20479582250118256, -0.03212728723883629, -0.6251710057258606, 0.4962179958820343, 0.26167377829551697, -0.5965912938117981, -0.34533530473709106, -0.04601854830980301, -0.19787073135375977, -0.3502137362957001, -0.1727047711610794, 0.5629584789276123, 0.33081644773483276, 0.16478468477725983, 1.164000391960144, -0.9686492085456848, 0.7442141771316528, -0.24027788639068604, 0.39851921796798706, -0.23322100937366486, -0.4280638098716736, -0.061805304139852524, 0.4814598560333252, -0.29455941915512085, 0.3049243986606598, -0.28973162174224854, 0.2146022766828537, -0.3353027403354645, 0.03771466016769409, -0.9224950075149536, 0.44741809368133545, -0.25298401713371277, 0.7542639374732971, 0.13836970925331116, 0.5092093348503113, -0.6894215941429138, -0.0025342926383018494, -0.36528706550598145, 0.24128280580043793, -0.04279846325516701, 0.04010087624192238, -0.14649085700511932, 0.17112724483013153, 0.2275034785270691, -0.07684127986431122, 0.19442546367645264, -1.040108323097229, -0.7695737481117249, -0.13345299661159515, -0.5076425671577454, -0.10327816754579544, 0.05959921330213547, -0.05786697939038277, -0.23344579339027405, 0.11372946947813034, 0.6803346872329712, -0.5470051765441895, 0.415377140045166, 0.1322842836380005, -0.21513216197490692, -0.009285722859203815, 0.2242724895477295, 0.5620055794715881, -0.04769810661673546, -0.09554567188024521, -0.07795970141887665, -0.0649731457233429, -0.14864115417003632, 1.0596789121627808, 0.2779236137866974, -0.06583893299102783, -0.5091678500175476, -0.06377336382865906, 0.09392273426055908, 0.4714416265487671, -0.33600443601608276, 0.03889225050806999, -0.5079068541526794, -0.42616748809814453, 0.11689842492341995, 0.3127783238887787, 0.08822938054800034, -0.4675060510635376, -0.24746383726596832, 0.769257664680481, -0.037091802805662155, -0.30229654908180237, -0.23748844861984253, 0.5850731730461121, 0.0313643179833889, 0.04661228135228157, -0.9505452513694763, -0.035899579524993896, 0.48016688227653503, 0.41660261154174805, -0.8722639083862305, -0.8361048102378845, 0.07789832353591919, 0.35579293966293335, 0.2869144082069397, -0.3339065611362457, 0.09385758638381958, -0.09714256972074509, 0.09648694097995758, -0.9293489456176758, 0.1128668412566185, -0.315481960773468, 0.6382474303245544, 0.4794532358646393, -0.6949895024299622, -0.521847128868103, 0.0478227362036705, -0.33529478311538696, -0.4705224931240082, -0.007256887387484312, -0.179226815700531, 0.5313203930854797, 0.29496586322784424, -0.6155581474304199, -0.4275156557559967, -0.7317639589309692, 1.079865574836731, -0.045658618211746216, -0.4145388603210449, -0.3938544988632202, 0.6298522353172302, 0.19649851322174072, 0.7324981689453125, 0.0063186208717525005, -0.43312180042266846, 0.48562368750572205, -0.05266246944665909, 0.17292150855064392, 0.2893911302089691, -0.020110828801989555, -1.3299787044525146, 0.46364837884902954, 0.6999998092651367, -0.11329156905412674, 0.5172122120857239, -0.395077645778656, 0.5190269947052002, -0.7647549510002136, -0.6499555706977844, -0.060327574610710144, -0.03963342308998108, -0.19802850484848022, -0.07355235517024994, -1.3572460412979126, -0.004435223527252674, 0.34094977378845215, -0.7526155114173889, 0.01813262514770031, -0.2009510099887848, -0.11816152185201645, 0.4688638746738434, 0.13900643587112427, 0.1265808790922165, 0.14718161523342133, -0.3349228799343109, -0.20332182943820953, 0.000021115245544933714, 0.05216563120484352, 0.16286763548851013, 0.07417172938585281, 0.6748303771018982, 0.06799258291721344, -0.31519001722335815, -0.19707182049751282, 0.24352018535137177, 0.8760790228843689, -0.2886858582496643, -0.700981080532074, 0.207571879029274, -0.058600328862667084, -0.06592660397291183, -0.9023210406303406, 0.08052969723939896, 1.1115437746047974, -0.43301746249198914, -0.8968030214309692, -0.3258119523525238, -0.18473638594150543, 0.24886345863342285, -0.0935097336769104, 0.31783396005630493, -0.7738720774650574, 0.03109990432858467, -0.41281503438949585, 0.10809534043073654, -0.007019068580120802, -0.14955416321754456, 0.37311723828315735, -0.41829556226730347, -0.407318115234375, -0.09757915139198303, 0.01810605637729168, 0.5475544929504395, -0.07588765025138855, -0.2872030735015869, 0.1600138247013092, 0.2859668731689453, 0.05361027643084526, 0.6050414443016052, -0.15106143057346344, 0.5594360828399658, 0.02710871398448944, -0.37498554587364197, -0.3880745470523834, -0.19399365782737732, 0.14571988582611084, 0.28917258977890015, 0.045934297144412994, 0.2101602852344513, -0.19562341272830963, 0.33917826414108276, -0.24317637085914612, -0.44195717573165894, -0.31902259588241577, 0.050412312150001526, -0.0925353392958641, 0.0796186700463295, 0.15355828404426575, 0.24698317050933838, -0.35875165462493896, 0.38353076577186584, 0.493541419506073, -0.49366289377212524, -0.29128244519233704, -0.36445292830467224, 0.543095588684082, 0.10982712358236313, -0.19537536799907684, 0.20186881721019745, -0.19286559522151947, -0.2721077501773834, -0.34011736512184143, 0.23869256675243378, -0.5526838898658752, 0.5134141445159912, 0.1897650957107544, 0.047388382256031036, 0.4152938425540924, 0.22469058632850647, 0.03740796074271202, 0.11082156747579575, 0.42885980010032654, -0.4686943590641022, -0.6857733726501465, 0.2950505316257477, -1.213958978652954, -0.12461531162261963, 0.28639888763427734, 0.2791224718093872, -0.036521196365356445, -0.43545058369636536, -0.3376934230327606, 0.8003237843513489, 0.24014022946357727, -0.1213238388299942, 0.35278818011283875, -0.3322347402572632, 0.018252069130539894, 0.4407268762588501, 0.5106281042098999, 0.8815308213233948, 0.26458847522735596, -0.44110575318336487, -0.12166818976402283, 0.22940516471862793, 0.05131018906831741, 0.10271808505058289, 0.7188026905059814, 0.3690682351589203, -0.32926812767982483, 0.7361213564872742, 0.11647405475378036, -0.052612945437431335, 0.29993027448654175, -0.43359771370887756, -0.20128248631954193, 0.18877367675304413, 0.09936890751123428, 0.24396350979804993, -0.2986828088760376, 0.6612074971199036, 0.1615394651889801, 0.30897659063339233, -1.1039782762527466, 0.6132581233978271, -0.08906355500221252, -0.03206128999590874, 0.44168075919151306, 0.6209236979484558, -0.04725266620516777, 0.4614093601703644, 0.08102679997682571, 0.407929003238678, 0.13561853766441345, -0.08618126064538956, 0.4917953312397003, -0.016819490119814873, -0.5399312973022461, 0.08725275099277496, -0.22372867166996002, 0.6498903632164001, -0.28907376527786255, -0.5194682478904724, 0.41492757201194763, 0.0613224059343338, -0.4009280800819397, 0.09625189751386642, 0.6426815986633301, -0.41312122344970703, 0.4100383222103119, -0.6752025485038757, 0.020647412165999413, 0.07415428757667542, -0.17978698015213013, 0.3185175061225891, 0.24278494715690613, 0.4390789568424225, 0.39604902267456055, 0.7235504388809204, 0.22867323458194733, 0.35353216528892517, -0.31800150871276855, 0.3479076325893402, -0.07994505017995834, -0.2502874433994293, -0.4394688308238983, 0.3879014253616333, -0.41778549551963806, -0.16066986322402954, 0.22051377594470978, -0.20266041159629822, -0.12149965018033981, 0.14383496344089508, -0.43912047147750854, -0.24816401302814484, 0.680542528629303, 0.000571393989957869, -0.16686579585075378, -0.825192928314209, 0.01211587991565466, -0.5717203617095947, -0.134731262922287, 0.11565989255905151, -0.10867668688297272, -0.4643152058124542, 0.6337277889251709, -0.4874843657016754, -0.2989727556705475, 0.44969311356544495, -0.19431963562965393, 0.29121965169906616, -0.36941012740135193, 0.4266846179962158, -0.4295147955417633, -0.7078491449356079, 0.35231906175613403, 0.35127317905426025, 0.09557601809501648, 0.18581260740756989, 0.15306797623634338, 0.1853051781654358, 0.49000805616378784, -0.28022119402885437, 0.6136450171470642, -0.5177323818206787, -0.36926019191741943, -0.32033905386924744, -0.44888195395469666, 0.39197537302970886, 0.3922528028488159, -0.013260999694466591, 0.5500987768173218, -0.5115556716918945, -0.18953247368335724, 0.3556551933288574, -0.06117507442831993, -0.11760861426591873, -0.09852205216884613, -0.40262091159820557 ]
230834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA	CAPTCHA	A CAPTCHA (, a contrived acronym for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart") is a type of challenge–response test used in computing to determine whether the user is human. The term was coined in 2003 by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas J. Hopper, and John Langford. The most common type of CAPTCHA (displayed as Version 1.0) was first invented in 1997 by two groups working in parallel. This form of CAPTCHA requires someone to correctly evaluate and enter a sequence of letters or numbers perceptible in a distorted image displayed on their screen. Because the test is administered by a computer, in contrast to the standard Turing test that is administered by a human, a CAPTCHA is sometimes described as a reverse Turing test. This user identification procedure has received many criticisms, especially from people with disabilities, but also from other people who feel that their everyday work is slowed down by distorted words that are difficult to read. It takes the average person approximately 10 seconds to solve a typical CAPTCHA. History Since the early days of the Internet, users have wanted to make text illegible to computers. The first such people were hackers, posting about sensitive topics to Internet forums they thought were being automatically monitored on keywords. To circumvent such filters, they replaced a word with look-alike characters. HELLO could become or , as well as numerous other variants, such that a filter could not possibly detect all of them. This later became known as leetspeak. One of the earliest commercial uses of CAPTCHAs was in the Gausebeck–Levchin test. In 2000, idrive.com began to protect its signup page with a CAPTCHA and prepared to file a patent on this seemingly novel technique. In 2001, PayPal used such tests as part of a fraud prevention strategy in which they asked humans to "retype distorted text that programs have difficulty recognizing." PayPal cofounder and CTO Max Levchin helped commercialize this early use. A popular deployment of CAPTCHA technology, reCAPTCHA, was acquired by Google in 2009. In addition to preventing bot fraud for its users, Google used reCAPTCHA and CAPTCHA technology to digitize the archives of The New York Times and books from Google Books in 2011. Inventorship claims Two teams have claimed to be the first to invent the CAPTCHAs used widely on the web today. The first team with Mark D. Lillibridge, Martín Abadi, Krishna Bharat, and Andrei Broder, used CAPTCHAs in 1997 at AltaVista to prevent bots from adding Uniform Resource Locator (URLs) to their web search engine. Looking for a way to make their images resistant to optical character recognition (OCR) attack, the team looked at the manual of their Brother scanner, which had recommendations for improving OCR's results (similar typefaces, plain backgrounds, etc.). The team created puzzles by attempting to simulate what the manual claimed would cause bad OCR. The second team to claim to be the first to invent CAPTCHAs with Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas J. Hopper, and John Langford, first described CAPTCHAs in a 2003 publication and subsequently received much coverage in the popular press. Their notion of CAPTCHA covers any program that can distinguish humans from computers. The controversy of inventorship has been resolved by the existence of a 1997 priority date patent application by Eran Reshef, Gili Raanan and Eilon Solan (second group) who worked at Sanctum on Application Security Firewall. Their patent application details that "The invention is based on applying human advantage in applying sensory and cognitive skills to solving simple problems that prove to be extremely hard for computer software. Such skills include, but are not limited to processing of sensory information such as identification of objects and letters within a noisy graphical environment". Lillibridge, Abadi, Bharat, and Broder (first group) published their patent in 1998. Both patents predate other publications by several years, though they do not use the term CAPTCHA, they describe the ideas in detail and precisely depict the graphical CAPTCHAs used in the Web today. Characteristics CAPTCHAs are, by definition, fully automated, requiring little human maintenance or intervention to administer, producing benefits in cost and reliability. The algorithm used to create the CAPTCHA must be made public, though it may be covered by a patent. This is done to demonstrate that breaking it requires the solution to a difficult problem in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) rather than just the discovery of the (secret) algorithm, which could be obtained through reverse engineering or other means. Modern text-based CAPTCHAs are designed such that they require the simultaneous use of three separate abilities—invariant recognition, segmentation, and parsing—to correctly complete the task with any consistency. Invariant recognition refers to the ability to recognize the large amount of variation in the shapes of letters. There is an overwhelmingly large number of versions of each character that a human brain can successfully identify. The same is not true for a computer, and teaching it to recognize all those differing formations is a challenging task. Segmentation, or the ability to separate one letter from another, is also made difficult in CAPTCHAs, as characters are crowded together with no white space in between. Context is also critical. The CAPTCHA must be understood holistically to correctly identify each character. For example, in one segment of a CAPTCHA, a letter might look like an "m". Only when the whole word is taken into context does it become clear that it is a u and an n. Each of these problems poses a significant challenge for a computer, even in isolation. The presence of all three at the same time is what makes CAPTCHAs difficult to solve. Unlike computers, humans excel at this type of task. While segmentation and recognition are two separate processes necessary for understanding an image for a computer, they are part of the same process for a person. For example, when an individual understands that the first letter of a CAPTCHA is an a, that individual also understands where the contours of that a are, and also where it melds with the contours of the next letter. Additionally, the human brain is capable of dynamic thinking based upon context. It is able to keep multiple explanations alive and then pick the one that is the best explanation for the whole input based upon contextual clues. This also means it will not be fooled by variations in letters. Relation to AI While used mostly for security reasons, CAPTCHAs also serve as a benchmark task for artificial intelligence technologies. According to an article by Ahn, Blum and Langford, "any program that passes the tests generated by a CAPTCHA can be used to solve a hard unsolved AI problem." They argue that the advantages of using hard AI problems as a means for security are twofold. Either the problem goes unsolved and there remains a reliable method for distinguishing humans from computers, or the problem is solved and a difficult AI problem is resolved along with it. In the case of image and text based CAPTCHAs, if an AI were capable of accurately completing the task without exploiting flaws in a particular CAPTCHA design, then it would have solved the problem of developing an AI that is capable of complex object recognition in scenes. Accessibility CAPTCHAs based on reading text — or other visual-perception tasks — prevent blind or visually impaired users from accessing the protected resource. However, CAPTCHAs do not have to be visual. Any hard artificial intelligence problem, such as speech recognition, can be used as the basis of a CAPTCHA. Some implementations of CAPTCHAs permit users to opt for an audio CAPTCHA, though a 2011 paper demonstrated a technique for defeating the popular schemes at the time. For non-sighted users (for example blind users, or color blind people on a color-using test), visual CAPTCHAs present serious problems. Because CAPTCHAs are designed to be unreadable by machines, common assistive technology tools such as screen readers cannot interpret them. Since sites may use CAPTCHAs as part of the initial registration process, or even every login, this challenge can completely block access. In certain jurisdictions, site owners could become targets of litigation if they are using CAPTCHAs that discriminate against certain people with disabilities. For example, a CAPTCHA may make a site incompatible with Section 508 in the United States. In other cases, those with sight difficulties can choose to identify a word being read to them. While providing an audio CAPTCHA allows blind users to read the text, it still hinders those who are both blind and deaf. According to sense.org.uk, about 4% of people over 60 in the UK have both vision and hearing impairments. There are about 23,000 people in the UK who have serious vision and hearing impairments. According to The National Technical Assistance Consortium for Children and Young Adults Who Are Deaf-Blind (NTAC), the number of deafblind children in the USA increased from 9,516 to 10,471 during the period 2004 to 2012. Gallaudet University quotes 1980 to 2007 estimates which suggest upwards of 35,000 fully deafblind adults in the USA. Deafblind population estimates depend heavily on the degree of impairment used in the definition. The use of CAPTCHA thus excludes a small number of individuals from using significant subsets of such common Web-based services as PayPal, Gmail, Orkut, Yahoo!, many forum and weblog systems, etc. Even for perfectly sighted individuals, new generations of graphical CAPTCHAs, designed to overcome sophisticated recognition software, can be very hard or impossible to read. A method of improving CAPTCHA to ease the work with it was proposed by ProtectWebForm and named "Smart CAPTCHA". Developers are advised to combine CAPTCHA with JavaScript. Since it is hard for most bots to parse and execute JavaScript, a combinatory method which fills the CAPTCHA fields and hides both the image and the field from human eyes was proposed. One alternative method involves displaying to the user a simple mathematical equation and requiring the user to enter the solution as verification. Although these are much easier to defeat using software, they are suitable for scenarios where graphical imagery is not appropriate, and they provide a much higher level of accessibility for blind users than the image-based CAPTCHAs. These are sometimes referred to as MAPTCHAs (M = "mathematical"). However, these may be difficult for users with a cognitive disorder. Other kinds of challenges, such as those that require understanding the meaning of some text (e.g., a logic puzzle, trivia question, or instructions on how to create a password) can also be used as a CAPTCHA. Again, there is little research into their resistance against countermeasures. Circumvention There are a few approaches to defeating CAPTCHAs: using cheap human labor to recognize them, exploiting bugs in the implementation that allow the attacker to completely bypass the CAPTCHA, and finally using machine learning to build an automated solver. According to former Google "click fraud czar" Shuman Ghosemajumder, there are numerous services which solve CAPTCHAs automatically. Machine learning-based attacks In its earliest iterations there was not a systematic methodology for designing or evaluating CAPTCHAs. As a result, there were many instances in which CAPTCHAs were of a fixed length and therefore automated tasks could be constructed to successfully make educated guesses about where segmentation should take place. Other early CAPTCHAs contained limited sets of words, which made the test much easier to game. Still others made the mistake of relying too heavily on background confusion in the image. In each case, algorithms were created that were successfully able to complete the task by exploiting these design flaws. These methods proved brittle however, and slight changes to the CAPTCHA were easily able to thwart them. Modern CAPTCHAs like reCAPTCHA no longer rely just on fixed patterns but instead present variations of characters that are often collapsed together, making segmentation almost impossible. These newest iterations have been much more successful at warding off automated tasks. In October 2013, artificial intelligence company Vicarious claimed that it had developed a generic CAPTCHA-solving algorithm that was able to solve modern CAPTCHAs with character recognition rates of up to 90%. However, Luis von Ahn, a pioneer of early CAPTCHA and founder of reCAPTCHA, expressed skepticism, stating: "It's hard for me to be impressed since I see these every few months." He pointed out that 50 similar claims to that of Vicarious had been made since 2003. In August 2014 at Usenix WoOT conference, Bursztein et al. presented the first generic CAPTCHA-solving algorithm based on reinforcement learning and demonstrated its efficiency against many popular CAPTCHA schemas. They concluded that text distortion based CAPTCHAs schemes should be considered insecure moving forward. In October 2018 at ACM CCS'18 conference, Ye et al. presented a deep learning-based attack that could successfully solve all 11 text captcha schemes used by the top-50 popular website in 2018 with a high success rate. Their work shows that an effective CAPTCHA solver can be trained using as few as 500 real CAPTCHAs, showing that it is possible to quickly launch an attack of a new text CAPTCHA scheme. Cheap or unwitting human labor It is possible to subvert CAPTCHAs by relaying them to a sweatshop of human operators who are employed to decode CAPTCHAs. A 2005 paper from a W3C working group stated that such an operator could verify hundreds per hour. In 2010, the University of California at San Diego conducted a large scale study of CAPTCHA farms and found out that the retail price for solving one million CAPTCHAs was as low as $1,000. Another technique that has been described consists of using a script to re-post the target site's CAPTCHA as a CAPTCHA to a site owned by the attacker, which unsuspecting humans visit and correctly solve within a short while for the script to use. This technique is likely to be economically unfeasible for most attackers due to the cost of attracting enough users and running a popular site. Outsourcing to paid services There are multiple Internet companies like 2Captcha and DeathByCaptcha that offer human and machine backed CAPTCHA solving services for as low as US$0.50 per 1000 solved CAPTCHAs. These services offer APIs and libraries that enable users to integrate CAPTCHA circumvention into the tools that CAPTCHAs were designed to block in the first place. Insecure implementation Howard Yeend has identified two implementation issues with poorly designed CAPTCHA systems: Some CAPTCHA protection systems can be bypassed without using OCR simply by reusing the session ID of a known CAPTCHA image CAPTCHAs residing on shared servers also present a problem; a security issue on another virtual host may leave the CAPTCHA issuer's site vulnerable Sometimes, if part of the software generating the CAPTCHA is client-side (the validation is done on a server but the text that the user is required to identify is rendered on the client side), then users can modify the client to display the un-rendered text. Some CAPTCHA systems use MD5 hashes stored client-side, which may leave the CAPTCHA vulnerable to a brute-force attack. Notable attacks Some notable attacks against various CAPTCHAs schemas include: Mori et al. published a paper in IEEE CVPR'03 detailing a method for defeating one of the most popular CAPTCHAs, EZ-Gimpy, which was tested as being 92% accurate in defeating it. The same method was also shown to defeat the more complex and less-widely deployed Gimpy program 33% of the time. However, the existence of implementations of their algorithm in actual use is indeterminate at this time. PWNtcha has made significant progress in defeating commonly used CAPTCHAs, which has contributed to a general migration towards more sophisticated CAPTCHAs. Podec, a trojan discovered by the security company Kaspersky, forwards CAPTCHA requests to an online human translation service that converts the image to text, fooling the system. Podec targets Android mobile devices. Alternative CAPTCHAs schemas With the demonstration that text distortion based CAPTCHAs are vulnerable to machine learning based attacks, some researchers have proposed alternatives including image recognition CAPTCHAs which require users to identify simple objects in the images presented. The argument in favor of these schemes is that tasks like object recognition are typically more complex to perform than text recognition and therefore should be more resilient to machine learning based attacks. Here are some of notable alternative CAPTCHA schemas: Chew et al. published their work in the 7th International Information Security Conference, ISC'04, proposing three different versions of image recognition CAPTCHAs, and validating the proposal with user studies. It is suggested that one of the versions, the anomaly CAPTCHA, is best with 100% of human users being able to pass an anomaly CAPTCHA with at least 90% probability in 42 seconds. Datta et al. published their paper in the ACM Multimedia '05 Conference, named IMAGINATION (IMAge Generation for INternet AuthenticaTION), proposing a systematic way to image recognition CAPTCHAs. Images are distorted in such a way that state-of-the-art image recognition approaches (which are potential attack technologies) fail to recognize them. Microsoft (Jeremy Elson, John R. Douceur, Jon Howell, and Jared Saul) claim to have developed Animal Species Image Recognition for Restricting Access (ASIRRA) which ask users to distinguish cats from dogs. Microsoft had a beta version of this for websites to use. They claim "Asirra is easy for users; it can be solved by humans 99.6% of the time in under 30 seconds. Anecdotally, users seemed to find the experience of using Asirra much more enjoyable than a text-based CAPTCHA." This solution was described in a 2007 paper to Proceedings of 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). However, this project was closed in October 2014 and is no longer available. See also Defense strategy (computing) NuCaptcha Proof-of-work system reCAPTCHA References Further references von Ahn, L; M. Blum and J. Langford. (2004) "Telling humans and computers apart (automatically)". Communications of the ACM, 47(2):57–60. External links Verification of a human in the loop, or Identification via the Turing Test, Moni Naor, 1996. Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA: Alternatives to Visual Turing Tests on the Web, a W3C Working Group Note. CAPTCHA History from PARC. Reverse Engineering CAPTCHAs Abram Hindle, Michael W. Godfrey, Richard C. Holt, 2009-08-24 Turing tests Internet forum terminology Computer vision 2003 neologisms 20th-century inventions	[ -0.2841695249080658, -0.08205181360244751, -0.5107292532920837, 0.4033208191394806, 0.0026723521295934916, -0.1295301914215088, 0.29184243083000183, 0.39409592747688293, -0.12776793539524078, -0.26406919956207275, -0.7258233428001404, 0.6358954310417175, -0.4327153265476227, 0.014898322522640228, -0.2955576479434967, 0.12014289200305939, 0.18267521262168884, 0.11628391593694687, -0.2510968744754791, 0.04300767183303833, -0.31231823563575745, -0.15246491134166718, -0.8708372116088867, -0.3156306743621826, 0.24157416820526123, -0.08629369735717773, 0.03532314673066139, -0.10627342760562897, -0.4002310335636139, -0.06483537703752518, 0.220550537109375, 0.13157454133033752, -0.043882716447114944, 0.048299696296453476, -0.29909855127334595, 0.026547696441411972, -0.4469354450702667, 0.03561697155237198, -0.02577088214457035, -0.5352034568786621, 0.12563075125217438, 0.07177840918302536, -0.20210109651088715, 0.28111356496810913, -0.6678693890571594, -0.19260433316230774, -1.5782873630523682, 0.05829889327287674, -0.4697054922580719, 0.09042537212371826, -0.6560273170471191, 0.47049304842948914, -0.1523502916097641, 0.5161228179931641, -0.3279828727245331, 0.2680268883705139, 0.384789377450943, -0.5092046856880188, 0.03893829509615898, -0.3565298616886139, 0.6703783869743347, 0.03342599794268608, 0.2716999351978302, 0.1934812217950821, -0.04479607939720154, -0.06348368525505066, 0.09239012748003006, 0.04812898859381676, -0.5746104121208191, -0.7584357261657715, -0.050656650215387344, -0.538530707359314, -0.3599364161491394, 0.3470754325389862, -0.44002246856689453, 0.30351030826568604, 0.1878979653120041, -0.4576619863510132, 0.08120029419660568, 0.034115757793188095, -0.5669772028923035, 0.8569695353507996, 0.621574878692627, 0.08187759667634964, 0.5428430438041687, -0.30319464206695557, -0.19593368470668793, 1.0619232654571533, -0.1794019639492035, 0.5858740210533142, 0.5778733491897583, -0.050605904310941696, 0.4851211905479431, -0.10731006413698196, 0.18430615961551666, 0.19248166680335999, 0.19049645960330963, -0.2705143094062805, -0.004011070355772972, -0.16850630939006805, -0.25793910026550293, -0.1484612673521042, 0.03150046616792679, -0.22365891933441162, -0.3125629425048828, 0.1299487203359604, -0.09009916335344315, -0.5118682384490967, 0.048736292868852615, 0.19256491959095, -0.41021648049354553, 0.45020201802253723, 0.004823776427656412, 0.48900705575942993, -0.5390132069587708, 0.05893656611442566, -0.16428552567958832, 0.46537214517593384, 0.03199613466858864, 0.09029153734445572, 0.21524551510810852, 0.8243075013160706, 0.288776159286499, -0.18149960041046143, 0.30505383014678955, 0.30569902062416077, 0.7552506327629089, 0.4370154142379761, -0.13569822907447815, 0.22454969584941864, 0.43793344497680664, 0.4339144825935364, 0.012125948444008827, 0.201511412858963, -0.38741016387939453, 0.1615263670682907, 0.5828291773796082, -0.0463891327381134, 0.22122253477573395, -0.0017644311301410198, -0.6451823115348816, -0.6038380265235901, -0.48541343212127686, 0.22518032789230347, 0.2837311327457428, -0.02007996290922165, 0.2110234946012497, -0.24622347950935364, -0.4122394919395447, -0.18153490126132965, -0.5658242702484131, 0.10411174595355988, -0.23880897462368011, -0.17388997972011566, 0.2213992029428482, 0.5075521469116211, 0.1503138542175293, -0.4371933043003082, 0.04788021370768547, 0.05832565948367119, 0.08156391978263855, 0.5505258440971375, -0.9043480157852173, -0.571167528629303, -0.15690073370933533, -0.48995131254196167, 0.07472822070121765, 0.8833772540092468, 0.009675710462033749, -0.10193386673927307, -0.08933005481958389, -0.26337891817092896, 0.4412795305252075, 0.16561320424079895, -0.46598127484321594, 0.1542377471923828, 0.488128125667572, 0.0512610524892807, 0.8354758620262146, 0.38520821928977966, -0.5336514115333557, -0.07167511433362961, 0.34180545806884766, 0.1454685777425766, 0.24785681068897247, -0.06145203486084938, 0.41368451714515686, -0.5456939935684204, -0.791686475276947, -0.41569390892982483, -0.8663647174835205, -0.07275278121232986, -0.3614889979362488, -0.27491939067840576, 1.1732667684555054, -0.33307987451553345, -0.6298308968544006, 0.9929574728012085, 0.24216657876968384, 0.04611534625291824, -0.08107201755046844, 0.08368171006441116, 0.41378170251846313, -0.312855064868927, -0.3125133216381073, 0.47955676913261414, -0.03049764223396778, 0.010836445726454258, -0.8790700435638428, 0.4439929127693176, -0.033896271139383316, -0.13758349418640137, 0.2137279361486435, 0.1066313162446022, -0.07402853667736053, 0.5880047082901001, -0.7766683101654053, 0.42913830280303955, 0.010392580181360245, -0.15787848830223083, 1.107863426208496, -0.391949325799942, -0.13391056656837463, 0.2902369797229767, -0.18855784833431244, 0.8415765166282654, 0.352821409702301, 0.6436605453491211, 1.093045711517334, -0.7622371912002563, -0.3403242230415344, 0.06998275965452194, 0.369428426027298, -0.42754143476486206, -0.495891273021698, 0.17002572119235992, 0.6602479815483093, -0.5799356698989868, 0.2666237950325012, -0.14128057658672333, -0.6685197949409485, 0.16888068616390228, 0.15077923238277435, 0.2119080275297165, 0.05680609494447708, -0.07040107250213623, -0.2531433701515198, 0.2071431577205658, 0.0389462485909462, 0.2224128693342209, -0.24253445863723755, 0.5529745221138, 0.10592884570360184, -0.14126884937286377, 0.13851793110370636, 0.0279365424066782, -0.02408187836408615, -0.08798275142908096, -0.38617339730262756, 0.2160690575838089, -0.1752927005290985, 0.3591018319129944, -0.14241807162761688, 0.10671322792768478, -0.05822412297129631, -1.1129668951034546, -0.38363122940063477, 0.06290636956691742, 0.3052125573158264, 0.6411332488059998, 0.4896020293235779, -0.23472200334072113, -0.17204751074314117, -0.0596323162317276, -0.2868248522281647, -0.46915963292121887, 0.4418218433856964, 0.2571382522583008, -0.33516427874565125, -0.2913585603237152, 0.04562555253505707, -0.24245141446590424, 0.28328442573547363, -0.20934750139713287, -0.043988872319459915, -0.492637574672699, -0.01754247397184372, -0.6791948080062866, -0.4066229462623596, -0.022379042580723763, 0.01546138059347868, 0.7057490348815918, 0.15722066164016724, 0.25140005350112915, 0.7070969343185425, 0.4436374306678772, 0.2734498381614685, 0.21764720976352692, 0.12684309482574463, 0.09051359444856644, -0.4279520809650421, 0.4400809705257416, -0.191995307803154, -0.6537034511566162, 0.05501336604356766, -0.36492645740509033, 0.060169536620378494, -0.17323510348796844, -5.9663519859313965, -0.005425884388387203, -0.04584643244743347, -0.0024433117359876633, -0.3397260904312134, 0.3845553696155548, 0.4874251186847687, -0.06377572566270828, -0.601631224155426, 0.10790473222732544, 0.03213692083954811, 0.07011953741312027, -0.2897035479545593, 0.33860379457473755, 0.7383049726486206, 0.007255007047206163, 0.17897169291973114, 0.1317770928144455, -0.05262095853686333, 0.16835029423236847, -0.6100361943244934, 0.1021346002817154, 0.15371306240558624, 0.5848144292831421, -0.22269751131534576, 0.07490810006856918, 0.183102548122406, -0.11670359969139099, 0.1934656798839569, 0.13546471297740936, 0.3318905234336853, -0.011601770296692848, -0.480653315782547, -0.0027731170412153006, -0.014018109068274498, 0.08380807191133499, 0.5857851505279541, -0.04191264137625694, 0.34989774227142334, -0.08293012529611588, -0.08805667608976364, 0.6106950640678406, 0.33573347330093384, -0.2267351895570755, 0.37662628293037415, -0.35245952010154724, -0.34324002265930176, 0.020397918298840523, -0.336553692817688, -0.03029298409819603, -0.5170754790306091, 0.08689181506633759, -0.1960207223892212, 0.06324587017297745, 0.2249845713376999, -0.24543528258800507, 0.2951629161834717, 0.1920710802078247, -0.5690116286277771, 0.3215264081954956, 0.4275006651878357, -0.4587438106536865, -0.1220599040389061, -0.9296620488166809, -0.0021663943771272898, 0.2823182940483093, -0.41158244013786316, -1.04410982131958, 0.49733272194862366, 0.41361913084983826, -0.3677739202976227, 0.0025926518719643354, 0.2584063708782196, -0.7623369693756104, 0.14550836384296417, -0.5083196759223938, -0.21340854465961456, -0.01765945553779602, 0.3095690608024597, 0.21806395053863525, -0.6600455641746521, -0.5689990520477295, -0.1823817640542984, -0.32445114850997925, -0.09512995928525925, -0.6408364772796631, -0.39494165778160095, 0.4774511754512787, 0.11446550488471985, 0.20909138023853302, 1.1152777671813965, -0.20736391842365265, 0.3659875988960266, 0.12020594626665115, 0.48031681776046753, 0.38395652174949646, 0.06189718097448349, 0.4542675316333771, 0.370492160320282, 0.17072132229804993, 0.11888660490512848, -0.4694879949092865, 0.2117641419172287, -0.376944899559021, 0.373269647359848, 0.24791467189788818, -0.6238932609558105, 0.2622002065181732, 1.240168809890747, -0.1265207678079605, -0.5390243530273438, 0.33470675349235535, -0.16903741657733917, -0.13250234723091125, -0.2035745531320572, 0.22719043493270874, -0.16051697731018066, 0.2998354434967041, 0.10154631733894348, -0.1766093671321869, -0.3368220925331116, 0.20172688364982605, -0.2162480354309082, -0.09896080940961838, 0.3059050142765045, -0.44980961084365845, 0.07156381011009216, 0.29918986558914185, 0.38610899448394775, -0.3392394781112671, 0.48527538776397705, 0.7670417428016663, 0.23746554553508759, 0.1617708057165146, 0.08288408815860748, -0.5514723658561707, -0.034040577709674835, 0.6231197118759155, 0.14188803732395172, -0.5491877198219299, 0.5354838967323303, -0.5099448561668396, 0.15685389935970306, 0.15324391424655914, 0.3649151027202606, -0.29728689789772034, 0.06428374350070953, -0.4402015507221222, 0.0812915787100792, -0.07823784649372101, -0.4588364064693451, -0.3958202600479126, 0.08417362719774246, 0.10082777589559555, 0.42638781666755676, -0.2596541941165924, 0.5307889580726624, 0.229080930352211, -0.20851804316043854, -0.30506929755210876, -0.05665808916091919, -0.25638532638549805, -0.8346473574638367, -0.44728848338127136, 0.27068471908569336, -0.0042759133502841, -0.31442171335220337, -0.21632905304431915, -0.11644881218671799, 0.19377829134464264, -0.15934891998767853, -0.4901174008846283, -0.25579801201820374, -0.26140087842941284, -0.4239906668663025, -0.041132692247629166, 0.25098252296447754, 0.12244051694869995, -0.2086014300584793, 0.023760376498103142, -0.21622292697429657, -0.2952151298522949, -0.08908529579639435, 0.0470963716506958, 0.47095751762390137, -0.3846850097179413, 0.15242409706115723, 0.7493553161621094, -0.07222627848386765, -0.25085586309432983, -0.06092117354273796, 0.20106369256973267, 0.4706607460975647, 0.017731040716171265, 0.08860088884830475, -0.2823242247104645, 0.23396991193294525, 0.2953864336013794, 0.14087165892124176, -0.35877546668052673, -0.2017720490694046, 0.2975638210773468, -0.5919247269630432, 0.07931510359048843, -0.04118935763835907, -0.6347807049751282, 0.1685880720615387, -0.014044673182070255, -0.05142883583903313, 0.21941252052783966, -0.8110261559486389, -0.3909226655960083, 0.0597735159099102, -0.05051115155220032, -0.20087473094463348, 0.22575201094150543, -0.26493963599205017, -0.05271097645163536, -0.09728970378637314, 0.20435450971126556, -0.18071569502353668, 0.1829429715871811, -0.34594303369522095, 0.280148983001709, -0.11694340407848358, -0.4838758707046509, 0.37441378831863403, -0.366865873336792, 0.37566444277763367, 0.0857505053281784, 0.08583112061023712, 0.08854150027036667, -0.0954873338341713, 0.2031862884759903, -0.02382032759487629, -0.4407348036766052, 0.20131993293762207, 0.4144265651702881, 0.11000701040029526, -0.6896584033966064, 0.3460433781147003, 0.6451259255409241, -0.32684794068336487, 0.2218979299068451, 0.22258932888507843, 0.6675667762756348, -0.2696585953235626, -0.6173241138458252, -0.5197328329086304, -0.017979254946112633, 0.3635435402393341, 0.06684207916259766, -0.33900827169418335, 0.2665228545665741, 0.31551551818847656, 0.3625546991825104, -0.4246496260166168, -0.28326237201690674, -0.10640529543161392, 0.2982373535633087, -0.001379501773044467, -0.5848660469055176, 0.1220482811331749, -0.18303871154785156, -0.13707628846168518, -0.04011303931474686, -0.1646607518196106, 0.1532095968723297, 0.05764543637633324, -0.34716230630874634, 0.5540261268615723, -0.18739856779575348, 0.6736524105072021, 0.6125246286392212, 0.20868650078773499, -0.18227818608283997, 0.15092551708221436, -0.16932354867458344, -0.11124436557292938, 0.1812596321105957, -0.04922982677817345, -0.1349794715642929, 0.23534630239009857, -0.26052170991897583, 0.1122429296374321, -0.39884158968925476, 0.5118800401687622, -0.013138921931385994, -0.30052539706230164, -0.24293853342533112, -0.504280686378479, 0.517220139503479, 0.10621412098407745, 0.18331189453601837, -0.37096741795539856, -0.6393609642982483, 0.03051777556538582, 0.04405832290649414, -0.24081023037433624, -0.09680286049842834, -0.6376790404319763, 0.2319159358739853, 0.5080346465110779, -1.0737779140472412, 0.27277350425720215, 0.27873897552490234, -0.14348220825195312, -0.6197878122329712, 0.07946997880935669, -0.4048541486263275, 0.014424934051930904, 0.09053093194961548, 0.1973532885313034, 0.5659533143043518, -0.2719391882419586, -0.09790637344121933, 0.38177886605262756, -0.6546323299407959, 0.619966447353363, 0.3387216031551361, -0.21416075527668, -0.10854828357696533, 0.3558332920074463, -0.22939205169677734, -0.033473461866378784, 0.05207589268684387, 0.04374169558286667, 0.1578330397605896, 0.5162120461463928, 0.7687392234802246, 0.6688994765281677, -0.06235650181770325, 0.07818415760993958, 0.404599130153656, -0.11486475169658661, -0.6189886927604675, 0.21208447217941284, -0.2533666789531708, -0.5095504522323608, 0.44997236132621765, 0.4543848931789398, 0.09656161814928055, -0.24368825554847717, 0.205378919839859, -1.0330017805099487, 0.5108783841133118, 0.6176843643188477, 0.9775246381759644, -0.6788102388381958, 0.671450674533844, 0.1935238093137741, 0.0012279690708965063, 0.17212964594364166, 0.41829031705856323, -0.059493716806173325, -0.5645788908004761, 0.45351508259773254, 0.10283876955509186, -0.6849404573440552, -0.15885500609874725, 0.09503713250160217, 0.3520723283290863, 0.5154353976249695, 0.16953738033771515, -0.057629287242889404, 0.04298236221075058, 0.597777247428894, -0.23343026638031006, 0.46178266406059265, -0.010994354262948036, -0.33739349246025085, 0.06985987722873688, 0.04730028286576271, 0.6594904065132141, 0.002195421140640974, -0.4953891634941101, 0.24202783405780792, 0.29527491331100464, -0.33460286259651184, -0.20516365766525269, 0.013003681786358356, -0.23994062840938568, 0.31993919610977173, -0.28710901737213135, 0.3049658536911011, -0.02115453965961933, 0.004007224924862385, 0.140403151512146, -0.20152434706687927, 0.3639070987701416, -0.13237184286117554, -0.18989188969135284, 0.23333412408828735, 0.11422102153301239, -0.051446396857500076, 0.27393555641174316, -0.0025458699092268944, 0.6084754467010498, 0.2356908917427063, -0.09576069563627243, -0.2959173023700714, -0.1521165519952774, 0.07589887827634811, -0.17420613765716553, -0.8295277953147888, 0.15534548461437225, -0.6624559760093689, -0.022396745160222054, -0.5903550386428833, 0.04103217273950577, 0.34231141209602356, -0.3261631727218628, -0.16598084568977356, 0.13926437497138977, 0.16386933624744415, 0.432157963514328, 0.43609508872032166, -0.22587783634662628, 0.5302051305770874, -0.11525633186101913, 0.24264264106750488, 0.03939889743924141, 0.11139612644910812, -0.09937358647584915, 0.2774865925312042, 0.25300371646881104, 0.40305954217910767, -0.3234672248363495, -0.7165012359619141, 0.2799883186817169, -0.46569767594337463, 0.14585846662521362, -0.07381404936313629, 0.4335336983203888, -0.2840271294116974, -0.6340451836585999, 0.2507545053958893, 0.12360918521881104, 0.13360126316547394, -0.41895097494125366, -0.05055467411875725, -0.08683379739522934, -0.4650022089481354, -0.0691605657339096, -0.8007484078407288, 0.17009775340557098, -0.2512665390968323, -0.27893754839897156, -0.24393290281295776, 0.011948305182158947, 0.34971195459365845, -0.059851326048374176, -0.12042753398418427, -0.17829665541648865, -0.23651982843875885, 0.7000949382781982, 0.44817620515823364, -0.8701335191726685, -0.260691374540329, 0.9419581890106201 ]
230835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uneven%20bars	Uneven bars	The uneven bars or asymmetric bars is an artistic gymnastics apparatus. It is made of a steel frame. The bars are made of fiberglass with wood coating, or less commonly wood. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is UB or AB, and the apparatus and event are often referred to simply as "bars". The bars are placed at different heights and widths, allowing the gymnast to transition from bar to bar. A gymnast usually adds white chalk to the hands so that they can grip the bar better. The apparatus Uneven bars used in international gymnastics competitions must conform to the guidelines and specifications set forth by the International Gymnastics Federation Apparatus Norms brochure. Several companies manufacture and sell bars, including AAI in the United States, Jannsen and Fritsen in Europe, and Acromat in Australia. Many gyms also have a single bar or a set of uneven bars over a loose foam pit or soft mat for learning new skills to provide an additional level of safety. Dimensions Measurements depend on the setting of the bar. Measurements of the bars are provided by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) in the Apparatus Norms brochure. Height: High bar: Low bar: Diameter of bar: Length of the bars: Diagonal distance between the two bars: varies, – (adjustable) Routines Routines usually include a lot of strength, jumping and swings. Routines are generally composed from a set of skills each worth a particular value. Evolution The uneven bars apparatus originally consisted of men's parallel bars set to different heights. Consequently, the bars were very close together, and gymnasts could transition from one to the other with little difficulty. Routines of the early 1950s chiefly consisted of simple circles, kips, and static balance elements and holds. In the late 1950s the trend shifted toward fluid motion, and gymnasts began to perform routines composed of more difficult circles, kips, beats (bouncing the body off the low bar while hanging from the high bar), wraps (wrapping the body around the low bar while hanging from the high bar) and transitions. Release moves also began to come into play, although they were almost entirely limited to transitions between the low and high bars. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, companies began manufacturing uneven bars as a separate specific apparatus. The design was changed slightly to allow the bars to be adjustable, with tension cables that held the apparatus to the floor. As a result of this change, coaches could set the bars farther apart. Additionally, the circumference of the bars themselves decreased, allowing gymnasts to grasp and swing from them with greater ease. As other events in gymnastics increased in difficulty, so did the uneven bars. Gymnasts and coaches began experimenting with elements, attempting more challenging dismounts, and adapting moves from men's horizontal bar. In 1972, Olga Korbut pioneered the Korbut Flip, the first high bar salto release move. Nadia Comăneci continued the trend with her original Comaneci salto at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal and advanced handstand elements four years later. The giant swing, the staple of high bar in men's artistic gymnastics (MAG), was also adopted into the women's Code of Points, and quickly became a basic uneven bars skill. By the mid 1980s, routines had become so based on swing and release moves that the bars were moved even farther apart. The distance between bars increased even more as gymnasts developed difficult transition elements that required space, such as the Pak salto. For international elite level gymnasts, there is a required distance between the low and high bar, called FIG setting, where all elite level gymnasts must compete. Of all the apparatus in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG), uneven bars is probably the one that has seen the most radical changes. Most elements from 1950s and 60s bars routines, such as the Hecht dismount and the Radochla somersault, are now completely obsolete and almost never used; others, such as the once-traditional beats and wraps, are impossible given the current diagonal separation between bars; and still others, such as static holds and the Korbut Flip, are not permitted under the current Code of Points. In USAG levels 1–5, everyone in the same level performs the same compulsory routine. In levels 1-3 the gymnasts stay only on the low bar. Once the gymnast reaches level 4, she uses both the low and high bar. In levels 6 through Elite, gymnasts and coaches make up their own routines within specific requirements using both of the bars. In Gymnastics Australia gymnasts in levels 1-6 set routines that are scored out of 10. In levels 7-10, and elite, gymnasts perform optional routines that adhere to set guidelines that meet certain requirements. International level routines A routine on the uneven bars must consist of: Flight element from high bar to low bar and vice versa Flight element on the same bar At least two different grips, and a close bar circle element Non flight with a turn on the bar, for example turning handstands Dismount Scoring and rules Judges score routines based on difficulty, form, technique, and composition. Deductions are taken for execution errors, poor form, falls, pauses, "empty" swings (extra swings that do not lead into another skill), steps on the dismount, and other mistakes. Falls incur an automatic deduction of 1 full point in the 2009 FIG CoP. For levels 1-10 a fall is 0.5 points. Also, if the gymnast hits the low bar with her foot/feet (as Beth Tweddle did at the 2008 Olympics bars qualifications, and Viktoria Komova did at the 2012 Olympics bars apparatus finals), a deduction of 0.1 to 0.5 points will occur depending on the severity of the hit. The same deduction occurs when the gymnast hits one or both feet on the floor while performing a skill on the low bar. Apparatus specific rules Gymnasts are permitted to tape their hands or use grips or hand guards on bars level 4 through elite. Their coaches are also permitted to apply chalk and/or water to the bars to ensure gymnasts don't slip off. Unlike high bar and rings in MAG, gymnasts may not be lifted to the uneven bars to begin their routines. They may mount the apparatus with either a simple or a difficult skill, on either the high or low bar; running mounts and springboards are permitted. Once the routine has started, the coach may not physically interfere with the athlete in any way. The coach is permitted to stand on the mat during release moves and dismounts. If the gymnast falls on one of these skills, her coach is allowed to catch her or break her fall; the coach is also allowed to lift her back to the high bar to continue her routine. If a springboard has been used for the mount, the coach is supposed to quickly step in and remove it so that it does not interfere with the routine. If a gymnast falls from the apparatus, she has 30 seconds to re-mount. Within this time limit, she is allowed to readjust her grips or chalk her hands again, if necessary. However, if she does not return to the bars within 30 seconds, her routine will be finished. Many judges are flexible with this rule, especially if the gymnast took a hard fall and needs a minute to shake it off and re-gain her focus. Often the judge or judging assistant will give the gymnast a ten-second warning. Olympic champions at the uneven bars References External links and sources The 2009-2012 Code of Points Apparatus description at the FIG website US Gym Net's glossary of uneven bars skills Animations and explanations of basic bars skills The Complete Book of Gymnastics, David Hunn, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, Description of gymnastics technique by animation Artistic gymnastics apparatus	[ -0.14270085096359253, 0.23257145285606384, -0.07847385108470917, 0.12405337393283844, 0.11703617870807648, 0.6294194459915161, 1.0249769687652588, 0.2921665608882904, -1.317099928855896, -0.3953776955604553, 0.1836404949426651, -0.3692924380302429, 0.07605667412281036, -0.22424642741680145, -0.051025908440351486, 0.47988542914390564, 0.9532682299613953, -0.48252663016319275, 1.0410447120666504, 0.020485587418079376, 0.4015894830226898, 0.33147820830345154, 0.5303469896316528, -0.6379488706588745, 0.084726482629776, -0.46471309661865234, 0.07395166903734207, 0.4126059412956238, -0.15451236069202423, -0.13556791841983795, -0.08732437342405319, 1.3996294736862183, 0.3025042712688446, -0.14371323585510254, 0.15766873955726624, -0.49479541182518005, 0.15677885711193085, 0.03844348341226578, -0.14257866144180298, -0.6024863719940186, -0.20144595205783844, 0.01470000110566616, 0.7212328314781189, 0.2430059015750885, 0.20460909605026245, -0.3016473352909088, -1.4521517753601074, -0.013408821076154709, -0.8542618751525879, -0.15877729654312134, -0.06364011019468307, 0.32085543870925903, 0.5045093297958374, 0.6553332805633545, 0.3691117763519287, -0.6091470122337341, -0.5349968075752258, 0.2644038498401642, 0.6891081929206848, 0.0860915258526802, 0.4453820288181305, 0.5085418224334717, -0.04177321493625641, 0.17358508706092834, 0.6384859681129456, 0.39752131700515747, 0.2992897033691406, -0.143301323056221, 0.28379952907562256, -0.1842852234840393, -0.3705906271934509, -0.3150876462459564, -0.3504164218902588, -0.015291789546608925, -0.1800602674484253, -0.607996940612793, 0.18605314195156097, -0.6433400511741638, 0.5318254828453064, -0.5140973329544067, 0.64986652135849, 0.3266306221485138, 0.19032420217990875, 0.8040456175804138, -0.1558772176504135, 0.3391808569431305, -0.8311960101127625, -0.48663344979286194, -0.1071108728647232, 0.766930878162384, -0.6654508113861084, 0.23694832623004913, 1.1346666812896729, 0.17031799256801605, -0.04061432555317879, -0.42520877718925476, 0.13469351828098297, 0.2633170187473297, 0.5250805616378784, -0.17042005062103271, 0.49333664774894714, -0.475578248500824, 0.4469815492630005, 0.213722825050354, 0.5977212190628052, -0.17423751950263977, -0.26787036657333374, 0.1904422640800476, -0.11067001521587372, -0.21767251193523407, -1.1213569641113281, 0.13025693595409393, -0.5559667348861694, -0.12345816940069199, -0.4534603953361511, 0.269165962934494, 0.4849890470504761, -0.06020084768533707, -0.9529510140419006, 0.03021020069718361, -0.19786405563354492, 0.3338466286659241, 0.22667258977890015, 0.36508190631866455, -0.3688153326511383, 0.7115510702133179, 0.6607338786125183, 0.9060958027839661, -0.03424317389726639, 1.0920239686965942, -0.08669984340667725, 0.6035091876983643, 0.014410849660634995, -0.06863164156675339, -0.02998928539454937, 0.24935995042324066, 0.7127082943916321, -0.5211866497993469, 0.17350271344184875, 0.28439778089523315, -0.3796282112598419, -0.6173163056373596, -1.594124674797058, -0.19620464742183685, 0.05145201459527016, -0.09012231975793839, 0.37702637910842896, -0.2089509516954422, 0.008850600570440292, -0.17411203682422638, 0.2753872573375702, -0.18357586860656738, -0.1491953432559967, 0.4723891019821167, -0.5979406833648682, 0.1705254316329956, 0.9340963363647461, -0.23136070370674133, 0.2585234045982361, 0.6814137697219849, -0.3245789706707001, 0.6470229625701904, 0.035711050033569336, 0.0474683977663517, 0.13169284164905548, -0.7856889367103577, -0.078633151948452, 0.16594362258911133, 0.05480975657701492, 0.6233649849891663, -0.28125038743019104, -0.034457236528396606, 0.06286358833312988, 0.15465222299098969, -0.5856698751449585, -0.40463629364967346, -0.16538918018341064, 0.5559293627738953, -0.06212509796023369, 0.014087303541600704, -0.5571025013923645, 0.8940936326980591, 0.6214028596878052, -0.11009737104177475, 0.4144764542579651, 0.5682440400123596, 0.6449133157730103, 0.06071753799915314, -0.3812482953071594, -0.7872522473335266, 0.15652072429656982, -0.4070085883140564, 0.13349084556102753, -0.09182213991880417, 0.5565872192382812, -0.5055209398269653, -0.3060629367828369, 0.32431986927986145, -0.24318218231201172, 0.8683894276618958, 0.5898737907409668, 0.22775523364543915, 0.06196032091975212, 0.014912597835063934, -0.5396934747695923, 1.2307350635528564, 0.029115252196788788, -0.031187333166599274, 0.09766557812690735, 0.32967573404312134, 0.5979382991790771, -0.4790913462638855, -0.3947891592979431, -0.10476396232843399, -0.45831605792045593, -0.10044553875923157, 0.034810468554496765, 0.34752869606018066, -0.3577374815940857, 0.2587983310222626, 1.2659797668457031, -0.33813348412513733, -0.07401391118764877, 0.2956281006336212, -0.09481968730688095, 0.6340848803520203, -0.6545118093490601, 0.44885170459747314, -0.5683355331420898, -0.2659591734409332, 0.08371366560459137, 0.4259343147277832, 0.3744049072265625, -0.5568134188652039, -0.30657461285591125, -0.36202552914619446, -0.016528574749827385, -0.7936395406723022, 0.9909996390342712, -0.4913509786128998, -0.1967572271823883, 0.26324427127838135, 0.0030040484853088856, 0.10648582130670547, -0.5268881320953369, -0.4720141887664795, 0.47089672088623047, 0.3556288480758667, -0.36600449681282043, -0.14251261949539185, -0.11948899924755096, -0.2878795862197876, -0.10368172824382782, -0.19862741231918335, 0.32038941979408264, 0.272934228181839, 0.014457804150879383, -0.1436440646648407, -0.007578646764159203, -0.5004432797431946, -0.2561284601688385, 0.2703230082988739, 1.0416613817214966, -0.2691614031791687, -0.46669724583625793, -0.4803345203399658, -0.3231959342956543, -0.3327142000198364, 0.6558489203453064, -0.11759869754314423, 0.8209232091903687, 0.26603248715400696, -1.0648877620697021, -0.7783211469650269, -0.3775363266468048, -0.4598643183708191, 0.3456515371799469, 0.14700005948543549, -1.0219427347183228, -0.4389072358608246, 0.16294021904468536, 0.6977388858795166, 0.24705129861831665, 0.08767294883728027, -0.11999020725488663, -0.20727524161338806, 0.15971210598945618, 0.21192435920238495, -0.12182348966598511, -0.11989602446556091, -0.05733231455087662, 0.7572699189186096, -0.9735984802246094, -0.5766958594322205, 0.6682875156402588, 0.5031824707984924, -0.48501139879226685, 0.3814978301525116, 0.3378516435623169, -0.595757007598877, 0.24686184525489807, 0.5795968770980835, 0.1845998615026474, -0.19444900751113892, -0.11431650817394257, 0.19255150854587555, -0.47332513332366943, -0.15407980978488922, -4.845877647399902, 0.06406638771295547, -0.5666037797927856, 0.04898769035935402, -0.9055485129356384, -0.08190525323152542, 0.7567178606987, 0.355453222990036, -0.5317184329032898, -0.7935741543769836, 0.6970256567001343, -0.6372260451316833, 0.2221677303314209, 0.5242331624031067, 0.529054582118988, 0.8545555472373962, 0.5970248579978943, -0.6886913180351257, 0.8377366662025452, 0.4907572567462921, -0.1530330926179886, 0.07896129786968231, 0.41863369941711426, -0.45918506383895874, 0.14400702714920044, -0.0013070432469248772, -0.12616701424121857, 0.509067177772522, -0.8631241321563721, -0.34318238496780396, -0.140672966837883, -0.288920521736145, -1.0656391382217407, -0.8311823010444641, 0.7881362438201904, 0.06952757388353348, 0.4995453953742981, -0.1681656837463379, 0.4182271957397461, 0.10764844715595245, -0.2972431480884552, 0.5947470664978027, 0.07871349155902863, 0.2952536642551422, 0.38124480843544006, 0.2877955138683319, -0.03484707325696945, -0.2141599953174591, -0.3838641047477722, 0.8438327312469482, -0.27076131105422974, 0.1420522928237915, 0.2999948561191559, -0.15538707375526428, -0.05091764032840729, 0.2451351284980774, -0.007514816243201494, -0.1870661973953247, -0.5368658304214478, 0.6685283780097961, 0.11906727403402328, -0.28423869609832764, 0.40543949604034424, -1.2644915580749512, 0.17414209246635437, -0.7403891086578369, -0.4688096046447754, 0.24567432701587677, 0.14723549783229828, 0.1627650409936905, 0.1291087567806244, 0.8295251727104187, -0.2915792763233185, -0.5694736242294312, 0.4142233431339264, -0.0028017789591103792, 0.5674710273742676, -0.6433343291282654, 0.38593167066574097, -0.04321439564228058, -0.3489278256893158, -0.47508203983306885, -0.7869417667388916, 0.37348395586013794, 0.3847183883190155, -0.17162422835826874, -0.11084049195051193, 0.3039214015007019, -0.5420141816139221, 0.2304694950580597, 0.89283686876297, -0.38635045289993286, -0.16561339795589447, 0.33458858728408813, -0.5183321833610535, 0.5640950202941895, -0.16222132742404938, -0.6940967440605164, 0.45078766345977783, -0.3416077196598053, -0.17101767659187317, -0.5987136960029602, 0.28834885358810425, -0.4748977720737457, 0.25681206583976746, -0.3902187645435333, -0.02055826410651207, 0.24029682576656342, 0.5564973950386047, -0.9923580288887024, 0.0016117298509925604, -0.5733689665794373, -0.33166947960853577, -0.07095841318368912, 0.3527948558330536, -0.6026031374931335, -0.4455443024635315, 0.0692780613899231, -0.5522541403770447, 0.029697969555854797, -0.10126186162233353, 0.29831570386886597, 0.8493131995201111, -0.19896620512008667, -0.1315949261188507, -0.3770673871040344, -0.13862238824367523, 0.043641895055770874, -0.6535775065422058, 0.30737000703811646, 0.24855054914951324, 0.7846587896347046, 0.0946967676281929, 0.34466150403022766, -0.018452657386660576, 0.04256898909807205, -0.16151046752929688, 0.6524327993392944, 0.2747400403022766, -0.38490167260169983, -0.14745433628559113, -0.30404260754585266, -0.3860802948474884, 0.03124088980257511, 1.258650779724121, 0.6278156042098999, -0.3301890790462494, -0.47144263982772827, -0.3750198185443878, 0.9079949855804443, 0.18778085708618164, -0.45676136016845703, 0.34807294607162476, -0.24511894583702087, 0.4291107654571533, -0.06505754590034485, 0.029110034927725792, 0.7044421434402466, -0.3246842622756958, -1.3057868480682373, 0.42535027861595154, 0.06460961699485779, -1.03011953830719, 0.23430092632770538, -0.34785938262939453, -1.0390563011169434, -0.876526951789856, -0.028532717376947403, -0.36765915155410767, -0.03817880153656006, 0.18935449421405792, -0.9691548943519592, -0.30268415808677673, -0.11469455808401108, -0.5789586305618286, 0.3616313934326172, -0.6034479141235352, 0.5920962691307068, -0.404725044965744, -0.938533365726471, 0.21708469092845917, -0.24675717949867249, -0.7669712901115417, 0.04415670037269592, 0.06417153030633926, -0.09642216563224792, -0.2122943252325058, 0.4039592146873474, 0.07071837782859802, -0.8433630466461182, -0.0159166157245636, -0.004036040510982275, 1.0022693872451782, 0.25495728850364685, 0.05844467505812645, -0.14407774806022644, -0.14448915421962738, 0.48772862553596497, -0.8433966636657715, -0.0561659149825573, 0.30072712898254395, 0.9509912133216858, -0.46706855297088623, 0.5731047987937927, 0.5795996785163879, -0.0015016449615359306, 0.6767821311950684, 0.628494143486023, -0.2593163847923279, 0.4003322422504425, -0.43616050481796265, -0.9631845951080322, -0.3642424941062927, 1.2160989046096802, -0.29455575346946716, -0.2633933126926422, 0.13811850547790527, -0.3622600734233856, 0.050553057342767715, -0.2491142898797989, 0.46795421838760376, -0.3332376480102539, -0.7206302881240845, -0.5550518035888672, -1.0134893655776978, -0.29245612025260925, 0.44704946875572205, 0.21673360466957092, 0.7801142930984497, -0.1961992084980011, -0.3441067934036255, 0.06583459675312042, 0.1469327211380005, 0.11877104640007019, -0.31306880712509155, 0.5233638882637024, -0.788004457950592, -0.17457343637943268, -0.40965914726257324, -0.3033168911933899, 0.011845912784337997, 0.7370674014091492, 0.14688193798065186, 0.004679339937865734, 0.384520024061203, 0.3050314784049988, 0.20973540842533112, -0.2772109806537628, -0.3578641414642334, 0.29103782773017883, 0.31405341625213623, -0.25983771681785583, -0.8957223296165466, -0.3232038915157318, 0.5034822821617126, -0.23762604594230652, 0.1989167481660843, -0.49212196469306946, 0.47985339164733887, 0.2582123279571533, -0.15340925753116608, -0.8076924681663513, -0.14899878203868866, 0.011273770593106747, -0.8181992173194885, 0.35995861887931824, -0.13337941467761993, -0.24230656027793884, 0.12980464100837708, -0.2649431526660919, -0.1473599672317505, -0.7351950407028198, 0.11115983873605728, 0.15227895975112915, -0.9307859539985657, 0.26968714594841003, 0.39352449774742126, -0.8788719177246094, -0.27243635058403015, 0.059840258210897446, 0.052030038088560104, 0.38382530212402344, 0.41281187534332275, -0.5410505533218384, 0.3955131769180298, 0.11692348122596741, -0.03270086646080017, 0.3471387028694153, -0.4884573221206665, 0.43768998980522156, -0.740598738193512, 0.12841913104057312, -0.35648369789123535, -0.038004111498594284, 0.2375883311033249, -0.006310489494353533, -0.37112945318222046, 0.43632176518440247, 0.17163310945034027, -0.008833113126456738, -0.6768492460250854, 0.45731139183044434, -0.15408460795879364, -0.7104011178016663, 0.3908427655696869, 0.1451515406370163, 0.3738946318626404, -1.223537802696228, 0.8550312519073486, 0.40128564834594727, -0.5764421820640564, -0.267311692237854, 0.5580412745475769, 0.5480053424835205, -0.7058305144309998, 0.12494049966335297, 0.9259216785430908, -0.23996800184249878, 0.6385543346405029, 0.3866441547870636, -0.3093300759792328, -0.2490587830543518, 1.0062263011932373, -0.21668148040771484, -0.4110962450504303, 0.5373863577842712, 0.45188042521476746, -0.007836893200874329, -0.11652222275733948, 0.7023239135742188, 0.08948388695716858, 0.029945679008960724, -0.19378162920475006, -0.055262621492147446, 0.08633894473314285, -0.3523235023021698, 0.432719886302948, -0.26338276267051697, 0.23682698607444763, 0.4259908199310303, -0.0334465429186821, -0.3346153497695923, 0.312531441450119, 0.1477145254611969, 0.08139678090810776, -0.45454543828964233, 0.06549958884716034, 0.2603238821029663, -0.19437246024608612, -0.3957345187664032, -0.05607771873474121, 0.5024657249450684, 0.8446683883666992, -0.508478581905365, 0.4574706256389618, -0.2504347264766693, 1.1572661399841309, -0.2236267477273941, -0.0639619454741478, -0.704343855381012, -0.17705783247947693, -0.7806876301765442, 0.34908512234687805, -0.3008992373943329, -0.4113564193248749, -0.3690547049045563, 0.7571957111358643, -0.6321925520896912, -0.39410948753356934, 0.049234479665756226, -0.23621249198913574, 0.01040122751146555, -0.16720156371593475, 0.34401118755340576, -0.28021255135536194, 0.20015572011470795, 0.635974645614624, -0.15265116095542908, 0.9201950430870056, -0.6760436296463013, 0.08036138862371445, -0.49530330300331116, -0.051203563809394836, -0.3870876133441925, -0.2948658764362335, -0.03236306086182594, 0.14811745285987854, 0.6045143008232117, 0.4387280344963074, 0.3869529664516449, -0.11817104369401932, -0.2359311282634735, 1.0163823366165161, -0.2508057951927185, -0.5788214802742004, -0.08140009641647339, -0.41917192935943604, 1.3099833726882935, 0.2890719175338745, -0.09767747670412064, -0.4832024872303009, 0.3791901469230652, 0.26265814900398254, 0.3058791160583496, 0.22294451296329498, 0.5082438588142395, -0.5416426658630371, -0.13373106718063354, -0.0423470176756382, 0.3106538951396942, 0.1073075532913208, -0.9186787605285645, 0.17820489406585693, 0.25804513692855835, 0.3901015520095825, 0.42284494638442993, 0.22690336406230927, -0.4956749677658081, -0.5014179348945618, 0.08589515835046768, 0.3491615355014801, -0.39421403408050537, -0.1433517187833786, -0.6981024742126465, -0.6313433051109314, 0.29205450415611267, 0.04801228642463684, -0.2982937693595886, -0.5030981302261353, 0.13918161392211914, -0.7142726182937622, -0.3140237331390381, -0.2875993847846985, 0.21720297634601593, -0.2687319219112396, -0.21137167513370514, 0.02785874530673027, 1.0009385347366333, 0.7947902083396912, 0.1363568753004074, 0.21469718217849731, 0.30343863368034363, -0.2562817633152008, -0.06082407012581825, -0.6531450152397156, 0.3346215486526489, -0.9967997074127197, 0.026653166860342026, -0.2678738832473755, -0.11961857229471207, 0.34991922974586487, -0.3694779574871063, 0.5992135405540466, 0.04947293922305107, 0.1302584409713745, 0.0589015819132328, 0.2266736477613449, -1.053403377532959, -0.9655228853225708, 0.02706701122224331 ]
230839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s%20Christmas%20Carol	Mickey's Christmas Carol	Mickey's Christmas Carol is a 1983 American animated family comedy-drama featurette directed and produced by Burny Mattinson. The cartoon is an adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, and stars Scrooge McDuck as Ebenezer Scrooge. Many other Disney characters, primarily from the Mickey Mouse universe, as well as Jiminy Cricket from Pinocchio (1940), and characters from Robin Hood (1973) and The Wind in the Willows (1949), were cast throughout the film. The featurette was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released by Buena Vista Distribution on 16 December 1983, with the re-issue of The Rescuers (1977). In the United States, it was first aired on television on NBC, on 10 December 1984. Mickey's Christmas Carol was largely adapted from the 1974 Disneyland Records audio musical An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol. The musical featured similar dialogue and a similar cast of characters with the exception of the first and last Christmas ghosts. This was the first original Mickey Mouse theatrical cartoon produced in over 30 years. With the exception of re-releases, Mickey had not appeared in movie theaters since the short film The Simple Things (1953). The graveyard sequence was also the first time Disney tested the APT process. Many additional characters seen in the film had also not appeared in a theatrical cartoon for several decades. The film was also the last time in which Clarence Nash voiced Donald Duck. Nash was the only original voice actor in the film as Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse) and Pinto Colvig (Goofy) had died in the 1960s, Bill Thompson (Scrooge McDuck), Cliff Edwards (Jiminy Cricket) and Billy Gilbert (Willie the Giant) in 1971, and Billy Bletcher (Pete and the Big Bad Wolf) in 1979. It was also the first time in animation that Scrooge McDuck (as Ebenezer Scrooge) was voiced by actor Alan Young (who had first voiced the character on the musical album); Young would continue to be the primary voice actor for McDuck until the actor's death in 2016. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1984, but lost to Jimmy Picker's Sundae in New York. It was the first nomination for a Mickey Mouse short since Mickey and the Seal (1948). Plot On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Ebenezer Scrooge (played by Scrooge McDuck) is a surly money-lender who is very selfish with his money and objects to the merriment of Christmas. He refuses to give money to a panhandler outside his office, declines his nephew Fred (Donald Duck)'s invitation to Christmas dinner, then brushes off two gentlemen (Rat and Mole) fundraising aid for the poor. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit (Mickey Mouse) requests to have half of Christmas Day off, to which Scrooge reluctantly accepts, but says Cratchit would be docked half a day's pay. Scrooge continues his business and goes home just before midnight. As he enters his house, Scrooge encounters the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley (Goofy), who warns him that robbing the widows and swindling the poor was wrong and that as a result, Marley is condemned in the afterlife and the same thing will happen to Scrooge if he doesn't change his ways. Scrooge becomes frightened and asks for help, and Marley informs him that he will be visited by three spirits that night and that he should listen to them and do what they say. At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past (Jiminy Cricket), who takes him back in time to his early adult life. They visit his time as an employee under Fezziwig (Mr. Toad). Fezziwig throws a Christmas party where the young Scrooge meets a young woman named Isabelle (Daisy Duck), whom he falls in love with. However, the Ghost shows Scrooge how over time, he came to love money more than Isabelle and as a result, Isabelle left him when he chose money over her. A distraught Scrooge asks the Ghost to return him to the present, and the Ghost grants his request but reminds him that he created this past himself. Scrooge is left in his bed lamenting his past actions. At two o'clock, Scrooge meets the gigantic, merry Ghost of Christmas Present (Willie the Giant). The Ghost takes Scrooge to an old, decrepit home which is revealed to be Bob Cratchit's house. Scrooge is shocked to see that their Christmas dinner for their family of five consists of barely enough food to feed one person but sees that Cratchit's family is surprisingly content with their small dinner. Scrooge takes pity on Bob's ill son Tiny Tim (played by Mortie Mouse). The Ghost comments that if things don't change for the family, Tiny Tim will not live to see many future Christmases and then disappears, leaving a bewildered Scrooge begging for clarification. Scrooge is then transported to a cemetery, where he meets the Ghost of Christmas Future (later revealed to be Pete), who initially appears as a silent, cloaked, cigar-smoking figure. When Scrooge inquires about Tiny Tim, the Ghost points to a gravesite in the distance where Bob and his family are mourning Tiny Tim's death. As a devastated Scrooge asks if this event can be changed, he sees two gravediggers (Weasels) who are amused that no one attended the funeral of the man they are burying. As soon as the gravediggers are gone, Scrooge creeps closer and asks who the grave belongs to. The Ghost reveals the man who died to be none other than Scrooge himself and shoves him into the grave, where his empty coffin opens to reveal the gateway to Hell. Now terrified out of his wits, Scrooge decides to change his ways once and for all and begs for the Ghost to let him out. Scrooge suddenly awakens in his bedroom on Christmas Morning. He is happy that the spirits gave him a second chance and makes plans to do good to all the people he had been selfish with. He decides to surprise Bob's family with a turkey dinner and Christmas toys and ventures out to spread happiness and joy around London. He accepts Fred's invitation to Christmas Dinner and then donates a sizable amount of money to the gentlemen he earlier spurned. Scrooge then goes to the Cratchit house. At first, putting on a stern demeanor, Scrooge reveals he brought food and gifts for them and intends on raising Bob's salary and making him his partner in his counting house. Scrooge and the Cratchits happily celebrate Christmas as the featurette ends. Cast Main cast Extras Opening street scene The Big Bad Wolf, collecting for charity (voiced by Will Ryan) The Three Little Pigs, caroling Party at Fezzywig's Lady Kluck, dancing with Secretary Bird Rabbit children, clapping Uncle Waldo; clapping, later dancing Grandma Duck; clapping, later dancing Horace Horsecollar, dancing with Clarabelle Cow Gus Goose, dancing with Clara Cluck Angus MacBadger, dancing Chip and Dale, dancing Cocky Locky, dancing Huey, Dewey, and Louie, decorating Christmas tree Closing street scene Skippy Bunny and Toby Turtle, playing in the street Mother Rabbit and Grandma Owl, standing in the street Practical Pig, chasing two of the Three Little Wolves Cyril Proudbottom, pulling Donald's cart The film also includes unidentifiable dog, fox, pig, squirrel, bear, raccoon, goose, and chicken characters. The DVD print reveals that the graveyard scene also includes tombstones containing famous performers, including Gladys Knight and The Pips, Bob Mills, and Warren Oates. Reception Film critic Leonard Maltin said that rather than being “a pale attempt to imitate the past”, the film is “cleverly written, well-staged, and animated with real spirit and a sense of fun.” Robin Allan stated that the film calls to mind the similarities between Walt Disney and Charles Dickens, in terms of both the work they produced and their work ethic. However, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert of At the Movies gave it “two thumbs down” as they were both disappointed. Siskel felt there was not enough emphasis on Mickey's character, in spite of the title, and that it did not rank with most of Disney's full-length animated features. Ebert stated that it lacked the magic of visual animation that the “Disney people are famous for” and that it was a “forced march” through the Charles Dickens story without any ironic spin. Mickey's Christmas Carol was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Animated Short Subject of 1983. Colin Greenland reviewed Mickey's Christmas Carol for Imagine magazine, and stated that "it is surprising how entertaining this is, perhaps because it is actually a Scrooge McDuck movie (of course), with the effete rodent very much in a minor role as Bob Cratchit." Releases Mickey's Christmas Carol premiered in the UK on October 20, 1983, alongside a re-issue of The Jungle Book (1967), and was released in the US on December 16, 1983, with a Christmas 1983 re-issue of The Rescuers (1977). It has been broadcast on various television stations throughout the years. It started on NBC (1984–1990) with 12 new additional sepia title cards illustrated by Michael Peraza Jr. to match the 12 he had done for the original film to help bridge the segments together. It went on to air on The Disney Channel (1987–1999; 2002–2006), and CBS (1991–1996), occasionally on ABC (2000, 2003), before moving permanently to ABC Family (2001–). It was aired on Toon Disney in 2008. The run on ABC Family includes Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too and was part of their "25 Days of Christmas", but with several abrupt edits including the "Chocolate Pot Roast with Yogurt" line and Marley tripping on the stairs and falling down, letting out a Goofy holler. In Canada, it airs on CBC, and has been aired every Christmas season since 1985. It typically airs the Sunday before Christmas. For many years, the short film would air on CBC as a one-hour program, as mentioned below. In addition, Mickey's Christmas Carol would be shown unmatted. In recent years, however, Mickey's Christmas Carol is only aired in a half-hour time slot and in high definition matted widescreen, presumably to be more suited for modern television screens. The aforementioned broadcasts in the 1980s and early 1990s spanned a full hour, with the first half consisting of the following older cartoon shorts: Donald's Snow Fight, Pluto's Christmas Tree, and The Art of Skiing. Each of the four items in the program was preceded by a narrative wraparound segment in which one of the Disney cartoon characters (Donald, Pluto (with Mickey translating), Goofy, and Mickey, respectively) would talk about his favorite Christmas, thus leading into the cartoon in question. From 1988 onwards, The Art of Skiing was excluded from the annual broadcast, replaced at the end of the hour by one segment or another. The 1993 telecast, for example, featured a behind-the-scenes featurette on The Nightmare Before Christmas. Later broadcasts simply reduced the timeslot to half an hour, showing Mickey's Christmas Carol by itself. A clip of this film in Swedish was shown on Donald Duck's 50th Birthday to illustrate Donald's international appeal. This short film was featured in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse. The shot of Mickey holding Tiny Tim's crutch is also seen in the opening of Epic Mickey. Home media The short film was released several times on VHS and laserdisc throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Some editions featured The Making of "Mickey's Christmas Carol" as a bonus. The short is also featured, without its opening credits, in the direct-to-home release, Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse. It is also available on the ninth volume of the Walt Disney Classic Cartoon Favorites DVD collection, as well as in the Walt Disney Treasures set Mickey Mouse in Living Color – Volume 2; however, the latter is the only DVD to be released in its theatrical 1.66:1 widescreen aspect ratio, however, it is simply cropping the 1.33:1 version. The short is also on the Disney Animation Collection Volume 7 DVD (1.33:1). On November 5, 2013, the 30th Anniversary Edition of this short was released on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray; however, it was further cropped to 1.78:1 widescreen and featured a heavy use of noise reduction. Various other shorts were included in the DVD. See also List of Christmas films List of ghost films List of A Christmas Carol adaptations Mickey Mouse (film series) Notes External links 1983 films 1983 animated films 1983 comedy-drama films 1983 short films 1980s fantasy films 1980s children's animated films 1980s Christmas films American children's animated comedy films American children's animated fantasy films American films American Christmas films Animated Christmas films Animated films based on novels Animated films set in England Animated films set in London 1980s Disney animated short films Films based on A Christmas Carol Films directed by Burny Mattinson Films about ducks Mickey Mouse short films Animated crossover films Scrooge McDuck American animated featurettes Films scored by Irwin Kostal Films set in England Films set in London Films set in the 19th century	[ -0.5273892879486084, 0.6364513039588928, 0.24145382642745972, -0.1411156803369522, 0.6748709082603455, -0.026692336425185204, 0.5979802012443542, 0.23335550725460052, -0.3756316900253296, 0.4594312012195587, -0.5480839014053345, 0.38453173637390137, -0.16032296419143677, -0.003753034630790353, -0.1526511311531067, 0.2100331038236618, 0.22832630574703217, 0.6596331000328064, 0.2839396595954895, -0.6717188954353333, -0.5910773277282715, -0.7999276518821716, 0.7112897038459778, -0.3228207528591156, -0.00994272530078888, -0.12683959305286407, 0.2950422167778015, 0.15875312685966492, -0.14977087080478668, 0.2816217839717865, -0.38127461075782776, 0.06184706464409828, 0.2519945204257965, -0.5322661399841309, -0.1641029268503189, 0.014480981044471264, -0.28726527094841003, -0.43046388030052185, -0.4820238947868347, -0.046050168573856354, 0.5377064943313599, -0.34048929810523987, 0.2663362920284271, -0.37522459030151367, 0.2016414999961853, -0.17987851798534393, -1.3556246757507324, 0.1307029277086258, -0.011360585689544678, -0.15820956230163574, -0.1077418401837349, 0.8232057690620422, -0.35098713636398315, -0.31740233302116394, 0.14126962423324585, 0.6143820881843567, -0.36289170384407043, 0.10162315517663956, -0.4204609990119934, -0.27813541889190674, -0.39305996894836426, 0.09753715991973877, 0.35057687759399414, -0.28729888796806335, 0.05701308697462082, -0.2457657903432846, -0.39561083912849426, 0.560441792011261, 0.22140681743621826, -0.5634484887123108, 0.23067916929721832, -0.35634613037109375, -0.14625436067581177, -0.174733504652977, 0.4252850115299225, 0.03252476826310158, 0.6052067279815674, -0.1513006091117859, 0.1162375658750534, 0.14556467533111572, 0.09820535778999329, -0.22163724899291992, 1.0755422115325928, 1.152154803276062, -0.07881370186805725, 0.22865606844425201, 0.006786175537854433, 0.19558991491794586, -0.15356701612472534, 0.3721088171005249, -0.7341824769973755, -0.2907080352306366, 0.3364352583885193, 0.25319361686706543, -0.08894570171833038, -0.28322142362594604, -0.6373488903045654, 0.16384340822696686, -0.04361961409449577, 0.5707894563674927, 0.09837502986192703, 0.27590909600257874, 0.04155943915247917, -0.3051055073738098, -0.7317244410514832, 0.21070727705955505, 0.41826188564300537, -0.5965320467948914, 0.36720144748687744, 0.3448125720024109, -0.19443267583847046, -0.108942411839962, 0.28128474950790405, 0.07437319308519363, 0.8727613091468811, 0.5639911890029907, 0.31332486867904663, -0.4195081889629364, -0.5745642185211182, 0.07152070105075836, 0.6095379590988159, 0.015529434196650982, -0.30681052803993225, -0.33535563945770264, 0.4172779321670532, 0.3473634421825409, -0.12745176255702972, 0.7299085855484009, 0.05186883360147476, -0.2278735339641571, 0.1382993906736374, 0.3119719624519348, -0.05397189036011696, -0.4212242662906647, -0.22075608372688293, -0.014208723790943623, 0.27213960886001587, -0.5359243750572205, 0.0898737758398056, 0.3825567066669464, -0.3147647976875305, 0.02949506603181362, -0.16983851790428162, -0.5408095717430115, -0.03554217517375946, -0.18177318572998047, -0.31387943029403687, -0.18341809511184692, -0.2512584924697876, -0.2187960147857666, 0.2556760311126709, 0.20433838665485382, -0.2498515397310257, -0.19530896842479706, -0.29473456740379333, 0.5609408617019653, 0.17235800623893738, -0.03056427836418152, -0.15689079463481903, -0.2757134437561035, -0.2010585367679596, -0.0610288567841053, -0.30739226937294006, 0.36504822969436646, 0.14649824798107147, 0.052276186645030975, 0.4430709779262543, 0.2789599895477295, -0.16146710515022278, -0.038162726908922195, -0.07109905779361725, 0.7467648386955261, 0.4102953374385834, 0.3395688235759735, -0.28262701630592346, -0.057899318635463715, 1.0328701734542847, 0.7500253915786743, 0.723580002784729, -0.5176368355751038, -0.4698134660720825, 0.2535983622074127, 0.22457647323608398, 0.26681914925575256, 0.4704627990722656, 0.3353325128555298, 0.24569882452487946, -0.2823152542114258, -0.12352646142244339, -0.5464168787002563, -0.2303246259689331, -0.5680397748947144, 0.3635939657688141, -0.8927321434020996, 0.3745206892490387, 0.21891841292381287, -0.4652363955974579, -0.13910208642482758, 0.14809219539165497, 0.758790910243988, -0.12970122694969177, -0.04929171875119209, 0.44964325428009033, 0.2623378336429596, -0.43171048164367676, 0.04496343061327934, -0.23804880678653717, 0.1266978532075882, 0.7501832246780396, 0.32171064615249634, 0.05756453052163124, -0.03851718828082085, 0.5120918154716492, 0.03826436772942543, -0.3816432058811188, -0.24872185289859772, -0.3232913017272949, 0.3239801824092865, -0.05573353171348572, 0.12189005315303802, -0.24524801969528198, 0.41301393508911133, -0.5325726866722107, 0.2468256950378418, 0.33354517817497253, 1.1417574882507324, 0.22034619748592377, -0.18167191743850708, 0.34145599603652954, -0.3545735478401184, -0.562870442867279, 0.07741563022136688, -0.4311651289463043, -0.2775031626224518, -0.10529657453298569, 0.3403054177761078, 0.2558329701423645, -0.08595963567495346, -0.26122093200683594, 0.2241542637348175, 0.46168097853660583, 0.13932844996452332, -0.6494491696357727, 0.10640407353639603, 0.07941770553588867, 0.14739790558815002, -0.09776763617992401, 0.3826161324977875, -0.06309132277965546, -0.12729325890541077, 0.038622643798589706, 0.27392634749412537, 0.2979550361633301, 0.4086619019508362, 0.4221300780773163, 0.3988785147666931, -0.5592615604400635, -0.29556769132614136, 0.0068125538527965546, 0.533719003200531, 0.20199811458587646, 0.17022696137428284, 0.46629247069358826, 0.24243870377540588, -0.1628289520740509, -0.48484933376312256, -0.677095353603363, -0.3371720314025879, -0.468906432390213, 0.4359322190284729, -0.22956734895706177, 0.0772753581404686, -0.7597121000289917, 0.39309728145599365, 0.6621425747871399, 0.09554946422576904, -0.34516212344169617, -0.0012710682349279523, -0.6054090261459351, -0.22706887125968933, 0.07774441689252853, 0.7383596301078796, -0.42145249247550964, 0.009410924278199673, -0.6810930967330933, -0.33979952335357666, 0.14324216544628143, -0.6128385663032532, -0.22859251499176025, -0.41731753945350647, 0.10705085098743439, -0.07109347730875015, 0.20554597675800323, 0.015250366181135178, -0.4328864812850952, 0.5095139741897583, 0.02859596163034439, 0.4609562158584595, 0.12009832262992859, 0.7191279530525208, -0.459928035736084, -0.1466905027627945, -0.17543601989746094, -0.44583022594451904, 0.37272709608078003, 0.18988899886608124, -0.21180742979049683, -0.5046210289001465, -5.810751438140869, 0.31188952922821045, -0.22843727469444275, -0.2514069378376007, 0.2770952880382538, 0.0797334611415863, 0.7497442960739136, -0.6455495953559875, 0.5363627076148987, 0.6184555888175964, -0.19555707275867462, -0.19861918687820435, -0.11917459964752197, 0.3884701728820801, 0.845210611820221, -0.4976663589477539, 0.34314417839050293, -0.8583305478096008, 0.4244379699230194, -0.392507404088974, 0.06681960076093674, -0.27728337049484253, -0.19714543223381042, 0.547406017780304, 0.4478929936885834, 0.8271992206573486, 0.4529333710670471, -0.122683085501194, -0.45488637685775757, 0.7012903690338135, -0.586572527885437, -0.4269571006298065, -0.13349215686321259, -0.23516906797885895, -0.007010307163000107, -0.2290930598974228, 0.34407731890678406, -0.08195503801107407, 0.9863570332527161, -0.39416033029556274, 0.4688107967376709, 0.05577731505036354, -0.35961225628852844, -0.0407722108066082, 0.1761675924062729, -0.7737891674041748, -0.4323424994945526, -0.5861772298812866, -0.30812299251556396, 0.6363415718078613, 0.6037681102752686, 0.23004768788814545, 0.5728381276130676, -0.18318374454975128, 0.21014031767845154, 0.21687676012516022, 0.25917404890060425, -0.1412888467311859, -0.1963251680135727, -0.34236520528793335, 0.7365413904190063, -0.2073056995868683, -0.19187018275260925, -0.04922422021627426, -0.3167724311351776, -0.2977367043495178, -0.516446590423584, -0.5989959239959717, 0.07253944873809814, 0.5800055861473083, -0.3007233440876007, -0.3370986878871918, -0.2627318501472473, -0.9614962339401245, 0.02608710154891014, 0.176436185836792, -0.2446679025888443, 0.22538627684116364, 0.09626763314008713, -0.36881354451179504, -0.27509942650794983, 0.010003210045397282, -0.08009019494056702, 0.5171621441841125, -0.059712499380111694, -0.12197014689445496, -0.41016051173210144, 0.04253655672073364, -0.1990703046321869, -0.12115629017353058, 0.6475534439086914, -0.11187296360731125, -0.42222413420677185, 0.2363560050725937, 0.06316480785608292, 0.5117487907409668, 0.3775772750377655, 0.22919903695583344, 0.15574678778648376, -0.026369169354438782, -0.2070225030183792, 0.09733553230762482, 0.33464691042900085, -0.4443866014480591, 0.05974014848470688, -0.26362478733062744, -0.04785486310720444, -0.11067609488964081, 0.15022432804107666, 0.11002335697412491, -0.4762829542160034, -0.2813813090324402, -0.3482804000377655, -0.42756038904190063, 0.11539918929338455, -0.20867395401000977, 0.3637625277042389, 0.14231820404529572, 0.6629023551940918, 0.20505113899707794, 0.3778621256351471, 0.03892691805958748, 0.048826102167367935, -0.25345027446746826, -0.5637487769126892, -0.42306604981422424, 0.5307222008705139, 0.47347187995910645, -0.10712594538927078, -0.2903667092323303, 0.05403272062540054, -0.06360967457294464, 0.44667714834213257, 0.22687162458896637, 0.35535871982574463, -0.08603128790855408, -0.20810264348983765, -0.6399256587028503, -0.38778141140937805, -0.1533481627702713, -0.1308460235595703, -0.5670537352561951, 0.03412391245365143, 0.11387787014245987, -0.09809686243534088, 0.09245190769433975, 0.35138094425201416, 0.1265004724264145, -0.10339820384979248, 0.2865280508995056, -0.12034133076667786, 0.011961494572460651, 0.852249801158905, -0.35193419456481934, 0.03125462681055069, -0.03267085924744606, 0.07807701826095581, -0.27508917450904846, 0.11174789071083069, -0.04045499488711357, 0.43125900626182556, 0.008515646681189537, -1.2399630546569824, 0.05957278236746788, -0.025096002966165543, 0.092674121260643, -0.16907726228237152, -0.15598049759864807, 0.20228509604930878, 1.2161409854888916, 0.10159765183925629, 0.5184118151664734, -0.5126733183860779, 0.24855458736419678, 0.2429855763912201, 0.27715811133384705, -0.26433679461479187, -0.5015724897384644, -0.05698329210281372, -0.3508882522583008, 0.4495999813079834, -0.5300145149230957, -0.4279635548591614, -0.015708215534687042, 0.1524147242307663, -0.0752105787396431, -0.23390521109104156, 0.042806386947631836, -0.05150090903043747, 0.24380536377429962, 0.016814373433589935, 0.4712674021720886, 0.6630128026008606, -0.2542106509208679, -1.1554806232452393, -0.31985804438591003, -0.40157052874565125, 1.04604971408844, -0.244584321975708, -0.5071815848350525, 0.014420346356928349, -0.47712281346321106, -0.7580655813217163, -0.017867079004645348, 0.38492438197135925, -0.7711701393127441, 0.07577023655176163, 0.20905934274196625, -0.27939075231552124, 0.7826558947563171, 0.007161421235650778, -0.8411828279495239, 0.12427534908056259, -0.25643613934516907, -0.2617245316505432, 0.3249455988407135, -0.053386613726615906, 0.056265633553266525, -0.09133972227573395, -0.09531204402446747, -0.745566725730896, -0.17487455904483795, -0.48035508394241333, 0.03306477144360542, -0.6671879291534424, -0.2833850085735321, 0.42891979217529297, -0.17299623787403107, 0.19627928733825684, -0.6469816565513611, -0.2440991997718811, -0.36931222677230835, 0.3691313862800598, 0.4331076741218567, -0.4810082018375397, 0.31181207299232483, -0.26636070013046265, 0.6317958831787109, -0.3864465057849884, 0.5845690369606018, 0.21426239609718323, 0.43994006514549255, -0.13393552601337433, -0.005555568262934685, 0.1060718521475792, -0.34956496953964233, -0.1602805107831955, -0.40224573016166687, -0.3377304971218109, 0.3512951731681824, 0.35423344373703003, 0.0660291388630867, -0.0524635948240757, 0.027270827442407608, 0.6020606756210327, -0.8274518847465515, -0.2034609168767929, 0.4272952377796173, 0.05329034477472305, -0.11545920372009277, -0.0964268147945404, 0.21425974369049072, -0.8183937668800354, 0.05549638345837593, 0.3409325182437897, 0.23645465075969696, 0.506993293762207, -0.3508162200450897, 0.037598252296447754, 0.07320184260606766, 0.12078218162059784, 0.385590136051178, 0.48337244987487793, 0.6651931405067444, -0.4103999733924866, 0.0454084537923336, 0.0801447331905365, -0.7730758786201477, 0.2422959804534912, 0.06580594927072525, -0.8805975317955017, 0.22786453366279602, -0.09922995418310165, -0.3120148479938507, -0.5861504673957825, -0.9169718623161316, -0.05404141917824745, -0.0908457562327385, 0.10470031946897507, 0.2071051001548767, -0.680547297000885, 0.7560972571372986, -0.5061688423156738, -0.6574788093566895, -0.04052942246198654, -0.3065503239631653, 0.15123775601387024, 0.3948831558227539, -0.6166402697563171, -0.07616651058197021, -0.38558536767959595, 0.5202924609184265, 0.3901244103908539, -0.24987944960594177, -0.1172088161110878, 0.06791593134403229, -0.18375971913337708, -0.31047555804252625, -0.6874419450759888, -0.10387861728668213, -0.13990825414657593, -0.2906111478805542, 0.23815453052520752, 0.5285041928291321, 0.022527657449245453, 0.15284492075443268, 0.6797086000442505, -0.6311050057411194, -0.5794914364814758, 0.6975550651550293, -0.1643057018518448, 0.181353360414505, 0.06689546257257462, -0.43203362822532654, -0.5336011052131653, -0.05733783543109894, -0.004494722466915846, 0.26800909638404846, 0.858975350856781, -0.10609661787748337, 0.5868167281150818, -0.09523133188486099, 0.29307821393013, 0.6966282725334167, 0.012222297489643097, -0.15400485694408417, -0.031081238761544228, -0.7783167958259583, -0.4436870217323303, 0.6532788276672363, 0.5621736645698547, 0.15477518737316132, 0.3002639710903168, -0.17763708531856537, 0.3527783453464508, 0.04720861837267876, 0.22951552271842957, -0.3801504075527191, 0.03352735936641693, 0.29708153009414673, 0.18967896699905396, 0.11173608154058456, -0.2716387212276459, -1.1065057516098022, 0.6964141130447388, -0.32384613156318665, 0.05612225458025932, -0.35456258058547974, 0.16913023591041565, 0.03144121915102005, -0.22201716899871826, 0.2986789345741272, 0.3432343602180481, -0.24835535883903503, 0.0767955631017685, 0.09500623494386673, 0.21759769320487976, 0.06448373198509216, 0.2956787943840027, 0.6920676231384277, 0.010804489254951477, 0.04664091765880585, -0.21364469826221466, 0.039214495569467545, 0.06614933162927628, 0.6823581457138062, 0.2691825032234192, 0.2622832655906677, -0.3253823220729828, 0.2324279397726059, -0.6006853580474854, 0.6851778030395508, -0.38500547409057617, 0.05472807213664055, -0.34051162004470825, 0.4042377471923828, 0.3041370213031769, -0.2066105306148529, -0.09154819697141647, -0.44587981700897217, 0.21659623086452484, -0.5383813381195068, 0.2789526581764221, 0.1368468850851059, -0.3238147497177124, -0.6116097569465637, -0.37623006105422974, 0.39879730343818665, 0.26468154788017273, 0.3563644587993622, 0.8550397753715515, 0.15985223650932312, 0.1386622190475464, 0.05810968950390816, -0.31032735109329224, 0.255673885345459, -0.4417025148868561, -0.583488404750824, -0.10286874324083328, 0.4087226688861847, 0.07329244166612625, 0.585726797580719, -0.2655600905418396, -0.6960060000419617, -0.49562862515449524, -0.2191595733165741, 0.8534307479858398, -0.1735127866268158, 0.11701764911413193, -1.1093720197677612, 0.12659388780593872, -0.43972939252853394, 0.4023289680480957, 0.287313848733902, -0.1153932735323906, 0.154367595911026, 0.3574320375919342, -0.4201764762401581, -0.107999287545681, 0.1297042965888977, 0.0328337624669075, -0.182509645819664, -0.08486314862966537, 0.4174177646636963, -0.01468564197421074, -0.3256271183490753, 0.43829822540283203, 0.06463323533535004, 0.6422170996665955, -0.44492876529693604, 0.10051874071359634, 0.10979852825403214, 0.3187706172466278, 0.19764788448810577, -0.034863587468862534, -0.6122565269470215, 0.6676254868507385, -0.07835225760936737, -0.4783478379249573, 0.01991143263876438, -0.6820587515830994, -0.5119203329086304, 0.19761337339878082, -0.04873910918831825, 0.1642211526632309, -0.06268490850925446, -0.054927196353673935, -0.43302109837532043, -0.04368899390101433, 0.5338302254676819 ]
230841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20Microbes	Fatal Microbes	Fatal Microbes were an English punk rock band formed in 1978. The main line-up of the band consisted of Honey Bane on vocals, Gem Stone on drums, Pete Fender on guitar, and Scotty Barker on bass. The band's name is regarded as a reference to the theme of disgust and toxicity, explored and embraced by many punk rock acts in the late 1970s and early 1980. History In 1979, Small Wonder and XNTRIX Records co-released a split 12" EP entitled "Violence Grows", which also featured the Epping-based Poison Girls (whose singer, Vi Subversa, was also mother to Gem Stone and Pete Fender). In the same year, Fatal Microbes released a 7" single featuring "Violence Grows" on the punk rock record label Small Wonder Records. The single was championed by British DJ and radio presenter John Peel. Honey Bane later had a career as a solo artist, a film and stage actress, and a model. Pete Fender subsequently went on to form Rubella Ballet with Gem Stone (bass) and Sid Ation (drums). Fender later released a 7" EP, "Four Formulas", under his own name on XNTRIX records. Fender and ‘It’ had formed the band Punktuation in 1977. With an average age of 13 years, they were amongst the youngest punk bands in the country at the time. Scott Barker went on to become a founder member of the legendary 'Old Reenies' (sometimes spelt 'Ol Rene's') with former Sods front man Kevin Jones and former No Warning guitarist Martin Brown. Scott Barker now lives in Spain and continues to perform. The band's songs were included in the compilation album for Rip It Up and Start Again compilation, released in 2006 through V2 Records. Former members Main line-up Honey Bane – vocals Gem Stone (Gemma Sansom) – drums Pete Fender (Dan Sansom) – guitar Scotty Boy Barker (Scott Barker) – bass Other former members It (Quentin North) – bass Discography Singles "Violence Grows" (1979; split single with Poison Girls) "Violence Grows" (1979) References External links English punk rock groups English post-punk music groups Musical quartets Musical groups established in 1978 Musical groups disestablished in 1979	[ 0.008229275234043598, 0.15388205647468567, -0.8195058107376099, -0.4113834500312805, -0.5426000952720642, 0.307835191488266, 0.3009944558143616, 0.18009822070598602, 0.08574442565441132, 0.2608013451099396, 0.16789114475250244, 0.4812183380126953, -0.7104780077934265, 0.5789678692817688, -0.14628107845783234, 0.08917466551065445, -0.43440353870391846, 0.08032456040382385, 0.2585485279560089, 0.12434665113687515, -0.0394362173974514, -0.13456232845783234, 0.5542140603065491, -0.12406764179468155, -0.2230834662914276, 0.1381368637084961, 0.3027212917804718, 0.7236576676368713, 0.47721153497695923, -0.5786654353141785, 0.408139169216156, 0.548142671585083, 0.11966323852539062, -0.4061119556427002, -0.05381375178694725, 0.4228864312171936, -0.37392544746398926, 0.021827727556228638, -0.4489307403564453, -0.3470386266708374, 0.13820986449718475, 0.2945963144302368, 0.2500819265842438, 0.8059858083724976, 0.2132273018360138, -0.4230644404888153, -1.737708330154419, 0.37728989124298096, -0.4481959939002991, -0.020490368828177452, 0.31127074360847473, 0.17878255248069763, 0.5011121034622192, 0.19626674056053162, 0.07127877324819565, 0.1153288409113884, -0.3570977747440338, 0.03726904094219208, -0.21287424862384796, 0.001911747152917087, 0.1616760939359665, -0.24370558559894562, -0.21531669795513153, -0.19226691126823425, -0.2503420114517212, 0.586383044719696, 0.43010422587394714, 0.6243823170661926, 0.06406848877668381, -0.5113162398338318, -0.034988295286893845, -0.26649031043052673, 0.03520756587386131, 0.029875215142965317, 0.08664163947105408, -0.7497758269309998, 0.4974088668823242, -0.5817328691482544, -0.01869545690715313, 0.6437700986862183, 0.20988738536834717, 0.5741170048713684, 0.796174943447113, 0.20899620652198792, 0.2709188461303711, -0.3578683137893677, -0.1907377690076828, 0.6764764785766602, -0.21394172310829163, 0.7930510640144348, 0.005313326604664326, -0.4708119034767151, 1.0020971298217773, 0.22732706367969513, -0.12233743816614151, 0.08697943389415741, -0.09210921078920364, 0.21330603957176208, 0.14200946688652039, 0.003864838043227792, -0.18242208659648895, 0.3025645315647125, -0.3630441129207611, -0.4807548522949219, -0.3475818336009979, -0.2627386748790741, -0.42227792739868164, -0.5464319586753845, -0.2553606331348419, -0.9428141117095947, 0.23459164798259735, 0.550079882144928, -0.44116759300231934, 0.23093590140342712, -0.0055603147484362125, 0.6270349025726318, -0.07747288048267365, -0.5372390151023865, -0.3732663691043854, 0.2055077701807022, -0.09668075293302536, 0.2603253424167633, -0.38316473364830017, 0.3691084384918213, -0.6036924123764038, 0.5196841359138489, -0.03987853601574898, 0.08894887566566467, -0.6047138571739197, 0.6967862248420715, -0.15768535435199738, 1.5596948862075806, -0.19707776606082916, -0.267535924911499, 0.291616827249527, 0.3426280915737152, 0.6850430369377136, 0.16837933659553528, -0.21715432405471802, 0.1953858882188797, -0.12215247750282288, -0.4854450821876526, -1.585103988647461, 0.0478469617664814, 0.5848600268363953, -0.24475322663784027, -0.3600176274776459, 0.08739854395389557, -0.3114962577819824, -0.761420726776123, 0.286728173494339, -0.6643214821815491, -0.4026350677013397, 0.27803024649620056, -0.15704718232154846, -0.28160712122917175, 0.6229986548423767, -0.20697426795959473, 0.13971534371376038, 0.08935019373893738, -0.21442563831806183, 0.23114703595638275, -0.2905205488204956, 0.3406863212585449, 0.46705982089042664, 0.05438138172030449, -0.02650623582303524, -0.012989908456802368, 0.38430482149124146, 0.13875135779380798, -0.5213242173194885, -0.21921609342098236, 0.3799131214618683, -0.36583197116851807, 0.5388255715370178, -0.12350054830312729, 0.9577828645706177, 0.40340694785118103, 0.4716467261314392, -0.17536957561969757, -0.6059348583221436, -0.2409326583147049, 0.043012455105781555, 0.15049368143081665, 0.40167081356048584, 0.0058603473007678986, -0.005628937389701605, -0.10374801605939865, -0.23910579085350037, -0.08248960971832275, -0.6663320064544678, -0.08792681992053986, 0.6498668789863586, -0.6672515273094177, 1.4868985414505005, 0.006276418920606375, -0.05591018125414848, 0.16894254088401794, 0.14134468138217926, 0.5659303665161133, -0.16032983362674713, 0.5594277381896973, -0.06406751275062561, -0.5349472165107727, -0.29245010018348694, 1.1720060110092163, 0.1254776418209076, -0.8569477200508118, 0.10565195232629776, 0.7612837553024292, 0.09554802626371384, -0.602584719657898, 0.4312756657600403, -0.025765955448150635, 0.10522875189781189, -0.24137531220912933, -0.5700490474700928, 0.7213529944419861, 0.012763258069753647, -0.907155454158783, 0.21869905292987823, 0.3387921452522278, 0.07239942252635956, 0.03553725779056549, 0.1915178894996643, 1.245313286781311, 0.31644895672798157, -0.05419577285647392, 0.5807031989097595, -0.6013882160186768, 0.2787221074104309, 0.5285767316818237, 0.3266935646533966, -0.26970919966697693, -0.15650725364685059, 0.13151611387729645, -0.16412438452243805, -0.2746550142765045, 0.4135931134223938, -0.014956288039684296, 0.3532528579235077, -0.08847981691360474, -1.0062233209609985, 0.10008744150400162, 0.25937962532043457, 0.2235518991947174, 0.2869777977466583, -0.013529748655855656, -0.49320366978645325, 0.358203649520874, 0.16210612654685974, 0.5073829889297485, 0.43355169892311096, 0.008725374937057495, -0.04385032504796982, 0.13745979964733124, -0.07493255287408829, -0.5023964643478394, 0.4843890964984894, -0.17552456259727478, -0.37414538860321045, 0.22916962206363678, 0.7705142498016357, 0.3690577745437622, 0.026180993765592575, -0.3175775706768036, 0.07412318885326385, -0.48118332028388977, 0.23608939349651337, -0.04956759884953499, 0.39156103134155273, 0.4435671269893646, -0.5284534692764282, -0.9376250505447388, -0.3161858916282654, -0.1404934525489807, -0.30784332752227783, 0.563202440738678, 0.19559043645858765, -0.5786747932434082, 0.003744420362636447, 1.0122359991073608, 0.2780003845691681, -0.6346428990364075, -0.3450414538383484, 0.47062331438064575, 0.2376367449760437, -0.2505013644695282, 0.14111442863941193, -0.29024097323417664, -0.627431333065033, -0.15594054758548737, -0.6458866596221924, 0.28512072563171387, -0.7496457099914551, -0.5299928784370422, -0.2049378752708435, 0.11847258359193802, 0.5395539999008179, 0.2976504862308502, -0.05106213688850403, 0.4507558345794678, -0.6080977320671082, -0.20872242748737335, -0.16405820846557617, -0.6164076328277588, -0.1647692769765854, -0.6282517313957214, -5.006064414978027, 0.04065333306789398, 0.4112137258052826, 0.2846683859825134, 0.5545030236244202, 0.4959814250469208, 0.712943971157074, -0.40073853731155396, -0.5298882722854614, -0.30330678820610046, -0.2393241971731186, 0.23594115674495697, -0.19967763125896454, 0.13983359932899475, 0.3931732475757599, -0.1795736700296402, 0.44564247131347656, -0.4348643720149994, 0.38025012612342834, 0.00938878208398819, 0.27630531787872314, 0.06207980215549469, -0.29281625151634216, 0.3498693108558655, -0.40903595089912415, 0.8065642714500427, -0.3422487676143646, 0.42320629954338074, -0.12285448610782623, 0.24789920449256897, 0.4164103865623474, -0.06663116067647934, -0.38257795572280884, -0.7465687394142151, -0.05562092736363411, 0.34912917017936707, 0.45970529317855835, 0.5090328454971313, 0.3113820254802704, -0.4450340270996094, -0.38365623354911804, 0.6463524699211121, -0.4297330677509308, -0.04699336737394333, 0.38604480028152466, -0.19644895195960999, -0.21804797649383545, 0.04896870627999306, -0.5001523494720459, 0.9027764201164246, -0.05763374641537666, -0.2887250483036041, 0.8026068210601807, 0.8660645484924316, -0.28004205226898193, -0.15652599930763245, 0.19737648963928223, -0.06831207126379013, -0.13096117973327637, 0.5664262175559998, 0.06467488408088684, -0.20147903263568878, 0.1148599162697792, -0.3424481749534607, -0.43221423029899597, 0.07342854887247086, 0.23189468681812286, 0.12216151505708694, 0.20057709515094757, -0.2673946022987366, -0.3147770166397095, 0.6213235855102539, -0.6008701324462891, -1.298110008239746, -0.4129420518875122, 0.16344046592712402, -0.06820957362651825, -0.17096172273159027, -0.1633269041776657, 0.13156640529632568, 0.0055736699141561985, -0.7454444169998169, -0.7065733671188354, 0.44635170698165894, -0.3947829306125641, -0.9483813047409058, 0.07143443077802658, 0.3074789345264435, -0.841722309589386, -0.6984870433807373, 0.12254967540502548, -0.07522740960121155, -0.08231127262115479, 0.42691323161125183, 0.5078713297843933, 0.358862042427063, 0.33374667167663574, 0.18798716366291046, 0.1978834569454193, 0.11534298956394196, 0.4273154139518738, -0.20178921520709991, -0.11089618504047394, -0.34568995237350464, -0.4268539249897003, -0.428029865026474, -0.5916329026222229, 0.10719657689332962, 0.6290966868400574, -0.8594740033149719, 0.37231355905532837, -0.01962887868285179, -0.5261721611022949, 0.022470572963356972, 0.4632241129875183, -0.032121993601322174, 0.29862114787101746, 0.2947804629802704, 0.49804627895355225, 0.39330360293388367, -0.08328812569379807, 0.47616851329803467, -0.33407410979270935, -0.037643175572156906, 0.006884752307087183, 0.07720035314559937, 0.3624866306781769, 0.33230969309806824, -0.1524507850408554, 0.10149622708559036, -0.2369062304496765, 0.3353596329689026, -0.4646778404712677, -0.11369320750236511, 0.28286105394363403, -0.295009583234787, -0.9655902981758118, 0.404104083776474, -0.19248802959918976, 0.09990551322698593, -0.03368101269006729, -0.07789486646652222, -0.061172474175691605, 0.0903920978307724, 0.44644418358802795, 0.3242327868938446, 0.49091199040412903, -0.058661993592977524, 0.446260541677475, 0.5333544611930847, 0.30225393176078796, -0.09606274962425232, 0.6048633456230164, -1.1138497591018677, -0.0010144514963030815, 0.5988190174102783, 0.3790057599544525, -0.2955300807952881, -0.16586236655712128, -0.27207279205322266, -0.13835299015045166, 0.2288852035999298, -0.9760653376579285, -0.5073162317276001, -0.049797430634498596, -0.6509491205215454, 0.2287139594554901, -0.9015963077545166, -0.21795743703842163, -0.08525975048542023, -0.44183656573295593, 0.12977425754070282, 0.2594161331653595, -0.20463480055332184, -0.07270479947328568, 0.5434517860412598, -0.5392776131629944, -0.22079122066497803, -0.376558780670166, -0.29124927520751953, 0.028384868055582047, 0.7069500684738159, -0.48513779044151306, 0.06767281144857407, 0.27938616275787354, -0.7346983551979065, -0.5600329041481018, -0.7882678508758545, -0.41664114594459534, 0.03698846697807312, -0.489533394575119, 0.28607988357543945, 0.8357868194580078, -0.2386314570903778, -0.6645345091819763, -0.47600477933883667, -0.14836975932121277, 0.27289071679115295, -0.47329816222190857, -0.8751513361930847, 0.8092292547225952, 0.384375661611557, -0.34196072816848755, -0.09760498255491257, 0.5464414954185486, -0.9972378015518188, 0.22592033445835114, -0.1993735283613205, -0.4000466465950012, 0.5711219906806946, -0.2583460807800293, -0.2693118155002594, -0.16963322460651398, 0.18560203909873962, -0.5905872583389282, -0.3764951527118683, -0.16112244129180908, 0.012662072665989399, -0.3339032828807831, -0.014458771795034409, -1.0017915964126587, 0.6870777606964111, -0.4918515682220459, -0.38281509280204773, -0.8882227540016174, 0.17547474801540375, 0.5965375900268555, -0.19814397394657135, -0.11735419183969498, -0.23801937699317932, -0.34432196617126465, 0.011223727837204933, 0.5760126113891602, -0.9405068159103394, -0.05352938175201416, 0.5346037149429321, 0.3202824890613556, -0.09217595309019089, 0.26040205359458923, 0.07464329898357391, 0.5104413032531738, 0.9249825477600098, 0.45705193281173706, -0.7077038884162903, 0.4849320352077484, -0.12734584510326385, 0.5145645141601562, -0.15194527804851532, -0.6905775666236877, -0.20126019418239594, 0.20865498483181, -0.031870316714048386, -0.713003396987915, -0.3862798511981964, 0.7068173289299011, -0.3658895790576935, 0.42921459674835205, -0.34406495094299316, 0.3493831753730774, -0.4372023046016693, 0.18021640181541443, 0.4770868718624115, -0.430090069770813, 0.5026018619537354, 0.05025453120470047, 0.024243278428912163, 0.1099996566772461, -0.31997549533843994, 0.31942471861839294, -0.46685662865638733, 0.3562818169593811, -0.017213592305779457, 0.3670705556869507, 0.3073582351207733, -0.34261950850486755, 0.029586410149931908, -0.1894264817237854, -1.3090766668319702, -0.43753117322921753, 0.16832713782787323, 0.6846470832824707, 0.22812657058238983, 0.302953839302063, -0.32429686188697815, 0.26959967613220215, -0.9569939374923706, -0.020734604448080063, -0.6212256550788879, -0.07857859134674072, -0.3944907486438751, 0.22928664088249207, -0.31515738368034363, 0.04273398220539093, 0.6206708550453186, 0.5518354177474976, 0.33677589893341064, -0.7436424493789673, -0.03421720862388611, -0.4620611071586609, -0.39564648270606995, -0.22187833487987518, 1.0715577602386475, 0.18982423841953278, -0.6329344511032104, 0.5104314088821411, 0.3899801969528198, 0.03342268243432045, 0.2595444321632385, 0.23132134974002838, 0.19853973388671875, -0.15295949578285217, -0.4321722686290741, -0.41066864132881165, 0.8580517172813416, -0.8993305563926697, 0.24198494851589203, 0.3837592899799347, -1.1032975912094116, 0.26755964756011963, 0.2734758257865906, 0.59913170337677, 0.15730561316013336, 0.3697242736816406, 0.05501311644911766, -0.26082271337509155, 0.46324798464775085, -0.6591380834579468, 0.2372455894947052, 0.4722810387611389, 0.4828169643878937, 0.7063660025596619, -0.1732931286096573, -0.1416088044643402, -0.01759393699467182, -0.6738906502723694, -0.17632044851779938, 0.2532307803630829, -0.4710529148578644, -0.5403988361358643, 0.9517370462417603, -0.0375807024538517, -0.27336743474006653, 0.4452190697193146, -0.27504968643188477, 0.004616275895386934, 0.8021477460861206, 0.42003992199897766, -0.014933464117348194, 0.6509907841682434, 0.23956947028636932, 0.40639787912368774, -0.23746643960475922, -0.12460245192050934, 0.2800460755825043, 0.38702940940856934, -0.5159671902656555, 1.069801926612854, -0.5594168901443481, -0.27860110998153687, -0.8149809241294861, -0.035276465117931366, -0.07930181920528412, 0.150445356965065, 0.6744726300239563, -0.22458331286907196, 0.04742556810379028, -0.03114554099738598, -0.5121668577194214, 0.2540026307106018, 0.2845037579536438, 0.8712384104728699, 0.006410121452063322, -0.04648461937904358, 0.719569981098175, 0.12013811618089676, 0.10434320569038391, 0.25054147839546204, 0.6147061586380005, -0.20245668292045593, -0.010439164005219936, -0.6861132383346558, 0.03453943505883217, -0.1455221325159073, -0.19890880584716797, 0.5359073877334595, -0.04624783620238304, -0.15959520637989044, 0.5000715851783752, 0.213583305478096, -0.30562108755111694, 0.5222643613815308, -0.5469560623168945, -0.023336824029684067, -0.32217150926589966, -0.6412757039070129, -0.24699397385120392, 0.5192808508872986, 0.5793498754501343, -0.0373828187584877, -0.028969677165150642, -0.23374898731708527, 0.21833433210849762, 0.10138256102800369, 0.5955686569213867, -0.6767016053199768, 0.9326837658882141, -1.2323172092437744, 0.37489795684814453, -1.2466439008712769, 1.0099400281906128, 0.4807981848716736, 0.12445483356714249, 0.12574325501918793, 0.31303754448890686, -0.1906542330980301, -0.27686643600463867, 0.31356745958328247, -0.6420735716819763, -0.6137744188308716, 0.049953896552324295, 0.1628582924604416, -0.07115336507558823, -0.1441880762577057, -0.05234716087579727, -0.32463520765304565, -0.42041194438934326, 0.11448808014392853, 0.36349624395370483, -0.02414497546851635, 0.503312349319458, -0.32703691720962524, 0.5007621049880981, -0.45023787021636963, -0.16932518780231476, -0.34381482005119324, -0.09678865224123001, 0.7720779180526733, 0.6172519326210022, 0.44529417157173157, 0.05643194913864136, 0.7934474945068359, -0.7548671364784241, -0.05191129446029663, -0.33573460578918457, -2.6496663093566895, -0.1643422394990921, 0.17618891596794128, -0.7820305228233337, -0.18483801186084747, 0.23754887282848358, 0.34508466720581055, -0.2207922637462616, -0.07059413939714432, -0.5516390204429626, 0.33457350730895996, 0.0710429847240448, -0.17531505227088928, -0.4820326268672943, 0.24616242945194244, 0.2606446146965027 ]
230846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism	Futurism	Futurism () was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century and also developed in Russia and to a lesser extent in other countries. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Its key figures included the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Fortunato Depero, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Luigi Russolo. Italian Futurism glorified modernity and according to its doctrine, aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past. Important Futurist works included Marinetti's 1909 Manifesto of Futurism, Boccioni's 1913 sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, Balla's 1913-1914 painting Abstract Speed + Sound, and Russolo's The Art of Noises (1913). Although Futurism was largely an Italian phenomenon, parallel movements emerged in Russia, where some Russian Futurists would later go on to found groups of their own; other countries either had a few Futurists or had movements inspired by Futurism. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, urban design, theatre, film, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture, and even cooking. To some extent Futurism influenced the art movements Art Deco, Constructivism, Surrealism, and Dada, and to a greater degree Precisionism, Rayonism, and Vorticism. can represent an opposing trend or attitude. Italian Futurism Futurism is an avant-garde movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Marinetti launched the movement in his Manifesto of Futurism, which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in La gazzetta dell'Emilia, an article then reproduced in the French daily newspaper Le Figaro on Saturday 20 February 1909. He was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and the composer Luigi Russolo. Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past", he wrote, "we the young and strong Futurists!" The Futurists admired speed, technology, youth and violence, the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature, and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in science. Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, music, literature, photography, religion, women, fashion and cuisine. The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting (published in Italian as a leaflet by Poesia, Milan, 11 April 1910). This committed them to a "universal dynamism", which was to be directly represented in painting. Objects in reality were not separate from one another or from their surroundings: "The sixteen people around you in a rolling motor bus are in turn and at the same time one, ten four three; they are motionless and they change places. ... The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, and in their turn the houses throw themselves upon the motor bus and are blended with it." The Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911 they used the techniques of Divisionism, breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been adopted from Divisionism by Giovanni Segantini and others. Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant-garde art. Cubism contributed to the formation of Italian Futurism's artistic style. Severini was the first to come into contact with Cubism and following a visit to Paris in 1911 the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists. Cubism offered them a means of analysing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism. They often painted modern urban scenes. Carrà's Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (1910–11) is a large canvas representing events that the artist had himself been involved in, in 1904. The action of a police attack and riot is rendered energetically with diagonals and broken planes. His Leaving the Theatre (1910–11) uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated and faceless figures trudging home at night under street lights. Boccioni's The City Rises (1910) represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control. His States of Mind, in three large panels, The Farewell, Those who Go, and Those Who Stay, "made his first great statement of Futurist painting, bringing his interests in Bergson, Cubism and the individual's complex experience of the modern world together in what has been described as one of the 'minor masterpieces' of early twentieth century painting." The work attempts to convey feelings and sensations experienced in time, using new means of expression, including "lines of force", which were intended to convey the directional tendencies of objects through space, "simultaneity", which combined memories, present impressions and anticipation of future events, and "emotional ambience" in which the artist seeks by intuition to link sympathies between the exterior scene and interior emotion. Boccioni's intentions in art were strongly influenced by the ideas of Bergson, including the idea of intuition, which Bergson defined as a simple, indivisible experience of sympathy through which one is moved into the inner being of an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it. The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted. Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, Pittura scultura Futuriste: Dinamismo plastico (Futurist Painting Sculpture: Plastic Dynamism) (1914). Balla's Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912) exemplifies the Futurists' insistence that the perceived world is in constant movement. The painting depicts a dog whose legs, tail and leash—and the feet of the woman walking it—have been multiplied to a blur of movement. It illustrates the precepts of the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting that, "On account of the persistency of an image upon the retina, moving objects constantly multiply themselves; their form changes like rapid vibrations, in their mad career. Thus a running horse has not four legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular." His Rhythm of the Bow (1912) similarly depicts the movements of a violinist's hand and instrument, rendered in rapid strokes within a triangular frame. The adoption of Cubism determined the style of much subsequent Futurist painting, which Boccioni and Severini in particular continued to render in the broken colors and short brush-strokes of divisionism. But Futurist painting differed in both subject matter and treatment from the quiet and static Cubism of Picasso, Braque and Gris. As the art critic Robert Hughes observed, "In Futurism, the eye is fixed and the object moves, but it is still the basic vocabulary of Cubism—fragmented and overlapping planes". While there were Futurist portraits: Carrà's Woman with Absinthe (1911), Severini's Self-Portrait (1912), and Boccioni's Matter (1912), it was the urban scene and vehicles in motion that typified Futurist painting; Boccioni's The Street Enters the House (1911), Severini's Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin (1912), and Russolo's Automobile at Speed (1913) The Futurists held their first exhibition outside of Italy in 1912 at the Bernheim-Jeune gallery, Paris, which included works by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo and Giacomo Balla. In 1912 and 1913, Boccioni turned to sculpture to translate into three dimensions his Futurist ideas. In Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) he attempted to realise the relationship between the object and its environment, which was central to his theory of "dynamism". The sculpture represents a striding figure, cast in bronze posthumously and exhibited in the Tate Modern. (It now appears on the national side of Italian 20 eurocent coins). He explored the theme further in Synthesis of Human Dynamism (1912), Speeding Muscles (1913) and Spiral Expansion of Speeding Muscles (1913). His ideas on sculpture were published in the Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture In 1915 Balla also turned to sculpture making abstract "reconstructions", which were created out of various materials, were apparently moveable and even made noises. He said that, after making twenty pictures in which he had studied the velocity of automobiles, he understood that "the single plane of the canvas did not permit the suggestion of the dynamic volume of speed in depth ... I felt the need to construct the first dynamic plastic complex with iron wires, cardboard planes, cloth and tissue paper, etc." In 1914, personal quarrels and artistic differences between the Milan group, around Marinetti, Boccioni, and Balla, and the Florence group, around Carrà, Ardengo Soffici (1879–1964) and Giovanni Papini (1881–1956), created a rift in Italian Futurism. The Florence group resented the dominance of Marinetti and Boccioni, whom they accused of trying to establish "an immobile church with an infallible creed", and each group dismissed the other as passéiste. Futurism had from the outset admired violence and was intensely patriotic. The Futurist Manifesto had declared, "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman." Although it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913. Then, fearing the re-election of Giolitti, Marinetti published a political manifesto. In 1914 the Futurists began to campaign actively against the Austro-Hungarian empire, which still controlled some Italian territories, and Italian neutrality between the major powers. In September, Boccioni, seated in the balcony of the Teatro dal Verme in Milan, tore up an Austrian flag and threw it into the audience, while Marinetti waved an Italian flag. When Italy entered the First World War in 1915, many Futurists enlisted. The experience of the war marked several Futurists, particularly Marinetti, who fought in the mountains of Trentino at the border of Italy and Austria-Hungary, actively engaging in propaganda. The combat experience also influenced Futurist music. The outbreak of war disguised the fact that Italian Futurism had come to an end. The Florence group had formally acknowledged their withdrawal from the movement by the end of 1914. Boccioni produced only one war picture and was killed in 1916. Severini painted some significant war pictures in 1915 (e.g. War, Armored Train, and Red Cross Train), but in Paris turned towards Cubism and post-war was associated with the Return to Order. After the war, Marinetti revived the movement. This revival was called il secondo Futurismo (Second Futurism) by writers in the 1960s. The art historian Giovanni Lista has classified Futurism by decades: "Plastic Dynamism" for the first decade, "Mechanical Art" for the 1920s, "Aeroaesthetics" for the 1930s. Russian Futurism Russian Futurism was a movement of literature and the visual arts, involving various Futurist groups. The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky was a prominent member of the movement, as were Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchyonykh; visual artists such as David Burliuk, Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, Lyubov Popova, and Kazimir Malevich found inspiration in the imagery of Futurist writings, and were writers themselves. Poets and painters collaborated on theatre production such as the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun, with texts by Kruchenykh, music by Mikhail Matyushin, and sets by Malevich. The main style of painting was Cubo-Futurism, extant during the 1910s. Cubo-Futurism combines the forms of Cubism with the Futurist representation of movement; like their Italian contemporaries, the Russian Futurists were fascinated with dynamism, speed and the restlessness of modern urban life. The Russian Futurists sought controversy by repudiating the art of the past, saying that Pushkin and Dostoevsky should be "heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity". They acknowledged no authority and professed not to owe anything even to Marinetti, whose principles they had earlier adopted, most of whom obstructed him when he came to Russia to proselytize in 1914. The movement began to decline after the revolution of 1917. The Futurists either stayed, were persecuted, or left the country. Popova, Mayakovsky and Malevich became part of the Soviet establishment and the brief Agitprop movement of the 1920s; Popova died of a fever, Malevich would be briefly imprisoned and forced to paint in the new state-approved style, and Mayakovsky committed suicide on April 14, 1930. Architecture The Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia expressed his ideas of modernity in his drawings for La Città Nuova (The New City) (1912–1914). This project was never built and Sant'Elia was killed in the First World War, but his ideas influenced later generations of architects and artists. The city was a backdrop onto which the dynamism of Futurist life is projected. The city had replaced the landscape as the setting for the exciting modern life. Sant'Elia aimed to create a city as an efficient, fast-paced machine. He manipulates light and shape to emphasize the sculptural quality of his projects. Baroque curves and encrustations had been stripped away to reveal the essential lines of forms unprecedented from their simplicity. In the new city, every aspect of life was to be rationalized and centralized into one great powerhouse of energy. The city was not meant to last, and each subsequent generation was expected to build their own city rather than inheriting the architecture of the past. Futurist architects were sometimes at odds with the Fascist state's tendency towards Roman imperial-classical aesthetic patterns. Nevertheless, several Futurist buildings were built in the years 1920–1940, including public buildings such as railway stations, maritime resorts and post offices. Examples of Futurist buildings still in use today are Trento railway station, built by Angiolo Mazzoni, and the Santa Maria Novella station in Florence. The Florence station was designed in 1932 by the Gruppo Toscano (Tuscan Group) of architects, which included Giovanni Michelucci and Italo Gamberini, with contributions by Mazzoni. Music Futurist music rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds inspired by machinery, and would influence several 20th-century composers. Francesco Balilla Pratella joined the Futurist movement in 1910 and wrote a Manifesto of Futurist Musicians in which he appealed to the young (as had Marinetti), because only they could understand what he had to say. According to Pratella, Italian music was inferior to music abroad. He praised the "sublime genius" of Wagner and saw some value in the work of other contemporary composers, for example Richard Strauss, Elgar, Mussorgsky, and Sibelius. By contrast, the Italian symphony was dominated by opera in an "absurd and anti-musical form". The conservatories was said to encourage backwardness and mediocrity. The publishers perpetuated mediocrity and the domination of music by the "rickety and vulgar" operas of Puccini and Umberto Giordano. The only Italian Pratella could praise was his teacher Pietro Mascagni, because he had rebelled against the publishers and attempted innovation in opera, but even Mascagni was too traditional for Pratella's tastes. In the face of this mediocrity and conservatism, Pratella unfurled "the red flag of Futurism, calling to its flaming symbol such young composers as have hearts to love and fight, minds to conceive, and brows free of cowardice." Luigi Russolo (1885–1947) wrote The Art of Noises (1913), an influential text in 20th-century musical aesthetics. Russolo used instruments he called intonarumori, which were acoustic noise generators that permitted the performer to create and control the dynamics and pitch of several different types of noises. Russolo and Marinetti gave the first concert of Futurist music, complete with intonarumori, in 1914. However they were prevented from performing in many major European cities by the outbreak of war. Futurism was one of several 20th-century movements in art music that paid homage to, included or imitated machines. Ferruccio Busoni has been seen as anticipating some Futurist ideas, though he remained wedded to tradition. Russolo's intonarumori influenced Stravinsky, Arthur Honegger, George Antheil, Edgar Varèse, Stockhausen and John Cage. In Pacific 231, Honegger imitated the sound of a steam locomotive. There are also Futurist elements in Prokofiev's The Steel Step and in his Second Symphony. Most notable in this respect, however, is the American George Antheil. His fascination with machinery is evident in his Airplane Sonata, Death of the Machines, and the 30-minute Ballet Mécanique. The Ballet Mécanique was originally intended to accompany an experimental film by Fernand Léger, but the musical score is twice the length of the film and now stands alone. The score calls for a percussion ensemble consisting of three xylophones, four bass drums, a tam-tam, three airplane propellers, seven electric bells, a siren, two "live pianists", and sixteen synchronized player pianos. Antheil's piece was the first to synchronize machines with human players and to exploit the difference between what machines and humans can play. Dance The Futuristic movement also influenced the concept of dance. Indeed, dancing was interpreted as an alternative way of expressing man's ultimate fusion with the machine. The altitude of a flying plane, the power of a car's motor and the roaring loud sounds of complex machinery were all signs of man's intelligence and excellence which the art of dance had to emphasize and praise. This type of dance is considered futuristic since it disrupts the referential system of traditional, classical dance and introduces a different style, new to the sophisticated bourgeois audience. The dancer no longer performs a story, a clear content, that can be read according to the rules of ballet. One of the most famous futuristic dancers was the Italian . Trained as a classical ballerina, she is known for her "Aerodanze" and continued to earn her living by performing in classical and popular productions. She describes this innovative form of dance as the result of a deep collaboration with Marinetti and his poetry. Through these words, she explains: " I launched this idea of the aerial-futurist poetry with Marinetti, he himself declaiming the poetry. A small stage of a few square meters;... I made myself a satin costume with a helmet; everything that the plane did had to be expressed by my body. It flew and, moreover, it gave the impression of these wings that trembled, of the apparatus that trembled,... And the face had to express what the pilot felt." Literature Futurism as a literary movement made its official debut with F.T. Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism (1909), as it delineated the various ideals Futurist poetry should strive for. Poetry, the predominate medium of Futurist literature, can be characterized by its unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). The Futurists called their style of poetry parole in libertà (word autonomy), in which all ideas of meter were rejected and the word became the main unit of concern. In this way, the Futurists managed to create a new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression. Theater also has an important place within the Futurist universe. Works in this genre have scenes that are few sentences long, have an emphasis on nonsensical humor, and attempt to discredit the deep rooted traditions via parody and other devaluation techniques. There are a number of examples of Futurist novels from both the initial period of Futurism and the neo-Futurist period, from Marinetti himself to a number of lesser known Futurists, such as Primo Conti, Ardengo Soffici and Giordano Bruno Sanzin (Zig Zag, Il Romanzo Futurista edited by Alessandro Masi, 1995). They are very diverse in style, with very little recourse to the characteristics of Futurist Poetry, such as 'parole in libertà'. Arnaldo Ginna's 'Le locomotive con le calze'''(Trains with socks on) plunges into a world of absurd nonsense, childishly crude. His brother Bruno Corra wrote in Sam Dunn è morto (Sam Dunn is Dead) a masterpiece of Futurist fiction, in a genre he himself called 'Synthetic' characterized by compression, and precision; it is a sophisticated piece that rises above the other novels through the strength and pervasiveness of its irony. Science Fiction novels play an important role in Futurist literature. Film When interviewed about her favorite film of all times, famed movie critic Pauline Kael stated that the director Dimitri Kirsanoff, in his silent experimental film Ménilmontant "developed a technique that suggests the movement known in painting as Futurism".Thaïs ("Thaïs"), directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1917), is the only surviving of the 1910s Italian futurist cinema to date (35 min. of the original 70 min.). Female Futurists Within F.T. Marinetti's The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism, two of his tenets briefly highlight his hatred for women under the pretense that it fuels the Futurist movement's visceral nature: Marinetti would begin to contradict himself when, in 1911, he called Luisa, Marchesa Casati a Futurist; he dedicated a portrait of himself painted by Carrà to her, the said dedication declaring Casati as a Futurist being pasted on the canvas itself. In 1912, only three years after the Manifesto of Futurism was published, Valentine de Saint-Point responded to Marinetti's claims in her Manifesto of the Futurist Woman (Response to F.T. Marinetti.) Marinetti even later referred to her as "the 'first futurist woman.'" Her manifesto begins with a misanthropic tone by presenting how men and women are equal and both deserve contempt. She instead suggests that rather than the binary being limited to men and women, it should be replaced with "femininity and masculinity"; ample cultures and individuals should possess elements of both. Yet, she still embraces the core values of Futurism, especially its focus on "virility" and "brutality". Saint-Point uses this as a segue into her antifeminist argument—giving women equal rights destroys their innate "potency" to strive for a better, more fulfilling life. In Russian Futurist and Cubo-Futurist circles, however, from the start, there was a higher percentage of women participants than in Italy; examples of major female Futurists are Natalia Goncharova, Aleksandra Ekster, and Lyubov Popova. Although Marinetti expressed his approval of Olga Rozanova's paintings during his 1914 lecture tour of Russia, it is possible that the women painters' negative reaction to the said tour may have largely been due to his misogyny. Despite the chauvinistic nature of the Italian Futurist program, many serious professional female artists adopted the style, especially so after the end of the first World War. Notably among these female futurists is F.T Marinetti's own wife Benedetta Cappa Marinetti, whom he had met in 1918 and exchanged a series of letters discussing each of their respective work in Futurism. Letters continued to be exchanged between the two with F.T Marinetti often complimenting Benedetta - the single name she was best known as - on her genius. In a letter dated August 16, 1919, Marinetti wrote to Benedetta "Do not forget your promise to work. You must carry your genius to its ultimate splendor. Every day." Although many of Benedetta's paintings were exhibited in major Italian exhibitions like the 1930-1936 Venice Biennales (in which she was the first woman to have her art displayed since the exhibition's founding in 1895), the 1935 Rome Quadriennale and several other futurist exhibitions, she was oft overshadowed in her work by her husband. The first introduction of Benedetta's feminist convictions regarding futurism is in the form of a public dialogue in 1925 (with a L.R Cannonieri) concerning the role of women in society. Benedetta was also one of the first to paint in Aeropittura, an abstract and futurist art style of landscape from the view of an airplane. 1920s and 1930s Many Italian Futurists supported Fascism in the hope of modernizing a country divided between the industrialising north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, laborers, disgruntled war veterans, radicals, admirers of violence, and were opposed to parliamentary democracy. Marinetti founded the Futurist Political Party (Partito Politico Futurista) in early 1918, which was absorbed into Benito Mussolini's Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919, making Marinetti one of the first members of the National Fascist Party. He opposed Fascism's later exaltation of existing institutions, calling them "reactionary", and walked out of the 1920 Fascist party congress in disgust, withdrawing from politics for three years; but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944. The Futurists' association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and the ability to carry out important work, especially in architecture. After the Second World War, many Futurist artists had difficulty in their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime. Marinetti sought to make Futurism the official state art of Fascist Italy but failed to do so. Mussolini chose to give patronage to numerous styles and movements in order to keep artists loyal to the regime. Opening the exhibition of art by the Novecento Italiano group in 1923, he said, "I declare that it is far from my idea to encourage anything like a state art. Art belongs to the domain of the individual. The state has only one duty: not to undermine art, to provide humane conditions for artists, to encourage them from the artistic and national point of view." Mussolini's mistress, Margherita Sarfatti, who was as able a cultural entrepreneur as Marinetti, successfully promoted the rival Novecento group, and even persuaded Marinetti to sit on its board. Although in the early years of Italian Fascism modern art was tolerated and even embraced, towards the end of the 1930s, right-wing Fascists introduced the concept of "degenerate art" from Germany to Italy and condemned Futurism. Marinetti made numerous moves to ingratiate himself with the regime, becoming less radical and avant-garde with each. He moved from Milan to Rome to be nearer the centre of things. He became an academician despite his condemnation of academies, married despite his condemnation of marriage, promoted religious art after the Lateran Treaty of 1929 and even reconciled himself to the Catholic Church, declaring that Jesus was a Futurist. Although Futurism mostly became identified with Fascism, it had a diverse range of supporters. They tended to oppose Marinetti's artistic and political direction of the movement, and in 1924 the socialists, communists and anarchists walked out of the Milan Futurist Congress. The anti-Fascist voices in Futurism were not completely silenced until the annexation of Abyssinia and the Italo-German Pact of Steel in 1939. This association of Fascists, socialists and anarchists in the Futurist movement, which may seem odd today, can be understood in terms of the influence of Georges Sorel, whose ideas about the regenerative effect of political violence had adherents right across the political spectrum. Aeropainting Aeropainting (aeropittura) was a major expression of the second generation of Futurism beginning in 1926. The technology and excitement of flight, directly experienced by most aeropainters, offered aeroplanes and aerial landscape as new subject matter. Aeropainting was varied in subject matter and treatment, including realism (especially in works of propaganda), abstraction, dynamism, quiet Umbrian landscapes, portraits of Mussolini (e.g. Dottori's Portrait of il Duce), devotional religious paintings, decorative art, and pictures of planes. Aeropainting was launched in a manifesto of 1929, Perspectives of Flight, signed by Benedetta, Depero, Dottori, Fillìa, Marinetti, Prampolini, Somenzi and Tato (Guglielmo Sansoni). The artists stated that "The changing perspectives of flight constitute an absolutely new reality that has nothing in common with the reality traditionally constituted by a terrestrial perspective" and that "Painting from this new reality requires a profound contempt for detail and a need to synthesise and transfigure everything." Crispolti identifies three main "positions" in aeropainting: "a vision of cosmic projection, at its most typical in Prampolini's 'cosmic idealism' ... ; a 'reverie' of aerial fantasies sometimes verging on fairy-tale (for example in Dottori ...); and a kind of aeronautical documentarism that comes dizzyingly close to direct celebration of machinery (particularly in Crali, but also in Tato and Ambrosi)." Eventually there were over a hundred aeropainters. Major figures include Fortunato Depero, Marisa Mori, Enrico Prampolini, Gerardo Dottori, Mino Delle Site and Crali. Crali continued to produce aeropittura up until the 1980s. Legacy Futurism influenced many other twentieth-century art movements, including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism, Surrealism, Dada, and much later Neo-FuturismKaren Pinkus, Self-Representation in NeoFuturism and Punk. Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Grosvenor School linocut artists. Futurism as a coherent and organized artistic movement is now regarded as extinct, having died out in 1944 with the death of its leader Marinetti. Nonetheless, the ideals of Futurism remain as significant components of modern Western culture; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial cinema and culture. Ridley Scott consciously evoked the designs of Sant'Elia in Blade Runner. Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his "dreamt-of metallization of the human body", are still strongly prevalent in Japanese culture, and surface in manga/anime and the works of artists such as Shinya Tsukamoto, director of the Tetsuo (lit. "Ironman") films. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the literary genre of cyberpunk—in which technology was often treated with a critical eye—whilst artists who came to prominence during the first flush of the Internet, such as Stelarc and Mariko Mori, produce work which comments on Futurist ideals. and the art and architecture movement Neo-Futurism in which technology is considered a driver to a better quality of life and sustainability values.Jean-Louis Cohen, The Future of Architecture. Since 1889, London: Phaidon, 2012 A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement in theatre began in 1988 with the creation of the Neo-Futurist style in Chicago, which utilizes Futurism's focus on speed and brevity to create a new form of immediate theatre. Currently, there are active Neo-Futurist troupes in Chicago, New York, San Francisco, and Montreal. Futurist ideas have been a major influence in Western popular music; examples include ZTT Records, named after Marinetti's poem Zang Tumb Tumb; the band Art of Noise, named after Russolo's manifesto The Art of Noises; and the Adam and the Ants single "Zerox", the cover featuring a photograph by Bragaglia. Influences can also be discerned in dance music since the 1980s. Japanese Composer Ryuichi Sakamoto's 1986 album "Futurista" was inspired by the movement. It features a speech from Tommaso Marinetti in the track 'Variety Show'. In 2009, Italian director Marco Bellocchio included Futurist art in his feature film Vincere. In 2014, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum featured the exhibition "Italian Futurism, 1909–1944: Reconstructing the Universe". This was the first comprehensive overview of Italian Futurism to be presented in the United States. Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art is a museum in London, with a collection solely centered around modern Italian artists and their works. It is best known for its large collection of Futurist paintings. Futurism, Cubism, press articles and reviews People involved with Futurism This is a partial list of people involved with the Futurist movement. Architects Angiolo Mazzoni, Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia, Italian architect Actors and dancers Arturo Bragaglia, Italian actor Giannina Censi, dancer Artists Giacomo Balla, Italian painter and playwright Alice Bailly, Swiss painter Umberto Boccioni, Italian painter and sculptor Kseniya Boguslavskaya, Russian painter Anton Giulio Bragaglia, Italian artist and photographer David Burliuk, Ukrainian painter and co-founder of Russian Futurism Vladimir Burliuk, Ukrainian painter and co-founder of Russian Futurism Francesco Cangiullo, Italian writer and painter Benedetta Cappa, Italian painter and writer Carlo Carrà, Italian painter Ambrogio Casati, Italian painter Primo Conti, Italian artist Tullio Crali, Italian artist Luigi De Giudici, Italian painter Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter Fortunato Depero, Italian painter Gerardo Dottori, Italian painter, poet and art critic Fillìa, Italian artist Félix Del Marle, French painter Kazimir Malevich, Russian painter and developer of Cubo-Futurism Sante Monachesi, Italian painter Marisa Mori, Italian painter Almada Negreiros, Portuguese painter, poet and novelist C. R. W. Nevinson, English painter and memoirist Mikhail Larionov, Russian painter Aristarkh Lentulov, Russian painter Aldo Palazzeschi, Italian writer Ivo Pannaggi, Italian artist Giovanni Papini, Italian writer Emilio Pettoruti, Argentinian painter Lyubov Popova, Russian painter Enrico Prampolini, Italian painter, sculptor and scenographer Ivan Puni, Russian painter Olga Rozanova, Russian painter Luigi Russolo, Italian painter, musician, instrument builder Jules Schmalzigaug, Belgian painter Gino Severini, Italian painter Ardengo Soffici, Italian painter and writer Joseph Stella, Italian-American painter Frances Simpson Stevens, American painter Mary Swanzy, Irish painter Růžena Zátková, Czech painter Composers and musicians Aldo Giuntini, Italian composer Luigi Grandi, Italian composer Nikolai Kulbin, Russian musician Virgilio Mortari, Italian composer Francesco Balilla Pratella, Italian composer, musicologist and essayist Ugo Piatti, instrument maker, luthier and artist Luigi Russolo, Italian painter, musician, instrument builder Writers and poets Giacomo Balla, Italian painter and playwright Francesco Cangiullo, Italian writer and painter Benedetta Cappa, Italian painter and writer Mario Carli, Italian poet Gerardo Dottori, Italian painter, poet and art critic Escodamè (Michele Leskovic), Italian poet and artist Farfa, Italian poet Ilya Zdanevich ("Iliazd"), Georgian writer Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet, prosaist and playwright Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian poet Aleksei Kruchenykh, Russian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet, playwright, novelist, journalist, theorist and founder of Futurism Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian poet and playwright Almada Negreiros, Portuguese painter, poet and novelist C. R. W. Nevinson, English painter and memoirist Aldo Palazzeschi, Italian writer Giovanni Papini, Italian writer Mykhaylo Semenko, Ukrainian poet and founder of Panfuturism Igor Severyanin, Russian poet and leader of Ego-Futurism Ardengo Soffici, Italian painter and writer Vincenzo Fani Ciotti, Italian novelist and political writer Scenographers Enrico Prampolini, Italian painter, sculptor and scenographer See also Africanfuturism Afrofuturism Art manifesto Futurist cooking Googie architecture High-tech architecture Raygun Gothic Universal Flowering Indigenous Futurism References Further reading Conversi, Daniele 2009 "Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (1909–1944)", Sociology Compass, 3/1 (2009): 92–117. D'Orsi Angelo 2009 'Il Futurismo tra cultura e politica. Reazione o rivoluzione?'. Editore: Salerno Gentile, Emilo. 2003. The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. Praeger Publishers. I poeti futuristi, dir. by M. Albertazzi, w. essay of G. Wallace and M. Pieri, Trento, La Finestra editrice, 2004. John Rodker (1927). The future of futurism. New York: E.P. Dutton & company. Lawrence Rainey, Christine Poggi, and Laura Wittman, eds., Futurism: An Anthology (Yale, 2009). . Futurism & Sport Design, edited by M. Mancin, Montebelluna-Cornuda, Antiga Edizioni, 2006. Manifesto of Futurist Musicians by Francesco Balilla Pratella Donatella Chiancone-Schneider (editor) "Zukunftsmusik oder Schnee von gestern? Interdisziplinarität, Internationalität und Aktualität des Futurismus", Cologne 2010 Congress papers Berghaus, Gunter, Futurism and the technological imagination, Rodopi, 2009 Berghaus, Gunter, International Yearbook of Futurism Studies, De Gruyter. Zaccaria, Gino, The Enigma of Art: On the Provenance of Artistic Creation'', Brill, 2021 (https://brill.com/view/title/59609) External links Cycling, Cubo‐Futurism and the 4th Dimension. Jean Metzinger’s "At the Cycle‐Race Track", Curated by Erasmus Weddigen, Peggy Guggenheim Collection, 2012 Futurism: Manifestos and Other Resources The Futurist Moment: Howlers, Exploders, Crumplers, Hissers, and Scrapers by Kenneth Goldsmith Futurism: archive audio recordings at LTM Encyclopædia Britannica Art movements Avant-garde art Italian art movements Italian Futurism Modern art Italian Fascism Opposition to feminism	[ 0.6271960735321045, -0.18792037665843964, 0.12478987872600555, -0.06634984910488129, -0.2713921070098877, 0.18180638551712036, 0.10114791989326477, 0.30930665135383606, -0.20101039111614227, -0.459121435880661, -0.4784604609012604, 0.1232738122344017, -0.36957359313964844, 0.5227725505828857, 0.03225324675440788, -0.10812898725271225, 0.22315973043441772, -0.04361330717802048, -0.33928266167640686, 0.42491909861564636, -0.37605562806129456, -0.00007731738878646865, 0.37494316697120667, -0.17811575531959534, -0.2260293960571289, -0.6510176062583923, 0.48601916432380676, 0.14900635182857513, 0.06017795577645302, 0.023496447131037712, 0.005395408254116774, 0.46317577362060547, -0.6595454216003418, -0.6252893209457397, -0.22043904662132263, 0.35740816593170166, 0.03886798769235611, -0.5403597354888916, -0.193979412317276, -0.5175427198410034, 0.08893722295761108, -0.10741405934095383, 0.6713741421699524, 0.07954676449298859, -0.12297184765338898, -0.1550574153661728, -1.6152851581573486, 0.8454118371009827, -0.7125898599624634, -0.005759209860116243, -0.5242483019828796, 0.10412992537021637, 0.3482714593410492, 0.5851783156394958, -0.22037944197654724, 0.40130358934402466, -1.037413239479065, -0.0730549767613411, -0.08303698897361755, -0.4796956777572632, 0.6916815042495728, 0.42424604296684265, 0.505966305732727, -0.12219411879777908, -0.20473237335681915, 0.2815912365913391, -0.0768292248249054, 0.3846932649612427, 0.16974103450775146, -0.6179162859916687, -0.11741641163825989, -0.26298633217811584, -0.03528879955410957, -0.47080451250076294, -0.0737098678946495, -0.5605294704437256, 0.5203273892402649, -0.15373440086841583, -0.04799377918243408, 0.3325500786304474, 0.029066912829875946, 0.30053094029426575, 1.0565693378448486, -0.050343479961156845, 0.9752972722053528, 0.037452347576618195, 0.003967957571148872, 0.19462722539901733, -0.08528661727905273, 0.3097383379936218, 0.009753191843628883, -0.3571266531944275, 1.087129831314087, 0.2727383077144623, 0.26907655596733093, 0.30279257893562317, 0.292492151260376, 0.2904154062271118, -0.6995398998260498, 0.21175013482570648, 0.20527194440364838, 0.6096774935722351, -0.16567566990852356, -0.33484694361686707, -0.15390992164611816, -0.24121032655239105, -0.3464880585670471, -0.47632652521133423, -0.1420011967420578, -0.08807539194822311, -0.5106179714202881, 0.4457246959209442, 0.2348417490720749, 0.11173953115940094, 0.31775352358818054, 0.14039352536201477, 0.08589202910661697, -0.2419855296611786, -0.13584578037261963, 0.2829129099845886, 0.2461123764514923, 0.29102689027786255, -0.5448575615882874, -0.4669193625450134, -0.40375998616218567, 0.4405438005924225, 0.43359968066215515, 0.5696852803230286, -1.0511085987091064, -0.1547892540693283, 0.5890733599662781, 0.6060249209403992, -0.13039663434028625, -0.6355383396148682, 0.41200754046440125, -0.2672857344150543, 0.7030346393585205, 0.1191335991024971, 0.048098087310791016, 0.21394088864326477, -0.26811903715133667, -0.1788507103919983, -0.5449952483177185, -0.4298957288265228, 0.41977277398109436, -1.034014105796814, 0.6251159310340881, -0.3637590706348419, 0.03648889437317848, -0.6618810296058655, -0.3146323561668396, -0.12469209730625153, -0.31489160656929016, 0.21419112384319305, 0.16614414751529694, 0.4058285653591156, 0.6252030730247498, -0.03254590928554535, 0.673090398311615, -0.13006626069545746, 0.31665462255477905, -0.5524157285690308, -0.06364993751049042, 0.1464626044034958, 0.1115737184882164, -0.3937499225139618, 0.06722254306077957, 0.5103605389595032, 0.20128971338272095, 0.4987100660800934, -0.72297203540802, 0.39206230640411377, 0.3831994831562042, -0.2881050109863281, 0.07672302424907684, 0.3852587044239044, 0.71992027759552, 0.2843368351459503, 0.3591446876525879, 0.2113865613937378, -0.5718576908111572, -0.15516754984855652, 0.2348107099533081, 0.36447685956954956, -0.050131142139434814, -0.629115641117096, 0.7455263733863831, -0.12968190014362335, 0.417279452085495, 0.040579043328762054, 0.10205765813589096, -0.15080425143241882, 0.08230869472026825, -0.9632205367088318, 1.1120859384536743, -0.11506633460521698, -0.9979885816574097, 0.8291277885437012, -0.13859492540359497, 0.47599077224731445, -0.09223020821809769, -0.0726933628320694, 0.041059304028749466, -0.12277146428823471, 0.5947616100311279, -0.15546806156635284, 0.09590264409780502, 0.4077254831790924, 0.1756487637758255, 0.24891184270381927, 0.47788360714912415, -0.5984438061714172, 0.5589807033538818, 0.02754231169819832, -0.2626051902770996, -0.15329085290431976, -0.748579740524292, 0.39154860377311707, -0.4001375138759613, -0.5701926946640015, 0.36446231603622437, 0.18880201876163483, -0.854951024055481, 0.13487905263900757, -0.12074360996484756, 0.3646236062049866, 0.2610417306423187, -0.19721077382564545, 0.7208741903305054, -0.2811606228351593, 0.2916125953197479, 0.3603842556476593, -0.277614563703537, -0.10797889530658722, -0.28260478377342224, 0.5027204751968384, 0.3784286081790924, -0.30105143785476685, 0.35124123096466064, -0.5355799198150635, 0.18930841982364655, 0.41468796133995056, -0.3263173997402191, 0.4060942530632019, -0.2075841724872589, -0.07894694060087204, -0.1432894915342331, 0.5644124150276184, -0.572717010974884, 0.4218590259552002, -0.06444443762302399, 0.34221354126930237, -0.14503641426563263, -0.2794918715953827, -0.028111347928643227, -0.5603572726249695, 0.25034499168395996, -0.5127913355827332, 0.5047404766082764, 0.0040855323895812035, 0.14838840067386627, -0.17336200177669525, 0.21341215074062347, 0.3553125858306885, 0.03405708074569702, -0.5553624033927917, -0.10701064765453339, -0.4113118648529053, -0.33162954449653625, -0.04753764346241951, 0.38395819067955017, 0.2188974916934967, -0.4387578070163727, 0.30492737889289856, -0.05463387817144394, -0.09359028935432434, -0.5474423766136169, 0.14803984761238098, -0.6353863477706909, 0.025811828672885895, -0.44979429244995117, 0.6067817211151123, 0.2719053328037262, -0.6863781809806824, -0.8971534967422485, 0.22029879689216614, -0.017730245366692543, -0.3189658522605896, -0.09904493391513824, 0.23930929601192474, 0.04900887608528137, -0.38575831055641174, -0.22523680329322815, -0.25286537408828735, -0.8249086737632751, 0.26371997594833374, -0.325335830450058, 0.4016283452510834, -0.26902100443840027, 0.06455012410879135, -0.4478241205215454, 0.3114515542984009, -0.9017192721366882, -0.012346974574029446, 0.13136804103851318, 0.09748389571905136, -0.49081870913505554, -0.0015171008417382836, -5.772774696350098, -0.04741134122014046, -0.2029401659965515, 0.12061107158660889, -0.21912795305252075, 0.3145105242729187, 0.00023355268058367074, -0.08297067135572433, -0.04955459386110306, -0.29458174109458923, -0.4043077528476715, -0.35948795080184937, -0.03012983314692974, 1.1795202493667603, -0.2009081095457077, 0.36806535720825195, -0.040257249027490616, 0.2958827316761017, -0.5272664427757263, 0.2011105716228485, -0.4284506142139435, -0.02043387107551098, 0.212252676486969, 0.9020199775695801, 0.5133180618286133, -0.2025226503610611, -0.7352672219276428, 0.1940399557352066, -0.6289798617362976, 0.07514988631010056, -0.06368943303823471, 0.0880948156118393, 0.3861178159713745, -0.031462859362363815, 0.6702284812927246, 0.8646313548088074, 0.9317557215690613, -0.11375094950199127, -0.011387859471142292, -0.10231254994869232, -0.3823968172073364, 0.5213335156440735, -0.4080182611942291, -0.17814232409000397, 0.28218573331832886, -0.07597040385007858, -0.3465200960636139, 0.05528628081083298, -0.5281067490577698, 0.3066636323928833, 0.14810247719287872, -0.05009175091981888, 0.2872914671897888, -0.04471667855978012, 0.253095805644989, 0.34984642267227173, 0.5945088267326355, -0.24913717806339264, -0.1482192873954773, 0.05201265588402748, 0.047331470996141434, 0.0548299103975296, 0.31136447191238403, -0.20662057399749756, 0.12958984076976776, 0.2838340103626251, -0.633915901184082, 0.025878332555294037, 0.38487836718559265, 0.15473367273807526, -0.4328190088272095, 0.6319919228553772, -0.3285747468471527, -1.1822776794433594, 0.10195108503103256, 0.09255985915660858, -0.2196987271308899, -0.38948535919189453, 0.4191627502441406, 0.40712791681289673, -0.16600710153579712, -0.14584225416183472, -0.655453085899353, 0.3335699737071991, 0.24140754342079163, 0.25984078645706177, 0.07207456976175308, -0.027858009561896324, -0.8942363858222961, 0.3326389193534851, 0.7973236441612244, -0.17340807616710663, 0.03359280154109001, -0.19461528956890106, -0.11597812920808792, 0.9072568416595459, 0.04798272252082825, -0.05968712270259857, 0.34565144777297974, -0.05901506915688515, 0.1593843698501587, -0.2906075417995453, -0.48269176483154297, 0.36531731486320496, 0.24967388808727264, -0.28173139691352844, -0.11537572741508484, 0.45106247067451477, 1.03031325340271, 0.12889105081558228, -0.30210569500923157, 0.5081185698509216, -0.5847025513648987, -0.10180988907814026, 0.4708217978477478, 0.32571014761924744, -0.5976046919822693, 0.3023912012577057, 0.2236432582139969, 0.010127109475433826, 0.1253163367509842, -0.2197127342224121, -0.282769113779068, 0.03124622255563736, 0.09032639861106873, 0.4350522458553314, -0.46895021200180054, 0.2248796820640564, -0.03854580596089363, 0.2960173785686493, 0.11511769145727158, 0.045701365917921066, 0.012066931463778019, 0.2798794209957123, 0.2766891419887543, 0.023561865091323853, -0.381952166557312, -0.5200634002685547, 0.1828491985797882, -0.4164223074913025, 0.2706410586833954, -0.05062726512551308, 0.37383079528808594, -0.04835531860589981, 0.3430314362049103, 0.5045475363731384, -0.084003746509552, -0.2150375247001648, -0.4712797701358795, 0.42487820982933044, 0.7129929661750793, 0.15215365588665009, 0.3783334493637085, -0.07482162863016129, -0.22929729521274567, -0.40781229734420776, -0.13382889330387115, 0.08377664536237717, 0.272307425737381, -0.44620946049690247, 0.2428479790687561, -0.06369234621524811, -0.8835123777389526, -0.1720198392868042, 0.08969742059707642, -0.2288973182439804, -0.06226372346282005, -0.6879551410675049, -0.14952026307582855, 0.1079724133014679, 0.06014697998762131, -0.16152727603912354, -0.23545752465724945, -0.5996986031532288, 0.04335124045610428, -0.222692608833313, -0.4019734561443329, 0.000487561512272805, -0.3136909008026123, -0.5527840852737427, 0.48418718576431274, 0.28816601634025574, -0.4206025004386902, -0.05408104136586189, 0.3387227952480316, -0.8408669829368591, -0.406898558139801, -0.2704846262931824, -0.34537044167518616, 0.17307482659816742, 0.01339547149837017, 0.9389168620109558, 0.28090551495552063, 0.4352892339229584, -0.4770822823047638, -0.9364388585090637, -0.6712494492530823, 0.748161256313324, -0.3610704243183136, -0.7421790957450867, 0.18205873668193817, 0.3417428433895111, -0.35346719622612, 0.07682263106107712, 0.5571739077568054, -0.5743924379348755, 0.630233108997345, -0.004158039577305317, -0.37681159377098083, 0.6503164768218994, -0.41824817657470703, -0.3966977298259735, -0.3072243630886078, -0.14747054874897003, -0.43779048323631287, 0.24178877472877502, -0.457436203956604, -0.5938549637794495, -0.7554445862770081, -0.20268478989601135, 0.20120184123516083, -0.06093769520521164, -0.3874737620353699, -0.13281626999378204, -0.42675548791885376, -0.08796589076519012, 0.2680954039096832, -0.20749346911907196, -0.36610308289527893, -0.2701556980609894, 0.5539865493774414, 0.006472484208643436, -0.24345065653324127, -0.17632292211055756, -0.05995705723762512, -0.06435970962047577, 0.3377460837364197, -0.13468576967716217, -0.4453331530094147, 0.35363397002220154, 0.30677905678749084, 0.49517184495925903, 0.24666093289852142, -0.29262205958366394, 0.1971091479063034, 0.10456458479166031, 0.425752729177475, -0.03666098043322563, -0.5706451535224915, -0.05513239651918411, -0.23390276730060577, -0.39271703362464905, -0.8759872913360596, -0.39463064074516296, 0.26698824763298035, -0.8908621668815613, 0.06387022137641907, 0.3418003022670746, 0.4695271849632263, 0.2106616050004959, 0.2772436738014221, 0.44904881715774536, -0.41902533173561096, 0.10453087836503983, -0.04904160648584366, 0.13887177407741547, 0.2989678382873535, -0.40208011865615845, -0.10931552946567535, -0.6486626267433167, 0.2151631861925125, -0.07366880774497986, 0.18427689373493195, 0.464537113904953, -0.16478568315505981, -0.5210312604904175, -0.36419788002967834, -0.5910458564758301, 0.6046358346939087, -0.4347454011440277, -0.17393779754638672, 0.47105172276496887, 0.21859847009181976, -0.4066930413246155, -0.24392874538898468, -0.819719672203064, 0.11410880088806152, -0.3206346035003662, -0.7535297870635986, 0.0533280223608017, 0.04247989133000374, 0.00042689754627645016, 0.5024007558822632, 0.4149494469165802, -0.3673434853553772, 0.5264062881469727, -0.3315211236476898, -0.1670222133398056, -0.31543418765068054, -0.3440749943256378, -0.38163256645202637, 0.11632231622934341, -0.1924028843641281, -0.6024507880210876, 0.12243682146072388, -0.46312445402145386, 0.4166492223739624, -0.02854703553020954, -0.23342011868953705, 0.10935930162668228, 0.6768488883972168, -0.18590998649597168, -0.20857590436935425, 0.9229797124862671, -0.3809058666229248, 0.44746384024620056, 0.6478198766708374, -0.30532705783843994, 0.2859004735946655, 0.467781662940979, 0.31912657618522644, 0.25970008969306946, 0.3419053554534912, -0.6598408222198486, 0.5917350649833679, 0.04981356859207153, -0.3814595937728882, 0.24248668551445007, -0.09655606001615524, -0.1358567178249359, 0.5260141491889954, -0.04649968445301056, -0.405432790517807, 0.5856431126594543, -0.0994451493024826, -0.7341335415840149, 0.4065154790878296, -0.23218704760074615, -0.10288729518651962, -0.12446747720241547, 0.7672815322875977, 0.19563022255897522, -0.31476613879203796, 0.08255685120820999, 0.5744317770004272, 0.06845979392528534, 0.06997907906770706, 0.2676209509372711, 0.17053532600402832, 0.517941951751709, 1.070351004600525, -0.025519881397485733, 0.1406540721654892, -0.29420480132102966, 0.3174211382865906, -0.5716947317123413, 0.5458109974861145, -0.14217469096183777, -0.1783754527568817, 0.046497296541929245, 0.23660507798194885, 0.34541818499565125, 0.49334216117858887, -0.3407910466194153, 0.0838906317949295, 0.15047909319400787, -0.06506998836994171, -0.3610307276248932, -0.33538922667503357, 0.13808773458003998, 0.5260819792747498, -0.014401976950466633, 0.0864754319190979, 0.29082828760147095, 0.1448800414800644, 0.24534806609153748, 1.006885051727295, 0.4820932447910309, -0.03730250149965286, 0.3437996804714203, -0.2697059214115143, 0.2131676971912384, -0.3497461974620819, -0.3440330922603607, -0.06492429971694946, -0.39390039443969727, 0.5340513586997986, 0.4751439392566681, 0.006528074387460947, 0.3132679760456085, -0.834800660610199, -0.1153988465666771, -0.0888906791806221, 0.37459686398506165, -0.21635358035564423, -0.2909902334213257, -0.2775924503803253, 0.38756394386291504, -0.43909353017807007, -0.23099486529827118, 0.21351468563079834, 0.5897137522697449, 0.044545721262693405, -0.034406404942274094, -0.22326332330703735, 0.04077106714248657, -0.22570671141147614, -0.25048816204071045, -0.27346423268318176, 0.785678505897522, 0.17793315649032593, -0.16094602644443512, -0.03695310279726982, 0.3663332462310791, -0.1517074555158615, 0.5346028208732605, 0.40016624331474304, -0.3642174303531647, 0.12782733142375946, -0.45043835043907166, 0.25154444575309753, -0.17315411567687988, -0.0707525834441185, 0.3135151267051697, -0.5952408909797668, 0.08125811815261841, 0.34991660714149475, -0.014913343824446201, 0.10939275473356247, 0.3382619619369507, -0.15674157440662384, 0.3782117962837219, -0.4025976359844208, 0.20487523078918457, -0.5022746324539185, -0.3442772328853607, 0.26042938232421875, -0.0593772791326046, -0.1018325611948967, -0.47345343232154846, 0.4016854763031006, 0.004651257302612066, 0.4048783481121063, -0.24627678096294403, -0.25705358386039734, 0.033872321248054504, 0.09111723303794861, 0.26488497853279114, 0.29032787680625916, -0.2634083926677704, -0.015969857573509216, -0.2804534435272217, 0.3006385564804077, -0.1821775883436203, 0.15105606615543365, -0.3358844518661499, 0.34113067388534546, -1.0813472270965576, 0.207093745470047, 0.16071487963199615 ]
230852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Lowry%20%28governor%29	Robert Lowry (governor)	Robert Lowry (March 10, 1829January 19, 1910) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 32nd governor of Mississippi from 1882 to 1890. Before entering politics, he was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. Early life and military service Robert Lowry was born in Chesterfield District, South Carolina on March 10, 1829, and was raised in Mississippi. During the American Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Confederate States Army. He quickly received a commission in the 6th Mississippi Infantry. He commanded the regiment at the Battle of Shiloh where it which suffered very heavy casualties and he was wounded himself. In early 1864 he led the troops that were sent to put down the local uprising of citizens near Jones County, Mississippi. Later Lowry commanded a brigade of Mississippi regiments in the Third Corps of the Army of Tennessee; an in February 1865 he was finally promoted to brigadier-general. When the war was over, he returned to the practice of law at Brandon. Lowry briefly served in the State senate after the war (1865–1866). Massive fraud in the gubernatorial election of 1881 resulted in the election of the subject over the Independent People's Party candidate, Benjamin King. Governor (1882–1890) Between 1882 and 1890 he was the Democratic governor of Mississippi, serving two four-year terms. He could be called a Bourbon Democrat. The Farmers' Alliance movement continued to show local action in Yazoo County and in most areas of the state. In September 1889, Lowry ordered the state militia to Leflore County, where organizing by the Colored Farmers' Alliance sparked false rumors of an impending Black "uprising." Militia troops killed an estimated 25 Black people. Political activity related to peonage and racial discrimination in the Mississippi delta and other areas of the state led to violence during his term of office. Rapid industrial development occurred during his administration as well as the founding of the first state-supported women's college at Columbus. Personal life Lowry was related to J.A.W. Lowry, a lawyer and politician in Bossier Parish in northwestern Louisiana. See also List of Confederate States Army generals List of members of the United Confederate Veterans References Sources Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. . Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links Robert Lowry at The Political Graveyard 1829 births 1910 deaths 19th-century American historians 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century American male writers 19th-century American merchants 19th-century American politicians 20th-century American historians 20th-century American male writers American Civil War prisoners of war American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law American male non-fiction writers American slave owners Burials in Mississippi Businesspeople from Mississippi Confederate States Army brigadier generals Democratic Party state governors of the United States Governors of Mississippi Historians from Mississippi Military personnel from Mississippi Mississippi Democrats Mississippi lawyers Mississippi state senators People from Brandon, Mississippi People from Chesterfield County, South Carolina People from Smith County, Mississippi People of Mississippi in the American Civil War Writers from Jackson, Mississippi	[ -0.92648845911026, 0.1658838987350464, -0.49361082911491394, -0.40357065200805664, 0.3401844799518585, 0.3653104305267334, 0.9595666527748108, 0.5257657170295715, -0.744456946849823, -0.4549957513809204, 0.18630701303482056, 0.39900800585746765, -0.954221248626709, 0.842171311378479, 0.14111851155757904, 1.0441523790359497, -0.17214837670326233, -0.29941409826278687, -0.11664989590644836, 0.04786602035164833, -0.29674285650253296, -0.1159442737698555, 0.4253869652748108, -0.081383116543293, 0.08298156410455704, 0.07928049564361572, -0.1503080278635025, 0.15372338891029358, 0.04654337465763092, 0.08332452178001404, -0.4475776255130768, 0.26088979840278625, 0.3397946059703827, -0.1337810754776001, -0.7659575939178467, -0.24251538515090942, -0.2713654339313507, -0.34137189388275146, 0.20561756193637848, 0.6059642434120178, -0.6754260659217834, 0.04207370802760124, 0.11047421395778656, -0.44234541058540344, -0.12528172135353088, -0.5847811698913574, -1.4444968700408936, -0.12651264667510986, -0.09977156668901443, -0.4760461747646332, 0.04562586918473244, 0.6170517206192017, 0.12779466807842255, -0.013940321281552315, -0.5059248208999634, 0.12436822801828384, -0.09006313979625702, -0.13980695605278015, -0.3568926751613617, -0.3520802855491638, 0.17668429017066956, 0.22497287392616272, 0.3052244484424591, 0.35642755031585693, -0.14697763323783875, 0.1718946248292923, -0.3122832179069519, 0.8753181099891663, -0.34074243903160095, 0.1873549371957779, -0.13813918828964233, 0.48445215821266174, 0.3949351906776428, 0.5011229515075684, 0.20109011232852936, -0.28185516595840454, 0.06474684178829193, -0.052753135561943054, 0.08574851602315903, 0.3559626340866089, -0.09514355659484863, -0.4477231502532959, 0.9792304039001465, 0.09396073967218399, 0.18500807881355286, 0.08533460646867752, -1.0182805061340332, 0.49124836921691895, -0.0016889022663235664, -0.18750248849391937, -0.44761624932289124, 0.3493676781654358, 0.04441482201218605, 0.012896168045699596, -0.10309365391731262, -0.7132959961891174, 0.012188024818897247, 0.3652166724205017, -0.1872333139181137, -0.2775247097015381, -0.25558775663375854, -0.14742411673069, 0.3794703781604767, 0.44620394706726074, -0.4785807132720947, 0.10092029720544815, -0.07741650193929672, -0.08462557196617126, -0.5419604182243347, -0.11323579400777817, -0.5586934685707092, 0.3679041564464569, -0.3171229958534241, -0.5457054972648621, -0.5235589146614075, 0.24274320900440216, -0.18269585072994232, -0.4502955973148346, -0.09458990395069122, -0.23268939554691315, -0.33863165974617004, 0.31155267357826233, -0.0795920342206955, 0.5223033428192139, -0.3011136054992676, 0.347778856754303, 0.3253876566886902, -0.17136231064796448, 0.0881301760673523, 0.4367298483848572, 0.9196945428848267, 0.729674756526947, -0.5451453924179077, 0.09751272201538086, -0.5531895756721497, -0.3870766758918762, -0.054721105843782425, 0.14510488510131836, -0.040389738976955414, -0.22070284187793732, -0.5128436088562012, 0.12591461837291718, -0.708308756351471, -0.191651850938797, 0.03276388347148895, -0.17560763657093048, 0.12056630849838257, 0.7305757403373718, -0.2946023941040039, -0.11421134322881699, 0.4155324101448059, 0.14230839908123016, -0.258186936378479, 0.06397323310375214, -0.25221627950668335, 0.8852682113647461, 0.4414558708667755, -0.08777535706758499, 0.25143948197364807, 0.6265948414802551, 0.10367601364850998, 0.5613839030265808, -0.1145772635936737, -0.3780505657196045, 0.6010767221450806, 0.10488516837358475, -0.27875176072120667, -0.5425211191177368, 0.17805816233158112, -0.246489018201828, 0.015453229658305645, 0.1959671527147293, 0.08846861124038696, -0.3542027175426483, -0.19467411935329437, 0.04305856302380562, 0.6486220955848694, -0.020217865705490112, -0.13659784197807312, -0.5060545206069946, -0.9504168033599854, -0.41394510865211487, 0.4724200665950775, 0.20292863249778748, -0.02123606577515602, -0.07164612412452698, 0.3962462544441223, -0.09667600691318512, 0.7237251400947571, -0.5504468083381653, -0.3215647041797638, -0.7438606023788452, -0.06432970613241196, -0.5680261850357056, 0.7328381538391113, 0.6077526807785034, -0.3876798152923584, 0.9084400534629822, 0.3164319694042206, 0.8229041695594788, -0.012409779243171215, -0.339486300945282, 0.3691559433937073, -0.5437424182891846, 0.44126495718955994, 0.7454865574836731, 0.19957609474658966, -0.18442875146865845, -0.26760441064834595, 1.4735831022262573, 0.16417694091796875, -0.4851658344268799, -0.20532235503196716, 0.1924687623977661, -0.2798876464366913, -0.4783141314983368, -0.09170082211494446, -0.9904024004936218, 0.21272145211696625, -0.25654536485671997, 0.49135154485702515, 0.23708772659301758, 0.12251687794923782, 0.8580749034881592, -0.25266048312187195, 0.938210129737854, -0.19025440514087677, -0.1129227727651596, -0.5593492388725281, -0.29396435618400574, -0.139743834733963, 0.12140709906816483, 0.05848900228738785, -1.1866462230682373, 0.34227660298347473, 0.14058776199817657, -0.23870587348937988, -0.2380981743335724, -0.08387354016304016, 0.002822885289788246, 0.10209235548973083, 0.38282838463783264, -0.5630536079406738, -0.0206060279160738, -0.08794186264276505, 0.011961622163653374, -0.4206974506378174, -0.3867955803871155, 0.20217585563659668, -0.2892569899559021, 0.6052221059799194, 0.22766804695129395, 0.14997230470180511, -0.012463584542274475, 0.39040425419807434, 0.16160444915294647, -0.2145901769399643, -0.46444451808929443, -0.2911522686481476, -0.0003155859303660691, -0.5744266510009766, 0.24651359021663666, -0.09676695615053177, 0.0402495302259922, 0.1079842746257782, 0.30547359585762024, -0.3752955496311188, -0.394045352935791, -0.2311609834432602, 0.3264305889606476, 0.10775017738342285, -0.29132553935050964, 0.071720190346241, 0.4208483099937439, 0.653986394405365, -0.13045842945575714, -0.5656084418296814, 0.1505148559808731, -1.1887471675872803, -0.7546771764755249, 0.7206677794456482, 0.40845832228660583, -0.3201576769351959, -0.1334962397813797, -0.503274142742157, -0.48147425055503845, 0.061495788395404816, 0.15241478383541107, -0.3569680154323578, 0.016154585406184196, -0.06585485488176346, 0.019421840086579323, -0.5646287798881531, 0.10720577836036682, -0.19315674901008606, 0.6010051965713501, 0.27203378081321716, -0.5504747033119202, 0.5440529584884644, -0.7010905742645264, -0.6801102757453918, 0.20055902004241943, -0.11397115141153336, -0.1683722734451294, 0.6091101169586182, -0.3263210952281952, 0.05499885603785515, -0.36578232049942017, -5.339903831481934, -0.1100548803806305, -0.5405048727989197, -0.38985389471054077, 0.48514503240585327, 0.009574494324624538, 0.45094749331474304, -0.1836078017950058, 0.286865770816803, -0.16220015287399292, 0.5579939484596252, 0.5328709483146667, -0.2613859474658966, 0.5653859376907349, 0.7453163266181946, 0.21551133692264557, 1.3681020736694336, -0.0927986279129982, 0.4467465281486511, 0.6020339727401733, 0.27611732482910156, -0.3477301597595215, -0.32836776971817017, -0.19064736366271973, 0.2946789860725403, 0.8469812870025635, -0.3457501530647278, 0.4749448001384735, -0.4742828607559204, -0.20646806061267853, 0.021035239100456238, 0.7914185523986816, -0.030028337612748146, -0.2002381533384323, -0.4584273397922516, -0.2508849799633026, 0.10474520921707153, 0.18888092041015625, 0.1893540918827057, -0.21475988626480103, 0.13872843980789185, 0.19326269626617432, -1.5842994451522827, 0.34992578625679016, -0.15205040574073792, -0.7675718665122986, -0.486209899187088, 0.07553323358297348, -0.29798203706741333, 0.5800517201423645, 0.02597881853580475, 0.43457502126693726, 0.516183078289032, 0.7003026008605957, 0.4170933663845062, -0.1682571917772293, -0.03298414126038551, 0.49270763993263245, -0.7565266489982605, 0.3114379346370697, 0.6726191639900208, -0.5645887851715088, -0.062398720532655716, -0.29881149530410767, -0.5074248909950256, -0.3332633972167969, 0.08472631126642227, 0.010946734808385372, 0.1441091150045395, 0.15908759832382202, 0.2895253300666809, 0.6861421465873718, 0.288021057844162, -0.8672137260437012, 0.6195515990257263, -0.14427624642848969, -0.8411379456520081, 0.040948573499917984, -0.8140296936035156, -0.35964637994766235, -0.09581209719181061, 0.3793245553970337, 0.4503367245197296, 1.0434894561767578, 0.3076694905757904, -0.07238014787435532, 0.13439872860908508, 0.8166549801826477, -0.4581165909767151, -0.2595547139644623, 0.08055325597524643, -0.648514986038208, 0.28656455874443054, 0.3832045793533325, 0.10088428854942322, 0.35356196761131287, 0.1668962985277176, 0.21006684005260468, 0.44269683957099915, -0.42366498708724976, -0.07588450610637665, -0.12771238386631012, -0.3648948669433594, -0.4299895763397217, 0.2890380024909973, -0.46398651599884033, -0.3387337028980255, 0.33134356141090393, 0.10824428498744965, 0.5483266711235046, -0.09960640966892242, -0.04719354212284088, -0.5312041640281677, 0.284373015165329, 0.1495441496372223, -0.21088413894176483, 0.30071181058883667, 0.0649789348244667, 0.5625293254852295, 0.5226941108703613, 0.05412139371037483, 0.3472691476345062, -0.04869187995791435, 0.47112181782722473, -0.33373913168907166, -0.1685376763343811, 0.7906274199485779, -0.33389177918434143, -0.0966460332274437, 0.21785752475261688, 0.22933697700500488, 0.7298963665962219, -0.10578805208206177, 0.2564188539981842, 0.1276566982269287, -0.2744074761867523, 0.4482087790966034, -0.49801355600357056, -0.03217744827270508, -0.41446223855018616, 0.11024589091539383, -0.6770309805870056, -0.4706020951271057, -0.029320653527975082, -0.12693633139133453, 0.45841726660728455, 0.26454514265060425, 0.09438558667898178, -0.5091257691383362, 0.4722522795200348, -1.2021639347076416, -0.840644896030426, -0.22357530891895294, -0.5836832523345947, -0.03758963197469711, -0.2722342312335968, -0.1632603257894516, -0.35679298639297485, 0.11212720721960068, 0.24650938808918, 0.22390086948871613, 0.3094209134578705, -0.8890450596809387, 0.23667727410793304, -0.2942635416984558, -0.17960280179977417, -0.32333338260650635, 0.12037269026041031, -0.35606762766838074, 0.8611722588539124, -0.010314248502254486, -0.37108662724494934, -0.24157729744911194, -0.2560270130634308, 0.6237889528274536, -0.6102109551429749, -0.03164728730916977, 0.4632868468761444, -0.10083825141191483, 0.2652381658554077, -0.21226462721824646, -0.2534395754337311, -0.6559917330741882, -0.10087572038173676, 0.34656956791877747, -0.9178228974342346, -0.7026238441467285, -0.2796459197998047, 0.40686067938804626, -0.3390794098377228, -0.27900269627571106, -0.45449766516685486, 0.4082779586315155, 0.7008634209632874, 0.1424720138311386, -0.28500786423683167, 0.395863801240921, 0.03705821931362152, 0.2622140944004059, -0.8152107000350952, 0.05072909593582153, 0.20425447821617126, 0.25195828080177307, 0.5057414770126343, -0.897750198841095, -0.46729570627212524, -0.19952493906021118, -0.10588278621435165, -0.1043446734547615, 0.8217065930366516, 0.2837426960468292, -0.5182116031646729, 0.3271118104457855, 0.33928677439689636, -0.09912411868572235, 0.15605299174785614, 0.38013023138046265, 0.39919811487197876, -0.4646260440349579, -0.6731361746788025, -0.9504691958427429, -0.32988303899765015, -0.4565417468547821, -0.27099862694740295, -0.09585342556238174, 0.36274439096450806, 0.46005406975746155, -0.5263281464576721, 1.0863854885101318, 0.07518076151609421, -0.304768830537796, 0.02839822880923748, -0.23007090389728546, 0.2718440890312195, -0.11996839940547943, 0.13149592280387878, 0.3834076523780823, 0.6280310153961182, -0.5514304637908936, 0.26146188378334045, 0.5492016673088074, 1.7732980251312256, 0.5156484246253967, -0.48007112741470337, 0.05531042069196701, -0.1293891817331314, 0.44984206557273865, 0.06188090890645981, -0.29698073863983154, 0.3623512387275696, 0.5427478551864624, 0.19382113218307495, -0.9970603585243225, 0.03648646920919418, 0.8110759854316711, 0.12176451832056046, 0.06589191406965256, 0.34638410806655884, 0.25212785601615906, 0.1867063045501709, 0.07048103958368301, 0.3794555366039276, -0.22057664394378662, -0.3900751769542694, 0.04010433331131935, -0.054939381778240204, 0.26611319184303284, 0.08722731471061707, 0.9985559582710266, -0.6791478991508484, -0.697081446647644, -0.12027052044868469, -0.15194547176361084, 0.3775446116924286, -0.28826776146888733, -0.05618518218398094, 0.3251899778842926, -0.2254331260919571, 0.06649809330701828, -0.4474441409111023, -0.9107843041419983, 0.06317413598299026, -0.12640610337257385, -0.2519002854824066, 0.07654587924480438, -0.7115933299064636, -0.3052571713924408, -0.06532753258943558, -0.22692833840847015, -0.620538592338562, -0.2170272171497345, 0.3409580886363983, -0.45312240719795227, -0.6555821895599365, -0.9435499310493469, 0.6664083003997803, -0.4123566150665283, 0.7399840950965881, -0.3296104669570923, 0.046517543494701385, -0.6612624526023865, 0.7848719358444214, -0.13822363317012787, 0.00528971292078495, -0.33612948656082153, -0.44588521122932434, -0.012653439305722713, -0.18684397637844086, -0.26222413778305054, -0.05457093194127083, 0.2553006708621979, -0.2915545701980591, 0.8057959675788879, 0.16988235712051392, -1.0295228958129883, -0.13091762363910675, 0.5914685130119324, -0.2809463441371918, -0.5778722763061523, -0.23323862254619598, -0.2825433611869812, 0.24952800571918488, 0.13086505234241486, 0.12865188717842102, 0.6900119781494141, 0.9503114819526672, -0.158104807138443, 0.6363707184791565, 0.4369078576564789, -0.08905410021543503, 0.14422446489334106, -0.3250669240951538, -0.41941550374031067, 0.7408249378204346, -0.3707713782787323, 0.38914763927459717, 0.4560067653656006, -0.7390649318695068, 0.05708623304963112, 0.4233076274394989, -0.06479955464601517, 0.5396969318389893, -0.14271280169487, 0.14941678941249847, 0.41900497674942017, -0.2084154337644577, -0.5808963179588318, 0.20705512166023254, 0.17864510416984558, -0.3376829922199249, 0.16730830073356628, 0.2906677722930908, 0.057072583585977554, -0.10229586809873581, -0.11742829531431198, 0.08760406076908112, 0.4035783112049103, 0.021390557289123535, -0.440292626619339, -0.18209208548069, 0.23906877636909485, -0.33489271998405457, 0.998833417892456, 0.19849462807178497, -0.6402735114097595, -0.023936500772833824, 0.3295539319515228, -0.16958364844322205, -0.13337570428848267, 0.7022315859794617, 0.4194820523262024, -0.5319891571998596, 0.35611987113952637, 0.40471258759498596, 0.5451517105102539, -0.07683884352445602, 0.6384060978889465, 0.3261265456676483, -0.277677983045578, 0.10607223957777023, 0.08238580077886581, 0.1957980841398239, 0.053849902004003525, -0.31268247961997986, -0.13062596321105957, 0.1169397234916687, -0.13597683608531952, 0.18548338115215302, 0.220603346824646, -0.5142273306846619, 0.40938612818717957, -0.1539272516965866, -0.7005818486213684, 0.07791248708963394, -0.09513802826404572, 0.24324798583984375, 0.06927116960287094, 1.000725507736206, 0.8707944750785828, 0.7228200435638428, 0.15319062769412994, -0.03556177765130997, -0.15417343378067017, 0.41697412729263306, -0.280480295419693, 0.47063952684402466, -0.6197161078453064, 0.29178279638290405, -0.5300835371017456, 0.3781011998653412, -0.37630248069763184, 0.2874535918235779, -0.4914320409297943, 0.5606252551078796, 0.26733413338661194, -0.13355299830436707, 0.3895016610622406, -0.5479146242141724, -0.41947489976882935, -0.10071204602718353, 0.36833932995796204, -0.14241209626197815, -0.0028203825931996107, 0.43452492356300354, -0.0769946500658989, -0.40850281715393066, 0.09058171510696411, -0.2806156575679779, -0.1288202852010727, 0.3065266013145447, 0.3136424422264099, -1.0313419103622437, 0.04782574996352196, -0.42826420068740845, -0.41001829504966736, 0.09231258928775787, -0.33562836050987244, 1.2588610649108887, 0.7171658873558044, 0.030718432739377022, 0.03188425675034523, -0.38125506043434143, 0.3010769784450531, -0.2532929480075836, 0.4268494248390198, -0.024524014443159103, 0.009464019909501076, -0.9577968716621399, -0.056932482868433, 0.12424517422914505, -0.599496066570282, -0.21769212186336517, -0.13861343264579773, 0.08918224275112152, 0.451063334941864, -0.2661345601081848, -0.17917023599147797, -0.2544071078300476, 0.04046697914600372, -0.12333539128303528 ]
230857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20care%20in%20the%20United%20States	Home care in the United States	Home care (also referred to as domiciliary care, social care, or in-home care) is supportive care provided in the home. Care may be provided by licensed healthcare professionals who provide medical treatment needs or by professional caregivers who provide daily assistance to ensure the activities of daily living (ADLs) are met. In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as home health care or formal care. Often, the term home health care is used to distinguish it from non-medical care, custodial care, or private-duty care which refers to assistance and services provided by persons who are not nurses, doctors, or other licensed medical personnel. For terminally ill patients, home care may include hospice care. For patients recovering from surgery or illness, home care may include rehabilitative therapies. Home health services help adults, seniors, and pediatric clients who are recovering after a hospital or facility stay, or need additional support to remain safely at home and avoid unnecessary hospitalization. These Medicare-certified services may include short-term nursing, rehabilitative, therapeutic, and assistive home health care. This care is provided by registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPN's), physical therapists (PTs), occupational therapists (OTs), speech language pathologists (SLPs), unlicensed assistive personnel (UAPs), home health aides (HHAs) and medical social workers (MSWs) as a limited number of up to one hour visits, addressed primarily through the Medicare Home Health benefit. The largest segment of home care consists of licensed and unlicensed non-medical personnel, including caregivers who assist the care seeker. Care assistants may help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing, cleaning the home, preparing meals and offering the recipient support and companionship. Caregivers work to support the needs of individuals who require such assistance. These services help the client to stay at home versus living in a facility. Non-medical home care is paid for by the individual or family. The term "private-duty" refers to the private pay nature of these relationships. Home care (non-medical) has traditionally been privately funded as opposed to home health care which is task-based and government or insurance funded. These traditional differences in home care services are changing as the average age of the population has risen. Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use home care services to maintain their existing lifestyle. Government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care. In-Home Care is often a lower cost solution to long-term care facilities. Professionals providing care Professionals providing home health care include licensed practical nurses, registered nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists and social workers. Rehabilitation services may be provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech and language pathologists and dietitians. Professionals can be independent practitioners, part of a larger organization, or part of a franchise. Home care aides, Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs), and caregivers are trained to provide non-custodial or non-medical care, such as help with dressing, bathing, getting in and out of bed, and using the toilet. They may also prepare meals, accompany the client to medical visits, grocery shop, provide companionship and do various other errands. Concept "Home care", "home health care" and "in-home care" are phrases that have been used interchangeably in the United States to mean any type of care—skilled or otherwise—given to a person in their own home. There is, however, a distinction made on a state-by-state basis according to how each state regulates the home care industry. In New York State, for example, "home health care" is used to describe medical services performed at home by a healthcare professional, whereas "home care" describes non-medical, private duty care. Other states do not make the same distinction, but the difference between the two must be accounted for when dealing with Medicare reimbursements. In most cases, when ordered by a physician, Medicare will pay for short-term medically necessary services provided in a home setting. A senior who requires only non-medical care, will NOT qualify for Medicare coverage of these services. Home care aims to make it possible for people to remain at home rather than use residential, long-term, or institutional-based nursing care. Non-medical in-home care is also called companion care or unskilled care. It is a valuable service for seniors in need of household help, social interaction, or transportation to appointments. Home care services include help with daily tasks such as meal preparation, medication reminders, laundry, light housekeeping, errands, shopping, transportation, and companionship. Home health care is medical in nature and is provided by licensed, skilled healthcare professionals. Home health care providers deliver services in the client's own home. Professional home health services may include medical or psychological assessment, wound care, pain management, disease education and management, physical therapy, speech therapy, or occupational therapy. Home care is often an integral component of the post-hospitalization recovery process, especially during the initial weeks after discharge when the patient still requires some level of regular physical assistance. These services may include some combination of professional health care services and life assistance services. Activities of daily living (ADL) refers to activities, including bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, eating, and walking, that reflect the patient's capacity for self-care. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) refers to daily tasks, including light housework, preparing meals, taking medications, shopping for groceries or clothes, using the telephone, and managing money, that enables the patient to live independently in the community. While there are differences in terms used in describing aspects of home care or home health care in the United States and other areas of the world, for the most part the descriptions are very similar. Estimates for the U.S. indicate that most home care is informal, with families and friends providing a substantial amount of care. For formal care, the health care professionals most often involved are nurses followed by physical therapists and home care aides. Other health care providers include respiratory and occupational therapists, medical social workers and mental health workers. Home health care is generally paid for by Medicaid, Medicare, long term insurance, or paid with the patient's own resources. Home health software Home health care software or home care software falls under the broad category of Health care Information Technology (HIT). HIT is "the application of information processing involving both computer hardware and software that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of health care information, data, and knowledge for communication and decision making" Aide worker qualifications The state department of health issues requirement for that state. Workers can take an examination to become a state tested Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA). Other requirements in the U.S.A. often include a background check, drug testing, and general references. Licensure and providers by state California does require a state license for medical, non-medical and hospice agencies. Full service agencies do preemployment background checks, including (criminal), department of motor vehicle, and reference checks. Full service agencies also train, monitor and supervise the staff that provide care to clients in their home. There is a certification available for home care companies in California, administered by the California Association for Health Services at Home. Florida is a licensure state which requires different levels of licensing depending upon the services provided. Companion assistance is provided by a home maker companion agency whereas nursing services and assistance with ADLs can be provided by a home health agency or nurse registry. The state licensing authority is the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration. Compensation Compensation varies according to discipline, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the 2012 median hourly wage for home health aides was $10.01 per hour with the median annual wage of $20,820. There is a fair deal of variance in the compensation offered to Home health aides across different states. For example, Alaska had the highest annual wage of approximately $29,100 and West Virginia on the other end of the spectrum had the average salary of $18,020. Supreme Court case relating to fees Since 1974 until 2015, home care work was classified as a "companionship service" and exempted from federal overtime and minimum wage rules under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Supreme Court considered arguments on the companionship exemption in a case brought by a home care worker represented by counsel provided by Service Employees International Union. This 2003 case, Evelyn Coke v. Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. and Maryann Osborne, argued that agency-employed home caregivers should be covered under overtime and minimum wage regulations. Evelyn Coke, a home care worker employed by a home care agency that was not paying her overtime, sued the agency in 2003, alleging that the regulation construing the "companionship services" exemption to apply to agency employees and exempt them from the federal minimum wage and overtime law is inconsistent with the law. The Supreme Court heard the case in 2009. In the court decision, the court stated the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1974 exempted from the minimum wage and maximum hours rules of the FSLA persons "employed in domestic service employment to provide companionship services for individuals ... unable to care for themselves." 29 U. S. C. §213(a)(15). The court found that the power of the Department of Labor (DOL) to administer a congressionally created program necessarily requires the making of rules to fill any 'gap' left, implicitly or explicitly, by Congress, and when that agency fills that gap reasonably, it is binding. In this case, one of the gaps was whether to include workers paid by third parties in the exemption and the DOL had done that. Since the DOL followed public notice procedure, and since there was a gap left in the legislation, the DOLs regulation stood and home health care workers were not covered by either minimum wage or overtime pay requirements (but see below). Department of Labor rule A rule issued from the DOL, entitled "Application of the Fair Labor Standards Act to Domestic Service," and meant to be effective from 1 January 2015, was written to revise "the definition of 'companionship services' to clarify and narrow the duties that fall within the term; in addition third party employers, such as home care agencies, will not be able to claim either of the exemptions [from federal overtime or minimum wage rules.] The major effect of this Final Rule [would be] that more domestic service workers will be protected by the FLSA's minimum wage, overtime, and recordkeeping provisions." However, Home Care Associates of America, the International Franchise Association (IFA), and the National Association for Home Care & Hospice sued the DOL in regards to the rule, and a federal district court threw out the rule. The Labor Department then appealed. In August 2015, the rule was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Statistics on consumers Payment Medicare often is the primary billing source, if this is the primary carrier between two types of insurance (like between Medicare and Medicaid). Also, if a patient has Medicare and that patient has a "skilled need" requiring nursing visits, the patient's case is typically billed under Medicare. Private insurance includes VA (Veterans Administration), some Railroad or Steelworkers health plans or other private insurance. "Self/family" indicates "private pay" status, when the patient or family pays 100% of all home care charges. Home care fees can be quite high; few patients & families can absorb these costs for a long period of time. Types of services Home care services are available to individuals who require intermittent or part-time skilled nursing care and/or rehabilitation therapies. The typical services available under the designated term "home care" include nursing care, such as changing dressings, monitoring medications, providing basic daily activities like bathing, short term rehabilitation, occupational and speech therapy. Some home health providers also include non-medical homemaker services including meal preparation, shopping, transportation, and some specific household chores. The types of services available for home care have expanded throughout the history of the United States health care system due to continuous modernization of medical technology, particularly in the 1980s. Prior to the expansion, specialty services like intravenous antibiotics, oncology therapy, hemodialysis, parenteral and enteral nutrition and ventilator care, were only available in the hospital setting. This newly available technology has proven cost effective and improves the quality of life, increasing independence and flexibility for patients. Hospice care is a method of care that can be included in the home care realm, but is also available as in inpatient service. Hospice is a cluster of comprehensive services for the terminally ill with a medically determined life expectancy of 6 months or less. Whether hospice services are performed at home or in a medical facility, the emphasis of care are the same; pain and symptom management, which is referred to as palliation. The available home care services are provided by a mix of physicians, registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, physical therapists, social workers, speech language pathologists, occupational therapists, registered dietitians, home care aides, homemaker and chore workers, companions and volunteers. Research and program accreditation In 2002, Lotus Shyu & Lee found that providing home nursing care is more suitable for patients rather than in-house nursing-home care for patients that are not seriously ill and who do not need the services after discharge from the hospital. In another 2002 article, Modin and Furhoff regarded the roles of patients' doctors as more crucial than their nurses and care workers. However, from an epidemiological standpoint, the risks of some community acquired infections are higher from home nursing than from inpatient nursing home care. In regards to financial expenditure, home nursing care is more cost effective than inpatient nursing home care. The quality aspect of home nursing was reviewed in a 2001 article in the Journal of Nursing Care Quality. In 2011, Christensen & Grönvall published a study of the challenges and opportunities of providing communication technologies supporting the cooperation between home care workers and family members. Although they provide home care for older adults in cooperation, family members and care workers harbour diverging attitudes and values towards their joint efforts. This state of affairs is a challenge for the design of information and computer technology (ICT) for home care. See also Carers' rights Caring for people with dementia Early postnatal hospital discharge Elderly care Home care in the United Kingdom Nursing home care Transgenerational design Unlicensed assistive personnel Notes Caregiving Healthcare in the United States Community nursing Geriatrics Medicare and Medicaid (United States)	[ 0.5315037369728088, 0.2518390715122223, 0.08207017183303833, -0.03668593242764473, 0.30631598830223083, 0.46332934498786926, 0.273312509059906, 0.20339490473270416, -0.13393087685108185, -0.8487480282783508, -0.5216364860534668, 0.2283710092306137, 0.023709794506430626, 0.3635264039039612, -0.9082574248313904, 0.35075893998146057, 0.8421013951301575, 1.0540778636932373, -0.5184869170188904, -0.24212110042572021, -0.5606864094734192, -0.5792399644851685, -0.09152472764253616, 0.1360677033662796, -0.01713877171278, 0.01983611099421978, 0.5024399757385254, -0.3688404858112335, -0.13367214798927307, -0.3074412941932678, 0.34237802028656006, -0.4786824882030487, 0.28350594639778137, -0.40914076566696167, 0.3685176968574524, 0.1724081188440323, -0.06064506247639656, -0.24803529679775238, -0.518247127532959, -0.8378699421882629, -0.22112129628658295, -0.10730424523353577, 0.28823214769363403, 0.1980522871017456, -0.3207376003265381, -0.336945503950119, -1.6165149211883545, 0.17186444997787476, -0.6753675937652588, 0.008719805628061295, -0.7454257011413574, -0.09478282928466797, 0.5459626913070679, 0.29557326436042786, -0.0433090440928936, 0.3797312378883362, -0.40298861265182495, -0.07550637423992157, -0.06127312406897545, -0.09560416638851166, 0.34799832105636597, 0.14027641713619232, 0.6002712249755859, 0.23920977115631104, 0.2604866325855255, -0.2935730218887329, -0.1253892332315445, 0.15153929591178894, -0.13872195780277252, -0.6757078170776367, -0.4162938594818115, -0.6800079345703125, -0.07088004052639008, -0.22636905312538147, -0.259456992149353, 0.42616355419158936, -0.30632510781288147, -0.5734459161758423, 0.19380488991737366, -0.05914127826690674, -0.5021736025810242, 0.5979839563369751, -0.22794774174690247, 0.18641002476215363, 0.4584851562976837, 0.40354353189468384, -0.22239619493484497, 0.4420202970504761, 0.09606871753931046, 0.8784302473068237, 0.6141690015792847, 0.0995701253414154, 0.26524949073791504, 0.017630422487854958, 0.21202898025512695, -0.08790112286806107, 0.33764520287513733, -0.08908514678478241, -0.173476904630661, 0.5500081181526184, -0.14855892956256866, 0.17554335296154022, 0.557097315788269, -0.1606304794549942, 0.07102835178375244, -0.13325387239456177, 0.5475702285766602, -0.5643362402915955, -0.1936829686164856, -0.41428112983703613, -0.24017365276813507, 0.44094449281692505, -0.5387949347496033, 0.26396262645721436, -0.5490245223045349, 0.5361536145210266, 0.1458572894334793, 0.29368531703948975, -0.509539008140564, -0.3934495449066162, -0.1225411668419838, -0.11562925577163696, -0.2003515213727951, -0.16376088559627533, 0.08602356910705566, 0.21141977608203888, 0.2615474462509155, 0.4409351944923401, -0.39273932576179504, -0.4937986135482788, 0.2578512728214264, 0.3593321740627289, 0.1606498509645462, -0.03477448225021362, 0.07136169075965881, 0.3182655870914459, 0.1947583705186844, -0.03316767141222954, 0.7683811783790588, -0.010869301855564117, -0.5463176369667053, -0.3946346342563629, -0.12277867645025253, -0.2849977910518646, 0.21426717936992645, -0.3364354968070984, 0.3740409016609192, -0.42379796504974365, -0.49952152371406555, 0.19759857654571533, 0.05293280631303787, 0.2740112841129303, 0.410498708486557, 0.10732253640890121, -0.34017667174339294, -0.18964914977550507, 0.5468702912330627, -0.17941035330295563, 0.06085886061191559, -0.003996328916400671, -0.0644521415233612, 0.6317923069000244, 0.09494029730558395, -0.2521078884601593, -0.21899773180484772, 0.1259465515613556, -0.11859510093927383, 0.20284226536750793, 0.00598494615405798, 0.2865997552871704, -0.3695237338542938, 0.433543860912323, 0.3431313633918762, -0.47220391035079956, 0.20547239482402802, -0.2876362204551697, 0.20195899903774261, 0.15056373178958893, 0.4141429364681244, 0.013015885837376118, -0.5754367709159851, 0.3575444221496582, 0.5304003357887268, -0.11839921772480011, -0.05335962027311325, -0.500771701335907, 0.21687285602092743, -0.3465951681137085, -0.14872968196868896, -0.3320963382720947, -0.048145003616809845, -0.8983070850372314, 0.005246623419225216, -0.1512533277273178, 0.9003490209579468, -0.3499661087989807, -0.610693097114563, 1.36995267868042, -0.09295664727687836, -0.2309025079011917, -0.028233727440238, 0.014554405584931374, -0.3019677400588989, -0.09777581691741943, -1.112729549407959, 0.3245977759361267, 0.1315784901380539, 0.43816784024238586, -0.028093870729207993, -0.1297162026166916, 0.5491243600845337, -0.42996543645858765, 0.24567900598049164, 0.3675430119037628, 0.21784335374832153, -0.44038453698158264, -0.5140205025672913, 0.5663493871688843, 0.1688060164451599, -0.09944144636392593, 0.5258474946022034, -0.24148835241794586, 0.17747017741203308, 0.8302513957023621, -0.1090506762266159, 0.29904642701148987, 0.05237000808119774, -0.20228904485702515, 0.48010697960853577, -0.09007617831230164, 0.6832143068313599, 0.1745508760213852, 0.06487005949020386, -0.30598875880241394, -0.4182863235473633, 0.2536073327064514, -0.43357133865356445, -0.06341240555047989, -0.15853990614414215, -0.21926067769527435, -0.47001713514328003, -0.42133113741874695, 0.10391601175069809, -0.21536371111869812, 0.3481912612915039, -0.5411072969436646, -0.4912991523742676, 0.1147204041481018, -0.15686970949172974, 0.09857707470655441, -0.10040221363306046, 0.2316116988658905, 0.7646595239639282, 0.1842634379863739, 0.30459505319595337, -0.29257097840309143, -0.019228938966989517, 0.4965396821498871, -0.04361259192228317, -0.10016969591379166, -0.0027860819827765226, 0.6662359237670898, 0.03860580921173096, -0.06499817967414856, -0.21644948422908783, -0.7568514943122864, -0.5370978116989136, -0.15391536056995392, -0.16169984638690948, 0.31756138801574707, 0.42404627799987793, -0.06278683245182037, -0.5009170174598694, -0.19466087222099304, -0.12492457777261734, -0.37010154128074646, 0.6938492655754089, 0.4023991525173187, -0.13246546685695648, -0.30926623940467834, 0.2322240173816681, 0.35075342655181885, 0.5551102757453918, -0.7593697905540466, -0.21484088897705078, -0.48125970363616943, 0.29630354046821594, -0.687851071357727, -0.2349274903535843, 0.5569731593132019, -0.14947883784770966, 0.2103356122970581, 0.5681571364402771, 0.0644134134054184, 0.5858092904090881, 0.42844730615615845, 0.13128229975700378, 0.41610831022262573, 0.1692475825548172, -0.382373571395874, -0.15185663104057312, -0.4665306508541107, -0.030080251395702362, 0.11580752581357956, 0.05192261189222336, -0.33681023120880127, 0.0048208460211753845, -0.7039927840232849, -5.776319980621338, 0.17435193061828613, -0.4995019733905792, -0.6295505166053772, 0.8496267199516296, -0.008135553449392319, 0.8437024354934692, -0.19954177737236023, -0.3336396813392639, 0.511360228061676, -0.11624527722597122, -0.15923236310482025, 0.4929545819759369, 0.2683660089969635, 0.7795674204826355, 0.028934955596923828, -0.0063793412409722805, 0.10213885456323624, -0.1192731261253357, 0.006778796669095755, 0.32016614079475403, 0.2768267095088959, 0.21605882048606873, 0.9244607090950012, -0.001857201219536364, -0.1846739500761032, 0.3540235757827759, -0.3970731198787689, -0.7978070974349976, 0.04450693354010582, 0.3436335325241089, -0.07886315137147903, 0.028784750029444695, -0.11455091834068298, -0.016970882192254066, 0.11838874220848083, 0.6364234685897827, 0.40437811613082886, -0.1197887435555458, -0.7307817339897156, 0.5445851683616638, 0.19804655015468597, -0.02874857373535633, -0.16745083034038544, -0.1484924703836441, -0.004576969426125288, -0.4320802092552185, -0.6031233072280884, -0.3011314570903778, 1.0234043598175049, 0.12660591304302216, 1.0154874324798584, 0.6424537897109985, 0.007049890235066414, 0.03941197693347931, -0.5551275610923767, 0.24512483179569244, 0.2604582607746124, 0.06658123433589935, -0.28227847814559937, 0.017021674662828445, 0.12358733266592026, -0.12109756469726562, -0.6771496534347534, 0.20962917804718018, -0.6147701740264893, -0.6114780902862549, -0.5752749443054199, 0.2959469258785248, 0.4033450186252594, -0.4599378705024719, -0.3776310086250305, 0.3634060323238373, -0.9157851338386536, 0.00838635116815567, -1.086438536643982, -0.08598864078521729, -0.6239253282546997, 0.10299047082662582, -0.38946354389190674, 0.4277764856815338, -0.06948062777519226, 0.2551724314689636, 0.37061238288879395, 0.1270553320646286, -0.2509087324142456, -0.29591596126556396, 0.33499518036842346, -0.3903881311416626, -0.16566701233386993, 0.12519721686840057, 0.20820651948451996, 0.28557655215263367, -0.10121616721153259, 0.2986345589160919, 0.5806800127029419, -0.18081672489643097, 0.14627254009246826, 0.2701706290245056, -0.21186599135398865, 0.9915499091148376, 0.3789947032928467, -0.23056380450725555, -0.4651082754135132, 0.10036973655223846, -0.49685537815093994, -0.2407376617193222, 0.16186843812465668, 1.0307948589324951, -0.3203231990337372, -0.17096535861492157, 0.07816611975431442, -0.09469591081142426, -0.9020094871520996, -0.3613581955432892, 0.1986982226371765, -0.4537464380264282, 0.25523626804351807, 0.1428615301847458, -0.017074165865778923, 0.18697382509708405, 0.00022670661564916372, -0.07797449827194214, -0.23821549117565155, -0.023892784491181374, -0.24625176191329956, 0.2861996591091156, 0.02663801610469818, -0.3367505371570587, 0.186001256108284, 0.9005692601203918, 0.14355561137199402, 0.3813415467739105, -0.11686999350786209, -0.07510067522525787, 0.15597349405288696, 0.41714099049568176, 0.2906583249568939, -0.47162675857543945, -0.6535558700561523, -0.05952488258481026, -0.02264673076570034, -0.2590506374835968, 0.34241676330566406, 0.402862548828125, -0.18704940378665924, -0.4978097081184387, 0.3913218677043915, -0.1187729462981224, -0.2676141858100891, -0.10485901683568954, -0.11992178857326508, 0.12030056118965149, 0.0030553992837667465, 0.07570819556713104, -0.6298332214355469, 0.2654445469379425, 0.05905211716890335, -0.41275203227996826, -0.46383607387542725, -0.45931899547576904, -0.3248303532600403, -1.1987714767456055, -0.23687992990016937, -0.034063708037137985, 0.15777041018009186, -0.44610580801963806, -0.04501998424530029, -0.20285147428512573, 0.6397722959518433, 0.6305435299873352, -0.18498584628105164, 0.016901513561606407, -0.21374663710594177, 0.5929673314094543, 0.18253503739833832, 0.3595018684864044, 0.2247564047574997, -0.48491984605789185, -0.26667678356170654, 0.17680484056472778, -0.5446715950965881, -0.3482753336429596, -0.4440147280693054, 0.09476548433303833, -0.1989775449037552, 0.028377143666148186, -0.29637446999549866, -0.35466283559799194, -0.30302873253822327, 0.5209829211235046, -0.13003197312355042, 0.07319843024015427, 0.37944296002388, -0.20006105303764343, -0.015836220234632492, -0.20604895055294037, 0.06771682947874069, -0.08406609296798706, 0.2527196407318115, 0.06920498609542847, 0.3615155518054962, -1.1219346523284912, 0.1583085060119629, -0.009788217954337597, -0.8227992653846741, 0.5282140374183655, 0.30676379799842834, -0.45623958110809326, 0.8003031611442566, -0.7192346453666687, 0.1250898689031601, 0.06453671306371689, 0.3591088354587555, -0.12299083173274994, -0.29989656805992126, -0.215824156999588, -0.32176172733306885, -0.09237951785326004, -0.301717072725296, 0.26214399933815, -0.2892681658267975, -0.0877106711268425, -0.07602740079164505, -0.4095112383365631, 0.12012133747339249, -0.24395307898521423, -0.8172186017036438, -0.12944898009300232, -0.3106219172477722, -0.08356457948684692, -0.09114746004343033, 0.0600767582654953, -0.16816744208335876, -0.003841254860162735, -0.374424010515213, -0.0411512665450573, -0.06204187497496605, 0.3262035548686981, -0.01801113784313202, 0.09230756014585495, 0.7333857417106628, 0.06010382995009422, -0.9405924081802368, 0.12967795133590698, 0.030530309304594994, 0.5692486763000488, -0.6052597761154175, -0.20628613233566284, 0.9730916619300842, 0.3354414999485016, -0.6470798850059509, -0.02833179198205471, -0.17468507587909698, 0.01041665580123663, 0.008740569464862347, -0.545501172542572, -0.019695332273840904, 0.46885600686073303, 0.5729964971542358, -0.19183899462223053, -0.8558595180511475, -0.3304932117462158, 0.17915192246437073, 0.9340459704399109, -0.17140807211399078, 0.02154405042529106, 0.0699608102440834, -0.14779917895793915, -0.5114753246307373, 0.24586403369903564, 0.3749980032444, 0.549564778804779, -0.06393573433160782, 0.49087807536125183, -0.13063421845436096, 0.10859618335962296, -0.35672077536582947, 0.4176028370857239, 0.4034898579120636, -0.1397055834531784, -0.49302974343299866, -0.04184925556182861, -0.4452011287212372, 0.3081064522266388, -0.7185586094856262, 0.17363324761390686, -0.041056059300899506, -0.7170404195785522, 0.06316596269607544, 0.27656906843185425, -0.1857442855834961, -0.16479523479938507, 0.5206642150878906, -0.5116559863090515, 0.12014252692461014, 0.15751245617866516, 0.17614233493804932, 0.16765634715557098, -0.029093081131577492, -0.300345242023468, 0.5665595531463623, -0.3050278425216675, -0.6258596181869507, 0.5655461549758911, -0.05980825424194336, 0.17499090731143951, -0.2219541221857071, -0.14947627484798431, 0.17394691705703735, -0.030866798013448715, -0.3362201750278473, 1.052897572517395, 0.7977498173713684, 0.017964458093047142, -0.15142041444778442, 0.26276537775993347, -0.4837316572666168, 0.12586161494255066, -0.03785169869661331, -0.18417051434516907, 0.07227836549282074, 0.0565309040248394, -0.4824996292591095, 0.2485029250383377, 0.4419584274291992, -0.12703989446163177, 0.24509555101394653, 0.39621078968048096, 0.03921026363968849, 0.8613103032112122, 0.34168559312820435, 0.20561887323856354, 0.47209587693214417, -0.04523152485489845, -0.14250724017620087, -0.5589873790740967, -0.12806753814220428, -0.746374249458313, 0.5703858137130737, 0.8923225402832031, 0.06984259933233261, 0.44526809453964233, 0.7098252773284912, 0.14738094806671143, 0.5618578791618347, 0.4534301459789276, 0.43286433815956116, 0.10888466984033585, -0.26070019602775574, 0.6434755921363831, -0.08302713185548782, 0.7553231120109558, 0.19068850576877594, -0.17176394164562225, -0.746261715888977, 0.9979995489120483, -0.2245180457830429, -0.223021000623703, -0.438717782497406, -0.13120192289352417, -0.01651657000184059, 0.059807050973176956, -0.24372902512550354, 0.5519187450408936, -0.9508810639381409, 0.8694967031478882, -0.6608191728591919, -0.31271255016326904, 0.4623725116252899, 0.25765806436538696, 0.6716424226760864, -0.24109673500061035, 0.25788819789886475, 0.37904417514801025, -0.08702636510133743, 0.41834643483161926, 0.27748000621795654, -0.17082791030406952, -0.16358515620231628, 0.18265491724014282, -0.37779414653778076, -0.4187421202659607, -0.6446157097816467, -0.23063470423221588, 0.04360554739832878, -0.22942233085632324, 0.5430850982666016, -0.33206796646118164, 0.2136170119047165, 0.09017369896173477, -0.2140280306339264, -0.061192795634269714, -0.12150739878416061, 0.21474838256835938, 0.3354664146900177, 0.2534143924713135, 0.5238312482833862, 0.4170442223548889, -0.1807694286108017, -0.5406975746154785, 0.4226553440093994, 0.04967184737324715, -0.29284238815307617, -0.32229724526405334, -0.1348099410533905, 0.18446719646453857, 0.1422448456287384, -0.48197561502456665, 0.2792515456676483, 0.29562675952911377, 0.2814766764640808, -0.1600220650434494, 0.0377078615128994, 0.45338886976242065, 0.4598492980003357, 0.9494647979736328, -0.5856230854988098, 0.017463983967900276, -0.7407293319702148, 0.5540867447853088, 0.059192609041929245, 0.4695628881454468, -0.02945791557431221, -0.2104589194059372, 0.09391337633132935, -0.07512247562408447, 0.25581467151641846, -0.40881022810935974, 0.590663731098175, -0.4401591122150421, -0.01464767288416624, -0.40522757172584534, 0.36954382061958313, -0.1946629285812378, 0.11680173873901367, -0.22868363559246063, 0.2277769297361374, 0.6623771786689758, -0.3929232060909271, -0.5630673170089722, -0.6655667424201965, 0.13249477744102478, 0.1891184002161026, -0.13416673243045807, 0.107367143034935, -0.25141218304634094, -0.30183905363082886, -0.5400823354721069, -0.3562423884868622, -0.25578534603118896, -0.7423781156539917, 0.1965826451778412, 0.4039313793182373, -0.10698888450860977, 0.08017630130052567, -0.2680073082447052, -0.2152748703956604, -0.30534827709198, 0.7077906727790833 ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.